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WA eco p ae FEM ARAR S REE De 


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x 
“\ THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, 


ye INCLUDING 


CEYLON AND BURMA. 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF 


Srare ror Inpra 1n Covncit. 


EDITED BY A. BH, SHIPLEY, M.A., HON. D.Sc., F.R.S. 


ASSISTED BY GUY A. K. MARSHALL, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


DIPTERA NEMATOCERA 


(excLupIng CHIRONOMID anp CULICIDA®).. 


suo BY 
E. BRUNETTI. 


LONDON: 
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 


CALCUTTA : BOMBAY: 
THACKER, SPINK & CO. THACKER & CO., LIMITED. 


BERLIN : 
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, 11 CARLSTRASSE. 


November, 1912. 


\e 230984 


( \ 
ALEKE FLAMMAM. 
¢ 
: 


°, 


PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 


RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 


CONTENTS. 


AutTuHor’s PREFACE 
(QOSS RSo pine PI a inet Skah see heh) ay we 
Systematic INDEX 
ERRATA AND ADDENDA. 
1) ExterRNnan ANATOMY OF Any 2: . . . 
A. Terminology 
The Head Bae St Phe lee het, Raab aaa 
The Thorax Oe LL geet: Salient deh ten een 
The Abdomen 
The Legs 
The Wings . 
B. Descriptive 
The Head 
The Thorax : SP a ein Lee Be 
iRrewAlboomene 4 ri cael) 421 ain ht eer coed: 
The Legs. 
The Wings 
2. INTERNAL ANATOMY 
3. Tur Earty SraGeEs oF DIPTERA. 
The Larva . 
The Pupa EV ach on! on Wr She er 
“Mave 18 omic vy hie) Shee ey aes Uehcriimer 
4. On THE COLLECTION OF DIPTERA ... . 
5. Tur MountTIne AND PRESERVATION OF DIPTERA 
6. STANDARD WoRKS FOR STUDENTS. . 
7. EstrIMATED NUMBER OF KNOWN SPECIES. . 
8. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIPTERA 
9, THE SUBORDERS OF THE DipreRa PRI a 
COROT DUO EEMEM ss Ge mt) 
Nematocera 
Brachycera 
Cyclorrhapha 


1D 


an? 
CS 


Oo 


NN 


iv CONTEN'S, 


TABLE OF FAMILIES IN NEMATOCEFRA . ser 
MMGCOLOINULNeS Geen. tn eA 
Pep AAOCEMA Gs 4 i So ee gl Poca ee 
Bibionide PARR fo, Gh - yeidg ge Pee nee 
Simuliide eR WEE eer 65. bey 
PESCHOO aes (tif Sse Tote: coed ee toe Og 
Divide a re es es 2) ae Be ie 
ENE | Sch e508 Wg a) en ee 
EPO 8 2 Ibe ahs Pay ela eee 


TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES OF MYCETOPHILIDA . 
WMG CHOCEFING@ id is) 2 Ga keen ee 
Ceroplatine 

Sciophiline 

Mycetophiline 


Sciarine  . 


TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES OF BIBIONID” 


Bibionine Sia hat a, Po ae ee a ee 
CU POD Se has ee een Demers, 
TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES OF PSYCHODIDH .. . 
Phlebotomine 


Psychodine. 


TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES OF TIPULID® 
Ptychopterine . . . eee 
DUES Bet eer an a 

TiN NODLING Veag- ae a ee Pee 


TABLE OF SECTIONS OF TIPULINZ 

CHENOPROFIY oadlas Rael. i ES en <5 oS 
PUG 5... Cond aes ab MES CS Ios, Te ae ae 
Dolichopezmt . . .. 

TABLE OF SEecTIoONS OF LIMNOBIINA 
Cylindrotomint 

Limnobiini . cc ee 
UO. DE re? fe ie eee ge A, Ss 


Evriopterint 
Amalopini 
Limnophilini 
ANTSOMEFU ies, ko Dec ee 


On LABELLING DIPTERA FOR THE CABINET 


PAG PEACE Hy CUACE UNFIT) IEe Koo men eee. Se ee 


TeXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Oo 
VO 


DOT 


3538 


AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 


Tue present volume, which deals with the Indian Nemarto- 
cera,* except the Curronomip# and Cunicip4, is the first one 
of the “ Fauna of British India” series devoted to the Diptera, 
although this is an order of insects abundantly represented 
in every region of the globe, excepting only extreme arctic lati- 
tudes and torrid deserts, and even in these latter parts more 
species are to be found than might generally be supposed. 

Yet the study of Oriental Diptera is quite in its infancy, 
less than 3000 species being known from the whole region as: 
late as 1896. Since that date certain groups have been revised, 
but the material thus treated has, in nearly every case (except 
the mosquitos), been drawn from but a limited section of 
that zoological region. The Curicip™ is the only family that 
has been extensively studied from any considerable number 
of localities within the limits of the ‘ Fauna” series. 

It would not be unreasonable to estimate the existing 
species of the more conspicuous families (such as TaBANIDA, 
Bompytiip&, Asitipa, Syrewip#, and the more showy 
Muscip#) at not less than double the number of those 
already recorded ; whilst in the more obscurely coloured 
groups (as, for example, the Cuironomip&, MycrerorHiLip#, 
Emrip%, and the more sombre Muscrpa), the existing 
species may outnumber the known ones by many times. 
The Muscipa are mainly obscurely coloured or else the 
species are very difficult to differentiate, which probably 
accounts for the general neglect of this family. Yet the 
family contains about a third of all known Diptera. 


* [The author has used the word Nemocera throughout his manu- 
script, but it has seemed advisable to adopt the more correct form, 
NEMATOCERA, Which is now more generally used by dipterologists. —Ep. | 


val AUTHOR’S PREFACE. 


Many new species in the families at present treated of 
will with certainty be discovered, but it seems reasonable to 
assume that for some little time to come the wants of the 
Indian student in the groups monographed herein will be 
tolerably well met in these pages. 

The bulk of the present material forms an integral part of 
the Indian Museum collection, and it is directiy due to my 
familiarity with that collection that this volume has been 
rendered possible. My thanks are therefore freely tendered 
to Dr. Annandale, the indefatigable Superintendent of that 
Institution, and to his co-directors, since it has been at his 
instigation that I have obtained the necessary knowledge. 
My heartfelt thanks are also due to the following gentlemen 
who have most kindly suppled me with much valuable 
information respecting the types of TipuLip# that are con- 
tained in European Museums *:—Dr. A. Handlirsch (Vienna 
Museum); Prof. R. Gestro (Genoa Museum); Dr. J. C. de 
Meijere (Amsterdam Museum); Mr. Ritsema (Leyden 
Museum); Mr. C. Hill (British Museum); Dr. A. Brauer 
(Berlin Museum); Mr. Lundbeck (Copenhagen Museum) ; 
and Mr. Bedot (Geneva Museum). 

To the Directors of the Pusa Agricultural Research 
Institute thanks are also due for the loan of specimens for 
examination, through the kindness of Mr. F. M. Howlett, 
and the gift of a certain number of cotypes for my own 
collection; also to Mr. A. D. Imms, of the Muir Central 
College, Allahabad, for the loan of specimens which, although 
not numerous, comprised a number of new species. Special 
thanks are due to Mr. E. E. Green for his untiring energy 
in collecting the Diptera of Ceylon and presenting a number 
of types of new species to the Indian Museum (as Mr. Howlett 


* This information has already been included in a previous paper of 
mine (‘ Revision of the Oriental Tipulide,”’ Records of the Indian 
Museum, vi, pp. 231-314, 1911), but that paper was practically a basis 


for the present more exhaustive work. 


AUTHOR’S PREFACE, vii 


and Mr. Imms have also done), thus affording me the great 
advantage of having practically all the known Indian species 
before me simultaneously whilst describing. 

A large proportion of the new species have been collected 
by Dr. Annandale and Mr. Green, and a considerable number 
by Mr. C. Paiva of the Indian Museum. Owing to this fact 
the types of six-sevenths of the recorded species have been 
under my personal examination, for out of over four hundred 
species dealt with in this volume only about sixty have been 
described by other authors. The previously recorded species 
have been identified by me from descriptions only, except 
in a few instances in which my identifications have been 
corroborated by comparison with types. 


As regards the use of the words “type,” 


‘““cotype,” and 
so on, there seems no necessity to discuss the various terms 
with their exact meanings here, in view of the different 
opinions of zoologists on this subject; and more especially 
as the simple terms “type’’ and “cotype”’ fulfil all the 
requirements in this work. Yet a few remarks to avoid 
ambiguity to the student, and that he may at least under- 
stand the senses in which the terms are understood by me, 
may be pardonable. Personally, when describing a new 
species, of which several specimens of each sex are present. 
I select one male and one female which, (1) embody the 
whole or the buik of the characters of the species, (2) are in 
as perfect condition as possible, and (3) from their mounting 
allow the best view of all parts of the body. 

These two specimens are termed the type male and type 
female, and whenever both sexes are present, the type maleis 
always the type of the species. Alli other specimens present 
before me at the time of describing are termed cotypes. When 
only one sex is present, the type specimen may be male or 
female. In the event of two species being described under the 
impression that the specimens represented the two sexes of a 
single species, the name of the species must invariably be 


ay 


Vill AUTHOR’S PREFACE. 


retained for the male, which takes precedence of the female, 
and a new name would have to be found for the latter. 

It has always been my endeavour to describe the species 
and not merely the type specimens, as is too often done. 

In proposing the term “ neotype” (or “new ” type) it may 
be that an original suggestion is being made, as I am not 
aware that it has previously been proposed. It is intended 
for use when the original type is lost and a new one is set up, 
either from amongst the original cotypes or otherwise ; and 
selected either by the author of the species or by a competent 
specialist. If selected from cotypes or chosen by the author 
of the species from other specimens, a neotype should 
practically be of equal value with the original type; but a 
neotype set up by any other person than the author might 
by some entomologists be ranked as of rather less value. 
The only occasion when it has been necessary in this work 
to employ the word is in the case of Simulium indicum, 
Becher, where I have selected one of the original specimens 
from which the description was drawn up, to represent the 
type of the species. 

There still remains a limited residuum of small, obscure, 
or mutilated specimens of Tiputip® and MycrrorHiLipa, 
which from their uncertain specific distinctness or un- 
satisfactory condition have not been referred to in these pages. 
These may be worked out later on with further material. - 

In conclusion it is only necessary to say that every care 
has been given to make the present work as complete as 
possible ; and if I am honoured with the preparation of any 
further volumes, I would express the hope that they may be 
written in Europe, since, to any one possessed of nerves, the 
inconveniences and irritations of India render scientific work 
exceedingly difficult. 


EK. BRUNETTI. 
Calcutta, December 1911. 


GL@s:5 A kh Y¥. 


Acalyptrata.—One of the two great subdivisions of the Muscrpx, comprising 
those species in which the squame are of equal size or nearly so, 
or absent. They embrace twenty or more groups which are taxo- 
nomically subfamilies only, but on account, of their magnitude are 
by some authors regarded as families. See Calyptrata. 

Acephala or acephalous larve.—Those in which there is no differentiated 
head ; as opposed to the Eucupnana. 

Acetabulum.—The minute joint attaching the coxa to the body. 

Acroptera.—Brauer’s third division of the OrrHorruarna Bracnycura, con- 
sisting only of the Loncnorreripx. Considered by him a super- 


family. 

Aculeus.—A term used in Hymenoptera to denote the sting of such insects as 
bees and wasps, but since no Diptera are aculeate, the term has been 
employed by certain of the older authors to define part of the genital 
organs. See Stile. 

Adminiculum.—Westhoff’s name for the variously structured guard of the 
penis in TrruniD™®. 

Aerial dancing.—Applied to the habit of many species of Diptera and other 
orders of forming small clusters in the air, usually beneath the lower 
boughs of trees or over streains, and flying mainly up and down with 
considerable swiftness. This habit is somewhat different from that 
known as “hovering” (g. v.), and, at least as regards Diptera, seems 
to be chiefly confined to the males; moreover, they appear most addicted 
tu the practice towards sunset. 

Alula.—The anal lobe of the wing proper, and not to be confounded with the 
squame, or tegule. Many authors (including myself in my earlier 
notes) have erroneously used the term to denote the squame (p. 15). 

Ambient vein.—The very fine vein running round the hind margin of the wing 
from the end of the costa to the base. 

Amphipneustic.—Larve with spiracles on the first and last segments only. 

Anal cell,—-The cell behind or posterior to the 5th longitudinal vein when that 
is present (p. 14). 

Anal vein.—The 6th longitudinal vein, having theoretically in front of it the 
anal cell, and posterior to it the axillary cell. 

Antennal grooves or fovee.—A longitudinal groove or pair of grooves in the 
iniddle of the frons, for the reception of the antenne, bounded on each 
side by the facial ridge. 

Anterior legs.—The four front legs taken together, the first pair only being 
termed the fore or front legs, 


b 


x GLOSSARY, 


Antigeny.—A term sometimes useil to denote sexual dimorphism. 

ee \ See Sguame. . 

Apex, apical.—The part of an organ, segment, etc., which is most distant from 
an imaginary point lying between the thorax and abdomen of an insect, 
such as the tip of the abdomen, the last joint of the leg, antenna or 
palpus. Opposed to base, basal, 

Arista.—The terminal bristle, sometimes very long, on the last joint of the 
antenna, Occasionally it is two-jointed, but this is perceptible ouly 
under high magnification. It is practically absent in the Orrnor- 
ruArHA, though quite general in the Cycrorrmarna. In only one very 
small family (the Orrnnerniiipm) of the NemArocnra is there any 
approach to it; the antennal flagellum in this group being aristiform. 
The arista may be pectinate (7. e. with strong hairs, few in number, on 
its upper and lower sides), pubescent, or plumose (when the hairs are 
long and placed closely together, forming so to speak a large feather). 
In nearly all such cases the hairs are more abundant on the upper- 
side. In many groups it is quite bare. 

Axillary cell——See pp. 8 and 15, 

Avillary vein.—The 7th longitudinal vein, or when the venation is reduced 
it is applied to the vein behind the anal vein, but in many cases it is 
absent. 


Barba, ov beard.—Practically absent in the Numatocera. The long hair on the 
lower side of the face and head, conspicuous in the Asinipm; often 
joined without interruption to the mystax * or the hair on the cheeks. 
The older authors used the term mystax or barba for all the hair on the 
head below the level of the antenne. 

Base, basal.—Applied to that portion of an organ, segment, ete. which lies 
nearest to an imaginary point between the thorax and the abdomen 
of an insect ; as opposed to distal, apical, and apex. 

Bombylimorpha:—A. superfamily used by Brauer and Bezzi for the Cyrrrinn 
(Acroceripz) and Nemesrrinip& together. 

Brachycephalous.—Having the head wider than it is long. 


Callus, calli.—More or less distinct swellings on various parts of the body, 
generally on the thorax; in some families (especially in TaBanip®) on 
the frons or vertex. (See p. 5.) 

Calypter, calyptron,—See Squane ; also p. 16, note. 

Calyptrata.—A division of the great family Muscip™, embracing about. half 
the known species, including all those in which the squame are large, 
easily visible, and distinctly different in size; as opposed to the 
ACALYPTRATA, in which they are very small, practically equal in size 
(the upper and lower scale), or absent. The Catyprrara comprise 
the Tacninin (including the Drexrnna and SarcoruaAgine), Muscixe 
and Antnomyinm®. See Acalyptrata. 

Cells.—For full description, see pp. 8 and 13. 


* Literally, moustache. 


GLOSSARY, 


Central vesicle ov vesicula centralis,—Vhe large bulbous basal portion of the 
penis in Trevi», 

Cephalic.—Appertaining to the head. 

Chetotary.—The arrangement of the prominent spines and strong bristles 
present on various parts of the body in many groups of Diptera. They 
are very valuable classificatory characters, and are named in accord- 
ance with the parts of the body on which they are placed, cephalic, 
thoracic, abdominal, and so on. ‘Those on the sides of the thorax 
are known as pleural bristles, whilst most of the well-defined and 
constant ones on other parts of the body have their special names. 
As, however, none of the Numarocera possess bristles of chstotactic 
magnitude it is unnecessary to describe them in full here. They 
reach their maximum probably both in size and importance in the 
Asinip& and Muscipz. 

Cheeks, or gene.—The sides of the lower part of the head below the eyes 
and on each side of the mouth. 

Chitine—The substance of which the hard parts of the outer covering of 
insects is composed. 

Cinereous.—A light grey colour, but not so pale as ash-grey. Ridgway * 
illustrates it as too dark, to my thinking; his No. 6 “ orey” being 
more my own opinion of the term. 

Claws.—See Ungues. 

Clypeus.—This is probably present only in those Diptera with highly developed 
mouth-parts. It is an upper transverse piece, and most obvious in such 
groups as the TaBanip®. 

Coarctate.—A term used to designate those pups of insects in which the future 
parts are unrecognizable from the exterior surface. 

Cocoon.—The outer covering of silk, or similar substance, formed by the larvee 
of many insects, in which they pass the pupa state. 

Collare.—Osten Sacken’s term for the disc-shaped prothorax in many 
TirvLip». 

Collum.—The neck. 

Costa.—Technically, the entire marginal vein of the wing from base to base, but 
usually employed im Diptera to denote the anterior margin only from 
the base to the extreme tip. In some genera this vein, the costal, 
actually terminates somewhere near the wing-tip, its place then being 
taken by the ambient vein for the remainder of the marginal distance. 

Costal cell.—The cell immediately below the costa or costal vein. See 
pp. 8 and 13. 

Cotyloid cavity.—The opening in the thorax of insects which receives the 
head of the first joint of the leg, namely, the acetabulum, or if this 
be absent, the coxa. 

Cova.—The first easily seen joint of the legs, but it is actually attached to 
the thorax by a very minute joint known as the acetabulum. The 
cox are very greatly developed in many groups of Diptera, notably 
in some of the Mycrropniiip® amongst the Numarocrra. 


es 
* “A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists’ (Boston, 1886). 
62 


Xii GLOSSARY. 


Cross-veins.—Veins perpendicular, more or less, to the longitudinal axis of the 
wings. ‘They are termed the humeral, subcostal, marginal, anterior, 
posterior, and discal; whilst in one subfamily of TipuLip™ is found 
a special cross-vein which I have designated the costal. 

Cubital vein.—A name applied by the older authors to the 3rd longitudinal 
vein, 

Cyelocera.—Schiner’s and Brauer's term for the Noracanrua and TanysToma 
taken together. 


Dermatina.— Eremochetous species in the sense that there are no strong 
bristles on any part of the thorax or scutellum” (Verrall). Verrall’s 
name for the Scenorrnips and Mypaip™ taken together. 

Dichoptic.—Applied to the head when the eyes in the male are separated by 
a distinct more or less broad frons ; as opposed to holoptic. 

Discal cell.—-The conspicuous cell near the centre of the wing in a large 
number of Diptera (p. 8). 

Discal vein.—Some of the older authors spoke of the 4th longitudinal vein 
under this term. 

Distad.—Away from, the body or the base of any part; as opposed to 
proximad. 

Distal.—Nearer the outer extremity than to the body or to the base of any 
organ. 

Divaricate.—Applied to the habit of some insects of resting with the wings 
(and often the legs also) stretched out flat on the surface of the 
object ; as opposed to those which fold the wings over the abdomen 
when at rest. Used by many authors in writing on Tirunipe. 

Diverticulum.—The sucking stomach in Diptera. 

Dolichocephalous.—When the head is longer than it is wide. 


Empodium.—‘‘ A. median appendage on the underside of and between the 
claws, either in the form of a pad, like the pulvilli, when it is called 
pulvilliform, or like a bristle or spine; rarely it is alone present and 
the pulvilli wanting” (Williston). 

Energopoda,—A. superfamily. ‘‘Chatophorous species in the sense that there 
are strong and usually numerous bristles on the scutellum and legs; 
or at least on the sides of the mesonotuin ; except in the few cases 
in which dense coarse pubescence is substituted” (Verrall). Verrall’s 
name for the Arroceripm and Asitip®. Osten Sacken also included 
Douicnorip#, Eupip®, and Loncnoprertp®, and was inclined to admit 
also PuoripD® into the same group. 

Epipharynx.—A narrow piece lying immediately below the labrum or upper 
lip in those kinds of Diptera with a highly developed mouth. Be- 
tween these two parts, which form a long tube, the insect sucks up 
moisture from flowers, the blood of animals, or other sustenance. 

Epistoma, epistome.—The mouth-opening and its immediate vicinity: often 
used by the older authors to signify practically all the lower part of 
the head below the eyes, except the palpi and any specially developed 
part of the proboscis. 


GLOSSARY, xili 


Eremocheia.—A superfamily in which Osten Sacken included the Srrario- 
MYID& (with Xytomyrn«), TaBantp.s, AcaNTHoMERID®, and Luprip: 
(with XynornAgmym and Ca@yomytn). Verrall adds to these the 
Nemestrinip&# and Cyrripa. 

Eremochetous——A term applied to those Diptera absolutely without any 
strong bristles on the head or thorax, as distinct from ordinary 
pubescence or such as the bristly hairs in Psycuop1p®, 

Eucephala.—Those larve possessing a distinct head; as opposed to the 
ACEPHIALA, 

Extricate.—Applied to pupx in which, from their mummy-like facies, the 
outlines of the future imago are more or less distinctly seen. 


Face, facies.—The term j/ace is restricted to that part of the front of the 
head below the antennz and enclosed by the cheeks and the upper 
margin of the mouth. In many cases a well-defined line, ridge or 
bend in the surface distinctly delimits the face; at other times the 
limits are formed by imaginary lines drawn between the points 
specified. acies literally means the face proper, as above described, 
but is never used in that sense, being employed to signify the general 
appearance of the whole insect. 

Facial ridge.—The sides of the antennal fovex. 

Fascia,—A transverse mark which is more or less irregular in outline, 
generally with ill-defined edges. 

Feet—Some of the older authors, as late even as Walker and (sometimes) 
Osten Sacken, used this term to signify the whole of the legs, but it 
should strictly be applied to the appendages of the last tarsal joint. 
The feet of Diptera consist of (1) two wagues or claws (movable curved 
opposable hooks), (2) the pulvil/, or two pad-like fleshy cushions, and 
(3) the empodiuwm, a median appendage varying in form from an 
additional pad to a spiny process. Sometimes the empodium is 
pulvilliform, occasionally the pulvilli are absent, or modified. 

Femur.—The first conspicuous long joint of the legs, nearly always the 
strongest of all; preceded by the coxa and the very small connecting 
joint between these two called the trochanter, and followed by the 
tibia. 

Ferruginous.—-A reddish brown with more or less of a yellowish tinge; rust- 
colour. Walker describes the word as ‘‘ rusty yellow.” Ridgway gives 
it as ‘‘ light burnt sienna.” 

Flagellum.—tThe joints of the antenn after the basal two (which latter are 
known as the scape). In the Nemarocrra they are nearly always 
differently shaped from the scapal joints, and very variable in form 
(pieZl): 

Forceps—The term employed by Osten Sacken and some others for the male 
genitalia in such families in which they are conspicuous, complex and 
formed mainly of a pair of distinct claspers to which various appendages 
are attached. 

Fovea, fovee.—See Antennal groove. 

Frenulum.—A name suggested by Loew for what is generally known as the 
seutellar ridge. 


X1V GLOSSARY. 


Frons, ov Jront.—The space that lies between the eyes (viewed from in front), 
limited above and below respectively by the vertex and a line drawn 
through the rvots of the antenne. The demarcation between the vertex 
and the frons may be sharply defined by a sudden angle in the surface, 
a difference of colour, or there may be no line of distinct separation. 
In Libio, for instance, the vertex and frons are practically united and 
inseparable owing to the flatness of the head. 

Frontal lunule,—A crescent-shaped or oval space immediately above the base 
of the antennee, between them and the transverse slight depression 
known as the frontal suture. This lunule is frequently indistinct, 
probably often quite absent, although its presence is the only technical 
means, according to Braner, of determining in the imago state whether 
a given individual belongs to the Cyctorruarma. It is prominent in 
the Muscip#, but indistinct or absent in the other three families of the 
Cycnorrmarua, viz., Syreurs, Prruncunips, and Praryrrzipe,* 
though Verrall thinks it traceable in certain peculiarities in the 
structure of the head in these three families. 

Frontal suture.—An impressed line, or very shallow narrow groove of crescent, 
shape enclosing the frontal triangle or frontal lunule. Theoretically 
present in all Cyclorrhaphie flies, but inconspicuous or absent in three 
families out of the five. Skuse calls it the frontal fissure. 

Frontal triangle.—The small triangle (with the apex upwards) immediately 

' above the base of the antenna, caused by the divergence of the eyes 
from one another below their region of contiguity. It therefore can 
only occur in holoptic or sub-holoptie Diptera. 

Fulvous.—Golden yellow. 


Gene —The cheeks (q. v.) 

Genitalia.—Vhe organs of generation. In the male they are technically known 
as the hypopygium, in the female as the ovipositor. 

Glabrous.—Osten Sacken uses this term to define bare eyes in Tipunipx. It 
is also used in connection with descriptions of wings, meaning smvoth 
and shining. 

Gonapophyses.—‘* Four free rods that arise from the wall of the genital 
chamber, two above and two below the base of the penis, and project. 
backward within the chamber ” (Snodgrass). 


Halteres.—The ‘ poisers”” of the older school of authors, and “ balanciers” of 
French writers. The atrophied hinder wings in Diptera, reduced to a 
narrow short stem with a more or less distinct club at the tip. They 
are placed behind and below the wing, one on each side of the thorax, 

Hemicephalous.—A term used by Dufour and others for those Dipterous larvee 
in which the head is not sufficiently differentiated to include them in 
the Evucrruana, yet sufficiently obvious to withdraw them from the 
ACEPHALA,. 


* Technically it snould be present in these families also, if Brauer’s theory 
be accepted, and its absence seems to weaken considerably its value as a 
taxonomic character. 


GLOSSARY. XV 


Heterodactyla.—-The second of the two divisions into which Brauer divides his 
PratyapyyA, which latter is the first division of his Orrmorrimarita 
Bracnycera. 

Holoptice.—Used of the head when the eyes are contiguous; opposed to 
dichoptic. Generally a character of the male sex only, but exceptions 
occur in several families. 

Homeodactyla.—One of the two divisions into which Brauer divides his 
Puaryernya. See Heterodactyla. 

Hovering.—This term expresses the habit of some flies of remaining quite 
stationary in the air, then suddenly darting away a short distance and 
again remaining stationary. 

Humerus.—Vhe shoulder or anterior corner of the thoracic dorsum; when it 
takes the form of a more or less distinct bump it is known as the 
humeral callus. 

Hypocera.—The name given to a superfamily consisting only of the Puoriw.». 

Hypopleura.—The pleural area between the metapleura and the hind coxz. 

Hypopygium.—The male genital apparatus as a whole, as distinct from that of 
the female. 


Imaginal disks.—Centres of the formative tissue in the larvae of certain insects 
especially Diptera, which give rise to the legs, wings, ete. 

Intercalary veins (Lioew).—The lower prongs of the upper and lower branches 
respectively of the 4th longitudinal vein (p. 12). The term has been 


used by subsequent authors for various veins, but without obtaining 
general acceptance. 


Johnston's orgav.—A minute structure in the 2nd antennal joint of Diptera 
which is supposed to contain the auditory nerves. 


Labella.—A pair of organs, generally more or less oval or rounded, nearly 
always at the tip (occasionally at the middle) of the proboscis. 

Labiwm.—The lower lip. In Diptera always the lowest part of the proboscis, 
and constructed, in the most highly developed forms, more or less like 
a groove or case in which the remaining parts can be folded and covered 
by the labrum, 

Labrum.—The upper lip, the uppermost part of the proboscis in Diptera. 

Lamella, lamelle.—Small leaf-shaped extremities to the ovipositor in the 
female. A general term also for an oval or leaf-shaped flattened 
terminal or projecting process. 

Lamella basalis supera and lamella basalis infera.—Westhoft’s names for the 
upper and lower sides respectively of the 8th abdominal segment. He 
terms the upper and lower sides of the 9th segment (namely, those 
actually forming the genitalia) Jamelia terminalis supera and infera, but 
the terms have not been adopted by other authors. 


Macrochete.—The large strong bristles in Diptera distributed over various 
parts of the body, which are constant and possess a very high taxonomic 
value. The study of this subject is termed Chetotaxy. 

Marginal cell. 


Mediastinal cell, { 5° Pp- 8 and 18. 


XVi GLOSSARY. 


Mediastinal vein,—Ideutieal with the auxiliary vein, that is to say, the first 
vein below the costa; also known as the subcostal yein, but some 
authors (including Verrall) employ the term subcostal for the Ist 
longitudinal vein. This appears illogical to the present author, since 
the very name subcostal suggests a position immediately beneath the 
costa. . 

Mesopleura.—The pleural area immediately in front of and slightly below the 
roots of the wings. 

Metanotum.—The hindermost portion of the thorax, situated directly below 
the scutellum, highly developed in some families of Numarocnra, 
especially the ‘Yreunip2. 

Metapleura.—The pleural area immediately behind and slightly below the 
root of the wings. 

Metapneustic.—Used of larvee in which the spiracles are confined to the 
posterior segments only. 

Metatarsus.—The Ist joint of the tarsus, that is to say the one adjoining the 
tibia, the following joint of the tarsus being the second. 

Microchete.—The smaller bristles in Diptera, distinct from pubescence or 
hairs, but not of sufficient size or importance to rank as macrocheetze, 
and therefore of much less taxonomic value. 

Microphona.—Verrall’s name for the Emrr® and Doricnoriw.. 

Mystax.—The “moustache” ; strictly applied to the long hairs on the cheeks ; 
seldom, if ever, present in the Nemarocrra, most conspicuous in the 
very pubescent groups of Bracnycura, such as Astnip£, Bompyiiip., 
ete. See Barba. 


Neuration.—The older authors’ name for venation. 

Niie blue or Nile green.—A somewhat pale shade intermediate between blue 
and green. 

Notacantha,—Brauer’s term, used by other authors also, for the SrraTionyip”, 
“ XYLOPHAGIDE”’ (regarded erronously as a family) and Cayomyipx. A 
superfamily, in the view of such authors. 

Nyiph.—The name applied to the pupa when it is active and not fixed. 


Obtecte.—Applied to those pupx that shew no sign of the shape of the future 
imago. 

Occiput.—The hinder surface of the head. 

Ocellar triangle and ocelli.—The simple eyes in Diptera (or other insects) are 
placed on a triangular spot on the vertex of the head, which is generally 
elevated (sometimes considerably so) above the surface, called the 
ocellar triangle, the ocelli being placed at each corner of it, when there 
are three. Sometimes there are two only, sometimes they are absent, 
but in no instance are there more than three. In some families they 
are well separated (Mycrropninip®), when they are placed directly on 
the frons, in the form of a more or less flattened triangle, cr in an 
absolutely straight line. As a rule they are very constant characters 
when present. 

Ochraceous.— Of the colour of brown ochre with an admixture of yellow. 

Orbit.—The margins of the large compound eyes, whether such are distin- 


GLOSSARY. xVvil 


guished by a distinct ring, ridge, or well defined space, or not. The 
frontal orbit is that part of the orbit immediately abutting on the frons. 

O thocera.—Schiner’s and Brauer’s name for the BomByLimorpiaA, PRocEPiALa, 
and Poryroma. Schiner, however, includes Leptip® in the Orrmocera, 

Orthogenya.—Brauer’s second division of his Ortuorruarina Braciycera, 
composed only of Empipx® and Doricnorips. 

Ovate.—Egg-shaped, that is, an ellipse more pointed at one end than the 
other. 

Oviposition —The act of depositing eggs by the female. 

Ovipositer.—The female genital organs, as distinguished from those of the 
male. 


Palpi, palpus.—These organs in the Diptera possess from one to five segments ; 
the vast majority of Brachycerous flies having only one segment, and 
the Numarocera four. In many groups they are rudimentary, in 
others absent (p. 19). 

Pectinate.—When the vestiture of the antenne is stronger than stiff pubescence 
or verticillate hairs and takes the form of stiff bristles, or branched 
pendulous or yariously formed solid projections, they are termed 
pectinate. 

Pectus.—The breast. Walker used it to denote the lower anterior part of the 
thorax. Modern authors do not, I believe, employ the term. 

Peripneustic. 
head- and tail-ends, are so called. 

Peristoma, ov peristome.—Apparently a synonym of epistoma, 

Piceous.—Blackish brown ; pitch colour. 

Pile.—A very closely set and very short pubescence of erect hairs resembling 


Larve with spiracles on the median segments, as well as at the 


the ‘‘ pile” of velvet. 

Platygenya.—Brauer's first division of the Orrnorrmarua Braciycera, com- 
prising all the families except the Emr1rp%, Doricuorip®, and Loncnor- 
TPRIDE. 

Pleure.—The sides of the thorax are in many Diptera separated into fairly 
distinct divisions by two sutures running longitudinally to the axis of 
the body, and by one perpendicular or transverse suture. The upper 
suture is the dorsoplewral (or more correctly notopleural); the lower 
longitudinal suture is the sternopleural. The vertical suture (though it 
is seldom either straight or absolutely vertical) is the mesopleural. The 
pleurz (or spaces) are named the proplewra (or prethorax), mesopleura, 
and pteropleura, the two latter divided from each other by the meso- 
thoracie suture. Below the sternopleural suture are, the séernopleura (in 
front) and the kypoplewra (above the middle and hind cox). The meta- 
pleura is a more or less indistinct space behind the pteropleura and 
hypopleura, and adjacent to the metanotum. 

Plumbeous.—Leaden colour, which may be dull or shining. 

Poisers, or balancers.—The older authors’ terms for the halteres. 

Pollinose.—An expression used to define a surface with a light dust-like 
covering, resembling pollen; a finer vestiture even than tomentum. 

Polytoma.—Brauer’s (and Bezzi's) name for a superfamily consisting of the 
THEREVIDA and SCENOPINID®. 


XVill GLOSSARY. 


Porrect.,—Projecting straight forwards ; applied to antenne or palpi. 

Post-alar callus.—A more or less distinct, rounded swelling situated between 
the root of the wing and the scutellum, often inconspicuous or absent. 

Posterior legs.—The hindermost four taken together, the last pair only being 
termed the hind legs. 

Postical vein.—The 5th longitudinal vein. 

Prefurca.-—The portion of the 2nd longitudinal vein lying between its origin 
and its forking. ‘This is the sense in which Osten Sacken employs the 
term and in which it is used in the present volume, but Verrall uses it 
in the Bracnycera to denote “ the common origin of the 2nd and 3rd 
veins,” in other words for only that portion of the 2nd vein between its 
origin and the origin of the 35rd vein, 

Pre-alar callus —A more or less distinct, rounded swelling in front of the 
root of the wing, on the side of the mesonotum, just behind the outer 
ends of the transverse suture. 

Pre-sutural depression.—A quite small depression, generally triargular in 
shape, situated at each end of the transverse thoracic suture, close to 
the commencement of the dorsopleural (notopleural) suture. 

Procephala,-Brauer’s name for the superfamily containing the Mypaipx, 
Asiiip® and Bompyniuipe ; Bezzi also adopts it. 

Propygium.—Bergroth’s name for the hypopygium. 

Prothorax.—The anterior part of the thorax, in Diptera often indistinetly 
marked off from the main middle part or mesonotum. 

Proximal.—Nearer to the body of the insect, the base of a wing or leg, and 
so on; as opposed to distal, distad. Proximad is the corresponding 
adverb. 

Pscudotrachee.—Radiating ridges on the inner opposable sides of the 
labella in many Diptera, which ‘‘serve as a means of attrition, by 
which the insect rubs off particles of food from firm substances ” 
(Williston). 

Pteropleura.—Vhe pleural area immediately below the root of the wings. 

Ptilinum—A small but powerful bladder-like organ, present in the 
Cycnorruaria only, situated just above the base of the antennz on the 
frons. It is only used by the insect to escape from the puparium, by 
inflating it, upon which it protudes through the frontal suture and 
springs off the cap of the puparium, 

Pubescence.—The clothing of soft hairs common to nearly all Diptera in 
different degrees, not short or dense enough to be known as pile, nor 
containing bristles. 

Pulvilli—* Two pad-like fleshy cushions attached to the last joint of the tarsus 
below the claws, usually present, but often absent among the 
Ortnorrmarna, and often much larger and better developed in the ¢ 
than the Q” (Williston). 

Puncture.—A winute indentation of the surface. 


Radical cell—A term used by a few of the older authors for the basal 
cells. 

Rhomboidal cell—A small four-sided cell near the end of the costa in 
Tirunips. At first Osten Sacken called it the trapezoidal cell. 


GLOSSARY. x1x 


Rostrum, or snout.—The usual, more or less cylindrical, anterior prolongation 
of the head that projects over the proboscis proper, most conspicuous 
(amongst the Numarocera) in Treutins., Probably some of the older 
authors used the teri to include both the rostrum proper and the 
proboscis also. 


Scape, or scapus.—The first two (or basal) joints of the antenne, nearly always 
differentiated from the rest. In the Nemarocura, the 2nd joint is 
generally much shorter than the Ist, and the Ist joint of the flagellum 
(i. e., the remaining joints taken together) is usually longer than the 
others. The scape is in nearly all cases sufficiently obvious. 

Scutellar ridge.—A sometimes very conspicuous hardened ridge joining the 
sides of the scutellum to the thorax. Often inconspicuous or absent. 
Loew has suggested for it the name “ frenulum.” 

Scutellum.—The semicircular or crescent-shaped small piece affixed to the 
hinder margin of the thoracic dorsum. It often bears important bristles 
or spines, though less frequently so in the Newarocera than in some 
other groups. 

Seta.—Applied to a somewhat long bristle-like hair. It is also used to 
designate the microscopic stiff hairs with which many wings are covered, 
and which are invisible to the naked eye. 

- Setigerous.—Provided with seta. 

Spurious cell.—See p. 15. 

Squame.—The most correct term for the scale-like organs (one covering 
the other, either equal in size or the lower one much larger than the 
upper) found at the root of the wings in the higher Diptera. The 
upper or anterior one is fixed to the base of the wing behind the alula 
and is most correctly termed the alar sguaima or squama alaris; the 
hinder or posterior one, whieh in all the higher groups of Muscrp# and 
other families is always much larger than its companion, is attached to 
the thorax and is therefore most correctly called the thoracic squama or 
squama thoracis or thoracicalis. The presence or absence of these organs 
gives the distinguishing names of Canyrrrata and Acatyprrara, dividing 
the Muscrp © (sensu lato) into two great groups, above subfamilies and 
approximately of equal extent. The line of demarcation, however, is 
not absolute, many small Anrnomyip& having squamz of equal size and 
very little larger than those found in the AcaLyprrara, in which group, 
moreover, exceptions with squamez of comparatively large size are found. 
Some authors call them tegulx, calypters, or (erroneously) alulzx. 

Sternopleura—The pleural area forming the lowest part of the ventral surface 
of the thorax, developed chiefly between the fore and middle pair of 
legs. 

Sternum.—The lower surface of the thorax. 

Sternites—The plates on the lower surface on the body of an insect, but here 
specially used to denote the ventral plates of the abdominal segments, 
the numbers of which are counted from the base outwards; opposed to 
tergite. 

Stigma.—This is used in two distinet senses: (i) In the wings of many Diptera 
is a more or less clearly defined, darkened (generally yellowish, brown 


xX GLOSSARY. 


or black) spot of oval or some such shape, towards the costal margin, a 
little or considerably beyond the middle of the wing, bounded usually by 
the auxiliary and Ist longitudinal veins. Thisis the stigma in the most 
ordinary sense of the word, as used by systematists. (ii) Four very 
small apertures, easily overlooked, generally situated each at the bottom 
of a small pit, are termed the prothoracie and metathoracic stigmata 
respectively. The former are placed, one on each side, below the 
shoulders towards the front; the latter, immediately in front of the 
halteres. The prothoracic stigma is by some called the mexothoracic. 
These stigmata or spiracles serye for the admission of air to the 
respiratory system, 

Style.—Used in two senses: (i) The elongate, conical, blunt or pointed solid 
appendix to the ultimate joint of the antennx, as opposed to the arista 
(g. v.). (ii) Osten Sacken’s name for ‘a single inmovable styliform 
organ,” visible immediately below the genital organs in Liwnositnr. Not 
seen in other groups in the same form, but replaced by the aculeus, “a 
slender, horny, often curved and pointed piece, which is entirely 
concealed when the forceps is closed and projected when it is open” 
(Osten Sacken). 

Subapical cell. 

Subcostal cell. 

Subcostal vein.—Strictly, the vein below the costa, which in the present work 
is called the auxiliary vein (after Osten Sacken and many recent 
authors). Verrall and some others apply the term tothe Ist longitudinal 
vein. 

Submarginal cell.—-See pp. 8 and 13. 

Supra-alar groove-—A groove on the mesothorax just above the base of the 
wing, short and often indistinct. In bristly species, important bristles 
are often situated there. 

Suture.—A general term for an impressed line. The principal sutures are the 
transverse (p. 5), on the thoracic dorsum, and the pleural (p. 5), on the 
sides of the thorax. 


| See pp. 8 and 13. 


Tanystoma.—Brauer’s superfamily name, adopted also by various other 
authors, for the TABANID& and Leprrip x. 

Tarsus.—The third and ultimate of the conspicuous divisions of the legs, 
always of five distinct though often closely applied joints, of which the 
first is called the metatarsus, the next is the 2nd, and so on, the 5th 
bearing the feet. 

Tawny.—A pale brownish yellow colour varying in intensity, approximately of 
the colour of a lion. 

Tegule.—See Squame. 

Tergite-—The plates, or sclerites, on the upper surface of an insect ; here more 
especially applied to the upper half of an abdominal segment, these 
being numbered in rotation, beginning with that one nearest the 
thorax. 

Tergum.—The upper surface of an insect. 

Testaceous.—Technically brick-red, according to handbooks on colour, but my 
personal opinion is that most authors have used it for what may be 
better described as ‘‘ reddish yeilow.” 


GLOSSARY, XX1 


Tibie.—The second of the large conspicuous divisions of the legs, generally 
longer and thinner than the femora, and normally longer than the tarsi. 
In some families and genera one or two spurs or spines at the extreme 
tip furnish valuable characters in classification. 

Tomentum.—A. vestiture of exceedingly short, semi-erect hairs, finer and shorter 
than those known as “pile.” Williston says that tomentum can only 
correctly be used to desiginate ‘flattened, scale-like or stubble-like, 
more or less recumbent hairs which gradually merge into dust or 
pollen.” 

Transverse.—At right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body, such as the 
transverse suture on the thorax; or to the length of the wing, such as 
the “ cross-veins.” When applied to the head or proboscis it means 
broader than long. 

Transverse suture.—See Suture. 

Transverse veins —See Cross-veins. 

Trapezoidal cell.—See Rhomboidai cell. 


Trochanter.—A small, generally annular joint uniting the coxa to the 
femur. 

Tromoptera.—Osten Sacken’s superfamily for the Newesrrinips, Cyrtipe, 
Bomsyiup#, THEREVIDE and Scexoriip#. Verrall confines it to the 
Bompyiiip# and THEREVID&. 

Truncate.— Ending abruptly, as if cut off. 


Ungues.—The claws, two in number, affixed to the lower side of the 5th (ter- 
minal) tarsal joint. The remaining portions of the feet consist generally 
of the pulvilli and the empodium. 


Vena spuria.—Only present in the Syrpnipx, a family of the Bracnycura. 
It runs in front of the 4th longitudinal vein and is merely a fold or 
crease in the wing and not a true vein. It is sometimes indistinct but 
invariably present in this family except in the genus Graptomyza. 

Venation.—The system of the veins in the wings. The older dipterologists 
spoke of it as the mewration, a synonymous term used in other 
orders. 

Ventriculum.—The true stomach in Diptera, as distinguished from the 
diverticulum or sucking stomach. 

Vertex.—The upper part of the head, lying between the upper angles of the 
eyes, merging in front more or less abruptly into the frons (g. v.). An 
imaginary line between it and the back of the head (or occiput) is called 
the vertical margin. 


Vertical margin.—The marginal line between the vertex and the occiput. 

Vertical triangle.—The small, often extremely small, space in holoptis flies 
between the absolute vertex and the spot where the eyes first touch each 
other. It bears the ocellar triangle (when such is distinet), which in 
its turn carries the ocelli, when these latter are present, 

Verticillate.—W hen the joints of the antennz are provided with verticels. 

Verticel, or verticil.—A whorl of hairs arranged around an antennal joint in the 
form of a circle. Two or more such whorls may be present on the same 
joint. 


Xxil GLOSSARY. 


Vestiture.—The outer adornment of the surface of the body, which generally 
takes the form of short hairs, yet every variety and intermediate grade 
from strong spines to the finest dust may be found. Large spines, 
isolated and regularly placed, or numercus and irregularly placed, are 
spoken of as such. Bristles, the position of which is constant in 
the genus or species are referred to as chatotactic bristles, and are 
most valuable adjuncts in classification; they are named according to 
their situation on the body (see Chetotazy). Irregularly placed bristly 
hairs (such as are met with in abundance in Psycnoprpm) have no 
technical term, Finer vestiture is known as hair, if comparatively long 
and in any way coarse, shaggy or woolly; if fairly short and fine, it is 
known as pubescence, and this is the commonest form of all. Very short 
erect closely set hair is known as pé/e; a shorter vestiture still is called 
tomentum ; after which the finest form recognised is termed dust, or the 
surface is said to be pollinose. 

Vinaceous.—The colour of light claret. 

Vitta.—A short longitudinal stripe or mark. 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Page 
Suborder ORTHORRHAPHA. 40 | Subfam. 8. Serophiline ..... 
Fam. 1. MycrTroPpHinip® 44 1. Sciophila, Mg. ......... 
1, bicolor, Brun. ....... 
Subfam. 1. Macrocerine..... > 2) ie ariel ra ee Sata 
6 
1. Macrocera, My.........- . 49 Z: con Brun. 
1) ommata, Bran... ..-- 51 ‘ SPS) esl aie olen ene 
2. alternata, Brun. ...... 52 = ee Brun. .... 
Seeicota, Baio... . 08 5. ferrugimea, Brin Be Mona 
a Vearnban Brant, eas: 4: 53 6. trilineata, Bran. ..... 
5, elegans, i ae . d4 3 bese Brun. ..... 
6. inconspicua, Brun. oe G. a Pel euree agi ae aly 
7. ferruginea, Brun....... 55 avithorax, Bran. 
a 5 2 LOs curvilimes, Bruv....... 
‘ lepta, Wi. 
me te as | eee FR 
¢ q , "14 
1. Ceroplatus, Bose. ........ 56 2. ineerta, Brum. - 2.25: 
= ce etapa Brun.. ?* | Subfam. 4. Mycetophiline 
2. Su 001A" cs ee 53 
1. grandis, Brun........ Se GO R tenlammanishe WG. 2 ec ee. va x 
2. suffusinervis, Brun..... 60 L brevirostris, Brun. 
3. apicipennis, Brun. fal 2. spathulata, Bran. 
4, atlinis, Brun. sige 2. Leptomorphus, Cart. 
5. marginata, Brun....... 62 I. ornatus, Brun. ....... 
6. flaviventris, Bran. 62 3. Paleeoanaclinia, Mewn.... 
7. vicina, Brun. .... +: a4 Gs 1. flavohirta, Brun..... 
8. venusts, Walk. ...... 63 4. Greenomyia, Brun. ..... 
9. octosegmentata, Brun. . 64 i, niericoxa, Bye. 12a 
10. ruficornis, Brun. ...... 64 5. Allactoneura, Mey. ..... 
11. indistincta, Brun. b6 (SD) He -cimeta, Meije cepa sre 
12. longifurcata, Bran. .... 65 3. Odontopoda, Aldr ..... 
13. funerea, Brun......... 65 Ls. indica, Brin): Boles. 
14. flavomarginata, Brun... 66 7. Anomalomyia, Hutton .... 
15. fumipes, Brun......... 66 ligmrhatehvete, Je0G0. so Saee. 
3. Isoneuromyia, brun....... 66 8. Acrodicrania, Skuse ..... 
1. annandalei, Lram...... ag OK 1. ferruginea, Brun, 
2. rufescens, Brun. ee, OOo, Do incerta, Bw... 


XX1V 

Page 

9. Clastobasis, Skuse ........ 94 
Tyittigerayebrgt. ok <<: 95 

RO MIGeI gO as ec es eel 96 
alr winthemi, Lehm. 97 

2. flavobrunnea, Brin: i. 90 

3. arcuata, Ti aes 99 

4 lorte@llaiy, Jéy0i0y geo dee 100 

De MMSIODIG BV UM. 5. 5 o% o> 101 
PemOUA, BYU. — crete bain 101 

7. spathulata, Brun. 101 

11. Rhymosia, Winn. ........ 102 
1. flavolimbata, Brun..... 108 

2. genitalis, Brun. ...... 104 

3. albolater ‘alis, ISTO Ds 5 3 0 104 

4, annulicornis, Brun. .... 105 

5, humeralis, Brut. de. . 106 
Gretascipes, B71. 2. tars 106 

12, ONINC CRAs Goo o anos < 107 
1. nigrofasciata, Brun. .. 108 

13. Macrobrachius, Dzied. .... 108 
1, loneicosta, Bruit. oa. ee 109 

Ape homies: 127172. s.0e een 110 
i eimplex, BrUmie. caieiaee lil 

2, semifumata, Brun. 111 

Ise Ivey VVise 9 66 bs. 0 112 
i). basilimess:/37:2072. sya 115 

16. Mycetophila, DUT). «333s cxeuctaer 113 
1. cinctiventris, fe Sarees 115 

2. quadrifasciata, Brun. .. 115 

3. oriseolateralis, Brune, AG 

4. curvilinea, J EVPLI On 0 OG oe 116 

5. suffusa, Bru, . cee WALy 

6. himalayensis, Brun. 117 

7. binotata, Brun. ...... 118 

Le sWelopsis, Shuse 2.) 4-0 says 118 
1, Gollleints; JET, gaoccaat 119 
[esghuryschalis, Brun. .% :...: 559 
1. spectralis, Brun. ...... 560 
Subfam, 5. Searine ........ 119 
LS Pata IG Ante ks cs ea 120 
1. -tmlineata; Brun. ...... 126 
2. trifasciata, Brun....... 126 

3. opposita, Brun. ...... 127 

4, distinguenda, Brun. 127 

5. rufithorax, Wulp...... 128 

6. rufoabdominalis, Brun. . 128 

7. luteiventris, Brun. .... 129 

8. flammiventris, Brun. 129 

Onn dican7al ic. eee 13 

10. flamofemorata, Brun... 156 

11. nigripennis, Brun. 131 

12. diversipes, Brun....... 131 
13. fratercula, Brun....... 132 
ld exacts, Brug... .. se. 152 


| Fam. 2. 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


15. 
16. 
te 
18. 
19. 


longinervis, brwn. 
flavicollis, Brun....... 
orientalis, Brun. 
fascipennis, Brun. 
sexsetosa, Brun. .....- 
20. quadrisetosa, Brun. .... 
21. pallescens, Brun....... 
22. fulvescens, Brun. 
25. setilineata, Brun. 
24. latelineata, Brun. .... 
25. radicum, Brun. 
26. impostor, Brun. 
27. segmenticornis, Brun... 
28. compacta, Brun....... 
29. inconspicua, Brun. .... 
30. hirtilineata, Brun. 
51. niveiapicalis, Brun..... 
32. longipennis, Bran. 


33. flaviseta, Brun. 
a ee 
vo 


aiacevteite ke 


Ce Otter ieriet 


longitudinalis, Brun. 
TUCO Kai /5 70070 ee ee 
37. flavipleura, Brun. 

38. evanescens, Bru. 

39, parallela, Brun. ...... 


fe 
oD. 


36. 


3LEPHAROCERID® 


1. Hammatorhina, Loew 
li, Mella; Wisp oe wee einem 
2. APIStODNVIGs 09 ates ware 
1. trilineata, Brun. 


3. Blepharocera, Macq...... 


We atelier, JEVAVOs. awo aaa c 


amis UBL Zee eee - 


Subfam. 1. Bibionine ........ 


1. Pleciomyia, Brun. .. 

1. melanaspis, Wied. .... 
2: Plecias Wed, once pees 
1. fulvicollis, Fabr. ...... 
2. tergorata, fond. ...... 
3. indica, Brun. 
A IPRE DG HRY oye P/ Omen cncheret Oba Ie 
5. obscura, BUI 5-56 Aas 
Bibio, Geoff. 
i 


hortulanoides, Brun. 


iB) pe) e)@) eh ene 


2. obscuripennis, Me). 

3. proximus, Brun. ...... 
4. abdominalis, Brun..... 
approximatus, Brun. 

discallish Bienen 
johannis, LZimm. ...... 
rufifemur, Brun....... 
9. foscitibia, Brwn.... .. 


Caton eal 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX, 


Bibio (con.). Page | 
10. defectus, Brun. ...... 176 | 1. squaminervis, Brun. 
1]. flavohirta, Brun. ...... 561 2. annandalei, Brun. . 
4. Dilophus, Mg. .......... 176 | spinicornis, Brun. .... 
I. gratiosus, Big......... 178 | . mMargininotata, Brun. .. 
| inetatarsalis, Brun... .. 


Subfam. 2. Scatopsine........ 179 


1. Seatopse, Geoff...... oceans 
1. brunnescens, Brun..... 180 
2. nigronitida, Brun. .... 181 


MEOH, PU oe ee os 
proxima, Brun. 
lacteitarsis, Brun. : 
gilvipes, Brun......... 
impunctata, Brun. 


et 
SO CNIS? OUP oo 


Fam. 4 SimuLmp..... Rin A Be 11. unicolor, Brun. ...... 
beh ntia a DOTUNCHIA, AMIE o's. os 
densmnltom:, Mate... cs 182 1. superstes, Ann. ...... 
ils rufithorax, Brun... 187 4, Parabrunettia, Brun. ; 
2. grisescens, Brun. ies pe 1. squamipennis (Brwuz.). . 
ae metatarsale, Brun. .... 189 2. atrisquamis, Bra. ‘ 
4, griseifrons, Brun. .... 190 3. albohumeralis, Brun. . . 

5. rufibasis, USAPUTUS © ore: 3, cots 190 4, argenteopunctata 
Gosemile; Bru wes e nose LOT (CT Wee aac athe ins 


7. indicum, Bech......... 191 5. 9-notata, Brun. ...... 
8. aureohirtum, Brwn..... 194 6. flavicollis, Brun. . 

: me C 
9. striatum, Brun. ...... 561 7. longicheta, Brun. 


cy | x = 
Han Sp esveuonipas .....0, [96 | Bant.6. Drewm 2.5.2...) 6.5% 
| 
i d, Dixs, Me 
‘ o | te Dina, Mg... 1.2222 se. 
Subfam. 1. Phlebotomine .... 199 ‘ye RIE Teme oe 
1. Phlebotomus, Rond....... 199 2. montana, Brun. ...... 

]. himalayensis, Ann..... 204 3. maculipennis, Brun. .. 

2. perturbans, Mezj....... 205 A, histriata, Brun. ...... 

3. minutus, Rond. ...... 206 Oy DILASCTAUA, TEU TOsn ae ase 

4. argentipes,dnn.§ Brun. 207 | K 77 

. : ‘7 49 
Oe Wa Or Aree a sci ye ais 210 | OIRO pe SOLER Leos Cay 
\e 1] y » . 

6. papatasii, Scop. ...... - | Subfam. 1. Ptychopterine 

7. malabaricus, Ann. .... 214 : 

8. zeylanicus, Ann. ...... 215 | bef tychoptera, 1 CEO ae eee 
| levdishineta, a) 200. ce. 6s. 
Subfam. 2. Psychodine ...... Fe | 2. tibialis, oo5 aes wane 

| By EIADURMTh Joy 0p dae ate 
ieebsyehods, Lair... 0:5... 218 | ee igh ae 

1. apicalis, Brun. ...... -. 223 | Subfam, 2. Tipuline ......... 

2. maculipennis, Brun. .. 223 | 

3. albonotata, Brun, .... 224 | Sect. 1. Ctenophorini.... 

4, distineta, Brun py A 

; a chin Goan, Inonenw Wis Boece: 
Re decoy. Arun: o..:..- 226 | 1. cages : a J Walk 
6. transversa, Brun. .... 226 | 5 Paellio roa On ee ee 

Ct) : aT S ra, 5. A ° . 
7. hirtipennis, Brun, .... 227 sat ae 
renicul. . QQ7 > IBS JER eo 6c ane 
8. geniculata, Brun. .... 227 > 
S . 4 atl | 2. taprobanes, Walk. 

9. albonigra, Brun. ...... 228 oe valine tne aaa 
10. bengalensis, Brun. .... 229 a ee eattat ae Iie Ray 
ih, distans, Brute wa ..2.. . 230 | ee ee ore Br “poe 
12. albopicta, Brun. ...... 231 | 5. serraticornis, Brun..... 


. Ctenacroscelis, End....... 
1, sikkimensis, End. 


oo 


18. orbicularis, Brun. .... 231 
14. nigripennis, Brun. .... 232 


15. fulvohirta, Brun 2a ee : ae 
AGP arc th Ua: 750 SERA h AM! © aae| ia ed Oa 8 OA 
16. vittata, Brun. ........ 933 | Sect. 2. Tipuli 
eereorigomia,. “Wale. se... « 23 1. Tipula, Zimn......... Mere 


XXv1 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Tipula (con.). Page 
I yenusta, Walk. .2)4..-3802 
2. gracillima, Brun....... 302 
3. Majestica, Brun. ...... 305 
4. fulvolateralis, Brum. 304 
5. fumipennis, Brun. 305 
6. princeps, Brun. 306 
Ged ES, TEUUN sau wees sores 
fob, EAR STATES oe ooo Ao po lle! 
9. fumifasciata, Brun..... 308 

10. serricornis, Brun....... 309 
11. pulchenima, Brun,..... 810 
2: fuscinervis, Brun. .... d12 
15. patricia, Brun... .....+% 315 
14. splendens, Brun....... 314 
Is. reposita, Walk. ..-., 810 
16. himalayensis, Brun. .. 515 
Wis tessellatipennis, Brun. . 317 
18; robusta, Brun.....«...,-8l9 
19. marmoratipennis, Brun. 319 
20, quasimarmoratipennis, 
DIUM we el ais ivelle. nas Be 320 
21. griseipennis, Brun. .... 321 
22. elegans, Brun. 323 
23. nigrotibialis, Brun.. 324 
24, striatipennis, Bram..... 825 
Deln SUMO LINCiAs S721. ahs chee 326 
26. interrupta, Brun....... 327 
27. nigroapicalis, Brun. 328 
28. continuata, Brun. : 328 
29. walker (Walk.) ...... 329 
30. melanomera, Walh..... 330 
31. quadrinotata, Brun. 33 
32. ornatithorax, Brun..... 33 
Don VicCaLlae: PAG amie ee BBY) 
34. brunnicosta, Brun. 3o2 
30. tenuipes, Braun. ...... 353 
36. ochripes, Brun. ...... 334 
387. flavescens, Brun....... 304 
38. demareata, Brun. 309 
39; munda, Brun. .......2 396 
AO) Glink By JoyP0ia Gag ee se 307 
Al. eracilis, ETFO 5°56 6.05 6 388 
42, cinctoterminalis, Brun. . 358 
43. elegantula, Brun....... 389 
2, Pachyrhina, ifacg. ... .': B59 
1. serricornis, Brun....... 34] 
2. puncticornis, Brun..... 343 
3. pleurinotata, Brun.. B45 
4, demarcata, Brun....,... S44 
5. econcolorithorax, Brun. . 346 
6. consimilis, Brwn.... 346 
7. gamma, Brun. ......-. 347 
&. javensis, Dol. 76. 3s 348 
9. dorsopunctata, Bran. .. 350 
10. bombayensis, Macq. 351 


Sect. 


Page 

Sect. 3. Dolichopezini 353 
I. Dolichopezay Curt... ...... 353 
1. orientalis, Bran. ...... 304 

2. obscura, Brun...... 359 

Oo PONMGA, IMME ei oss 564 

4. infuscata, Brun. ...... 565 
Subfam. 3. Limnobiine ...... 356 
Sect. 1. Cylindrotomini.. 358 
1. Cylindrotoma, Macq. .... 859 
iB eas. Brun. 361 

» Lim nto Wai ee Oe 

il ase ae WED Miia coets «9: 365 
1, marmoripennis, Brun... 369 

2. demareata, Brun....... 3870 

3: hoWusi, Met. ete cima 371 

A. absens, B72. odes eee 

5, cuneiformis, Mez. 372 

6. saltans, Dol... .. 375 

7. longivena, Edw. ...... 374 

8, pulchripennis, Brun, 376 

9. puncticosta, Brun. .... 377 
IOS chiens Joy 070R oan ac . 378 
11. fascipennis, Brun. .... 579 
12. subfascipennis, Brun... 380 
5. ornatipes, Brun. ...... 380 
14. cinerascens, Brun. 388) 
15. cinctiventris, Brun..... 382 
16. sordidaMbrunts... 02s. Boe 
17. delicata, Brun......... ooo 
18. flavobrunnea, Brun. .. 3884 
19: simplex, itemeres.s 384 
OG Meritt Jee. snabo5 ox _ 385 
21. nigrithorax, Brun. .... 385 
22. subtessellata, Brun..... 565 
23, bicinctipes, Brun. 566 
24, columbina, Brun....... 567 
25, approximata, Brun. 567 
26. imnocens, Brun. ...... 568 
Geranomyia, Hal......... 387 

Ie wemitalis) 572071... nen 588 

Dail awl OSta po) 201). tanga 389 

3. circipunctata, Brun. 390 

Al vialaleritsly Jey0NOe yan dodo 391 

5. vinaceobrunnea, Brun. . 3892 

6, fletehert, Hdw..... syne 

7. pulchripennis, Bren. 393 

8. semistriata, Brawn. 394 

9, semifasciata, Brun. .... 895 

3. Limnobia, Mg. 5 96 
festival 3 7:2072 seater 400 

2. tinctinervis, Brun. 401 

8. InGich, Brae peace 401 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXVil 
Limnobia (con.). Page Page 
4. trimaculata, Brun. .... 402 PO LONA yn EPI, th Seba. 455 
5. longinervis, Brun. 405 10, grandior, Brun. ...... 456 
Gy centralis, Brum. 5.2... 405 Wile oenitalis, EVO. 3 wehbe 456 
fa mivempes, Bruns... 2. 2h 404 12. halter: -ata, PUT IN Sod, 457 
S.MISUR, BTU. cies.» 404 4, Mesocyphona, Os. Sac. . 458 
9. vitripennis, Brun. .... 405 1. nigripes, Brua......... 458 
10, triangularis, Bram. .... 406 5. Styringomyia, Lw......... 459 
4. Ceratostephanus, Brun. 406 1. ceylonica, Edw. E 46 
1, antennatus, Brun. . 407 2. obscura, Brun. ........ 463 
Atypophthalmus, Brun. .. 408 a, BV Bige IUII S A eR aah 46 
1. holopticus, Brun....... 408 6. Lechria, Shuse> ...0.5. +3. 465 
6. Libnotes, Westw. ........ 409 1. bengalensis, Brun. 467 
1. fuscinervis, Bram. 4ll te GOuonivie Mg. se 3. ee 468 
2. notatinervis, Brun. .... 412 Ts incompleta, Brun. AT] 
3. punctipennis, Mei. . 415 2. flavomarginata, Brun... 472 
AP TU MA a dace sa. «=o ALA 3. affinis, Brun vo... 472 
4, aperta, Brun. ; 75 
Sect. 3. Rhamphidiini 415 5. proxima, Brun. ...... 474 
1. Rhamphidia, My. ........ 416 (3, GMO, Jiis 65) Manes 568 
1. ferruginosa, Brun. 418 8. Empeda, Os. Sac. s 47 
O. unicolor Brunt.. .2. .-. « 419 1. inconspicua, Brun. ee: 
3. inconspicua, Brun. 419 9. ee VW esti. tt ete Ae 476 
De AR ORON MINES LA roi orsioid 9.5 5 420) 2 peamipes, Os. Suc, 479 
1. incerta, Brun. Sno 429, tenera, Os. Sac, : 480 
BS Ormmarca, Os. Saeec. 6. cs.65 493 3. pallidiventy 8, Brun. 481 
1. peregrina, Brun. ...... 404 | 10. Mongomoides, Brun....... 48] 
MukGthchal Os. Sac ” 495 1. trentepohlii, Wed. . 482 
1 dics Rain MbigahAl a 426 2. marmorata, Brun. = 483 
2, nedta B “wn. 497 ri epee ay ees "re ee 
~ Sno y QF . albogeniculata, Brun. .. 568 
re oe ee hag ta oon 11. Paramongoma, Brun. .. 484 
Pe UNSISMIS, BUI. «o . aie ss 43 12. Syimplecta, Mg ee ae oh” 485 
3. biannulata, Braun....... 430 6 1, punctipennis, Mq. 486 
4, cyanea, Hdw. ........ 431 | 18. Fe eee OF ee oe 
6. Gymnastes, Brun. ........ 432 = Siena ar ae 
I, Qakollercevts Jy HV0s een ae 455 2) GRITS Bi Dene al 
fe Atarba, O8SG0. 2 6 oo. 43- 5. furcata, Brun. ........ 491 
NEV IPILI: soe lh ees 455 4. strenua, Brun. .... 492 
On aperta, Brun... 5 63.02 A492 
, ae rae e 6, incompleta, Braun. .. 493 
Sect. 4. Hriopterini...... 456 7 ie Bain ay 3. A494 
1. Rhypholophus, Ao/....... 440 | 14. Dasymallomyia, Brun..... 494 
1. geniculatus, Brun. 441 Po siondta, Brun... oa) 3: 495 
ee PMLEDER DTU... 6 5. AAD || how. Conosia, Walp .- i... oe 496 
2, Molophilus, Curt. ........ 445 Wrarrovata,, Wed vx oc. sas 497 
1. inconspicuus, Brun..... 444 | 16. Cladura, Os. Sac. ........ 499 
2. assamensis, Brun. . 445 1. flavescens, Bram. ...... DOL 
3. Erioptera, My. pee oo) Le. baracladura, Brum, - 0 2... 502 
1, punctipennis, Bran. 449 1. gracilis, Brun......... 505 
2. terruginea, Brun. ...... 450 2. elecans; Brim. 4.5 «1 5O4 
Se OUSHALS) CLTHILy carat oi =< 451 | 18. Claduroides, Brun. ...... 505 
A. brevior, Brun. ........ 452 1. fascipennis, Brun. 505 
5. incerta, Brun. ..... 452 2. SOLGICR DRUG. cave 5 - 506 
6. parallela, Brun. ...... AUS | rie ee 
7 Eee NG, Be Wo) | sect, 5. Amalopininsss..05 507 
8. subtineta, Bruna. ...... 455 JE METIGHOGERa eigenen sce «a 508 


XXVill SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Trichocera (con. ). Page 
u, is) 


1. ocellata, Waik.«.i...- 
2. punctipennis, Brun..... 
SLAMS IU irene tonsa e tee 
AMON GALE, Ps 70072 te eestor 


PATIOS, “LLC Sen ele sae ate 
1. glabripennis, Brun..... 
2. elegans, Brun...2.. +23 
3. Amalopina, Brun... .. Brake 
1. elegantula, Brun....... 


4, Rhaphidolabis, Os. Sac. .. 
15 Watcha Mors anda act 
2. fascipennis, Brun. .... 


Sect.6. Limnophilini.... 


t Limnophila, Macy. “a. 23; 
1. pallidicoxa, Brun. .... 
2. simplex, Brum... 2. +. 
3. multipunctata, Brun. 
4. honesta, Brum. ........ 
2. Dicranophragma, Os. Sac.. 


1. pulchripennis, Brun. 


SPEC A, INC aes xt tcte une 
1. fascipennis, Brun. .... 
yy OWN aie GAS oho och: 


Secta(. Amisiomeri nd vce 


id; Briocera;Maeg:.5 6.. a: 
ie ctenophoroides, “Edw... 
Qe sseutellata,eLGes. wie. 
3. rufithorax, Brun....... 
4. fenestrata, Bram. ...... 
5. humberti, Os. Sac. 


510 
511 
512 
513 
513 
515 
516 


516 | 


517 


1 Or or 


ono 


7 
w) 


O1o 
Go oO 
oan bat 


6. meleagris, Os. Sac. .... 

7. pachyrrhina, Os. Suc. .. 

S82 Wadia, wis «sees eo 

QO. TUMDaSIs, Wr... 3 
MORAINE VEO Ao gonebe 
Ibs green, Brie. ce ess 
12. aterrima, Braun. ...... 
DB: Masta, Lea ee eek ae 
14, erystalloptera, Os. Sac. . 
15. plumbicincta, Braun. .. 
16, elongatissima, Brun. 
17. nepalensis, Westw. .... 
18. flavipes, Brun......... 
19. bicolor, Macq. ...... ar 
20. semilimpida, Bram. .... 
21. tuberculifera, Edw. 


22 allbonotnte, lute ae 
23. testacea, Brun......... 
24. cingulata, Brun. ...... 
25. nigerrima, Bran. ...... 


26. triangularis, Brun. .... 


MAT: Ge HEUEDNIP ELD ZEN 4) one oes 


1. Rhyphus, Zatr...2.. Seis te 
1. maculipennis, Walp .. 

2. pulchricornis, Brun. .. 

3. fenestralis, var. indicus, 
Bru. op siocie RO On 

4. PUnetaous; Pi wn wee 

6. distinetus, Brun. .....- 
G.cdivisls, aria oases 


317. 
372, 
387. 


389. 
563. 


. In the reference to P. tergorata, for vol. ‘‘ viii” read “ vii 
. Plecia indica. For “ type” read “ types.” 
. To heading, Dixa ochrilineata, add (P1. XII, fig. 8). 


ERRATA AND ADDENDA. 


. Mycetophila griscolateralis is a Delopsis (p. 118). 


. The genotype of Sciara is S. (Tipula) thome, L. (Syst. Nat. Ed. xi, 


p. 976, 1767). 


: Line 20, from top. Relating to this species the text should read ‘ the 


two examples of this form, in the Indian Museum are distinguished ” 
ete. 


. Line 6, from bottom, This should read “ excepting the two females of 


longinervis, none of them ” ete. 


. Plecia fulvicollis, F. For metamorphoses, see Meijere, Tijd, Ent. liii, 


pp. 59-63, pl. iv, fig. 12. 


a) 


* D. montana, ay (C2 D.GUIS tite, ))p 

5) D. maculipennis, ,, (Pl. XII, fig. 10.) 

a Ptychoptera tibialis, add (P1. VI, figs. 1-4). 
a P. atritarsis, add (Pl. VI, figs. 5, 6). 


. Ctenophora. The genotype is given by Coquillet as Tipula atrata, L., 


but this species is placed in Xiphura in the recent Palearctic Gatainene, 
so that the oldest species remaining in Ctenophora is pectinicornis, L., 
and this may be now regarded as the type species of the restricted 
genus. 

Tipula tessellatipennis ; in heading, for “ fig. 13” read “ fig. 12.” 

Dicranomyia absens ; in heading, for *‘ fig. 2” read “fig. 4.” 

Geranomyia, life-history ; for feeding habits, vide Knab, Proc. Ent. Soe. 
Wash. xii, pp. 61-65 (1910). 

Line 6, from bottom. Add “ eross-” before ‘ veins.” 

Line 14, from top. For “ fron” read “ from.” 


Orver DIPTERA. 


Apart from the males of the Coccrp#,. or scale-insects, the 
Diptera stand alone amongst the orders of Insects in the pecu- 
liarity of possessing only two wings, the hinder wings being 
represented by a small organ on each side of the thorax behind 
and below the wing-root, known as the halter. These halteres 
are invariably present in all the winged forms of the Order, and 
generally present also in the very few wingless ones. In rare 
cases the female only is wingless. 

The mouth-parts exhibit a wide diversity in structure, but they 
are nearly always in the shape of a proboscis, formed for sucking, 
or, in some groups, for piercing the skin of animals or man for 
the purpose of imbibing the blood. 

The antenne also show extreme range in form, but are valuable 
as one of the primary means of classification. The palpi have 
from one to five joints, the usual number in the NuMATocERA 
being four ; in the Bracnycura and the Muscrp#, two, of which 
the first is small and often more or less rudimentary. 

The wings exhibit a multiplicity of schemes of venation, all 
referable ultimately to a common general plan, and this latter 
character, the venation, perhaps affords the soundest basis for 
classifying the families, at any rate, so far as the perfect insects 
only are concerned. 

The larva in the Diptera is apodal, moving by means of small 
external transverse ridges or stiff bristly hairs, and progressing 
by a wriggling motion from side to side. In the vast majority 
of the species, the habitat of the larve (popularly known as 
“ orubs” or ‘maggots ”) is decomposing vegetable or animal matter, 
principally the former (the bulk of the higher Muscrpm and a 
large proportion of the AcaLyprrats Muscip#) ; a considerable 
number of species are root- or leaf-miners (ANTHOMYINA, 
TryperIn®)*; a further considerable number are aquatic 
(Cunicip#, CHIRONOMIDH, many TIPULID#, STRATIOMYIDE and 
ACALYPTRATA, some TABANIDA, and various genera in many other 
families); and a few are parasitic on mammals or birds (CistRIDa, 
Hirroroscrp#),t insects (CONoPIDS, etc.), spiders (CyRTID£), and 
other creatures. Some live in the earth (TaBaNnip#, ASILID2, 
Emp), a few are carnivorous (certain SyRPHID#); and one 
family forms galls (Cucipomyip#) : in short, the larve of Diptera 
as a whole exhibit the most varied methods of existence. 


* Some Indian Tryretin& live in rotten wood or in fruit. 
+ Although in Hiprozoscrp# the larve develop in the body of the parent, 
the life of the imago is passed upon the body of its host. 
B 


2 INTRODUCTION. 


The pupa is fixed or free; in the great division of the 
ORTHORRHAPHA it is mummy-like, that is to say, shewing more or 
less in outline the parts of the future imago, the shape of the 
head, antennze, wings, and legs often being conspicuous; in the 
second great division, the Cycrorrnapna, it is long egg-shaped, 
bearing no resemblance to the future insect, and exhibiting no 
parts whatever of the body in outline. 

In the perfect state (imago) Diptera are to be found practically 
everywhere and in every conceivable situation, a few species 
occurring even in very high latitudes and desert areas. 

A general introduction to the whole order of the Diptera is not 
contemplated in this volume, and the various parts of the insect 
are sufficiently well known to the majority of entomologists not 
to require more than a brief description. The following ex- 
planatory paragraphs on the external anatomy of a fly are there- 
fore curtailed as far as expedient. The genus T%ipula is selected 
as an example owing to its being the chief genus of the TrruLipa, 
the dominant family included in the present work. 


Fig. 1.—Diagram of a Tipula, to illustrate the parts of a Dipteron. 


Head :— m. Metanotum. 

f. Frons. mt. Metathorax. 

v. Vertex. h. Halteres. 

o. Occiput. Legs :— 

p. Tip of palpus. ec. Coxa, 

n. Neck. J. Femur. 
Thorax :-- t. Tibia. 

ec. Collare or prothorax. t.s. Tarsus (joints 1-5). 
ms. Mesosternum. Abdomen :— 

d. Dorsum (or mesonotum). 1-8. Abdominal segments. 
t.s. Transverse suture. g. Genitalia. 


s, Scutellum. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 3 


1. Exrernat ANATOMY OF A FLy. 


A. Terminology.* 
The Head. 


The upper part of the head lying between the eyes is known 
as the vertev, and an imaginary line dividing it from the back 
of the head, or occiput, is called the vertical margin. Sometimes 
a difference of colour clearly defines the limits of these areas, but 
more frequently such is not the case. 

The frons, or front, is the whole space between the eyes from 
the vertical margin to an imaginary transverse line above the 
base of the antenne. The vertex is really therefore simply the 
upper part of the frons, but it is often occupied by a somewhat 
conspicuous tubercle, or by a more or less triangular impressed 
space with rounded corners, in which are situated the three small 
simple eyes known as the ocelli, placed in a triangle, the apex 
of the latter pointing downwards, that is towards the antenne. 
These ocelli are in many families absent, in others reduced to 
two in number, and they may, in a few groups, be placed more or 
less in a straight line across the upper part of the frons. 

Those Diptera in the males of which the eyes touch each other 
in front for any considerable distance, are termed holoptic; those 
in which the eyes in both sexes are separated by a broad frons, 
are termed dichoptic. Although many cases occur in which it is 
difficult to decide in which category to enrol them, the vast 
majority of Diptera can be allotted at first sight to either the 
holoptic or dichoptic class. 

In holoptic Diptera, through the eyes not being contiguous 
absolutely the whole distance from the vertex to the antenna, 
there is always a small inverted triangle just above where the eyes 
meet, its apex pointing downwards, and this is called the vertical 
triangle. At the point where the eyes separate again, a little 
above the antenne, is another more or less triangular space with 
its apex pointing upwards, and this is called the frontal triangle. 
Obviously, in flies with the eyes wide apart, both triangles are 
merged in the frons and in such cases cannot be differentiated 
from it. 

Cyclorrhaphic Diptera technically possess what is known as 
the frontal suture, and the presence or absence of this suture is 


* This section defines the principal general terms in constant use; the more 
specialized ones are explained at more suitable places throughout the text, but 
all are, without exception, to be found in the Glossary. 

+ The majority of the Bracuycera, except Asitinm and Doticuorrp®, 
speaking of the larger groups only, are holoptic, as are also the Calyptrate 
Muscip# as arule, and the Ruyeutp#, Breionip®, and some BLEPiwAROCERID® 
in the Nemarocnra. The remainder of the Nemarocera, with the AsiLip*, 
Doxicuorip” and Acalyptrate Muscip, are usually dichoptic, at least in the 


more extensive groups. 
13} 


4 INTRODUCTION. 


theoretically the only decisive character by which to distinguish 
members in the imago state, of the CycLorrHaPHa or ORTHO- 
RRHAPHA respectively ; but as three of the principal families do 
not possess the suture when they should theoretically do so, the 
value of the character from a practical point of view is very 
greatly diminished. This suture, when present (it is never found 
in the OrTHORRHAPHA), is a more or less oval, or most frequently 
crescent-shaped, narrow groove, sometimes reduced to an impressed 
line, and is situated immediately above the base of the antenna, 
and the small space it encloses is termed the frontal lunule. 
Through this space is thrust out during the pupal stage, the 
ptilinum, an inflatable organ by means of which the perfect insect 
springs off the cap of the pupa-case to enable it to emerge. 
Occasionally this ptilinum remains inflated in the perfect insect, 
as I have seen several specimens of Syrphus with it still blown 
out even in the dried insects. 

In many Cyclorrhaphic Diptera, especially among the higher 
Muscids, there is a well defined band, varying from a very narrow 
space to one of considerable width, on the inner or frontal side of 
the eyes, often slightly different in colour from the rest of the 
frons, not infrequently appearing brilliantly shining white when 
viewed from above or below. This is known as the frontal ocular 
orbit, or inner orbit; other margins of the eyes are spoken of as 
the facial (below the antennez) and posterior orbits respectively. 
These orbits are rarely present in the NEMATOCERA. 

Below the antennz, as far as the mouth, is the face, and 
posterior to the face below the eyes are the cheeks or gene. 
--'The epistome, or epistoma, is a slightly vague term, but strictly 
speaking it means the mouth-opening, and an indefinite space 
immediately contiguous thereto. It is probable that a good many 
authors have used the term to include the whole of the lower 
part of the head when not dealing with any particular part; in 
fact, I have used the term myself in this general sense when a 
very brief description sufficed for the whole of the underside of 
the head. 

Many groups of Diptera possess a system of bristles about the 
head as well as on the thorax, but since this does not occur in the 
Nematocera, the subject is not entered upon here.* 


The Thorax. 


The thorax in the Diptera is seldom divisible into the component 
parts—prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax—but forms a uni- 
form oval, oblong, elongate, or sub-quadrate central piece in the 
front of which the prothorax is sometimes discernible, though in the 
NuMaToomrRA, especially in the TrpuLIDa, it is often obvious in the 
form of a circular flattened disc, termed by Osten Sacken the collare. 

The front part of the thorax when elongated to any appreciable 
extent is termed the neck, but in some families the head is too 


* See Glossary, Chetotary. 


EXTHRNAL ANATOMY. 5 


closely applied to the thorax for this to be visible. In the average 
Dipteron, the head moves with great freedom upon the neck, and 
is capable of being turned in all directions. The metathorax is 
hardly distinguishable from the mesothorax, especially on the 
upper side. 

On the shoulders, that is, the anterior corners of the thorax, a 
slight swelling is often present, known as the humerus, or humeral 
callus or callosity. These humeral calli are frequently absent, and 
when present are very often differently coloured from the rest of 
the thorax. Other calli situated on various parts of the thorax 
bear significant names. The pre-alar callus is a small swelling in 
front of the wing-root, towards the side of the thoracic dorsum, 
which latter is generally spoken of as the mesonotum. The post- 
alar calli lie behind the wing; when they are on the hinder 
corners of the dorsum they are termed posterior calli. Sometimes 
I have used the term post-sutural calli in place of post-alar calli. 

Across the centre of the mesonotum in many Diptera is seen a 
more or less distinctly impressed line, often somewhat like a very 
widely opened V, faintest in the middle, and ending on each side 
a little in front of the base of the wings. This is the transverse 
suture, and it has a high morphological value, being very con- 
sistent when present. In the Nemarocera it is a strong character 
of the TrpuLipm (with one or two comparatively unimportant 
exceptions). Behind this suture (speaking now principally of 
T1puLID#) and between the slight swellings of the post-alar calli 
is a slight depression, which in the present work is referred to as 
the post-sutural depression. 

The presutural depression is a small depression at each end of 
the transverse suture, usually triangular in shape. 

The supra-alar groove is a groove on the mesothorax just above 
the wing-root, and in many species bristles of taxonomic import- 
ance are found along its inner margin. 

The scutellum is a projecting posterior lobe of the mesonotum, 
and a horny irregular ridge-like projection joining the scutellum 
on each side to the mesonotum is termed the scutellar ridge. It 
is sometimes, but not usually, conspicuous. 

Behind and below the scutellum is the metanotum, a smooth 
and more or less swollen part, attaining its maximum develop- 
ment in the Trputma#, in which it is usually much more 
conspicuous than the scutellum. 

The halteres, which in Diptera replace the posterior wings, are 
small delicate organs consisting of a narrow moderately long 
stem, ending in an oval club, which occasionally is flattened or 
spatulate. 

The sides of the thorax in many Diptera are distinctly sub- 
divided by impressed lines known as plewral sutures, whilst in 
others such demarcations are not perceptible ; when present they 
divide the sides into pleural spaces, which in some groups are 
well defined, whilst in others they are very indefinite. Most 
authors speak of them in general terms as “ the pleure.” These 


6 INTRODUCTION. 


pleural divisions do not afford so many taxonomic characters in 
the Nematocrra as in some other groups, being always devoid of 
bristles, and it is these latter which are strongly indicative of 
affinities. 


Fig. 2.—Pleural divisions of the thorax of a fly. 


a. Prothorax or propleura. e. Pteropleura, 

b. Mesopleura, Jj. Hypopleura. 

ce. Metapleura. g. Plumula. 

d, Sternopleura, ps. Pleural or thoracic stigma. 


The three prinicipal sutures recognised generally are, (1) the 
dorsopleural suture (or notoplewral) running from the shoulder to 
the base of the wings and dividing the dorsum (or mesonotum) 
from the pleure as a whole; (2) the sternopleural suture, 
roughly speaking, parallel with the dorsopleural, placed about the 
middle of the body or alittle below it, and dividing the mesopleura 
from the sternopleura; and (3) the mesopleural suture, a more or 
less vertical irregular line from the base of the wings downwards, 
dividing the mesopleura from the pteropleura. 

The pleure themselves are distributed as follows :—The pro- 
pleura, or prothorax (generally termed the latter in the present 
work), is on the immediate anterior part of the thorax. The 
mesopleura lies behind it, in front of the wings, bounded above by 
the dorsopleural suture and below by the sternopleural suture. 
The metapleura lies immediately behind the wings, above and 
rather behind the pteropleura, which lies directly below the wings, 
extending downwards to between the two hinder pairs of legs. 
The hypopleura is a small piece below the metapleura and imme- 
diately over the hind coxe. The sternoplewra is usually the largest 
of all and lies below the sternopleural suture and extends down- 
wards, occupying all the space between the front and middle legs. 
The mesopleural suture therefore has the mesopleura and sterno- 
pleura in front of it and the pteropleura behind it. A small piece 
behind the metapleura is known as the plumula; and a small 
orifice on the prothorax just below the dorsum is the thoracic 
stigma. 

Since the NematoceraA are wholly eremochetous, that is to say, 


BPXTERNAL ANATOMY. ¥ 


devoid of strong bristles on the body (the Mvycrropninip® 
possess conspicuous and characteristic bristles on the /egs), it 
seems unnecessary to dilate here on the scheme of chetotaxy, or 
the systematic study of these appendages ; but a brief outline of 
the system is given in the Glossary under Chetotavy. 


The Abdomen. 


Few special terms are in use regarding the abdomen except that 
the external male genital organs are spoken of collectively as the 
hypopygium,* whilst the female organs are known as the ovzpositor. 
The eight segments of the abdomen are numbered from the base 
onwards, the usual terms used in the Tipunipm, where the 
covering of this part of the body is represented by a distinct 
dorsal and ventral plate, being tergum and sternum respectively.T 


The Legs. 


These also call for but little description, most of the terms being 
in common use. The acetabulum is a minute joint attaching the 
coxa to the body; the cowa is the short first obvious joint which is 
united to the femur, the first long conspicuous part of the legs, by 
another minute, ring-like piece, known as the trochanter. The tebia 
succeeds the femur and is the second conspicuous division, followed 
by the tarsus, or foot, which is invariably composed of five joints. 
These joints are numbered from the basal one, which is known either 
as the metatarsus, or the first tarsal joint. Care must be taken to 
note that the next joint following the metatarsus is the second. 

Attached to the extremity of the ultimate tarsal joint are the 
ungues, or claws, two curved hooks, and below these are two pad- 
like cushions or pulvilli.g These are often absent in the OrTHO- 
RRHAPHA. Between the claws, and below them, attached, like the 
pulvilli, to the last tarsal joint, is the empodiwm, which sometimes 
takes the shape of another pad, in which case it is said to be 
pulvilliform, and sometimes that of a thick bristle or spine. Osten 
Sacken placed much reliance on it as a classificatory character 
in Treuttp#, but I am inclined to doubt its value to such an 


nay ee ne Se ee 


* Bergroth has proposed propygiwm, but hypopygium is universally adopted 
by dipterologists, whenever a special term is used. 

+ Westhoff terms the upper and lower sides of the 8th segment the lamella 
basalis supera and infera, respectively, and those of the 9th segment or the one 
actually developed into the genital organs, the lamella terminalis supera and 
infera, respectively, but I know of no one who has adopted these unwieldy 
names, 

t The exceptions are very few and only amongst abnormal forms. 

§ Too much importance should not be given to minor differences, such as the 
comparative size, toothed nature, and so on, of the ungues, presence or absence 
of empodia, ete. When Theobald’s first volume on the Cunicrp& of the world 
was published, great stress was laid on very microscopic differences in the shape 
and size of the different pairs of claws, and in my Catalogue of Oriental 
Cuuicip#& the great importance of these characters was questioned. In sub- 
sequent volumes of Theobald’s work it was admitted that they did not possess 
the value at first accorded to them. 


8 INTRODUCTION. 


extent. Often it is absent, and occasionally it is present when the 
pulvilli themselves are wanting. 

The anterior legs are the four front legs taken together, the 
posterior legs the four hind legs similarly considered. When 
spoken of singly they are called the fore (front or first) pair ; 
middle (median or second) pair; and the hind (or third) pair. 


Fig. 3.—Wing of Limnophila. 


c, costal vein. ce, costal cell. 
a, auxiliary vein. sc.c, subcostal cell. 
1, 1st longitudinal vein. mc, marginal cell (inner and outer). 
2, 2nd do. 1 sm.c, 1st submarginal cell. 
3, 3rd do. 2sm.c, 2nd submarginal cell. 
4, 4th do. 1 pe, 1st posterior cell. 
5, 5th do. 2 pe, 2nd do. 
6, 6th do. 3 pe, drd do. 
7, Tth do. 4 pe, 4th do. 
he, humeral cross-vein. 5 pe, Sth do. 
sc.v, subcostal cross-vein. an.c, anal cell. 
mz, marginal cross-vein. 1 ax.c, 1st axillary cell. 
ax, anterior cross-vein. 2 axr.c, 2nd do. 
px, posterior cross-vein, de, discal cell. 
pf, preefureca. 1 de, 1st basal cell. 
2 be, 2nd do. 


The Wings. 


The Veins—As a typical wing from which to illustrate the 
venation,* having special reference to the NemMarocera, that of 
Lamnophila has been chosen.t 

The front margin of the wing is known as the costa, and is 


* The term neuration was employed by many of the older authors instead of 
venation, but the latter is at present in almost universal use. 

+ It must be understood that a diagrammatic wing to expound the whole 
theory of venation throughout the Diptera is an impossibility, and the wing of 
Limnophila is selected because it possesses the greatest number of cells and 
veins in the Nemarocera, The relative lengths and positions of these are given 
in the main as for Limnophila, but it must be understood that these propor- 
tions vary in different groups and to a still greater extent in different families. 
The student should be able, after mastering the terminology of one family, to 
identify the corresponding veins in others, and to recognise which are present 
and which are absent or modified. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 9 


carried right round the wing uninterruptedly, without any 
distinct or sudden termination near or just beyond the tip, as in 
some families of NEMATOCERA. 

The auacliary vein is the first vein below the costa, and generally 
ends, in the T1pULIDm, between the middle (or just before the 
middle) and about three-fourths the length of the wing. It is 
connected with the costa quite near its base by a short upright 
cross-vein, the latter known as the humeral cross-vein. The 
auxiliary vein is often known as the subcostal, which is perhaps a 
better name, but since in studying T1ruLip# the works of Osten 
Sacken must be consulted, his name for this vein is adopted in 
preference. 

The next vein is a much longer one, running parallel with the 
auxiliary vein and ending some little distance beyond it; this is 
the lst longitudinal vein. It either turns up rather suddenly at 
the tip into the costa, as is generally the case in the LimNnosrina, 
or turns distinctly down at the tip into the 2nd longitudinal 
vein, as is usually the case in the Trpuninm®. In some few cases 
it fades away at the tip without turning either up or down. The 
auxiliary vein often lies so closely in front of the 1st longitudinal 
vein as to be imperceptible unless carefully looked for. In some 
few genera these two veins are actually united (Voworhina, Styrin- 
gomyia), and in these cases the Ist longitudinal vein, as the 
united veins are invariably called, generally approximates gradually 
to the costa, finally becoming merged in it, and not turning dis- 
tinetly up or down at the tip as in the typical forms. The 
auxiliary vein and the Ist longitudinal are, in the T1puLipa, 
nearly always connected by a short cross-vein known as the sub- 
costal cross-vein, which is most frequently situated towards the end 
of the auxiliary vein, but sometimes occurs a little before or after 
the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein. Considerable importance 
attaches not only to the actual length of the auxiliary vein, but to 
the relative position of the subcostal cross-vein, although exceptions 
occur, even in otherwise closely allied genera (in the Er1oPTERINt, 
for instance). 

The 2nd longitudinal vein emerges from the first, usually some- 
where near the middle of the latter, sometimes in a straight line 
at a more or less acute angle, but more often in a gentle or 
distinct curve. When the 2nd longitudinal vein is ‘ simple” 
(that is to say, pot forked) there is only one submarginal cell ; * 
when the 2nd vein is forked there are two, and this character is 
of paramount importance, being the very first one employed in 
separating the subfamilies; and on it depends the terminology 
of many oi the cells.t The portion or section of the 2nd 


* Vide p. 13 for description of ceils. 

+ The principal exception in Oriental genera is Gonomyia, in which some 
species have but one whilst others have two submarginal cells. This instability 
is very exceptional as a generic character (Gonomvyia). 


10 INTRODUCTION. 


longitudinal vein * between its origin and the point of forking is 
called the prefurca; the two branches, after forking, are the 
“anterior and posterior,” the “upper and lower,” or the “ fore 
(or front) and hind,” respectively.t 

It may be noted here that Mr. Verrall uses the term prefurca 
for the “common origin” of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins, 
that is to say it terminates at the origin of the 3rd vein, but it is 
adopted in the present work in Osten Sacken’s sense, comprising 
the whole of the 2nd vein as far as the fork. The section of the 
prefurea between the origin of the 3rd vein and the fork of the 
2nd is often referred to as the petiole of the 1st submarginal cell. 
Naturally this only applies when the 2nd vein is forked, as 
otherwise there is only one submarginal cell. 

The marginal cross-vein is placed near the tip of the 1st longi- 
tudinal vein, joining it to the 2nd vein and dividing the 
marginal cell into two parts, often into about equal halves, these 
being known as the inner and outer marginal cell respectively. 
When the 2nd vein is forked this cross-vein may unite with the 
upper branch or with the prefurca, and it has a tendency to 
indistinctness in many species. It is present in the large majority 
of genera in TrpuLIp®, but is absent in some (Atarba, Toxorhina, 
Rhamphidia, ete.); it is indistinct in Limnophila, present in 
Ptychoptera and the Trputin x, whilst in the CyLrypROroMINT it is 
replaced by a small and often indistinct cross-vein between the 
Ist longitudinal vein and the costa. The value of its presence or 
absence has been oyer-estimated by one or two authors, although 
it can usually be accepted as a good character. 

The 3rd longitudinal vein emerges trom the prifurca in nearly 
all the T1puLipm®,t and the preefurca itself is often bent downwards 
at a more or less distinct angle at the point of contact. The 3rd 
vein is simple in all the Oriental genera, except in the subfamily 
PrYCHOPTERIN®, in which its forked nature constitutes one of 
the principal characteristics of the group. It is nearly always 
present, any genus without it being most abnormal. In Towo- 
rhina it is altogether absent, the anterior cross-vein connecting 
the 2nd and 4th longitudinal veins; in Mongomea (according to 
my interpretation of the venation) it is reduced to a short longi- 
tudinal connecting vein between the middle of the praefurca and 
the 4th longitudinal, thus not even approaching the margin of 


* Tt will be understood that the abbreviation “1st vein,” “ 2nd vein,” ‘‘ 3rd 
longitudinal,” and so on, in all instances means the Ist longitudinal vein, 2nd 
longitudinal vein, 3rd longitudinal vein, ete. 

t+ When once the principle is thoroughly understood that it is the second 
longitudinal vein which forks in Trruni™m (and hardly ever the third), it is 
not of great consequence what may be the exact terms used; nor is there any 
unanimity in the matter. In company with other authors I use all the 
terms quoted indiscriminately. 

{ The principal exception is Amalopis, in which it emerges either from the 
posterior branch of the 2nd vein or from the prifurca, according to the 
species, 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 11 


the wing.* In Ptychoptera, the principal genus of the subfamily 
PrycHoPTERIN®, the 3rd vein issues from the prefurca at a point 
where that vein makes such a sharp angle that the general 
appearance is that of two long veins crossing one another nearly 
at right angles,t the first being composed of the basal section 
of the 2nd vein and the 3rd vein; the 2nd vein being com- 
posed of the anterior cross-vein and the remaining section of the 
preefurca. 

The next vein is probably the most important of all in the 
wing: this is a short cross-vein which almost invariably through- 
out the Order connects the 3rd and 4th veins when both are 
present ; and this vein, the anterior cross-vein,t is, in conjunction 
with the discal cell, technically, a key to the venation in the 
whole order of Diptera.§ It divides the wing longitudinally into 
two nearly equal halves, and no vein found in front of it in one 
group is ever found behind it in another. When the discal cell is 
present the anterior cross-vein is placed immediately above it {in 
TrpuLip®), usually, at or near the base of the cell, rarely beyond 
it (Conosia). When the discal cell is absent this cross-vein unites 
the 3rd longitudinal vein to that part of the 4th vein which would 
have formed the anterior side of the cell, had it been present. In 
the Numatocera it can nearly always be employed as a central 
vein around which to recognise the adjacent veins; and a little 
practice and comparative study of the wings of other families 
will enable the student to determine it with tolerable accuracy. 

It is usually more or less upright, generally short, sometimes very 
short, more rarely moderately long; being wholly absent in only 
a very limited number of quite abnormal genera of TrPULID.|| 

Having recognised the anterior cross-vein, joining the 5rd and 
4th longitudinal veins, it is easy to find the 2nd longitudinal! vein 
and to ascertain, according as that vein be simple or forked, whether 
there are one or two submarginal cells. The cell on the inner 
side of the anterior cross-vein is the Ist basal cell, the cell on its 
outer side is the lst posterior cell. This rule is practically 
inviolate, not only in the TreuLip#, but in all families of Diptera 
with a tolerably complete venation. 

The 4th longitudinal vein begins at the base of the wing, and 
invariably encloses, or rather constructs, the discal cell (when 


* This is the only instance I know of showing this abnormality, and it is 
just possible that the vein might be more correctly regarded as the anterior 
cross-vein, This, however, is doubtful—vide discussion under Mongonva. 

+t Note Ptychoptera in the comparative figures of wings. 

{ Also known as the “small cross-vein,” and the ‘internal transverse vein.” 

§ This must not be taken too literally, as exceptions embracing whole families 
occur, such as the Cecipomyip®, SImvnimp#, and outside of the Nemarocera, the 
Puorip4, ete., but all thése exceptions are instances of incomplete or aberrant 
venation. 

|| The only such Oriental genus is Mongoma. 


12 INTRODUCTION. 


this is present) by being, in these cases, always forked, the 
absence of the discal cell being only caused through the absence 
of a short cross-vein between the two main branches of the 4th 
vein, and this cross-vein is usually called the discal cross-vein, on 
account of its dominating the discal cell. It will be seen that the 
4th longitudinal vein forks at the discal cell,* its upper or anterior 
branch forming the basal and anterior sides of this cell; the lower 
or posterior branch forming the posterior and outer sides of the cell. 
Apparently, the outer or distal side of the discal cell is formed 
in most genera of TrpuLip% by two short veins, both nearly 
straight themselves, yet not often in a straight line with one 
another. The upper one of these short veins is my discal cross- 
vein, the lower one is considered part of the lower branch of the 
4th vein, the straight continuation of the basal part of the 4th 
vein being regarded as a branch vein known as Loew’s posterior 
intercalary vein. The upper branch of the 4th vein, after quitting 
the discal cell, forks again, the upper prong being considered as 
the continuation of the vein itself, the lower prong the branch 
vein, and this latter is known as Loew’s anterior intercalary vein.T 
When the anterior or upper branch of the 4th vein is forked, the 
section between the discal cell and the fork is known as the 
petiole of the 2nd posterior cell. -In the same manner, in a case 
where there is no discal cell and the posterior branch of the 4th 
vein is forked, it would be correct to speak of the corresponding 
section of that branch as the “petiole” of that posterior cell 
which was contained by the fork. 

Somewhere beyond the middle of the 4th longitudinal vein is a 
longer cross-vein, generally more or less obliquely placed. This is 
the postericr cross-vein, which in T1euLIDm invariably connects 
the 4th and 5th veins, and is practically always straight itself, 


* Slightly but distinctly before it in Megistocera, the ouly exception known 
to me. 

} It seems to me that although the lower prong of the upper branch of the 
4th vein is really the additional veinlet due to the forking, a mistake has been 
made by even Loew, one of the soundest of dipterologists, in regarding the 
upper prong of the lower branch of the 4th vein as the true continuation of 
that branch, since, when this lower branch is not forked it never takes the 
course containing two sharp angles but continues in a more or less straight 
line to the wing-margin. This compels me to believe that the /ower prong is 
the true continuation of the lower branch of the 4th yein, and that the upper 
prong is the additional veinlet due to the forking and that this upper prong 
should have been named the posterior intercalary vein by Loew. I have not 
seen this view suggested anywhere, but unless it be admitted, the anomaly 
would be presented of the lower branch, when forked, taking two abrupt angles, 
but when simple, proceeding in a straight line to the wing-margin, a curious 
and quite illogical theory. This view applies to the Limyosim only, as in 
the Tirvtinx, in which the lower branch is always forked, the lower prong 
appeals irresistibly to me as the additional veinlet, and the upper one (forming 
part of the discal cell and being much less angulated) as the true continuation 
of the lower branch. There seems nothing illogical in the assumption that an 
additional veinlet may occur on either side of a parent yein as a subfamily 
character. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY, 1133 


e 


though placed at various angles to the two veins it connects. 
Occasionally (in Mongoma, for instance) the 5th vein bends down 
at the tip, meeting the 6th vein and thus closing the anai cell, 
instead of running to the margin of the wing as in most genera. 
The 5th longitudinal vein, with the 4th, the 6th, and 7th all 
spring from the base of the wing. The 6th longitudinal vein lies 
posterior to the 5th and is normally straight or only gently 
curved;* the 7th longitudinal, being the last vein, usually parallel, 
or approximately so, to the length of the wing. 

In TrrevLip#, the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins are never forked. 
The 7th vein varies in length and direction; in the Prycuoprn- 
RINZ it is comparatively short, taking a distinct downward curve 
at the tip to meet the wing-margin. In TZ'richocera the same 
thing occurs, only the vein is much shorter still, so short as to 
be easily overlooked altogether. In other genera, Mongoma for 
instance, the 7th vein, though much shortened, is only gently 
curved. 

The term central cross-veins was sometimes used by Osten 
Sacken to designate the veins between the end of the prefurca 
(transversely across the wing’s length) and the posterior cross- 
vein; in this case the short basal section of the 3rd vein, the basal 
part of the fork of the 4th and both sides of the diseal cell would 
be included in addition to the two cross-veins proper. 

Not infrequently a genus or species is distinguished by the 
presence of an extra vein which is constant in its occurrence. Such 
veins are called supernumerary. When they occur abnormally in 
individual specimens (often in one wing only) they are called 
adventitious, and such occurrences are quite frequent, especially 
in the Ertoprurint, in which their unexpected presence causes 
much difficulty to the beginner. 

The Cells.—The recognition of the cells, once the terminology 
of the veins is mastered, is comparatively easy. 

The first, immediately below the costa, and bounded pos- 
-teriorly by the auxiliary vein, is the costal cell; that between the 
auxiliary vein and the Ist longitudinal vein (often difficult to 
perceive on account of these two veins lying so close to one 
another) is the subcostal cell. In cases where the auxiliary vein 
and the Ist longitudinal vein are united (ovorhina, Styringomyia) 
the subcostal cell is of course absent. 

The 2nd longitudinal vein always has in front of it the marginal 
cell, When the 2nd vein is simple the ce!l immediately behind it 
is the submarginal, but when the 2nd vein is forked there are 
two such cells, in which case they are called the 1st and 2nd 


* Absent altogether in Prycnoprmrin™. 

+ This is rather a vague definition, but so many species have clear wings 
except for slight infuscations on all the veins or portions of veins that lie 
transverse to the wing’s length, that most authors have adopted it for descrip- 
tions of certain species at some time or other, myself included. The term 
should in any case be used with caution. 


14 INTRODUCTION. 


submarginal cells respectively.* Care must be taken in those 
genera (Gonomyia, Mongoma, etc.) in which the fork of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein is short and nearly perpendicular, giving it the 
appearance of a cross-vein, for which it might easily be mistaken. 

When the marginal cell is divided by the marginal cross-vein, 
as is the case with most genera of TrpuLID®, the divisions of the 
cell are known as the inner and outer marginal cells respectively, 
but when speaking of the united cells the term ‘“ marginal cell ” 
is correct. 

It will thus be seen that the 3rd vein has in front of it the 
submarginal cell, if the 2nd longitudinal vein be simple, and the 
2nd submarginal cell, if the 2nd vein be forked. 

Immediately below the 3rd vein is the anterior cross-vein, the 
key to the whole venation. This vein always joins the 3rd and 
4th longitudinal veins, exceptions being very rare (Amalopis), 
and it always meets the 4th vein at the discal cell (usually at 
the anterior upper corner of the latter), when this cell is present. 
However, whether the discal cell be present or not, the anterior 
cross-vein meets the 4th vein exactly or very nearly at the same 
place. Thus the discal cell in the vast majority of Treunip# has 
the 1st posterior cell in front of it, and (except in Trputinz) the 
ultimate posterior cell (4th or 5th, etc., as may be) behind it.t 

The anterior cross-vein always bounds on its inner side the 
1st basal cell, below (or posterior to) which latter is the 2nd basal 
cell, of varying relative length but always conspicuously longer in 
TrpuLip# than in most families of Diptera. 

Behind, or posterior to, the 1st posterior cell the other posterior 
cells run on in numerical order, four being the usual number in 
this family, less frequently five (Limnophila, Oladura, some 
Eriocera) ; occasionally only three (Bittacomorpha, a non-Oriental 
genus), the last posterior cell being that one of which the posterior 
cross-vein forms the base. 

Posterior to the 5th longitudinal vein is the anal cell, open in 


* In the case of Ptychoptera, where the unusual eyent of the 3rd longi- 
tudinal vein forking instead of the 2nd is found, the same rule as to the 
nomenclature of the cells holds good; thus the Ist submarginal cell is bounded 
by the 2nd vein and the upper branch of the 5rd vein, whilst the 2nd sub- 
marginal cell is bounded by both the branches of the 3rd vein. One or two 
authors have contended that it would be more correct, when the 2nd vein is 
forked and the 3rd vein simple, to regard the cells as two marginal and one 
submarginal ; and when the 2nd vem is simple and the 3rd forked, as one 
marginal and two submarginal ; that is to say, all cells bounded posteriorly 
by the 2nd vein would be called marginal cells, and those bounded posteriorly by 
the 3rd vein, submarginal cells, in each case irrespective of their number. In 
the conceivable case of both 2nd and 3rd veins being forked, there would be 
two marginal and two submarginal cells. 

+ The: only exception in T1ruLipa amongst Oriental genera is Conosia, Wied., 
in which the anterior cross-vein is placed very distinctly beyond the discal cell. 

{ Of course, when the posterior cross-vein is placed so far distally as to be 
beyond the limits of the discal cell, the latter is bounded posteriorly by the 
2nd basal cell. It invariably has the Ist basal cell on its inner side. In 
the Tiputina the penultimate, not the ultimate, posterior cell bounds the 
discal cell posteriorly, on account of the lower branch of the 4th longitudinal 
vein forking just at the lower basal corner of the discal cell. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY. iE 


the great majority of genera in TreuLip%, but occasionally closed 
(Mongoma) by the turning down of the 5th vein at its tip, 
meeting the 6th vein before the border of the wing. When open, 
therefore, it runs the whole length of the wing from the base to 
the wing-margin. Posterior to “the 6th vein is the axillary cell, 
In Treuntm#, in which the 7th vein is nearly always complete, 
that is to say, attains the margin of the wing, there is of course 
yet another cell—the last—in the hind angle of the wing. In 
those families of Diptera which have the 7th vein incomplete, all 
the space between the 6th vein and the hinder angle of the wing 
is considered the axillary cell (called by some of the older authors 
the ‘ spurious ” cell, presumably on account of its ill-defined 
nature). Some authors speak of a lst and 2nd anal cell, plus an 
axillary cell. Where there has been occasion to mention this 
ultimate cell specially as such, it is herein called the 2nd avillar y 
cell, thus retaining only one anal cell in the wing.* 

Wing pubescence.—A note may be made here regarding the 
terms “‘ wings bare” or wings pubescent” in this family. It is 
probable that under very high microscopic power every wing will 
be seen to possess extremely minute stiff hairs, but when such 
are wholly invisible to the naked eye or to an ordinary entomo- 
logical hand-lens, the wing is considered bare, or, as some authors 
have termed it, glabrous; and generally it is more or less 
iridescent. These microscopic sete are therefore never regarded 
as pubescence. When the naked eye or a hand-lens reveals 
distinct hairs on the veins or on the surface of the wing itself, 
the wing is considered pubescent. Practically all the veins bear 
microscopic short stiff hairs, but if these are not clearly seen 
without a microscope, the veins are not termed pubescent or 
bristly, 


Fig. 4.—The basal portion of a fly’s wing. 
a, axillary lobe; %, alula; c, antitegula; d, tegula. 


The alule, tegule (or syuame), and halteres.—The basal corner 
of the hind margin of the wing is often well developed, at times 
forming quite a projecting angle, and this part is known as the 


* In the case of Ptychuptera, the 6th longitudinal vein being absent, there 
are only two cells altogether between the 5th vein and the hind angle of the 
wing, namely the anal and axillary cells. 


16 INTRODUCTION. 


axillary lobe. Behind this is an indentation of the wing-margin 
called the awillary incision, and beyond this again (working 
towards the base of the wing), is a small, more or less well 
developed continuation of the wing--the alula. In some wings, 
such as those of cuneiform shape, the axillary lobe is, perforce, 
absent, and the alula is reduced toa minimum. Behind the alula 
are two more or less rounded, scale-like organs, generally of a 
dirty white colour, and frequently with a fringe of hairs on the 
edges; these are the squame, and they have given rise to con- 
siderable dispute as to their correct names. When the wings are 
folded, the upper one, which is nearly always the smaller of the 
two, partly covers the lower one, and when the wings are out- 
stretched the upper one moves forward, being actually the 
extreme base of the wing, and the lower one, then fully disclosed, 
is seen to be definitely fixed to the thorax. 

The term tegule appears to date from Loew, in 1844,* when 
he distinctly differentiated it from the alula (the final basal lobe 
of the wing), and it is applied to the squama which is fixed to the 
thorax. Osten Sacken invented antitegula for the anterior scale, 
to which at times it was necessary to refer specially, and he gives 
a clear resumé of the various terms used for these parts in a short 
paper.t He also suggests as alternative names to antitegula and 
tegula, antisquama and sgywama, when speaking of each separately, 
or simply squame (in the plural), if both pairs together be referred 
to. Inthe present work the two pairs, anterior and posterior, 
taken together are sometimes described as the sqgwame and some- 
times as the tegule.t Since, in the Nsematocera the thoracic 
squama is very rudimentary, there have been few occasions to 
refer specially to either the anterior or posterior pair. 

Jonfusion has frequently arisen owing to many authors. calling 
these structures the alule; and a recent writer, Comstock, still 
adheres to this view, contending that the term tegula should not 
be employed, having been preoccupied for the cup-like scale above 
the root of the wings in some Hymenoptera. A great number of 
terms have been applied to both the alule and the squame, espe- 
cially the latter, but no advantage would ensue by discussing them 
here.§ Verrall uses the names alar and thoracic squame, and 
perhaps these are the most suitable of all. 

As for the halteres or aborted hind wings, they are in some way 
connected with the power of flight, since if they are removed, a 
Dipteron flies erratically. They are short cylindrical stems, 
bearing an oval or flattened knob or club at the tip, and are placed 
behind and a little below the roots of the wings. The insect can 
vibrate them with great rapidity in the same manner as a wing. 


* Stettin Ent. Zeit. 1844, p. 326, footnote. 
+ Berlin. Ent. Zeit. xli, 1896, p. 285. 
Tam not at all certain that in my earlier writings I have not used the 
term alule to designate the zegule. 
§ Amongst the terms used for the squame are calyptre, alulets, winglets, 
auricles, ailerons, cuillerons. 


EXTBRNAL ANATOMY. LLY, 


B. Descriptive .* 
The Head. 


The eyes.—With the exception of some of the EprososcrpEa 
(PurrparA), the large compound eyes so strikingly prominent in 
most species of Diptera, are invariably present. In the majority of 
the NumMaTocera the eyes are separated by a frons, or front, of equal 
width in the two sexes, but in most of the families of the Bracny- 
crra (except the Astrinm and DoricHorip#), and in the great 
majority of the higher Calyptrate Muscipm the eyes in the male 
touch each other in front for a considerable distance. Exceptions 
occur in some BLEPHAROCERID®, in which the head is holoptic 
in one or both sexes, or dichoptic in both; also in the Cyrripa, 
in which the eyes are contiguous in both sexes both above and 
below. Asarule the eyes are always well separated on the under- 
side of the head, but in many TrpuLip% they are there contiguous 
or subcontiguous. In most families they are oval or semicircular ; 
in some, enormously enlarged, occupying practically all the head 
(Cyrtip», PreuncuLip®); in others, kidney-shaped (PsycHo- 
pIDZ and many groups of MycrropHitip®). They may be 
thickly or lightly pubescent, or bare, these features being often 
not contingent on sex. Ina few families they possess coloured 
bands in life (TABANID®, some AsILtp#), which fade after death, 
but which may generally be caused to reappear by an application 
of damp sand. In the genus Bibio the male eye is curiously 
divided into two parts, and in most BLepHAaRocuRIDs# the eye, at 
least in the male, is sharply divided into an upper and lower 
part, the facets in one being very large, and in the other much 
smaller, and the two parts being separated by a narrow unfacetted 
band. In one small family of Acalyptrate Muscrp#, the Diop- 
stnm, the head is produced on each side into long eye-stalks, at 
the tips of which are placed the eyes. In some wingless PHoRIDz 
the eyes are somewhat aborted. 

The ocelli or simple eyes have been sufficiently described under 
the heading “ Terminology.” 

The mouth-parts.—“ No point of insect morphology has given 
rise to more differences of opinion than the mouth of Diptera.” 
(Dr. Sharp, 1899.) This being supported by the existence of so 
many views as to the homologies of the dipterous mouth-parts, 
the present references may be judiciously curtailed. 

Of the various authors perused, I venture to select Williston’s 
definition of these parts as being the most concise and recent 
(1908). This author is therefore quoted verbatim :— 

«The more commonly accepted homologies of the mouth-parts 
are as follows: labium, maxille, maxillary palpi, mandibles, 


Dene Eee 


* The notes comprised under this heading are of the briefest, since a veneral 
introduction to the order of Diptera is not attempted in this volume, and the 
characters of the families treated of herein are fully detailed in their respective 


places. 
C 


18 INTRODUCTION. 


hypopharynx, and labrum or labrum-epipharynx. The labial 
palpi are thought to be wholly wanting or represented by the 
labella.* The labium is always present, more or less fleshy and 
provided with muscles. It is grooved or channeled on the upper 
side to receive the other parts, with the exception of the maxillary 
palpi, which are free. This sheath is often nearly complete, the 
thin margins touching each other above. At its tip are the pair 
of joints of variable size called the lips or labella. The maxille 
and mandibles are sometimes absent, the mandibles most fre- 
quently ; when present they are always slender and firm. The 
hypopharynx is unpaired and slender, grooved on the upperside 
and sometimes converted into a nearly complete tube. The 
labrum, also unpaired, is usually elongate and grooved on the 
underside, forming by apposition with the hypopharynx a com- 
plete tube. The mandibles are frequently absent; in fact, [ do 
not know of their occurrence in any flies with a simple third 
antennal joint, and they may be absent in the male when present 
in the female, as in the Tasanipm. They are always piercing- 
organs, thin, firm, chitinous, and usually slender. The two 
maxille, likewise piercing-organs, find their highest development 
in such predaceous flies as the Asttipm. Like the mandibles they 
are chitinous and slender. In some they are more or less flat- 
tened, and may have curiously shaped projections at the tip; 
usually they are bristle-lke. They he with the maxille within 
the sheath of the labium, at either side of the labrum and hypo- 
pharynx. In some cases the labrum is short, and serves only as 
a cover for the proximal part of the hypopharynx, but usually it 
is as long as, or longer than, the hypopharynx, and has a simple 
groove on the underside. The hypopharynx is always present 
in flies in which the mouth-parts are functional. It is, more 
often, a slender firm organ, grooved upon the upperside, which 
by apposition with the labrum forms a distinct tube. In some, 
however, it may form an almost complete tube in itself.” ¢ 

The mouth in the Cunicip® may be described as consisting of 
eight pieces of approximately equal length, the labium being 
slightly longer than the others.t The labrum, or upper lip, is 
uppermost, and closely united to it on the underside is an equally 
long but very slender piece known as the epipharynx.f Two 
slender lancet-like pieces come next: these are the mandibles, 
and below these, two ‘‘ delicate needle-like organs, barbed at the 
summit, the maxille.” There is alsoa “thin tubular thread,” the 
so-called hypopharynx, this being connected with a poison gland 
at its base. Below these is the stoutest piece of all, the labium or 
lower lip, grooved on its upperside to admit of the reception of all 


* This has been recently contested by Wesché. 

+ This description is after Theobald (Monog. Culic. i, p. 3). 

+ Theobald recommends abolishing this term, as this piece is really part of 
the labrum, but there are occasions when, exact reference to it being required, 
a special term is necessary. 


. 


EXTBHRNAL ANATOMY. 19 


the other pieces except the labrum, which covers them like a 
sheath from above. At the tip of the labium are two small oval 
lamellz in the form of two spatulate jointed valves, and these 
represent the labial palpi. 

“During the act of piercing the skin, all the mouth-parts but 
the lower lip (labium) are inserted ; the labium bends and guides 
the other mouth-parts into the skin, The blood is drawn up the 
upper lip, the tube being formed by the upper lip, and closed 
below by the hypopharynx.” 

Meinert wrote, in 1881, a copious anatomical essay on the 
mouth-parts of the Diptera, presumably in Danish,* but his views 
on many points are very original and not corroborated by the 
examinations of other writers. He employs also a terminology 
entirely his own. 

The palpi.—For purposes of classification the most important 
organs appertaining to the mouth? are the maxillary palpi, usually 
spoken of simply as the palpi, as the labial palpi are considered to 
be represented by the labella; some authors do not agree with this 
view and think that the labial palpi are entirely absent in this 
order: Wesché, in fact, has in recent times contested that either 
maxillary or labial palpi may be present and functional, but no 
cases are known of both pairs being functionally present. 

The palpi in the vast majority of Diptera are either long and 
composed of four joints, as is the case with the great bulk of the 
NEMATOCERA, or quite short and composed of two joints, the first 
being very small, as is the case in the bulk of the remaining 
families. Occasionally a 5th joint is evidently present, though 
its existence has been generally denied till quite recently ; in 
these cases the conical protuberance of the proboscis, upon which 
the palpi are in many instances inserted, is sufficiently differ- 
entiated to form a distinct basal joint, but such instances are not 
common. In two or three Oriental species of Phlebotomus this 
basal joint is present. It seems hardly necessary to note that 
the joints are counted from the base outwards, so that in a 
2-, 4-, or 5-jointed palpus the last or terminal joint is the 2nd, 
4th, or 5th respectively. In size, shape, and relative length of 
the joints they exhibit great diversity, a considerable amount of 
variation being found in the same genus, frequently a single joint 
being enormously enlarged, or peculiarly formed. 

Generally situated at or very near the base of the proboscis, 
the palpi are in rare instances placed at its middle (Geranomyia), 
or tip (Hlephantomyia) ; in these cases the proboscis is very con- 
spicuously elongated. Williston says “the tendency in Diptera 


* T have not seen the work. It is called ‘ Fluernes munddele,’ 91 pp., 6 pl. 


Stockholm, 1881. 
t In the description of the mouth-parts I am much indebted to Prof, Wil- 


liston’s admirable manual on North American Diptera (3rd Ed.), and most of 
the quoted passages are from that work. 


o2 


20 INTRODUCTION. 


is towards their entire loss, and in the more highly specialized 
families there is never more than one joint.” 

At the tip of the proboscis, or very near it, isa pair of larger 
or smaller organs, generally distinctly visible, and more or less 
oval in shape, known as the labella or lips. Their function varies 
considerably, in some groups representing merely an apparatus 
for holding, in others they are evidently sense-organs, being ‘ pro- 
vided with hairs inserted in small semi-translucent: spots on the 
outer sides and margins.” This is the case in most flower- 
haunting flies, SyrpHip# for example. In the majority of Diptera 
the labella are of fair or considerable size, and are provided with 
radiating ridges on the inner opposable sides. These pseudotrachee, 
as they are called, “serve as a means of attrition, by which the 
insect rubs off particles of food from firm substances.” In at 
least one family, the As1u1p®, they are rigid and horny. ‘‘ Some- 
times the labella are long and slender, and are folded back under — 
the labium when at rest.” 

The mouth-parts in some Diptera are quite rudimentary, attain- 
ing their most abortive state in the CEsrrip#, in which they are 
almost absent. 

The antenne.—These organs exhibit a wider range of variability 
than any other in the Diptera, and to the beginner offer many 
puzzles, although a moderate amount of study will enable one 
to discriminate between the nematocerous, brachycerous, and 
muscid types, of which the latter is somewhat quickly recognised, 
although sume Syrphid antenne may easily be confused with it 
at first sight. 

As a means of classification the antenne have always been 
regarded as furnishing one of the most fundamental characters. 
It is significant that so long ago as 1802, when Latreille made the 
first real attempt at classification by dividing the Diptera according 
to the palpal and antennal characters, the long filiform nature of 
the many-jointed antennez, combined with the elongate four- or 
five-jointed palpi, was seen to be typical of the Nemarocnra (this 
term being introduced by Latreille in 1817); whilst the short 
three-jointed antenne, coupled with the one- or two-jointed short 
palpi, of the rest of the Diptera were acknowledged as the charac- 
teristics of the Bracuycmra, the latter term having been pro- 
posed by Macquart in 1825. The valuable systematic characters 
contained in the venation did not occur to dipterologists until 
years afterwards. 

In the Nematocera the antenne are always more or less elon- 
gate,* often conspicuously so, composed normally of eight to 
sixteen distinct joints; in a few cases, as in some males of species 
of Eriocera in Treunip®, of six joints only; and in some other 
instances, of as many as twenty-eight: in fact some authors have 


* Wi ; : 
With the exception of Orpunerntips«, a group of only five species 
representing a single and altogether anomalous genus. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY, A 


claimed thirty-nine in a particular genus of Cuctpomy1pm (Cero- 
zodia), hut this has been disputed on the grounds that some of 
the joints are merely annular impressions. Lhachicerus (Luprip®) 
has twenty-eight joints, and some genera of CacipoMy1D# possess 
this number also. 

The antenne in the Bracuycura consist technically of only 
three joints, but in some genera (Hewatoma in Tapanip”, Xylo- 
phagus and Ihachicerus in Luprip®) the 3rd joint is either dis- 
tinctly or apparently divided into several joints, so that at first 
sight it is not easy for a beginner to distinguish the location of a 
species by the antenne alone. But in all such cases the very 
short palpi and the totally different scheme of venation afford a 
certain clue to their identity. 

In the Nemarocura the two basal joints are almost invariably 
differentiated from the rest, and are known as the scape or scapus, 
the remaining joints being called the flagellum. The scape nearly 
always bears a few stiff bristles, either irregularly placed, or 
arranged in one or two more or less distinct rows near the apical 
margins ; it is sometimes bare or practically so, but never verti- 
cillate. The flagelluu in most of the Trputtp# and in some 
other groups, bears a whorl of fine hairs symmetrically arranged 
(in the TIPULIDm a very common number is four, two above and 
two below, the upper ones often the longer) around each joint, 
and the autenne are then spoken of as verticillate. This is the 
normal form of antenna in the Trputip®. A few genera in that 
family have pectinate antenne in the male, that of the female 
being verticillate or much less conspicuously pectinate. The 
CHIRONOMID# and CuLic1p# normally possess excessively plumose 
antenne in the males, those of the females being generally verti- 
cillate, whilst CectpoMy1p# generally possess verticillate antenne 
in both sexes. 

In the CycborRHAPHA only three joints are present, of which 
the first is always short, often extremely so, the third frequently 
being annulated, or possessed of a number of finely impressed 
lines giving the appearance of a number of joints closely annealed. 
It is curious that in these latter cases the 3rd joint never possesses 
more than seven such annular impressions, thus suggesting eight 
annealed joints, because the nematocerous antenne most likely to 
be confused with such a form are those like Bibio, Plecia, ete., in 
which the flagellum generally consists of eight subequal homologous 
joints (though perfectly distinct from one another), whilst the 
two basal or scapal joints have some considerable resemblance 
to the first two joints of the antenna in Xylophagus. It is this 
latter form, which is by no means infrequent, that may be mis- 
taken by the beginner for an eight-jointed nematocerous antenna. 
However, in all such doubtful cases the structure of the palpi 
and the distinctly different venation immediately decide the 
question of affinity. 

With the Cyclorrhaphic antenna we have little to do in this 
volume, but it may be stated that although it consists of three 


22 INTRODUCTION. 


joints only, the terminal joint takes the most varied and at times 
extraordinary shapes, and may be elongate and porrect as in Ceria 
(Syrpuip#), elongate and pendant as in the higher Muscrp», 
short and rounded as in most of the ANTHOMYID® and AcALYP- 
TRATA. It may be furnished with an arista, along, gently curved, 
bristle-like hair, which may be plumose, subplumose, pubescent, 
or bare, or even extraordinarily pectinate as in one or two abnor- 
mal genera of Tachinids; the arista itself may be dorsal, sub- 
apical, or apical, or may be replaced by a more solid style-like 
appendage. 


The Thorax. 


Little can be added to the notes given under “ Terminology.” 
In most Diptera the mesothorax, usually known as the mesonotum 
when only its upper part is referred to, occupies the greater 
portion of that part of the body; both the prothorax (except in 
some T1PULID#) and metathorax being very much aborted. 

The thorax is normally oval or subquadrate; in many genera 
exceedingly elongated (Calobata, Micropeza); in others highly 
arched (Simulium, Platypeza, Hybos, Cyrvip®, etc.). In rare 
instances the sides of the thorax are furnished with a strong 
spine (Zphippium). The sides of the thorax or the pleure have 
deen described above (p. 6). 

The scutellum is variable in relative size, but is most frequently 
semicircular or subtriangular. It reaches its most extraordinary 
development in Celyphus, in which it forms an enormous spherical 
cover for the whole of the abdomen, and as the insects are 
generally smooth and shining, and of a metallic blue, green, 
or yellowish colour, they are easily mistaken by the beginner for 
beetles. The scutellum may be distinctly spined on the posterior 
margin (as in many STRATIOMYID®), serrate, smooth, furnished 
with bristles or pubescence, or quite bare. 

The metanotum is in most cases hidden by the scutellum above, 
except in some families of Nemarocrra in which it is often the 
more conspicuous of the two. The vestiture of the thorax is as 
variable as that of the abdomen. 


The Abdomen. 


The abdomen in the Diptera varies in the number of segments 
from four (some ANTHOMYID# and ACALYPTRATA) to as many as 
nine (in some MycrropHinip®); the normal number in the 
NEMATOCERA being eight. The basal segment is often much short- 
ened and almost invisible from above, the first two being some- 
times more or less fused together. They are numbered from the 
base, on the upper side, the genital organs not being counted as 
a: separate segment. 

The variations in shape of the abdomen are very great. It is 
very elongate, narrowed, and cylindrical in TreuLip#, Currono- 
MID®, and CuLicip#®; stout and shorter in some of the other 
uematocerous families; very short and exceedingly broad and 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY, 23 


convex in many genera of Srratiomyip®; globular and almost 
transparent in CyRTID#; oval or conical, as in most SyRPHID», 
and other families of Bracnycrra, and most of the higher 
Muscip#; elongate and cylindrical in Asttipm, Doticnorip»; 
subtriangular in many ANTHOMYID# and ACALYPTRATA, 

In vestiture it varies also; thick long spines are present 
in many genera of TaCcHININ®; in others, bristles, ordinary 
pubescence, a pollen-like dust, or scales may form the covering. 

The male genitalia in the Diptera exhibit the most diverse 
modifications, and in many groups afford reliable specific characters. 
Their taxonomic importance, however, must not be overrated, 
and it must be recognised that they exhibit great variability, even 
in the same genus. They reach probably their greatest develop- 
ment in the Donicnopipm®, but are quite conspicuous in many 
Tipunip#, MycnroruiLip®, ASILID®, and some smaller groups. 

The female genitalia are much more uniform than those of the 
male, consisting in the principal families of the Nemavrocera of a 
pair of oval terminal lamelle often withdrawn into the body-cavity, 
and in the Treunip® of a pair of exterior pointed valves; 
whilst in nearly all of the Bracuycera and the Muscipa no 
organs are visible exteriorly. 


The Legs. 


These organs vary throughout the order to an extraordinary 
degree, from the exceptionally long and delicate legs found in 
Dolichopeza, Cylindrotoma, and other ‘Tipunip®, to the short 
incrassated ones in some of the EpHyprin™® and other groups 
of Acalyptrate Muscrp®. They may be conspicuously dentate, 
strongly spinose, bristly or practically devoid of hairs, densely 
pubescent, or ciliate. Frequently the femur, tibia, or tarsus, or 
one or more joints of the latter may be incrassate, or occasionally 
fantastically formed, such modifications being at most generic, 
often not of even that taxonomic value. 


The Wings. 


So far as the perfect insect is concerned, the venation of the 
wings is, for purposes of classification, the soundest and most 
reliabie structural character in Diptera. The exceptions, though 
admittedly numerous, are of such a nature that although doubt 
as to their exact systematie position may at first arise, they can 
never be actually identified with a wrong family. Many families 
or groups of families in the Diptera possess strikingly peculiar 
types of venation of their own. Outside of the NpMaTocERa, one 
soon learns to recognise, for example, the wing of a Stratiomyid 
from the faintness of the veins near the posterior margin of the 
wing and the equally unusual “ crowding-up” of the veins near 
the anterior margin; and a Dolichopid may be known by the 
peculiar “kink”, that is present in so many of the genera in that 
family, placed about the middle of the 3rd and 4th longitudinal 
veins ; while the SyrpHip® may be distinguished by the upturned 


24 INTRODUCTION. 


ends of the 4th and 5th veins, approaching the Muscid type, yet 
quite distinct from the true Muscid form as developed in Musca 
itself and its allies. 

The Conopipm, Preuncunipz, PLaryprzip#, (Esrrip®, and 
PxHoRID® have each one a striking and typical venation of its 
own. Even in the vast mass of the Muscrpa, sensu lato, three 
tolerably distinct types are present that contain the great majority 
of the species ; these may be termed the Tachinid, the Muscid, 
and the Anthomyid respectively. The Acatyprrata, although 
nominally of the same general plan as the latter type in venation, 
areas arule easily distinguished by the small, equal-sized, or absent 
wing-seales or tegule, which in the ANTHOMYID are conspicuous 
and of unequal size. 

Among the other families of Bracuycera the student may at 
first, from the wing alone, find it difficult to distinguish between, 
say, the TaBpanip«#, Leprip”®, and THEREVID#; the various forms 
of BomByLiip# and Asirip#, with the allied smaller groups ; and 
the somewhat erratic types met with in the Empipm; but this 
discounts but little the pronouncedly characteristic forms of the 
other families, and a wider experience will enable him to determine 
between these more allied types of venation. 

Reverting to the Nemavrocorra, the CecipoMYIp x, CHIRONOMID2, 
SIMULIID®, BLEPHAROCERID#, Dixtp#, and TrpeuLip# at least 
have quite characteristic venation. That of the CuLicipa and 
PsycHopip2 is allied and, with the RuypHips, may at first appear 
to resemble the TrpuLips, but a short study will enable the 
student to differentiate them without much difficulty. The re- 
maining families are not so distinctiveiy characterised, and in 
these closer examination is necessary. 

Terminology of venation.—As may be surmised, various systems 
of venational terminology have been constructed, but, since this 
is hardly the place wherein to enter into a discussion of their 
respective merits and demerits, it will be only necessary here to 
fully describe the system adopted in the present volume. Practi- 
cally, it is a somewhat modified form of Schiner’s terminology as 
used in his ‘ Fauna Austriaca,’ and as adopted by the principal 
dipterologists up to the present day. 

Osten Sacken, who, according to Schiner,* used a very old- 
fashioned and unsatisfactory terminology employed vy Walker 
and others of that period, entirely abandoned it in after years, 
and the system accepted by him in his celebrated monograph of 
the North American TrpuLip™ (1869) was the basis of all his 
subsequent work. 

Of other systems, mention may be made of that of Schummel, 
mainly because he wrote extensively on TrpuLiIp®, but he named 
all the posterior cells backwards, that is, what is now called the 
5th was his Ist, and he treated the two submarginal cells as 
posterior cells, calling them the 6th and 7th. 


* Fauna Austriaca, ii, p. Xxv. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 25 


The Comstock-Needham system was invented by the former 
author and elaborated by the latter. Though it must be admitted 
that Needham’s researches into the homologies of the veins, not 
only in Diptera, but in other orders of insects also (especially 
Neuroptera), are, so far as Iam able to judge, perfectly consistent, 
there seems no necessity to alter the almost universally adopted 
names of the veins. Moreover, the abbreviations used to de- 
signate the veins in this new system of venation, such as, Cs 2, 
R 4+5, M 1+2, and so on, can never convey the decisive mean- 
ing of terms of obvious significance, such as, costal cell, marginal 
cell, Ist, 2nd, 3rd longitudinal vein, &c., all of which by their 
very names at once define their position in the wings. Of all 
recent systems of terminology I cannot but regard this one as 
the least acceptable. However, in spite of wholly disagreeing 
with this system of venation, I must accord Mr. Needham every 
praise for the excellent series of Tipulid wings published by him, 
which has been most invaluable to me during my present studies 
in this family. 

It must be remembered that modifications to suit special forms 
are almost imperative, whatever system of classification be adopted, 
for it is obvious that since some wings are replete with veins, 
whilst others have very tew, it must be a matter of careful study 
to decide which are the veins that persist in these latter cases. 
It is not therefore merely a question of an arbitrary and artificial 
naming of the parts at caprice. 

Osten Sacken may be quoted here with advantage :—‘“ Thus, if 
we force upon the Trputip# the terminology introduced originally 
in the families of Diptera with a less developed venation, we meet 
with inextricable difficulties. But there is no more reason for 
doing so than for following the opposite course, adopting a 
terminology for the TrpuLip# first and forcing it afterwards upon 
the Muscipx. It is perfectly arbitrary at which end of the 
system of Diptera we begin to trace out the homologues of the 
venation. This study of the homologies has two distinct aims in 
view ; the scientific aim of showing that the ground-plan of the 
venation is the same in all the families of the order, and the 
practical aim of adopting a terminology for descriptive purposes. 
We cannot carry out a terminology on solely theoretical grounds, 
we will have to vary the details of it according to the peculiarities 
of structure occurring in different forms, the main plan remaining 
the same.” 


2. InvERNAL ANATOMY.* 
cone special features of the internal structure of the Diptera 


are the high degree of concentration of the nervous system 
attained in some members of the order; the expansion of the 


* The works of Brauer, Brandt, and Kiinckel d’Herculais are recommended 
by Dr. Sharp to the student of internal anatomy in Diptera, Williston has 
drawn largely on Kellogg, and the notes herein offered are compiled from this 
source, the present writer never having studied the subject. 


26 INTRODUCTION. 


two main tracheal trunks in the base of the abdomen to form 
air-sacs, the presence of the sucking-stomach as in the Lepidoptera, 
the constant number (four, rarely five) of the Malpighian tubes, 
and the absence of a bursa copulatrix in the females.”* 

The alimentary canal presents behind the cesophagus, an ex- 
pansion known as the diverticulum or sucking-stomach,7 the 
ventriculum or true stomach lying behind it, with, usually, two 
ceca. The heart is of the usual type, but in the more specialised 
families has two chambers only. ‘* In the larva of Corethra the 
heart is a simple elongated tube without chambers.” The two 
main tracheal trunks expand at the base of the abdomen into 
conspicuous air-sacs. The two pairs of spiracles of the thorax are 
provided with “vocal cords” and it is these that cause the 
humming when the fly is on the wing. 

The nervous system in the NeMArocEera generally comprises 
five or six abdominal ganglia and three distinct thoracic ganglia. 
Intermediate forms are numerous between this type and those of 
the Muscrip®, in which the abdominal and thoracic ganglia are 
united into a large mass in the thorax. A minute structure called 
Johnston’s organ, placed in the 2nd antennal joint, is supposed to 
contain the auditory nerves. 

The internal genital organs consist in the male of two oval testes 
with short vasa deferentia, a well developed penis with accessory 
copulatory appendages, which are of the most diverse structure 
even in allied species of the same genus. In the female the ovi- 
positor is remarkably uniform ; there are a large number of egg- 
tubes, three spermathecie, paired accessory organs, and no true 
bursa copulatrix. 


3. Tur Harty STAGES OF DIPTmRA. 
The Larva. 


The larve of all Diptera are destitute of jomted legs. The 
larve of other groups most resembling them are those of the 
CURCULIONID& (Coleoptera), but whereas these latter have little 
or no power of locomotion, the larve of Diptera can generally 
move about freely by means of projections on the body called 
pseudopods; or by the aid of short bristles arranged so as to 
favour progression, such being present even in completely maggot- 
like forms. 

The spiracles are also of great aid in enabling us to decide 
whether a larva is Dipterous or not. 

Schiner counted thirteen segments in the larva, first the head, 
then three representing the Fgnahe the remainder forming fe 
abdomen. ‘There is, however, no ae! criterion yet 


* This is from Williston, after caer 
+ This function of this organ has been questioned. 


THE EARLY STAGES OF DIPTERA. 27, 


discovered, by which the segments can be numbered, and in many 
cases the segments cannot be satisfactorily delimited in the present 
state of knowledge.” (Dr. D. Sharp, in Verrall’s “ British Flies,” 
vol. v, p. 32.) 

Many Dipterous larve have no distinct head. These are known 
as ACEPHALA, as distinct from the EucrrHa.a, or those furnished 
with a distinct head. The AcupHata include flesh-eating maggots. 
The term “ hemicephalous ” has been used by Dufour and others 
for those larvee in which the head end is of an intermediate form, 
that is to say, not possessing a sufliciently distinct head to be 
included in the EvcrpHata; and the majority of the families 
appear to fall into this intermediate division. In these cases the 
head part is withdrawable within the body, after the manner of a 
tortoise. 

“Dipterous larve have the last pair of spiracles largely de- 
veloped, and they are frequently placed at the actual tip of the 
body ; when not at the tip, they are usually placed dorsally rather 
than laterally. These are points of distinction as compared with 
other orders of insects. When the posterior spiracles are the 
only pair that exists, the larva is said to be metapneustic ; when 
in addition to these, there isan anterior pair placed a little behind 
the head, the larva is amphipneustic; when there are also inter- 
mediate spiracles the larva is peripneustic. The frequency of the 
metapneustic and amphipneustic systems is characteristic of 
Diptera, the peripneustic system being the usual one in other 
orders.” (Dr. D. Sharp.) 


The Pupa, 


The pupa in the OrrHORRHAPHA is “either a free, so-called 
mummy pupa, or it remains enclosed in the larval skin, which it 
bursts open at its emergence in the form of a T-shaped fissure 
on the back, or by an irregular sort of lid at the end of the head.” 
( Brauer.) 

In the CychorrHAPHA *‘ the pupation always takes place in the 
larval skin, which hardens and becomes like a barrel. Previous 
to this, the larva possesses on the 4th or 5th front segments, an 
arched seam, produced horizontally, and extending above the 
mouth, which seam encloses enough of the surface of the barrel 
for the emerging flies to burst off as a lid by means of the frontal 
bladder.” (Brauer.) 


The Habitats. 


The habitats of the Diptera in their earlier stages are most 
diverse. A large proportion are aquatic (CULICIDH, CHIRONOMIDA, 
STRATIOMYID®, TABANID®, EPHYDRIN4®, etc.), some like Eristalis, 
in the SyRPHID#, preferring rank pools or drains; quite a large 
number live in the earth, as do many TrPuLID#, some THEREVID® 
and Empip®; others in rank or rotting vegetable matter, 


2§ 


oa) 


INTRODUCTION, 


(Asitip®, Doticnopipm, SyrPHip#, and many groups of 
Muscip2); some form galls (CectpoMy11p®), some breed in fungi 
(Mycrropuyiip® and PLatypnzip®); many are leaf-miners (many 
ANTHOMYINE, most of the Tryprrina%, and some ORTALIN®A) ; 
whilst the vast majority of the enormous family Muscipm breed 
in rotting animal or vegetable matter, as do also many groups of 
other families, in fact this habitat might be considered the most 
general one in the order. <A few are parasitic ; some BoMBYLIID/ 
and Conopip£ on Orthoptera and Hymenoptera; the Gistripa 
on Mammalia; Cyrripa (probably) on spiders. Puprpara are 
parasitic in the adult state also, on mammals and birds. 

These give only a few of the general habits of the larve. 

As regards the habitats of the perfect insect it need only be 
said that a great proportion of the species may be met with 
almost anywhere on the couwntry-side, although many prefer 
specially suitable localities, or remain throughout life more or less 
in the vicinity of their birth, thus, in one way, accounting in 
conjunction with their environment, for the occurrence of some 
of the races or varieties. 

The peculiar kinds of situations favoured by each family are 
mentioned in their proper places. 


4, Own THE COLLECTING OF DIPTERA. 


Although some groups of Diptera are sufficiently robust to 
allow the collector to handle them pretty freely, it will be well for 
him to start with the paramount impression that as much care 
must be taken both in their capture and subsequent tréatment as 
would be required in the case of Microlepidoptera. The delicate 
pubescence with which the majority oi the species are covered is 
easily removed by a careless touch, and such groups as the 
BomBytip#, THEREVIDA, and Psycnopip x require very careful 
handling on this account. 

In other groups the chief danger is the fragility of the legs ; 
such are the TrPpuLIDA, Mycrrornimp», CULICIDA, and Currono- 
MID, amongst the NEMATOCERA, t and the Luprip2£, DoLicHoPipa, 
Tachinids and Anthomyids amongst the Bracuycera and CyrcLo- 
RRHAPHA. In other groups again, the delicate spines break off at 
the least touch (in SEpsinm for instance), often leaving no 
trace. 

Numerous methods of collecting are known to all, and the 
reader is probably already acquainted with many of them. 
Personally, I have for twenty years collected with the ordinary 
butterily net (white, not green, as it shows up the insects better), 
capturing the larger specimens singly and then with a little 
manipulation removing them with the fingers and placing them in 
a chip or pill-box alive. After a little practice quite a number 
can be placed in one box, the specimens being brought home alive, 
and killed without delay by inserting a little powdered naphthaline 


THE EARLY STAGES OF DIPTERA, 29 


into the boxes, upon which they die in a thoroughly relaxed state, 
ready tor pinning. From a quarter to half an hour should be 
allowed, as if removed sooner, some may recover. Naphthaline 
is preferable to chloroform as the latter stiffens the lez muscles, 
making them brittle and easily broken, or causes the insects to 
fold their legs very tightly under their bodies. 

The fumes of burning sulphur are applicable, but it is possible 
they may act chemically on the colours in some groups. 

Rare species should always be given a small box to themselves. 

‘“‘ Sweeping,” 2. e. dragging the net through a field of grass and 
clover or along the sides of dry or wet ditehes, is a prolific method 
of acquiring a great number of specimens in the shortest space 
of time possible, but a good proportion of them will be lost by 
damage. After “ sweeping” for a minute or two, the contents of 
the net are shaken to the bottom of it by means of two or three 
sharp jerks, the net pinched with the left hand just above the 
mass of seething insect life, when with the right hand a large 
chip-box can be gradually inserted and the sides of the net strained 
over it with the left hand, after which with very little manipula- 
tion the lid can be replaced and the contents brought home alive.* 

Of course delicate insects will suffer by this treatment, but 
great numbers of the hardier kinds are easily obtained thus. 
Predaceous flies must not be kept in the same box with soft-bodied 
ones—a hungry Aszus for instance, with a Leptid or Anthomyid. 
One soon learns with a little experience which kinds may be safely 
mixed and which must be kept apart. 

Glass tubes are useful for capturing single specimens on walls, ° 
tree-trunks, large leaves, windows and so on, but specimens should 
never be left long in them, as moisture collects and ruins the 
pubescence, and, in the case of small specimens, the wings also. 

A small wad of wool soaked with chloroform must be pushed 
to the bottom of the tube and covered by a round piece of card- 
board closely fitting the tube, with several fair-sized holes punched 
init. Orthe bottom of the tube may be filled with plaster-of- 
paris in which a piece of cyanide of potassium is buried. The 
effects of this are much more permanent than chloroform, which 
requires constant renewal. As soon as the insect is stupefied it 
should be placed in a chip- or pill-box, where it will recover and 
can then be brought home alive and killed by naphthaline. 


* Thisi s the method I have nearly always followed from my predilection 
for bringing specimens home alive, because if killed early in the day they are 
too stiff by the time one reaches home to be pinned successfully; but if a 
large-mouthed cyanide bottle does not incommode the collector in the field, 
the end of the net may be inserted bodily into it for a few minutes, and then 
the dead insects turned into a dry chip-box. This has the advantage of killing 
the small spiderg that generally form part of the capture and which always 
take their toll of it. 


30 INTRODUCTION. 


5. Tue MounvtinG AND PRESERVATION OF DIPTERA. 


Regarding the mounting of specimens for the cabinet, a great 
deal has been written, and it is not proposed to dilate on the 
subject here. 

Some specialists prefer specimens in alcohol, asserting that the 
more delicate parts of the body, such as the structure of the 
mouth and antenne, and the genital organs of the male, are more 
easily viewed thus, through remaining soft, whereas in dry speci- 
mens they are liable to shrinkage, and possibly a certain amount 
of distortion, their relative proportions thereupon being lost. 
Those who prefer specimens in spirit are generally workers in 
those groups that I have never stndied myself, Crctpomyip a”, 
CHIRONOMID®, etc., and therefore it might be presumption to 
appear to dictate as regards these families; but individually I 
have a very great distaste for any Diptera so preserved. 

The relative proportions can be noted during life, as Osten 
Sacken did in many instances of Tipulid genitalia, antenne and 
so on; and dried specimens are infinitely easier to handle, they 
preserve their colours in the vast majority of families for as long 
as probably nearly a hundred years, if kept in suitable cabinets, 
properly supervised, in a temperate climate, and lastly their external 
vestiture is retained in its natural state. Pubescent species, 
such as BomByLiip®, ASILIp®, THEREVIDA, etc., are most certainly 
utterly ruined, if placed in alcohol (Williston says all specimens 
so preserved are worthless); the insect when lifted from the 
liquid bearing no possible resemblance, in its bedraggled condition, 
to its natural appearance. 

It should be hardly necessary to state that Diptera gummed on 
slips of card are not to be tolerated either, as the underside is 
thus rendered practically invisible. 

Therefore I, personally, pin everything, using Cuplava white 
(not steel) pins : nos. 4 and 5 for the very largest AsILIpDZ, 
TABANID® and so on; no. 3 for ordinarily large flies, and nos. 
2, 1 and O for the great bulk of the species. Nos. 00 and 000 are 
too fine to use by themselves, and I prefer at that stage to resort 
to the short very fine pins used for very small Lepidoptera, made 
by Kirby and Spence, also the “‘minutien nadeln ” (without heads) 
manufactured by some German firms. These I should employ 
for species of the size of Simulium, for the bulk of the 
Myceropuinips, the Curronomipm®, Cunicip® and others of 
similar size. 

When mounting specimens on full-length pins, the latter should 
pass through the middle of the dorsum of the thorax, and the 
insect be placed sufficiently high up the pin to leave only 
sufficient room above it to grasp the pin easily with the forceps ; 
and in a properly mounted collection the dorsum of all the 
specimens would be at the same cabinet level (fig. 6, a). This very 
greatly facilitates examination with the lens, often rendering it 
unnecessary to remove the lid of the cabinet drawer. 


THE MOUNTING AND PRESERVATION OF DIPTERA. 31 


If the specimen is one with very long and delicate legs, so 
that pinning straight through the thorax would be liable to break 
these off, it may be pinned a little towards the side, the pin 
emerging from the other side just above the coxe. The specimen 
is even then more or less perpendicular.* This applies chiefly to 
Trputip®. The wings should never be crossed over the abdomen 
but allowed to stand out in a natural manner sufliciently clear 
of the body to allow an uninterrupted view of every part of the 


Fig. 5.—Method of mounting a Tipulid. 


latter. They should never be spread out horizontally at right 
angles to the body after the fashion adopted in “setting” 
Lepidoptera. 

The legs should not be allowed to fold up close under the 
body, but be pulled out sufficiently clear for one to examine 
easily all parts of them and of the ventral surface of the insect, 
and at the same time not allowed to stick out at ungainly angles 
(a prevailing disposition of many Trpunipm) threatening des- 
truction every time they are touched: nor should they hang down 
(this also especially applies to TrpuLrpm) so that they touch or 
nearly touch the bottom of the cabinet drawer. 

The same rule applies to the antenne. This is because there 


* The insect in the figure is shown entirely on its side; it should be in a 
position half-way between horizontal and vertical, 


32 INTRODUCTION, 


must always be left sufficient space below the insect for at least 
two or, perhaps, three labels, and room again after that for the 
forceps to grasp the pin.* 

In pinning small and very minute Diptera with the short, very 
fine pins, they are best pinned when lying on the left side, the 
pin passing through the thorax just below the dorsum, and at 
such an inclined angle that it emerges trom the lower (left) side 
just above the cox. By thus piercing the thorax obliquely, it is 
possible, by slanting the pin slightly when mounting it on pith or 


Fig. 6.—Method of mounting (a) a moderate-sized fly, (>) a very small fly. 


cork, to enable the student to examiue both the dorsum and the 
right side of the insect without removing it from the cabinet. 
These minute pins should carry the specimens as near their heads 
as possible, and be stuck in neatly-cut, oblong pieces of white 
pith or similarly shaped pieces of cork covered with white paper. 
These pieces of pith should be broad and long enough to protect 
the head and legs to a moderate extent, but no broader, otherwise 
it is impossible to place a strong hand-lens near enough to examine 
details. Moreover the pith should invariably be of some depth, as this 
secures a tighter grasp of the large pin which must be thrust through 
the end of the pith opposite that bearing the specimen.r A dot of 
white gum placed on the upper side of the pith on the spot where 
the small fine pin is inserted will fix it securely and a larger drop 
of gum should be placed around the strong pin where it emerges 
from the under side of the pith. Some collectors, however, 


* In removing a delicate specimen from the cabinet the forceps should 
grasp the pin ahove the insect; in replacing it, the forceps should grasp the 
pin Jelow the insect, thus in each case minimising the chances of accident. 

+ When fixing the small pin in the pith the head of the insect must be 
directed away from the strong pin, not facing it, as the latter method adds to 
the difficulty of viewing the head parts. 


TILE MOUNTING AND PRESERVATION OF DIPTBRA. 33 


prefer not to gum the specimen into the pith, so that it can be 
removed for closer microscopic examination when necessary. In 
the case of the excessively minute forms they should be pierced 
from below the body, the point only of the very smallest pin 
being inserted so as only just to emerge from the dorsum, the 
head end of this pin (there being, as said before, no real enlarg- 
ment as a “ head”) being stuck in the pith, but in this case it is 
most advisable to gum the pin in the pith, it being much more 
likely to fall out when inserted, so to speak, upside down. 

For the closer examination of the anatomical structure of very 
small Diptera, as PsycHoDID® and all those of still lesser size, it 
+s convenient to mount some of the specimens on microscopic 
slides, preferably in a more or less dissected state; but this 
method has at least one disadvantage, that it frequently destroys 
all the exterior characters, such as pubescence, spines, bristles, 
all of which are valuable specitic points of difference. So that 
unless the species depends solely upon some anatomical structure 
quite invisible to the naked eye, it should be identified whenever 
possible defore mounting it on a slide, as it is otherwise often 
impossible to do so, many of its external characters being after- 
wards unavailable. The venation of some of the very pubescent 
PsycHopip# is absolutely invisible until the wings are denuded of 
the very thick hairs with which they are covered, augmented in 
many cases by the addition of semi-opaque imbricating scales. 
It is very difficult to determine a single specimen of such a species 
unless one wing be broken off and mounted for the microscope, 
the other one remaining intact on the dried specimen. 

A new process has somewhat recently come to my notice ; this: 
is the imbedding of the specimen bodily in an alcoholic solution of 
eollodion, with a backing of a mixture of oxide of zine and canada: 
balsam, the collodion protected above by a “ cover slip ” of glass, 
and the whole mounted on a microseopie slide. ‘The head, wings 
and legs are arranged so as to be easily examined and there is no 
danger of the specimen meeting with any damage. 

This process, although it has the advantage of presenting a 
perfectly stereoscopic view when seen under the microscope, has 
the serious disadvantage of only one surface, dorsal or ventral, 
being visible in any individual specimen; so that unless the 
identification of each specimen be done by the collector (who in 
very many cases is himself not a specialist) before mounting, 
considerable doubt is liable to attach to the specimens from the 
inability of the actual specialist to examine both sides of the 
same individual. In the cases of very closely allied species known 
to occur in the same neighbourhood the positive identification of 
a large proportion might be impossible. 

The only way of retaining specimens permanently in good 
condition * after being properly mounted is by their inclusion in 


* A collection of Diptera, if the specimens be thoroughly dried at the 
start, and preserved in a enbinet as described, in a temperate climate, should 
remain in good condition for not less than a hundred years. 


D 


34 INTRODUCTION. 


a well-made cabinet of mahogany, oak or teak; the latter wood 
being the only one that will survive the climatic conditions of the 
tropics, and even then only in certain regions and with the 
greatest possible continual care. In all climates in which there is 
much moisture, a small wad of wool soaked in carbolie acid or 
creosote must be retained in a corner of each drawer to prevent 
mould, and the liquid constantly renewed. Naphthaline, camphor 
or creosote must also be kept in the grooves made for this 
purpose to keep away mites or similar creatures. 

Diptera will keep in excellent condition in temperate climates in 
well-made wooden or even cardboard store-boxes, if made with 
tightly fitting lids and kept in a dry room. 


6. StanpDARD WORKS FOR STUDENTS. 


The easiest way in which a beginner can obtain a good insight 
‘into the families of the Diptera is to obtain tracings, drawn by 
himself if possible, from plates and figures of the wings of a few 
of the leading genera of each family (or at all events, of all those 
genera that give their names to the families), and then to arrange 
them in a copy-book, leaving ample space for additions and notes. 
To the wings may advantageously be added the corresponding 
antenne and palpi. An even moderate study of these placed side 
by side in their systematic sequence, added to the general 
appearance or “ facies” of the different families—a perception he 
will easily acquire—will give him the quickest preliminary 
knowledge of classification possible. 

As the soundest introduction to the study of the whole order 
there is no work to be compared for reliability and conciseness, 
with Schiner’s “* Fauna Austriaca, Diptera,” in two volumes (1862— 
1864). The tables of genera are in themselves a mine of 
information. 

In addition to this work may be earnestly recommended Prof. 
Williston’s 3rd edition of his ‘‘ North American Diptera ” (1908). 
It is fully up to date, has the advantage of being in English, and 
is profusely illustrated by diagrams of wings and other parts of 
the body. These two works in conjunction will make the student 
acquainted with many hundreds of genera, a large proportion of 
which are cosmopolitan or nearly so, Both works are easily 
obtained at a moderate price.* For minuteness of detail and the 
full history of synonymy in the families dealt with, Mr. Verrall’s 
huge work on ‘ British Flies” should, when completed, be the 
standard work on the order for the next century. Other works 
which are absolutely indispensable to the earnest student, 
especially of exotic flies as well as European species, are: 
Meigen’s “ Systematische Beschreibung, ete.,” Wiedemann’s “ Aus- 
gereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten,” Macquart’s ‘“ Diptéres 


* About thirty-two shillings and sixteen shillings respectively. 


STANDARD WORKS FOR STUDENTS. 35 


exotiques,” Zetterstedt’s “ Diptera Scandinavie,” Walker’s “ List 
of the dipterous insects in the British Museum,” and “ Insecta 
Saundersiana,” Bigot’s ‘‘ Diptéres nouveaux, ete.,” Schiner’s ‘ Reise 
der Novara” and the “ Biologia Centrali-Americana.” Everything 
written by at least Loew, Osten Sacken, Schiner, Williston and 
Van der Wulp should be obtained, whilst the works of Rondani 
and Robineau-Desvoidy, though less reliable, are always in 
requisition. All the writings of living dipterologists should also 
be consulted. 


7. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF KNOWN SPECIES, 


The Diprera, or two-winged insects, may be regarded as 
represented by about 35,000 described species. Of these some 
portion will, of course, be ultimately relegated to synonymy, but, 
even after deleting these, the remainder in all probability 
represent but a tithe of those actually existing throughout the 
world. 

Many regions have been practically unexplored by the collector. 
Such parts are the bulk of the South American Continent, where 
many thousands must remain to be discovered in the immensely 
fertile valleys of the Amazon, Orinoco, La Plata and other large 
rivers, and in the teeming tropical districts of the northern part 
of the Continent. Africa is at present almost unworked, save for 
the Mediterranean shores, Egypt, Italian East Africa and the 
Cape; none of these, moreover, having been treated to a tenth 
part of the study that has been given to the Diptera of Western 
Europe. Australia, judging from what I possess of unnamed 
material in my own collection, must. eventually yield a rich 
quota ; Skuse, the only writer in that country, gave 10,000 as a 
reasonable estimate of the species probably existent there. Besides 
these, there are large areas in Asia and even in Eastern Europe 
which have hardly been touched by the collector. A very large 
number of species must still remain to be discovered in the vast 
North American continent, whilst lesser worked regions of the 
New World, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies 
will certainly double or treble their present lists of species, if 
the enormous increase during the past three or four sere in the 
known forms of the Oriental Region in such groups as have been 
more thoroughly worked, is any criterion. 

For instanee, no family has ever been so systematically or 
assiduously collected i in such a number of varied districts through- 
out the world as have the Cuxicip" during the past ten years or 
thereabout, and the enormous increase in the recorded species in 
this family (even allowing for a large proportion of synonyms or 
varieties only, as was suggested by me a few years ago),* seems 
to foretell a grand total throughout the whole order of incredible 


* “Catal. Orient. Culicide,” Rec. Ind. Mus, i, p. 297. 
D2 


36 INTRODUCTION, 


maguitude, if other families, as may reasonably be supposed, are 
as prolific of new forms as the Cunicrp# have proved. 

Schiner in 1868,* in noting that 19,449 species were at that 
time known, distributed them geographically as follows :—Europe 
8670, Asia 2046, Africa 1644, America 5577, and Australasia 
1056, the remaining 516 coming from unknown localities. In 
Hardwicke’s ‘Science Gossip,’ fifteen or more years ago, cal- 
culating pro rata according to geograpical areas, I estimated 
200,000 as a quite moderate estimate of the number of species in 
actual existence ! 

The Palearctic Catalogue, recently issued, gives a little over 
13,000 f as inhabiting the Palearctic Region up to the year 1907 ; 
Aldrich accumulates about 9000 species indigenous to North 
Americat; Van der Wulp’s Catalogue of South Asian Diptera 
totalled 2889 up to not later than 1906; whilst a manuscript 
Catalogue of my own compiled on the recorded Australasian 
Diptera includes about 2000 (up to 1909), to which I am 
continually making additions that have been overlooked. 

The gigantic Catalogue of the world’s Diptera, by Prof. Kertész, 
now in progress, gives a total of about 13,600 species as known in 
the families at present dealt with ; that is to say, the Nemarocera 
and practically all the remaining families except the Muscrp# 
If this last enormous family bears the ‘same proportion in the 
world’s species as it does in the Palearctic fauna, it should 
comprise 14,000, making a total of between 33,000 and 34,000 as 
actually known from all parts of the world. 

But since the publication of the two volumes containing the 
NeMaAtocerA, something like 500 species of CuLicrpm® alone have 
been described, whilst my own labours in this suborder will 
result in the erection of considerably over 300 more (including 
those in this volume), without touching the CuLicipm, CuiroNno- 
MID® and CrcrpomMy1p”®, and these 300, moreover, are from the 
Orient alone. Prof. Kieffer has added about 250 species to, the 
CHIRONOMID® and a limited number to the Cucrpomy1pa, all 
these practically from the Indian Empire only. 

To illustrate how small a region has been worked over, ic may be 
noted that the Oriental NeEMAroceRA were represented by only 
230 species in Van der Wulp’s Catalogue (1896), since which the 
number has been increased to 1200 or a gain of over 400 °/,. 
Moreover, even this great increase of species has been gleaned from 
a comparatively small number of localities, the bulk of them (with 
the exception of the Cunicip®) having been collected in three or 
four Himalayan districts of quite limited extent (Mussoori, Simla, 
Naini Tal and Darjiling) ; Calcutta and its immediate environs ; 


* ‘Reise der Novara.” 

+ This isan approximation: the actual number of species contained in each 
of the four volumes not being quoted by the authors, but the estimate is 
probably sufficiently near the truth for the present purpose. 

t “Catal. North Amer. Dipt.” (1905). The estimate is mine ; the catalogue 
is compiled up to Jan, Ist, 1904. 


CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIPTERA, “yf 


perhaps half-a dozen Indian localities situated in the plains (Puri, 
Pusa, Purneah, etc.); a comparatively small tract in Travancore, 
South India (during one visit only); several localities in Ceylon ; 
and perhaps half-a-dozen others in Assam and Burma. These 
localities do not represent a tenth part of the Indian Empire even 
allowing a fifty mile radius to each. Realising that the Numa- 
TocERA themselves only represent a fifth or a sixth part of the 
whole order of Diptera, the immense possibilities lying before 
the student will be apparent. 


8. Tum CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIPTERA, 


It cannot be said that there is at present any universally 
accepted classification of the Diptera, although most authors are 
agreed on Brauer’s primary divisions of ORrrHoRRHAPHA and 
Cycborruapnua, and the secondary division of the former into 
Nemarocera and Bracuycera. The lesser subdivisions higher 
than families, especially amongst the Bracuycura, proposed by 
various authors on different groupings of families, are so numerous 
that it would be out of place in the present work to give them in 
detail, much less to discuss them. 

Williston * gives in full Brauer’s, Schiner’s, Osten Sacken’s and 
Coquillett’s classifications, in order that the student in his study 
“may not reach the erroneous conclusion that any system is 
authoritative.” He also gives a classification by a new writer on 
this subject, Lameere, but this author has been so severely 
criticised that his views are not included here.T 

The division into OrrTHORRHAPHA and CYCLORRHAPHA ‘may 
perhaps safely be accepted, since all, or nearly all, ares agreed 
thereon, though by no means agreed as to their rank and limits.” 

Osten Sacken considered that the characters recognised as 
distinctive of the Nemavocrra and Bracuycera are of more funda- 
mental importance than those distinguishing the ORTHORRHAPHA 
and CychorRHAPHA, an opinion from which Williston differs, 
accepting Brauer’s primary divisions as the truer biologically. 

By far the most pertinent and concise account of the dis- 
tinctions between the Nematrocrera and Bracuycrra, and the best 
and most elaborate synoptical table of families in the latter 
division is that in Mr. Verrall’s monumental work on “ British 
Flies.” = Biological notes of paramount importance are given of 
each family. 


* “North American Diptera,” 3rd edition, p. 52. 

+ It seems out of place in the present work to dilate on the classification 
of this order as proposed by the very earliest writers. The works quoted may 
be consulted by those readers desiring this information. 

t In vol. v.—Srratiomyip&, ete.”; the second of the two volumes at 
present published, Brauer’s descriptions of his suborders and higher groups 
are translated in Mr. Verrall’s first published volume (vol. viii.), and should 
be studied by those interested in the subject. 


38 INTRODUCTION, 


The subject of the higher systematic subdivisions of the Diptera 
has never received from me any special study, so that, perhaps, 
opinions on it are out of place, but I have always considered the 
Nemarocera and Bracuycera (by which latter I mean all the 
remaining families except the EproposcrpEA) as a more natural 
classification of the perfect insects than the shutting off of the 
Syrpuip# and allied families from the present-day ‘‘ BRACHYCERA,” 
and allying them to the Muscids in a common group, opposed to 
the NemMaToceRA and present-day ‘“‘ BRacHycprRA” combined. 

If the OrrHorrHapHaA and CycLorRHAPHA are recognised as 
the primary divisions, it seems to me that the secondary divisions 
might be called Nemarocera and OrrHopracHycera, in the 
OrrHoRRHAPHA; and CycLhopracHyceraA, Muscorpna (= Mvs- 
CID, sensu lato, plus PHortp&®) and Erroposcrpua (or PuprpaRra), 
in the CYCLORRHAPHA. 

I cannot help feeling instinctively that the most natural 
classification is into'two suborders, NEMATOCERA and BRACHYCERA, 
the latter divided into two groups, the first containing all the 
families exeept the Muscrpm* and PHorip®, which together 
would form the second group. The Puprpara might either form 
a third group of the Braciycura or constitute a third suborder. 
In other words, it seems unnatural to me to separate the 
SyrPHIp#, PipuncuLip® and PuLaryprztpm from the families 
forming the present-day Bracuycera. The Muscrp® as a whole 
seein to form a very compact, homogeneous group, quite different in 
external structure, appearance, and habits from the other Brachy- 
cerous families, and possessing a typical venation. The aberrant 
family PHor1p® seems most nearly allied to the Muscrp™, through 
the Borzorin& or some allied group. The unfortanate part of 
the primary classification (though possibly biologically correct) 
into ORTHORRHAPHA and CyYCLORRHAPHA is that that system 
affords no easy clue to the determination of the perfect insects, 
since the absence or presence of the frontal lunule is the only 
character offered and this moreover is either absent or incon- 
spicuous in three families of CycLorrHAPHA in which it should be 
present, including the extensive family Syrpuipm. Since be- 
ginners certainly never commence their studies with life-histories, 
I defy any ordinary entomologist attacking the Diptera as a new 
study to sort out into eae respective suborders a box full of 
mixed Diptera of mary families. He would therefore inevitably 
be compelled to fall back on the old groups of Nemarocera and 
BRACHYCERA, eliminating the Syrpuipm, PipuncuLipm, Puary- 
pEzIpz, Muscip#, Puortp® and so on, by their respective very 
typical systems of venation. 


* Tam convinced that the whole of the Muscip should be included in a 
single family and that the Tachinids, Anthomyids and so on should rank but 
as sub-families, the various Acalyptrate groups each forming a subfamily of 
equal rank with them. The Dexids and Sarcophagids would be sunk in 
Tacninin&, and the intermediate Calyptrate subfamily would be Muscin™ (in 
the old sense), 


SUB-ORDBERS OF THE DIPTERA. 39 


9. Tur SUBORDERS OF THE DIPTERA. 


The majority of authors have adopted Brauer’s division of the 
order into ORTHORRHAPHA and CyCLoRRHAPHA, separated mainly 
according to the method in which the perfect insect escapes from 
the pupa-case. These suborders may be thus characterized :— 


Suborder ORTHORRHAPHA. 


Diptera in which the pupa-case is “‘ mummy-like,” more or less 
indicating the outlines of the imago, as in the common crane-fly 
or ‘ daddy-long-legs ” (Tipula). 

The fly emerges “from the dried larval skin forming the pupa- 
ease through the T-shaped opening which is formed by a 
length-wise split on the back, near the head-end, and by a cross- 
wise split at the front end of this ; or (rarely) through a cross-wise 
split between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments. Adults 
without a frontal lunule. 

Larva with a ‘“ jaw-capsule” (Kieferkapsel) or more or less 
distinct head. Pupa free, or enclosed in the larval skin. 


Suborder CYCLORRHAPHA. 


Diptera in which the pupa-case is oval or egg-shaped, with a 
comparatively smooth surface, bearing no resemblance whatever to 
the perfect insect. For example the common house-fly (Musca) 
and blow-fly (Calliphora). 

The fly emerges from the puparium through a circular orifice 
made by the insect pushing off the head-end.* Adults possessing 
a frontal Junule. 

“The frontal lunule is a small crescent-shaped piece im- 
mediately above the antenne, which is characteristic of the 
second suborder, the CycLhorrHAPHA. In most of the members of 
this suborder there is a suture separating the lunule from that 
part of the head above it, the ‘frontal suture’; and {frequently 
this suture extends down on each side to near the mouth. But 
as the suture is wanting in several families of the CycLorrHaPHA 
it is often difficult to determine whether the lunule is present or 
not.” + (Comstock, 1895.) 

The larva is without any distinct head. 


* Tt effects this by means of the ptilinum, a small bladder-like organ situated. 
immediately above the base of the antenne, the inflation of which by the 
imago springs off the upper piece or cap of the puparium. It is of course 
only present in the Oycborrmapaa, since the ORTHORRUAPHA escape from the 
pupa-case in another manner. 

+ These families are the Syrruip#, PreuncuLin& and PLarypnzip2x. 


40 ORTHORRHAPHA,. 


The suborder OrrHorRHAPHA is divided into two groups, the 
Numatocera and the BracHycura (meaning “ thread-horn” and 
‘“ short-horn” respectively), which are distinguished from one 
another by the following characters 


NEMATOCERA, Latr. 


“ Palpi pendulous; generally 4- or 5- jointed, and more or less 
filiform. When (as in Aedes and some genera of CECIDOMYID) 
there are only one or two joints, the structure of the antenne 
and the venation remove all doubts.” (Verrall, “‘ British Flies,” 
1909.) 

Antenne composed of two basal joints (which are practically 
always differentiated from the others and known as the scape) 
and a flagellum of several joints (at least 6, generally 8 to 16, 
occasionally as many as nearly 40),* which are homologous, that is 
to say, closely resembling one another.t They are most usually 
oval or cylindrical, not infrequently bead-like, sometimes disciform, 
flask-shaped, pectinate or thread-like. The antennee of the male 
in many cases (CULICIDM, CHIRONOMID#, CLENOPHORINI, etc.) 
differ very considerably in vestiture from those of the female. 

Wings with a venation varying from a simple form (CEcrDo- 
MyIDM and some CHIRONOMIDA, ete.) to a very complex form 
(in most TrpuLip#). Anal cell (when present) wide open,t and 
with a tendency to greater width at the wing-margin; as con- 
trasted with the Bracuycrra, in which it is, as a rule, closed 
before the margin of the wing ; or when open, it is nearly always 
narrowed towards and at the wing-margin. ‘The 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein often furcate, the 35rd vein rarely.$  Discal cell 
rarely present, except in ‘'1rPULID# (in which it is also not infre- 
quently absent or capricious, according to the individual) and in 
the RuyPHID”. ; 

“Tn all cases of doubt as to whether a fly belongs to the 
Nematocera, through the palpi being only one- or two-jointed (as 
in Aedes or some genera of CrucipoMy1p#), the structure of the 
antennze and the venation should remove all doubt. When the 
antenne are shortened. and the flagellum (=38rd joint) is appa- 
rently only annulated (as in the “BIBIONID®, SIMULIIDM and 


* Some authors dispute this, saying 28 is the highest number known. 

+ This term is used here in the same sense as Mr. Verrall employs it in his 
classificatory introduction to the second published volume (vol. v.) of his 
“ British Flies.” That is. to say, in its popular and ordinary sense of 
“having the same relative position, proportion, value or structure, aud not 
in its zoological sense, that the hand of a man and the fore-foot of a horse are 
homologues.” 

id The only exceptions occur in a few Brpionip2#. 

< Williston adds, “ if ever.” I have in the present work temporarily 
Peco aniaedl a certain forked vein in some genera of Brsionip# as the 3rd and 
not the 2nd longitudinal, although haying doubts on the subject; and this 
prevents a statement that the 3rd vein is mever furcate in the NEMATOCERA. 


ORTHORRHAPHA. 41 


Ruyrnip#), then the antenne never bear any terminal style or 
arista,* and the venation is either completely distinct from any 
of the Bracuyogra, or, if rather similar to that of the Bracny- 
cera (as in Rhyphus), the widened end of the anal cell determines 
its position, and in these cases the many-jointed pendulous palpi 
are distinct.” (Verrall, 1909.) 

“ Larve with horizontally biting upper jaws, or with the mouth- 
parts quite rudimentary, in which case the larve are peripneustic, 
and have 13 segments.” (Brauer.) 


BRACHYCERA, Macq. 


“ Palpi porrect, not pendulous; 1- or 2- jointed (sometimes 
rudimentary); if two-jointed, the 2nd joint is more or less clavate, 
and larger than the Ist, which appears to be a handle to the 2nd.” 
(Verrall, 1909.) 

Antenne composed of two basal joints (the Ist sometimes 
almost imperceptible), generally differentiated from the 3rd, but 
in many groups, less conspicuously so than in the NEMATOCERA ; 
and a third joint, which varies in shape, size and nature to a very 
great extent. In most cases it is an obviously solid joint of quite 
a different form from that of the basal joints (SYRPHID4, Muscip#, 
etc.); in several groups it is, whilst differing greatly from the 
basal joints, annulated, that is, marked with fine transverse lines 
as though composed of several joints closely compressed (STRATIO- 
MYIDE, TABANIDE, CENOMYID®, etc.) ; in others (Asizipm® and 
some BoMBYLIID.®, ete.) it is elongate and cylindrical, somewhat 
resembling the basal joints but longer. The 3rd joint may or 
may not support a style or arista, the latter may be dorsal, but is 
more often apical. In cases where the 3rd joint is elongate and 
annulated also, thus bearing, to the elementary student, some 
resemblance to the nematocerous form of this organ, the porrect 
palpi, and especially the yenation, will instantly remove all doubts. 
(Such genera are Stratiomyia, Ceenomyia, Hevatoma, etc.) 

Wings nearly always with a venation of some complexity, but 
in some genera of Empip® and Donicnorrp® it is reduced to 
more simple form. Anal cell +, when open, always contracted 
near the hind margin of the wing; but more generally closed 
before the margin, often at a considerable distance from it. The 
2nd longitudinal vein not furcate, the 3rd very often fureate. 


* The only apparent exception is in the OrrineruiLip®, an abnormal group 
of extremely limited extent, comprising only five known species, and not 
known to occur in the Hast. In these flies the flagellum is avistiform. In 
Chionex, a wingless Tipulid (not found in the East either), the flagellum ends 
in a slender 3-jointed style. For Oriental students, the rule may be considered 
to have no exception. 

+ T follow Verrall in this, but the beginner is liable to have some difficulty in 
recognising this cell in wings of very simple venation. 


42 ORTHORRHAPHA,. 


Discal cell nearly always present, but absent in some genera of 
Empip#, Donticnoripm. PLhatTyPEzip»®, ete. 

“In all cases of doubt as to whether a fly belongs to the 
Bracuycyra or Nematoorras (and doubt could only arise in some 
STRATIOMYIDH and Luprip®), because of an annulated, flagellum- 
like 3rd joint at the antenne (asin Rhachicerus, Beris, Xylophagus, 
Cenomyia, etc.), the contraction of the anal cell towards the 
wing-margin provides an infallible character.” (Verrall, 1909.) 

“ Larve with parallel jaws, moving upwards and downwards, 
or outwards and downwards, which are used for piercing, 
hacking, boring or sucking. Head not fully developed, only 
a jaw-case without ganglia present, which, however, sometimes 
is almost a head, because of the outwardly projecting eyes. 
Chain of ganglia beginning behind the jaw-case. Larve with 
rudimentary mouth- -parts ; meta- or amphi-pneustic, and com- 
posed of 10 to 12 segments.” (Brauer.) 


Tables of Fanalies in NBMATOCERA. 


1. Thorax with a conspicuous V-shaped 
suture on the mesonotum (indistinct 
but present in PrycHoprurina). 
Discal cell normally present. All the 
veins equally distinct and complete... Tipulidee, p. 265. 
Thorax without a conspicuous Y- 
shaped suture on the mesonotum 
(except in incomplete form in some 
BLeEPHAROCERID#). Discal cell al- 
ways absent, except in RuypHipm.. 2. 
2. Wing with seven longitudinal veins 
(apart from the forkingss of any of 
these) reaching the margin of the 
wine. Auxiliary vein always present. 3. 
Wing with less than seven longitudinal 
veins (apart from the forkines of any 
of these) reaching the margin of the 
wing (except in Chironomus, in which 
the auxiliary vein and 2nd _ longi- 
tudinal vein are always faint) ...... 6. 
3. Wings bare, never with scales or hairs. 
Eyes rounded. Proboscis never formed 
for biting; palpi incurved.......... 4, 
Wings never bare, always thickly 
covered with scales or hair, or both. 
Eyes reniform (Iidney-shaped). Pro- 
boscis nearly always expressly formed 
ue biting, or at least capable of doing 
; palpi in Cunicripm stiff and 
ate aig Tiles. cl a alegeiateleie diay. «is < taehm pa 5, 
4, Discal cell always present. Head in 
male holoptic (eyes contiguous), or 
practically so. Antenne distinctly 
jointed, the joints annular or oval .. Rhyphide, p. 549. 


NEMATOCERA. 43 


Discal cell always absent. Head in 
male dichoptic (eyes separated), 
Antenne filiform, the apical part indi- 
visible into exact joints ............ Dixide, p, 257. 
5. Wings with scales. Legs long and 
slender. Proboscis always long, stiff, 
conspicuous, formed expressly for 
biting (except Corethra). Palpi long, 
stiff, prominent (except Corethra).... Culicidee. 
Wings with hairs (in some species also 
with small white spots composed of 
seales*), Legs short and compara- 
tively stout. Proboscis, without being 
so long and conspicuous, elongate and 
horny in Phlebotomus, formed for 
biting, and in some PsycHODIN#, 
though short, capable of piercing the 
skin. Palpi short, incurved ....... . Psychodide, p. 196. 
6. Lees short and stout (about the same as 
in the BracuycERA). Head in male 
holoptic. Antenne short and com- 
paratively stout, shorter than thorax . 7. 
Legs normally long and slender (except 
only in Orphnephila). Head in male 
dichoptic (except in one or two genera 
of MycreropHitipz#). Antenne long 
and slender (except in Orphnephila), 
often longer than the head and thorax 
PBROTIOFOREDINGT 4) ,°. dye 'a.n'e tovne a's caest ates 8. 
7. The 2nd basal cell and the posterior 
cross-vein present. All veins distinct 
(Brsrontna).*+ Wings normally broad, 
costal vein extending round the mar- 
gin of the wing. Ocelli present. 
Antenne short and stout .......... Bibionide, p. 157. 
The 2nd basal cell always present ; 
posterior cross-vein always absent. 
Auxiliary, Ist and 8rd longitudinal 
veins thickened, the rest generally 
faint. Wing distinctly broader than 
usual. Costal vein ending at tip of 
wing. Ocelli absent. Antenne long, 
slender, typically nematocerous...... Simuliide, p. 182. 
8. Antennee apparently of three joints, 
terminating in a bristle. Wing with 
two basal cells. Legs comparatively 
SOU Eee er eect ern sisacueetaicde ewes ethcuce sens Orphnephilidze 
Antenne normally nematocerous. (not Oriental). 
Wing with only one basal cell (except 
in one or two genera of BLEPHARO- 
CERID®). Legs long and slender .. 9. 


* In a few species the wing itself is more or less covered with small scales, 
in addition to or irrespective of such spots. 

+ When the 2nd basal cell and the posterior cross-vein are absent, the 
longitudinal veins are always very indistinct (ScarorsiIn#), 


44 NEMATOCERA. 


9. Wing with a secondary venation, form- 
ing a spider-web- -like network, in 
addition to the primary characteristic 
normal venation. (Thorax with an 


incomplete suture) ...........- ,... Blepharoceride, p. 148. 
Wing without such secondar y network 
venation ...... ois fo uane eae eres cee BLO! 


10. Costal vein ending at tip of wing, not 
earried round posterior MAMTA eee opel Pd 
Costal vein continued around the whole 
margin of the wing.......... wore ee Geridomyides. 
11. Tibize without spurs; coxee never con- 
spicuously enlarged. Anterior cross- 
vein, when ene transverse as 
USUAL oe eee eee she a alade Magu vent Chironomide. 
Tibize always with spurs ; coxve greatly 
and conspicuously developed (Mycr- 
TOPHILIN”), or, if normal, then the 
anterior cross-vein placed longi- 
tidinally (SCARING?) cc.) ee os Mycetophilide, p. 44. 


MYCETOPHILID. 


The MycrropuHiLip® area rather well-defined family, distributed 
throughout the world from the arctic regions to the tropics, but 


Fig. 7.—Mycetophila. 


most numerous in temperate climates and altitudes of four or five 
thousand feet upwards in warmer regions. They are delicate in 
structure and comparatively small or very small in size, for the 
greater part obscure in colour, blackish, brownish or yellowish, 
rarely with really vivid colours, but often with paler markings. 


MYCETOPHILID ©. 45 


In the typical subfamily the principal genus, Mycetophila, with 
some others, possesses a laterally compressed abdomen, which, 
with the hump-shaped thorax and low small head, gives them the 
appearance of fleas, the resemblance being further heightened by 
the power of leaping to some extent by means of the well- 
developed hind legs. 

There are no macrochetx in the family, the majority of the 
species being almost devoid of all but a microscopic pubescence 
and a few bristly hairs on certain parts of the body. The tibiz, 
however, are in most cases (except ScrARIN®) furnished with two 
or three rows of bristles, which afford good characters for classi- 
fication, and also with apical spurs. The coxe are more or less 
enlarged, often very considerably so, in all the subfamilies except 
ScraRin®, in which they are nearly normal. 

‘he imagos are found in shady places in fields and woods, the 
larval stages being passed in fungi in a large number of the 
species, in rotten wood in many others, whilst a limited number 
are aquatic. A few species live in vegetable mould, under the 
bark of trees or in cow dung, and many occur in marshy places. 

About four hundred extinct species are known, a good 
number of these belonging to the more extensive recent genera, 
though they appear geologically as early as the Mesozoic period, 
in the Purbeck beds. 

Popularly they are known as fungus-gnats, from their breeding 
in fungi, and it has been claimed that their presence is of economic 
value to the farmer by keeping down the fungi which would 
otherwise by their numbers injure trees and shrubs. 

Some species are said to hibernate and reappear in early 
spring when, according to Heeger, they “copulate after a few 
days, generally in the evening. After six or ten days, the female, 
if the weather is moist and rainy, lays its eggs on the tungi growing 
on old horse-chesnuts, singly, twenty or thirty on the same fungus. 
The larve hatch after eight or ten days.” 


The family characters of the adult Mycetophilid may be briefly 
summarised as follows :— 

Head small, rounded or moderately elongate ; eyes rounded or 
sometimes reniform, separated in both sexes by a broad frons. 
Ocelli two or three; when only two, they are placed each 
touching an eye-margin ; when three, they may be in the form of 
a more or less flattened triangle, or practically in a straight line, 
but the middle one is always on the centre line of the frons. 
Antenne elongate, of 12 to 16 joints; the scapal or two basal 
joints differentiated, the rest generally cylindrical, in some genera 
compressed, more rarely pectinate. Proboscis short, blunt; quite 
elongate in one or two genera only (Gnoriste is the only Oriental 
genus). Palpi of three or four joints, incurved, the Ist very small, 
occasionally one joint much more strongly developed than the 
others. 


46 MYCETOPHILIDE. 


Thorax moderately arched, in a few cases conspicuously so ; 
scutellum comparatively small, metanotum prominent. 

Abdomen elongate and generally cylindrical in the male, pointed 
in the female, often laterally compressed in both sexes ; normally 
6- or 7-jointed ; often contracted at the base. The male genitalia 
are complex and prominent, variable in structure, but less so than 
in the TrPuLIp®; the female ovipositor short, not prominent, with 
two terminal lamelle. 

Legs long, slender and delicate, with the cox as a rule 
distinctly enlarged and elongate in all the subfamilies except 
ScIARIN®, in which they are more nearly normal. Tibie with 
spurs at the tips, and often with two or three rows of bristles 
affording good classificatory characters ; femora in some groups 
more or less flattened and widened. 

Wings comparatively broad, oval or slightly elongate, humeral 
cross-vein nearly always present, subcostal cross-vein rarely ; 
auxiliary (or ‘‘ subcostal ”) generally short, rarely extending beyond 
middle of wing; 1st longitudinal long, the 2nd longitudinal 
absent, the 3rd emerging from the Ist generally about its middle 
and ending a little before the wing-tip usually at the spot or 
very near where the costal vein terminates. The 3rd vein often 
forked, the upper branch often short and so obliquely placed 
as to appear as a cross-vein (especially m Macrocera and Scro- 
PHILIN®, in the latter enclosing an additional cell, by cutting off 
the basal portion of the marginal cell).* The 3rd vein in two 
groups is coalescent with the 4th for a short distance (Macro- 
CERINE, CEROPLATIN®); the 4th longitudinal is always forked, 
at varying distances from the base, the 5th also; in both these 
veins, one or both the branches may be indistinct on the basal 
portion. Posterior cross-vein present or absent, in the latter case 
its absence being due to the coalescence (sometimes only puncti- 
form or nearly so) of the 4th and Sth veins. Marginal cross- 
vein absent ; 7 discal cell always absent; 6th and 7th longitudinal 
veins more or less incomplete or indistinct in most genera, in a 
few well developed, often one or the other rudimentary or absent. 
One genus in this family is wingless.£ In the Scrarinzx the 
auxiliary vein is always straight and ending free, never united 
either to the costa or the Ist longitudinal vein; the Ist is 
moderately long, the 3rd_ begins at a right angle, and the anterior 
cross-vein is so oblique, and as a rule long, as to appear in a line 
with that portion of it after the bend. The 4th vein is forked at 


* Being bounded by the 3rd longitudinal vein, instead of the 2nd, this cell 
is technically perhaps the submarginal. I propose the name ‘ Sciophiline 
cell” for it, as characteristic of this subfamily. 

+ The only doubtful case is Allactoneura, Meij., q. v. 

+ Epidapus, a non-Oriental genus. Winnertz says that LF. venaticus, Hal., 
found in Europe, breeds in the rotting stems of Carpinus betule in company 
with some species of Campylomyza (Crcipomyipm), . scabiei, Hopkins, 
according to its author, is the cause of some disease in the potato, forming 
a kind of scab. 


MYCETOPHILID®. 47 


varying distances from the base according to the species, and 
perhaps too much importance has been placed on this as a 
character in classification. The 5th vein is widely forked at the 
base, the upper branch sometimes detached; 6th incomplete ; 
7th rudimentary or absent. 

Life-history.—The metamorphoses of a good many species, 
mostly European, are known, but no Oriental species has yet 
been studied in the earlier stages. 

The eges are laid singly on the underside of a leaf, or on 
the pileus of a fungus, but in the case of Sciara they may 
frequently be joined together end to end in a long string, and 
I have often met with specimens of this genus with such a string 
of eggs still attached to the abdomen, from which by slight 
pressure further eggs could be made to extrude. 

The larva itself has generally the appearance of a very elongate, 
sub-cylindrical, semi-transparent, worm-like maggot, of twelve 
segments, with a distinct but small head, and yellowish or dirty 
white in colour. Osten Sacken’s description of the larva of 
Mycetophila may be drawn upon here. 

«A distinct horny head; a fleshy labrum, encased in a horny 
frame; horny flat lamelliform mandibles, indented on the inside ; 
maxille with a large coriaceous inner lobe and a horny outside 
piece, with a circular excision at the tip ; labiam horny, small and 
almost rudimentary; body fleshy, with eight pairs of stigmata.” 
One pair of stigmata is on the first thoracic segment, the 
remaining seven on the first seven abdominal segments. 

The larva possesses antenne, which in most genera are more or 
less rudimentary, but in some (Bolitophila, for example, a non- 
Oriental genus) they are distinctly jointed. In some genera ocelli 
are present. The means of progression are furnished by rows of 
short bristles on the under surface. Most of the larve are 
peripneustic.* 

Some species spin true cocoons when preparing to pupate, 
whilst others construct a rude pupa-case from earthy materials, 
Occasionally (Hpicypta, a Huropean genus) the larval skin is 
adapted to form a cocoon in which to pupate, but the pupa itself 
is free. Itis smooth, with more rounded corners than in the 
Tiputrip®, the legs and antenne being generally distinctly 
recognisable. 

Geographical Distribution.—W orld-wide, from the Arctic Circle 
to the tropics in both hemispheres, but most abundant in 
temperate regions. 


In comparing the Mycrropnttip® as a family with the other 
families of NeMAvToceRA, it may be remembered that although the 
Scrarinm are usually ranked as a subfamily only of an equal 


* Tn at least one non-Oriental species, Mycetobia pallipes, Mg., from Britain 
and North Europe, the larva is amphipneustic, that is, it has a pair of stigmata 
at the tail-end and a pair on the first thoracic segment. 


48 MYCHETOPHILID®. 


value with the other subfamilies, they possess two tolerably con- 
sistent characters that separate them from these other families 
taken together; so that many authors regard this family as 
divided into two parts, the Mycetophilid part and the Sciarid 
part, the former divisible into several well marked subfamilies, the 
latter practically represented by the gigantic genus Sciara alone. 

The Mycetophilids, taken in bulk, are nearly always recognisable 
from the rest of the NeMArocERA by their much enlarged coxee, 
whilst the Sciarids, wanting this particular characteristic, may 
be recognised by their reduced venation, in conjunction with the 
abnormal obliquity of the anterior cross-vein, which is so parallel 
to the longitudinal axis of the wing as to appear nearly always 
as the basal portion of the 3rd longitudinal vein. They can 
hardly be mistaken for any other group except some CEcrpo- 
MYID®, but an absolute beginner might confuse them with a small 
Plecia, and from this, the long slender antennz would at once 
distinguish them. 

In the generic descriptions Johannsen (Gen. Ins., Fase. 93, 
1909) has been largely relied on, as the latest cosmopolitan worker 
in this group, and his characters have been accepted and generally 
copied verbatim, except that the descriptions of the venation are 
my own, in order that the terminology may be consistent with 
that of the remainder of the present work. 


Table of Subfamilies. 


1. Coxe moderately long; anterior cross-vein 
nearly in a line with ‘i longitudinal axis 
of the wing. The 5th longitudinal vein 
forked near base of WIDE #, (o jaaiei's Gpmph ae ple tee SCIARINA, p. 119, 

Coxe conspicuously elongated ; anterior 
cross-vein nearly always sufficiently trans- 
verse to occupy generally its normal 
POSUULOW ts srcthsel ue ie mar osteo emacs coe 2. 

The 4th longitudinal vein arises from the 
5th near base of wing; 6th vein more or 
legs'imdistincty +: cick act creeeiteas rien) crore et 3. 

The 4th longitudinal vein arises opposite or 
beyond the origin of the 3rd vein; 6th 
vein generally distinct.) sy eee ne aes 

3. The Zid longitudinal vein forked ; its anterior 

branch usually so near its origin and so 
transverse that it resembles an additional 


bo 


cross-vein. ‘Three ocelli present ........ SCIOPHILINA, p. C8. 
The 3rd longitudinal vein not forked ...... MyYCETOPHILIN», 
[p. 80. 
A, The Srdi vein notetorked. <5. 22.4 te sye ee yee oe © Drapocipiin&.* 
Ache Src. veri thice gee ites Sieh ecreuincue re, or 5. 


* Although no species of Drapocipiin®, Myceroprin& or Bourropninin® has 
been found in the East, it seems eminently desirable in the present unsatis- 
factory state of our knowledge of this family to include in the table all the 
recognised subfamilies, since it is probable that one or all of them really exist 
in that region. 


MACROCERA. 49° 


5. Anterior branch of 8rd vein very long, ending 
DUMPS AE Beets ah calor ofa <a wie. shs 4 uh Suxha.a. + 498 vr o.se MyYCETOBIIN®, 
Anterior branch of 3rd vein short, more trans- 
verse, ending usually in Ist longitudinal 
VOM er eget ss SPeDCINS SE, ACTEM SCENES 6. 
6. Preefurca of 4th vein arising from 3rd vein 
beyond the anterior cross-vein, 7. e., the 
cross-vein is really wanting, and the 3rd 
and 4th longitudinal veins are coalescent 
PPAR SOLE COUSCANCC es isis aia ier bus dle seco’ fly, 
The 4th vein continuous in nearly the same 
line from its origin from the 5th to the 
fork ; anterior cross-vein distinct ........ BoLitoPHiLin®. 
7. Antenne short and thick-set, often flattened. CrropLatTin», p. 55. 
Antennz very long and slender, longer than 
Cheol yaa te sy tabls ids op tat woes MacRoOcmRIN», p. 49, 


Subfamily MACROCERIN A. 


This subfamily consists of only one known genus, Macrocera, 
which is rather easily recognised by the very long antenne (longer 
than the body), the superior size of most of the species, the 
generally conspicuously marked wings, and the coalescence of a 
portion of the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins. 


Genus MACROCERA, My. 


Macrocera, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 261 (1803). 

Geneja, Lioy, Atti [stit. Veneto (3), ix, p. 229 (1863). 

? Macroura, Berendt, Organ. Reste Bernstein, i, p. 51 (1845), 
nom, nud. 


Genotype, “ Tipula longicorns,” Mg. (1803), according to 
some, but the identification seems doubtful. Curtis named W. 
lutea as type (British Entomology, p. 637, 1837). 


Head broad, oval, flattened in front; eyes oval, slightly emarginate 
at the base of the antenne; ocelli three, of unequal size, placed ina 
flattened triangle on the front, theanterior one smaller. Palpi four- 
jointed, cylindrical, the 1st joint small, the following subequal, or the 
last one longest : antenne 16-jointed, very long, often much longer 
than the body, arcuate, projecting forward, the 1st scapal joint 
spheroidal, the 2nd cupuliform, the basal flagellar joints cylindrical, 
the others filiform, hairy, on the lower side somewhat setulose,, 
the last two joints densely covered with longer hairs and sete. 
Thorax oval, highly arched ; scutellum small, nearly semi-circular ; 
metanotum highly arched. Abdomen depressed, nearly cylindrical, 
in the female widest at the middle, in both sexes with seven 
segments. ‘I'he genitalia in Macrocera, at least so far as Oriental 
species go, are rather consistent. A dorsal plate, oblong (bilobed 
or not) or narrowed, a pair of large, rather compressed fleshy 

E 


50 MYCETOPHILID, 


claspers, the Ist joint obtusely conical, the 2nd more or less 
similar but more elongate, ending in a pair of short stout 
black claws; both joints with rather copious long hairs. A 
small inner pair of appendages can also be seen. Legs slender 
and long, the fore pair much shorter; tibiz with minute spurs ; 
tibial setee apparently wanting. Wings hairy or microscopically 
setulose, large, broad, with a very broad base, usually longer than 
the abdomen, half open when at rest. Costa produced nearly to 
the tip of the wing; auxiliary vein short, ending at or before 
one-third of the wing; subcostal cross-vein absent.* The Ist 
longitudinal vein long, ending about the middle of the wing ; 
the 3rd_ strongly bisinuate, forked near the tip, the upper branch 
short, placed usually at an angle of about 45° and joining the 
costa; the 3rd vein coalesces with the 4th for some distance at 
the point where the anterior cross-vein usually occurs, this latter 
vein being absent, but in at least one species (J, elegans), the 
contact is almost punctiform. The 4th longitudinal vein takes a 
sudden and angular turn upwards just before coalescing with the 
3rd and forks very soon beyond the coalescence, the prongs 
slightly diverging. The 5th vein forks early and rather abruptly, 
the upper branch turning downwards again at_ the point where it 
coalesces punctiformly with the 4th longitudinal, the posterior 
cross-vein thus being entirely absent. The 6th vein is com- 
paratively close to and more or less parallel with the hinder 
branch of the 5th, the anterior branch of which is generally rather 
irregular in outline, though in its entirety forming a gentle curve. 
The 7th vein incomplete, often indistinct. 

Range. Europe, the Orient, Australasia, North and South 
America and the West Indies. 

Life-history—Such of the European species as have been 
studied, breed in the rotting stems of Carpinus betulus, but one 
species, M. limbata, Winn., also from Europe, is said to breed in 
Dedalia quercina. The perfect insects exhibit a predilection for 
nettles, but may occur in any shady, woody spots. 

Macroura, Berendt, may be a misprint for Macrocera. Euphro- 
syne, Mg. (1800), is not admissible. Macrocera is somewhat easily 
recognized by its superior size, very long slender antenna, the 
generally present conspicuous wing markings, and the coalesced 
portions of the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins. 


Table of Species. 


1. Wing with distinct markings .......... 2. 
Wing entirely devoid of markings ...... 6. 
2. A very large dark brown round spot 
filling nearly all the apical half of the 
WANG! | a's Screens eee ete | imi er etohiah ene vetin “Sh che ornata, sp. n., p. 51. 
v. 


* Johannsen (Gen. Ins.) says it is present, but I do not find it, and it is not 
shown in that author’s figure of the genus, 


MACROCERA. 51 


3. Costal border very distinctly yellow ..., 4. 


Costal border without yellow markings .. 5, 
4, Costal dark spots three in number, squarish 
AMGENEMHCeTMMEM! ci eaucthc es ccs cee «ce alternata, sp. ., p. 52, 
Costal marks ill-defined .............. Jlavicosta, sp. n., p. 53. 


5, All the tip of the wing palely infuscated ; 

a brownish streak from costa to middle 

of wing, and a smaller brownish streak 
before it. Thorax all blackish ...... brunnea, sp. n., p. 53. 

Only a small infuscated spot at wing-tip, 

barely reaching beyond upper branch 

of 4th vein; the brown mark-in the 

middle of the wing much darker, and 

more clearly cut. Thorax yellowish, 


with three blackish stripes ..... seees @legans, sp. n., p. 54. 
6. Species with blackish thorax and brownish 
yellow abdomen and legs .......... tmconspicua, sp. n., p. 54, 
Species with reddish yellow or ferruginous 
thorax and abdomen.» 6.4 64s0n wi cess ferruginea, sp. n., p. 55. 


1. Macrocera ornata, sp. nov. (PI I, fig. 1; Pl. ILI, fig. 1.) 


3 9. Head brownish yellow, darker behind in male; lighter 
behind in female, vertex, epistoma and face darker brown; palpi 
yellow; antenne (except Ist joint, which is yellow) missing. 
Thorax: dorsum shining black, with a few short hairs on 
shoulders, posterior corners and scutellum ; traces of a pair of 
outwardly curved, well separated rows of microscopic bristly 
hairs. Sides of thorax shining black in male, very dark shining 
brown (aimost black) in female, also scutellum and metanotum ; 
a little yellow around the thoracic stigma. Abdomen wholly 
shining black, very shortly pubescent. Genitalia very large 
and conspicuous ; a narrow bilobed dorsal plate; a pair of large 
thick prominent claspers, the second joint nearly as long but not 
so thick as the first, and terminated by a pair of short stout black 
claws ; an inner pair of small lamelle. The whole organ 
brownish yellow with somewhat copious black hairs. In the 
female normal, inconspicuous. Legs with coxe and femora 
yellow, tibizw and tarsi brownish yellow in male, darker brown 
in female; legs minutely pubescent. Wengs pale grey ; costal 
border, marginal cell, upper part of basal cell and basal half 
of 5th posterior cell rather bright yellow; a large dark brown 
oval spot occupying the greater part of the distal half of the 
wing, touching the costa but clear of the hind margin; a 
very minute brown speck at absolute tip of wing; two narrow, 
dark brown streaks, placed diagonally, the 1st commencing on the 
3rd longitudinal vein (a little before the bifurcation of the 4th), 
running to the inner hind margin, and crossing the 5th posterior 
and anal cells along their centres; the 2nd streak runs from the 
upper branch of the 5th longitudinal (close to the large brown 

E2 


52 MYCETOPHILID ®. 


spot) to the tip of the anal vein on the wing-margin. Halteres 
dirty yellow, clubs brownish. 

Length 3 63, 2 8 millim. 

Described from two males and a female in the Indian Museum 
collection, the former taken by me at Darijiling, 28.v.10, and 
the female from Kurseong, 15. viii. 09, taken by Dr. Jenkins. 

The antennew of the female were present when the specimen 
first reached the Museum, and a note was made that they were 
very long and thin and 12- to 14-jointed. 


2. Macrocera alternata, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 2.) 


3 9. Head nut-brown yellow. Antenne with the two small 
basal joints forming the scape brownish yellow, also the basal 
half of 1st joint of flagellum, the apical half being black ; remaining 
joints of flagellum each with basal half black and apical halt 
white. Thorax light chestnut-brown; dorsum dusted with 
yellowish grey, with three broad, not very well defined, elevated, 
rather darker brown stripes arranged in the pattern common 
_to this family and the Treunip#. Scutellum and metanotum 
concolorous. Abdomen of male brownish yellow, with short black 
fine pubescence, posterior margins of segment black or blackish, 
the colour extending to the posterior half of the 2nd and 3rd 
segments ; tip of abdomen blackish; belly mainly similar to 
upperside. Genitalia large and conspicuous, consisting of a rather 
large oblong dorsal plate, a pair of elongated, fleshy, brown and 
black, two-jointed hairy claspers (the second joint nearly as long 
and large as the first), each with a pair of strong short black 
tooth-like claws at tip; also a small inner pair of lamelle. 
Abdomen of female larger and broader, light brownish yellow, 
with a roughened appearance, only the posterior corners of the 
segment broadly dark brown, the colour extending well over the 
sides ; genitalia small, brown. Legs yellowish, minutely pubes- 
cent, darker at tips. Wings pale grey; costal border, marginal 
and Ist basal cells yellow; humeral cross-vein with a brown 
suffusion, and there are also brown suffusions (mostly rather well 
marked) placed as follows :—a squarish spot over tip of auxiliary 
vein, a similar one over tip of Ist longitudinal, and another over 
tip of upper branch of 8rd longitudinal; an elongated suffusion 
over tip of lower branch of 3rd longitudinal, and a larger ir- 
regularly oval spot over the bifurcation of the 4th vein, enclosing 
the unification of 3rd and 4th veins and extending posteriorly, 
gradually fading away along the 5th vein; base of 3rd vein with 
a small roundish spot ; tips of veins almost imperceptibly clouded 
at the wing-border. Halteres dirty yellow. 

Length 3 6, Q 9 millim. 

Described from a single male (type) in the Indian Museum 
collection from Naini Tal, 6000 ft., United Provinces, 10. vi. 09,. 
and a type female in my own collection taken by me at Mussoori, 
June, 1909. 


MACROCERA,. 53 


The example representing what I take to be the female of 
this species agrees with the male in every way except in the 
abdomen and its greater size. 


3. Macrocera flavicosta, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 3.) 


2. Head blackish, except pale proboscis and palpi. Antenne 
missing, except scapal (yellowish) joints. Eyes with short white 
pubescence. Thorax (slightly damaged), brownish yellow, with 
two lateral broad black stripes not reaching the shoulders, and 
three median narrower ones attaining the front margin. Scutellum 
and metanotum brown, the former with bristles on the hind 
border. Sides of thorax yellowish, including humeri, pleure 
brown, moderately shining. Various short bristles on the thorax 
and four or five strong post-alar ones. Abdomen black, hind borders 
of each segment with a narrow yellow band; genitalia small, black. 
Legs with the coxe and femora yellowish, tibiae and tarsi dark 
brown. Wings pale grey, hind border and along the veins here 
and there very faintly darker; anterior part from costa to behind 
the 3rd vein yellow, with ill-defined brown marks as follows :— 
at base on the costa; a larger one from the costa up to and 
including the fork of the 4th vein; smaller ones over fork of 3rd 
vein and at tip of wing; also a narrow brown line along the 
hinder margin of the yellow part; also between 5th and 6th 
veins just below coalescence of 3rd and 4th, and along the 
greater part of 6th vein. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 64 millim. 

Described from one example in my collection, without exact data, 
but certainly captured by me in the East, most probably in India. 
In good condition except for the missing antenne and the little 
damage done to the thorax by the pin. 


4. Macrocera brunnea, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 5.) 


2. Head brownish yellow, mouth-parts, palpi and vertex darker. 
Scape yellow, flagellum very dark brown. Thoraa: dorsum dark 
brown, with the three usual stripes darker still and more shining, 
leaving the shoulders pale yellow, the median stripe attaining the 
fore border of the thorax. Sides of thorax yellowish ; pteropleura, 
sternopleura,and metapleuradark shining brown. Scutellum yellow, 
dorsum brown; metanotum dark shining brown. Abdomen dark 
brown, moderately shining, lightly pubescent, a little paler towards 
hind margins (inthe type, distinetly and rather broadly yellow on 2nd 
and 3rd segments). A yellow streak along sides of abdomen; belly 
dark brown, pubescent. Legs: coxe yellow, fore pair witha brownish 
streak in front, posterior coxe more or less brown on outer side ; 
all femora with a row of hairs on underside, in addition to the 
minute pubescence on all the legs. Femora and tibie (except fore 
femora and major part of fore tibize, which are all yellowish) dark 
brown. Wings pale grey, indistinctly clouded at tip; an irregular 


54 MYCETOPHILID®. 


dark brown suffusion across the centre of the wing, including the 
cross-veins, commencing just below the costa and attaining the 
middle of the wing ; a second brownish suffusion over the upper 
corner of the basal cell. Halteres pale yellow, clubs brown. 
Length 5-63 millim. 
Described from two specimens in the Indian Museum from 
Phagu, 9000 ft., Simla district, 12. v.09 (Dr. Annandale). 


5. Macrocera elegans, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 4.) 


3. Head brownish yellow ; the three ocelli placed on the frontal 
tip (which is black) of the longitudinal elongated convexity on the 
vertex. Palpia little brown. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum 
dirty yellow. Zhoraw brownish yellow; three blackish brown 
stripes of the ordinary pattern, the outer ones shorter ; a small 
blackish streak on each side in front of the wing. Scutellum and 
metanotum brownish, edges of former.a little yellow. Sides of 
thorax yellowish. Abdomen brownish yellow, with black hair, hind 
margins of segments blackish; belly similar. Genitalia rather 
large, yellow, pubescent, Ist joint robust, elongate oval, 2nd 
elongate but narrower, with a pair of small black claws at the 
tip. Legs yellowish, tibiz and tarsi dirty yellow. Wengs nearly 
clear; a blackish, zigzag, rather narrow, trausverse band, widest in 
the middle, across the middle of the wing from the costa to the 
anterior branch of the 5th longitudinal vein ; a blackish apical spot 
reaches from the costa to just beyond the tip of the anterior 
branch of the 3rd vein. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from one male taken by me at Darjiling, 26. v.10, 
on the hillside, amongst herbage. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


6. Macrocera inconspicua, sp. nov. 


$. Head brownish yellow ; antenne lighter, a little paler still 
at the joints; palpi brown. Vertex flattened, darker, back of 
head dark grey. Thorax brownish yellow; dorsum with three wide, 
shining, but not very conspicuous, rather darker, chesnut-brown 
stripes, occupying nearly all the surface except the shoulders, 
which are yellowish. Pleure shining brown. A minute row of 
stiff hairs on each side of the median line, and on the sides of 
the dorsum; a pair of long dorso-central bristly hairs, well 
separated, on posterior border, and two similar ones on 
each posterior corner. Scutellum and metanotum concolorous, 
the former with a row of ten stiff hairs, of which the four 
middle ones are much the longest. Abdomen: first segment 
yellowish, remainder brown, with black posterior margins, the 
whole abdomen with rather long black hairs. Genitalia con- 
spicuous, dark brown and yellowish, consisting of a large dorsal 
oblong plate, and the normal pair of large two-jointed claspers, 


MACROCERA. 55. 


terminating in a pair of black claws at tip. There is a pair of 
small inner organs, not easily visible. Whole genitalia with long 
stiff black hairs. Legs brownish yellow, tarsi blackish ; femora 
with a row of short hairs below ; legs minutely pubescent. Wings 
pale yellowish grey, veins yellow ; halteres brownish. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from 
Kaladhungi, Naini Tal district, Kumaon, 28. v. 09. 


7. Macrocera ferruginea, sp. nov. 


9. Head wholly reddish yellow, except the brown proboscis 
and black vertex. Face rather produced, with a fan-shaped row of 
seven or eight long slender bristles just below the antenne, which 
latter are reddish yellow, rather closely pubescent. Thoraw light 
ferruginous brown, moderately shining, shoulders more yellowish. 
A dorsal, black, distinct but not clearly defined stripe, and traces 
of one on each lateral margin, on which are a few bristly hairs. 
Abdomen light brown, lightly pubescent, posterior borders of 
segments very narrowly darker ; belly concolorous, a little lighter 
or darker here and there. (tenitalia inconspicuous, very narrow, 
pale yellow. Legs pale brownish yellow, tarsi a little darker. 
Wings clear yellowish grey ; halteres reddish yellow. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from 
Bhim Tal, Kumaon, 4500 ft., 22-27. ix. 06 (Annandale). 


Subfamily CEROPLATIN A. 


The principal character of this subfamily is the somewhat 
shortened and thickened, and generally flattened nature of the 
antenne, which are in some cases composed of rather closely 
compressed disc-like joints, resembling flat beads on a string. 
The absence of the anterior cross-vein, owing to the coalescence 
of a portion of both the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins, is a sub- 
family character, in which it resembles the MacrocERrIn®, which 
latter, however, are very easily distinguished from it by their very 
long graceful slender antenne, always longer than the whole 
body. 

This subfamily is probably distributed throughout the world. 


‘ Table of Genera. 


Veins in hinder part of wing less distinct 
than those in anterior half. 


Palpi porrect ..4.-.--seeeseees CEROPLATUS, Bose, p. 56. 
Palpi incurved........-+..++++ Pratyura, Mg., p. 58. 
All the veins very strong and distinct... IsoNEUROMYIA, gen. NOV., 


[p. 66. 


56 MYCETOPHILID®. 


Genus CEROPLATUS, Bosc. 


Ceroplatus, Bosc, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i, 1, p. 42 (1792). 
Cerotelion, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 191 (1856). 


Gunorypn: Rondani designated Platyura laticornis, Mg., as the 
type species. This is now considered synonymous with Cerotelion 
(Tipula) lineatus, F. 


Head small, broadly ovate, flattened in front; eyes oval, some- 
times emarginate at base of antenne. ‘Three ocelli arranged in 
a transverse curved line in front. Palpi short, not incurved, three 
or four-jointed, the Ist joint very small, the following longer, 
differing with the species. Antenne projecting forward, shorter 
than head and thorax together, very broad and flat, compressed, 
strap-like, 16-jointed, basal joints short, apical joint conical or 
bud-like, the intermediate ones much broader than long. Thorax 
ovate, highly arched; scutellum nearly semicircular, metanotum 
arched. Abdomen of seven segments, cylindrical or somewhat 
depressed. Legs long, the tibie with spurs of unequal length, 
lateral tibial setee absent or yery minute. Wings microscopically 
setulose, shorter than the abdomen, with the base broadly 
rounded, decumbent. Costa produced beyond lower branch of 
3rd vein; auxiliary vein long, ending at about the middle of the 
wing, subcostal cross-vein quite near base of auxiliary vein; Ist 
longitudinal vein long and straight ; 3rd longitudinal originating 
in a wide sweep, bisinuate, the anterior branch very short, up- 
right, united to the Ist longitudinal vein near its tip (Ceroplatus 
s.s.) or to the costa just beyond the tip of the Ist longitudinal 
(Cerotelion, Rond.). ‘Che 4th vein forks soon after quitting the 
coalesced portion of the 3rd and 4th veins, the branches gently 
divergent; posterior cross-vein normal in length and position, 
5th longitudinal widely forked immediately before meeting the 
anterior cross-vein; 6th vein long, reaching border of wing, 7th 
very short and indistinct. 


Fig. 8.—Larva of Ceroplatus. 


Life-history.—The larve live on the underside of tree-fungi 
protected by the webs that they spin. Ceroplatus sesioides, a 
European species, is said by Wahlberg to live on Polyporus betule, 
and this author states that both the larva and pupa of this species 
emit a phosphorescent light, whilst the larva of C. masters, of 
Australia, is also luminous. 

Range. Burope, Australasia, North and South America; now 
recorded from the East for the first time. Johannsen separates 
Cerotelion from Ceroplatus ; in the Kertész Catalogue they are 
united under the latter name. 


CEROPLATUS. 50 


8. Ceroplatus quadripunctatus, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 6; Pl. II, 
fig. 2.) 


2. Head blackish; eyes separated below the antenne by a 
narrow grey line; mouth-parts yellow; antennal scape dirty 
yellowish white, flagellum black, the joints much broader than long, 
with the apical two or three joints dirty white. Z'horax dull 
yellow. Dorsum with an indistinct thin reddish line, slightly 
enlarged on the anterior margin. On each side of this line are 
two, much shorter, narrow, well separated, distinct brown stripes, 
joined in front by a narrow cross-stripe, which latter is placed at 
some distance from the anterior margin. These four stripes almost 
meet in the middle of the hind margin, where each outer stripe is 
enlarged into a triangle placed nearly on the posterior corner of 
the dorsum. The space on each side of the posterior half of the 
median line, as far as the nearest stripe on each side, is darker 
brown. Below the posterior corners of the dorsum is a thin 
brown streak. Sides of thorax, the scutellum and metanotum, pale 
yellowish white. Abdomen dirty yellow, lst segment and tip of 
abdomen brownish. Belly concolorous, lighter, the middle seg- 
ments with a very slightly darker median stripe on the basal kalf, 
joined to a wavy transverse line across the centre of the seg- 
ments ; abdomen with short black pubescence. Genitalia yellowish 
white, inconspicuous. Legs yellowish white, tips of posterior 
coxe and bases of posterior femora, brownish, also tips of tibie ; 
tarsi rather darker dirty yellow. Wings moderately dark grey, 
darker at tip and on distal part of hind border. Two broad, 
blackish, distinct stripes (ill-defined at the edges) run from the 
costa; the outer edge of the first placed just before the middle of 
the wing, the stripe filling the basal third of the marginal cell, but 
not encroaching on the basal cell; the second blackish stripe 
begins on the costa, immediately beyond the middle of the wing, 
and is wide enough to enclose the upper branch of the 3rd vein, 
extending posteriorly to the middle of the 1st posterior cell, where 
it joins the apical darkening of the wing, thus enclosing, on the 
costal border, a roundish clear spot, through the centre of which 
runs the 3rd vein; between the two dark stripes the wing on 
the costal border is nearly clear for an irregularly square space, 
ill-defined at the edges, thus giving the appearance of two distinct 
clear spots on the costal border of each wing. Veins brown, 
anterior ones, including the 3rd, deeper and stronger. Halteres 
pale yellow, clubs brown. 

Length 44 millim. 

Described from one specimen in the Indian Museum, from 
Caleutta, 27. vii.09, where Dr. Annandale took it from a spider’s 
web. 

If Cerotelion, Rond., is admitted as generically distinct from 
Ceroplatus, the present species will belong to it. 


58 MYCETOPHILID 2”. 


Genus PLATYURA, Mq. 


Platywra, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 264 (1803), 
Orfelia, A. Costa, Il Giambatt. Vico. i1, p. 448 (1857). 


Genotype : Meigen specified no particular species as the generic 
type. Zetterstedt designated P. fasciata, Mg.* 


Head small, transversely oval, flattened in front; eyesoval, slightly 
emarginate at the base of the antenne; ocelli three, unequal, 
closely approximated in a flat triangle on the broad front, the 
median ocellus smallest. Palpi incurved, four-jointed, the Ist 
joint small, the 2nd oval, equal or shorter than the 3rd, the 3rd 
and 4th cylindrical, the 4th longest. Antenne equal to or longer 
than the head and thorax taken together, rarely shorter, arcuate, 
projecting forward, cylindrical or rather compressed, somewhat 
diminishing in diameter towards the apex, 16-jointed, the seapal 
joints differentiated, the 1st cupuliform, the 2nd more cyathiform, 
the flagellar joints closely sessile. Zhorax oval, highly arched ; 
scutellum small, nearly semicircular in outline ; metathorax arched. 
Abdomen slender, in both sexes seven-segmented, depressed, 
clavate, in the male somewhat cylindrical at the base, rarely wholly 
cylindrical, ending in a forceps. Legs long, the femora somewhat 
thickened, shorter than the tibia, the tibie spurred, with very 
minute sete, one row on the inner side and two rows on the outer, 
or the fore pair wholly without. Wings broad, with rounded base, 
as long as or a little longer than the abdomen, decumbent, micro- 
scopically setulose. Costa ends before tip of wing, subcostal cross- 
vein present, placed half way between the humeral cross-vein and 
tip of auxiliary veins, joining the latter to the Ist longitudinal. 
Auxiliary vein cenerally very short, the 1st longitudinal ending 
about the middle of the wing or a little beyond; the 3rd longi- 
tudinal begins at one-third or one-fourth of the wing, distinctly 
curved on its basal part, thence nearly straight or gently curved, 
its upper branch very short, oblique, and joined either to the 1st 
vein near its tip or to the costa; the 3rd and 4th veins coalescent 
for a short period, the anterior cross-vein being absent; the 4th 
vein forked at various points according to the species, but before 
half the length after quitting the coalescent portion; the 5th 
vein forked just before the posterior cross-vein which is always 
placed at the proximal end of the coalesced veins; the 6th vein 
very long, nearly or quite reaching the wing border, nearly straight, 
and sometimes more or less indistinct; the 7th vein short and 
indistinct. 

Range. Probably world-wide, though none appears to have been 
recorded from Africa, and only one (venusta) from Asia. 

Life-history—The larve live in fungi and rotten wood, but 
beyond this fact little seems to be known. 


* Dipt. Scand. x, p. 4077 (1851). 


PLATYURA, 59 


Johannsen says a subcostal cross-vein is usually present and 
illustrates it in one of his two figures (Gen. Ins. pl]. ii, fig. 15) of 
the genus, but it does not seem to be present in the species 
examined by me; it may, however, easily be overlooked. 

Zelmira, Mg. (1800), is inadmissible, having been instituted 
without a species. 


Table of Species. 


1. Wing with more or less suffused tip, or else 


at least the veins distinctly suffused 2. 
Wing clear grey or pale yellowish grey .. 8. 
2. Reddish brown species; very yellowish wing 
WILD TOWN UP. 0 sce ve ue vse nels grandis, sp. n., p. 60. 
Blackish or yellowish species .......... 3. 
3. Wing-tip distinctly suffused ............ 4, 
Wing-tip not distinctly suffused, but the 
principal veins suffused with dark [p. 60. 
PEO WI. c/oclantate (us ooh eichets opme ioiaateysce« suffusinervis, 8p. 0, 
4, Extreme tip of wing nearly clear ........ 5. 
Extreme tip of wing equally suffused .... 6. ip. 61. 
5. Thorax wholly unicolorous ............ apicipennis, sp. 0., 
Thorax with three blackish stripes ...... affinis, sp. n., p. 62. 
6, Thorax brownish with three darker stripes. 7. 


Thorax blackish, with a yellowish median 
SUMEPON POR AAG nttetons <4 aha 30 Saks gyal aed Jlaviventris, sp. n., p. 62. 

7. Thorax lighter brown, with three dark 

stripes, shoulders not conspicuously 
PaaS ine dals cues wratal si apis ica) Cnt ab > marginata, sp. n., p. 62. 

Thorax darker brown, with still darker 

stripes, shoulders conspicuously pale 


WENO NVATS IN acta do. 2 5 woah s dala rargrer equine vicina, sp. n.,* p. 63. 
8. Abdomen with only two bands, which 
GROPING AUS no, Syoke ate 3 Seep le «ts venusta, W1k., p. 63. 
Abdomen with three or more yellowish 
ATEN yy ata «Alec hic0) 5 « spate hid sosveutrerate ener 9. 
9. Abdomen eight-segmented ...........+.. octosegmentata, sp. 0., 
Abdomen seven-segmented as usual...... 10. [p. 64. 


10. Thorax reddish yellow, with or without 
three dark stripes, sometimes nearly 
filmy be] POKSUMI «se slates ate Seve bre « Ie 

Thorax black or blackish, that is, the 
ground-colour, apart from the three 
stripes, which, if present, may be sub- 
contiguous and occupy nearly all the 
CLORSUM y oistaraia’ «ccs oats Maes biaratosiovaiecctiy « 15. 

11. Basal section of 4th longitudinal vein 
(7. e., anterior to the fork) one-third as 
long as fork, Thorax wholly reddish 
yellow, UMMED MOU tastes gs opiiidias «cess: 12, 

Basal section of 4th vein much less than 
one-fourth the length of the fork. 

Thorax reddish yellow, with three 
Gark’ stripes sasccawupncre ee Cdcs ck ees - longifurcata, sp.n., p. 65. 


* Possibly a variety of P. marginata. 


60 MYCETOPHILID®. 


12. Antenne brownish yellow; all the veins 


equally distinet . si) + deena so uiee ruficornis, sp. n., p. 64, 
Antenne black; veins in posterior half of [p. 65, 
Wing Very indistinet 4 J. -a\ sae... indistincta, sp. L., 
13, Abdomen wholly black ................ funerea, sp. n., p. 65. 
Abdomen with margins of segments 
Yellowish < s\c crcl oe he eee ee 5) A: 


14. Posterior cross-vein longer and much more 
transverse; base of 8rd and 4th, 5th 
and 6th veins indistinct ............ Jlavomarginata, sp. n., 
Posterior cross-vein shorter, nearly longi- p. 66. 
tudinal; all veins very distinct and 
black ; coxe yellow, femora and tibie 
distimetily smokey isrs5..cdeor ava hae ome Sumapes, sp. 0., p. G6. 


9. Platyura grandis, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 7.) 


3 2. Head: vertex and back of head black, face and palpi 
brown; antennal scape brown, flagellum reddish yellow. Thorax : 
dorsum dull black, with greyish dusting towards the sides and 
below the shoulders. No conspicuous macrochetal bristles, 
apparently ; a few short stiff bristles in front of the wings, 
and here and there laterally; sides reddish brown. Scutellum 
with posterior border a little yellowish, the metanotum with 
grey dusting. Aédomen: 1st segment black (in male with a 
very narrow pale yellow hind margin); rest of abdomen mainly 
reddish yellow; base of 2nd segment black, base of 3rd yellowish 
(less distinct in male), dorsum of segments blackish in male ; 
a faint violet-greyish tinge at basal corners of 4th and 
5th segments in female; belly reddish brown, with blackish 
marks; violet-grey at base of middle segments in female. 
Genitalia not easily viewed owing to the specimens remaining 
wn copula, but apparently normal. Legs : coxe yellowish, fore pair 
brown at base, anterior pairs white-dusted in front; femora 
yellowish, posterior ones with a black streak below at base, hind 
femora in female nearly wholly brown; tibie and tarsi blackish 
yellow. Wings pale yellow, hinder part at base nearly clear. A 
brownish suftusion at tip, extending inwards as far as the tip of 
upper branch of 3rd vein, and lower branch of 5th; the colour 
not quite so dark at absolute tip. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 9 millim. 

Described from a male and female, taken ia cop., 22. vi. 05 
(types), and a female on 26. vi. 05, all captured by me at Mussoori. 
A very handsome species. In my collection. 


10. Platyura suffusinervis, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 9.) 


3 2. Head wholly black, ocelli large and distinet. Thorax: 
dorsum, scutellam, metanotum; and pleure moderately dark 
shining brown dorsum with rather close dark brown pubescence, 
and with some bristly hairs towards side margins ; sides of thorax 
and shoulders yellow. Abdomen: dorsum blackish, pubescent ; 


PLATYURA. 61 


hind margins of segments yellow, the colour extending to, and 
widening at, the sides ; belly black. Genitalia of male composed 
of a short, very broad, dorsal plate continued over the sides, a 
pair of claspers with bilobed second joint and some other elongate 
slender appendages ; the whole organ brownish yellow, pubescent ; 
concealed in female, with a pair of small conical moderately thick 
grey appendages. Legs: coxe and femora brownish yellow, the 
former with a brown streak on the outer side; tibiz and tarsi brown. 
Wings pale grey ; all the veins very narrowly suffused. A broad 
light brown stripe from end of Ist longitudinal vein, passing 
diagonally just before the middle of the wing to the anal border ; 
this stripe a little widened in the middle; a narrow similarly 
coloured stripe from the middle of the 3rd vein diagonally to 
the middle of the upper branch of the 4th. 

Length 24 millim. 

Described from a male and female in perfect condition in 
the Indian Museum collection, taken in cop. by Lt.-Col. Hall at 
Sylhet, 10.iv.05. A very distinct species, also conspicuous by 
its small size and more robust appearance compared with the 
other Oriental species. 


11. Platyura apicipennis, sp. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 8; Pl. ILI, fig. 4.) 


2. Head rather dark brown, vertex yellowish; ocellar protu- 
berance blackish. Antennz with the Ist joint of scape yellow, 
2nd brown; flagellum black, Ist joint a little longer than the 
others. Underside of head, and mouth-parts, yellow. Thorax 
yellow, semi-transparent ;* viewed from a different direction the 
dorsum appears pale blackish grey, with a tinge of whitish 
reflections here and there. Entire surface covered with short 
black hairs, which are longer and bristly about the side margins 
above the wing. Scutellum concolorous, with a few hairs; sides 
of thorax yellowish ; metanotum and metapleure concolorous, 
slightly dusted with grey. Abdomen moderately shining black, 
minutely pubescent, 1st segment nearly wholly so, the others each 
with a broad bright yellow posterior margin, which is widest in 
the middle (and is probably more or less variable), extending to 
nearly half the segment in the case of the 3rd; belly mainly 
yellow. Legs: cox and femora yellow ; tibize brownish yellow ; 
tarsi black. Wings yellowish; a blackish suffusion towards tip, 
placed just beyond the upper branch of the 3rd vein, the absolute 
tip being, however, not quite so dark. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 53 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from 
Naini Tal, 6000 feet, 2. vi. 09. 


* The pin bearing the specimen can be seen through the thorax, 


62 MYCETOPHILID A. 


12. Platyura affinis, sp. nov. 

. Very near apicipennis, but the thorax has three distinct 
black stripes of the usual pattern; sternopleure dusted with blue- 
grey. The terminal lamelle of the ovipostor can be seen, being 
small, slightly conical, yellowish. The extreme tip of wing, though 
lighter than the apical dark suffusion, is still much darker than the 
corresponding part in apicipennis. 

Length 5 millim. 
The single specimen is from Darjiling, 25. v. 10, taken by me. 
Type in the Indian Museum. 


13. Platyura marginata, sp. nov. (PI. III, fig. 3.) 


3 9. Head brownish yellow, vertex and back of head brown, 
palpi yellow. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum blackish, the 
joints with a greyish tinge on basal half. Z'horaw brownish, 
three darker dorsal stripes are visible, seen from behind; a con- 
siderable amount of rather stiff black pubescence over the dorsal 
surface, becoming bristly at the sides above the wings; sides 
yellow, pleure rather dark brown. Scutellum and metanotum 
brown, former yellowish below posterior margin. Abdomen 
blackish; segments with moderately wide, yellow posterior 
margins, broadest on 2nd to 5th segments ; abdomen minutely 
pubescent. Genitalia large and conspicuous ; a large thick upper 
plate, somewhat narrowed on the apical half, below which is a pair 
of large, very conical, two-jointed claspers with strong black claws 
at their tips; a small ventral plate with a row of spines on 
posterior margin; the whole organ blackish brown, except the 
apical part of the claspers and the ventral plate, which are yellow. 
Legs pale yellowish, tarsi black. Wings pale yellowish grey, con- 
siderably iridescent, tip slightly suffused, the darkening extending 
nearly to the upper branch of the 3rd vein. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 43-5 millim. 

Described from two males from Naini Tal, 6000 feet, 
3 and 10. vi. 09. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

A specimen in the same collection, also from Naini Tal, 10. vi.09, 
is evidently the female of this species. It agrees in all particulars, 
except that the pleure are not darker than the rest of the sides of 
the thorax, and that the abdomen is broader, the yellow bands 
narrower, and the infuscation of the wing-tip less distinct. 


14. Platyura flaviventris, sp. noy. 


2. Head brownish yellow, vertex black ; antenne black, scape 
a little yellowish. Thoraw (slightly damaged) blackish, anterior 
and lateral margins of dorsum yellowish, and apparently with a 
narrow yellow median stripe. Metapleura with a little grey 


PLATYURA. 63 


dusting; metanotum dark brown, shining. Abdomen dark brown, 
moderately shining ; base of 1st segment and posterior borders 
of all the remainder with a distinct, moderately wide, pale yellow 
band. Belly yellow; genitalia consisting of two small yellow 
narrow appendages. Legs: coxew and femora brownish yellow, 
tibiee and tarsi darker. Wangs pale grey, tips pale blackish as far 
inwards as the tips of the upper branch of 8rd vein and the dth 
vein. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from one female in the Indian Museum, taken by me, 
23. ix. 08, at Darjiling, 6000 feet. 


15. Platyura vicina, sp. nov. 


2. This species is considerably like P. marginata, differing 
essentially in the much darker thorax with still darker stripes ; 
the shoulders being pale yellowish and conspicuous. The 
scutellum and metanotum are also dark shining brown; the 
abdominal bands are wider than in P. marginata 2. The basal 
segment is wholly dark brown. 

Length 4 millim. 

Two females in the Indian Museum from Naini Tal, 3. vi. 09. 


16. Platyura venusta, Walk. 
Platyura venusta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. v, p. 421 (1856). 


Q. Head brownish yellow, frons blackish, vertex black, with a 
little whitish reflection in certain lights; scape brownish yellow, 
flagellum black. Z'horax bluish black, with bluish grey reflections, 
the dorsum with short black hairs ; apparently some longer stiffer 
lateral bristly hairs. Viewed from in front three black stripes 
can be more or less distinctly seen. Sides of thorax bluish black 
wita whitish grey reflections; scutellum and metanotum con- 
colorous.. Abdomen black, with short black pubescence ; a creain- 
coloured, well-defined band to the hind margins of the 2nd, 3rd, 
and 4th segments. Genitalia inconspicuous. Legs brownish 
yellow, coxe with whitish reflections ; base of femora, especially 
the hind pair, blackish; tibie and tarsi blackish ; anterior tibiz 
with comparatively small spines of unequal length, hind tibie 
with longer spines of equal length. Wings pale grey, tip blackish; 
venation normal. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 6 millim. 

Type. The location of this is unknown. 

Redescribed from two females in the Indian Museum, from 
Bareilly, United Provinces, 15-22. iii. 07, and Chittagong, Assam, 
14. vil. 08, the latter taken by Lt.-Col. Hall. There are four 
specimens in the Pusa collection, from Pusa, 16. iy. 07, iv. 08, 
v. 07, and from Chapra, Bengal. 


64 MYCETOPHILID®. 


There can be no reasonable doubt of the correct identification of 
this species. Walker described it from the ‘ East Indies.” His. 
“testaceous stripe on each side” is a thin yellowish line from 
above the humerus, running below the lower edge of the dorsum, 
nearly to the wing-base. 


17. Platyura octosegmentata, sp. nov. 


3. Head yellowish, vertex rather brownish ; ocelli distinct, on a. 
dark, slightly elevated tubercle. Antenne reddish yellow, also. 
back of head. Thorax brownish yellow; dorsum with short 
scattered black bristles and the lateral margins with stronger 
ones, especially behind the wings; a few below the shoulders, and 
a few on the posterior corners, each of which latter bears a large 
round black spot. Scutellum yellow, with a row of numerous. 
bristles extending over nearly the whole length of the margin. 
Abdomen distinctly 8-segmented; first two segments wholly 
yellowish ; remainder more or less marked with brown towards 
sides and hind margins; belly yellowish ; abdomen above and 
below with short black pubescence. Genitalia yellowish, incon- 
spicuous, apparently normal, the second joint of the claspers long 
and slender. Legs: coxe yellowish; tibie dirty yellowish white, 
tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey ; halteres yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male taken by Mr. A. D. Imms, 
9.ix.09, at Allahabad, United Provinces, and kindly presented 
by him to the Indian Museum. 

The abdomen has normally seven segments in this genus; I do. 
not know of any exceptions, but refrain nevertheless from estab- 
lishing a new genus at present for the reception of this species. 


18. Platyura ruficornis, sp. nov. 


9°. Head rather deep brownish yellow; antenne concolorous,. 
considerably pubescent; vertex blackish, palpi a little darker. 
Thorax, scutellum and metanotum concolorous. Dorsum of thorax 
covered with short black pubescence, which becomes strongly 
bristly on the margins, above the wings. Scutellum with a row 
of bristly hairs on posterior margin, with some smaller ones below 
these, dorsum bare. Abdomen apparently variable; in one 
example wholly light brown, in two others more yellowish brown, 
with the posterior parts of the segments more or less black. Legs 
dirty yellowish; coxe brighter and rather darker, tarsi black. 
Wings distinctly yellowish ; halteres brownish yellow, 

Length 3-4 millim. 

Described from two specimens from Sylhet, Assam,'2. ii. 05 and 
30.11.04, and one from Naini Tal, United Provinces, 10. vi. 09. 
All in the Indian Museum. 


PLATYURA,. 65 


19. Platyura indistincta, sp. nov. 


3. Near ruficornis, but the antenne are black, broader, and 
flatter. A little more yellowish about the abdomen. The 
anterior branch of the 3rd longitudinal vein much closer to the 
tip of the auxiliary vein than in ruficornis. All the veins behind 
the 3rd longitudinal very indistinct, though perceptible under 
close observation. Genitalia normal, black, pubescent; 1st joint 
comparatively large, the 2nd consisting of a black hook. 

Length 4% millim. 

Described from one male (type) in the Indian Museum, from 
Kurseong, 20. vi. 10 (Dr. Annandale). 


20. Platyura longifurcata, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head mainly black. Proboscis, palpi, and base of 
antenne brownish yellow. Zhorav rather dark brownish yellow ; 
the usual three darker stripes present but indistinct, the whole 
dorsum with rather thick black pubescence. Scutellum and 
metanotum concolorous ; sides of thorax barely lighter. Abdomen 
blackish, pubescent, hind margins of segment dull yellowish ; belly 
yellowish. Genitalia consisting of a pair of fleshy bilobed forceps, 
the upper piece larger and longer than the lower one. Legs dirty 
yellow, tips of tibiz barely darker. Wings grey, veins distinct ; 
the 4th longitudinal vein forking very near its base, the petiole in 
one example (éype) less than a fourth, in the other example about 
one-sixth, the length of the branches. Halteres blackish. 

Length 43 millim. 

Described from two specimens from Kurseong, 24-26. iii. 10 
(Dr. Annandale). 


21. Platyura funerea, sp. nov. 


9. Head nearly black, palpi pale yellow, long and thin; scape 
of antenne bright reddish yellow, flagellum black ; a small trans- 
verse ridge over the base of each antenna. Ocelli two only, 
very distinet. Thorax dull black, shoulders greyish, pubescent, 
bristly towards side margins ; a little yellowish above the pleure 
in front of the wings. Sides of thorax dark brown or blackish; 
scutellum and metanotum dark brown. Abdomen blackish, 
pubescent; the basal part of the middle segments rather 
brownish. Legs pale yellowish, coxe with black hairs at tip, 
tibiee brownish, tarsi black. Wings yellowish; halteres brown. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a single example in the Indian Museum 
collection from Gangtok, Sikkim State, 6150 feet, 9. ix. 09, 

Three ocelli is the normal number, but I vefrain from 
establishing a genus for this species, as [ am unaware whether 


any other species possesses less than the normal number. 


E 


66 MYCETOPHILID”. 


22. Platyura flavomarginata, sp. nov. 


3. Head black, palpi yellow, scape, base of 1st flagellar joint,. 
and underside of one or two succeeding joints, brownish yellow, 
rest of flagellum black. Thorav dark, moderately shining 
mahogany-brown, with a little grey dusting viewed from certain 
directions; indistinctly marked with three stripes; lateral 
margins a little brown, shoulders yellow. Scutellum, metanotum, 
and pleure dark brown. Abdomen black, pubescent, posterior 
margins of segments rather broadly yellow, lst segment and 
tip wholly black. Belly similar. Genitalia distinct, black, hairy, 
having a pair of pointed claspers and a smaller yellow internal 
organ. Legs pale yellowish, tibie brownish yellow, tarsi black. 
Wings pale yellow ; halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 43 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from 
Naini Tal, 6000 feet, 3. vi. 09. 


23. Platyura fumipes, sp. noy. 


Head yellowish. Proboscis blackish above at the base. Frons 
shining dark brown, with a median impressed line; back of head 
still darker brown. Antennal scape vellow, flagellum wholly 
black. Zhorax: prothorax yellow, distinctly delineated from the 
rest of the thorax, which is blackish. Black hairs on the yellowish 
shoulders. Dorsum dark grey, with rather thick but short black 
hairs; the usual three black stripes, a little indistinctly outlined 
but easily visible when seen from behind. Viewed from in front 
the dorsum appears mainly light grey. Sides of thorax blackish, 
with a slight grey reflection. Abdomen blackish, with short pale 
hairs, posterior borders of segments distinctly but not widely pale 
yellowish. Belly similar. Legs: coxse brownish yellow, with a 
short blackish streak at the tip, on anterior side on the fore pair, 
on outer side on posterior coxe. Femora dirty yellow, a little 
black at the base and tips, especially on the hind pair. Tibiz and 
tarsi pale smoky yellow. Wings grey; veins very distinct, black, 
venation normal. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 8 millim. 

Described fron one male from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 22. vii. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus ISONEUROMYIA, gen. nov. 


This genus approximates most closely to Platyura. The 
characters are as follows :— 

Head : antenne considerably flattened, rather more so than in 
Platyura, scapal joints cup-shaped, subequal ; the fourteen flagellar 
joints subequal, the last one a little longer, the first much narrowed. 


ISONEUROMYIA, 67 


at base. Palpi elongate, incurved. Ocelli very distinct, placed on 
a vertical protuberance, the outer ones very large, the middle one a 
little below the others. Wings with all the veins equally and very 
strongly developed, except the almost obsolete base of the 4th vein. 
Auxiliary vein ending before the middle of the wing, just beyond 
the base of the 8rd longitudinal; subcostal cross-vein placed 
just beyond the humeral cross-vein. The 1st longitudinal veiu 
thickly spinose with several rows of small spines, the remaining 
veins each with a single row of microscopic spines. Posterior 
cross-vein in its normal position at proximal end of the coalesced 
portions of the 3rd and 4th veins. The 5th, 6th, and 7th veins 
equally strong, arising close together near the base of the wing, 
this strength of the veins being the chief generic character. 
Range. Assam, Ceylon. 


24. Isoneuromyia annandalei, sp.nov. (PI. ILI, tig. 5.) 


2. Head mainly blackish, frons bare, with blue-grey dusting, 
whitish above the antenne, ocellar protuberance blackish. Some 
stiff black hairs behind the head. LEpistome and palpi from 
creamy white to brownish yellow. Antenne yellowish to reddish 
brown, a little blackish in some specimens. Proboscis brown. 
Thorax blackish. Dorsum with blue-grey dusting, a median 
black (not always very distinct) stripe which may be widened in 
the middle and which dies away towards the posterior margin. 
Anterior margin of thorax, just below dorsum, light creamy 
yellowish, the colour extending narrowly laterally. Sides of 
thorax brownish, pleure with white or bluish-white dusting, also 
the metanotum. Whole thorax shortly pubescent, some stiff 
bristles below the brownish humeri, and on the lateral margins 
of the thorax. Scutellum with stiff hairs on the hind margin. 
Abdomen black, minutely pubescent, base of each of first five 
seements with a somewhat narrow but distinct yellowish band, 
which appears snow-white if viewed from in front, last segment 
all black. Genital organs small, oval, creamy yellow. Legs: cox 
yellowish, with some stiff hairs, black at tips, fore pair blackish 
on outer side. Femora brownish yellow, irregularly blackish at 
base and tips, with short black hairs, which are generally stronger 
on the upper side, giving it a blacker appearance. In one 
example all the femora nearly wholly black. ‘Tibi and tarsi 
blackish. Wings pale grey, rather glassy in appearance, distinctly 
iridescent. All the veins very distinctly brown, and all of equal 
strength (except basal part of 4th longitudinal). A brown suf- 
fusion towards the wing-tip, darkest on its anterior part, 
commencing on the costa, exactly by the upper branch of the 
3rd vein, and extending hindwards and outwards in gradually 
diminishing intensity, sometimes retaining its dark colour as far 
as the hind margin. A narrow brown suffusion over the coales- 
cence of the 3rd and 4th veins and along the faint basal part of 

F 2 


68 MYCETOPHILID#, 


the 4th vein. The markings vary within reasonable limits. 
Halteres clear orange-yellow. 

Length 9-10 millim. 

Described from a nearly perfect female in the Indian Museum 
from Sylhet, 27. v.05 (Zt.-Col. Hall, type), and four females in 
my collection from Kandy, Ceylon, v. and vii. 09 (Z. E. Green). 

Apparently the largest known Oriental Mycetophilid. 


Subfamily SCIOPHILIN A. 


This subfamily is represented by a well-circumscribed set of 
species numerously distributed throughout the world and possess- 
ing a characteristic cell formed by the upper branch of the 3rd 
longitudinal vein being so short, so upright, and placed so soon 
after the origin of the vein, as to be almost parallel to the upright 
short basal section of the vein, thus enclosing a more or less four- 
sided cell, which I propose to term the “ sciophiline cell,” from its 
being peculiar to this group. Anterior cross-vein present, 
subcostal cross-vein present or absent, posterior cross-vein always 
absent, ‘I'wo or three ocelli present, always remote from the eye- 
margins except in one (non-Oriental) genus, Hudicrana, Loew. 


Table of Genera, 


The 4th longitudinal vein forks at or a little 
beyond anterior cross-yein ; fork of 5th 
longitudinal vein beyond fork of 4th .. ScropHina, Me., p. 68. 
The 4th longitudinal vein forks at least the 
length of the anterior cross-vein beyond 
the latter. 
The 38rd longitudinal vein very sinuate. 
Auxiliary vein ends free or in the 
costa beyond the sciophiline cell. 
Three ocelli, the middle one only a 
little smaller than the laterals ...... PotyLepra, Winn., 
The 3rd longitudinal vein straight or gently [p. 78. 
curved. Auxiliary vein ends either 
in the costa, in the Ist longitudinal 
or free. Ocelli two or three; when 
three, placed together in a triangle in 
middle of frons, the middle ocellus 
VGRY MMMM wonton + sc a.c.- ete ual see, eee Mycomytia, Rond., p. 70. 


Genus SCIOPHILA, My. 
Sciophila, Meigen, Syst. Besch. 1, p. 245 (1818). 
Lastosoma, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, xiii, p. 748 
(1863). 
GeEnorypn, S. hirta, Mg., as designated by Curtis (British Ento- 
mology, p. 641). 


SCIOPHILA,. 69 


Head small, spherical, flattened in front, placed low upon the 
thorax; eyes oval, slightly emarginate at the base of the antenna, 
almost reniform ; ocelli three in number, arranged in a flattened 
triangle upon the broad front or more rarely upon the vertex, the 
middle one only slightly smaller than the laterals. Palpi incurved, 
four-jointed, the 1st joint very small, the 2nd and 3rd subequal, 
the last longer than the others taken together ; antenne pro- 
jecting forward, arcuated, somewhat compressed, 16-jointed, 
the two basal joints cupuliform, hairy. Thorax oval, highly 
arched ; mesonotum long and thickly haired, not setose ; scutel- 
lum very small; halteres with short petiole and elongate knob. 
Abdomen seven-segmented, cylindrical, somewhat constricted at the 
base; hairy in the male, with blunt extremity and small forceps. 
Legs moderately long ; the tarsi of the fore legs double the length 
or rarely more than double the length of the tibie; the tibie 
with spurs and with lateral sete, the fore pair with one or two, 
the middle pair with three and the hind pair with four rows, the 
inner rows with only few and weak sete. Wings elongate oval, 
with rounded base, longer than the abdomen, hairy ; hairs some- 
times visible to the naked eye. The costa extends considerably 
beyond the posterior branch of the 3rd longitudinal vein, but does 
not reach the tip of the wing. The auxiliary vein ends at about 
the middle of the wing; the 1st longitudinal is long, nearly straight, 
the 3rd originating from it before the middle of the wing and at 
a right angle, thence curving gently to the border ; the upper 
branch of it is very short, nearly upright or moderately oblique 
and placed more or less parallel with and quite close to the erect 
basal portion of the vein, so as to enclose a quite small oblong, 
square or rhomboidal cell. This cell is characteristic of the sub- 
family and may be known as the sciophiline cell,* and the anterior 
cross-vein is always at its lower basal corner. The 4th longi- 
tudinal vein forked near the base, the 5th forked at or beyond the 
middle; the posterior cross-vein absent, 6th longitudinal in- 
distinct and incomplete. 


Fig. 9.—Larve of Sciophila. 


Range. Including Lasiosoma, Winn., which Johannsen considers 
synonymous, the present genus occurs in Europe, Australia, 
North and South America, and the West Indies, but it has not 
been previously recorded from the East. 


* This is an original suggestion as a name for this cell, which does not 
appear to have been previously named, yet reference to it is frequently 
necessary. It might technically be considered the marginal cell but it is never 
referred to thus. 


70 MYCHLOPHILID®, 


Life-history. The larve of most species of Sciophila live not in 
fungi but on the underside of the pileus, protected by a coarse 
webbing spun by them. They are more elongate than most 
Mycetophilid larvee, and the pupa is encased in a close cocoon of 
silk. A peculiarity of the larvee of some species of this genus is 
their vivid luminosity, Hudson mentioning a New Zealand species 
which gave out enough light to be easily visible several feet away. 

In Kertész’s Catalogue of the Diptera, Lasiosoma is admitted as 
a separate genus and Mycomyia (Mycomya), Rond., given as a 
synonym of Sciophila. Winnertz’s Scrophila is an incorrect inter- 
pretation of the genus, which was established by Rondani in 1856, 
and all the species placed by Winnertz in his Lasiosoma fall into 
the present genus. Winnertz’s Sciophila= Mycomyia, Rond. 


25. Sciophila bicolor, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 10.) 


@. Head black, palpi yellowish ; scape and base of flagellum 
reddish yellow, the remainder black. Thoraw wholly black, dorsum 
shining, and with rather long, somewhat shaggy, yellowish hairs, 
which extend a little over the sides, shoulders, humeri, scutellum, 
and metanotum ; the scutellum also with a row of distinct long 
stiff yellow hairs. Abdomen wholly black, rather shining, with 
short brown hairs; belly similar. Legs mainly yellow, narrowly 
blackish at junction of coxa and femora; cox with moderately 
long soft yellow hairs ; hind femora rather broadly black at base 
and tip ; tibiz barely darkened towards tips; tarsi black. Wings 
pale yellowish, considerably iridescent, the sciophiline cell exactly 
square, small, placed immediately below the upper branch of the 
3rd vein. Halteres yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from two females in the Indian Museum from Darji- 
ling, 7000 ft., 7 and 8. vili.09 (Paiva) (including type), and two 
females, 28. v. 10 (Brunettz). 


Genus MYCOMYIA, Pond. 


Mycomya, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 194 (1856). 

Sciophila, Meigen (part.). 

? Sciobia, Loew, Bernst. u. Bernst.-fauna, p. 33 (1850). 

Sciophila, Winuertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 707 (1863). 

Empheria, Winnertz, loc. cit. p. 738. 

? Cnepheophila, Philippi, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv, p. 618 
(1865). 

Neoempheria, Osten Sacken, Cat. N. Amer. Dipt. p. 9 (1878). 


GeENoryPe, MW. marginata, Mg., designated by Rondani. 


Head small, flattened in front, placed low upon the thorax ; 
eyes elongate oval, or round; emarginate at the base of the an- 
tenn; ocelli two or three in number, placed close together upon 
a rounded, frequently blackened area; when three ocelli are 


MYCOMYIA. 71 


present they are placed close together in a triangle, the median 
one very minute; proboscis very short. Palpi incurved, four- 
jointed, the 1st joint very small, the 2nd somewhat longer, but 
shorter than the third, the 4th usually as long as or longer than the 
three preceding taken together ; face more or less wide. Antenne 
projecting forward, arcuate, longer than the thorax in the male, 
subequal in the female, somewhat compressed, 16-jointed, the 
scape differentiated, the first two joints cupuliform, setose at the 
tip; the flagellar joints cylindrical, pubescent. Thorax highly 
arched, ovate ; scutellum small, semicircular in outline, metanotum 
‘steep. Abdomen slender, seven-segmented, constricted at the 
base, usually somewhat clavate, particularly in the male, de- 
pressed behind, in the male ending in a small forceps, in the 
female with a short ovipositor terminating in two small lamellae. 
Legs: coxe elongate, somewhat setose; legs long and slender; 
femora ciliated on the flexor surface ; tibiz with lateral sets, the 
fore and middle pairs with two, the hind pair with three ranges, 
the inner row particularly delicate. Wings microscopically setu- 
lose, somewhat projecting beyond the tip of the abdomen. The 
costa ends at the tip of the wing or a little before it. The 
auxiliary vein ends either free (sometimes indistinctly), or in 
the costa, or in the Ist longitudinal vein. The 1st longitudinal 
straight or but little curved, the 3rd beginning at a distinct 
angle, thence straight or nearly so. The sciophiline cell of variable 
length according to the species. The 4th longitudinal vein forked 
at or before the middle of its length beyond the anterior cross- 
vein; posterior cross-vein absent; 5th longitudinal vein widely 
forked at about the middle of the wing, the 6th and 7th incomplete 
and indistinct. 

Range. Europe, the Orient, Australasia, North and South 
America, West Indies, Africa. It occurs also in Baltic amber and 
in recent copal from Zanzibar. 

Life-history. Nothing seems to be known of the metamorphosis 
of any species of this genus, except that the larvee have been found 
in fungi and rotting wood. 

The species placed in the Sciophila of Winnertz belong here. 
Neoempheria, Os. Sac., is hardly a valid genus and is sunk in 
Mycomyia. Two queried synonyms are culled from Johannsen’s 
work on this family. 


Table of Species. 


1. Auxiliary vein ends free, abruptly ; sub- 
costal cross-vein present ............ Jlaviventris, sp. ., p. 
Auxiliary vein ends either in costa or Ist 
longitudinal vein; subcostal cross- 
vein present or absent .............. 
2. Auxiliary vein ends in costa; subcostal 
CTOSS-VeIN PTESGHE . fe). 6. eek ce es 3. 
Auxiliary vein ends in Ist longitudinal ; 
subcostal cross-vein absent ........-. 6. 


72. 


die MYCETOPHILID®. 


3. Wing with distinct markings.......... 4. 
Wane auiiteclear 45)... = ts sise «pte ieee 5. 
4 (a). Basal third of wing infuscated, and 
with a band beyond the middle .. bifascipennis, sp. n., p. 72- 
(6), Apical fourth of wing infuscated, also 
the posterior margin and the sciophi- 
line cell, both slightly .......... tinctipennis, sp. n., p. 74. 
(c). Apical and hind margins of wing in- 
fuscated, also the mner and outer 


sides of the sciophiline cell ...... ferruginea, sp. n., p. 74. 
(2). Tip of wing broadly infuscated, also 
a band before the middle ........ basalis, sp. n., p. 78. 
5 (a). Thorax yellowish, with three distinct 
blaclestripes. ioe aek oe Eire so. trilineata, sp. n., p. 75. 
(6). Thorax brownish yellow, with three 
faint Maw Swipes. Lysine el as «cee indefinita, sp. n., p. 76. 
(c) Thorax dark grey, slightly dusted 
TRC NAOLEL EAs tec Ge aude ral wate tee indica, sp. n., p. 76. 
6. Thorax all brownish yellow, two very 
narrow median brown lines.......... Jlavithorax, sp. n., p. 77. 


Thorax with all blackish dorsum except 
margin and shoulders; 3rd longitudinal 
vein curved conspicuously downward , cwrvilinea, sp. n., p. 77. 


From the insufficiency of the description, and no mention being 
made of the veins, it is impossible to include in this table 
Doleschall’s tropica, which I should have been glad to add as it is 
the only previously described species from the East, but it has not 
yet been found in India. 


26. Mycomyia flaviventris, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head: frons and vertex brown, antennal scape yellow, 
flagellum dark brown, with greyish pubescence. Underside of 
head, and the palpi, reddish brown. TZhoraa yellowish, paler on 
shoulders. Dorsum with three practically contiguous broad dark 
brown stripes, the median one reaching the anterior margin. 
Bristly hairs on dorsum and moderately strong bristles about the 
lateral margins. Scutellum yellow, with four strong bristles on 
hind margin, outer pair the Jarger, metanotum and metapleure a 
little darker. Abdomen: upperside dark brown, belly yellowish. 
Genitalia enclosed within a large V-shaped ventral -plate, the 
exact structure not visible; dark brown. Legs: coxe yellowish, 
femora much lighter, tibie dirty yellow, tarsi blackish. Wings 
nearly clear, halteres brownish. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from 
Kurseong, 5000 ft., 3. vi. 08, taken by Dr. Annandale; and from 
a single female, which I refer to this species, from Ohiya, Ceylon, 
1.07 (Green), in my collection. 


27. Mycomyia bifascipennis, sp. nov. (PI. III, fig. 6.) 
3. Head wholly brownish yellow, with short black hairs; palpi 


MYCOMYIA, 73 


and ocellar triangle blackish. Vhorax brownish yellow, with 
short black hairs and stronger bristles. Anterior margin narrowly 
brown, the colour forming a median stripe, not attaining the hind 
margin, and also extended laterally from the shoulders. Bristles 
along sides of dorsum rather strong and numerous, also a strong 
one on each posterior corner, and a pair on the tip of the scutellum. 
Pleure and metanotum brown. Abdomen yellowish, with short 
black pubescence ; 1st segment all yellow, remainder with 
posterior half of each segment black. Genital organs very con- 
spicuous and peculiar: a high hood-shaped dorsal plate extending 
downwards at the sides, a slightly curved, very large ventral 
plate produced at the tip into two long finger-like projections ; 
a pair of elongate appendages emerge from the inner cavity, 
bearing oval, lainella-like tips, and below these are traces of a 
pair of slender finger-like appendages nearly as long.* The 
whole organ light brownish yellow, pubescent. Legs wholly 
brownish yellow, pubescent, tips of tarsi darker. Wangs pale grey 
with two brown streaks. The first begins on the costa just betore 
tip of subcosta, running straight across the wing, widening in the 
middle sufficiently to reach fork of the 4th vein, afterwards 
narrowing again and finally widening on hind margin. ‘The 
second begins on the costa just before the tip of the Ist vein, 
running across the wing to the hind margin, leaving the tip ot 
the wing broadly clear. The sciophiline cell is nearly three times 
as long as broad, the base of the 3rd vein bisinuate, the cross- 
vein forming the outer side of the cell broadly suffused. Base of 
wing slightly brown. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a male (type) from the Kumaon District, 
5700 ft., vu.1909 (Jmms), and a male in my collection from 
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Green). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


28. Mycomyia basalis, sp. nov. (PI. J, fig. 13.) 


3. Near M. tinctipennis, Brun.(infra). Thorax: dorsum brown- 
ish yellow, with some long yellow hairs and black bristly ones. Two 
dorso-central rows of black bristly hairs, of which at least the 
hinder three pairs are of larger size than the majority of those 
scattered over the dorsum. ‘Two strong bristles on posterior 
corners, others irregularly placed on lateral margins, around the 
base of the wing, and a pair of rather strong apical ones on the 
scutellum. Abdomen with the first segment bright yellow, 4th 
dull yellowish; remainder black, with barely perceptible hind 
margins. Belly mainly yellowish. Genitalia large and conspicuous, 
brownish yellow, pubescent ; a very short dorsal plate, as wide as 
the ultimate abdominal segment, under which it is nearly hidden ; 


* These are not shown in the figure. 


74 MYCETOPHILID &, 


a large pair of claspers, elongate, conical, much flattened, and 
bisinuate, produced on the lower side into a finger-like appendage ; 
a globular piece between the claspers above, just beyond the dorsal 
plate, and apparently some intermediate appendages. Wings 
marked as in tinctipennis, but the apical spot much darker, and the 
proximal spot over the sciophiline cell is extended to a rather dark, 
irregular brown streak reaching hind margin of wing. 

Length 3 millim. 

One example from Bhowali, 5700 feet, Kumaon, July 1909 
(A. D. Imms). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Since the description of the species, the abdomen of the type, 
and only specimen, has become detached and lost. 


29. Mycomyia tinctipennis, sp. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 11.) 


Head yellow; antennal scape brownish yellow, about the 
basal half of flagellum yellowish brown, changing to black towards 
tip; palpi blackish. TZhorav (somewhat crushed) uniformly 
yellowish brown; lighter at sides; pleure rather dark grey. 
Dorsum with some bristly hairs, apparently more or less longi- 
tudinally arranged. -Abdomen: basal half blackish above, yellowish 
below (remainder missing). Leys: coxe and femora pale yellow, 
tibiz and tarsi pale blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey; slightly 
suffused over distal half; over the cross-veins, enclosing the 
sciophiline cell, which is approximately square; faintly also behind 
the 5th longitudinal vein. Halteres yellow. 

Length probably about 34 millim. 

Described from a single specimen from Kurseong, 3. vii. 08 
(Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The thorax is slightly crushed, and the apical half of the 
abdomen is missing, so that the sex is uncertain. I would not 
have described the species but that the wing markings are 
probably sufficient to distinguish it. 


30. Mycomyia ferruginea, sp. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 12.) 


3 2. Head wholly yellow, except palpi, a narrow line from 
above antenne to behind head, flagellum, and eyes, all of which 
are black. Scape yellow with some bristly hairs above. Thorax 
yellow. Dorsum with four dark brown equidistant stripes, the 
outer ones placed nearly on the sides (type specimen). They con- 
verge somewhat towards the posterior margin and are joined 
behind into two pairs by short cross-lines. In the second example 
there is a distinct additional median narrow line between the two 
inner stripes, of which in the type there is a trace only near the 
fore border. Sides of thorax, scutellum, and metanotum concolorous 
in type; paler yellow in second specimen. ‘T'wo distinct dorso- 


MYCOMYIA. 75 


central bristles, a double row of median microscopic bristly hairs, 
and an irregular row (duplicated here and there) of bristly hairs 
of various lengths along the black stripes. Some moderately long 
bristles about the shoulders and humeri, on the posterior corners 
of dorsum, aud several distinct bristles on the lateral margins above 
the wings. Small bristly hairs occur here and there irregularly. 
Scutellum with two pairs of strong spiny bristles on posterior 
margin, Abdomen orange-yellow. In one example (type) there is 
a black dorsal stripe of moderate width, with a tendency to 
enlargement on posterior margins. _ Whole abdomen lightly 
covered with short yellow hairs. Lateral edges of dorsum 
narrowly black; belly orange-yellow. In the second specimen the 
black colour is not so distinctly in the form of a line, being more 
irregular and forming a distinct band on the penultimate segment. 
Genitalia in both sexes small, withdrawn. Legs: in type, orange- 
yellow (in second example, pale yellow); tibie in both specimens 
pale brownish yellow towards tips; tarsi black. Wangs pale grey, 
yellowish from costa to 3rd longitudinal vein. Inner cross-vein, 
and the upper branches of Ist and 8rd veins distinctly but 
narrowly suffused.* A slight darkening at wing-tip, at the 
forking of the 4th vein (type) or from thence along the hind 
margin (2nd specimen). Halteres yellow. 

Length 4-43 millim. 

Described from two males in the Indian Museum, one taken by 
Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, Darjiling, 3. vii. 08, the other from 
Caleutta, 11. ii. 90, and one female from Darjiling, 29. v. 10, taken 
by me, also in the same Museum. 

In spite of the additional median thoracie line and the slight 
difference in the disposition of the black colour on the abdomen, 
and the deeper general colour of the type, I believe that the two 
specimens are conspecific. 


31. Mycomyia trilineata, sp. nov. 


3. Head: frons, vertex, back of head and flagellum, black ; 
face and epistome, palpi and scape bright yellow. Thoraa, scutel- 
lum, and metanotum pale yellowish. Three brown stripes of the 
usual pattern, the median one the longest, reaching fore border, 
and very narrowly divided. Seen from behind, the stripes, and 
also the pleure, have a slight bluish-grey tinge. Bristly hairs, as 
in M. ferruginea. The minute bristly hairs of the dorsum, irregu- 
larly placed; they also line the edges of the dark stripes, which 
themselves are bare. Abdomen: dorsum mainly black, posterior 
margins of first five segments broadly yellow ; belly yellow. Sur- 
face of abdomen with black hairs which are stronger towards tip. 
Genitalia composed of a large dark semicircular plate, the claspers 
and appendages slender, yellowish. Legs pale yellow ; posterior 
femora with a row of well separated, rather long hairs below; 
tibie brownish yellow; tarsi black. Wings pale grey, iridescent : 


* The sciophiline cell 2-23 times as long as broad. 


76 MYCETOPHILID ®, 


sciophiline cell one-and-a-half times as long as broad. Halteres 
yellow. 

Length 34 millim. 

Described from two specimens in the Indian Museum, from 
Simla, 7000 feet, 10. v. 09 (Annandale). 


32. Mycomyia indefinita, sp. nov. 


3 and (?) 9. Head brownish on vertex and frons ; proboscis 
and palpi yellowish, the latter a little darker. Antennal scape 
bright yellow, flagellum black, with whitish pubescence, basal half 
of Ist joint yellowish. Thorax brownish yellow, the three usual 
stripes distinct but not conspicuous. Some bristly hairs towards 
the sides and posterior margins of the dorsum. Sceutellum and 
metanotum concolorous; sides of the thorax a little more 
yellowish. Abdomen blackish, base of some of the segments 
yellowish. Genitalia enclosed in a large cavity, and presenting 
two fan-shaped pieces with pubescent edges and a pair of smaller 
club-shaped organs. Legs pale yellowish, the tibiz and tarsi 
faintly blackish. Wings clear grey, venation normal. Halteres 
pale yellowish. 

Length 3 willim. 

Described from one male and another specimen from Darjiling, 
29. v.10, taken by me, and now in the Indian Museum. 

In the second specimen, there are two flat spatula-shaped 
pieces which may be the female lamellw terminating the short ovi- 
postor, but as the organs in this specimen are much withdrawn it 
is impossible to be sure of the sex. 


33. Mycomyia indica, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head: frons, vertex, and back of head black; head in 
front below antennee, and palpi, yellow. Antennal scape and base 
of flagellum bright yellow, remainder black. Zhorax primarily 
light yellowish brown, with a distinct but slight violet-grey dust 
on dorsum. A median brown stripe usually present and faint 
traces of a very elongated oblong mark narrowly defined with pale 
brown, on each side of the median stripe, all the lines microscopi- 
cally punctuated with bristly hairs. Shoulders yellowish, the 
colour extending posteriorly more or less, occasionally the whole 
dorsum brownish yellow. Sides of thorax mainly brownish 
yellow, pleure with violet-grey dusting. Scutellum and meta- 
notum brownish yellow, varying in shade, generally with a 
little violet dusting, the metanotum sometimes with a dark spot 
on each side at the base, and a larger one on the lower margin. 
Abdomen brown, with short black hairs; posterior margins of 
seoments broadly yellow. Genitalia of male moderately large, 
pubescent, a large upper and lower dark coloured plate, united at 
the sides, enclosing a longer and a shorter pair of thin yellow 
claspers, with, apparently, some smaller intermediate organs; in 


MYOOMYIA. 77 


female, inconspicuous, narrow, yellow. Legs pale yellow, a little 
blackish about the junction of the coxze and the femora; the tibia 
blackish yellow; tarsi black. Wengs pale grey, slightly vitreous 
and extremely iridescent, the sciophiline cell about one-and-a-half 
times as long as broad, upper side distinctly longer than lower. 
Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 33-4 willim. 

Described from five males and one female in the Indian Museum 
taken 10-12. v. 09, by Dr. Annandale, at Simla and Phagu. 


34, Mycomyia flavithorax, sp. noy. 


¢. Head: vertex dark brown; proboscis light brown, palpi 
blackish. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum black, with whitish 
rather thick pubescence. 'horax light brownish yellow. A pair 
of interrupted incomplete median brownish stripes, with a shorter 
and more distinct one on each side towards the wing. All the 
dorsum with long black hairs, stiffer ones towards the margins. 
Scutellum concolorous, with four stiff bristly hairs on the hind 
margin. Sides concolorous, metanotum blackish. Abdomen blackish; 
base of most of the segments yellowish, especially towards the 
sides. Belly with the basal half of the segments yellowish, hinder 
half blackish. Genitalia large, conspicuous ; each clasper with a 
large basal subquadrate piece, with a narrow finger-like hook at 
the tip. There are also some other elongate appendages ; the 
whole organ brownish yellow, moderately pubescent. Legs: coxa 
and femora yellowish, tibie# and tarsi pale blackish. Wings pale 
grey. Venation normal. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 23 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum collection 
taken by Dr. Annandale at Darjiling, 25. v. 10. 


35. Mycomyia curvilinea, sp. nov. 


3. Head: vertex brownish grey. Proboscis and palpi brownish 
yellow. Antennal scape and base of Ist flagellar joint yellowish, 
the remainder black. Thorax rather dark brown, with numerous 
long black hairs, and more bristly ones towards the lateral 
margins; shoulders rather broadly reddish or yellowish. Scutel- 
lum concolorous, with four large bristly hairs on the hind margin. 
Sides of thorax and metanotum concolorous. Abdomen mainly 
blackish, the bases of the segments yellowish. Belly mainly 
yellowish. Genitalia large and conspicuous ; a large basal joint 
to each clasper, ending in two finger-like appendages ; between 
the basal joints, a pair of long narrow forceps, two-jointed, both 
elongated, the second consisting of a long horny hook-like process. 
There is an apparently more or less horny straight flat narrow 
piece projecting from below the dorsal plate (this latter of 
moderate size, oblong, yellowish, pubescent) ; slightly enlarged at 


78 MYCETOPHILID A, 


the tip, where it ends in two minute points. Legs: cox and 
femora pale yellowish, tibize and tarsi pale blackish. Wings pale 
grey. The 3rd longitudinal vein considerably bent down on the 
distal portion, ending at or just above the tip of the wing. 
Halteres yellowish. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from one male (type) from Tonglu, Darjiling District, 
10,000 ft,, 22.iv.10, taken by Mr. C. W. Beebe; also from a 
second male taken by me at Darjiling, 7000 ft., 29. viii. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

An additional male has a wholly blackish dorsum to the 
abdomen, and the genitalia, though too contracted to be properly 
visible, appear to be similar ; some finger-like appendages at least 
being visible. It is in the Indian Museum collection, taken by 
Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 22. vi. 10. Though possibly distinct 
the three specimens appear to represent but one rather variable 
species. 


Genus POLYLEPTA, Winn. (PI. I, fig. 14.) 


Polylepta, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 745 (1863). 


Gunorypen, P. undulata, Winn., by designation of Johannsen 
(Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 43). 


Head small, flattened in front, placed low upon the thorax; 
eyes oval, somewhat emarginate at the base of the antenna ; ocelli 
three in number, placed in a more or less curved line on the broad 
front, the middle one smaller than the laterals. Palpi incurved, 
four-jointed, the 1st joint very small, the 2nd and 38rd subequal, 
the last one longer than the others taken together. Antenne pro- 
jecting forward, somewhat compressed, 16-jointed, the basal joints 
cupuliform, the flagellar joints cylindrical; pubescent. T'horaw very 
short, highly arched ; mesonotum high, scutellum small ; halteres 
with elongate knobs. Abdomen long and slender ; in the male some- 
what clavate; genitalia small ; abdomen in the female cylindrical, 
constricted at the base, seven-segmented. Legs long, tibize with 
spurs and with lateral sete. Wings elongate oval, not longer than 
the abdomen, with microscopic hairs. Costa ends at or just before 
tip of wing. Auxiliary vein ends before middle of wing, some- 
times in the costa, sometimes free. The Ist longitudinal nearly 
straight, the 3rd bisinuate, sometimes very considerably so, 
beginning at about one-third of the wing. Sciophiline cell small ; 
the 4th and 5th longitudinal veins forked widely at about half their 
length ; posterior cross-vein absent, 6th and 7th veins incomplete 
but long. 

Range. Only previously known from Europe, with a single 
species from North America. One is recorded from Baltic 
amber. 

Life-history unknown. 


POLYLEPTA. TD 


The two Indian species are very closely allied and may possibly 
prove identical. Their differences are as follows :— 


Length 5 mm. ; sciophiline cell square ........ dubivsa,sp.n.,p.79. 
‘Length 3 mm.; sciophiline cell nearly twice as 
DPM en eds Spa ctidan te ds bi do lno am: tincerta,sp .n.,p.79. 


36. Polylepta dubiosa, sp. nov. 


3. Head: vertex blackish grey; proboscis and palpi rather 
bright brownish yellow. Antennal scape bright yellow, joints 
subequal ; flagellar joints brown (except base of Ist), cylindrical 
(ist a little longer), all with rather thick pale pubescence. Thorax 
rather dark brown, with a slight claret tinge, some long yellow 
hairs around the margins, and the whole dorsum covered 
with very short and sparse yellow hairs irregularly placed. 
Shoulders broadly bright yellow, a brown elongate spot on each 
side of the prothorax. Scutellum brownish, with a row of 
numerous hairs on the hind margin; metanotum concolorous. 
Abdomen black, with moderately thick pale pubescence. A pale 
brownish yellow basal band on each segment after the 1st, which, 
with the ultimate segment, is wholly black, the yellowish bands 
being continued on the underside. Genitalia consisting of a dorsal 
plate, claspers with a comparatively large basal joint ; an inter- 
mediate pair of small bilobed appendages, and possibly other inner 
organs. Legs: coxe and femora yellowish, trochanters and tips 
of femora a little blackish, tibia and tarsi pale blackish. Wings 
pale grey ; venation in accordance with the generic characters and 
figure by Johannsen (Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, pl. 4, fig. 6). Halteres 
pale yellow, clubs blackish. 

Length 5 wmillim. 

Described from one male from Mundali, Jaunsa Division, Dehra 
Dun District, 9000 ft., 10. v.10 (C. W. Beebe). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Only two ocelli are apparent in the present specimen, yet in 
other respects it agrees with Polylepta. 


37. ? Polylepta incerta, sp. nov. 


29. Head: vertex dark brown; ocelli very distinct, yellow; 
proboscis brown, small; palpi pale yellow. Antennal scape and 
base of Ist flagellar joint brownish yellow, remainder black. 
Thorax brownish yellow ; three conspicuous broad black stripes of 
the usual pattern, the median one attaining the anterior margin. 
Dorsum with irregular short and long hairs ; two strong bristly ones 
above the wing, and four on the border of the scutellum, which is 
black on the dorsum and yellow at the base and around the whole 
margin; metanotum and pleure blackish brown. Abdomen 
blackish, with pale pubescence, more or less yellowish about the 


80 MYCETOPHILID ®. 


apical half of the first three segments. Belly yellowish. Legs pale 
yellowish, trochanters a little blackish ; tibiz and tarsi faintly 
blackish. Wings pale grey, considerably iridescent ; venation 
normal. 

Length 3 willim. 

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from 
Mundali, Jaunsa Divison, Dehra Dun District, 12. v.10 (C. W. 
Beebe). 

Apparently the example is a female; the genitalia are much 
withdrawn, but two small rounded pieces can be seen, which seem 
to be terminal lamelle. Otherwise, if the specimen is a male the 
genital organs differ in shape considerably from typical forms. 


Subfamily MYCETOPHILIN A. 
Table of Genera. 


1. Proboscis conspicuously elongated into 


SAONS DPMS ect tare reek Beebe ieee GnorisTE, Mg., p. 82. 
Proboscis never thus elongated ...... 2. 
2. Auxiliary vein ending in costa and at 
least half as long as Ist basal cell .. 3. 
Auxiliary vein not ending in costa; 
when long, ending in Ist longitudinal 
vein or with its end free; generally 
short, with eng trees iiajiek da daeateiee 12. 
3. Basal section of anterior branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein wanting .......... Oponropopa, Aldr., p. 89. 
Basal section of anterior branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein present .......... 4, 
4, Subcostal cross-vein present ........ 5. 
Subcostal cross-vein absent .......... 8. 


5. Basal section of 8rd longitudinal vein 
many times longer than anterior cross- 
vein. (The 5th longitudinal vein forks 


HiapASe Of WING.) sc. se naeie ALLACTONEURA, Meij., 
Basal section of 3rd longitudinal vein [p. 88. 

barely (if at all) longer than anterior 

CQOSS=VEIN eins. 2 Sas ies ee one eee 6. 


6. Auxiliary vein enters costa very near 
the origin of the 5rd longitudinal vein. LEepromorpuus, Curt., 


A distinctly appreciable space between [p. 84. 
the tip of the auxiliary vein and the 
origi of thevard Veln  . +... osm as 
7. The 4th longitudinal forks at about 
one-fourth of its length ............ Letra, Mg., p. 96. 
The 4th longitudinal forks at nearly 
half its lenpthiewipee - «oe rs ee ACRODICRANIA, Skuse, 
8. The 5th vein forks before or under [p. 92. 
the,fork of the Ath aeimiyy «is. 71,5151 9. 
The 5th vein forks beyond the fork of [p. 110. 


(Ne): 10 | ORE Menino SA08, Sroka hich eae PuHRoONIA, Winn. (pt.), 


10. 


iI. 


14. 


15. 


16. 


LG 


18. 


MYCETOPHILIN &, 


. The 4th vein forks (after quitting the 


anterior cross-vein) at not before one- 
fourbnvor ate length Fj. oe eee 55 6 
The 4th vein forks almost immediately 
after quitting cross-vein............ 
Petiole of 4th vein equal in length to 
PM GyOEHME DOS. SET Le yi Onin wie aie wis 
Petiole of 4th vein one-fourth the length 
Gf thetbranches)).1.. ..cesenede cance 
The 3rd vein begins at or before middle 
of Ist longitudinal vein ............ 
The 3rd vein begins near tip of ist 
Honentuminal iss. was dale ages s 


. Costal vein ending beyond tip of 3rd 


longitudinal (if but slightly, then 
auxiliary vein long, and ending in Ist 
Moripidcimal) ya safe 6 ans % isla se lsne 
Costal vein not extending beyond tip 
of 38rd longitudinal vein..........-. 


. Lateral ocelli not adjacent to eye 


HAVEN EATS) ss tens, Seb ces: oe epee ey agernr Me 
Lateral ocelli contiguous or sub-con- 
tiguous to eye margins .........-.- 
Costal vein extending but little beyond 
tip of 3rd longitudinal vein; 6th vein 
pL OT GS cach uit Sangeet ay Ah syeuksayet= aaniel oa 
Costal vein extending some little 
distance beyond tip of 3rd longitudinal 
vein ; 6th vein nearly reaching fork of 
HUREVCMIM AM chctas se se yee c 5s 
Three distinct ocelli, the lateral ones 
widely removed from eye margins ; 
base of 3rd longitudinal vein beyond 
middle of wing; anterior branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein detached at base 
Lateral ocelli nearly or quite contiguous 
fo Gly G AMAT OU Seif t,t tohe kia iefa etal ona 
Setee of hind tibiz slender, little, if any, 
longer than the diameter of the tibie . 
Sete of hind tibize distinctly stouter, 
at least twice as long as diameter of 
AUS Pa TANS wiletd cid Schavd celeb greta sare 
The 5th longitudinal vein forks before 
TOC ORARBE VOM? «a 02. .lsie isis nee « 
The 5th longitudinal vein forks beyond 
TEE OL PUNO ENTE sp cde 2 Boe avalshs «mn « « 
The 6th vein very stout, ending usually 
a little beyond the fork of the 5th vein ; 
5th vein forking very narrowly at base, 
the lower branch beyond the middle, 
suddenly diverging downwards; the 
fork before the proximal end of anterior 
CLOSS-VElN os ie sagen urd Gichat «ye» « 
The 6th vein slender and inconspicuous. 


81 


10. 


Devoprsis, Skuse (pt.), 


(p- 118. 
ANOMALOMYIA, Hutton, 


[p. 90. 
1k. 
PALMOANACLINIA, Meun., 


[p. 85. 
GREENOMYIA, gen. nov., 


[p. 87. 
13. 
15. 
MaAcrosBracuivs, Dzied., 


. 108. 
14. Lp 


Purontra, Winn. (pt.), 
[p. 110. 


MacroBRacuivs, Dzied. 
[(pt.), p. 108. 


CLASTOBASIS, Skuse, p. 94. 


16. 


20. 


Ruymosta, Winn., p, 102. 
Atxopra, Winn., p. 107, 


* Except in some species of Rhymosia, 


G 


82 MYCBLOPHILIDE . 


19, The 4th longitudinal vein forks beyond 
end of basal cell; the costa extends 
very little beyond tip of 3rd vein ; 
ocelli three, the middle one very small. PHronta, Winn., (pt.), 


The 4th longitudinal vein forks [p. 110 
before end of basal cell; the middle 
ocellus present or absent,........... Exercuia, Winn., p. 112. 


20. Auxiliary vein ends in 1st longitudinal ; 
the branches of the 5th vein diverging. DE .opsts, Skuse, (pt.), 
wl 


Auxiliary vein ends free; the branches [p 
of the 5th vein parallel along their 
apical third or half, or only very [p. 115. 
slightly convergent or divergent ..... Mycrropniua, Mg., 


The fact that several genera fall into two or more parts each of 
this table proves that a satisfactory classification is still a 
desideratum. My own special study of the family is too limited 
to Oriental, and a certain number of European, species to permit me 
to suggest any wide departure from the classification of Johannsen, 
who appears to be the latest authority on the group. Distinctions 
like those employed at points 8, 12, 16, and 17 may perhaps be 
improved upon when a further knowledge of the world’s species is 
attained, no classification being satisfactory that is founded on the 
species of one zoological region only. For this reason the order 
in which the genera are described herein (which is intended to show 
their affinities as nearly as possible) varies from that in which 
they appear in this table. The absence of the posterior cross- 
vein, in conjunction with the unforked 3rd vein, will easily 
distinguish members of this subfamily. 


Genus GNORISTE, Wy. (PI. I, fig. 15.) 


Gnoriste, Meigen, Syst. Besch. i, p. 245 (1818). 
GxnoryPe, G. apicalis, Mg., the original species. 


Head small, rounded, almost hemispherical, placed low upon the 
thorax ; proboscis prolonged, beak-like ; eyes elongated, somewhat 
bulging, slightly emarginate at the base of the antenne ; ocelli 
three, placed in a flattened triangle upon the broad front, the 
middle one smaller. Palpi situated near the tip of the proboscis, 
four-jointed, the 1st joint very small, the 2nd largest, the 3rd 
and 4th oval. Antenne 16-jointed, arcuate, projecting forward, 
the joints of the scapus bare, the flagellar joints compressed, 
cylindrical, pubescent. Zhoraw ovate, highly arched; scutellum 
small, semicircular in outline: metanotum steep, somewhat 
arched. Abdomen long and slender, compressed, 7-jointed, in 
the male with an almost clavate extremity and small forceps. 
Legs \ong and slender, all tibiz with lateral sete, and with spurs. 
Wings large, oval, microscopically setulose. Costa produced 
beyond tip of 3rd longitudinal vein but not quite reaching wing- 
tip ; subcostal cross-vein present, before the origin of the 3rd vein. 
Auxiliary vein ends near middle of wing; 1st longitudinal a little 


GNORISTE. 83 


curved, ending a little beyond it, the 3rd vein originating near 
middle of wing at an angle, thence gently bisinuate, the anterior 
cross-vein placed at the angle. The 4th longitudinal forks just 
beyond the anterior cross-vein, the 5th at about the same distance ; 
6th vein strong but incomplete. 

Range. Europe, Greenland, North America, Chili, Himalayas. 

Life-history unknown. 

Easily recognised, being the only Oriental genus with a produced 
proboscis. 


The two Indian species may be separated thus :— 


Thorax yellowish, with three dark stripes ; 

proboscis as long as height of head, not 

ROMDALG MIP treme hued sac = eerie brevirostris, sp. n., p. 83. 
Thorax shining black on dorsum ; proboscis 

one-and-a-half times height of head, the 

long broad labella giving it a spatulate 

SP POATANES 22). ciaeibia Geo a stemytae acne haars spathulata, sp. n., p. 84. 


38. Gnoriste brevirostris, sp. nov. (Pl. III, fig. 7.) 


¢. Head: vertex, frons and face blackish ; three ocelli, yellow, 
distinct, in centre of frons, the middle one lower and smaller. 
Proboscis about as long as the height of the head, broadly conical ; 
dark brown, nearly black, with a little pale, very short pubes- 
cence ; labella distinct, brown ; palpi pale yellow, long. Antennal 
scape bright yellow, first two or three flagellar joints yellow, the 
remainder black, with whitish pubescence. Thorax yellowish, 
with three broad shining black stripes, the median one reaching 
the anterior margin, the outer ones a little shorter; all three 
united behind on the posterior margin. Scutellum blackish. 
Sides of thorax yellowish, pleure and metanotum dark brown. 
Stiff yellow hairs towards the margins of the thoracic dorsum, and 
a row of yery small stiff hairs on the median stripe; in addition 
there are irregular, short hairs scattered over the whole of the 
dorsum. Abdomen black, with pale pubescence, posterior margin 
of segments with a dull dirty yellow band; belly similar; genitalia 
consisting of several comparatively small pale yellow appendages 
enclosed in an outer blackish cup-shaped cavity. Legs pale 
yellowish, trochanters and tarsi blackish. Wengs pale: grey ; 
venation normal; most of the longitudinal veins extremely 
narrowly suffused with brown. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single male from Mundali, Jaunsa Division, 
Dehra Dun District, 9000 ft., 12.v.10(C. W. Beebe). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Owing to the drying of the wings the subcostal cross-vein is 
barely visible, but it is present between the auxiliary vein and the 
1st longitudinal, about half-way between the humeral cross-vein 


and the origin of the 3rd longitudinal. 
a2 


84 MYCETOPHILID&. 


39. Gnoriste spathulata, sp. nov. (Pl. III, fig. 8.) 


6. Head: vertex and frons black, a little shining, with a few 
stiff hairs. The ocelli very distinct, reddish brown, the outer ones 
large, the middle one only a little smaller and barely lower on the 
frons. Proboscis one-and-a-half times the height of the head, 
brownish yellow, with long broad labella, giving a broad spatulate 
appearance to the tip of the proboscis. Palpi pale yellow, long. 
Antennal scape and first two or three flagellar joints yellow, the 
remainder light brown, with rather thick whitish pubescence. 
Thorax : dorsum shining black, prothorax yellowish ; pleure dark 
brownish black. Scutellum black, a little pale on underside ; meta- 
notum dark blackish brown. Abdomen black, the first two segments 
with a brownish tinge, a few pale hairs; belly similar. The geni- 
talia (not easily seen) appear to consist of a dark rather pointed 
pair of claspers bearing an elongate yellow finger-like appendage 
near the tip, and a peculiar large leaf-shaped whitish scale; there 
is also a comparatively small ventral V-shaped blackish plate. 
Legs rather bright yellow, base of the femora a little brownish, 
tarsi darker. (Fore legs missing, except coxe.) Wangs grey, the 
apical third and front border a little darker. Venation normal. 
Halteres deep yellow, rather large. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a single male from Darjiling, taken by myself, 
29. v. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Owing to the drying of the wings the subcostal vein is not 
apparent, and [ am under the impression that in this species it 
may be absent. 


Genus LEPTOMORPHUS, Curt. (PI. II, fig. 1.) 
Leptomorphus, Curtis, Brit. Entom, p. 365 (1831). 
Grnotyee, L. walkeri, Curt.; by original designation. 


Head small, round, much narrower than the thorax, nearly 
hemispherical, slightly flattened, placed low upon the thorax ; 
proboscis somewhat projecting ; eyes oval, emarginate at the base 
of the antenne; ocelli three in number, placed in a flattened 
triangle on the front, the middle one smaller than the laterals. 
Palpi cylindrical, incurved, four-jointed, the 1st joint very small, 
the 3rd nearly twice as long as the 2nd, the 4th somewhat longer 
than the 3rd. Antennz long, filiform, projecting forward, 
16-jointed ; the basal joints differentiated, the 2nd small, with 
setee at the tip; the flagellar joints cylindrical, somewhat com- 
pressed, pubescent. Thoraw short, oval, highly arched ; mesonotum 
with sete only at the sides; metanotum high, strongly arched. 
Abdomen very long, slender, nearly linear, compressed, seven- 
jointed, with short terminal joint ; the male with moderate forceps. 
Legs long, slender, the tibia with long spurs and very minute 


LEPTOMORPHUS.— PAL-EOANACLINIA. 85 


lateral sete; fore metatarsi longer than the tibia. Wings 
elongate oval, shorter than the abdomen, setulose. Costa ends 
just beyond tip of 3rd vein. Subcostal cross-vein present, placed 
near tip of auxiliary vein which latter ends before or after the 
middle of the wing; Ist longitudinal nearly straight, long; 3rd 
begins at or before middle of wing at an acute or a right angle, 
straight nearly to the wing-tip; the anterior cross-vein at the 
deflection. The 4th and 5th veins widely forked, the latter 
much before the former; the 6th and 7th veins incomplete and short. 

Range. Europe, Assam; of the only two previously known 
species, one is European, the other is from an unknown locality. 

Life-history unknown. 

“This genus resembles Boletina most closely, but differs in having 
longer legs, the fore metatarsi being longer than the corresponding 
tibiee, and in a relatively longer petiole of the media,* the petiole 
being about half as long as the anterior branch. There are several 
undescribed North American species of Boletina which closely 
approach Leptomorphus.” (Johannsen. ) 


40. Leptomorphus ornatus, sp. nov. 


2. Head wholly bright chrome-yellow ; antenne (tips broken 
off) slightly brownish on upper half. Ocellar triangle black. 
Thoraw: dorsum shining indigo-black. Shoulders, scutellum and 
sides (except pleure, which are shining black), bright yellow. 
Metanotum brown, lighter at the sides. Abdomen rich brown, 
shortly pubescent ; 1st and 2nd segments all brown, 3rd, 4th and 
5th with a broad basal yellow band, 6th all brown, 7th brown 
with a narrow vellow tip. Genitalia very small, yellow. Legs 
pale yellow, tarsi brownish; hind femora very slightly brown 
at base above, and at tips. Wings pale grey, with microscopic 
hairs; apical part brownish, the colour stretching across the 
wing from just before the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein te the 
hind margin, cutting the middle of the branches of the 4th vein. 
Upper branch of 5th vein wavy. Halteres yellow, clubs black. 

Length 7 millim. 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from 
Sylhet, 3.11.05 (Hall). 

A very distinct and handsome species, having generic characters 
agreeing exactly with those of Leptomorphus ; the fore metatarsus 
is about one and a half times as long as the fore tibia. 


Genus PALHOANACLINIA, Meun. (PI. II, fig. 7.) 


Paleoanaclinia, Meunier, Monog. Mycetoph. p. 148 (1904); 
Johannsen, Gen. Ins., Fase. 93, p. 85 (1909). 
Gernorypn, P. distincta, Meun.; by original designation. 
Head small, rounded, flattened in front, placed low upon the 


* The “ media” is the 4th longitudinal vein. 


86 MYCEVOPHILID 2. 


thorax ; eyes oval, emarginate at base of antenne; ocelli three, 
arranged as a flattened triangle, the middle one small. Palpi 
4-jointed, incurved; Ist joint small, the last one the longest. 
Antenne projecting forward, longer than head and thorax taken 
together, those of the male the longer; 16-jointed, scapal joints 
cupuliform, the flagellar joints cylindrical, rather compressed, 
pubescent or nearly bare. Thoraa short, oval, highly arched, meta- 
notum high, somewhat arched, scutellumsmall. Abdomen of seven 
segments, long and slender, cylindrical, that of the male with a short 
forceps; in the female with very short ovipositor, at tips of which are 
two small lamelle. Legs long and slender, femora slender, slightly 
compressed, tibise with spurs and weak lateral sete, fore metatarsus 
shorter than corresponding tibia. Wings elongate oval, base 
somewhat rounded, as long as or rather longer than the abdomen, 
microscopically setulose. Costa extending beyond tip of 3rd vein ; 
auxiliary vein of moderate length, ending before middle of wing ; 
1st longitudinal ending at about two-thirds of the wing, straight. 
The 3rd vein beginning at about the middle of the wing at a right 
angle, thence nearly straight, its basal portion appearing almost 
like a cross-vein. Anterior cross-vein moderately long, distinctly 
oblique, 4th longitudinal forked before half its length, the branches 
diverging towards their tips, 5th longitudinal similarly forked, the 
fork occurring just below the anterior cross-vein ; 6th vein short, 
incomplete, 7th longer and more distinct. 
Range. Europe and North America (recent) and in Baltic amber. 
Only three living species are known, occurring in Austria, Finland 
and Alaska; there are three fossil ones. 
Life-history unknown. 


41. Paleoanaclinia flavohirta, sp. nov. 


3. Head wholly black, except extreme tip of 2nd scapal joint 
of antenne which is narrowly yellow, and the flagellum which 
is dark brown, with short, pale pubescence. A few yellow hairs 
behind head. WYhoraa: dorsum black, shoulders and lateral margins 
as far as wings, and the pleure, with grey dusting. Three dorso- 
central rows of yellow hairs, and a number of strong bristles, 
apparently irregularly placed, along the lateral and posterior 
margins. Scutellum and metanotum black, former with yellow 
hairs on hind margin. Abdomen shining black, with pale hairs, 
of only six distinct segments; lst segment a little compressed, 
remainder somewhat broad. Legs pale yellowish, tibize darker 
towards tips, posterior coxe and all tarsi black. Wings pale 
brownish ; halteres yellow. 

Length 33 millim. 

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum, from 
Darjiling, 11. viii. 09 (Dr. Jenkins). 

I place this species in Palwoanaclinia which is said to possess 
seven abdominal segments, but the present specimen has certainly 
only six. 


GREENOMYIA. 87 


Genus GREENOMYIA, gen. nov. 


GuEnoryPn, G. nigricova, sp. nov. 


Near Palwoanaclinia, Meunier. 

Wings: auxiliary vein half as long as 1st longitudinal, faint 
but distinet; subeostal cross-vein absent; 3rd longitudinal 
emerging from Ist near its tip, comparatively short, reaching 
margin of wing some distance before tip; costa not produced 
beyond tip of 3rd; cross-vein more oblique than in Paleoanaclinia. 
Petiole of 4th vein rather more than one-fourth the length of the 
(parallel) branches, the upper one of which ends at extreme wing- 
tip; 5th vein forks immediately under tip of subcostal, distinctly 
before fork of 4th, its branches parallel. Anal vein (6th) strong, 
straight, parallel to petiole of 5th, and ending just beyond fork ot 
latter, 7th absent. Ocelli three, in a straight row in centre of 
frons, no ocellar protuberance. Abdomen 6-segmented(¢). Legs 
moderately stout ; tibia spurred, posterior pairs with three rows 
of sete. 

The 2 is unknown. 

It is with much pleasure that I name this genus after Mr. E. 
E. Green, of Ceylon, who has done such a great amount of work 
for Oriental entomology, and to whom I am personally indebted 
for a large number of Diptera from Ceylon. 


42, Greenomyia nigricoxa, ap. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 8; Pl. III, fig. 9.) 


3. Head quite black, except a little grey reflection on face ; 
the yellow palpi and flagellum with a dark brown tinge. Thorac 
shining black, with a little greyish reflection here and there laterally, 
and behind the shoulders. Irregular black bristles over dorsum, 
stronger ones towards sides; two dorso-central ones on posterior 
margin. Scutellum narrow, black, with four stiff bristles on the hind 
margin ; metapleure greyish, viewed from behind. Abdomen of 
six segments only, the 1st much broader; moderately shining 
black, cylindrical, rather robust, posterior margins of basal 
segments narrowly brown, bind margin of last segment emargi- 
nateabove. Genitalia broad, black, semicircular; a pair of flattened 
black claspers, having the first joint bread, the second not obvious 
but presumably present, small, ending in two distinct thick short 
black tooth-like spines and two strong long slender spines on the 
inner side. Legs: fore coxe and all the femora yellowish ; 
posterior cox black ; tibiz brownish yellow ; tarsi black. Wengs 
very pale grey, nearly clear; a light brownish suffusion at tip 
extending inwards as far as the middle of the branches of the 
4th longitudinal vein. Halteres yellow. 

Length 23 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from 
Phagu, 8700 ft., Simla district, 3. v.07 (Annandale). 


88 MYCETOPHILID 2. 


Genus ALLACTONEURA, Mei).* 
Allactoneura, de Meijere, Tijd. Ent. 1, p. 201 (1907). 
GeEnoryPE, A. cincta, Meij., the original species. 


Head in profile oval, frons arched, with depressed line in middle. 
Two distinct ocelli, remote from eye margins, and an indistinct 
middle ocellus. Eyes broadly oval, face but slightly arched. 
Antennz 16-jointed, as long as head and thorax together, flagellar 
joints cylindrical, longer than broad, closely sessile. Thorax not 
deep, with sete posteriorly, elsewhere with scales and with appressed 
pile, as has also the abdomen; scutellum with two long sete at 
the apex. Abdomen somewhat depressed, slender, in both sexes 
seven-segmented, in the male with a forceps hidden under the 
7th segment; in the female the 7th segment and the lamelle are 
very small. Legs: coxe long and robust: all tibia with several 
ranges of sete; spurs strong; tarsal joints, particularly the 
metatarsi, with numerous setule. Wings narrow, without anal 
angle. Costal vein ends just before tip of wing ; subcostal cross- 
vein present, some distance before tip of auxiliary vein, the 
latter ending at one-third of the wing. he 1st longitudinal vein 
nearly straight, the 3rd begins near the subcostal cross-vein at a 
very acute angle, nearly longitudinal, the basal portion in a straight 
line with the rest of the vein. Anterior cross-vein placed 
transversely, that is to say, upright, near middle of wing, a little 
before the fork of the 4th longitudinal vein. Marginal 
(presumably) cross-vein present, joining the Ist and 3rd longi- 
tudinals, placed nearly opposite the fork of the 4th vein.t The 
5th vein forks at extreme base of wing, the branches detached ; 
the 6th and 7th veins are absent, but a fold in the wing behind 
the 5th vein (generally very distinct) appears, unless very closely 
examined, like a 6th vein. ‘ 

Range. A. cincta, the only known species, was recorded originally 
from Java, but it seems widely distributed in the East. 

Life-history unknown. 


43, Allactoneura cincta, Meij. (Pl. I, fig. 17.) 


Allactoneura cincta, de Meijere, Tijd. Ent. 1, p. 202, pl. v, figs. 2, 3. 
3d 2. Head: vertex black, frons blackish, remainder of head 


reddish yellow or dirty brownish with blackish hairs; palpi the 
same: antennal scape and about the basal third of the flagellum, 


* The description of the veins in Ad/actoneura is by the present writer, the 
other characters being taken from de Meijere. 

t It is curious that de Meijere dues not mention the very distinct (although 
yellow, in contradistinction to the dark brown anterior veins) cress-vein 
between the lst and 3rd longitudinal veins, placed nearly opposite the fork 
of the 4th vein. Over a score of specimens have been examined by me 
and itis distinctly obvious in all, if looked for; also in an example identified 
by de Meijere himself. It will presumably be the marginal cross-vein, but is 
not always easily seen, from a prevailing tendency in this species for the wing 
to curl up. 


ALLACTONEURA.—ODON'TOPODA. 89 


more or less yellowish, rest of flagellum black, antenne as long as 
the head and thorax together. Thorax blackish, with very minute 
black sete, that in certain lights appear as a dull silvery sheen, 
lateral bristly hair stronger. Sides of thorax, scutellum and 
metanotum black, seutellum with two long apical curved bristles 
that eross one another. Abdomen black, with a narrow basal 
whitish band on the segments, very variable in its nature and 
sometimes practically absent. Genitalia of male prominent below 
the last segment of the abdomen, with two nearly straight claspers, 
which have black hairs on the underside and on the innerside are 
provided with hook-shaped tips; of female very small, yellowish. 
Legs pale whitish yellow; coxe very large, alittle black at base and 
tip; femora with the fore pair only a little black at tip, middle pair 
broadly black-tipped and hind pair wholly black or nearly so ; tibize 
and tarsi blackish, the latter the darker, tibial spurs yellowish, 
innerside of fore tibie pale yellowish; the tibie of three very 
unequal lengths: the fore pair quite short, the middle pair distinctly 
longer but relatively short, the hind pair of normal size compared 
with other genera in this family. Wangs pale grey, broadly 
blackish at tip, the colour covering about the apical third, the depth 
of shade and the extent varying. Venation in accordance with 
the generic description. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described (the female only) from several of that sex in the Indian 
Museum from Sylhet, 1.1.5 (Zt.-Col. Hall); Thamaspur, Nepal, 
18-20.i1.08; Peradeniya, Ceylon, 10-30. vi.10 and 15. vii. 10 
(both Gravely); Semarang, Java (named by de Meijere), %i. and 
iii. 06 (Jacobson). In my collection from Peradeniya, Ceylon, ix. 
and xii. 09 (Green). 

The description, so far as it applies to the male only, is in- 
corporated from Dr. de Meijere’s description as I have not seen 
a male myself. The author of the species says the sexes are alike, 
except that in the female the last abdominal segment is shorter 
than the preceding and is dark brown. He also observes that this 
species must be akin to Mycetophila obscurata, Walk., described 
from Salawatti. 

The black body, yellowish white, black-tipped coxee and anterior 
femora, and wholly black hind femora, reddish face and base 
of antenne, and smoky tips to the wings, make the species a 
conspicuous one. The wings show a great tendency to fold up in 
all the specimens I have seen. 


Genus ODONTOPODA, Ald. (Pl. I, fig. 16.) 
Odontopoda, Aldrich, Rep. Geol. Indiana, xxi, p. 187 (1898). 
Proanaclinia, Meunier, Monog. Mycetoph. p. 145 (1904). 

GunoryPe, O. sayi, Aldr. 

Head: ocelli three, all large, placed nearly in a straight line ; 
antenne 16-jointed, the two basal joints differentiated, those of 
the flagellum cylindrical, the 1st flagellar joint the longest. Palpi 


90 MYCETOPHILID A. 


four-jointed, Ist joint short, 2nd a little longer, 3rd longer than 
the two preceding, 4th a trifle shorter ; coxe elongated. Abdomen 
of the male long, slender, clavate, composed of seven distinct 
segments besides the hypopygium. Wings elongate oval. Costal 
vein ending at tip of 3rd vein; auxiliary vein long, ending near 
middle of wing; Ist longitudinal practically straight, long; 3rd 
longitudinal beginning before middle of wing in a bold curve, 
considerably bisinuate afterwards, anterior cross-vein situated near 
its base. The 4th longitudinal forked before its middle, anterior 
branch indistinct at base; 5th vein widely forked below or just 
beyond anterior cross-vein ; 6th vein incomplete. 

Range. United States (Indiana) and Sikkim; also in Baltic amber. 

The above (except the wings) is trom Johannsen (Gen. Ins.), 
and I assume it to be a copy of Aldrich’s original description, 
which is not accessible to me. Johannsen thinks the genus may 
possibly be synonymous with Newratchia. 


44. Odontopoda indica, sp. nov. 


3d. Head: vertex blackish, face brown, underside of head and 
the palpi yellow ; antennal scape and base of Ist joint of flagellum 
yellow, rest of flagellum brown. Thoraw yellowish brown, with 
short yellow hairs and stiffer bristly hairs around the margins ; 
pleure with a slight violet tinge. (Scutellum and metanotum 
damaged.) Abdomen blackish, of seven elongated, subcylindrical 
segments with yellowish grey pubescence. Genitalia very large, 
bulbous, blackish brown, hairy and bristly, with a ventral plate. 
Legs yellowish; tarsi barely darker. Wings pale greyish, highly 
iridescent, base of upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein indis- 
tinct ; halteres yellow. 

Length 34 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum taken by 
me at Darjiling, 6000 ft., 1.x. 08. 

The middle ocellus is not visible, owing to a slight crushing ot 
the top of the head; it may or may not be present. Otherwise, 
except the slight damage to the scutellum and meianotum caused 
by the pin, the specimen is perfect. ~ Only three species are 
known—two fossil ones from Baltic amber, and the third from 
Indiana, U.S.A. ; it is therefore interesting to find the genus in 
the Himalayas. 


Genus ANOMALOMYIA, Hutton. (PI. II, fig. 6.) 


Anomalomyia, Hutton, Index Fauna Noy. Zeal. p. 134 (1904). 
Anomala, Marshall (nec Stephens), Traus. New Zeal. Instit. xxviii, 
p. 293 (1896). 


Gunoryer, Mycetophila guttata, Hutton. 


Head moderate, nearly round, but slightly prolonged posteriorly, 
situated rather deep in the thorax. Eyes ovate, entire; ocelli 
two or three; if only two are present, one is situated in the margin 


ANOMALOMYIA. 91 


of each of the compound eyes ; if three, the third in the middle of 
the front. Palpi short, incurved, four-jointed; 1st joint short, 
moderately robust, 2nd much longer, 3rd and 4th more slender 
and about equally long. Antenne cylindrical, tapering toward 
the apex, projecting forward, arcuated, 16-jomted ; 1st joint of 
scape nearly cylindrical, 2nd cupuliform, both joints setiferous on 
the sides and on the upper edge ; flagellar joints cylindrical, with 
a short downy pubescence. TZhoraw highly arched; scutellum 
semicircular. Abdomen rather flattened, broadest in the middle. 
Legs vather short ; tibiz spurred and provided with lateral spines, 
which are short on the anterior tibie, and long ones arranged in 
three ranges on the intermediate, and two ranges on the posterior 
tibie. Wings with anal angle and tip rounded, the costal vein 
ending a little before the tip. Auxiliary vein rather long, reaching 
nearly to the middle of the wing; Ist longitudinal curved gently 
upwards, ending a little beyond middle of wing; 3rd begins at a 
right angle (like a cross-vein) from near the tip of the 1st: it is 
therefore short, and after the bend runs straight to the wing- 
border. Anterior cross-vein very oblique, rather long, in a line 
with the major portion of the 3rd vein; 4th longitudinal torked 
widely near border of wing ; 5th forked widely at half its length ; 
6th short, indistinct. 
Range. New Zealand (two species) and Eastern Himalayas. 
Life-history unknown. 


45. Anomalomyia indica, sp. nov. 


¢. Head black above; ocelli placed towards centre of frons, 
middle one smaller and lower. Head below antenne yellow. 
Antennal scape and base of Ist joint of flagellum yellow ; rest of 
flagellum blackish brown, with pale pubescence. Vhorax: dorsum 
brownish yellow ; two median narrow black stripes from anterior 
to posterior margins, a shorter wider one on each side on the 
hinder two-thirds of the distance. Surface with small bristles of 
different lengths, more or Jess in longitudinal rows ; lateral margins 
with larger different-sized ones irregularly placed, but there are four 
or five strong spiny bristles in a row below the shoulders, a row of 
three in front of the base of the wing, several supra-alar ones, two 
streng ones at each posterior corner, and two dorso-central large 
ones between these pairs. Scutellum yellow, with four large curved 
bristles. Abdomen black, 6-segmented, with sparse short pubes- 
cence, moderately broad. Genitalia small, dark brown, pubescent, 
apparently consisting of a pair of short thick claspers (the second 
joint of which is not visible) and a small dorsal plate. The 
genitalia are mainly concealed, but there is a conspicuous, almost 
erect. bright yellow, narrow, ventral plate, above which can be 
seen the palp-like tips of a pair of organs. Legs: coxe yellowish ; 
femora black, except apical half of fore pair, and tip of hind pair 
yellowish ; fore tibiz yellowish, posterior tibiz brown, tibial spurs 
strong, yellowish white; tarsi dark brown. Wings pale yellow, 


92 MYCBLTOPHILID-E. 


veins dark brown, distinct, anal vein not apparent; a brown 
suffusion at tip of wing, Just beyond the forking of the 4th vein. 
Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum, taken by 
Mr. Paiva at Darjiling, 7. viii. 09. 


Genus ACRODICRANIA, Skuse. 


Acrodicrana, Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales (2) iii, p. 1194 
(1888). 


GunorypE, A. atricauda, Skuse; by original designation. 


Head ovate, fore part flattened, situated deep in the thorax ; 
front broad, the anterior margin produced into a small triangle 
reaching the basal joints of the antenne ; eyes oval; ocelli three, 
of unequal size, arranged ina line on the front. Palpi prominent, 
incurved, four-jointed; 1st and 2nd joints robust, short, the 2nd 
about twice the length of the 1st; 3rd joint much more slender 
and a little longer than the 2nd; 4th joimt very slender, not the 
length of the 2nd and 8rd taken together. Antenne cylindrical, 
projecting forwards, arcuated, about as long as or somewhat longer 
than the thorax, 16-jointed ; 1st scapal joint cyathiform, about 
twice the length of the 2nd, the latter cupuliform, both with short 
setaceous hairs at the apex; the 2nd joint generally with only one 
strong seta; flagellar joints cylindrical, with very short downy 
pubescence. Thorax ovate, highly arched; scutellum nearly as 
wide as the thorax, too flattened to be semicircular; metathorax 
highly arched. Abdomen rather robust; eight segments, the 
eighth very short and generally hidden by the seventh ; in the male 
flattened, claviform, with a moderate anal joint and forceps; in the 
female robust, flattened, terminating in a short ovipositor provided 
with two small terminal lamelle. Legs strong; femora broadly 
flattened ; tibia spurred, and having strong lateral spines on the 
intermediate and hind pairs; fore tibise with a range of minute 
spines on the outer and inner side, the spines on the latter widely 
separated and few; intermediate tibize with three ranges on the 
outer side and one on the inner side; hind pair with two ranges 
on the outer side. Wings longer than the abdomen, moderately 
broad, with rounded-oft base ; microscopically pubescent. Ven- 
ation with rather an abnormal appearance. The auxiliary vein 
short, ending in the costa at one-third of the wing, with the 
subcostal cross-vein distinct, near its tip. The 1st longitudinal 
nearly straight, ending at middle of wing; 3rd vein originating 
from near tip of Ist vein, at a right angle (like a cross-vein), 
slightly bisinuate, short. Anterior cross-vein long, oblique, 
forming with the 3rd vein (after the bend) a bisinuate line. The 
4th vein forked widely some distance beyond contact with anterior 
cross-vein, the 5th widely forked before half its length, the 
branches a little sinuous, the upper one detached at its base. The 


ACRODICRANTA, 93 


6th vein long, but ending far from border of wing; the 7th very 
short, indistinct. : 

Range. The only four known species are from Australia. 

Froggatt considers the genus a synonym of Leia. 

The two species referred here with some doubt to this genus are 
distinguished easily thus :— 


Thorax unicolorous, unmarked............ Serrugined, sp. 1., p. 93. 
Thorax with a large oval black spot towards 
ERen se Or The GOTSUM. 4a. - @ aie see aes, meerti, sp. n., p. 93. 


46. (2?) Acrodicrania ferruginea, sp. nov. 


? 9. Head orange-yellow. yes ovate. Palpi orange-yellow,. 
apparently four-jointed; Ist short, 2nd and 3rd long, the former 
the widest of all, 4th short, but the demarcation of the joints not 
very obvious. Antenne with the scape and basal half of flagellum 
reddish orange, apical half of flagellum blackish. Z'horaa orange- 
yellow, highly arched, microscopically pubescent. Scutellum 
(damaged by pin) nearly as wide as thorax, short, blackish ; meta- 
notum blackish. Abdomen black, closely but shortly pubescent ; 
apparently only 6-segmented, though a seventh may be easily con- 
cealed below the last one; segments towards the base more or 
less dark brownish yellow ; belly similarly coloured. Legs orange- 
yellow, a little tinged with brown. Femora blackish towards tips ; 
middle and hind tibi# with two rows of short sete, which are 
longest on the latter. (Fore tibiz missing.) Posterior tibiee with 
long pale yellow spurs, tarsi a little darker. “ings pale yellowish- 
grey. Venation mainly as in Johannsen’s figure (Gen. Insect., 
Fasc. 98, pl. 5, fig. 14), but the base of the 4th vein and the anterior 
eross-vein, with the 3rd vein, are all of them more in a straight 
line; whilst the petiole of the 2nd posterior cell is not a strong 
vein as shown in the author’s figure, but is as weak as the 
branches forming the fork. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single specimen (which appears to be a female, 
although no genital organs are visible) taken in the Khasi Hills, 
Assam, 1000-8000 ft., x. 06. 

Type in the Pusa Collection. 

This species is referred doubtfully to Acrodicrania, as some dis- 
erepancies are noticeable. The head is not sunk in the thorax ; 
the abdomen has six, at most seven segments, not eight, as in 
Skuse’s description. 


47. Acrodicrania incerta, sp. nov. 


2. Head pale yellow, with pale yellow pubescence; vertex a 
little darker. Proboscis obtusely conical, pale yellow ; palpi pale 
yellow. Antennal scape pale yellow; 1st joint moderately long, 


‘94 MYCETOPHILIDA#. 


a little broader at the tip, with a circlet of bristles ; 2nd joint 
cup-shaped, with a row of bristly hairs near the tip. The first 
few joints of the flagellum yellowish, gradually darkening to black 
(at about the 5th joint), the remainder wholly black, the whole 
flagellum with whitish pubescence. Thorax shining light brownish- 
yellow ; towards each side a very large elongate oval shining black 
spot, occupying about two-thirds the length of the dorsum, sepa- 
rated by a moderately broad space. The whole dorsum with 
rather long stiff yellow hairs. Scutellum blackish, broadly yellow 
along the whole base, posterior margin with four very long yellow 
bristles. Metanotum and pleure blackish. Sides of thorax 
yellowish. Abdomen: the 1st segment pale yellow, the remainder 
blackish, with pale pubescence on dorsum and longer yellow hairs 
along the sides. Belly black, with yellow hairs, yellowish at base. 
Of the genitalia two rather large blackish lamelle are visible, with 
stiff bristly hairs at their tips. Legs wholly pale yellow, except 
the tarsi which are a little darker, and there is a trace of blackish 
colour about the trochanters. Wings pale yellowish grey, a little 
more yellowish on the basal anterior part. Veins brownish yellow, 
venation normal.* Halteres missing. 

Length 23 millim. 

Described from a single female taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Kurseong, 20. vi. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The yellow thorax and large black side-spots make this species 
appear very like Leta arcwata, Brun., but the absence of the con- 
spicuous arcuate blackish stripe on the wings at once distinguishes 


it. 


Genus CLASTOBASIS, Skuse. (PI. II, fig. 5.) 


Clastobasis, Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, (2) v, p. 617 
(1890). 

GrnorypE, C. tryonit, Skuse; by original designation. 

Head roundish, flattened in the fore part, situated deep in the 
thorax; front broad, the anterior border produced triangularly, 
the point between the joints of the scapus; vertex high; eyes 
oval; ocelli large, the middle one smaller, situated almost in line 
with, but somewhat behind the other two. Palpi prominent, four- 
jointed ; 1st joint small, 2nd tolerably long and robust; 3rd a 
little longer than the second, more slender ; 4th very long and 
slender, about equal in length to the 2nd and 3rd combined. 
Antenne slender, porrected, arcuated, 16-jointed ; Ist joint of the 
scapus obconical, longer than the second, the 2nd cupuliform, 
both setiferous at the apex; flagellar joints cylindrical, progres- 
sively diminishing in thickness, with minute downy pubescence. 


* The venation agrees with the figure of the wing given by Johannsen (Gen. 
Insect., Fasc. 93, pl. 5, fig. 14). 


CLASTOBASIS. 95 


Thorav ovate, highly arched, hairy; lateral border setiferous ; 
scutellum lunate, setiferous; metanotum large, acclivous. <Abdo- 
men of the female seven-segmented, narrowed at the base and 
towards the extremity ; ovipositor short, thick, inconspicuous. 
Legs long and slender; intermediate and hind femora moderately 
broad ; tibiz spurred, and with lateral spines; fore pair with some 
minute spines along the outer side; intermediate pair with two 
sparse rows of long spines on the outer and some very small 
spines on the inner side ; hind pair with two sparse rows of very 
long spines and a row of very short spines on the outer side ; in 
the hind legs the tibize and tarsi of about equal length. Wings a 
little longer than the entire body, moderately broad, with rounded- 
off base, microscopically pubescent. Costal vein ending at tip of 
8rd vein, some distance before tip of wing; the auxiliary vein 
moderately long, ending free and indistinctly, not turning either 
up or down. The Ist longitudinal vein only of moderate length, 
ending at middle of wing; the 3rd beginning at about the middle 
of the wing near the tip of the Ist, and at a right angle, giving 
the appearance of a cross-vein. The 4th vein torked about the 
middle of the wing, soon after contact with the anterior cross- 
vein, which is long, very oblique, and in a line with the main 
portion of the 8rd vein; 5th vein forked near base, the upper 
branch interrupted at its base; 6th and 7th veins incomplete, the 
former long, the latter very short. 

Range. Only one species previously known, C. tryonii, Skuse, 
from Australia; Assam. 


48. Clastobasis vittigera, sp. nov. 


9. Head wholly bright yellow. Vertex high, flat ; frons perpen- 
dicular, pointed in front. Antenne with short greyish pubescence; 
eyes microscopically pubescent, mid ocellus absent, lateral ones 
very large and conspicuous. A row of eight or nine yellow, curved 
bristles behind each eye, and four long yellow ones behind vertex, 
curving slightly backwards; a few on the frons. Zhorax wholly 
bright brownish yellow. A few stiff bristly yellow hairs laterally, 
but no obvious chetotaxy. (Scutellum and metanotum destroyed 
by pin.) Abdomen yellowish; a dark brown band on posterior 
part of each segment, broadest in the middle, nearly covering the 
dorsum of the 5th and 6th. Genitalia inconspicuous. Legs 
wholly bright yellow ; tarsi barely darker. Wings yellowish; a 
slight brownish yellow suffusion on the dise towards tip; 4th and 
5th longitudinal veins not quite reaching margin. Halteres 
yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male from Sadiya, N.E. Assam, in the 
Indian Museum. 

There is no reasonable doubt of the species belonging to Clasto- 
basis, the only discrepancy, compared with Skuse’s description, 
being the absence of the middle ocellus. It agrees perfectly with 


96 MYCETOPHILIDA. 


the diagram of the wing. The only other species known is 
C. tryoni, Skuse, from Australia. I retain the manuscript name 
given to the species by Bigot, though the applicability of it is not 
very clear unless the row of bristles around the back of the head 
is referred to. 


Genus LEIA, Mg. 


Leia, Meigen (part.), Syst. Besch. i, p. 258 (1818). 

Lejomya, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 195 (1856). 

Lejosoma, Rondani, op. eit. corrig. 

Glaphyroptera, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 781 
1865). 

Neapaphtonere Osten Sacken, Cat. Dipt. N. Amer. p. 10 (1878). 

Genoryer, L. fascipenns, Mg.; by designation of Curtis 
(British Entomology, p. 645). 

Head with elevated vertex, oval, flattened in front, placed low 
upon the thorax ; eyes elongate oval, somewhat emarginate at the 
base of the antenne; ocelli three in number, placed in a curved 
line upon the broad front ; the laterals large, rather close to the 
eye-margin, though not contiguous; the middle ocellus smaller. 
Palpi large, incurved, four-jointed ; the 1st joint smallest, the 4th 
as long or longer than the preceding. Antenne projecting 
forward, 16-jointed ; the two basal joints differentiated, setose at 
the apex; the flagellar joints cylindrical, somewhat compressed, 
short pilose. Z'horaa oval, highly arched ; seutellum small, nearly 
semicircular in outline; metanotum high, steep; halteres small. 
Abdomen seven-segmented, slender ; in the male cylindrical, and 
with small forceps; in some forms the seventh segment is reduced 
and nearly hidden by the sixth sclerite; in the female flattened 
and ending in a short ovipositor with two small lamelle. Legs 
moderately strong, all tibie with spurs and lateral sete; fore 
tibie with a range of delicate sete on the flexor and another on 
the extensor surface ; there are also several scattered sete ; middle 
tibize with one range of delicate sete and a single prominent one 
on the flexor surface, two ranges of rather stout sete on the 
extensor surface, a single seta between the latter near the apex, 
and three or four sete in an irregular row near the range on the 
flexor surface; hind tibie with a range of delicate sete on the 
flexor surface and two ranges of stout setz on the extensor 
surface, besides several smaller scattered ones. Wings somewhat 
longer than the abdomen, elongate oval, with rounded base. The 
costal vein ends at the tip of the 3rd longitudinal vein, not far 
from the wing-tip; the auxiliary vein is short, ending at one- 
third of the wing. The Ist longitudinal ends at a little beyond 
the middle, with the subcostal cross-vein near the tip of the 
auxiliary. ‘The 3rd vein begins near the tip of the Ist at a right 
angle, the anterior cross-vein long and oblique, placed at the 
deflection ; the 4th vein forked a little beyond the anterior cross- 
vein, the 5th vein widely forked before the fork of the 4th vein ; 
6th and 7th veins incomplete, the former rather strong. In 


LEIA, 97 


some species the upper branch of the 5th vein igs slightly dis- 
connected at the base, and the prongs of both the 4th and 5th 
veins may be nearly parallel or distinctly divergent according to 
the species. 

Range. Europe, North Africa, North and South America, West 
Indies, India, and Sumatra. 

Life-history. The larve live in fungi, but beyond this nothing 
appears to be known. 

“The name Leia replaces Neoglaphyroptera because Curtis 
designated L. fasciatipennis, Meigen, as the type and because 
Rondani, the first reviser of the genus, defines it as above. It 
appears that the name Leja was used by Dejean fora genus of 
Coleoptera. Scudder dates it 1821 and credits it to Megerle. 
Lacordaire states that it was used by Dejean in his first catalogue 
which, according to Hagen, appeared in 1802. As this catalogue 
is not accessible to me I am unable to decide the question of 
synonymy ; the spelling being different it may be justifiable to 
use the name Leia even should it be antedated by Leja; if not, it 
must be replaced by Lejomya, Rondani.” * 


Table of Species. 


1. Yellow species, with or without markings, 2, 
Shining black species; wing-tip infus- 


Saledi thine be wend <b. wath sg bob bre. 6. 
2. Thorax with three black stripes ........ 3. 
Thorax never striped)... ..¢..<: cen. 4, 
3. Wing with three black spots .......... winthemi, Lehm., p. 97. 
Wing with only one black spot ........ SJlavobrunnea, sp.n., p. 99. 
4. Thorax with a very large black spot 


arcuate blackish mark towards the tip . arcuata, sp. n., p. 99. 
5. 


blackish transverse streak near tip .... bicolor, sp. n., p. 100. 


shaped blackish streak near tip........ insignis, sp. n., p. 101. 
6. Front coxe dark, hind femora brownish ; 
proboscis not spatulate ............., nigra, sp. n., p. 101. 
Front coxe and hind femora pale yellow ; 
proboscis spatulate ................., spathulata, sp. n., p. 101. 


49. Leia winthemi, Lehm. (PI. II, fig, 2.) 


Leia winthemi, Lehmann, Ins. spec. in agro Hamb. capte, p. 39 
(1822). 

Glaphyroptera winthemi, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot, Ges. Wien, xiii, 
p. 789 (1863), 


SS Ss es 


* The above quotation is from Johannsen (Gen. Ins., Fase, 98, p. 76, 1909), 
and explains the question of synonymy concisely; it is therefore quoted 
verbatim. 

I 


98 MYCETOPHILID#. 


Mycetophila maculipennis, Say, Long’s Exped. St. Peters Riv., App. 
p. 365 (2) (1824). 
Leia trifasciata, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 93 (1848). 


3 Q. Head yellowish, vertex light brown; palpi yellowish; 
antennal scape and the two or three basal flagellar joints yellowish, 
the remainder brown; scape with bristles at tip of each joint. 
Thorax brownish yellow, with three distinct dark brown stripes, 
well separated, the median one reaching the anterior margin and 
distinctly divided in front; the outer stripes shorter, but con- 
tinued to the posterior margin. Scutellum yellow, brown in the 
centre. Abdomen: in male brownish yellow, posterior borders of 
segments with a broad dark brown band, varying in breadth and 
intensity, often narrower in the middle ; in female nearly all black 
or blackish brown, or only the fore borders narrowly, or anterior 
angles of segments shortly pale; in both sexes with pale pubes- 
cence. Belly in male yellowish, in female blackish. Genitalia of 
male large and conspicuous, light brownish yellow; a large 
obtusely conical basal joint to the claspers, the second joint 
terminated by two large strong black claws, the basal joints 
united at their bases above. There is also a pair of bright yellow 
intermediate palp-like organs. Ovipositor of female apparently 
normal. Zegs brownish yellow, tips of femora more broadly, tips 
of tibiz rather narrowly black, the latter with three rows of sete ; 
tibial apical spurs long, reddish yellow ; tibie a little blackish 
yellow, tarsi darker. Wings distinctly yellowish, a brown suttu- 
sion over the anterior cross-vein and petiole of 4th longi- 
tudinal vein, over the basal section of 3rd vein, and a longer spot 
from the costa just beyond tip of 1st longitudinal vein extending 
nearly to the anterior branch of the 4th vein, and another spot at 
tip of 3rd vein. Anterior cross-vein rather long, basal section of 
3rd vein short, the vein originating towards tip of 1st vein. The 
Ath vein forks a little beyond the anterior cross-vein, the branches 
parallel; the 5th vein forks before the basal end of the anterior 
cross-vein, the branches diverging; 6th vein very short, indis- 
tinct, 7th moderately long, distinct. 

Length 3-5 millim. 

Redescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum from the following localities :— 

Simla, 25.iv.07, 5.v.07, 10.v.09, Matiana, Simla district, 
28-30.iv.07 (all Annandale); Naini Tal, 2.vi.09, Darjiling, 
5. viii. 09 (Paiva), 29.v.10 (Brunetti); Ukhrul, Manipur (Petti- 
grew). The species also occurs in Sumatra, Europe, and North 
America. 

Type. The location of this I have been unable to trace. 

This species is apparently confined to the hills in eastern 
regions, though it is not uncommon throughout Europe. Van der 
Wulp in his ‘ Catalogue of South Asian Diptera” records it from 
Mid-Sumatra, a female being taken on the Peak of Indrapoera 
almost identical with the European form. 


LEIA, 99 


50. Leia flavobrunnea, sp. nov, 


gd. Head yellowish; three distinct, rather large, round black 
spots on frons, carrying the ocelli, the middle one of which is 
slightly smaller than the others and placed rather above them on 
the frons ; each also carries a bristle, the outer ones being very 
large and conspicuous ; all the rear part of the head behind the 
ocelli with short, stiff, bristly brown hairs ; face and palpi yellowish, 
former with brown hairs, Antennal scape and first ten joints of 
flagellum yellowish, the remainder black. Thoraw brownish 
yellow, with three darker brown stripes, the median one faint, 
formed of two narrowly separated fine lines, the outer ones pointed 
at each end; all three attain the hind margin of the dorsum, the 
middle one being continued over the concolorous scutellum, which 
bears four bristles on its hind margin. Metanotum brownish 
yellow, witha pair of longitudinal blackish stripes ; sides of thorax 
concolorous. Abdomen black on dorsum, pubescent; base pale ; 
belly yellowish, except at the tip. Genitalia subglobose, yellowish, 
apparently twisted sideways; the basal joints obtusely conical, 
with a pair of intermediate small black horny hook-like appen- 
dages and an elongate narrow dorsal style. Legs brownish 
yellow, tibiz a little darker, posterior tibia beset with bristles. 
Wings yellow, a little paler behind; venation normal, veins 
vellow or yellowish brown. A brown mark over the tip of the 
3rd longitudinal vein, extending a little in front of the vein at the 
margin of the wing, and a little behind the vein at a short distance 
from the wing-margin. Halteres yellow, with a short thick stem, 
clubs black-tipped. 

Length 3% millim. 

Described from one male taken by me at Darjiling, 29. v. 10. 

Lype in the Indian Museum. 


51. Leia arcuata, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 3.) 


3 2. Head: frons rather bright yellow, reddish or brownish 
on vertex ; face and palpi light brownish yellow; antennal scape 
and about basal half of flagellum yellow, darkening gradually to 
blackish on the apical part. The three ocelli distinct, black ; 
some pale hairs on upper part of head and stiff black hairs behind 
it; back of head reddish yellow. In some females nearly all the 
head is more or less uniformly yellowish. Thorax light brownish 
yellow, sides and scutellum concolorous, dorsum generally a little 
darker. Metanotum and metapleure wholly black. There is on 
each side of the dorsum a very large, pear-shaped, shining, jet- 
black spot, extending from a little below the shoulders to the 
posterior corners, and from the wing-roots nearly to the middle 
of the dorsum, leaving only a narrow yellow interval between the 
two spots. Thorax covered with loose shaggy yellow hairs, 
amongst which there are several bristles along the lateral borders 
of the dorsum, strongest above the wings; two dorso-central 

H2 


‘100 MYCETOPHILIDA. 


bristles, and the scutellum bears a strong one on each side, nearly 
as large as the apical pair. Abdomen yellow, with light yellow 
pubescence ; 1st segment wholly black, the rest with a broad 
black posterior margin (which is generally narrowest on the 2nd 
segment); in the male this band is more or less of regular width, 
but in the female it is generally enlarged in the middle to a suffi- 
cient extent to attain the base of each segment, in some speci- 
mens the colour spreading over the whole of the hinder segments. 
Belly yellowish, blackish towards tip. Genitalia of male yellow, of 
moderate size, second joint of claspers very slender; in the female 
the organs are inconspicuous, yellow. Legs wholly yellowish, 
tibiz rather darker, tarsi blackish. Wings yellowish grey ; an 
irregular, ill-defined, but distinct brownish arcuate band (its con- 
vexity inwards) towards tip, crossing the 3rd and both branches 
of the 4th longitudinal vein, and touching the tip of the 5th at 
the wing-border. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from two males and ten females in the Indian 
Museum, from Kurseong, Darjiling District, 5000 ft., 3-9. vii. 08, 
26. vi. 10; and Naini Tal, West Himalayas, 10.vi.09. A speci- 
men in the Pusa Collection is from the Khasi Hills, Assam, 1000- 
3000 ft., ii. 07. 

A very conspicuous species, and easily recognised from all 
others in the genus or even subfamily, by the very large shining 
black spots on the thorax. In one specimen from Bhowali, 
Kumaon, taken by Mr. A. D. Imms in July 1909, the basal half 
of the hind femora is black and the wing-marks almost absent. 
Mr. Imms took it again at Bhowali on 28. vi. 10. 


52. Leia bicolor, sp. nov. 


Q@. Head: frons and vertex reddish yellow; face and palpi 
ight brownish yellow; antennze with the first few joints of 
flagellum bright reddish yellow. (Remainder missing.) Thoraa 
brownish yellow, traces of three narrow brown stripes converging, 
but not uniting, towards posterior margin. Sides, pleure, scu- 
tellum, and metanotum concolorous. Dorsum with two distinct 
rows of dorso-central small bristly hairs, of irregular size, and two 
stronger bristles on each posterior corner, also a curved row of 
four strong ones on the scutellum. Metapleure with numerous. 
long stiff yellow hairs. Abdomen wholly black, very narrowly 
yellow at base, with a few pale hairs. Belly blackish; genitalia 
concealed. Legs: coxee and femora reddish yellow, tibie blackish 
yellow, tarsi blackish. Wangs rather deeply yellowish; a brownish 
band near tip, crossing the 3rd longitudinal, and both branches of 
the 4th longitudinal vein. Halteres yellow. é 

Length 4} millim. 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum, taken 
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 7. ix. 09. 


LEIA 101 


53. Leia insignis, sp. nov. 


Q. Head: frons and vertex black, with pale hairs. Antenne 
set in well-marked, large cavities, the edges of which are pale 
yellow. Scape yellow; flagellum brown, a little paler beneath at 
the base. Underside of head and the palpi pale yellow. Thorax : 
dorsum wholly shining black, but leaving a broad yellow anterior 
margin; the shoulders, humeri and the anterior part of the sides 
also yellow. Metapleure, metanotum and the mesopleural region 
black. Scutellum yellow, with a row of four strong yellow bristles. 
Dorsum of thorax with yellow hairs, amongst which can be distin- 
guished a more or less distinct pair of dorso-central rows, which 
end in a pair of strong yellow bristles. Other strong yellow 
bristles occur laterally in the usual situations, but some of them 
can hardly be strictly differentiated from the stiff hairs which are 
irregularly placed around the edges of the dorsum and elsewhere. 
Abdomen yellow, with sparse, short yellow hairs ; hind margins of 
segments with a broad black band, which is narrowest on the 
Ist segment, and which shows a tendency to increased width in 
the middle in the others. Last segment, belly and genitalia all 
yellow, latter small. Legs yellow, tibie scarcely darker; tips of 
hind femora very narrowly black, tarsi blackish. Wings pale 
yellow, an indistinct narrow, transverse streak towards the tip. 
Halteres yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single specimen from Ukhrul, Manipur, 
6400 ft., in the Indian Museum. 


54. Leia nigra, sp. nov. (Pl. II, fig. 4.) 


2. Head black, except the greyish face and pale yellow palpi. 
Thorax wholly black, pubescent; dorsum moderately shining, 
with strong hairs, and with some bristles laterally, on the anterior 
corners and humeri and on the posterior corners ; the scutellum 
also bears a row of four strong bristles. Abdomen black, pubescent. 
Genitalia black; a cylindrical, hairy piece and a ventral plate are 
visible. Legs black; tibize pale brownish yellow, apical spurs 
white (middle tibizw in the second specimen brownish towards tip). 
Wings pale grey, tip brownish, the colour extending to about the 
middle of the branches of the 4th longitudinal vein and the tip of 
the 5th. 

Length 3 willim. 

Described from two examples in the Indian Museum, from 
Naini Tal, 2. vi. 09 (type), and Simla, 9. v.09 (Annandale). 


55. Leia spathulata, sp. nov. 


3. Head: vertex, frons, and face all black, with microscopic 
grey pubescence, the face with grey reflections when viewed from 
above; vertex and frons with, in addition, stiff bristly black hairs. 


102 MYCELTOPHILID&. 


Ocelli yellowish white. Proboscis comparatively elongate, with 
very broad and long labella, pale yellow with blackish marks on 
the upper side; palpi yellowish white. Antenne black, with 
microscopic grey reflections. Zhoraw shining black, rather densely 
covered with black bristly hairs of different lengths ; whitish grey 
on the shoulders, the colour extending laterally as far back as the 
wings. Scutellum, metanotuin and sides of thorax black ; pleure 
slightly dusted with grey. Abdomen black, pubescent; posterior 
margins of segments yellow on underside, the colour extending 
narrowly to the upper side of some of the basal ones. Genitalia 
large, rounded, shining black, pubescent ; an obtusely conical 1st 
joint and, apparently, some smaller intermediate appendages. Legs 
pale yellow, posterior coxe black, tarsi pale blackish yellow; 
posterior tibiz spinose, apparently bearing three rows of rather 
large sete; fore tibiae with much shorter bristles. Wings very 
pale grey, blackish on about the apical fourth, the colour extending 
across the wings, limited proximally, nearly in a straight line, from 
the middle of the 3rd vein to the tip of the anterior branch of the 
5th vein ; the 6th vein distinct, straight, ending at about opposite 
the fork of the 5th vein. Halteres pale yellow, clubs oval. 

Length 3% millim. 

Described from one male taken by me at Darjiling, 25, v. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum, 

It is questionable whether a new genus might not be established 
for this species, owing to the lengthened proboscis and highly 
developed labella. Agreeing, however, as it does with the other 
generic characters of Leia, and bearing a considerable resemblance 
to L. nigra, it seems advisable to refer it here for the present. 


Genus RHYMOSIA, Winn. 
Rhymosia, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 810 (1863). 


Genotyen, Lt. fascrata, Mg.; by designation of Johannsen (Gen. 
Ins., Fase. 93, p. 102, 1909). 


Head oval, vertex somewhat raised, front broad, narrowed 
anteriorly ; eyes nearly circular, somewhat bulging; ocelli three 
in number, the laterals large, closely contiguous to the eye-margins, 
the middle one very minute, placed in a groove on the front, 
sometimes almost concealed. Palpi incurved, four-jointed, 1st 
joint very small, the 4th longer than the three preceding. 
Antennx 16-jointed, basal joints differentiated, setose at the apex, 
the flagellar joints cylindrical, compressed, pubescent. Thoraa 
oval, highly arched; mesonotum short-haired, usually only the 
margin with sete; scutellum large, margin setose; metanotum 
high, steep. Abdomen of the male six-segmented, with small 
terminal segment and rather small forceps, that of the female 
seven-segmented, slender, constricted at the base, compressed, 
with short, stout ovipositor and a pair of terminal lamelle. Legs 


RHYMOSIA. 103 


long and slender, tibie spurred and with slender lateral sete. Wings 
oval, base rounded, about as long as the abdomen, with microscopic 
setulz arranged in parallel longitudinal rows. Costa ending before 
tip of wing; auxiliary vein rudimentary. The 1st longitudinal 
vein straight, the 3rd beginning at its middle, mainly straight ; 
anterior cross-vein oblique, placed before middle of wing. The 
4th longitudinal forked immediately after contact with the 
anterior cross-vein, the branches nearly parallel, gently diverging ; 
Sth vein forking before 4th, the branches diverging, 6th vein 
strong but incomplete, 7th short and indistinct. 

Range. Himalayas, Bengal, Assam, Ceylon ; previously recorded 
only from Europe and North America. 

Life-history. Apparently little is known, but Winnertz states 
that 2. fenestralis, a European species, breeds in Agaricus meileus. 
Johannsen says some species feed on Armillaria, a genus of 
fungi, 

A character of many species of this genus is the narrow forking 
of the 5th longitudinal vein for a certain distance, after which the 
branches semewhat suddenly diverge, and it may be distinguished 
from such species of Allodia as have a narrowly forked 5th vein 
at the base, by the strong anal vein. 


Table of Species. 


1. Thoracic dorsum mainly blackish, 
margin Vellowish si... nsivirars ves Jlavolimbata, sp. n., p. 103. 
Thoracic dorsum mainly yellowish . 2. 
2. Thorax without distinct black stripes 
GEMUUNUIGE (cs op gir cies a. 4) 44 #8 Sided ate 3. 
Thorax with the three usual dark stripes genitalis, sp. n., p. 104. 
3. Antenne with tip of each joint broadly 


WME Nels cto gee ee eps a wiarg Saeed Oe 4, 
Antenne uniformly brownish ........ albolateralis, sp. n., p. 104. 
4. Thorax light yellowish, shoulders con- 
OUR OME erat Lita wise ® a pin gleiicty ara fds annulicorns, sp. n., p. 105. 
Thorax brownish yellow, shoulders 
Gigtiverty PAlet ok. dens ssersaees 5. 
5. Femora all pale yellow .... ........: humeralis, sp. 0., p. 106. 
Posterior femora with black streaks 
Below GOWANGS TIPS sos. oie c's eeels'y § fascipes, sp. n., p. 106. 


56. Rhymosia flavolimbata, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head bright reddish yellow, including antenne, the tips 
of each joint of the flagellum very narrowly but distinctly black ; 
vertex and back of head blackish. Z'horaa: dorsum very dark 
brown, with short pale yellowish hairs, margin of dorsum on three 
sides pale yellow, the hind margin blackish, except at the corners, 
which, with the scutellum, are yellow. Sides of thorax anteriorly 
reddish yellow; pleure and metanotum black. Abdomen black, 
moderately shining, with a few pale hairs. Genitalia of male very 
large, pubescent, brownish yellow, the large first joint of the 


104 MYCETOPHILID®. 


claspers followed by a comparatively short, obtuse dark brown, 
eurved joint; a dorsal bifid plate, beneath which protrude two 
pairs of long almost filamentous appendages. Ovipositor of 
female very small, inconspicuous, concealed, yellow. Legs wholly 
pale yellow, except dark brown tips to coxe and the darker 
blackish tarsi. Wings yellowish. Both branches of 4th vein 
distinct to the wing-border, nearly parallel; upper branch of 5th 
vein distinct nearly to its base. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from two females (including type) taken by Dr. 
Annandale at Kurseong, 5000 ft., 4. vil. 08 and 21. vi. 10. I have 
seen it from Kumaon, 5700 ft., vu. 1909, taken by Mr. Imms. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


57. Rhymosia genitalis, sp. nov. 


¢. Head dark brownish yellow, with black pubescence, darker 
in centre. Face and proboscis bright yellow, two small lip-shaped 
labella at the tip of the proboscis; palpi with the first two joints 
dark brown, 3rd and 4th yellowish, thinner. Thorawv bright 
yellowish, with the three usual darker broad stripes, the iiddle 
one attaining the anterior margin, where it is widened ; all three 
attain the hind margin; dorsum covered with yellow hairs. 
Scutellum and metanotum blackish, underside of scutellum 
yellowish. Sides of thorax yellowish, pleure blackish. Abdomen 
black, hind margin of the basal segment brownish yellow. Geni- 
talia very large and complex ; a rather small oblong black dorsal 
plate, with two black palp-like appendages protruding from below ; 
a very large shining black basal joint to the claspers, the 2nd 
joint being blunted and of irregular shape; two very long, pointed 
horny brownish yellow intermediate appendages, standing quite 
erect, above the level of the abdominal dorsum, and each termi- 
nating in three long slightly curved spines. Legs: cox and 
femora yellow, tibie a little darker, tarsi blackish. Wings 
yellowish, venation normal. Halteres yellow. 

Length 3 millim. aa Bt 

Described from one male from Darjiling, taken by me, 29. v.10, 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


58. Rhymosia albolateralis, sp. nov. 


3. Head: frons, face, palpi and scape bright yellow ;. base of 
ist joint of flagellum pale yellowish white, remainder of flagellum 
light brown, pubescent; back of head black, a little reddish 
behind the eyes; eyes black, pubescent. Thorax brownish yellow, 
with microscopic black hairs, and two well separated rows of 
dorso-central black bristles; others occur around the lateral 
margins; three rather strong ones on each posterior corner, and 
two in the centre of the extreme posterior margin; a whitish 
streak on lateral margins of dorsum from shoulder to root of wing. 


RHYMOSIA. 105 


Seutellum concolorous, with two apical strong bristles, and a 
smaller pair immediately above them. Metanotum brownish 
yellow; pleure blackish. Abdomen yellowish, posterior half of 
each segment, and whole of last one, rich dark brown. ‘The 
genitalia consists of a large hood-like pale yellowish piece, 
exteriorly pubescent, ending in two narrow prolongations ; below 
this hood is a pair of bent claspers with long black hooks. Legs 
pale yellowish, tibie and tarsi darker. Wings pale brownish 
grey; halteres yellowish white. 

Length 3% millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum, from 
Naini Tal, 6000 ft., 10. vi. 09. 


59. Rhymosia annulicornis, sp. nov. (Pig. 10°; ee ee 
figs. 13 & 14.) 


3 2. Head yellow, a little darker on vertex. Antenne yellow, 
clesely pubescent, apex of each joint of the flagellum with a broad 
black ring. A few bristles about the mouth ; palpi varying 
from yellow to blackish. Back of head with bristles on the upper 
part, blackish on the lower part. Thorax yellow, slightly 
brownish yellow on dorsum, paler yellow at sides; dorsum with 
rather shaggy brownish-yellow hair; around the borders of the 
dorsum are several bristles of various sizes, the strongest being 
two curved ones in front of each wing base; there are at least 
two on each humerus, with others below them, two apparently 
notopleural ; a strong one at each posterior corner, with two 
others of shorter and unequal lengths in front of them; and 
two dorso-central. Scutellum and metanotum yellow; former 
with two strong apical bristles. Abdomen of male yellow, posterior 
margins of segments narrowly black ; belly yellow, with blackis 
posterior margins to segments. Abdomen of female yellow, or 
brownish yellow, with yellow pubescence ; posterior margins ot 
all segments with a black band, which is broadened in the middle, 
sometimes extending forwards to the base of the segment ; last 
segment all yellow. Genitalia of male very conspicuous ; each 
clasper formed of a large, short, emarginate, basal piece beyond 
which projects a prominent second joint attached to the first very 
narrowly and having the appearance of a ventral V-shaped plate 
with rounded edges, on the inner side of which are a row of strong 
blae’x spines. On the upper inner side of the second joint is a 
small process ending in three black claws; a moderate-sized dorsal 
plate is present. In the female two small lamelle are barely 
visible, the whole organ being totally withdrawn within the 
abdominal cavity. Legs pale yellow ; tips of cox blackish, with 
some black bristles; extreme tips of femora sometimes black ; 
apical spines on posterior tibie very large, dirty yellow; tibiz and 
tarsi darker ; posterior tibiae with several strong bristles on hinder 
side and lesser ones on outer and inner sides. Wings yellowish, 


106 MYCETOPHILID. 


veins brown, all bearing a microscopic row of bristles ; lower 
branch of 4th longitudinal vein not reaching wing-margin ; upper 
branch of 5th obliterated at base. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 3-33 millim. 

Described from one male and three femalesin the Indian Museum 
collection, from Madhupur, Bengal, 13. ix. 09, 15.x. 09 (Paiva) ; 
Calcutta, 18. vii. 08 (Annandale) ; and Peradeniya, Ceylon, 14-16. 
vil. 10 (Gravely). 


60. Rhymosia humeralis, sp. nov. 


3. Considerably resembling 2. annulicornis, the differences 
being as follows :— 

Head with the vertex more blackish. Thorax with the dorsum 
rather darker brownish yellow and the anterior corners livid 
yellowish white ; scutellum lighter; metapleure blackish. Bristles 
apparently similar but hardly as strong. Abdomen with the Ist, 
4th, 5th, and 6th segments dark brown, with very narrow pale 
yellow hind margins; the 2nd and 3rd segments yellow; belly 
dark brown, posterior margins of all segments pale yellow. 

Length 23 millim. 

Described from a single male, from Sylhet, 3.11.05 (Lt.-Col. 
Halt) ; in the Indian Museum. 


61. Rhymosia fascipes, sp. nov. (PI. IM, fig. 12.) 


3. Head: vertex black with coarse yellow hairs; a yellowish 
transverse ridge across the frons immediately above the antenne, 
reaching from eye to eye. Face yellow, palpi brownish yellow. 
Antenne brownish yellow, tips of all the flagellar joints dark 
brown. Thorax brownish yellow, with rather long yellow rough 
hairs, more bristly near the margins ; anterior margin of dorsum 
and along the sides about as far as the wing, paler, yellowish 
grey ; three indistinct broad darker brown stripes of the usual 
pattern are visible but not conspicuous. Scutellum yellowish, a 
little obscure on the dorsum ; metanotum shining blackish brown, 
sides of thorax yellowish, pleure blackish, metapleure yellowish. 
Abdomen blackish ; 1st segment mainly, 2nd on basal half, 3rd 
narrowly at base, yellowish; the whole abdomen with short 
yellow pubescence. Genitalia very complex; a narrow pointed 
dorsal style; a two-jointed pair of claspers, the Ist joint of 
moderate size, obtusely conical, the 2nd flattened, rather wide ; 
an intermediate pair of fire-tong-like black horny processes, tri- 
sinuate, and ending in sharp points; they emerge from below the 
style and possibly spring from a single basal piece ; below these, 
and almost below the large claspers also, is a second pair of 
appendages, ending in finger-like tips; except the black, tong- 
like processes, all the genital organs are brownish yellow with 
yellow hairs. Legs pale yellowish, tarsi barely darker, junction of 


RHYMOSIA.—ALLODIA, 107 


cox and femora dark brown on underside; hind femora dark 
brown near tip below, middle femora less so; posterior tibiz 
with black tips, and bearing three rows of sete. Wings yellowish 
grey, a little more yellowish on anterior border ; tips of fork of 
4th longitudinal vein converging, the lower branch incomplete. 
Halteres brownish yellow. 

Leagth 3 millim. 

Described from one male, from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 7. vii. 10 
(F. H. Gravely). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus ALLODIA, Winn. 


Allodia, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 826 (1865). 
Brachycampta, Winnertz, lc. p. 835. 


Gunoryrn, Mycetophila lugens, Wied. ; by Johannsen’s designa- 
tion (Gen. Ins., Fase. 93, p. 104). 


Head round, flattened in front, placed low upon the thorax, 
front broad; eyes round; ocelli three in number, the laterals 
large, contiguous to the eye-margins, the middle one very small, in 
a groove. Palpi incurved, four-jointed, the 1st small, the 4th 
longest. Antenne 16-jointed, the basal joints differentiated, the 
flagellar joints cylindrical, pubescent. Thorax oval, highly arched ; 
mesonotum with depressed hairs, only the margin setose : scutel- 
lum large, with marginal sete. Abdomen of the male six-seg- 
mented, with complex forceps; the female abdomen with seven 
segments, slender, compressed, constricted at the base, with a 
short ovipositor, ending in two slender lamell. Legs long and 
slender, all tibia with long spurs and minute lateral sete. Wings 
shorter or not longer than the abdomen, oval, with rounded base, 
and with microscopic setule arranged in parallel longitudinal 
rows. The costal vein ending some distance before the tip of the 
wing ; auxiliary .vein rudimentary ; Ist longitudinal straight, long, 
rd beginning about its middle, also straight ; anterior cross-vein 
moderately long, rather oblique; the 4th longitudinal forked 
before half its length, the branches gradually diverging ; the 5th 
vein forks a little before the fork of the 4th, the branches 
diverging ; the 6th and 7th veins incomplete, or more or less 
indistinct. 

Range. Western Himalayas ; and previously recorded from 
Europe and North America. 

This genus is closely allied to Brachycampta, Winn., and that 
author distinguishes the two as follows :—In Allodia the first anal 
vein (6th vein), though short, is more or less distinct ; in Brachy- 
campta it is wanting ; in the latter the fork of the 5th longitudinal 
vein is sometimes formed as in Rhymosia, the base of the fork 
being retracted before the proximal extremity of the anterior 
cross-yein, while in Allodia this is not the case. 


108 ’  MYCETOPHILID®. 


However, with regard to these distinctions Johannsen says :— 
‘These characters, while sufficient to separate most of the European 
species thus far described, fail utterly for some of the still 
undescribed North American forms, and for this reason the two 
genera are combined.”* 


62, Allodia nigrofasciata, sp. nov. (Pl. II, fig. 11.) 


3 Q. Head: vertex dark brown or black, with grey pubescence; 
face blackish or brownish, rest of head including proboscis and 
palpi, yellow. Antennal scape and base of flagellum yellow, the rest 
black. Three or four strong bristles in a row behind upper inner 
corner of each eye. Yhoraw varying from reddish brown to 
black, with rather rough yellow pubescence, sides vellowish, 
pleuree blackish, slightly dusted with grey. Bristles placed as 
follows :—seyeral on the humeri of different lengths, three or four 
very strong ones below each humerus, some moderately strong ones 
on the anterior and lateral margins of dorsum, a powerful one on 
each posterior corner of dorsum, and smaller ones irregularly 
mixed with the soft yellow hairs covering the whole dorsum and 
along its posterior margin. Scutellum with two strong apical 
bristles. Abdomen compressed; varying from yellowish to dark 
brown and with soft pale hairs; dorsum with a broader or 
narrower black band on the base of each segment, sometimes 
occupying nearly all the surface, but leaving at least a narrow 
band on each hind margin, which widens towards the sides, over 
which the black colour extends for some distance basally. Geni- 
talia of moderate size; the large basal joint of each clasper 
terminating in two narrow flexible finger-like appendages, and 
between the claspers a pair of branched black hook-like organs. 
In the female two narrow elongate yellow lamelle are visible. 
Legs pale yellow, tips of femora, especially on hind pair, a little 
blackish ; traces of a small dark streak below at base ; tibiee darker ; 
tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish, iridescent ; halteres yellowish 
white. 

Length 22-32 millim. 

Described from two males and six females (including type 3 
and 2) in the Indian Museum, from Simla, 10. v.09 (Dr. Annan- 
dale); also from one from Mundali, Dehra Dun district, 9000 ft., 
16-12. v.10 (C. W. Beebe), in the same collection. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


Genus MACROBRACHIUS, Dzied. 
Macrobrachius, Dziedzicki, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xxiii, p. 520 (1889). 
Genorypr, M. kowarzti, Dzied., the only previously known 


species ; by original designation. 


* Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 104 (1909). 


MACROBRACHIUS. 109 


Near Phronia. Head placed low down on thorax; palpi incurved, 
four-jointed, first two joints caliciform, 8rd joint cylindrical, 4th 
nearly as long as the first three taken together. Eyes oval, 
emarginate at base of antenne ; three ocelli, placed in a transverse 
line, the middle one small. Antenne articulate, 16-jointed, scape 
differentiated, flagellum cylindrical. Thoraw short, highly arched, 
metanotum short, scutellum small, with long sete. Abdomen 
short and compressed, in male 6-segmented, in female 7-segmented. 
Legs strong; middle and hind tibie with two rows of lateral sete 
on each. Wings oval, broader at base in the male; costa ending 
far beyond tip of 3rd longitudinal vein; auxiliary vein short, a 
little curved, the end free ; the 4th vein forking beyond the basal 
section of the 3rd vein; the fork of the 5th longitudinal small, 
the fork, far beyond the fork of the 4th; branches widely 
diverging ; the 6th longitudinal vein long and strong, but shortened ; 
the 3rd vein beginning before the middle of the wing; the 
anterior cross-vein moderately long, very oblique, the 4th vein 
forking immediately after quitting it. 

Range. Europe ; Eastern Himalayas. 

The long costa, in conjunction with the strong 6th vein, at 
once separates this genus from Phronia. 


63. Macrobrachius longicosta, sp. nov. (PI. ITI, fig. 11.) 


¢. Head: vertex and frons black, with greyish pubescence ; 
face very narrow, owing to the eyes being nearly contiguous just 
below the antennz. Palpi pale yellow; scapal joints of antenne 
bright yellow, each with a row of bristles; Ist flagellar joint 
yellow at base, the remainder brown, darkening nearly to black at 
the tip. Outer ocelli touching the eyes. Thora bright brownish 
yellow, with very short golden yellow pubescence and numerous 
strong bristly hairs, which latter are more conspicuous towards the 
margins and along the middle, where they form two dorso-central 
rows ; two brown, rather broad, longitudinal stripes beginning on 
the hind margin of the dorsum, but disappearing before reaching 
the middle. Prothorax with four strong bristles on each side. 
Scutellum sub-triangular, the upper corners rounded, blackish, 
with short yellow hairs and two divergent strong bristles at the 
tip; underside yellowish. Metanotum blackish, sides of thorax 
yellow, pleure blackish. Abdomen considerably compressed, six- 
segmented, black, with yellowish grey pubescence ; belly yellowish. 
Genitalia yellowish; a short narrow emarginate dorsal plate, 
apparently united to the very large side-plates (unless these are 
the basal joints themselves of the claspers) and these meet below, 
forming a keel-shaped cavity for the inner organs, the tip prolonged 
narrowly as a ventral style, with three horny filaments. From 
the genital chamber project three tapering finger-like appendages, 
each ending in a horny hook; they are united at their bases and 
apparently form the second joint of the claspers, the first being 
hidden (unless they themselves are what are here described as 


110 MYCETOPHILID®. 


side-plates). Just above the style there are four strong spiny 
black bristles on each side-plate, Legs bright yellowish; tarsi 
blackish towards the tips. Wings pale yellowish grey, lighter 
around the posterior margin ; venation in accordance with Johann- 
sen’s figure (Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, pl. 6, fig. 12), Halteres blackish. 

Length 3 millim, 

Described from one male, from Kurseong, 25. vi.10 (Dr. XW. 
Annandale). 


Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus PHRONIA, Winn. (PI. II, fig. 9.) 
Phronia, Winnertz, Verh. zool,-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 857 (1863). 
Genortypn, P. rustica, Winn. 


Head round, flattened in front, placed low upon the thorax ; 
front broad, the anterior margin produced into a triangle, the apex 
of which reaches to the base of the antennze; eyes round; ocelli 
three in number, the laterals large, contiguous to the eye-margins, 
the middle one small, placed in a groove near the base of the 
frontal triangle. Palpi incurved, four-jointed, the 1st joint small, 
the 4th about as long as the 2nd and 3rd taken together. 
Antenne in the male frequently, in the female usually, nearly 
cylindrical, slender, arcuate, 16-jointed, the two basal joints 
differentiated, the 2nd with sete at the apex, flagellar joints 
cylindrical, slightly compressed, pubescent. Thorax oval, highly 
arched, mesonotum hairy, the hairs on the sides longer, no sete ; 
scutellum nearly semicircular, margin setose, metanotum high, 
somewhat arched. Abdomen of the male slender, six-seemented, 
compressed, constricted at the base, with rather large apical segment 
and forceps; female with seven-segmented abdomen, cylindrieal, 
constricted at the base, with ovipositor ending in two lamelle. 
Legs slender, fore tibize shorter than the corresponding tarsi; all 
tibie with spurs and lateral sete. Wangs oval, with a more or 
less rounded base, somewhat longer than the abdomen, micro- 
scopically setulose. Costa ending at varying points before the 
wing-tip, according to the species ; auxiliary vein very short or 
rudimentary, ending free ; lst longitudinal moderately long; 3rd 
originating at a right angle before middle of wing, running 
straight to just above the wing-tip; anterior cross-vein short, 4th 
longitudinal vein forking soon after contact with the cross-vein, 
the branches gradually diverging ; 5th vein forking beyond fork 
of 4th, the branches widely diverging; 6th and 7th veins incom- 
plete, sometimes almost rudimentary. 

Range. Sikkim, Assam ; previously recorded only from Europe, 
and one species from Greenland. 

Life-history. The early stages are passed in decaying wood. 

To the student who would make this genus a special study, 


PHRONIA. ion 


Dziedzicki’s elaborate monograph is recommended.* The flies are 
found in woods and among shrubs, usually in spring and autumn. 
The two Oriental species described here may be separated thus:— 


Yellowish species .......... cesses se eeecees simplex, sp. 0. 
Blackish species.......---.. eee e ss eee eee ees semifumata, sp. 0. 


64. Phronia simplex, sp. nov. 


Q. Head yellowish, vertex brown, with whitish pubescence, 
antenne light brown, scape and base of flagellum yellow. Thorax 
rather bright light brown, with microscopic pale pubescence, and 
a greyish reflection towards the lateral margins; three dorsal 
stripes very faintly indicated ; lateral margins with stiff bristles. 
Seutellum concolorous, with signs of two broad darker stripes ; 
two strong apical and two smaller subapical bristles. Metanotum 
and sides very light brownish yellow. Abdomen light brown, 
minutely pubescent, hind margins of segments narrowly pale yellow. 
Genitalia light brown, slender, with two elongated terminal lamell. 
Legs pale yellow, tibiew and tarsi very pale brownish. Wings very 
pale yellowish grey ; halteres pale yellow. 

Length. 3% millim. 

Described from a single example in the Indian Museum from 
Assam. 


65. Phronia semifumata, sp. nov. (PI. LILI, fig. 10.) 


3. Head black, with very short scattered grey hairs ; proboscis 
blackish, tip brownish yellow; palpi yellowish. Antennal scape 
yellow, 1st flagellar joint pale brownish, remainder black. Thorax 
blackish ; dorsum with short pale yellow hairs and strong brownish 
bristles around the margins; shoulders and upper corners of 
prothorax pale yellowish. Scutellum blackish, with four strong 
brownish spines. Metanotum, sides of thorax and pleure blackish, 
the latter with alittle grey reflection. Abdomen black, compressed, 
with pale hairs. Genitalia rather large, rounded; a small dorsal 
bilobed plate and a ventral plate; the basal joint of claspers large, the 
2nd joint consisting of three elongated appendages (which are not 
easily seen, being curled up on one another), one of which at least 
is covered with short bristles. Legs: fore coxw pale yellowish, 
posterior cox blackish with grey reflections ; femora and tibize 
pale yellow, tarsi blackish towards the tips. Wings yellowish 
erey, a little darker yellow on the anterior margin. Venation 
normal. Halteres pale yellow, clubs large, oval. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from one male, taken at Tonglu, Darjiling district, 
21. iv.10 (C. W. Beebe). 
Type in the Indian Museum, 


* Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, xxiii. (1889), 


1 MYCETOPHILID®. 


Genus EXECHIA, Winn. 


Exechia, Winnertz, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii, p. 879 (1863). 

Parexechia, Becker, Insekten von Jan Mayen, p. 62 (1886). 

Brachydicrania, Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales (2) iii, p. 1215- 
(1888), 


Genorypn, Tipula fungorum, de Geer ; designated by Johannsen.* 


Head roundish, compressed in the front part, situated deep in 
the thorax ; front broad. yes longish-round ; lateral ocelli large, 
closely contiguous to the eye-margins, middle ocellus either very 
small, placed in a groove on the front, or entirely wanting. 
Palpi incurved, four-jointed, 1st joint small, 4th longest. Antennz 
projecting forward, somewhat arcuated, 16-jointed, 1st joint of 
the scape cyathiform, 2nd much shorter than the Ist, cupuliform, 
both setiferous at the tip; flagellar joints cylindrical, somewhat 
compressed, with minute downy pubescence. Thorax ovate, 
highly arched, with a short pubescence, setose on the lateral and 
hind borders; scutellum semicircular, setose, metanotum steep. 
Abdomen slender, in the male with six, in the female with seven 
segments, narrowed at the base, cylindrical or a little compressed ; 
anal joint of the male rather large, forceps moderate or small ; 
ovipositor of the female very short, with two small lamelle. 
Legs long, slender, intermediate and hind femora rather broadly 
compressed, tibize spurred, and with lateral spines, fore pair with 
one distinct range of very minute spines on the inner side, and 
a few small spines along the outer side, intermediate pair with 
a range of small spines on each side, hind pair with two ranges of 
rather longer spines on the extensor surface; plante of meta- 
tarsus of hind tarsus with minute setule. Wangs shorter than, 
subequal to, or a little longer than the abdomen, oblong oval, with 
rounded base, and with microscopic setule arranged in longi- 
tudinal rows. Costal vein ending at tip of 3rd vein, some 
distance before the wing-tip; auxiliary vein very short, complete 
or incomplete, turning down towards the 1st longitudinal ; 3rd 
vein beginning before middle of wing, angled at base, thence- 
straight ; anterior cross-vein moderately long, oblique, 4th longi- 
tudinal forked very soon after contact with cross-vein, before 
middle of wing, the branches approximately parallel; 5th longi- 
tudinal forked about its middle, approximately under fork of 4th,. 
the branches distinctly diverging; 6th and 7th veins distinct but 
short. 

Range. Europe, Greenland, and Eastern Himalayas. 

Life-history. Apparently nothing known beyond that the larvae 
live in fungi, and that the perfect insects appear in woods and 
bushes in the spring. One species is said to do considerable. 
damage in Europe to mushrooms. 


* Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 106 (1909). 


EXECHIA.—MYCHTOPHILA, 113 


“ Brachydicrania and Parevechia do not differ from Hvechia 
except that they possess but two ocelli while Hwechia has three, 
the middle one being very minute. The forms with two ocelli 
should not be confused with JMZycetophila which has very stout 
tibial lateral sete, and larve with ambulacral setule. The larvee 
of Ewechia are commonly present in many species of fungi. They 
do not have the transverse rows of ambulacral setule ” *. 


66. Exechia basilinea, sp. nov. (PI. LI, fig. 12.) 


3 2. Head wholly yellow, apical third or half of flagellum 
blackish ; frons and vertex with fine golden yellow hairs, a trans- 
verse row of short black bristles above the antennz. In the female 
the frons and vertex, also the flagellum except at base, are blackish. 
Thorax reddish yellow, paler at sides. A row of stiff bristles of 
various sizes along anterior margin ; several others on and below 
shoulders, two strong ones on each humerus, lateral ones towards 
the sides, a strong one on each posterior corner, and irregularly 
placed small ones on the dorsum ; these latter conspicuous com- 
pared with the very minute yellow pubescence. Scutellum with 
an apical pair of curved bristles, crossing one another, with 
a similar, much smaller pair in front of them. Metapleura with 
stiff hairs. Abdomen reddish yellow, compressed, with short 
yellowish hairs; segments with a black basal band, which narrows 
towards the sides, but in its middle reaches the base of the 
following segment. Hind margin of lst segment with a narrow, 
well defined, yellowish white band; belly pale. Genitalia of male 
consisting of a pair of large, at least two-jointed, claspers, with 
some narrow horny hook-like intermediate organs ; a pair of 
small narrow bright lemon-yellow palp-like appendages appear to 
take the place of the dorsal plate, which is absent. In the female 
there is a pair of pad-like hairy plates and a long conical internal 
organ with an ovipositor. Legs: coxe reddish yellow, femora 
pale yellow, tibie pale blackish yellow, tarsi blackish. Wangs and 
halteres pale yellow. 

Length 44 millim. 

Described from a single male and female in the Indian 
Museum, taken at Kurseong, Darjiling district, 3 and 4. vil. 08 
(Dr, Annandale). 


| Genus MYCETOPHILA, Mg. 
Mycetophila, Meigen, Ilig. Mag. ii, p. 263 (1803). 
Mycetina, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 195 (1856). 
Mycozetea, Rondani, loc. cit. iv, Corrigenda, p. 12 (1861). 
Fungivora, Meigen, Nouv. class. mouches (1800), nom. nud. 
GernoTyPe: Johannsen has set up M. agarici, Oliv., as the 
type-species. 


* Johannsen, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 93, p. 106 (1909). 


114 MYCETOPHILID®. 


Head oval, flattened in front, placed very low on the thorax, so 
that in profile it makes a continuous curve with the thorax; front 
broad, the anterior margin produced into a triangle the apex 
of which reaches the base of the antenne ; eyes oval, ocelli two in 
number, placed close to the eye-margins. Pulpi incurved, four- 
jointed, the Ist joint small, the 4th as long as or longer than the 
3rd, usually slender, rarely oval. Antenne arcuate, 16-jointed, the 
basal joints differentiated, setose at the apex, the flagellar joints 
cylindrical, compressed, pubescent. Thoraw oval, highly arched, 
produced over the head, pubescent, with longer hairs on the lateral 
margins and over the base of the wing, posterior margin setose ; 
scutellum usually semicircular, its margin setose ; metanotum 
highly arched. Abdomen of the male six-segmented, anal segment 
usually small, forceps small; that of the female seven-segmented, 
more or less compressed, constricted at the base, ovipositor with 
two lamelle. Legs stout, the femora compressed; tibie with 
spurs, fore tibiz with small sete on the outer side, middle tibize 
with two ranges of stout sete on the extensor surface, and one 
range on the inner side; hind tibize with two or three ranges of 
long stout setz on the extensor surface; plantz of the hind tarsi 
ciliate with fine setulae. Wings somewhat longer than the abdo- 
men, oval, the base more or less rounded, the microscopic setule 
arranged in longitudinal rows. The costa ending before the tip of 
the wing, the auxiliary vein very short, ending free ; the Ist longi- 
tudinal straight, ending at about two-thirds of the wing ; the 3rd 
originating a little before the middle of the wing at a right angle 
and practically straight also; the 4th and 5th forked approximately 
at about the same place, nearly under the basal portion of the 3rd 
vein or immediately beyond it, the branches very gently diverging, 
or nearly parallel; 6th and 7th veins rather short and indistinct. 

Life-history. Of several European species the life-history is 
known; that of MW. lunata, Mg., for instance, has been worked 
out by Heeger, whilst JZ. signata, Mg. has been reared by 
Stannius from Boletus edulis; it frequents pinewoods. Heeger 
says that some species hibernate, reappearing in early spring, 
when they copulate after a few days. The larve live in fungi and 
decaying wood. The perfect insects occur anywhere in woods in 
the neighbourhood of fungi and are often taken on the windows 
of houses. 

Range. Probably world-wide ; yet the genus has not been 
actually recorded from Africa, or till now from the Continent of 
Asia, though it has been found in the East Indian Islands. 

Fungivora, Mg., though synonymous, is inadmissible as well as 
all the other genera set up in Meigen’s “1800 paper” as it has 
been termed, none having been accorded any species.: 


Table of Species. 


1, Wings with a brownish mark or marks.. 2. 
Wings clearly Saud centr isto ante +0 cinctiventris, sp. n., p. 115. 


MYCETOPHILA. 115 


2. Two obvious distinct marks on each 
WATER AUR cate stated ood ka NSTs Sin ae 6 one 3. 

Only one obvious dark mark on each 
Nr ee OR Oe ae eee eee nea 4, 


3. Shoulders yellowish; a brown transverse 
streak on apical half of wing; hind 
margins of abdominal segments 
yellowish ......,.-..ceeeeeectenes quadrifasciata, sp.n., p. 115. 
Shoulders concolorous; a brown nearly 
round spot on the costa; hind margins 


of abdominal segments blackish...... curvilined, sp. n., p. 116. 
4, Sides of thorax below shoulders con- 
siderably and distinctly grey ........ griseolateralis, sp. n., p. 116. 
Sides of thorax never distinctly grey, 
SVG TArely- Ale a. aa was ee ec wws 050 5. 


5 (a). Thorax bright brownish yellow ; an 
almost imperceptible pale blackish 


tinge over the tip of the wing ...... suffusa, sp. n., p. 117. 
(b). Thorax dark shining brown ; no 
blackish tinge over wing-tips........ himalayensis, sp. n., p. 117. 


(ec). Thorax bright brownish yellow ; a 
suffused brown oval spot at tip of 
nasal! cell) ..2t) 4 is Ste ciiia oes Liebert ms binotata, sp. n., p. 118. 


67. Mycetophila cinctiventris, sp. nov. 


?¢. Head: frons and vertex chestnut-brown ; face below 
antenne (apparently) brownish yellow. Antennal scape yellow, 
flagellum brown. Thora: anterior third reddish brown, darkening 
insensibly to blackish on the remainder ; dorsum with very short 
golden yellow pubescence ; entirely bare of bristles except two 
rather strong ones on each posterior corner. There are some weak 
bristles on the metapleure, and the scutellum has a row of four 
strong ones curved upwards. Abdomen slightly compressed, 
brownish black, with light greyish pubescence, hind borders 
of segments a little darker; a rather bright yellow band at the 
base of the 4th segment on the underside. Genitalia concealed. 
Legs pale yellowish; tips of cox, of hind femora and _ tibie 
blackish ; tarsi blackish. Wings yellowish ; halteres pale yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum, taken 
at Simla, 10. vii. 09 (Dr. Annandale). 

I presume the example to be a male, as only six distinct abdo- 
minal segments are present, and the abdomen is only slightly 
compressed, but no genital organs are visible. 


68. Mycetophila quadrifasciata, sp. nov. (Pl. II, fig. 18.) 


3. Head above blackish brown; below antenne reddish 
yellow; antennal scape yellow, flagellum brown. Thorax: dorsum 
dark brown, pubescent, anterior corners pale yellowish. Scutellum 
brown, with four bristles towards the hind margin, and a median 

12 


116 MYCETOPHILID ®. 


yellowish stripe, which shows a tendency to be continued on to the 
hind margin of the thorax. Abdomen very dark brown, rather 
compressed, hind margins of segments narrowly yellowish ; belly 
yellowish. Genitalia brown, composed of a pair of fleshy bi-hooked 
claspers *, enclosed by narrow side-plates united to an equally 
narrow dorsal plate, which latter terminates posteriorly in a pair 
of curved finger-like appendages. Leys yellowish, tips of coxe and 
of posterior femora and tibize brownish, the colour widest on the 
hind pair. Wings yellowish ; a small brown oval spot, contiguous 
to the outer side of the basal cell, limited above by the 1st vein, 
and below by the lower branch of the 4th ; a brown streak from the 
costal margin filling the space between the tips of the Ist and 3rd 
veins, and proceeding ina zigzag course to the hind border between 
the branches of the 4th and 5th veins. Halteres yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum, from 
Simla, 10. v. 09 (Annandale). 


69. Mycetophila griseolateralis, sp. nov. 


3g. Head blackish, vertex and frons with stiff yellow hairs. 
Antenne dark chestnut-brown, with the exception of the tip of the 
Ist joint and whole of the 2nd joint of the scape, and the base 
of the Ist flagellar joint, which are yellowish; all the flagellum 
with grey pubescence. Proboscis dark, palpi yellowish. Thorax 
blackish, with stiff yellow hairs ; sides of thorax from the shoulders 
to the wings distinctly grey, with yellow hairs as on the dorsum. 
Scutellum blackish with yellowish hairs and four long yellow 
bristles on the hind margin; metanotum and sides of the thorax 
(except the grey part mentioned) black. Prothorax with two 
large bristles on each side behind the eyes, placed wide apart. 
Abdomen black, with moderately long yellowish hairs. Genitalia 
yellow, consisting of two side-plates, meeting below and covering 
the ventral surface, and a pair of two-jointed organs terminating 
in lamella-like tips. Legs: coxe, femora, and tibize yellow, 
blackish at their junctures ; tarsi dark brown. Wings pale grey, 
with a suspicion of darkening on the anterior margin distally, 
a dark brown suffusion of limited extent over the base of the 3rd 
longitudinal vein and the anterior cross-vein. Halteres pale 
yellow. 

Length 1? millim. 

Described from one male from Tonglu, 10,000 ft., Darjiling 
district, 21.iv.10 (C. W. Beebe). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


70. Mycetophila curvilinea, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 14.) 


This species, if distinct from M. quadrifasciata, Brun. (supra), 
differs by the pale shoulder marks being absent; the blackish 


* Tt is not certain that there are not three terminal black hooks. 


MYCEVOPHILA. lls 


streak on the wing is replaced by a nearly round spot on the 
costa; the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein is slightly 
sinuous; the abdomen has the hind margins of the segments 
blackish. 

One female taken by me at Darjiling, 10-16. x. 05, 

Type in the author’s collection. 


71. Mycetophila suffusa, sp. nov. 


9. Head brownish grey, vertex with pale hairs, frons con- 
spicuously triangular ; lower part of head brownish yellow ; 
antennal scape and base of flagellum yellow, remainder of flagellum 
brown. Thorax bright brownish yellow, with pale pubescence, 
and short black bristles on the dorsum, and with stronger ones 
round the margin. Pleure with a faint violet-brown tinge, all 
with weak bristles except the sternopleure. Scutellum con- 
colorous, with four bristles. Abdomen rather dark brown with 
pale pubescence, posterior margins of segments narrowly black. 
Legs pale yellow, tibie and tarsi darker. Wings yellowish; asmall 
oval dark brown spot over the anterior cross-vein, a very weak 
blackish (almost imperceptible) tinge over the tip of the wing. 
Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single female from Simla, 10, v. 09 
(Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


72. Mycetophila himalayensis, sp. nov. 


3. Head above dark chestnut-brown, shining, with greyish 
pubescence ; below antenne blackish brown, palpi yellowish. 
Antennal scape and Ist joint of flagellum yellow, remainder dark 
brown. Vhoraxdark shining chestnut-brown, with pale pubescence ; 
anterior margin of dorsum moderately or narrowly pale yellow, 
the colour extending to the shoulders. No bristles on dorsum, 
three on mesopleura, two or three on posterior corners and four 
strong ones on the posterior margin of the dorsum. Scutellum 
concolorous, with normally four strong bristles, sometimes with 
more (one specimen has five,another seven, the middle or apical four 
always the strongest). Abdomen blackish brown or black, with pale 
pubescence; underside of some of the segments, generally the 2nd to 
the 4th, more or less yellowish, the colour extending to a varying 
degree over the sides, nearly to the dorsum. Genitalia very small, 
hardly apparent. Legs: coxe and femora yellowish white, junction 
of these joints and tips of hind femora narrowly dark brown; 
tibiz and tarsi barely darker, except the tips of the latter. Wangs 
yellowish, anterior cross-vein suffused with a brown spot, the 
colour slightly encroaching on the basal cell. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 33-33 millim. 

Described from nine males in the Indian Museum from Simla, 
10. v.09 (Annandale), and Naini Tal, 10. vi. 09. 


118 \ MYCETOPHILID #®. 


73. Mycetophila binotata, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head bright brownish yellow, upper part with short 
black hairs ; flagellum blackish, except towards base. Z'horaa: with 
scutellum, metanotum and sides concolorous, with minute golden 
yellow pubescence ; pleurze sometimes brownish ; the whole dorsum 
covered with irregularly placed black bristies, which occur liberally 
in rather stronger form around the marginal region of the thorax, 
on the humeri, with a fan-shaped row of five below the humeri; 
the scutellum bearing four strong ones towards the hind margin. 
Abdomen blackish, compressed, posterior margins of segments 
narrowly dull yellow. Genitalia in male with the 2nd joint very 
elongate, narrow, curved, erect, pointed at tip; in the female 
small, concealed ; in both sexes brownish yellow. Legs yellowish, 
tibie slightly darker, tarsi blackish. Wéngs yellowish, rather 
darker on anterior part; a brown, suffused oval spot at tip 
of basal cell, enclosing the junction of the veins. Halteres 
yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from one male (type) taken by me at Darjiling, 
20.ix.08, with two other specimens from there, 26.ix.08 and 
29. v.10 (Brunetti) ; a male from Ukhrul, Manipur ; and two 
males and a female (type) from Simla, 10. v.09 (Annandale), 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


Genus DELOPSIS, Skuse. 
Delopsis, Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, (2) v, p. 623 (1890). 


Genoryen, D, flavipennis, Skuse ; by original designation. 


Head somewhat longish-round, flattened, situated deep in the 
thorax ; front broad, the anterior border produced triangularly 
in the middle, the point reaching the basal joint of the antenne ; 
eyes oval; ocelli two, large. Palpi prominent, incurved, four- 
jointed, Ist joint small, 2nd robust, about two-and-a-half times 
the length of the Ist, 3rd slender, clavate, about the length of 
the first two combined, 4th very slender, clavate, the length of 
the first three combined. Antenne porrect, arcuated, 16-jointed, 
1st joint of the scape obconical, much longer than the 2nd, the 
2nd cyathiform, setiferous at the apex; flagellar joints cylindrical, 
progressively diminishing in thickness, with a short downy pub- 
escence. Vhoraaw longish-ovate, gibbose, the anterior margin 
projecting somewhat over and closely applied to the head, as in 
Sceptonia, densely covered with short longitudinally disposed hairs ; 
setiferous about the origin of the wings; scutellum semicircular, 
with long sete; metanotum very short, steep, gibbose, almost 
hidden by the scutellum. Abdomen with six segments in both 
sexes ; somewhat flattened, narrower than the thorax, narrowing 
at the base and apex. Genitalia not conspicuous in either sex. 


DELOPSIS. 119 


Legs robust, coxe broad; femora short, broadly flattened, especially 
the hind pair; tibiz spurred, the fore pair without lateral setae, 
intermediate pair with three ranges of strong spines on the outer 
and one on the inner side ; hind pair with three ranges of stronger 
spines on the outer side; intermediate and hind tarsi spinulose. 
Wings about the length of the entire body, elongate, rounded 
off at the base, microscopically pubescent, the hairs not arranged 
in longitudinal rows. The costal vein ending at the tip of the 
3rd vein; the auxiliary short, complete, turned forwards to the 
costa; the 5th vein forking much earlier than in Mycetophila, 
some distance before the anterior cross-vein; the 6th vein 
distinctly short ; the 7th long, reaching the wing-border. 
Range. Australia and Southern India. 


74. Delopsis collaris, sp. nov. 


3. Head light tawny brown; antennal scape and base of 
flagellum yellow, rest of flagellum light brown. Thoraa black, 
moderately shining, with pale yellow pubescence, anterior margin 
and shoulders broadly yellow; sides dark brown, bare. Dorsum 
bare of bristles, but a few in front of the wings, two strong ones 
on the posterior corners and four on the yellow scutellum. Abdo- 
men brownish yellow ; dorsum of first two segments black ; 3rd, 
4th and 5th black on dorsum except at base, the colour extending 
well over the sides of the 5th. Genitalia inconspicuous. Legs 
wholly yellowish. Wings and halteres yellowish. 

Length 23 millim. 

Described from a single example from Maddathorai, Travancore 
State, 17. xi. 08 (Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Subfamily SCIARIN A. 


The Sc1artwn# differ from the rest of the MycrtopHinim&£ taken 
en masse, in two principal features: (1) the cox, though some- 
what lengthened, are normally formed instead of being greatly 
enlarged, and (2) the anterior cross-vein is very oblique, being 
always in a direct line with the main length of the 3rd longitudinal 
vein, that is to say, its length after its short erect basal portion. 
In their general appearance, their metamorphoses, habitats, and 
modes of life there is no difference. 

The vast majority of the species fall into the gigantic genus 
Sciara, and are black or blackish in colour, varied occasionally by 
a little brown or brownish yellow about the legs or underside of 
the body; whilst a few species have reddish abdomens. Very 
few species are conspicuously marked; amongst Oriental species, 
such are, rufithorax, Wulp, indica, Walk., and three new ones 
herein described, distinguenda, rufoabdominalis, and luteiveniris. 


120 MYCETOPHILID ©. 


In the venation, the humeral cross-vein is present, the subcostal 
and posterior cross-veins are absent; the 1st and 3rd longitudinal 
veins (simple), the 4th and 5th (both forked) and 6th (short), are 
present. 


Genus SCIARA, Mg. (PI. I, figs. 15, 16, 17.) 
Sciara, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 263 (1803). 
Molobrus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv, p. 288 (1805). 
Planetes, Walker, Ent. Month. Mag. iii, p. 178 (1836). 
Planatella, Westwood, Synops. gen. Brit, Ins. p. 126 (1840). 


Head rounded, proboscis barely prominent; eyes reniform ; 
three ocelli, the middle one smaller than the others. Palpi two- 
or three-jointed, incurved, the last three joints subequal. Antenne 
16-jointed, projecting forwards, curved, longer in male than female, 
cylindrical; scapal joints differentiated, bare, flagellar joints not 
narrowed at base. Zhorax arched, bare or practically so, but a 
few definite rows of stiff hairs in some of the species; scutellum 
small, with or without stiff hairs on the posterior margin. Abdo- 
men T-segmented, subcylindrical in male, conical or sub-conical in 
female, nearly or wholly bare. Genitalia of male prominent, 
apparently tolerably uniform in structure ; in such species as | 
have been able to examine satisfactorily they consist of a pair of 
large, tw o-jointed, hairy claspers, attached to a very broad basal 
piece, the first joint being much thicker and larger than the 2nd, 
which is elongate or oval; there is also a small apparently bilobed 
intermediate organ. In the female the ovipositor is simple and 
small. Legs moderately long and slender, cox lengthened some- 
what but not enlarged ; femora flattened somewhat on the inner 
side ; tibiz with small apical spurs. Wings oval, moderately or 
comparatively broad; in repose folded over the abdomen. Aux- 
iliary vein short, ending free; 1st longitudinal moderately long, 
ending some little distance before or beyond middle of wing; 3rd 
vein beginning at a right angle before middle of wing, rectangular 
at the bend and thence gently curved to some distance before 
the wing-tip ; 4th longitudinal vein forked about its middle, but 
varying greatly, the branches parallel or divergent according to the 
species ; dth longitudinal forked widely at base, the two branches 
sometimes separated there; 6th vein short ; 7th absent; anterior 
cross-vein very oblique, placed in a direct line with the main course 
of the 3rd vein and appearing as the basal portion of that vein, 
whilst the erect rectangular basal portion of the 3rd vein appears 
to be the cross-vein. Anal lobe of wing fairly full. 

Range. World-wide. 

Life-history. The metamorphoses of several species are known, 
and the usual habitat of the larva appears to be decomposing 
leaves, some species having been bred from apples, potatoes and 
other vegetables; a few live in cow-dung and a few under the 
bark of trees. These hatch out in eight or ten days according 
to Heeger. 


SCIARA. 121 


A special peculiarity of the larvee of more than one species of 
Sciara, is the habit of forming long processions, consisting of 
many thousand individuals. The column is sometimes one to two 
inches in breadth and several feet long, the creatures progressing 
by those behind climbing over the bodies of their companions in 
front and thus working their advance forwards, the larve beiny 
covered with a glutinous substance. 


ang 


7 
4 
a 


Fig. 11. 
Larva(q) and pupa(d) of Scéara. 


From this habit they are known in Germany as the “ Heer- 
worm,” or “army worm.” ‘The object of these migrations is not 
exactly known, as they take place only when the larve are nearly 
fully grown, and the suggestion that it is in search of new feeding 
grounds bas been contested. 8. militarzs is the European species 
in which this peculiar habit has been most frequently observed. 

Some species form a rough silky cocoon, others an earthy one 
in which to pupate. 

One American species, S. americana, Wied., is known as the 
“yellow fever fly,” but there is probably no connection between 
the insect and the disease. SS. inconstans, Fitch, has been found 
in decaying apples in the Mammoth Caves of Kentucky, Hine 
saying that the larva bores into the stems of carnations. S. puli- 
caria, Mg., a common European species, has been bred by Dahlbom 
from rotting galls on Salia pentandra, whilst Giraud bred 
S. giraudii from field mushrooms in Europe. 


In endeavouring to classify the species of Sciara much difficulty 
is met with owing to the remarkably close general resemblance 
that they exhibit one to another. 


We MYCBTOPHILID®. 


No better form of primary classification than that adopted by 
Schiner and Winnertz* is at present obtainable, yet it is arbitrary 
and by no means satisfactory. The main character used by them 
is the relative length of the Ist longitudinal vein to the forking 
of the 4th longitudinal. Even if the length of the former is fairly 
corstant in most species (I am almost sure it is not so by any 
means in some species) the latter character is liable to variation 
in any species, thus nullifying the value of any comparative 
measurements. 

The first group is supposed to contain those species in which 
the Ist longitudinal vein extends up to or beyond the fork of 
the 4th vein; the second group, those in which it fails to reach 
the fork. Mpere are, however, most certainly several species in 
which sufficient variation occurs to throw out theoretically some 
individuals, if classified strictly by this character, whilst the 
commonest species in India, S. orientalis, lies absolutely on the 
border line of both groups. Moreover, ina very distinct Oriental 
species, S. rufithorax, Wulp, the Ist longitudinal vein ends 
above the fork of the 4th vein in the male and distinctly beyond 
it in the female. But until more reliable characters are set up 
by specialists best competent to judge them, the present system 
of classification has to be retained. 

Schiner’s secondary divisionary character, the colour of the 
halteres, is certainly inapplicable with any degree of reliability to 
Oriental species, and its value outside a very limited number of 
forms seems problematical. So many species have various shades 
of colour between a distinct brown aud yellow that opinions 
would differ widely in their allotment to one or other of the 
principal groups. 

A rather more reliable character seems to be the length of the 
1st longitudinal vein compared with the length of the wing, such 
measurements being taken from a line drawn through the base 
of the wing just before the hpmeral cross-vein. 

Another character which appears consistent in such species in 
which it occurs, is the presence and number of stiff hairs on the 
posterior margin of the scutellum, and to a less extent, those 

along the dorsum of the thorax. These hairs on the scutellum 
are more frequently found in those species in which the 1st 
longitudinal vein is short. 

The bulk of the types of the species described in the present 
work are preserved in the Indian Museum, but it must not be 
supposed that all the material there in this genus is disposed of, 
as a number of forms remain, represented by a considerable 
number of specimens, which may ultimately prove to be of specific 
value. 

The following table must be received with some caution, pending 


* Winnertz’s gigantic monograph published in 1863 is still the standard 
work and includes descriptions of all the European species known to that date. 


SCIARA. 


123 


a more complete knowledge of the group, but it may be noted 
that only forms of almost certain specific validity are described 
here from uniques; in all other cases more than one specimen, 
in several, quite a fairly good series, has been betore me in 


drawing up the descriptions. 


Possibly a few may be found to be identical with European 
species, since an exhaustive research into the descriptions of all 


Table of Species. 


1, The 1st longitudinal vein extending as far 
as, or beyond, the fork of the 4th 
longitudinal vein 

Intermediate species, in which the Ist 
longitudinal vein barely reaches fork of 
4th vein, or ends distinctly and some- 
times some little distance before it .... 

The 1st longitudinal vein ending before 
the fork of the 4th longitudinal vein 


(but sometimes approximate) .......- 

2, Thoracic dorsum all yellowish, with or 
Without Stripesy sh ea winteletem alesse 
Thoracic dorsum wholly blackish or dark 
EON MEN as csieul Saeae nore eye es oe 

3. Thorax with three black stripes ......-. 
Thorax unstriped ....0...060esee eee: 

4, Wing surface distinctly pubescent; Ist 
longitudinal vein ends exactly at fork 
OMAP VEIID arcs lapse age mpsnes eva eph's sie: 
Wing surface not pubescent............ 

5. The 1st longitudinal vein ends far beyond 
fork of 46h vein! or. os asc. arias Neags ac) 3 

The 1st longitudinal vein ends exactly 
opposite fork of 4th vein ..@....--.. 

6. Larger species (6 mm.): wings dark brown} 
femora bright reddish yellow; Ist longi- 
tudinal vein extends well beyond fork 
PASO CIATION es georeata Sle nig Sata PAY but 
Smaller species (38-5 mm.) : paler wings ; 
less contrast between femora and tibiz ; 

1st longitudinal reaches fork of 4th vein 

Ati ct DEO Th My Dies clad aig sje sis 6) 

7 (a). Abdomen with red dorsum ......... ; 
(). Abdomen with black dorsum, but sides 
or belly red or yellow ............ 

(c). Abdomen wholly black ............ 


8. Larger species (53 mm.) : Ist longitudinal 
vein ends beyond fork of 4th vein; 
MAb HVETEI Is oor ao acco 0 ee OIRO 

Smaller species (24 mm.) : Ist longitudinal 
vein ends exactly over fork of 4th vein ; 
wings greyish 


those described from Palearctic regions has not been practicable. 


orientalis, sp. 0., 


(p. 155. 


15. 


oe. | 


[p. 126. 


trilineata, sp. 0., 


[p. 126. 
trifasciata, Sp. L., 


opposita, sp. D., 
ioe ee 


distinguenda, sp. 0., 
pe l27. 
{p. 128. 
rufithorar, Wulp, 
8. 
os 
10. 
[Sp Dip. £20. 


rufoabdominalis, 


Dy Gp, 129. 
luteiventris, sp. 0., 


We MYCETOPHILID®. 


9, Abdomen with belly red) 600... .0sccan 
Abdomen with a conspicuous red lateral 
stripe, often broken up into a row of 
BPOUS 2 wie miele nj cpp Ce ei ie 

10. The 1st longitudinal vein ends distinctly 
beyond fork of 4th vein but sometimes 

only ‘shortly 6b. 45i.0ssu «es en eres 

The Ist longitudinal vein ends exactly 
opposite fork of 4th vein* .......... 
1 (a). All the coxe and femora bright yellow, 
tibisetand ‘tarsi-black. 2... sssesenes 

(0). Fore femora distinctly yellow or yellow- 
ish, posterior femora black or very 


danke DROW 3.50 sal sie cine te cree 

(c). All the femora black or blackish, or 
at most pale brown “2. Jv ic.0. ses: 

12. The Ist longitudinal vein ends at two- 
thirds of the length of the wing ...... 

The 1st longitudinal vein ends at or about 
the middle of the wing .............- 


18. Larger species (5-6 mm.); Ist longitudinal 
vein ends a little beyond fork of 4th 
vein; wings and legs black .......... 

Smaller species (4-5 mm.); 1st longitudinal 
vein ends considerably beyond fork of 
4th vein ; wings pale blackish, legs pale 
Carty MLOWM Tsai as edad abies See 5 

14. (Shouldersiblack <5 ax sig < ssqekiravatin oF 

Shoulders reddish yellow ............+- 

15. Wings with a wide infuscated band across 
bhesmid dle Frat as:tes10 bree celine 

Wings without markings .............. 

16, Thoracic dorsum mainly reddish yellow 
or brownish yellow; with or without 
stripes (the stripes in /atelineata occupy- 
ing nearly the entire dorsum) ........ 

Intermediate species between groups 17 
and 24 with chestnut-brown thorax 

Thoracic dorsum mainly black or blackish 


IDYOW VT i. od. oscn vanes neice Men ee eae 

17. Flagellum of antenne black, or at most, 
part of ‘lst joint yellow... ..:¢22....- 
Flagellum with at least the two basal 
joints wholly yellow ...........50006 

1G Choraseunetriped® 2. / i. 0a. wee ee 
Thorax with three distinct stripes ...... 

19 (a). Scutellum with six long stiff hairs on 
POSsterionMAareIn <<. hes sales 

(6). Seutellum with four similar long stiff 
Haire avne berate’ s-s's.cs oa cs ae Gee rae 


flammiventris, sp. N., 
[p. 129. 


indica, Walk., p. 130, 


i: 
14. 
Lp. 130. 
Slavofemorata, sp. D., 
[p. 181. 


diversipes, sp. 1.., 


12. 
[p. 183. 
longiner vis, sp. N., 


13. 
[p. 181. 


nigripennis, sp. N., 


[p. 182. 
fratercula, sp. n., 
exacta, sp.n., p. 132. 
fiavicollis, sp. n., 
[p. 184, 
fascipennis, sp. 0., 
j 136. 


We 


mnconspicud, sp. N., 
[p. 142. 
24 


18, 


23. 
iG). 
21, 


sevsetosa, sp.N., p.137. 
quadrisetosa, Sp. N., 


[p. 187. 


(c). Seutellum with two similar long stiff ° 


alts Ppt ine veo De 


* Within very close limits, a small individual variation must be allowed for, 


SCIARA. 


20. Colour more pale yellowish 


a @ietel ¢ @ 5, @ 67a eve 


Colour deeper, more brownish yellow.... 
21 (a). Stripes narrow, median, with a row of 
stiff hairs on each. Length barely 
2 mm. to tip of ovipositor 
(b). Stripes very broad, black, occupying 
nearly the entire dorsum, except 
narrowly on shoulders 
(c). Stripes in two pairs, each pair joined on 
front margin, appearing like inverted 

black U’s. Length barely 1 mm. 


DANILO @1'5).e) 9) © (6) 01 (6.0 


22. Length 12 mm. .........eeeee eee eeees 
Gength Sh mm, 65. eens cee wes snes 

23, Smaller species, slender, dark brown .... 
Larger species, much more robust, 
brownish yellow. .....c8::ssnceswess 


. Thorax with three obvious but not con- 
spicuous black stripes near the centre, 
all furnished with rows of pale hairs .. 

Thorax unstriped 

5. Wings extending much beyond tip of 

abdomen 

Wings only normally longer than abdomen 

Tip of antenne distinctly white 


B68) 8G eal ee  @ eo Be, 0) 8406) [ee 8 ioe wee © 


26. Tip of antenne distinctly white ........ 
Tip of antennze concolorous 
. Scutellar bristly hairs yellow 
Scutellar bristly hairs black 


aca @ lejiele eq) (ee vere 
Si piel cre i) 6) = ve 


Spel ny eieyeie je) a 6\(e-.=, 


Thorax shining) black. jc oe sepsis 5 «:- 
Thorax dull black 

. The 3rd longitudinal vein ends nearly at 
the tip of the wing, and lies almost 
parallel with the costa 
The 8rd longitudinal vein normal 

. Smaller species (13-2 mm.) : coxz brown- 
ish yellow or pale yellow 
Larger species (83 mm.): coxze distinctly 
reddish yellow 


eia\.e) Vile) (e)-e) ve ce6\ w 0116 © 6 ee) 6) 0 
re CeCe toc. Ge Cr Cy Ona | 
see ree 
e100) ele io) e818) 0h se 
DaNi ote) a) (elleen Ouie)\e' Ci’ataiuel.e 4) (6)@) ue erss 


. Pleure wholly bright pale yellow 
Pleure bluish grey or blackish.......... 


2. The Ist longitudinal vein short 
The lst longitudinal vein nearly reaches 
fork of 4th vein 


Si aw wie) (e)ie) © 


So olwimljal sau eh @) (6) ‘9) 6" 0) Ce) 6 «0 @)'e 


125 


pallescens, sp. 0.., 
(p. 187. 
Sulvescens, sp. 0., 
[p. 138. 


setilineata, sp. ., 


[p. 188. 
22. 

[p. 189, 
radicum, Sp. 0., 

[p. 139. 
latelineata, sp. 0., 

{p. 140. 
impostor, sp. 0., 

[p. 141. 
segmenticornis, sp. ., 

[p. 141. 


compacta, sp. N., 


[p. 142. 
hirtilineata, sp. n., 


26. 

Di [p. 148. 

niverapicalis, sp. N., 
[p. 143. 


longipennis, sp. 0., 
flaviseta, sp.n., p. 144. 
28. 
[p. 145. 
nitidithorar, sp. Vy 
29. 


30, 
dl. 

[p. 145. 
longitudinalis, sp. 0., 

[p. 146. 
ruficoxra, Sp. N., 

[p. 146. 
flavipleura, sp. n., 
On 

[p. 147. 
evanescens, Sp. Il., 


parallela, sp. n., 


[p. 147. 


126 MYCETOPHILID &. 


75. Sciara trilineata, sp. nov. 


9. Head blackish grey ; palpi and antennal scape yellow, flagel- 
lum blackish with grey pubescence. Z'horax : dorsum, rather sharply 
divided from the slightly wider lower part; three dark brown or 
black stripes, the median one from the centre of the anterior 
margin nearly to the hind margin; the two lateral stripes much 
shorter, not reaching the shoulders (in one example the median 
stripe is much fainter); sides dark blackish brown. Two rows of 
dorso-central stiff hairs, and stronger ones towards the sides. 
Seutellum dark blackish brown, with four somewhat larger pale 
stiff hairs and some smaller ones; metanotum dark brown. 
Abdomen and belly black; sides narrowly, but somewhat deeply 
bright yellow, the colour extending more or less to the hind 
margins of some of the segments both on the upper and lower 
sides. Ovipositor small, black, with a pair of two-jointed 
lamellae. Legs: coxee, femora and tibize brownish yellow ; tarsi 
black, tibial spines reddish yellow. Wings pale yellowish grey, 
with microscopic hairs; 1st longitudinal vein ending exactly at 
fork of 4th vein (in the type) or immediately beyond it (in the 
second specimen) ; 2nd posterior cell 43 times as long as broad, 
slightly widening at tip; 3rd vein originating distinctly before 
the middle of 1st vein; petiole and branches of 4th subequal. 
Halteres yellow, with elongated black clubs. 

Length 2-24 millim. 

Described from two examples in the Indian Museum, from 
Darijiling, 8. viii. 09 (type) and 6. vill. 09 (both Paiva). 


76. Sciara trifasciata, sp. nov. 


2. Head brownish yellow; mouth, palpi and ocellar triangle 
blackish. Scape and 1st flagellar joint bright reddish brown, 2nd 
flagellar joint more or less brownish yellow. Thorax shining 
orange-yellow, with three moderately broad dorsal blackish 
stripes (after the pattern of many TIpuLID®) ; the centre one 
beginning on the anterior margin, and the two lateral ones 
beginning behind the shoulders ; they extend hindwards beyond 
the median stripe but do not reach the hind border. Scutellum 
concolorous, apparently no strong bristly hairs but some soft 
hairs towards the sides. Sides of thorax and metanotum more or 
less concolorous, but less bright, and not shining. Abdomen 
wholly black, roughened, with short black pubescence; belly 
similar ; ovipositor of moderate size, normal, black. Legs: coxe 
and femora rather bright brownish yellow, the latter moderately 
pubescent ; tibie’ brown; tarsi black. Wangs brownish grey ; 
1st longitudinal vein’ ending much beyond fork of 4th vein, 
petiole of 4th barely as long as its branches, which are in their 
distal two-thirds nearly parallel and gently curved; the 2nd 
posterior cell four times as long as broad. Halteres yellow, clubs 


black. 


SCIARA, 27 


Length 5 millim., excl. ovipositor 1 millim. 
Described from a single female in my collection, taken by me at 
Darjiling 10-16. x. 05. 


77. Sciara opposita, sp. nov. 


3. Head blackish above, yellowish below, with black marks ; 
palpi black ; scape bright yellow, joints short ; flagellum blackish, 
with black pubescence, more or less yellowish at base. Thoraa:: 
dorsum brownish yellow; three broad shining black stripes, 
filling most of the dorsal surface, with just the shoulders and 
posterior corners, and a narrow space between the stripes, pale ; 
the lateral stripes widened posteriorly. Sides yellowish, pleurie 
brown. Scutellum yellowish, with soft short hairs only ; 
metanotum shining brown. Abdomen black, pubescent, hind 
margins of segments very narrowly pale, the colour much widened 
towards the side margins on underside. Genitalia large, brown, 
normal. Legs: coxse and femora pale yellowish, a little 
pubescent, more or less black at their junction; tibie darker ; 
tarsi dark brown. Wings clear; anterior cross-vein opposite 
middle of 1st longitudinal vein, which ends exactly opposite fork 
of 4th, the petiole of which is barely as long as the branches, 
which are nearly parallel but distinctly diverge towards tips ; 2nd 
posterior cell three and a half times as long as broad. Halteres 
yellowish, clubs black. 

Length 14 millim. 

Described from one male in the Indian Museum, from Kurseong, 
Darjiling, 3. vii. 08. 

The antenne of the type-specimen are somewhat injured, with 
the result that some of the joints appear to be enlarged ; at first 
sight it seemed as if the species would have to be referred to a 
different genus, but for the present I leave it in Sciara. Beyond 
this damage and a slight crushing of the thorax by the pin, the 
specimen is perfect. 


78. Sciara distinguenda, sp. nov. 


3d. Head bright orange-yellow, with short black hairs. Palpi 
dark brown ; ocellar triangle blackish, with a very narrow black 
median line behind. Seape brownish yellow, flagellum black. 
Thorax, including scutellum and metanotum, wholly bright orange- 
yellow, almost bare, a few short stiff hairs laterally, and some 
short soft ones about the shoulders and on posterior margin of 
scutellum. Abdomen wholly dull black, with black pubescence ; 
belly similar. Genitalia long, black, pubescent, consisting of a 
pair of upper plates (having the appearance of an 8th and 9th 
segment), a pair of two-jointed lateral claspers and a ventral 
elongate organ. Legs: cox and femora bright orange-yellow ; 
former with short stiff black hairs at tip; latter with a small 
black spot below at the base. Tibize and tarsi wholly black, tips 


128 MYCETOPHILID®. 


of tibie with red-brown spines. Wings dark brown; Ist longi- 
tudinal vein ending distinctly beyond fork of 4th; petiole of 4th 
barely as long as its branches, which are gently curved and 
divergent ; the 2nd posterior cell three times as long as_ broad. 
Halteres black, stems pale yellow. 

Length 6 millim. 

Described from one male in the Indian Museum, taken at 
Darjiling, 7000 ft., 12. vili.09 (Dr. Jenkins). 


79. Sciara rufithorax, Wulp. (PI. III, fig. 15.) 


Sciara rufithorax, van der Wulp, Dipt. Sumatra Exped., p. 6, pl. i, 
fie. 1. 


3 9. Head black, vertex shining, palpi blackish ; antennz dark 
brown or black, scape yellow or brownish, occasionally base of 
Ist flagellar joint pale also. Thorax brownish yellow, sometimes 
reddish yellow or ferruginous, shining, practically bare. Scutellum 
and metanotum concolorous. Abdomen black, roughened, with a 
few very short hairs. Genitalia conspicuous and large in male, the 
1st joint bright brownish yellow, the 2nd joint black, both with’ 
short rather thickly set hairs. In female two pointed lamelle 
terminate the somewhat conically shaped abdomen. Legs: 
femora brownish yellow, a small black spot below at extreme 
base ; tibie a little darker, and darker still in female; tarsi brown. 
Wings blackish ; 1st longitudinal vein ending more or less at 
middle of wing, opposite fork of 4th vein in male, and some distance 
beyond it in female ; petiole of 4th vein a little shorter than its 
branches in male and much shorter in female, the branches nearly 
parallel and slightly curved; the 2nd posterior cell about three 
and a half times as long as broad ; the 5th vein widely forked at 
base; the 3rd longitudinal vein. beginning distinctly before the 
middle of the wing. 

Length 3-5 millim. 

Redescribed from a good series of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum from India, Assam, Burma, Ceylon, and probably West 
China also. The species was described originally from Sumatra, 
and probably occurs throughout the greater part of the Oriental 
Region. There are specimens in the Indian Museum from 
Rajmahal, Bengal, 5-7. vii. 09 (Annandale), at light ; Goalbathan, 
E. Bengal, 9.vii.09 (Hodgart); Purneah, Bengal, 31. xu. 09 
(Paiva); Calcutta, 21. xi. 07, on steamers crossing River Ganges, 
Damakdia Ghat, 30. vi. 08 (Annandale) ; Shasthancotta, Travan- 
core, S. India, 8. xi. 09 (Annandale) ; Ukhrul, Manipur ( Pettigrew) ; 
Moulmein, Burma, 28.11.08 (Annandale); and Trincomali, 
Ceylon, ix. 1910. A female in my collection is from Kandy, Ceylon, 
vill. 09 (Green). A male in the Indian Museum from Tenygueh, 
Yunnan, West China, taken by Mr. J. C. Brown, is apparently a 
dark variety, the thorax and genital organs being nearly blackish ; 
whilst another male in the same collection taken by Mr. d’Abreu 


SCIARA, 129 


at Kurseong, November 1910, has a nearly black thorax, but the 
genital organs are reddish yellow as in normal specimens. 

Type. The location is unknown to me. 

The bright yellowish thorax, the large yellowish genitalia of the 
male, and the black body and wings, make this species easily recog- 
nisable. The female is rather larger than the male. Van der Wulp’s. 
coloured plate is excellent, and de Meijere gives additional notes. 

The fact seems to have escaped notice that the 1st longitudinal 
vein is much longer in the female than in the male. 


80. Sciara rufoabdominalis, sp. nov. 


2. Head black ; mouth-parts and scape dark reddish brown ; 
(flagellum missing). Zhorax, scutellum and metanotum shining 
black; (secutellum crushed by pin). Abdomen and belly orange- 
red; base of lst segment above, and whole of last segment, black. 
Ovipositor small, black. Legs black, tibial spines pale. Wings 
pale blackish ; 1st longitudinal vein ending much beyond fork of 
4th, the branches of the latter subequal to the petiole in length, 
parallel, rather curved ; the 2nd posterior cell four times as long 
as wide. Halteres black. 

Length 53 millim. 

Described from one female in the Indian Museum from Ukhrul, 
Manipur, 6400 ft. (Pettigrew). 


81. Sciara luteiventris, sp. nov. 


2. This species closely resembles the preceding one, but owing 
to its being only half the size, I do not like to consider it 
identical. The first two dorsal abdominal segments are wholly 
blackish, the Srd and the apical two (mainly) also blackish, the 
remainder yellowish or red. The abdomen seems more hairy. A 
distinct difference in the wing is that the 1st longitudinal vein 
only reaches the fork of the 4th, and the branches of the 4th, 
which are slightly longer than the petiole, are nearly straight and 
almost parallel, only diverging a little at the tips. The 2nd 
posterior cell is four and a half times as long as broad. Halteres 
black. 

Length 2} millim. 

One female in the Indian Museum from below Phagu, 7000 ft., 
Simla district, 12. v.09 (Annandale). 


82. Sciara flammiventris, sp. nov. 


9. Head black ; scape bare of bristles, but flagellum normally 
pubescent. Hye-facets whitish. Thoraa dark blackish grey, 
nearly bare, shoulders very narrowly reddish ; with a black narrow 
median line, on each side of which is a large velvet-black oval 
outline, incomplete posteriorly ; anterior margin of dorsum also 
blackish. Scutellum (broken by pin) and metanotum black. 
Abdomen dull black, broad, the segments very distinct. Belly 

K 


130 MYCETOPHILID &. 


orange-red. . Ovipositor apparently two-jointed, with a pair of 
small terminal oval lamelle, black. Legs dark blackish brown. 
Wings pale blackish, iridescent; 1st longitudinal vein ending 
exactly at fork of 4th; petiole and branches of 4th vein subequal ; 
2nd posterior cell slightly enlarged at tip, three times as long as 
broad. Halteres black. 

Length 24 millim. 

One female in the Indian Museum, from Darjiling, 7000 ?t., 
6. vill. 9 (Paiva). 


83. Sciara indica, Walk. 
Scrara indica, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt., pt. 5, p. 419 (1856). 


Q. Head and body all black ; legs very dark brown or blackish. 
A lateral red or reddish yellow stripe on the abdomen, which is 
often broken up into spots, and bears a slight fringe of reddish 
yellow hairs. Genitalia normal. A small, often indistinet (and 
sometimes absent) pale yellowish spot on the shoulder. Wings 
quite blackish; 1st longitudinal vein long, extending beyond 
middle of wing and beyond fork of 4th vein; 38rd longitudinal 
originating very early, before one-fourth of the wing, the vein 
forming a distinct curve after the bend; anterior cross-vein very 
oblique and long; petiole and branches of 4th longitudinal vein 
subequal: 2nd posterior cell nearly four times as long as broad ; 
5th longitudinal vein forked very near base, the branches diverging 
suddenly at half their length; Sth vein distinctly not reaching 
border of wing. The wing is normally blackish but is sometimes 
brown or blackish brown, the anterior half usually darker than 
the posterior. Halteres black. 

Length 44-8 millim. 

Redescribed from a good series of females only in the 
Indian Museum, from Darjiling, 5. viii.09 (Paiva); Kurseong, 
13-16. vii. 07 (common), 14. vill. 09 (Paiva); Siliguri, Bengal, 
18-20. vii. 07 ; Bhim Tal, Kumaon, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annandale). 

Type in the British Museum. 

Walker’s description of this species is quite correct, with one 
exception, as he says the basal part of the 4th longitudinal vein 
(“ subapical ”) is whitish, but I do not find this to be the case. 


84. Sciara flavofemorata, sp. nov. 


3g. Head black above; face and mouth-parts brown, with a 
little yellow, as are also the scapal joints; flagellum black, with 
distinct, rather elongated joints bearing rather dense grey 
pubescence ;_ palpi black. Eyes black, with grey pubescence. 
Thorax black, hardly shining; reddish on humeri and _ below 
shoulders, and a little laterally and across metanotum. Sides 
reddish brown, scutellum blackish, with soft hair only. Abdomen 
black, pubescent. Genitalia large, consisting of a pair of thick, 


SCIARA. 131 


hairy, two-jointed claspers ; the basal half of the 1st joint brown, 
the remainder of the organ black. Legs: cox and femora bright 
yellow, black at their junction; tibiz blackish brown; tarsi 
black. Wings distinctly brownish; 1st longitudinal vein ending 
distinctly beyond fork of 4th, of which the petiole and branches 
are subequal; 2nd posterior cell three times as long as broad, 
normal. Halteres black. 

Length 43 millim. 

One male in the Indian Museum from Kurseong, 5000 ft., 
8. vii. 08. 


85. Sciara nigripennis, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head wholly black; flagellum very minutely pubescent ; 
seapal joints short. Thorax black, nearly bare, except for some 
long stiff hairs laterally above the wings. Scutellum with 
numerous soft hairs only. Abdomen wholly black, pubescent. 
Genital organs of male consist of a large dorsal, nearly semicircular, 
plate and a pair of strong normally shaped claspers, all wholly 
black. Ovipositor narrow, black, with two small terminal lamelle. 
Legs black. Wings normally quite blackish, but occasionally a 
little paler; the Ist longitudinal vein ending distinctly but not 
much beyond the fork of the 4th; petiole and branches of 4th 
vein subequal; 2nd posterior cell with sides either parallel or 
slightly diverging, generally slightly curved, three and a half 
to four times as long as broad. Halteres black. 

Length 5-6 millim. 

Described from a type male taken by me at Darjiling, 26. v. 10, 
and females in the Indian Museum from Darjiling, 29.ix. 08 
and 28. v.10 (Brunettz) ; Kurseong, 13. viiil.09 (Paiva); Ukhrul, 
Manipur (Pettigrew); Bhim Tal, Kumaon, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annan- 
dale) ; Pashoke, Sikkim, 2000 {t., 5. ix. 09; Pattipola, Ceylon. 

Types 3 and 2 in the Indian Museum. 

A male in the Indian Museum from Kurseong, 26. vi. 10, taken 
by Dr. Annandale, has the Ist longitudinal vein ending some 
distance before the fork of the 4th vein, but it agrees with 
S. nigripennis in all other particulars. Several females in the same 
collection, captured by Mr. C. W. Beebe at Kuching, in Sarawak, 
Borneo, are much smaller in size (barely 4 mm. to nearly 43 mm.) 
and have the legs moderately pale brown ; their dates are 23. vi, 10 
to 4. vii. 10. 


86. Sciara diversipes, sp. nov. 


3 9. Very near S. nigripennis, but certainly quite distinct. 
The differences are as follows :— 
1. Fore femora distinctly yellow, more or less dull, but in 
complete contrast with the rest of the legs, which are generally 
K2 


132 MYCETOPHILIDA, 


more dark brown than black ; in a few ‘Specimens the whole of the 
femora are lighter, 

2. The wing is distinctly less blackish; petiole of 4th vein 
equal to or slightly longer than its branches. 

3. In size it is apparently a smaller species, none of the 
specimens present being nearly so large as the smallest ones of 
S. nigripennis. 

The genitalia are large, black, pubescent, consisting of a pair 
of wide two-jointed claspers, w ith a moderately prominent inter- 
mediate organ. 

Length 33-43 raillim. 

Described from several males and two females in the Indian 
Museum from Darjiling, 10, viii. 09 (Paiva); Ghoom, above Darji- 
ling Town, 7500 ft., 18. ix.08; Kurseong, 13-16. vii. 07 ; Siliguri, 
N. Bengal, 18-20. vii. 07, this latter place being in the plains at 
the foot of the Darjiling Hills. 

From the enlarged genital organs, in conjunction with the 
yellow fore femora it appeared at first in complete accordance 
with Schiner’s description of S. analis, a species he attributes to 
Egger, 1863 (Verh. zool.-bot. Wien, xiii), but which I am unable 
to trace, and which the Paliar ktischen Dipteren Katalog refers to 
Schiner himself ; but the genital organs, although enlarged, are 
not extraordinarily so, and ihe probability is that it is a new 
species. It does not agree in size with three European examples 
named ‘ analis’ in the Indian Museum, being much larger; but 
there is no certainty that these three specimens are correctly 
identified, being females. 


87. Sciara fratercula, sp. nov. 


2. This species also is very akin to S. nigripennis, and may 
possibly be identical with it. The differences are :— 

1. The 1st longitudinal vein extends for some distance beyond 
the fork of the 4th, and beyond the middle of the wing. 

2. The wing is distinctly less black. 

3. The legs | are pale dirty brown, not black. 

4. In size it is smaller and a more slender species. 

Length 4-5 millim. 

Described from several females in the Indian Museum from 
Kurseong, 7.1x. 09 (Annandale); and one female from Bhim Tai, 
Kumaon, 22-27. ix. 06 (Annandale). 

This and the following twu are almost the only species of 
Sciara described in this work of the specific validity of which 
there is any reasonable doubt. 


88. Sciara exacta, sp. nov. 


2. Considerably resembling S. nigripennis, but differing by the 
1st longitudinal vein ending exactly opposite the fork of the 4th, 


SCIARA. leo 


and practically exactly in the middle of the wing. Legs pale 
dirty brown. 

Length 2-5 millim. 

Described from specimens in the Indian Museum from Darjiling, 
4-7, viii. 09 (type, Paiva); JKurseong, 7. ix. 09, 4-8. vil. 08, 
and Ghoom, 7500 ft., Darjiling district, 19. ix. 08; Siliguri, 
18-20. vii. 07; near Bhowali, Kumaon, 5700 ft., vii. 1909 
(mms); Ukhrul, Manipur, 6400 ft. Also from some in my own 
collection from Darjiling, 10-16. x. 05, and Shanghai, 9. v. 06 (both 
taken by me), and from Ohiya, Ceylon (2. . Green). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

Two females examined by me from Kurseong, 26. vi. 10, and 
Ghoom, 19.1x. 08, have the prothorax distinctly yellowish. 

Twenty specimens in the Indian Museum agree in venation 
exactly, and mainly so in the characters they have in common 
with nigripennis, being moreover uniformly less in size than 
that species. The form may at least provisionally be regarded as 
distinct. 


%. Sciara longinervis, sp. nov. 


2. Though allied to S. fratercula in general appearance, the 
single example of this form, in the Indian Museum, is distinguished 
by the 1st longitudinal vein extending to two-thirds the length 
of the wing, much beyond the fork of the 4th vein, being (with 
the 3rd longitudinal also) rather nearer the costa than usual, also 
being deeper and thicker than the remaining veins; petiole of 4th 
vein very slightly longer than the branches. Femora pale dirty 
brown. 

Length 3% millim. 

Described from two females in the Indian Museum, from Siliguri, 
18-20. vii. O7 (type) and Kurseong, x. 1910 (D’ Abreu). A female im 
the Pusa collection from Mussoori, viii. 1906. 

The general “ facies ” of the insect is that of a different species, 
but it may prove to be an aberrant form of S. nigripennis. 


Notes on the 8. nigripennis group.—The forms I group with 
nigripennis are diversipes, fratercula, evacta, and longinervis. 
Their inter-relations, so far as I observe them, are comprised in 
the preliminary table of species, yet they may be found difficult of 
differentiation by that means, from the very nature of the 
distinguishing characters, and the acknowledged variability of 
these. The forms may possibly represent varieties of a single 
species, although this is very doubtful, from the fact that, ex- 
cepting the unique female of longinervis from Siliguri, none of them 
is confined to a special locality. Of the eight localities represented 
by the five forms, nigripennis occurs in five, diversipes in four, 
fratercula in two, ewacta in six ; these eealitiod: be it noted, being 
fairly widely separated either by distance or by altitude. More- 
over, the fact that one sex (the female) is present in all the forms 


134 MYCETOPHILID®. 


tends to support the view of specific validity ; the male is known in 
nigripennis and diversipes only. Were it not that each form, except 
longinervis, is represented by several examples (xigripennis by ten, 
diversipes by eight males and two females, fratercula by seven, and 
exacta by twenty), 1 should have hesitated to describe more than 
one of them; but when arranged side by side, the impression 
given is certainly that of five closely allied though distinct species, 
practically little difficulty being encountered in allotting any 
particular specimen to its respective species. Yet the characters 
on which they are separated, namely, the length of the Ist longi- 
tudinal vein, the branches of the fork of the 4th, the colour of 
the legs and the size of the insect, are admittedly variable. Ui 
first character, however, 1s apparently quite consistent in evacta * 
the yellowish femora similar ly so in diversipes; and the creat 
length of the Ist longitudinal vein in longinervis, being greater 
than in any other specimen of Oriental Sciara that I have seen ; 
and these facts seem to point to specific distinctness. 

There is, therefore, only fratercula which may eventually be 
merged Ww ith nigripenns, the difference in the length of the Ist 
vein in these species being less distinctly marked than in the 
others. These two forms are provisionally regarded as distinct 
only on the apparent constancy of four characters combined :— 
the colour of the wings and of the legs, the length of the 1st vein, 
and the size. 

It will be noted that in these remarks, flavofemorata and flavicollis 
are not included, although they appear in the same section in the 
table of species ; this is because from their coloration they cannot 
be confused with the species under discussion. 


90. Sciara flavicollis, sp. nov. : 


3 2. Head black, face sometimes a little brownish or yellowish ; 
palpi black ; antennze black with the scapal joints generally reddish 
or yellowish. Thorav shining black, nearly bare; shoulders and 
anterior margin more or less narrowly brownish or yellowish, the 
colour sometimes confined to the shoulders, sometimes spreading 
along the sides of the dorsum. Scutellum dark shining brown, 
nearly bare, with several stiff long black hairs. Stiff long hairs 
also along the sides of the dorsum of the thorax. Metanotum 
and hind pleure dark shining brown. Abdomen black, with black 


pubescence, hind margins of segments generally almost imper- 


* Tf, however, exacta be placed in juxtaposition to orientalis (which latter 
species I have regarded as intermediate between the two principal groups), 
some hesitation may be encountered respecting the specific validity of these 
species, since specimens admittedly of orientalis have the venaticn of exacia. 
and there is therefore only the smaller size to distinguish the former species. 
I should not be surprised to find them identical, in which case I propose that 
the name orientalis be retained, as more appropriate ; moreover, evacta would 
in such a ease be incorrect. 


SCIARA, WE 


ceptibly grey. Genitalia very large; a pair of elongated, two- 
jointed, thick, hairy claspers, the basal joint mainly reddish brown 
or dark brown, the 2nd joint black. In the female there are two 
terminal, rather large, flattened, broad lamelle. Legs pale yellow, 
often a little brownish at the tips of the coxe, tibiz darker dirty 
yellow, tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey ; the Ist longi- 
tudinal vein reaching as far as the fork of the 4th vein or ending 
a short distance before it; petiole and branches of 4th vein 
subequal; 2nd posterior cell a little over three times as long as 
broad, slightly widened at tip. Halteres black. 

Length 3 millim. 

Deseribed from four males and some females in the Indian 
Museum. The type male from Siliguri at the foot of the 
Darjiling Hills, 18-20. vii.07 (Brunetti); type female from 
Darjiling, 1.x.08 (Brunetti); the other males from the latter 
locality 26-29. vi. 10 (Annandale), the other female from Kurseong, 
29. vi. 10 (Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

The length of the 1st longitudinal in its relation to the fork is 
certainly variable, one female from Kurseong, 26. vi. 10, having 
it so short as technically to fall into the short-veined or second 
great division of the genus; yet it seems impossible to consider 
it as distinct from the present species, in view of the admitted 
variability of this character in the other specimen before me and 
the certain knowledge of its natural tendency to vary in very 
many species. 


91. Sciara orientalis, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head black ; antenne blackish, blackish brown or dark 
brown, sometimes pale yellowish brown at base, including more 
or less of the 2nd seapal joint ; thickly pubescent. Paipi yellowish 
brown or brown. Thorax blackish, brown or dark brown, compara- 
tively bare, lateral stiff hairs weak; scutellum and metanotum 
concolorous, former with soft hairs only. Abdomen black or 
blackish brown ; belly similar, pubescent. Genitalia of male normal, 
rather large ; of female inconspicuous. Legs varying from almost 
wholly pale yellowish to dark brown or blackish, generally con- 
colorous, the prevailing colour being moderately dark yellowish 
brown, with the tibiz and tarsi darker. Wings yellowish brown or 
yellowish grey, variable ; 1st longitudinal vein ending sometimes 
some little distance before the fork of the 4th, at times approximate 
to or level with it, rarely slightly beyond it; petiole of the 4th vein 
as long as, or (generally) a little longer than the branches, which 
are moderately parallel, slightly curved and a little diverging at the 
tip; 2nd posterior cell normally a little over three times as long 
as broad, but varying up to four times the length. Halteres brown, 
variable. 

Length 2-3 millim. normally. 


1386 MYCETOPHILIDA. 


Described from a considerable number of both sexes in the 
Indian Museum from the following localities :— 

Darjiling, 2-8. viii. 09 (Jenkins); Kurseong, 6. vii. 08; 
Bhim Tal, Kumaon, 22-27.ix.06 (both Annandale); Siliguri, 
N. Bengal, 18-20. vii. 07; Mandalay, Burma, 12. iii.08 (Annan- 
dale); Ukhbrul, Manipur (Pettigrew); Sylhet, Assam, 6. v.05 
(Lt.-Col. Hall); Dawna Hills, Lower Burma, 2-4. iii. 08 (Annan- 
dale) ; Calcutta, common January to May, and July to September 
(Annandale and others); Lucknow, 9.ii.08; Bijnor district, 
United Provinces, 11.ii.07: on board ship, Khulna district, 
Ganges Delta, 21. viii.09 (Jenkins); Trivandrum, Tenmalai and 
Maddathorai, Travaneore State, 14-22. xi. 08 (Annandale) ; 
Peradeniya, Ceylon, viii. 1910. Also in my collection from several 
Oriental localities. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

Three females in the Indian Museum have distinct yellow halteres, 
but differ from typical specimens in no other way. The colour of 
these organs being distinetly variable it is inadvisable to rank 
these specimens as forming even a variety. Two are from 
Kurseong, +. vii. 08, one from Ukhrul, Manipur. Four specimens 
from Kurseong, 27. vi. 10 (Annandale) have pale yellow legs and 
are slightly inferior in size. One specimen from Darjiling, 
8. vill. 09, is nearly 4 mm. in length. 

The amount of variation in the distance at which the Ist longi- 
tudinal vein terminates is greater in S. orientalis than in any other 
Eastern species, of which it is the most variable generally. The 
antenne appear to vary considerably in thickness, especially. in 
the male, also in the amount of pubescence. 

Occasional specimens are met with with yellowish or brownish 
yellow shoulders, the colour sometimes running narrowly along 
the anterior margin of the thorax. Such specimens do not 
appear specifically distinct from the typically all black examples. 


92. Sciara fascipennis, sp. nov. 


2. Head wholly dull black; palpi and proboscis dark brownish 
yellow. Antenne missing, except Ist scapal joint which is black, 
and extremely narrowly brownish yellow at the tip. Zhoraw dull 
black ; dorsum moderately shining ; scutellum with traces of some 
long apical stiff hairs. Abdomen dull black ; the 1st two segments 
dull reddish brown on the upperside; belly black; ovipositor 
elongate but normal. Legs rather dark brown. Wéngs very pale 
grey, with a moderately pale blackish band (hardly darker 
anteriorly) across the middle third. Halteres black. 

Length 2 millim. excel. ovipositor } millim. 

Described from a male from Kurseong, xi. 1910 (D’ Abrew). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This species is easily recognised from every other Oriental 
Sciara by the broad infuseated band across the centre of the 
wings. 


“I 


SCIARA, te 


93. Sciara sexsetosa, sp. noy. 


Q. Head, vertex and frons dark brown; face below antennee 
bright reddish yellow. Scapal joints rather large, subglobular, 
bright yellow ; flagellum black, with grey pubescence, palpi black. 
Thorax bright reddish brown, shoulders slightly yellowish ; two well 
separated rows of small dorso-central bristly hairs ; eight or ten 
strong ones laterally, and a row of six long bristles on the hind 
margin of the scutellum, which is, with the metanotum and sides 
of the thorax, concolorous, the pleure being blackish. Abdomen 
black, pubescent, hind margins of segments narrowly grey ; belly 
yellowish. Legs: cox reddish yellow, with black hairs at tip; 
femora yellowish, black at base below ; tibia darker ; tarsi black. 
Wings pale grey ; 1st longitudinal vein ending much before fork 
of 4th and barely reaching middle of wing; 2nd posterior cell 
four times as long as broad, branches of 4th vein equal in length 
to petiole; gently divergent throughout. Halteres yellowish, 
base of clubs blackish. 

Length 3-32 millim. 

Described from three females in the Indian Museum, from 
Darjiling, 6000 ft., 20. ix. 08 (Brunetti, type) and 7000 ft., 6. vill. O09 
(Paiva); Pashoke, Sikkim, 2000 ft., 5.1x. 09. 


94. Sciara quadrisetosa, sp. nov. 


3. Head: vertex and frons black; face reddish yellow; palpi 
black, scape yellow (flagellum missing). Z'horax brownish yellow, 
humeral region a little paler. Bristles as in S. sewsetosa, but only 
four long ones on the scutellum. Scutellum and metanotum 
concolorous, pleure blackish. Abdomen dark brown, hind margins 
of segments very narrowly yellowish grey ; belly paler. Genital 
claspers large, thick, brownish yellow, hairy, two-jointed, the 2nd 
joint elongate oval. Leys: coxe and femora pale yellow, the 
former hairy at the tip, the latter black below at base ; tibize dirty 
yellow; tarsi black. Wings nearly clear; 1st longitudinal vein 
ending shortly before fork of 4th of which the petiole and 
branches are subequal; 2nd posterior cell three times as long as 
broad, slightly widening towards the tip. Halteres yellow, 
streaked with black. 

Length 24 millim. 

One male in the Indian Museum, Darjiling, 7000 ft., 6. vii. 09 
(Paiva). A damaged specimen from Ukhrul, Manipur, 6400 ft., 
appears to be the same species. 


95. Sciara pallescens, sp. nov. 


Head blackish grey ; palpi yellowish. Antenne proportionately 
rather large and long, scape yellowish, flagellum black, with grey 
pubescence. Thora, scutellum and metanotum light brownish 


138 MYCETOPHILID®. 


yellow. Bristly hairs normal, only two conspicuous ones on the 
scutellum, but some other very small ones are present. Abdomen 
pale brownish yellow, with a little intermixed black and pale 
pubescence. Legs yellowish, tibis# brownish yellow, tarsi darker, 
femora very narrowly black at base below. Wings clear; the 1st 
longitudinal vein ending much before the fork of the 4th vein 
and distinctly before middle of wing; branches of 4th vein 
parallel and much shorter than the petiole; 2nd posterior cell 
three and a half times as long as broad. Halteres yellow, base of 
clubs black. 

Length 1% millim. 

Described from a single specimen of uncertain sex in the Indian 
Museum, taken 7. iii.08 by Dr. Annandale flying in the darkest 
part of the largest of the Khayon (‘‘ Farm”) Caves, nine miles 
from Moulmein, Tenasserim, in company with the moth Orysithyris 
spelea, which Meyrick (Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 399) states to be the 
only Lepidopteron yet known that is adapted for a cavernicolous 
existence. 


96. Sciara fulvescens, sp. nov. 


@. Almost wholly brownish yellow. Vertex blackish, dorsum 
of thorax and the tibie a little darker; antenne dark brown, 
joints very distinct, tarsi black. Wings clear; 1st longitudinal 
vein ending much before fork of 4th and distinctly not reaching 
middle of wing; petiole and branches of 4th vein as in S. pal- 
lescens ; 2nd posterior cell with practically parallel sides, three 
times as long as broad. 

Length 1} millim. 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from 
Rajshai, Hast Bengal, 1-6. ii. 07 (Annandale). 

Possibly identical with S. pallescens, 


97. Sciara setilineata, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head blackish, lower part and palpi brownish yellow; 
scape pale yellow, flagellum blackish. Thora light reddish brown, 
with three narrow median lines, the outer ones bearing the 
dorso-central rows of stiff hairs, the median one with a row 
of microscopic bristly hairs. Sides, scutellum and metanotum 
concolorous ; scutellum with two apical long stiff hairs, and also 
with softer hairs. Abdomen dark brown, pubescent ; genitalia 
normal. Legs with yellow cox and femora, blackish at their 
junction, tibie and tarsi dirty yellow. Wings clear, 1st longi- 
tudinal vein ending much before fork of 4th vein and distinctly 
before middle of wing ; petiole and branches of 4th vein subequal ; 
2nd posterior cell with parallel sides, three and a half times as 
long as broad. Halteres yellow. 

Length 2 millim. 


SCIARA. 139 


Described from a type male from Simla, 10. v.09 (Annandale) 
and a type female from Darjiling, 6. vii. 09 (Pawa). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

There seems little doubt that the two specimens represent the 
two sexes of one species. 

A specimen from Peradeniya, Ceylon, agrees closely with the 
female, but has four distinct long scutellar bristles, and is slightly 
smaller, whilst the hairs on the middle thoracic stripe are much 
stronger; it is possibly a variety. 


98. Sciara latelineata, sp. nov. 


¢. Head blackish ; palpi, scape, and major part of 1st flagellar 
joint pale yellow. Z'horax brownish yellow, shoulders broadly 
pale yellow; dorsum almost entirely occupied (except on the 
shoulders) by three broad contiguous black stripes extending to 
the brown scutellum, which bears four bristles. Abdomen dark 
brown, hind margins of segments very narrowly grey. Genitalia 
normal, brownish yellow. Legs pale yellow, tarsi dark. Wings 
clear ; 1st longitudinal vein ending much before fork of 4th and 
distinctly before middle of wing ; petiole of 4th vein imperceptible, 
approximately equal to the branches ; 2nd posterior cell with 
parallel sides, three times as long as broad. Halteres long, stems 
vellowish, clubs blackish, elongated. 

Length % willim. 

One male in the Indian Museum from the western slopes of the 
Dawna Hills, Tenasserim, 2000-3000 ft., 2 or 3. iii. 08 (Annandale). 


99. Sciara radicum, sp. nov. 


¢ 2. Head wholly black, scape of antenne yellowish. Thoraa 
yellowish, with two black oval outlines on dorsum, incomplete 
posteriorly, and a narrow median dorsal line. Scutellum yellow, 
with apparently normally six long bristles on the posterior 
margin, but the inner four are always longest, and there are 
generally some short ones towards the sides ; metanotum darker. 
Abdomen dark brown, hind margins of segments a little 
blackish ; belly yellow. Genitalia large, dirty yellow. Legs pale 
yellow, with a black tinge between coxe and femora; tibie and 
tarsi darker; hind tibize with a distinct row of setz on the outer 
side. Wings clear ; 1st longitudinal ending much before fork of 
4th and barely attaining middle of wing ; petiole of 4th much 
longer than fork, the branches of which are practically straight 
and gently divergent ; the 2nd posterior cell slightly over three 
times as long as broad. Halteres black, stem yellow. 

Length & hardly 1 millim., 2 13 millim. 

Described from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum, taken in the Museum gardens, Caleutta, 21.31.10 
to 24.11. 10 (Annandale). 


140 MYCETOPHILID ®, 


The larvee caused much damage in the gardens by devouring 
lily bulbs and other plants of a like nature. The following notes 
have been compiled by Mr. C. Paiva, of that Institution, who 
observed the transformations :— 

‘“ During February 1910, I placed a number of males and some 
egg-laden females in a tube with a piece of a rotten lily-bulb, with 
the object of getting them to breed. All the flies died in the 
course of a couple of days. I could not find any eggs, but I kept 
the bulb damp and on about the 4th March I noticed a number 
of small thread-like worms, quite transparent, with black heads, 
moving about quite actively in the soft and moistest parts of the 
bulb. These gradually grew larger and I preserved some in spirit. 
On March 14th, at 10 a.m. I found the tube with a number of 
flies similar to those which I had placed in the tube in February 
for the purpose of breeding. They were very active and ran 
about on the sides of the tube. At first I thought they were trying 
to escape, but I watched them more closely and found that the 
males were running after the females. No difference in the size 
of the abdomen of the male and that of the female could be noticed 
when the flies were first observed, but as the day advanced the 
abdomen of the females gradually enlarged. 

The most striking feature in the life of these little flies, seems 
to me to be mode of copulation. The act is effected by the male 
running blindly, as it were, until he approaches a female. He 
gets on her back and after effecting the connection, in a few 
seconds, gets off and being still attached to the female, struggles 
to release himself. No sooner has one male left a female than 
another male comes running along and attaches himself to the 
same female. In this manner I have observed several males to 
have connection with the same female. I have also noticed two 
males attempting to copulate with one female at the same time.”* 


100. Sciara impostor, sp. nov. 


3. This species has a remarkably close resemblance to S. flavi- 
collis, although on account of the 1st longitudinal vein ending 
short of the fork of the 4th, it technically talls into the second 
section of the genus. The distance between the tip of the 1st 
longitudinal and the fork is, however, so small that the distinction 
may easily be overlooked, owing to the close resemblance between 
the two species in other respects. 

The chief difference is that in S. flavicollis, the whole thorax, 
except the margin, is uniformly shining black, whereas in the 
present species the black colour is distinctly dull, and is composed 
of three contiguous, very broad, black stripes, occupying nearly 
all the dorsum. Moreover the central stripe is (in two out of the 
three specimens) dark brown at its anterior end, which, attaining 


* Mr. Dale says that he has seen in England two males of a Sciara actually 
in cop. at the same time with a single female. 


SCIARA, 141 


the front margin, is a little longer than the other two stripes. 
The 5th vein forks at a very distinctly greater distance from its 
base than in flavicollis, in which species the anterior branch is 
apparently disconnected at the fork. 

Length 3% millim. 

Described from two males in the Indian Museum from Darjiling, 
1.x. 08 (¢ype) and 2.x. 08, also a male in my collection from the 
same locality, 10-16. x. 05; all three specimens taken by me. 

In all other respects, except that the antennal scape is yellow, 
this species is identical with flavicollis, Although the resem- 
blance is so close I feel sure that the forms are distinct, and 
tend to indicate that too much reliance must not be placed 
on the precise mathematical point reached by the Ist longitudinal 
vein. 


101. Sciara segmenticornis, sp. nov. 


3. Head blackish. Palpi, scape and Ist flagellar joint pale 
yellow, 2nd joint brownish yellow, remainder dark brown, with 
grey pubescence, each joint with a short transparent bare part at 
the base, which gives the appearance of the joints being detached 
from one another. Thorax moderately shining light brown. 
Abdomen dark brown ; belly a little lighter. Genitalia concolorous, 
normal, moderately large. Legs pale yellowish, tibiw and tarsi 
only slightly darker. Wings very pale yellowish grey, iridescent ; 
1st longitudinal vein ending distinctly before fork of 4th and 
at about the middle of the wing; petiole vf 4th vein longer than 
the branches of its fork, which are slightly convergent in the 
middle. Halteres black, stem yellow. 

Length 2 millim. 

Type 3 in the Indian Museum, from Bindukhera, Naini Tal 
district, in the plains, 13. iv. 09. 

A second male in the same collection from Darjiling, 29. v. 10, 
taken by me, is probably the same species, but has the whole 
flagellum black. It is slightly larger in size. 


102. Sciara compacta, sp. nov. 


2. Body mainly light brownish yellow. Head with the vertex 
blackish ; flagellum blackish, except the two or three basal joints. 
Thorax with the shoulders and scutellum paler yellow. Abdomen 
more brownish, the tip black ; ovipositor concealed. Legs: tibie 
dirty yellow, tarsi black. Wangs with the Ist longitudinal vein 
ending distinctly before fork of 4th and exactly at middle of wing ; 
branches of 4th nearly as long as petiole, parallel, a little curved. 
Halteres blackish brown, stem yellow. 

Length 2% millim. 

One example (type), from Gangtok, Sikkim, 6150 ft., 8. ix. 09 ; 
and a second from Butal, Nepal, 12. ii. 08, this latter being a little 
more brownish in colour. Both in the Indian Museum. 


142 MYCETOPHILID A. 


103. Sciara inconspicua, sp. nov. 


2. Head blackish; palpi pale yellow, also the scape and the two 
or three basal joints of the flagellum. horaw: dorsum almost 
wholly occupied, except at the shoulders and humeri, by three 
contiguous broad, rather dark chestnut-brown stripes, with two 
greyish, barely perceptible lines separating them. Pleure, meta- 
notum, and scutellum concolorous; the latter pale yellow below, 
and with six rather long moderately strong bristly hairs and two 
or three smaller ones towards each side. Abdomen dark nut-brown, 
pubescent, hind margins of segments narrowly cream-yellow ; 
belly yellowish. Ovipositor small, dark brown. Legs: coxe and 
femora pale yellow, a little blackish at their junction, tibiae and 
tarsi darker. Wings pale yellowish grey; Ist longitudinal vein 
barely reaching as far as fork of 4th, ending almost exactly at the 
middle of the wing; branches of 4th about equally long as the 
petiole, nearly straight, parallel; 2nd posterior cell nearly four 
times as long as broad. Halteres brownish. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from 
Sylhet, 14.1. 05 (Lt.-Col. Hall). 

This species is placed in my synoptical table between the two 
groups 17 (thorax mainly yellowish) and 24 (thorax mainly 
blackish or. brown). 


104. Sciara hirtilineata, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head blackish. Tip of 2nd scapal joint narrowly reddish 
yellow; flagellar joints rather elongate. Thoraw black, dull, with 
two median narrow grey stripes close together, from the anterior 
margin nearly to the scutellum ; two broader stripes commencing 
behind the shoulders and continuing nearly to the posterior 
margin; this gives an appearance of three obvious but not con- 
spicuous blackish lines on a dark background, but in occasional 
specimens they are almost or entirely absent, in which case the three 
rows of pale hairs will generally identifiy the species. Three 
longitudinal stripes of rather closely and irregularly placed, 
moderately long, brownish yellow hairs; the central hairy stripe 
between the two median narrow grey stripes, the other two hairy 
stripes between these median grey stripes and the lateral wider 
grey stripes; lateral borders of dorsum with similar brownish 
yellow hairs, but without distinct bristles; a little yellow 
pubescence about the shoulders, below which is a small reddish 
yellow mark. Scutellum blackish, with soft brownish yellow 
hairs only; metanotum blackish. Abdomen dull black, with 
brownish yellow hairs, and hind margins of segments very 
narrowly reddish yellow ; belly blackish, Genitaliain male large, 
normal; in female telescopic, elongate. Legs: coxe and femora 
brownish yellow, the former darker at base; tibie rather dark 


SCIARA. 143 


brown, with red-brown spurs; tarsi darker brown or blackish. 
Wings pale grey: 1st longitudinal vein ending much before fork 
of 4th, exactly at the middle of the wing; petiole of 4th equal in 
length to its branches, which are nearly straight, parallel or very 
slightly diverging; 2nd posterior cell three and a half times as 
long as broad. Halteres yellowish, 

Length 2} millim. 

Described from one male and several females in the Indian 
Museum, taken by Dr. Annandale and others. The male (type) from 
below Phagu, 7000 ft., Simla district, 12. v.09; the females from 
Simla, 7000 ft., 10. v.09; Darjiling, 7000 ft., 6. vill. 09 ; Kurseong, 
5000 ft., 4. vii. 08. 


105. Sciara niveiapicalis, sp. nov. 


Q. Head: vertex and face smooth, shining black, with a few 
short brownish yellow hairs. Palpi yellow ; antennal scape brown, 
flagellum black, with grey pubescence; last four joints wholly 
white. Zhoraxv shining black, smooth, bare or practically so; a 
few stiff hairs above the wings. Pleure, scutellum and 
metanotum concolorous, scutellum (apparently) with only a few 
soft hairs. Abdomen black, moderately shining, roughened, traces 
of yellow on the hind margins of one or two segments; the last 
two segments (in type) or three (in second example) pale yellow ; 
underside of abdomen with middle segment yellow. Ovipositor 
blackish, with rather elongate terminal lamelle.. Legs: coxe and 
femora yellow; tibie dirty brownish yellow, tarsi nearly black. 
Wings very glassy and iridescent, reaching distinctly beyond the 
tip of the abdomen ; Ist longitudinal vein ending some distance 
before fork of 4th, barely attaining middle of wing ; petiole of 4th 
equal in length to the branches which very slightly diverge before 
their middle and again on the wing-margin ; 2nd posterior cell 
three and a half times as long as broad. Halteres with yellow 
stems and black clubs. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from two females in the Indian Museum taken at 
Ukhrul, Manipur, 6400 ft. (Pettigrew). 

The very conspicuous white-tipped antenne render this species 
easily recognisable from all others in the Hast. 


106. Sciara longipennis, sp. noy. 


3 Q. Head wholly black, except the palpi, which vary from 
yellowish to nearly black, and the tip of the 2nd scapal joint and 
base of Ist flagellar joint of the antenne, which are sometimes 
yellowish. Yhoraw black, practically bare, with slight traces of 
three dorsal rows of minute hairs ; anterior or posterior corners of 
dorsum in some specimens yellowish brown. Scutellum and 
metanotum black. Abdomen mainly black, dull, the dorsum of the 


144 MYCETOPHILID®, 


segment sometimes dull brown ; belly varying from dirty brown to 
black. Genitalia composed of a small dorsal plate, a little larger 
ventral one, a normal, rather large pair of claspers, the 2nd joint 
ending in a thick bifid tip, and an intermediate pair of small 
organs. Ovipositor brownish yellow or dark brown, of considerable 
length, ending in the two usual conspicuous lamelle. Legs: coxee 
and femora yellowish ; the latter often with a small distinct black — 
spot below, at the base ; tibie brown, tarsi darker. Wings very pale 
grey, yellowish at base, reaching some distance beyond the tip 
of the abdomen, but apparently varying in length a little. The 
1st longitudinal vein ending distinctly but not much before the 
fork of the 4th, and barely reaching the middle of the wing; 
the 3rd vein somewhat close to and parallel with the costa, thus 
being rather more curved than in most species; petiole of 4th 
vein about equal in length to the branches, which curve a little, 
diverging slightly at their tips ; the 2nd posterior cell three to three 
and a half times as long as broad. Halteres black, stem more 
or less yellowish. 

Length 13-24 millim., including ovipositor. 

Described from a type male from the yalley of the Sutlej River, 
below Simla, 6.v.10 (Annandale); two additional males from 
Kurseong, 26-27. vi. 10 (Annandale), and a male from Darijiling, 
28. v. 10 (Brunetti) ; two females taken by me at Darjiling, 25. v. 10 
(type) and 28. v. 10, respectively, also from other females from Simla, 
6. v. 10 (Annandale); Kurseong, 4. vii. 08 (Annandale), and Tonglu, 
Darjiling district, 10,000 ft., 22.iv.10 (C. W. Beebe). 

Types 3 and Q (with the other specimens mentioned) in the 
Indian Museum. 

This species, as represented by the male and four females before 
me, appears variable in the colour of the palpi, the colour at the 
union of the scape and flagellum and in the corners of the dorsum 
of the thorax, and in the length of the wings, but the variations 
exhibited appear all to fall within the range of a single species. 


107. Sciara flaviseta, sp. nov. 


2. Head black, except the brownish yellow palpi and yellowish 
scape. Thorax dull black, with three rows, towards the middle, 
of irregular brownish yellow hairs, and with similar hairs laterally. 
Seutellum black, with four long yellow bristles and also two or 
three shorter ones on each side. Abdomen blackish brown, 
pubescent ; belly and ovipositor similar. Legs brownish yellow, 
tibie and tarsi dark; posterior femora with a small black spot 
below at base. Wings nearly clear, iridescent; 1st longitudinal 
vein ending distinctly before fork of 4th, barely reaching middle 
of wing; petiole of 4th about as long as the branches, which gently 
diverge. Halteres yellow. 

Length 1? millim. 

Described from one female from Simla, 10. v.09 (Annandale), 
in the Indian Museum. : 


SCIARA, 145 


A. second specimen from the same source in the collection is 
probably identical. T'wo others from Darjiling, 26. v.10 (Brunetti) 
and Tonglu, Darjiling district, 21.iv. 10 (Beebe), are very close to 
flaviseta, but being almost destitute of scutellar stiff hairs and in 
inferior condition generally, opinion on them may be reserved. 


108. Sciara nitidithorax, sp. nov. 


3. Head wholly dull blackish ; antennz with the extreme edge 
of the 2nd scapal joint whitish yellow ; flagellum normally with 
thick grey pubescence. Thoraz very shining black, bare except 
for three very narrow dorso-central bands of very short bristly 
hairs. There are stiff hairs laterally and at least two (perhaps 
four) strong bristly hairs on the hind margin of the scutellum, in 
addition to some shorter ones; sides black. Scutellum and 
metanotum wholly black, the former with a slight dark brown 
tinge. Abdomen blackish, with some pale hairs towards the sides ; 
extreme margins of segments pale yellow; belly black. Genitalia 
large, black, normal. Legs wholly dark brown. Wings pale grey ; 
1st longitudinal vein ending distinctly before middle of wing and 
some distance before fork of 4th vein; the 3rd vein ending some 
distance before the tip of the wing; the costa ending halfway 
between the tips of the 3rd vein and the anterior branch of the 
4th ; petiole of 4th vein barely as long as the branches, which are 
nearly parallel ; the 2nd posterior cell three and a half times as 
long as broad. Halteres black. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from one male from Kalighat, 6000 ft., Garhwal 
district, 4. vi. 10 (Jmms). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


109. Sciara longitudinalis, sp. nov. 


¢. Head wholly black, including the antenne, except for a 
suspicion of paleness about the scapal joints of the latter; 
sometimes the antenne, seen through a microscope, appear dark 
brown; the segments of the flagellum well separated, with rather 
thick grey pubescence. Palpi dark dirty yellowish grey. Thor za 
black, shoulders and edges of dorsum generally rather pale 
brownish yellow. Scutellum brownish yellow, with two moderately 
conspicuous longer bristles and some short stiff hairs ; metanotum 
blackish. Abdomen dark blackish grey or brown ; hind margins of 
segments irregularly blackish ; with soft pale hairs; belly similar. 
Genitalia of male of moderate or rather large size, brownish yellow 
or blackish brown, hairy, normally shaped, the intermediate ap- 
pendage distinctly bilobed. In the female the ovipositor terminates 
in two distinct elongated flat lamelle. Legs pale yellowish ; tibie 
brownish yellow, tarsi blackish yellow. Wings somewhat broad- 
ened on the distal part of the anterior margin ; the 1st longitudinal 

L 


146 MYCETOPHILID®. 


vein ending a little before the middle of the wing, its exact length 
not constant, but terminating distinctly before the fork of the 4th ; 
the 8rd vein much longer than usual, continuing nearly to the tip 
of the wing, parallel with the costa for its whole length except 
at its tip; petiole of 4th vein about equal in length to the 
branches, which are nearly parallel, or a little divergent at their 
tips; 2nd posterior cell three or four times longer than broad. 
Halteres blackish. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from a type male from Kurseong, 8. vii. 08, anda type 
female from Darjiling, 28. v. 10, the latter captured by myself ; also 
from four males from Tonglu, Darjiling district, 10,000 ft., 
22.iv.10 (Beebe): all the specimens in the Indian Museum. 


110. Sciara ruficoxa, sp. nov. 


9. Head blackish ; 2nd scapal joint and base of Ist flagellar 
joint brownish yellow; proboscis black; palpi with basal part 
reddish yellow, apical part black. Zhorawv dull black, with staff 
bristly hairs towards sides and on hind margin of the concolorous 
scutellum ; metanotum and sides of thorax dull black. Abdomen 
black, with black hairs; hind margins of segments rather narrowly 
pale whitish yellow. Ovipositor conspicuous, elongated, normal. 
Legs: coxe bright reddish yellow, tips blackish; femora bright 
yellowish, base blackish; tibize and tarsi brown. Wings grey, 
highly iridescent; the 1st longitudinal vein barely reaching middle 
of wing, distinctly short of the fork of the 4th, the branches of 
which are parallel; the 2nd posterior cell four times as long as 
broad; the 3rd vein nearly parallel with the costa, ending a little 
before the wing-tip. Halteres black. 

Length 3 millim., including ovipositor. 

Described from a single female taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Kurseong, 25. vi. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


111. Sciara flavipleura, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head black ; ocelli very large ; antennal scape pale yellow, 
basal joints of flagellum more or less yellowish ; palpi pale yellow. 
Thorax: dorsum black, shoulders and posterior corners broadly, 
the lateral edges narrowly, bright pale yellow; sides of thorax 
wholly bright pale yellow. Two well separated dorso-central 
rows of moderately large bristly hairs, and a lateral row, below 
which are several much stronger ones in the neighbourhood 
of the wings, and two on the posterior corners. Scutellum 
blackish, yellow below, with four long strong bristles of equal 
length, and some very short softer ones on each side of these; 
metanotum moderately dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, with 
black pubescence; belly a little lighter. Genitalia concolorous, 


SCIARA. 147 


pubescent; 2nd joint broadly dentate, intermediate organ bilobed 
Ovipositor of female small, simple, brown. Legs: coxe and femora 
pale yellow, latter with a small black spot below at base ; tibize and 
tarsi brownish, the latter darker. Wings pale grey, iridescent ; 
1st longitudinal vein ending much before fork of 4th and distinctly 
before middle of wing; petiole of 4th about equal to branches, 
which gently diverge ; 2nd posterior cell a little over three times 
as long as broad. Halteres yellow. 

Length 13-21 millim. 

Described from a type male, Darjiling, 2.x.08 (Brunettz), and a 
type female, Darjiling, 6. vili.09 (Paiva), and a second female, 
Kurseong, 3.ix. 09 (Annandale) ; all in the Indian Museum. 


112. Sciara evanescens, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head black, palpi yellowish. Thorax black, shoulders a 
little yellowish. Dorso-central and lateral bristles moderately 
large. Scutellum black, with two long bristles. Abdomen blackish 
brown, hind margins of segments a little blacker. Genitalia in both 
sexes normal, concolorous, but of considerable size in the female. 
Legs pale yellowish ; tibiz a very little darker ; tarsi dark brown. 
Wings nearly clear; in certain lights with brilliant violet irides- 
cence; Ist longitudinal vein ending distinctly before fork of 4th, 
barely reaching middle of wing ; petiole a little shorter than the 
branches of 4th, the latter gently diverging; 2nd posterior cell 
three times as long as broad. Halteres yellow. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from six males and three females in the Indian 
Museum ; the type male from Simla, 9. v.09 (Annandale); the type 
female from Calcutta, 25. ii. 09 (Annandale) ; other specimens from 
Darjiling, 6. viii.09 (Paiva), and Peradeniya, Ceylon, 14. vii. 10, 
tpavins LO. 

Under the present species are grouped a number of specimens 
which show considerable similarity, but which, on further study of 
a larger amount of material, may prove to comprise more than one 
species. But for the much shorter Ist longitudinal vein, these 
insects might almost be united with S, orientalis, and in any case 
their natural affinities appear to be certainly with that species. 


113. Sciara parallela, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head black, except the yellow palpi and the basal part 
of the first flagellar joint of the antenne. Thorax black, 
shoulders yellowish ; with traces of dorso-central and some lateral 
stiff hairs. Scutellum brown, yellowish below, with four long 
apical bristles and some shorter ones ; metanotum blackish ; sides 
of thorax blackish. Abdomen blackish brown or dark brown, hind 
margins of segments more or less pale, and on the belly also. 
Ovipositor concolorous, of considerable size, the basal joint being 
nearly as large as in the males of many species; the second joint 

L2 


148 BLEPHAROCERID 2. 


considerably smaller, and in addition there are the usual oval, fairly 
large, terminal lamelle. Zegs: coxe and femora yellowish, tibie 
darker, tarsidark brown. Wings nearly clear ; the 1st longitudinal 
vein ending distinctly before, but approximate to, the fork of the 
4th vein, and at about the middle of the wing; petiole of the 
4th vein a little shorter than the branches, which are parallel; 
2nd posterior cell about four times longer than broad. Halteres 
yellowish. 

Length 2-24 millim. 

Described from a single type male from Simla, 9.v.09 
(Dr. Annandale), and two females both taken by me at Darjiling, 
2.x. 08 (type) and 26. v. 10. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

A third female in the same collection taken by me at Darjiling, 
26. v.10, evidently belongs also to this species. It has the 2nd 
scapal joint wholly yellow, and the ovipositor is not conspicuous, 
but appears to be withdrawn, the lamelle only protruding. 


Family BLEPHAROCERID. 


A family of very limited extent, composed of rather small, 
delicate flies, with slender bodies and long slender legs ; the insects 
conspicuous chiefly by a so-called ‘“ secondary” venation, which 


Fig. 12.—Blepharocera (after Kellogg). 


consists merely of the folds or creases in the wing which have not 
been obliterated after emergence from the pupal stage. They 
frequent small rocky streams in woods in hilly and mountainous 
countries. ; 

The eyes exhibit very characteristic peculiarities and have been 


BLEPHAROCERID®, 149 


the subject of study by more than one author. The usual sexual 
distinction in the comparative width of the frons, which obtains in 
« great many families of Diptera, does not hold good in the 
Burpuarocerip®. The head is usually dichoptic in both sexes, 
but occasionally it is holoptic in one or both sexes. The eyes 
“are usually bisected by an unfacetted cross-band or line 
separating each eye into two fields, an upper and a lower one; 
the upper composed of larger and less pigmented ommatidia (large 
and brown facets); the lower composed of smaller and more 
strongly pigmented ommatidia (small black facets). In a few 
species the eyes are bisected only in one sex. Three rather large 
ocelli are present” (Kellogg). The upper eye faces dorsally and 
is composed of large facets, the lower one faces ventrally, anteriorly 
and laterally, and is composed of much smaller facets. Radical 
structural differences exist in addition between the upper and 
lower eye.* 


Fig. 13.—Mouth-parts of a Blepharocerid, Bibiocephala 
doanet, Kellogg (after Kellogg). 


The mouth-parts are complex, elongated, ‘ the female having in 
addition to labium and maxille, slender flattened elongate, saw- 
hike mandibles ; the males are without these mandibles. Both 
sexes have a slender elongate labrum-epipharynx, a similar slender 
elongate hypopharynx, a pair of slender blade-like maxille, with 
5-segmented palpi, and labium with slender elongate basal sclerite, 
and a pair of free fleshy terminal lobes without pseudotrachee and 
with palpi ” (Kellogg). : 


* For studies on eyes of this divided character in other groups of animals, 
reference can be made to “ The divided eyes of Arthropods” by Kellogg, Zool. 
Anzeig. (1898). Zimmer (Zeits. f. wiss. Zool. lxiii, pp. 236-262, 1€98) on the 
eyes of EpneMERID# may also be consulted. 


150 BLEPHAROCERID®, 


The antenne are composed of the usual two basal (scapal) joints 
and a usually elongate cylindrical flagellum of from nine to fifteen 
joints, which are shortly pubescent. In some genera the flagellum 
is shorter and relatively more robust. 

Body practically bare ; thorax with transverse suture distinct, 
broadly interrupted. The abdomen slender, generally of uniform 
width. The male genitalia reach their greatest complexity in 
Bibiocephala, and are most simple in Blepharocera. In the former 
the principal pair of claspers is two-jointed, the second joint repre- 
sented by two elongate, pliable, finger-like pieces. There are 
apparently (judging from Kelloge’s plate) two other pairs of sub- 
conical elongate claspers ; a small ventral plate, bi-emarginate on 
the posterior margin, and an intermediate, rather robust organ. 
The female genitalia consist mainly of a pair of small rather 
blunt lamellee. 

The legs are long and siender, the hind pair much longer than 
the others. In some species the fore femora are curved in the 
male; the tibia may or may not possess terminal spurs; the 
claws small, and the empodia small or rudimentary; pulvilli 
absent. | 

Venation generally incomplete. The auxiliary and Ist longi- 
tudinal veins are united, unless one or the other is considered to be 
absent. The 2nd longitudinal vein is simple or forked; when the 
latter, the forking always occurs towards the tip ; 3rd longitudinal 
vein present or absent; in the latter case the anterior cross-vein 
connects the 2nd and 4th longitudinal veins. Anterior cross-vein 
generally present, often appearing to be the origin of either the 
2nd or the 3rd vein. The 4th longitudinal vein apparently always 
present ; a lower branch of it often present, but with the basal 
half of this branch obliterated. Tbis is what Kellogg calls an 
incomplete media. The 5th longitudinal vein present, simple or 
forked ; posterior cross-vein present or absent; 6th longitudinal 
vein present or absent. No discal cell. 

As to cells: in the genus Philoris, in which the venation reaches 
its greatest development, there is a costal cell, marginal, sub- 
marginal, Ist, 2nd and 3rd_ posterior cells (the 2nd being distally 
divided by the incomplete branch of the 4th vein); an anal and 
an axillary cell. Anal lobe of wing generally well developed, often 
exceptionally so (Philorus, Bibiocephala, Blepharocera) ; sometimes 
it is absent (Paltostoma). Alule, properly speaking, absent, 
tegule always absent. Halteres well developed. 

Life-history. The larvee of all known species live in clear, 
running, highly aérated streams, where they fix themselves with 
great tenacity to the sides of the rocks, preferring those spots 
where the stream flows fastest, and they occur almost exclusively 
in mountainous or hilly regions. They travel slowly and mainly 
in a lateral or sideways direction. The larva consists of a head 
segment (which is composed of the fused head and three thoracic 
segments united), and five body segments, the last one formed of 
the two anal abdominal segments united, but with an intervening 


BLEPHAROCERID®. 151 


constriction. All the segments are very strongly constricted at 
the base and apex, so as to present the extraordinary appearance of 
thick rings strung ona central axis. Under each of the seg- 
mental parts is a single pad-like foot, locomotion being effected by 
releasing the fore or hind three and moving slightly to right or 
left, the remaining three following suit after the first three have 
attached themselves again. 

The pupa is ovate, strongly convex on the upper side, its lower 
side being quite flat; it les quiescent, sticking to the rocks 
permanently by means of its six pads. ‘The wings and legs lie 
folded on the ventral aspect (side), which is covered only by a thin 
colourless pupal cuticula. From the prothorax project dorsally a 
pair of respiratory organs, each composed of a thin double-walled 
plate, the outer plates of each set being strongly chitinized, and 
acting as protecting covers for the two delicate membranous inner 
ones ; (the whole arrangement like a two-leaved book, with board 
covers)” (Kellogg). ‘The pupais formed within the larval skin, 
but the latter is subsequently cast, so that the pupa is exposed ; 
its dorsal region is horny, but the under surface by which it clings 
firmly to the stones of the rapid brook, is white and scarcely 
chitinised, and Dewitz considers that the chitinous exudation from 
this part is used as a means of fastening the pupa to the stones” 
(Dr. Sharp, 1899). 

The emergence of the imago from the pupa is very interesting 
and has been observed by Comstock and by Kellogg; the former 
thus describing it :— 

“Fach midge on emerging, forced its way out through a 
transverse rent between the thorax and abdomen. It then 
worked its body out slowly, and in spite of the swift current held 
it vertical. The water covering the patch of pup varied from 
one-fourth to one-half inch in depth. In the shallow parts the 
adult had no trouble in working its way to the surface, still clinging 
to the pupa skin by its very long hind legs. While still anchored 
by its legs, the midge rests on the surface of the water for one or 
two seconds and unfolds its wings; then freeing its legs it takes 
flight. The adults emerging from the deeper water were swept 
away by the current before they had a chance to take wing. The 
time required for a midge to work its way ont of the pupa-skin 
varied from three to five minutes.” 

For information on the life-history of some non-Oriental species 
the following authors may be consulted :—Dewitz (Berlin. Ent. 
Zeits. xxv, p. 61, 1881), and Brauer (Wien. Entom. Zeit. 1882), 
on the European Liponeura brevirostris; and Miiller (Arch. Mus. 
Rio Jan. iv, p. 47, 1881), on a species of either Paltostoma or 
Curupira; Osten Sacken (Berl. Entom. Zeits. xl, p. 148, 1895), 
also adds interesting notes. 

The perfect insects frequent their breeding grounds, the rocky 
swift flowing streams of hilly regions, lying flat on the vertical 
sides of the damp rocks, and occur in greatest abundance on sunny 
days. Their flight is weak. The male is apparently not predatory ; 


152 BLEPHAROCERID-4. 


the female feeds on the body-juices of small Curronomrp2%, which 
are caught on the wing. The male seems rarer than the female as 
a rule, but Bezzi records the opposite concerning a subalpine 
Italian species, Hapalothriv lugubris, Lw. This species has been 
observed to pair upon the surface of the water. ; 

The BLEPHAROCERID# may generally be distinguished without 
much difficulty from all other families of Nemarocera either by the 
so-called secondary venation or the lateral bisection of the eyes. 

Only nine genera are known, representing nineteen species, 
including my two new ones, and of these three genera are found in 
India or Ceylon. They may be thus distinguished :— 


Table of Genera. 


The incomplete lower branch of the 4th 
longitudinal vein absent. 


The 2nd and 38rd longitudinal veins [p. 152. 
absent sce ce neato anes ieen HamMatToruina, Loew, 
The 2nd vein present, 3rd absent ...... ApistomY1A, Big., p. 153. 
The incomplete lower branch of the 4th [p. 155. 
longitudinal vein present .......... BLEPHAROCERA, Macq,, 


Hammatorhina is placed by Loew in a table as follows, and 
this appears to afford the only definite characters by which 
he separates it. 


A. Labrum moderately short, with short 
hairy labella. 
B. Eyes nearly contiguous in both 
sexes, the upper facets very large. BLEPHAROCERA, Macq. 
BB, Eyes in one or the other sex wide 
apart; upper facets uniform in 


size with the lower ones ...... LiponruRra, Loew. 
AA. Labrum extremely long, with very 


long labella, filiform, bare. 
C. Eyes divided by a broad front; five 


longitudinal veins ............ APpIsTomyta, Big. 
CC. Eyes nearly contiguous; four lon- 
gitudinal VEINS. 4... eine renee HAMMATORHINA, Loew. 


Genus HAMMATORHINA. 
Hammatorhina, Loew, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. i. p. 94 (1869). 


Genotype, //, bella, Lw., the original and only species. 


Tam unacquainted with this genus, and append a translation of 
Loew’s description of his species. 


114. Hammatorhina bella, Zw. 


Hammaterhina bella, Loew, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. i. p. 96, pl. ii, 
figs. 4-6 (1869). 


“ Velvet-black, thorax and abdomen with silvery spots; length 


IWAMMATORHINA,—APISTOMYIA. 153 


of body 13 to 2 lines. Velvet black. Head, proboscis and 
antenne black; frons dusted with silvery white. Thorax on each 
side above with a white mark in the shape of a hook, of which the 
broader and shorter part is situated on the transverse suture, and 
the longer and thinner part reaches to above the base of the wings. 
Pleure dull blackish, with four large shining white spots, of which 


. cee e: 


Fig. 14.—Hammatorhina bella, Lw. ; a, wing; 6, antenna (after Kellogg). 


| 


one is placed higher than the others, in front of the base of the 
wing, the three others being lower, and in a horizontal row. On 
each abdominal segment is a very large triangular spot reaching 
nearly to the posterior margin, and of a shining pearl colour, with 
brilliant shining silvery reflections. Hypopygium velvet black, 
only the claspers a little paler, the last joint of simple structure. 
Legs blackish; femora brownish yellow towards the base. Halteres 
brownish. yellow with black clubs. Wings hyaline, moderately 
large, costa very black, the longitudinal veins blackish, the 1st 
longitudinal thicker, the rest distinctly less strong, the last one 
not attaining the border of the wing.” 

Length 3-4 millim. 

CEYLON, 


Genus APISTOMYIA, Big. 
Apistomyia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4) ii, p. 109 (1862). 
Genotype, A, elegans, Big., the original and only other species. 


Head very rounded ; eyes pubescent, separated in both sexes by 
a broad frons, and divided by an unfacetted band, as in Blepharo- 
cera, separating the large upper facets from the small lower ones ; 
three ocelli. Palpi probably 5-jointed.* Antenne of nine (?) or ten 
jeints, barely longer than the head, bare; 1st scapal joint short, 
2nd much longer; flagellum of seven (?) or eight joints. of which the 
first is the longest, the last ovate, and the intermediate ones short 


* In his text Bigot says that the palpi are three-jointed (adding that they 
were not clearly visible), but in his illustration the palpi are five-jointed and 
exceedingly long, and Kellogg reproduces this figure. In my new species I 
can only assume that these organs have been broken off ; otherwise it possesses 
only one-jointed palpi, a complete anomaly, which would of course necessitate 
a new genus, 


154 BLEPHAROCERID &. 


and moniliform.* Proboscis very thick at base, rapidly diminish- 
ing to a sharp pointed rostrum (two points in elegans); the 
tongue much longer, very slender, bifid at tip (elegans) or just 
beyond the middle (indica), normally straight (geniculated in 
imdica). Thorax moderately arched. Abdomen slender, 6-seg- 
mented ; genital organs not conspicuous. Legs very long, especially 
the hind pair; tibize unspurred, metatarsus much elongated, 
claws simple, long. Wings broad, anal angle distinct, tips rounded ; 
1st longitudinal vein very close to costa, ending at three-fourths 
the length of the wing; 2nd vein beginning at a very acute 
angle at a quarter of the wing’s length, the anterior cross-vein 
placed at or so close to its origin that both appear to emerge 
simultaneously, the cross-vein slanting backwards very consider- 
ably, joining the 4th vein quite near the base. The 2nd vein is 
bisinuate, ending just beyond the tip of the lst vein, at some 
distance from the wing-tip; the 4th vein straight for two-thirds 
of its length, thence suddenly curving downwards, ending about 
opposite the tip of the 2nd vein; 5th vein forked at base, the 
branches widely diverging, well curved; 6th vein distinct to the 
wing-margin, curved. 

Range. The only previously known species, A. elegans, comes 
from Corsica and Cyprus. 

Life-history. Unknown, but probably closely identical with that 
of Blepharocera. 


115. Apistomyia trilineata, Brun. 
Apistomyia trilineata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 315 (1911). 


3. Heud: eyes closely, microscopically pubescent, upper facets 
very distinctly larger than lower ones, divided by a distinct narrow 
space, the upper ones being about one-fourth the total height of 
the eyes. Frons one-third the width of the head, bare, the eye- 
orbits narrowly silvery ; ocellar triangle distinct, elevated, the 
three ocelli conspicuous, reddish brown. Face whitish grey, 
with silvery reflections. Antenne black, bare; 1st scapal joint 
much broader at tip than at base, 2nd joint twice as long as the 
1st, much broadened at tip, where it is produced on the under- 


? 


* The expression “ antennz of nine or ten joints” is not intended as defining 
the precise generic limits of this character, but merely indicates that there 
seems much uncertainty about them. Bigot, in his original text, gives nine 
joints; the Ist short, the 2nd much longer and thicker, the 3rd to the 8th 
small, the last joint ovate. However, in his figure he shows only eight joints, 
one of the moniliform joints baving been omitted. Kellogg (Gen. Ins.) in his 
figure (Pl. I, fig. 3) of A. elegans, Big. (“after Schnuse”) shows an additional 
small scapal joint. This is almost certainly incorrect. Then in Pl. II, fig. 16 
(A. elegans, Big., ‘after Bigot”) an antenna of ten joints is shown, of which 
the scapal joints are in conformity with Bigot’s description and figure, whiist 
seven flagellar joints are shown irrespective of the ovate apical joint, and of 
these seven, the first three are larger than the remaining four. It is obvious 
that the two antenne given in the two plates cannot represent the same species. 
In my A. indica ten joints are very plainly present. 


APISTOMYIA.—BLEPHAROCERA. 155 


side into an elongate blunt point. Flagellum of eight joints, the 
Ist barely half as long as the 2nd scapal joint, the following 
joints shaped like thickened beads, the apical joint ovate. The 
proboscis consists of a long elongate-conical rostrum, moderately 
stout at the base, whitish in colour, with blackish dorsum, thence 
produced into a tapering, very sharply pointed, brownish yellow, 
horny piece (quite separate from the proboscis proper), which is 
very long, black, narrowly cylindrical and geniculated before the 
middle, beyond which it is bilobed, the ends being curled up. 
Thorax ash-grey, the central part of the dorsum up to beyond the 
middle occupied by three broad velvet-black stripes, nearly con- 
tiguous, extending laterally almost to the sides ; the median stripe 
produced forwards to the anterior margin, which is wholly black 
to the shoulders, leaving a narrow grey space in front. Pleure, 
scutellum, and metanotum blackish. Abdomen velvet-black, the 
anterior corners of most of the segments a little reddish brown, 
with more or less silvery reflections. Belly reddish brown. 
Genitalia moderately small, oval, blackish, not conspicuous. Legs: 
coxe wholly and the femora more or less at the base, brownish 
yellow; remainder of anterior legs blackish ; tibize and tarsi of 
hind legs brownish yellow, extreme tips of joints black. Anterior 
femora distinctly clubbed at the tips, the hind femora moderately 
thickened apically ; the hind femora and tibize each twice as long 
as the anterior ones, and the hind tarsi fully as long as the hind 
tibie. Wings absolutely clear, costa very narrowly black; a 
small brownish infuscation at extreme tip of wing. Venation 
normal, agreeing with Kelloge’s figure.* Halteres black, stems 
yellowish. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum, taken 
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 5000 ft., 4.1x. 09, moving slug- 
gishly on blades of grass. 


Genus BLEPHAROCERA, Macg.y (PI. XII, figs. 18, 19.) 


Blepharicera, Macquart, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) i, p. 61 (1843). 
Asthenia, Westwood, Guérin’s Mag. de Zool. (2) iv, pl. xciv (1842), 
(preoccupied). 


GENOTYPE, Asthenia fasciata, Westw. (as limbipennis, Macq.). 


Head transverse, flattened above, rounded in front, as wide as 
thorax in male, narrower in female; epistoma produced into a 
snout. Proboscis of moderate size. Palpi long and prominent, 
of four subequal joints.t Eyes pubescent; in male with large 
UPBEr, facets facing vertically and very small ones below facing 


* Gen. Ins., Fasc. 56, 7 ii. fig 20. 

+ Emended by Loew (1862). 

{ In Kellogg’s figure (Gen. Ins.) six very distinct joints are shown. Macquart 
and Schiner give four, and there are certainly only four in B. indica. 


156 BLEPHAROCHERID_E. 


laterally, the two kinds separated by a distinct though narrow 
unfacetted band ; in female, widely separated, the frons of uniform 
width ; three ocelli. Antenne of fifteen joints, the two scapal 
ones slightly differentiated.* Z'’horaw moderately arched, narrowed 
in front; the transverse suture obvious. Scutellum semicircular. 
Abdomen of seven or eight segments, long and narrower than 
thorax; in male slightly curved, with clubbed tip, the genitalia 
moderately prominent ; in female less curved and thicker, with 
short ovipositor. Leys very long and thin, two or three times 
as long as the whole body, hind pair much the longest; tibie 
with minute spurs; metatarsus as long as or longer than the rest 
of the tarsal joints together, and in the male with some short 
bristles below at base; 4th tarsal joint shorter than 5th, the 
latter in both sexes with some bunches of minute bristles below ; 
claws long. Wings quite broad, tips rounded, anal lobe very 
large and angular; costa ending at tip of 3rd vein. The Ist 
longitudinal vein, with which the auxiliary vein is united, very 
close to the costa; the 2nd vein beginning before the middle of 
the wing and barely divergent from the 1st, ending a little beyond 
it and towards tip of wing; 3rd beginning very soon after the 
lst at a sharp angle, ending at tip of wing, gently curved; 
anterior cross-vein at the angle of the 2nd, slanting backwards, of 
moderate length; 4th vein beginning at base of wing, forming a 
gentle curve, the lower branch incomplete for some distance at 
the base; 5th vein forked at one-third of its length, the branches 
widely diverging; 6th vein nearly straight, complete. The 4th, 
5th, and 6th veins spring almost simultaneously from a common 
stem quite near the base of the wing; posterior cross-vein absent; 
squame absent. Halteres long. 

Range. Previously known only from Europe and North America 

Life-history. The papers by Dewitz, Kellogg, Weirseijski and 
some others may be studied. The larve and pupe live in clear 
swiftly running water attached to the edges of projecting rocks 
or stones over which the stream constantly flows. The imagos 
seldom stray far from their breeding places. From Kellogg’s 
observations the life-cycle seems to take a month. The females 
feed on the body-juices of small CH1RoNoMID«, the food of the 
male is not known. 


116. Blepharocera indica, Brwi. 
Blepharocera indica, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 516 (1911). 


3 Q. Head: frons narrow,t dark grey or blackish; ocelli 


* Kellogg (/.c.) shows 17 joints. Macquart originally gave “?16.” In 
B. indica the last joint is constricted somewhat near the tip, which might 
give the appearance of a minute 16th joint. 

+ The head in each of the examples is either damaged or shrunken in 
drying, so that the proportionate width of the frons is not easily gauged. It 
is apparently quite narrow. 


BIBIONID®. 157 


large and conspicuous ; face whitish. Proboscis brownish yellow, 
blackish at the base on upper side ; elongate, pointed, about as 
long as the height of the head. Palpi elongate, four joints of 
about equal length ; pale brownish yellow, with some stiff black 
hairs. Zhorav: dorsum blackish; sides, scutellum, and meta- 
notum brownish yellow ; a very small yellowish mark behind each 
shoulder. Abdomen blackish; the base of each segment very 


Fig. 15.—Wing of Blepharocera indiea, Brun. 


narrowly yellowish white. Genitalia inconspicuous. Legs brown- 
ish or brownish yellow; the hind femora slightly thickened 
towards the tips, about one and a half times as long as the anterior 
femora. Wings very pale yellowish grey ; unmarked ; venation 
normal, Halteres: stem yellowish, club black. 

Length 4-5 millim. 

Described from two males and a single female in the Indian 
Museum from Phagu, 9000 ft., Simla district, 12-15. v. 00, taken 
by Dr. Annandale. He found this species not uncommonly on 
bath-room windows in the Phagu “ dak bungalow.” 

Both sexes are presumed to be present from the appearance of 
the abdomens, which, in the two examples I consider to be males, 
are blunted, with an exceedingly small projecting piece; and in 
the supposed female the abdomen is widened before the tip, with 
a short pointed ovipositor-like termination. 


Family BIBIONID Al. 


The Breron1p® are the most robust of the NEMATOCERA, and 
their heavier bodies, shorter and stronger legs, comparatively 
short, non-filamentous antenne, and broad strong wings assist to 
differentiate them from the ordinary nematocerous type. The 
contiguity of the eyes in the males is another important character 
which separates them easily from such families as the TIPULID®, 
Mycrrorpuinip®, CHIRONOMIDA, Cunicipm, and so on. Their 
general appearance, to a beginner, may seem similar in many 


158 BIBIONID A. 


respects to that of the Leprip”, among the Bracuycera, but the 
very different venation and antennex, and the form of the anal 
cell (wider at the distal end than at the proximal) will at once 
indicate that they belong to the Nemarocrra. They are practically 
world-wide in their distribution, a good number of them being 
vernal or autumnal in their appearance. 


Fig. 16.—Bibio obscuripennis, Meij.; a, antenna; }, fore leg; c, hind leg. 


Head generally much flattened, in Bibio conspicuously so, some- 
times appearing more nearly horizontal than perpendicular. Eyes 
rounded or reniform, irrespective of sex; the upper facets in the 
male much larger than the lower ones, the two kinds sharply 
demarcated. Eyes in male very large, often occupying nearly the 
whole of the head ; contiguous or practically so; in many species 
densely pubescent. In the female, the eyes are much smaller, 
wide apart, the frons sometimes being half the entire width of 
the head, sparsely hairy only, or bare. Three distinct ocelli 
present, closely contiguous in Brbio, in the shape of a triangle, 
the space on which they are placed, the “ ocellar triangle,” often 
much elevated above the level of the (contiguous) eyes (male), or 
frons (female). Proboscis short, blunt, with thick pubescent 
lamelle ; palpi variable, 4- or 5-jointed, long or short. Antenne 
of eight to twelve joints; scape slightly but distinctly differen- 
tiated ; flagellum of rather closely applied bead-like joints, the last 
one conical. 

Thorax highly arched, generally closely pubescent. In Dilophus, 
armed on the dorsum with two peculiar transverse rows of strong 
teeth-like spines. Scutellum semicircular; metanotum fairly 
obvious. 

Abdomen a little longer than the body, of seven or eight seg- 
ments, broadly conical, sides sometimes nearly parallel. Genital 
organs of male consisting of a well-developed pair of two-jointed 
claspers, the 2nd joint rather smaller and shorter, generaily more 


BIBIONID®, 159 


or less ineurved, both joints usually highly pubescent. Ovipositor 
of female withdrawn or very short, ordinarily only a pair of 
small lamelle visible. 

Legs relatively short and stout, compared with the usual nema- 
tocerous type (except SIMULIIDZ and ORPHNEPHILID#). Fore 
tibiz sometimes ending in a strong spine (Bzbio) or circlet of 
spines (Dilophus) or without either (Scavopsina). Three pulvilli 
in BrIBIoNIN», one pulvillus only in Scaropsinm. Claws distinct. 

Wings comparatively large and wide; costal vein not produced 
round the hind margin, ending before the tip of the wing. Veins 
on the anterior part of the wing much more distinct than on the 
posterior half. Auxiliary vein and Ist longitudinal vein present ; 
2nd longitudinal vein absent,* third vein forked (Plecia) or 
simple (Bibio, Dilophus, Scatopse); 4th vein forked,? 5th vein 
forked in Bibionine, simple in Scaropsin». The 6th and 7th 
veins present in Plecia, 6th absent in Bibio; only two veins 
posterior to the 4th in Scatopse, it not being quite obvious which 
one is absent. Schiner regarded them as the 5th and 6th, and 
they are termed such in the present work. The 2nd basal cell is 
present in the Breronrn#, absent in the SCATOPSIN# ; anterior 
cross-vein present in Plecia, Bibio, and Dilophus, very short 
or hardly visible in some species of Scatopse, absent in others. 
Posterior cross-vein present in BrBionin®&, absent in SCATOPSIN®. 
Anal lobe of wing prominent. 


Table of Subfamiles. 


A few leading characters separate the two subfamilies of 
Breronrp& very clearly, and they may be summarised as follows :— 


Second basal cell present; the 5th longitudinal 

vein forked ; posterior cross-vein present ; three 

pulvilli to the tarsi; generally densely pubescent 

flies of moderate or comparatively large size... Bibionine, p. 160. 
Second basal cell absent; the 5th longitudinal 

vein simple; posterior cross-vein absent; one 

pulvilliform empodium present; always small 

flies, much less pubescent than in the previous 

CT UR pmen OROP ROO e One art Gores ee trerem Scatopsine, p. 179. 


* Tam not at all sure that the 2nd longitudinal vein is not present, and 
the 3rd vein absent, instead of vice versa. If we compare a wing of Culex 
with that of Plecta, and simply eliminate the 3rd vein from the former and 
lengthen the anterior cross-vein, we get an exact counterpart in the wing 
of the latter. In Cunicip the 5th vein is admittedly forked. Plecia, there- 
fore, seems the nearest genus in the Brsion1p to the Cunicripm. Besides, a 
forked 2nd longitudinal vein is quite usual in the Nemarocera, but much rarer 
in the Bracuycmra, whilst the 3rd vein is seldom forked in the former. The 
suggested interpretation is therefore more in keeping with the general rule in 
Nemarocera, but it is only tentatively put forward. 

+ Except in Aspistes, a non-Oriental genus, in which it is simple. 


160 BIBIONID”. 


Subfamily BIBIONIN AL. 


Nothing of importance can be added to the characters given in 
the above table separating the two subfamilies. The species are 
always larger and much more robustly built, more pubescent, and 
more generally distributed than the Scaropstnz. 


Table of Genera. 


A. Third longitudinal vein forked. Posterior 
cross-vein distinctly nearer the base than 
the anterior cross-vein. 
B. The 8rd vein forks just beyond the an- 
terior cross-vein, the upper branch almost 
parallel to the lower one; the 4th vein 
forks exactly at the anterior cross-vein 
or, literally speaking, below it, the cross- [p. 160. 
vein connecting with the upper branch.. PiLEctomyra, Brun., 
BB. The 38rd vein forks some little distance 
beyond the anterior cross-vein, the upper 
branch sometimes approximately paral- 
lel to it, sometimes almost erect; the 
4th vein forked some distance beyond [p. 162. 
the anterior cross-Veln .... «4... bee ew Puixcia, Wied., 
AA. Third longitudinal vein not forked. Pos- 
terior cross-vein distinctly beyond the an- 
terior cross-vein. 
C. Fore tibie in both sexes with a pro- 
minent tooth-like spine at the tip; 
dorsum of thorax never with a dentate 
UDG Sires Pay see aie y a) x 5 u Sesame ope aN eet Brs10, Geoff., p. 166. 
CC. Fore tibiz in both sexes with a circlet 
of spines at the tip instead of the 
spiny process, also often with spines 
on the middle of the fore tibiz ; dorsum 
of thorax with two dentate transverse [p. 176. 
TIGPES. os .ocnien Ss + ile eS ONO .. Ditopuus, Mg., 


Genus PLECIOMYIA, Brun. 
Pleciomyia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind, Mus, iv, p. 269 (1911). 
Grnoryen, Penthetria melanaspis, Wied. 


Allied to Plecia, Wied., from which it differs by the 4th longi- 
tudinal vein rather broadly forking immediately at the point of 
contact with the anterior cross-vein. The 3rd longitudinal vein 
forks almost immediately beyond the anterior cross-vein, the 
upper branch lying almost parallel with the lower one. The 
antenna has twelve joints, two short normally shaped basal ones 
forming the scape; a comparatively long first flagellar joint, 
followed by eight others of a flattened bead-shape, with a 


PLECIOMYIA. 161 


moderately long, conical terminal joint. This is not entirely 
a conclusive character, as at least one other allied Oriental 
species (Plecia fulvicollis, F.) has twelve-jointed antenne, instead 
of ten- or eleven-jointed as in the other allied species belonging 
to this region. 

At present the genotype is the only known species. 


117. Pleciomyia melanaspis, Wied. (PI. XII, figs. 11, 14.) 


Penthetria melanaspis, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. Ins. i, p. 72 
(1828). 

Penthetria japonica, Wiedemann, op. cit. ii, p. 618 (1830). 

Crapitula motschulskii, Gimmerthal, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 
XVill, 2, p. 330, fig. (1845), 

Plecia ignicollis, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 116 (1848). 


3 Q. Head wholly black, vertex in male very prominent ; 
frons in female one-third the width of the head, with a distinet 
jongitudinal ridge in the middle, velvet-black, with a little dark 
greyish hair behind the vertex ; palpi with a dark greyish tinge in 
some specimens. Antenne rather larger in the female. Thorax 
black, velvet-black on about the anterior third of the dorsum, bright 
reddish orange on the remainder. Scutellum black. Very short 
black hairs cover the whole upperside of the thorax ; at the sides 
the hair is a little longer. Abdomen black, with black hairs ; belly 
similar, Genitalia large, shining black, very hairy, the 2nd joint 
of the claspers incurved, conical. Legs black, with short black 
pubescence. Wings rather deeply blackish or blackish brown, 
generally darker on the basal and anterior parts. Halteres 
black. 

Length 6-10 millim. 

Redescribed from a long series in my own collection and in 
that of the Indian Museum from a number of localities in the 
Himalayas. I found it common at Darjiling, 21. ix. to 2.x. 08, 
and also at Hankow, in China, 22-26.iv.06, but sparingly at 
Mussoori, 20.v.05. In the Indian Museum specimens have 
been examined from Soondrijal and Katmandu (both in Nepal), 
Shillong, Sibsagar, Margherita, Mungphu; Naini Tal, iv. and y. 
1893; Theog, 27. iv.07 ; Kurseong, 9.ix.09; 19. vi. 10; Bhim Tal, 
19-22. ix. 06; Siliguri, 18-20. vii. 07 (including a male and female 
in cop.); Darjiling, 8.iv.10 (C. W. Beebe), and Sadon, Upper 
Burma, 5000 ft., ii. 11 (#4. Colenso). In the Pusa collection from, 
amongst other localities, the Khasi Hills, 11.07. Outside of the 
Indian Empire, the species occurs also in Siberia, China, and 
Japan. 

Types in the Leyden and Vienna Museums. 

Even as early as 1828 Wiedemann recognised a generic difference 
between this species and the species of Plecia, and placed it in 
Penthetria. I have not seen any other species that can be placed 


in this new genus. 
L* 


162 ’ BIBIONIDA”. 


Genus PLECIA, Wied. 


Plecva, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. Ins, i, p. 72 (1828). 
Eupeitenus, Macquart, Dipt. exot. 1, p. 88 (1838). 
Crapitula, Gimmerthal, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xviii, 2, p. 330 


(1845). 
Rhinoplecia, Bellardi, Ditter. Messicana,:i, p. 16 (1859). 


Gunorren, Hirtea fulvicollis, F.; by designation of Blanchard 
(Hist. Nat., Ins. i, p. 576, 1840). 


In general character and appearance similar to Bibio. The 
differences consist of the distinct, longitudinal, rather obtuse 
ridge on the frons, also in the absence of any spine or tooth-like 
process at the tip of the fore femora. The 3rd longitudinal vein 
is forked, not simple; the 4th vein is forked some distance 
beyond the posterior cross-vein (which is always considerably 
nearer the base of the wing than the anterior cross-vein) instead 
of at its junction with it; and there are two longitudinal veins 
beyond the 5th instead of only one, that is to say, both 6th and 
7th longitudinal veins are present. Antenne apparently normally 
12-jointed, sometimes 10-jointed, the last joint very small and 
shaped like a flattened cone.* 

Range. Probably world-wide, though only one species is actually 
recorded from Africa (P. rujficollis, F.). Wiedemann established 
this genus for four exotic species of Fabricius (placed by the 
latter author in his Hirtea), and two new ones. All the six 
species he included were South American except S. fulvicollis, 
the generally distributed and common Oriental one. 


Table of Species. 


1. The 3rd longitudinal vein forks some dis- 
tance beyond the anterior cross-vein 
(nearly at half the length of its lower 
branch) and always distinctly beyond 
the fork of the 4th vein. ...5.....8005 2. 

The 8rd longitudinal vein forks shortly 
beyond the anterior cross-vein (distinctly 
before one-third of the length of its 
lower branch) and approximately opposite 
the fork of the 4th vein; the upper 
branch lying almost parallel to the lower 
one, not almost erect as in Division2.. 3. 
. The whole thorax reddish yellow, in- 
cluding dorsum, sides, scutellum and 
metanotum ; antennee twelve-jointed .. fulvicollis, F., p. 163. 


* The two scapal joints are short and are easily mistaken for a single joint, 
and as the first flagellar joint is always larger than the others, it is easily 
mistaken for the second scapal joint. 


PLECIA. 163 


Only. dorsum of thorax and scutellum 
reddish yellow, the sides and metanotum 


black; antennz ten-jointed .......... tergorata, Kond., p. 164. 
3. Wholly black species: .. 1.0.0... seeks 4. 
Dorsum of thorax reddish yellow ; antennze 
BW OP Ve AUTEL so au aoe tyne sieyere oie of sere mica, Brun., p. 165, 
4. Legs wholly black; length 8-12 mm.; 
antenne twelve-jointed.............. atra, Brun., p. 165, 
Legs mainly brownish ; length 6-7 mm. ; 
antennee ten-jointed ................ obscura, Brun., p. 166, 


118. Plecia fulvicollis, 7. (Pl. XII, figs. 12, 15.) 
Hirtea fulvicollis, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 53 (1805). 
Plecia fulvicollis, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. Ins, i, p. 73 (1828). 
Penthetria thoracica, Guérin, Belanger’s Voy. aux Indes-Or., Zool., 
p- 507, pl. iv, f. 9 (1833), 
Plecia dorsalis, Walker, Proc, Linn. Soc. i, p. 5 (1857). 
Plecia subvarians, Walker, op. cit. 1, p. 105 (1857). 


3 2. Head: inthe male the vertex is more or less conspicuous ; 
in the female the frons is dull black, barely one-third the width 
-of the head, with a longitudinal ridge in the middle from the 
vertex, ending below in a small protuberance immediately above 
the antenne. In both sexes the twelve-jointed antenne vary 
from reddish brown to black, sometimes the scape being reddish, 
with the flagellum black, or vice versdé ; in some specimens wholly 
reddish or brownish yellow. Proboscis and palpi black, with 
short black pubescence. Thorax wholly orange, varying a little 
in tint; the whole of the sides, scutellum, and metanotum of the 
same colour. In many specimens traces of the three dorsal 
stripes of the pattern common in the Numarocura can be seen, 
barely darker than the ground-colour ; in some specimens they 
‘are more obvious. Abdomen black, with short blackish hair. 
Genital organs normal. Legs mainly black ; coxee and trochanters 
yellowish or brownish yellow, tibiz sometimes dark brown, pulvilli 
yellowish white. Wings pale brown, only a little darker on the 
anterior part, sometimes the whole wing pale blackish. Veins 
distinct ; stigma absent. Halteres yellowish, clubs blackish. 

Length normally 53-7 millim. One individual examined 
measured only 4 millim. 

Redescribed from a considerable number of both sexes in my 
own collection and in that of the Indian Museum from numerous 
localities in India, Ceylon, Assam, the Malay Peninsula, Java, 
and elsewhere. The Indian Museum has it from Haddo, Ross 
Island (Andamans), 3.iv.11, at light (Paiva); base of Naini Tal 
Hills, 4.iv.10; Purneah, Bengal, 13.x.07 (Paiva); Kasauli, 
16. v.08, Travancore, 19-27. xi.08 (both Annandale) ; Jabalpur, 
iv. 05, Meerut, 25.iv.05 (both Brunetti); also Bangalore ; Kaw- 
karaik, Tenasserim, 1.iii.08 (Annandale); Peradeniya, Ceylon, 
21-28.v.10 and 9.viii.10, $9 im cop. (Gravely). It is also 

M 


164 BIBIONID. 


present from Semarang, ii.05 and i.06, and Batavia, viii. x. 07, 
both in Java. In the Pusa collection, from Pusa, 2.iv.06 and 
iii. 07, and Chapra, Bengal ; Kandy, Ceylon, x.00. Outside of our 
limits the species occurs also in Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Papua, 
other East Indian islands, and the Philippines. It is probably 
found throughout the whole of the Orient. 

Type. The location of the individual type, if indeed any one 
specimen was set up as such, is uncertain. The species is repre- 
sented in the older collections, such as those of Fabricius, Wiede- 
mann, and Westermann. 

Through the kindness of Mr. E. E. Austen, who has examined 
the type male and female of subvarians, Walk., in the British 
Museum, I am able definitely to allot this name synonymic rank. 
From notes on P. thoracica, Guér., supplied by the same gentleman, 
I have no hesitation, knowing the variability of P. fulvicollis, in 
regarding Guérin’s species as also identical; and further, I am 
enabled to correct the reference to P. thoracica as given by Van 


der Wulp. 


119, Plecia tergorata, Rond. (PI. XII, fig. 17.) 


Plecia tergorata, Rondani, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, viii, p. 462 
(1875) ; Osten Sacken, op. cit. xvi, p. 397 (1881). 


3 9. Head black; vertical triangle distinct and elevated. 
Antenne ten-jointed ; scapal joints almost cylindrical, narrower at 
the base, the first rather shorter; 1st flagellar jomt Jonger than 
the others, subcylindrical, narrower at the base, the following six 
joints flattened bead-shaped, apical joint very minute, flattened 
conical. Frons in female over a third the width of the head; 
the longitudinal ridge not so distinct asin P. fulvicollis. Thorax: 
the dorsum only, reddish orange, the anterior portion in. many 
examples, irrespective of sex, more or less blackish brown ; except 
the dorsum and the concolorous scutellum, all the remainder of 
the thorax is black, including the metanotum; the three dorsal 
stripes are occasionally quite obvious, the median one often 
reduced to two thin lines; normally they appear to be very 
faint or wholiv absent ; when present they reach often from the 
anterior border to the middle, but never extend to the posterior 
half. Abdomen black, with a little black pubescence. Genitalia 
more slender than in P. fulvicollis. Legs all black, normally 
pubescent, comparatively long. Weungs dark grey, the anterior 
border barely darker ; veins distinct); stigma distinct, oval, dirty 
brown, Halteres fuscous. 

Length 33-5 millim, 

Redescribed from several of each sex in the Indian Museum 
collection from the Himalayas; Bhim Tal, 19—27.ix.06, Sukna, 
1. vii. 08 (both Annandale); Kurseong, Darjiling, 6-9. viii. 09 
(Paiva); Shan Hills, Upper Burma, 26. vi.10 (Annandale and 


PLECIA. 165 


J.C. Brown); also a pair taken in cop. at Bhim Tal, 27. ix. 07. 
In the Pusa collection, from the Khasi Hills, 17. iii. 07, Mussoori, 
x.06, Malabar, 5. viii.07. I have seen it from Bhowali, 13. vi. 10, 
taken by Mr, Imms on herbage. The species also occurs in 
Borneo and Java. 

Type. Presumably in the Genoa Museum. 

In spite of Rondani’s remark that the wing is wholly black, 
Without a trace of yellow at the base, three or four of the above- 
mentioned specimens have the wings wholly yellowish brown; 
yet there can be no doubt of their identity with this species. 
In both Pleciomyia melanaspis and Plecia Julvicollis the wings are 
sometimes more brown than black. The scapal joints and Ist 
flagellar joint of the antenne are relatively longer than in either 
of these species. 


120. Plecia indica, Brun. 
Plecia indica, Brunetti, Ree. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 271 (1911), 


3 2. Entire body black, with the exception of the dorsum and 
the upper part of the thorax, above the ridge line about the 
insertion of the wings; this part is wholly bright ferruginous 
red, and very minutely pubescent. 

Antenne as in atra, but the Ist flagellar joint hardly longer 
than those immediately following. Wings blackish, darker on 
anterior border ; stigma and halteres black. 

Length 6-9 millim. 

Described from two males and several females in the Indian 
Museum from Darjiling, 2.x. 08 (Brunetti) ; Theog, Simla Hills, 
27.iv.07, and Kumaon, ix. 06 (both Annandale) ; Soondrijal 
(Nepal), Kangra Valley, 4500 ft., and Kimoli, 24. x. 07; Ukhrul, 
Manipur, 6400 ft. (Rev. W. Pettigrew). Lalso took it at Darjiling, 
10-16. x.05. Inthe Pusa collection from Mussoori, x. 06, and 
Khasi Hills, 17. iii. 07. 

Type in the Indian Museum ; cotypes in the Pusa and my own 
collection. 


121. Plecia atra, Brun. (Pl. XII, fig. 13, 16.) 
Plecia atra, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 272 (1911). 


Q. Entire body deep velvet-black, especially on the dorsum of 
the thorax. 

Antenne of twelve joints, the scapal two short and subeylindrical, 
the 2nd being wider at the tip ; the 1st flagellar joint is cup-shaped 
at its base; the following eight joints of equal size, of flattened 
bead-shape, the twelfth one small, conical ; the whole antenna 
straight and slightly pubescent. Abdomen rough, minutely pubes- 
cent. Wings blackish, anterior part much darker, stigma black ; 
halteres greyish black. The 4th longitudinal vein not forked until 
some distance from the anterior cross-vein ; upper branch of the 3rd 

M 2 


166 BIBIONID &. 


longitudinal vein long, almost parallel to the lower one, originating 
close to the anterior cross-vein. Legs bare, pulvilli greyish white. 

Length 8-12 millim. 

Described from four females in the Indian Museum (including 
type) from Bhim Tal, 4500 tt., Kumaon, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annandale), 
and from Soondrijal, Nepal. 

This is the only wholly black Eastern species except my 
P. obscura, which is more dirty black in colour, with a tendency 
to brown in the legs, besides being smaller in size. 


122. Plecia obscura, Brun. 
Plecia obscura, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 272 (1911). 


3 2. Wholly dirty black, minutely pubescent. 

Head: vertex in male wholly occupied by the very large cup- 
shaped ocelli, which are placed, so to speak, on their sides with 
their bases united. Antenne rather stout, black, scapal joints 
equal in length, short; 1st flagellar joint longer than each scapal 
joint, slightly pinched in the middle; remaining seven joints 
subequal, normal (no obvious minute apical joint in one example, 
antenne incomplete in the other two). Zhorax: on dorsum and 
sides sometimes brownish (in one specimen). Abdomen: genitalia 
of male forming a pair of strong hairy claspers, two-jointed, the 
basal joint the longer and stronger, the 2nd joint ending apparently 
in a single claw. In the female the genital organ is narrow, 
cylindrical, short, ending in a pair of rather slender palp-like 
appendages. Legs: femora dark mahogany-brown, remainder of 
legs blackish brown. Wings blackish brown, darker on anterior 
part ; venation as in P. indica. 

Length 6-7 millim. 

Described from two males and one female in my collection, 
captured by me at Mussoori, 24.v.05. Not in very good con- 
dition, but the specific characters quite distinct enough to 
recognise as representing a good species. 

Types in my collection. 


Genus BIBIO, Geoff’. 


Bibio, Geoffroy, Hist. d. Ins. 11, p. 571 (1764), 
Pullata, Harris, Expos. Brit. Ins. p. 77 (1776). 
Hirtea, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 264 (1803). 


GaunotyeL, Zipula hortulana, L.; by designation of Latreille 
(1810). 

Head oval, flattened, much larger in the male than in the female. 
Eyes in male contiguous or subcontiguous, the upper facets much 
larger than the lower ones, and by their extent nearly over- 
shadowing the latter altogether, usually densely pubescent, the 
outline of the eyes being semicircular or bluntly conical; in the 


BIBIO. 167 


female the eyes are oval, much smaller, bare, separated by a very 
broad flat frons, often nearly of half the width of the head ; three 
ocelli on a small triangular distinct protuberance. Proboscis 
moderately prominent, with thickened hairy labella ; palpi varying 
in length, generally five-, but in some species four-jointed, the 1st 
joint small, the 3rd often thickened. Antenne rather short and 
comparatively stout, cylindrical, generally of ten joints, but in 
some cases only nine; the joints set rather closely together, the 


Fig. 17.—Head of Bibio: a, front view of 3; b, side view of 3; 
c, front view of our 


last one rounded; the whole antenna not much longer than 
the head. Zhoraw much elevated, generally closely pubescent ; 
scutellum small, semicircular. Abdomen elongate, conical; ot 
seven or eight segments. Genitalia consisting in male of a pair 
of two-jointed claspers, the 2nd joint incurved, conical; both 
generally densely pubescent, In the female the short ovipositor 
terminates in two small lameile. Legs moderately long, robust, 
hardly longer than in the brachycerous families; the hinder pair 
generally longer than the others; fore femora usually thickened ; 
fore tibie prolonged into a stout, slightly curved spine, a smaller 
adjacent spine not infrequently being present. Hind femora and 
tibize often incrassated distally, the latter with two small spurs at 
the tip; hind metatarsus shorter than the remaining four joints 
taken together. Pulvilli, empodia, and claws well developed. 
Wings otf considerable size, broad, with the costal vein ending 
before reaching the tip. Auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins 
present, the 2nd absent, the 3rd_ present, simple, all these 
ending in the costa between the middle and the tip of the wing. 


* In the figure eleyen joints are incorrectly shown; there should be, at 
most, ten only. 

+ As stated in the introduction to this family, it seems to me that the vein 
referred to may be the 2nd longitudinal and not the 3rd. I follow custom, 
however, in terming it the 8rd. Its place of origin, length, and forked 
character in allied genera (Plecia, Aspistes) all resemble the usual nature 
of the 2nd longitudinal rather than the 3rd, 


168 BIBIONID 2. 


Anterior cross-vein about the centre of the wing, of moderate 
length; 4th longitudinal vein always forked, at a little beyond 
the anterior cross-vein and at its junction with the posterior 
cross-vein; the 5th vein forked, the 6th nearly straight, not 
reaching the wing-margin, the 7th absent; posterior cross-vein 
always distinctly beyond the anterior cross-vein. Alule well 
developed ; tegule rudimentary. 

Range. World-wide. 

Life-history. The larva of Bibio lives in various substances, in 
the earth, in decaying animal and vegetable matter, in the roots 
of grass and corn, the stems of plants, and similar situations. 
It is dirty white or brownish in colour, cylindrical, with a brownish 
head which has three pairs of large bristly hairs and some smaller 
ones. The body is twelve-segmented, the first narrow, with two 
rows of fleshy tubercles, the remainder large, each with a single 
row of six tubercles; the 12th segment a little smaller, with two 
black dots on its dorsal surface. There are some tubercles around 
the base of the anal segment, and there are also two lateral 
tubercles on each segment and two rows of four in each on the 
ventral surface. The larva possesses twenty spiracles. 

Pupation, so far as European species go, takes place in June, 
the pupa being dark brown, with a shrivelled appearance, one- 
third of an inch long and very broad; the anal segment very 
small, with two divergent spines on the dorsal surface; the wing- 
cases small, closely surrounding the legs, the thoracic part much 
elevated. 

The life-histories of several European species have been des- 
cribed, that of Bibio marci, L., by Heeger (Sitzb. k. Acad. Wiss. 
ix, p. 263). B. hortulanus, L., is known to breed in garden-earth, 
and B. johannis, L., in cow-dung. 

Bibio is essentially a spring genus, some species appearing, 
however, in the autumn. The males love the sunshine, and 
perform aérial dances beneath the boughs of trees; the females are 
more often found in woods or more shaded spots. ‘The sexes are 
frequently taken im copula, and often differ very considerably in 
coloration. I have myself taken B. marci and B. hortulanus in 
that way in England, and several paired couples of B. obscuripennis 
at Darjiling. 


Table of Species. 


1. Thorax partly or wholly reddish yellow or 
brownish yellow (at least the dorsum 
wholly red in all the species except dis- 


cals, in which it is black) ............ 2. 
Thorax: wholly tilfemmer.. sc. .':. sc cee 3. [p. 169. 
2, Dorsum of thorax yellowish ............ hortulanotdes, Brun., 2, 
Dorsum) of thorax blaek sy. ........0 26 Se discalis, Brun., p. 174. 
3. Abdomen wholly reddish yellow ........ abdominalis, Brun., 


Abdomen*wholly black .......4...0..05 4, (pe Loe 


BIBIO. 169 


4, Larger species, at least 10mm. Basal part 
of 8rd vein usually much longer than the 


ANCAPIOMIENASS=VElI! 4 io). fare as 0a o's wave 5. 
Smaller species, at most 7 mm. Basal part 
of 3rd vein usually barely (if at all) longer 
than the anterior cross-vein .......... 6. [p. 169. 
Or PS Pepiaser es MOT LONE et ee ee ne ve hortulanoides, Brun., 3, 
MpeciesmO— ta mnt. lone eo ee obscurtipennis, Meij., 
6. Femora wholly bright reddish or yellowish. 7. fps 170; 
Femora wholly black or dark brown...... 8. 
7. Femora yellowish, tibize yellow ........ johannis, L., p. 174. 


lod 


Femora reddish, tibize and tarsi black ....  rufifemur,Brun., p. 175. 
8. Hind tibize reddish yellow ; veins on pos- 
terior part of wing distinct to hind margin, 
but paler than those in the anterior half. fuscitébia, Brun., p. 175. 
Hind tibiz dark brown or black; veins 
uniformly distinct, or those on posterior 
half of wing paler, and either distinctly 
carried to the hind margin or abbreviated. 9. 
9. Veins on posterior half of wing, viewed 


in certain directions, as distinct as those [p. 173. 

in anterior half; hind tibize black ...... approvimatus, Brun., 
Veins on posterior half of wing less distinct 

than those on anterior half ....:....... 10. 


10. Hind tibiz dark brown; lower branch of 
4th vein and upper branch of 5th not 


reaching border of wing .............. defectus, Brun., p. 176. 
Hind tibize black ; all veins reaching wing- 
MEG MUR ota arse cic) Tusioxs yas s aisaw Si .4 + proximus, Brun., p. 171. 


The above table is constructed for convenience’ sake, and does 
not illustrate the affinities of the species. ‘The order in which the 
descriptions are arranged is intended to represent their affinities. 
Schiner and others have adopted the relative lengths of the basal 
portion of the 3rd longitudinal vein and the anterior cross-vein as 
the preliminary distinction in separating the species, but in view 
of its decided variability in B. obscuripennis and the closely-allied 
European species B. marci, L., it seems safer to distinguish the 
species comprised in the present work by their conspicuous 
differences in colour. 


123. Bibio hortulanoides, Brun. 
Bibio hortulanoides, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 274 (1911). 


$ 2. Head: in the male the eyes are closely contiguous from 
the vertex to immediately above the antenna, leaving a very small 
frontal triangle ; the eyes with dense dark brown hair. Proboscis, 
palpi, and antenne black, with thick long dark brown hairs, which 
are also long and thick behind the vertex. Vertical triangle con- 
spicuously elevated, bearing the three ocelli. In the female the 
frons is one-third the width of the head, shining black, with some 
short black hairs ; ocellar tubercle as in male. The other parts as 
in the male, but the hair is more blackish than brown, whilst the 


170 BIBIONIDA. 


pubescence on the proboscis, palpi, underside of head, and behind 
the eyes is yellowish. Zhoraa: in male, dorsum, scutellum, and 
sides shining black, densely covered with blackish brown hair. 
In the female the dorsum is bright brownish yellow (with 
microscopic concolorous pubescence), the colour very sharply 
delimited; the remainder of the thorax black, moderately shining,. 
with short black hairs. Scutellum and scutellar ridge black ; 
metanotum black. Abdomen: in male, shining black, wholly 
covered on all sides with thick blackish brown hair; the genital 
organs shining black, obtuse, bilobed. In the female, bright 
brownish yellow with short concolorous pubescence ; belly similar ; 
genital organs inconspicuous. Legs shining black, pubescent, 
spines on fore tibize with a dull carmine tinge, pulvilli yellowish 
white. Wings brownish in male, as in B. obscuripennis, Meij. ; 
in female very pale grey, conspicuously lighter than in the male, 
anterior border a little blackish in the male, but wholly deep 
black in the female. Stigma large, black. Halteres black. 

Length, 3 14, 9 11-12 millim. 

Described from a male and female in bad condition in the 
Indian Museum (labelled simply “ Ind.”), which were returned by 
Bigot marked “ hortulanus 3 9 ?”; alsoa perfect female obviously 
of the same species taken at Kurseong, 15. y. 10. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

This is either a large and well-marked variety of B. hortulanus, 
L., or distinct. The differences apparent are, the much greater 
size of the male, hortulanus being generally about 8 to 11 mm. in 
length; the brown, not whitish, wings in the male; the black 
hair in the female on the underside of the head and behind the 
eyes, the hair in this position in hortulanus ( 2 ) being yellowish. 


124. Bibio obscuripennis, Mei). 
Bibio obscuripennis, Meijere, Bijd. tot de Dierk. xvii, p. 86 (1904). 


3 9. Head: in male, wholly covered, including the eyes, 
with dense brown hairs; vertex prominent, shining ; antennz 


Fig. 18.—Bibio obscuripennis, Meij., wing. 


seen from behind appearing grey-tipped at the joints. In 
female the trons much more than one-third the width of the 
head; hairs black. Thoraa wholly shining black, the extreme 
anterior corners of the dorsum very narrowly reddish brown ; 
dorsum and prothorax with dense very dark brown _ hair. 


BIBIO. Tie 


Sides and scutellum similar; metanotum sometimes very dark 
brown, normally black. Addomen black, with dark blackish brown 
hair. Male genitalia black, shining, pubescent ; tips of claspers 
with several reddish yellow curved horny claws. The female 
abdomen has a little inconspicuous dark grey hair here and there 
at the sides. Legs wholly shining black, with dark brown hair, 
which is shorter and blacker on the tarsi, of which the bases and 
tips of the joints are often very narrowly reddish brown ; spines 
of fore tibie tipped with dull carmine. Wings brownish grey, 
anterior part much darker, costal cell nearly black, stigma 
elongate-oval, black. The wing in the female barely darker than 
in the male. Halteres black, tegule with blackish grey hair. 

Length, g 11-12, 2 12-15 millim. 

Redescribed from a long series of males and several females taken 
by me at Darjiling, 16.x.05; also from specimens of both 
sexes in the Indian Museum from the following localities :— 
Kurseong, 27-28.iv.10 (D’Abreu) ; Matiana, Simla district, 
28-30.iv.07 (Annandale); Naini Tal, 26. ix. 07; Chitlong, Nepal, 
and a male from Mt. Tahe-pum, 4000-5000 ft.,on the N.E. 
Burmese Frontier, xi. 10 (C. W. Beebe). 

Type 3 and & in the Amsterdam Museum. 

The species was abundant at Darjiling during a few days round 
the 16th October 1905, when I captured several pairs in copula. 
My identification of the species has been confirmed by cle 
Meijere’s examination of some of the specimens. Its chief 
distinction from B. marci, L., to which it bears a remarkably 
close resemblance, is the brown wings in the male, as in B. marct 
they are nearly clear, with a whitish tinge. The basal section of 
the 3rd vein in both species varies distinctly in its relative length 
to that of the anterior cross-vein, in some specimens being one- 
and-a-quarter times as long, in others as much as nearly double, 
and it cannot be relied on as a specific character. 


125. Bibio proximus, Brun. 
Bibio proximus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 275 (1911). 


¢. Head wholly black, clothed with black hairs, including 
dense pubescence on the eyes. Zhorav wholly black, dull, 
dorsum rather more shining anteriorly, pubescence black. 
Abdomen black, with black pubescence. Legs black; hind 
femora barely incrassated posteriorly, distinctly less so than in 
B. marci; hind tibie more incrassated towards tips than in that 
species, giving a distinctly clubbed appearance ; hind metatarsus 
distinctly incrassated, the second joint of the tarsi two-thirds as 
long as the metatarsus. (In B. marci, the metatarsus is not at 
all incrassated, and is twice the length of the next joint.) Spines 
on fore tibie tipped with carmine. Wings very pale grey, only 
the anterior veins dark, those on hind part of wing normally 
pale ; first section of 3rd vein barely as long as anterior cross-vein 


172 BIBIONID 2%. 


(in B. marei it is always distinctly longer, often twice as long). 
Halteres black. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single male from Darjiling taken in November, 
1910, by Mr. D’Abreu. 

Type in the Indian Museum, 

This species is intermediate between B. mare?, L., and B. obscuri- 
penms, Meij. From the former it is distinguished by the black, 
not dark brown pubescence; the shortness of the basal part 
of the 3rd longitudinal vein, and the incrassation of the hind 
metatarsus. Minor differences are the lesser incrassation of the 
hind femora, the greater incrassation of the hind tibie and the 
pale grey wings, as contrasted with the quite whitish wings of 
B. marci. When placed by the side of a specimen of marci, these 
differences appear sufficiently distinctive. 

From B. obscuripennis, Meij., it differs by its smaller size and 
clearer wings and in the structure of the hind metatarsus, which 
in de Meijere’s species is not distinctly incrassated and is twice 
the length of the following joint. 


126. Bibio abdominalis, Bruin. 
Bibio abdominalis, Brunetti, Ree. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 276 (1911). 


3 9. Head wholly black; vertex very small, shining black, 
with small distinct ocellar triangle. Eyes (which are densely 
pubescent in the male with very dark brown or nearly black hair), 
contiguous from vertex to antenne, the frontal triangle very 
small. Antenne and palpi wholly black, moderately pubescent. 
Thorax shining black, closely pubescent; a fan-like bunch of 
hairs in front of, and another one below, the root of the wing. 
Scutellum and metanotum shining black, the former with long 
soft black hairs on the posterior margin, with a tendency to curl 
forwards ; metanotum bare. Abdomen shining black in male, 
with close long black pubescence ; belly similar; genital organs 
confined in a hard squarish segment-like case. In the female the 
abdomen is normally wholly reddish yellow, with minute sparse 
black pubescence; belly similar; genital organs apparently 
comprised in a flat elevation on the underside of the last 
abdominal segment.* Legs shining black, anterior femora with 
dense black hair, hind pair with the hair much sparser ; tibia and 
tarsi moderately pubescent. Wings dark grey in male, a little 
blackish in female, in both sexes somewhat iridescent in certain 
lights ; costal cell and stigma brownish; veins dark brown. The 
basal section of the 3rd longitudinal vein is almost exactly equal 


* In the type male and female, which still remain united, both abdomens 
are considerably stretched out, as though the insects in life had endeavoured 
to separate themselves, yet no extension of any part of the male genitalia can 
be seen. There is a small thick rounded organ between the two abdomen 
tips of the same red colour as the female abdomen, but it is not obvious to 
which abdomen it really belongs. 


BIBIO. Vio 


to the anterior cross-vein ; the 4th longitudinal vein forks 
immediately before the posterior cross-vein. Halteres blackish. 

Length 7-8 millim. 

Described from a male and female taken in cop. by Mr. A. D. 
Imms at Badrinath, 10,200 ft., Garhwal district, 27. v. 10 (types), 
also from one additional male and three additional females of the 
same date and locality, and a female taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Phagu, Simla district, 9,000 ft., 11. v. 09. 

Types in the Indian Museum (also most of the other spe- 
cimens). 

One of the three females referred to above has the abdomen 
blackish except towards the side, where the colour is sufficiently 
distinct to indicate that the specimen belongs to this species. 

Very like B. marci, L., the common Palearctic and North 
American species, but in that insect the female abdomen is wheily 
black, as in the male, so that in spite of the resemblance between 
the males, the specitic difference between the two forms is 
indisputable. 


127. Bibio approximatus, Brun. 


Bibio approximatus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 277 (1911). 


2. Body wholly black, Head much flattened, slightly pubescent. 
Thorax: dorsum with sparse short black hairs; a very small 
brownish yellow spot just below posterior corners of dorsum. 
Scutellum and metanotum black. Abdomen with very pale 
yellowish hairs. Ovipositor normal. Zegs, with terminal spines 
on fore tibie, reddish brown, apical spurs on posterior tibiae 
brownish yellow; hind metatarsi not at all thickened, nearly 
twice as long as the 2nd tarsal joint. Wings pale yellowish grey, 
hardly darker on anterior part ; veins pale brownish yellow, but 
clearly defined ; those on hinder part of wing, when viewed from 
certain directions, appear almost as dark as the anterior veins. 
Stigma large, well defined, oval, black; a slight narrow blackish 
suffusion over base of 5th longitudinal vein ; basal portion of 3rd 
longitudinal vein almost exactly equal to the length of the anterior 
cross-vein. Halteres black, but basal half of stem yellowish. 

Length 5-6 millim. 

Described from one female from Kurseong, November, 1910, 
taken by Mr. D’Abreu. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This species must bear a considerable resemblance at first sight 
to Bibio venosus, Mg., owing to the rather clear wings, the 
distinctness of the veins, and the similarity in size. Though the 
abdomen is given as only a little over 5 willim. in length, it is 
probably more in living specimens, as the single example examined 
appears to be shortened by shrinkage ; otherwise the wings are 
abnormally long, their full expanse being 20 millim. The relative 
length of the hind metatarsus to the following joint is practically 


174 BIBIONIDE. 


identical in both species, and it is quite possible the specimen 
before me really is a variety of B. venosus, Mg., bearing about 
the same relation to it as B. obscuripennis does to B. marci; the 
only suggested differences in my species from B. venosus being 
the grey instead of clear wings, and the pale yellow instead of 
whitish colour of the abdominal pubescence. 


128. Bibio discalis, Bran. 
Bibio discalis, Brunetti, Ree. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 278 (1911). 


©. Head: frons over a third the width of the head, dull black, 
with sparse short black hair. Ocellar triangle normal. Pale 
hairs behind the vertex. Antenne black, scape yellowish. Tip 
of proboscis yellowish and the 1st joint of the palpi also, the 
remainder black; all the organs with black pubescence. Thorax : 
dorsum dull black, sharply delimited from the wholly yellowish 
remainder of the thorax. Prothorax considerably enlarged, 
conspicuously over the anterior corners of the dorsum. Seutellum 
yellowish, metanotum black. The whole thorax and the scutellum 
with pale yellow hairs. Abdomen black; pale yellow hairs on 
both dorsal and ventral surfaces, extreme tip and belly yellowish. 
Legs yellowish, knees narrowly black; fore tibize and tarsi (in 
one example) with a slight pale reddish brown tinge and the 
spurs tipped with carmine, tips of tarsi brown. Wings pale 
grey, anterior border no darker, stigma light brown, elongate. 
Halteres yellowish. 

Described from two females from Phagu, Simla district, 9000 ft., 
11. v. 09, taken by Dr. Annandale. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This species has considerable resemblance to B. johannis 9°, 
but the distinctly vellowish thorax, with well-defined black dorsum, 
at once distinguish it from the European species, in which the 
whole thorax is black or blackish brown. 


129. Bibio johannis, L. 


Tipula johannis, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii, 1, p. 976 (1767). 
Tirtea johannis, auctt. 

Tipula pyri, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 249 (1794). 

Hirtea pyr, auctt. 

Tipula pomone, Schrank, Fauna Boica, iii, p. 79 (1803). 
ilirtea hyalinus, Meigen, Klass. i, p. 110 (1804). 

HMirtea precox, Meigen, op. cit. p. 111. 

Hirtea rufipes, Meigen, Syst. Besch. vii, p. 55 (1838). 


3 2. Head, in male, with thick dark brown hair, including the 
eyes. Antenne dark brown or blackish; proboscis and palpi 
black. Some hairs behind the vertex yellowish brown. Thorax 
shining black, with blackish brown hair, the upper corners of the 
prothorax brownish yellow. Scutellum and sides black. Abdomen 
black, with dark brown hairs; belly similar. Genitalia of male 


BIBIO, Vio 


obtusely conical, protected by a hood-shaped dorsal plate; of 
female, inconspicuous. Legs wholly brownish yellow, with a 
little short black pubescence, cox blackish, tarsi a little darker 
at the tips; fore tibial spine prominent. Hind femora club-shaped, 
hind tibiz robust, gradually thickening from base to tip; the spurs 
remarkably small. Wings pale yellowish grey, the anterior border 
no darker ; anterior veins blackish, the remainder pale yellowish ; 
stigma distinct, elongate-oval, dark brown. Halteres black. 

Redescribed from two males taken by Dr. Annandale at Matiana, 
8000 ft., 28-30. iv. 07, and another from Theog, 9000 ft., 2. v. 07, 
both in the Simla district ; also from European specimens. 

In Europe this species is common and generally distributed. 

Type. The location of this is extremely doubtful. 

The identity of the specimens examined with this common 
European species cannot be doubted, as they agree exactly both 
with the descriptions and with European specimens examined at 
the same time. Probably other Palearctic species will be found 
to occur along the Himalayas, as the genus is a hardy one, with 
a considerable geographical range. 


130. Bibio rufifemur, Brun. 
Bibio rufifemur, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 279 (1911). 


2. Head black; antenne with a little blackish pubescence ; 
some short grey hairs behind head. Ocelli close together on a 
small triangle on extreme vertex; frons wholly bare. Thorax 
black with a little brownish grey hair on the pleure ; scutellum 
and metanotum shining black, the former with a few short black 
hairs on the hind margin. Abdomen black, roughened, with black 
and brown hairs. Legs: coxe shining black, with microscopic 
yellow pubescence, and a few longer hairs; tips reddish on the 
outside ; femora bright orange-red, with sparse, very short, yellow 
hairs, tips black; remainder of legs black, with short black or 
brown hairs, tips of tarsal joints narrowly yellowish brown. W7 ings 
brownish grey, darker anteriorly ; costal cell rather dark brown; 
stigma distinctly dark brown, rather small, elongated egg-shaped, 
not touching 3rd longitudinal vein; veins on front half of wing 
brown, 4th, 5th, and 6th veins brownish yellow; 4th vein forks 
rather widely at junction with posterior cross-veins and just 
beyond tip of 2nd vein. Halteres black. 

Length 6-7 millim. 

Described from two females in my collection, taken by me at 
Darjiling, 20. x. 05. 


131. Bibio fuscitibia, Brun. 
Bilio fuscitibia, Brunetti, Rec, Ind. Mus. iv, p. 279 (1911). 


3. Head black, with rather long and thick black hairs, mixed 
with some dark brown ones; antenne and palpi black, mouth 
greyish white. TZhoraw and scutellum shining black, with black 


176 BIBIONID. 


hair. Abdomen black, moderately shining, with blackish and dark 
brown hairs; belly similar.. Legs normal; femora black, with 
brown hairs; fore tibie dark brown, ending in a lght brown 
spine, posterior tibiz reddish brown, middle pair darker, black at 
tips, shortly setose; hind pair with softer hairs, darker towards 
tips; tarsi brown, darker at tips; hind metatarsus thickened, 
one-and-a-half-times as long as next joint. Wzengs nearly clear, 
stigma dark brown, moderately long, and distinct; 4th longitudinal 
vein forking exactly at junction with outer cross-vein, the 
branches not widely separated. Halteres black. 

Length 5-6 millim, 

Described from a male in the Indian Museum from Phakia, 
Kumaon, 10,700 ft., 3. vi. 09 (A. D. Jmms), and a second male in 
the same collection from Tonglu, Darjiling, 10,000 ft., 21. iv. 10 
(C. W. Beebe). 

This species bears a considerable resemblance to the European 
B. laniger, Mg., but the latter has greyish brown, thicker, woolly 
hair, and a comparison of specimens of the two species shows 
them to be quite distinct. 


132. Bibio defectus, Brun. 


Bibio defectus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 280 (1911). 


3. Head and appendages wholly black, with very short pubes- 
cence. Thorax shining black, with dark brown hairs ; scutellum 
and sides black. Abdomen black, with brown hairs, and greyish 
hairs at the tip and at the sides near the base. Legs dark brown ; 
hind femora nearly black, somewhat long, distinctly though not 
greatly clubbed, hind tibize a little lighter, with darker streaks, also 
clubbed. Wings pale brownish grey; stigma moderately large 
and distinct ; 4th longitudinal vein forking distinctly before the 
posterior cross-vein, the branches moderately diverging ; lower 
branch of 4th and upper branch of 5th veins shortened, not 
reaching the wing-margin. Halteres black. 

Length 34 millim. 

Described from a unique male from Kurseong, Darjiling, 
13. viii. 09 (Paiva); preserved in the Indian Museum. 

This species comes into the group containing the European 
species B. clavipes, B. varipes, ete. 


Genus DILOPHUS, My. 


Dilophus, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 264 (1803). 
Acanthocnemis, Blanchard, Gay’s Hist. fis. polit. Chile, Zool. vii, 
p. 355 (1852). 
Genoryrr, Zipula febrilis, L.; designated by Latreille (1810). 


Head semicircular in male, broader in female. Eyes of male 
contiguous, large, rounded, pubescent; those of female small, 
oval, divided by the very broad flat frons, bare; three ocelli. 
Proboscis rather prominent ; palpi long, 5-jointed, the 3rd joint 


DILOPHUS. aw id 


thickened, the 4th and 5th narrow, subequal. Antenne short 
and rather thick, ten- or eleven-jointed; scapal ones slightly 
differentiated, the others transverse, flattened bead-shape, the last 
one flatly conical; the terminal joints so closely applied to one 
another as to be difficult to distinguish. Zhoraa very arched, 
produced and emarginate on anterior margin of dorsum in the 
form of a conspicuous transverse ridge, with a row of short tooth- 
like points; a second similar ridge before the middle of the 
dorsum. Scutellum semicircular, broad, short. Abdomen of seven 
or eight segments, elongated. Genitalia of male rather large and 
prominent, the tip of the abdomen generally curved upwards. 
Legs robust ; femora, especially fore pair, thickened ; fore tibiz 
with a circlet of spines at the tip, in addition to a few spines 
around its middle; middle and hind tibie with short apical 
bristles; metatarsus of hind legs shorter than the remaining 
tarsal joints taken together; claws and pulvilli large, empodia 
distinct. Wings of moderate size, or comparatively large. 
Auxiliary and Ist longitudinal veins as in /ibio; 3rd sharply 
angled near the base, thence running to the costa some distance 
in front of the tip of the wing. Anterior cross-vein placed at the 
angle; 4th vein forked. Posterior cross-vein at fork of 4th, 
always distinctly beyond the anterior cross-vein ; 5th vein forked, 
6th vein shortened, 7th absent. Alule prominent. 

Range. Dilophus occurs throughout the world, though the species 
are less numerous than in Pibzo. 

One very common European species, D. febrilis, L. (vulgaris, 
Mg.), (so called from a supposed connection between this fly and 
the occurrence of fever, a supposition which probably has no 
foundation), appears occasionally in immense swarms, and possibly 
other species may be found in the East with a similar habit. 
Such a swarm occurred in England in 1862. 

Life-history. The larva of D. febrilis is apodal, cylindrical, 
covered with stiff bristles, the head chestnut-brown. The larva 
lives in various substances. Curtis says it is found in cow- and 
horse-manure, and Theobald has reared the species from the 
latter. Miss Ormerod records it as feeding on hop-stems and 
the roots of grasses, corn and various plants. The pupa is whitish 
or pale brown. The perfect insect emerges in May, and there 
is a second brood in the autumn. It is generally distributed, but 
seems partial to greenhouses and conservatories, especially those 
containing vines.* 

The synonym Philia, Mg., erected in 1800 without any species, 
cannot take the place of Dilophus, which, although it was proposed 
in 1803 without an attendant species, was justified a year later 
by the allotment of three species in Meigen’s ‘“ Klassification, ete.” 


* The above species is referred to at some length, although not Oriental, on 
account of the distinct economic importance of the genus, and because the 
life-history is not known of any indigenous species. The habits of Indian 
species are likely to be similar. 


178 BIBIONIDA®. 


133. Dilophus gratiosus, Big. 


Dilophus gratiosus, Bigot, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lix, p. 265 
(1890). 


gd. Head: eyes rather bright reddish brown, some long whitish 
hairs below the head. Z'horax shining, abdomen somewhat 
roughened ; posterior margin of scutellum, and a scutellar ridge 
below it, connecting it with the metanotum, bright brownish 
yellow. The whole body with short sparse pale hairs. Legs 


Fig. 19.—Dilophus gratiosus, Big.: a, wing; }, antenna; c, thorax ; 
d, fore leg. 


reddish brown, with yellowish hairs (longest on the femora) ; 
cox and tips of tarsi darker. Wings (damaged) nearly clear; 
stigma dark brown, distinct but ill-defined ; halteres black, rather 
large, stems yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

9. Head black, shining, eyes long, antenne jet-black. Thorax 
bright ferruginous, with a thin black dorsal line, which widens 
anteriorly and extends along the anterior borders of the thorax 
nearly to the shoulders. Abdomen dull ferruginous, dorsum of 
segments blackish, the first two or three segments nearly wholly 
blackish on the upperside. Belly ferruginous. Legs black, all 
the coxe, the fore femora wholly, middle femora wholly, except 
the tips, and the basal half of the hind femora, bright ferruginous. 
Wings uniformly yellowish grey ; stigma large, clear cut, black. 

Redescribed from specimens of both sexes in the Indian Museum 
including the type male and female, which were taken in cop. by 
Major Sage in September 1890 at Dharmsala, Western Himalayas. 
The other specimens are from Amangarh, Bijnor district, United 
Provinces, 24.11.10; Kurseong, 24.vi.10.; Theog, 8000 ft., 
2.v.07; Phagu, 9000 ft., 11. v.09 (Annandale); Kumaon district, 
5700 ft., vii.09 (Imms); Darjiling, 21.iv.10 (Beebe) ; Sadon, 
Upper Burma, 5000 ft., 2.11.11, at light. 


SCATOPSE. 179 


A female in the same collection from Yunnan, South China, 
almost certainly represents the same species, and I have seen a 
pale-legged variety taken by Mr. Imms at Bhowali, 5700 ft., 
20. vi. 20, running over Jris leaves. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


Subfamily SCATOPSIN A. 


The distinctive characters of this subfamily have already been 
given, on page 159. 

There is only one genus that occurs in the Orient, Scatopse, 
Geoff. These are small or minute flies of slender delicate 
structure, generally black or with a dull reddish tinge about 
the abdomen; the wings very transparent. The very distinctive 
venation renders them easily recognisable. 


Genus SCATOPSE, Geoff. 


Scatopse, Geoffroy, Hist. Ins. ii, p. 545 (1764), 
Scathopse, Geoffroy, Hist. abrégée Ins. u, p. 544 (1762), (two 
species mentioned without names). 


Genotyrz, Zipula notata, L.; by designation of Latreille 
(1814), as 7. albipennis, F. 

Head exceedingly small, rounded, enlarged behind. Proboscis 
not prominent. Palpi unobtrusive, indistinctly jointed, the last 
joint rather large. Eyes kidney-shaped bare, approximate in 
male, the frons being therefore very narrow. Oeelli distinct. 
Antenne porrect, as long as, or shorter than, the thorax, ten- 
jointed ; 2nd scapal joint cup-shaped, the last flagellar joint oval, 
the remainder short ; bare of pubescence, the whole antenna more 
or less club-shaped. Z'horawx arched, transverse suture absent, but 
the front third of the dorsum puffed up and protuberant. Scutellum 
short and broad. Abdomen approximately linear, rather wider 
behind, of seven or eight segments, pointed in the female. 
Genitalia generally distinctly visible. Legs very short and 
comparatively robust. Fore femora obviously thickened, fore 
tibie unarmed, posterior tibiz often clubbed; hind metatarsus 
shorter than the four remaining joints taken together. Pulvilli 
sometimes very small. Wings distinctly broad, longer than the 
abdomen, folded upon each other in repose, very thin and 
transparent, sometimes almost invisible. Venation somewhat 
difficult of determination with exactitude, and a new interpretation 
of the veins is ventured upon, The two strong veins near the 
anterior border are recognised by all as the Ist and 3rd longi- 
tudinals, the latter often originating from the lst in such a way 
that its basal section appears as a “cross-vein” (much as is 
apparently the case in Sciara). Iam disposed to consider that 
the anterior cross-vein is absent and that the strong vein 

N 


180 BIBIONID®. 


proximad of, and in a line with, the main length of the 3rd vein 
is really the 4th longitudinal,* and that it is coalescent with the 
3rd vein at about the basal angle formed by the latter (as takes 
place in two subfamilies of Mycrrornitipm 7); forking afterwards 
at a varying distance according to the species. The 5th and 6th 
veins present, and apparently occasionally the 7th posterior cross- 
vein absent. Upper basal cell present, lower one absent. Anal 
lobe of wing distinctly angular. 

Range. World-wide. 

Life-history. The metamorphoses of a few species are known. 
The larve live in rotting vegetable matter and human ordure, 
although exceptions appear to occur, as one European species, 
S. scutellata, Lw., is said to feed on the honey-dew of APHID™® in 
the autumn. Scatopse larve are apodal, cylindrical, with two 
short points on the sides of the thoracic portion, and also on the 
eight abdominal segments at the base, the last segment terminating 
in two divergent sete. Most of the species in the perfect state 
are sluggish in their movements and appear at times in immense 
swarms ; nearly all the species occurring in England, for instance, 
having been recorded as swarming in this manner at some time 
or other. ‘The imagos are found tolerably freely on umbelliferous 
flowers, cn windows of conservatories, in outhouses, near open 
drains, and more or less generally distributed. Many are spring 
species, some autumnal. 


134. Scatopse brunnescens, Brun. 
Scatopse brunnescens, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 281 (1911). 


2. Whole body and legs dark shining brown, slightly yellowish, 
tinged here and there with short whitish pubescence. 

Head : antenne with 2nd scapal joint a little longer than.the Ist, 

followed by six short, wide, 

rounded, flagellar joints, with a 

~ long (equally broad at its base), 

conical terminal joint; the 

whole antenna with close 

greyish pubescence. Abdomen 

Scatopse brunnescens, Brun., With the dorsum nearly black, 

wing. the belly dark brownish yellow. 

Wings with Ist longitudinal vein 

ending much before middle of wing; 3rd ending some distance before 


Fig. 20. 


* Schiner regarded the strong vein proximad of the basal part of the 3rd 
vein as the anterior cross-vein (‘‘ small cross-vein” in Schiner’s words). In 
this case it would resemble Sciara, but the interpretation appears to me open 
to criticism. The 4th vein nearly always emerges from the base of the wing, 
or from the base of the 5th, not from the 3rd, in the middle of the wing. 

+ Macrocrertn& and Crropiatin2. 


SCA TOPSE, 181 


tip, springing from 1st very near base of wing; 4th quits the 3rd 
immediately beyond the angle of the latter, forking at half its 
length, the upper branch ending at wing-tip, the lower in a 
straight line with the petiole, ending at some distance below the 
Wing-tip ; 5th vein nearly straight, not reaching margin; 6ih 
much curved at half its length, complete ; a short very curved 7th 
vein apparently present. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from one specimen from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 9. vill. 10 
(Gravely). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


135. Scatopse nigronitida, Brun. 
Scatopse nigronitida, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 281 (1911). 


3 Q. Wholly shining black with minute black pubescence. 
Legs: femora with a tinge of dark brown in certain lights. 


Fig. 21.—Scatopse nigronitida, Brun.: a, wing; 4, antenna; 
¢, hind leg. 


Wings clear ; 1st longitudinal vein ending just before middle of 
wing, 3rd ending just after the middle; 4th cuits the 3rd a short 
distance after the basal angle of the latter, forking very soon 
afterwards, the branches widely divergent, the upper one ending 
at wing-tip, the lower one at some distance below wing-tip; 5th 
vein approximately parallel to petiole and lower branch of 4th; 
6th vein curved ; anal angle distinct. Halteres thick, brown. 

Length 2-24 millim. 

Described from two pairs taken zn cop., and an additional male 
and two females, all in the Indian Museum, from Dhavampur, 
5000 ft., Simla hills, 14. v.08, “‘on trunks of trees” (Annandale). 


N 2 


182 SIMULIID®. 


Family SIMULIID. 
gh 


There is only one genus in this family, namely Stimulivm, thoug 
Prof. Williston speaks of seeing a damaged North American 
specimen that probably represents a second genus. 

From their short thick bodies, broad wings, short legs, and 


Fig. 22,—Simuliwn. 


generally “squat” appearance the StMuLIID# are more unlike 
the rest of the Nemavocrra than any other group.* 

Their peculiar venation, however, which is totally unlike that of 
any other family of Diptera, with the exception of the PHoripx 
in the Bracnycrera, will at once separate them, even to the 
beginner’s eye. 


Genus SIMULIUM, Latr. 


Simulium, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Ins. Crust. ii, p. 426 (1802). 
Simulia, auctt. 
Atractocera, Meigen, Klass. i, p. 94 (1804). 


GernoryPr, according to Zetterstedt, S. reptans, Mg., but 
Coquillet gives hagio colombaczensis, Schonb. 


Head semicircular. Eyes usually reniform,f sometimes rounded, 
bare, in life generally of a red colour; contiguous above in the 


* Excepting Orpayuruitip®, which are not Oriental, 

+ Zetterstedt (Dipt. Scand. ix, p. 8415) says the eyes in the male are 
rounded, reniform in the female. Insufficiency of material prevents my 
confirming or disputing this ; most authors speak of the eyes as ‘rounded or 
reniform,” the inference being that the shape is not dependent on the sex. As 
regards their colour Schiner says “generally red in life”; Zetterstedt says 
“often red in male, obscure in female.” ‘The latter author also notes sexual 
differences in both antennz and palpi which are not recorded by subsequent 
writers. 


SIMULIUM. 183 


male, the upper facets very much larger than the lower ones, and 
sharply demarcated from them ; in the female the eyes separated 
by a moderately broad, nearly linear frons, flat, about one-fourth 
or one-third the width of the head, all the facets of equal size. 
Proboscis moderately produced, perpendicular, conical, with two 
horny labella of moderate size towards the tip. Palpi four-jointed, 
elongate, cylindrical, incurved; 1st joint short, the following 
three subequal, or the 4th the longest. Palpi rather longer in the 
female than in the male. Antenne short, robust, ten-joited,* 
the two scapal joints differentiated, short, the flagellar joints 
rather thickly annular, subequal in length, the last one sub-conical, 
all somewhat compressed ; with short thick pubescence, no bristles 
present. Thoraw ovate, short, highly arched and robust, almost 
gibbose, bare or with sparse hair. Scutellum small, metanotum 
not conspicuous. Abdomen broad, short, hardly longer than the 
thorax, very shortly pubescent, a seven or eight segments, the 
first being distinctly the longest, projecting somewhat over the 
base of the second, and with a peculiar elevated ridge at the base 
running across from side to side. The Ist segment also has a 
more or less fan-shaped row of long hairs on each side towards 
the lateral margin, which gives the appearance at first sight of 
large tegulee with a conspicuous fringe. Genitalia inconspicuous 
in both sexes. Legs quite short and stout, in contradistinction to 
the usual nematocerous type. Fore cox and four trochanters 
comparatively large; femora flattened, somewhat broad; tibiz 
normal, without apical spurs; metatarsus greatly developed, 
nearly as long as the rest of the tarsus, the four remaining joints 
short, especially the last ; empodia and pulvilli rudimentary. The 
inetatarsus is generally dilated to a greater extent in the male, in 
which sex the legs are usually rather more pubescent than in the 
female. The Ist and 3rd tarsal joints generally bear two long 
hairs each, the character appearing to be common to many 
species. Wings very large and broad, comparatively short, incum- 
bent, bare ; costal vein ending at about tip of 3rd longitudinal 
vein; auxiliary vein and Ist longitudinal ending in the costa ; 
2nd longitudinal absent ; 3rd springing from the middle of the 1st 
and ending in the costa much before the wing-tip, humeral cross- 
vein present; subcostal cross-vein absent; anterior cross-vein 
present, uniting the 3rd vein, near its base, to the 4th vein just 
before it forks. The above veins, including the costa and the 
basal part of the 4th longitudinal (7. ¢., up to the anterior cross- 
vein) strongly developed and somewhat approximate to one 
another. The remaining veins very faint. The 4th vein forked, 
the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins simple, the 6th being strongly bi- 
sinuate ; all these veins attaining the border of the wing or very 
nearly so. Some spurious veins or “folds” of the wings appear 
as additional veins, and must not be confused with the real veins 


* Zetterstedt is in error in describing the antennz as eleven-jointed. 


184. SIMULIID®. 


These “fold” veins comprise one between the lower branch of 
the 4th and the 5th veins, forking at its middle, and a second 
one lying close behind and parallel to the 5th vein. The anal 
lobes of the wings are fully developed, the tegule or squame 
inconspicuous. 

Range. Fossil species are recorded from the Purbeck Beds in 
England, six by Loew from Prussian amber, and one by Guérin 
from Sicilian amber. The recent species occur in all parts of the 
world. 

Simuliwm fully deserves the title of one of the insect pests. 
The males are reputed to be harmless, occurring mostly in woods, 
where they may be found performing the aérial dances under 
branches of trees (sometimes at considerable heights) so common 
to many kinds of Diptera. They are said to suck the juices of 
leaves and the honey-dew secreted by aphides; the females of 
some species bite viciously, and as they occur occasionally in vast 
numbers they cause great suffering to cattle and often to man 
himself. One European species, S. columbaczense, has frequently 
been an absolute plague to cattle during brief periods in Central 
Europe, especially in the valley of the Danube, the flies attacking 
all the orifices of the body, the eyes, ears, nostrils, and so on, their 
bites producing an inflammatory fever, often with fatal results. 
Schonbauer, as long ago as 1795, wrote of S. coluwmbaczense being 
a scourge at times in Hungary. Fries, Zetterstedt, Wahlberg. 
and other early writers also testify to their occasional excessive 
abundance and to the injuries caused to men and animals by their 
bite. De Geer states that some species attack caterpillars, sucking 
their blood, and that this does not appear to incommode the 

caterpillar. S. reptans, Mg., occurs in Lapland even during the 
depth of winter, and frequently appears throughout Scandinavia 
in vast numbers. Other species also occur in snowy regions. 

The term “sand fly” is often applied to species of this genus, 
why, it is hard to say, since they do not appear to be especially 
partial to sandy localities, and they certainly do not breed in 
sand.* The expression ‘sand fly ” has also been made use of in 
reference to some PsycHoprp®, and sometimes for species of 
Ceratopogon (Curronomip®). Though inapplicable legitimately 
to any of these groups, the term has usually been employed to 
designate Simulium. *‘ Buffalo gnats” and ‘turkey gnats” are 
American terms for them, but the generic term “eye fly,” 
employed in India for a minute species of fly that hovers in- 
cessantly in front of the eyes, is sometimes incorrectly applied to 
them.7 Itis not, however, at all certain that there are not several 


* Riley describes the life-history of a North American species (Simulium 
meridionale, Riley)in the Rep. Dep. Agric. Ent. Wash. 1887 (1886), pp. 492-517. 
This species is said to cause the death of thousands of turkeys and chickens 
yearly in Virginia. 

t+ The ‘eye fly” of Ceylon, according to Mr. E. E. Green, is an Acalyptrate 
Muscid, determined by E. E. Austen as Siphonella (Microneurum) funicola, 
Mei). . 


SIMULIUM. 185 


species, probably of quite different families, included under the 
ceneral title of “ eye fly,” as from personal experience (but speaking 
from memory) I think that both small CuraropoGonIn ® and even 
minute Emprp® have been brought to me as “ eye flies.” 


Fig. 23.—Early stages of Stmudiwm: a, group of larve; 0, larva of S. ornatwin, 
Mg., a European species; ¢, group of pup; d, pupa in its case ; e, pupa 
(after Miall), 


Life-history. The larva of Simulium is aquatic, living mostly in 
mountain streams, in the stems of water-plants (Phellandrium, 
Sium, etc.), or attached by the tail-end to rocks covered by swiftly 
running water, their bodies being held vertically. Their chiet 
requirement is that the water shall be well aérated, but the water 
itself need not necessarily be pure, as the larva of S. reptans has 
been found in Europe swarming in streams contaminated by sewage. 
The food of the Stmulium larva is microscopic, diatoms and 
desmids. The power of attachment is very considerable, its 
swimming power very weak. It is cylindrical, soft-skinned, 
narrowed in the middle, enlarged at the end, possessing twe pairs 
of eye-spots, two large fan-like branched antenne, and on the 
underside of the first thoracic segment a foot-like protuberance 
with bristly hooklets or teeth ; this structure forms a sucker and 
is constructed by the coalescence and development of the first pair 


186 SIMULIID®, 


of legs. At the tail there is a similar sucker, formed in like 
manner. No legs in their normal form are present. Williston 
says the ultimate segment is furnished with several curved 
appendages for attachment, so that probably various modifications. 
occur in the larvee of different species. 

The pupa is generally enclosed in a membranous cocoon which 
is incomplete at the upper end, much resembling an empty egg- 
shell with the top cut off. This is fastened to the stems of plants. 
Audouin asserts that the larva spins an entire coccon first and 
then eats away the upper portion, the presumption being that the 
water may reach the eight long filiform appendages (breathing 
tubes) arranged in fan-shape form on each side of its upper end. 
These appendages are arranged in pairs, and a similar structure 
exists in the pupa of Chironomus. The perfect insect emerges 
below the level of the water, and the process has been excellently 
described by Verdat as far back as 1822.* It is also graphically 
portrayed by Prof. Miall,+ whose account is here reproduced. 

“ During the Jatter part of the pupal stage, which lasts about a 
fortnight in all, the pupal skin becomes inflated with air, which is 
extracted from the water and passed, apparently, through the 
spiracles of the fly, into the space immediately within the pupal 
skin. The pupal skin thus becomes distended with air, and 
assumes a more rounded shape in consequence. At length it 
splits along the back in the way usual among insects, and there 
emerges a small bubble of air which rises quickly to the surface 
of the water and then bursts. When the bubble bursts, out 
comes the fly. It spreads its hairy legs and runs upon the surface 
of the water to find some solid support up which it can climb. 
As soon as its wings are dry it flies to the trees and bushes over- 
hanging the stream.’ 

This author adds that some species winter as larve and are 
double-brooded, the first brood appearing in April and May, the 
second in August. The eggs are laid in large numbers in a 
gelatinous mass on the stems of water-plants and are yellow in 
colour, with a thick shell, having some resemblance to the eggs 
of Chironomus. 

Hagen speaks of the pupa-cases of a North-American species 
(S. pietipes, Hagen) being affixed in considerable numbers to the 
rocks in swiftly running mountain streams and adds that they 
resembled wasps’ nests in appearance. 

Recent investigations by Dr. Sambon in Italy have practically 

established the connexion BuEWeall the disease pellagra and some 
species of Simulium. The outbreaks of the disease are said to 
be confined to those districts infested by the fly, and to those 
periods during which the insect is on the wing, the exact 
times of appearance and disappearance of both the disease and 


* Naturw. anz. alle. Schw. hee (1822), Translated by Osten Sacken 
in the * American Entomologist,” ii, p. 229. 
t+ ‘The Natural History of Reiatic Insects,” p. 185 (1895). 


SIMULIUM. 187 


the fly synchronizing with or closely following upon the climatic. 

variations from one season to another. The disease is non- 
contagious, and the parasite has not been actually discovered. 
It was previously thought to have been caused by eating diseased 
maize, but Dr. Sambon’s investigations have placed its origin with 
Simulium beyond a shadow of doubt. 

Simulium has a synonym in Melusina, Mg., 1800, but the latter 
name is unorthodox, no species being allotted to it ; moreover, 
Latreille’s name has been so long in use that it ought not to be 
changed. 


Table of Species. 


1. Thorax black, at most with a dull reddish 


brown tinge occasionally ............ 2. 
Thorax distinctly reddish brown, with 
BHOrt VOlOWOHAAE a sal¢mcmet aed ac. + rufithorax, Brun., p. 187. 


2. Thorax with grey shoulder spots and a 
wide greyish band on posterior margin. grisescens, Brun., p. 188. 
Thorax without either grey shoulder spots 


OF POstGrion DANA <2 taua ce ncrens be <= 3. 
3. Abdomen destitute of any sign of yellow 
[Tir aage C0 BO A Eas eo a 4, 
Abdomen with short bright yellow hair 
or with long rather shaggy brownish 
Volwe Nahe P, k ict bawte hinges x Ss 6. 
4. Hind metatarsus much incrassated, nearly 
as long and large as the tibie *...... metatarsale, Brun., p. 189. 


Hind metatarsus not so conspicuously in- 
crassated, distinctly less in size than 
DIC RAMEE Od hat at so) ov pany eat staton aida 5. 
5. Antenne wholly black. Length2}mm. griseifrons, Brun., p. 190. 
Antenne reddish yellow at base. Length 


LST ee ee ae a a ee rufibasis, Brun., p. 190. 
6. Abdomen with normal short very bright 
Re MOWED RI 2 hss a hey reterdysi 8 40 ies 
Abdomen with distinctly longer, shage 
brownish yellow hair 2.2... 2002.20 senile, Brun., p. 191. 


7. Abdomen with at least the first two seg- 
ments distinctly yellowish or brownish 
yellow; often several segments so 
eColouted eae hik se Melos leek indicum, Becher, p. 191. 
Mibdomancell blacks. wil Soi fells oa ass aureohirtum, Brun., p. 194. 


136. Simulium rufithorax, Brun. 
Stmulium rufithorax, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 282 (1911). 


3 2. Head: eyes dull red, the upper facets in the male very 
large, the lower ones small, sharply demarcated from each other, 
the eyes being absolutely contiguous from the extreme vertex to 
the antenne. In the female, the facets uniformly small, the frons 


* This is probably a sexual character, but no better one offers itself, and the 
two forms may possibly be male and female of the same species. 


188 SIMULIID&. 


dark grey, nearly blackish, covered with golden yellow hairs. 

Proboscis and palpi blackish, the former with well-developed 
labella at the tip, the latter ‘with the first joint distinctly the 
largest.* Antenne more or less reddish brown in the type male, 
the scape and two basal flagellar joints reddish,r in one female 
wholly red, in the other only slightly so at the base ; in all cases 
with whitish pubescence over the whole flagellum. A row of 
whitish hairs behind the eyes encircling the back of the head. 
Thorax wholly rather dull but obviously reddish brown on dorsuin, 
covered with bright golden yellow hairs; sides of thorax wholly 
blackish grey. Scutellum reddish brown, metanotum dark grey. 
Abdomen blackish, the posterior margins of the segments very 
narrowly whitish, dorsum with a few pale scattered hairs. Legs : 
apparently normally the cox and femora dull reddish brown or 
brownish yellow, the tibia and tarsi blackish, but the brownish 
colour extending at least to the hind femora in one of the female 

specimens. Hind metatarsus much enlarged in both sexes, 
especially so in the male, in both sexes as long as, or slightly 
longer than, the rest of the tarsus and about two-thirds as long as 
the tibia. Wi mgs clear, venation normal. Halteres brow nish or 
blackish. 

Length 2 millim., 

Described from one male from Kanara, Bombay, viii. 07, and 
two females from Karwar, Bombay, vill. 07. Two females in the 
Indian Museum are from Kurseong, 10-26, ix. 09 (Lynch), and 
7. ix. 09 (type female) (Annandale). 

Lype male in the Pusa collection, type female in the Indian 
Museum. 


137. Simulium grisescens, Brun. 
Simulium grisescens, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 285 (1911). 


3. Head set very close on the thorax. Eyes with conspicuously 
large facets on upperside ; a moderately narrow face below the 
antenne light grey. Antenne black, with rather thick short 
grey pubescence; scape brownish yellow. Proboscis blackish, 
yellowish at tip; palpiblack. Z'horaw deep velvet-black, evidently 
originally covered with the short bright yellow hairs common to 
most of the Oriental species, shoulders with. a broad and square 
spot of pale blue greyish dusting, the inner corner of the spot 
nearly rectangular; also a broad similarly coloured band on the 
posterior margin, This rather gives the appearance of the dorsum 
being of a blue-grey ground-colour, with a broad deep black 
transverse band occupying the major portion of the surface and a 
contiguous perpendicular broad stripe reaching to the anterior 


* In the original description the /as¢ joint was erroneously given as the 
largest. 

+ Under a strong light, the microscope reveals the whole antenna as dull 
reddish brown, though the flagellum appears mainly black to the naked eye. 


SIMULIUM. 189 


margin. Sides of thorax with conspicuous blue-grey dusting; 
scutellum blackish, metanotum black. Abdomen black, apparently 
with a little brownish yellow pubescence; 1st segment with 
blue-grey sheen, the fan-like side hairs brownish yellow. Belly 
black. Legs: fore cox pale yellowish, posterior cox blackish 
grey ; fore femora principally brownish yellow, a little blackish 
towards the tip; posterior femora blackish, the base shortly 
yellowish ; fore tibiae and tarsi shining black, the proportions of 
the joints as in S. indicwm, but the three first tarsal joints are 
widened, although none of them to such an extent as in that 
species ; 4th and 5th joints very narrow. Middle tibie black, 
narrowly yellowish at base; metatarsus yellowish, black at tip, 
rest of tarsus black, the joints narrowly yellowish at base. Hind 
tibia considerably widened, black, very narrow at base, where 
it is a little yellowish; hind metatarsus much enlarged, basal half 
yellowish, the rest black ; remainder of tarsus black, base of 2nd 
joint a little yellowish. Hind metatarsus much longer than the rest 
of the tarsus and practically as long as the tibia. Both hind tibia 
and metatarsus with long hairs on the upperside. Wings quite 
clear, venation normal. Halteres bright yellow, large and thick. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from a unique male in the Indian Museum from 
Kurseong, taken by Mr. Lynch, 10-26. ix. 09. 

This is a very distinct species, recognisable by the bluish grey 
markings on the thorax and the tinge of the same colour on the 
first abdominal segment. The widening of the third fore tarsal 
joint is also a specific distinction, and is noticeable when specimens 
of S. grisescens and S. indicum are placed side by side. 


158. Simulium metatarsale, Brun, 
Stmulium metatarsalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 284 (1911). 


3. Head very closely applied to the thorax. Eyes contiguous 
from vertex to antenne, upper facets very large. Proboscis and 
palpi black. Antenne black, with close greyish pubescence. 
Thorax black ; dorsum with close bright yellow hairs which appear 
reddish orange when viewed from certain directions. Scutellum 
black, with yellow hairs. Sides of thorax and metanotum black. 
Lower part of thorax anteriorly with grey dusting. Abdomen 
wholly black, with rather sparse black pubescence, no trace of gold 
hairs. Belly similar. The hairs towards the sides of the Ist 
segment light brownish. Legs: fore coxe yellowish, posterior 
pairs blackish; fore femora and tibie dull yellowish, with golden 
yellow hair nearly as far as the tip of the latter, which, with the 
whole tarsus, is black ; the tarsus narrow, of equal width through- 
out; in spite of the gold hair the fore tibie viewed from above 
appear whitish grey. Middle femora and tibie slender, basal half 
of each yellowish, with some yellow hair, apical half black, as are 
the slender middle tarsi, Hind femora mainly black, slightly pale 
yellowish at base, tibize much incrassated, basal half yellowish, 


190 SIMULIID®. 


with golden-yellow hair; metatarsus much incrassated also, nearly 
as large as the tibia, relatively larger than in any other Oriental 
species, the basal half yellowish; rest of tarsus black. The 
hind tibiz and metatarsi with numerous long hairs on upperside. 
Wings colourless, venation normal. Halteres brownish. 

Length barely 2 millim. 

Described from a perfect unique male from Kurseong, taken 
28. 111.10, by Dr. Annandale. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

From the general resemblance between the two species, it seems 
possible that S. griseifrons may be the temale of this species. 


139. Simulium griseifrons, Brun. 
Simulium griseifrons, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 285 (1911). 


2. Head: frons between one-third and one-fourth the width of 
the head, grey dusted, without any vestige of gold hair; face 
convex, blackish. Proboscis and labella reddish brown; palpi 
black. Antenne wholly black. Back of head blackish grey (seen 
from above, whitish grey), with some black hairs, which form an 
irregular fringe behind the eyes. horaa (partly denuded) black, 
apparently covered with short golden yellow pubescence. Scu- 
tellum black, covered with gold pubescence and with a row of 
long soft black hairs on hind margin. Sides of thorax blackish. 
Abdomen black, the extreme edge of each segment pale. Legs: 
fore coxe dull brownish yellow, posterior coxe black. Femora 
brownish yellow, apical half black, the colour less pronounced and 
less extensive on the fore pair. ‘Tibise, basal two-thirds yellowish, 
apical third black; the outer sides of the tibise, seen from above, 
appear whitish. ‘’arsi black, the anterior ones with metatarsus 
as long as the rest of the tarsus, but only slightly wider ; hind 
metatarsus considerably incrassated, distinctly longer than rest of 
tarsus, and with the basal half yellowish white. Wings clear ; 
venation in accordance with the generic characters. Halteres 
pale yellow. 

Length nearly 23 millim. 

Described from one female from Kalighat, Kumaon, 6000 ft., 
Western Himalayas, taken by Mr. A. D. Imms, 4. vi. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Possibly the female of S. metatarsale. The only distinctive 
character between them seems to be the difference in the size of 
the hind metatarsus, and this is probably sexual. 


140. Simulium rufibasis, Brun. 
Simulium rufibasis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, iv, p. 285 (1911). 


2. Head: frons blackish grey, without trace of gold hair, face 
light ash-grey. Proboscis and Jabella dull dark reddish brown ; 
palpi black. Antenne black, basal two or three joints reddish 
yellow. Thorax as in previous species, except that the scutellum 


SIMULIUM. 191 


is slightly reddish brown at the tip, and that (being denuded) no 
golden yellow hair is visible on its dorsum, though such is probably 
present in perfect specimens. Abdomen wholly black, dull. Legs: 
fore cox yellowish, posterior coxee black ; all trochanters brownish 
yellow. Femora black, but fore pair a little yellowish at the 
base. Fore tibia whitish vellow, except a little blackish at the 
tip ; posterior tibize yellowish on basal half, blackish on apical half. 
Tarsi exactly as in the previous species. Wings clear; venation 
normal. Halteres bright yellow. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum, taken 
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 18. vi. 10. 


141. Simulium senile, Brun. 
Simulium senilis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 288 (1911). 


3. Head: eyes closely contiguous, the head applied very closely 
to the thorax. Proboscis, palpi, antennze and underside of head 
wholly black. Zhoraw black, with short bright yellow hair. 
Sides black, with a little greyish reflection. Scutellum black, with 
bright yellow hair; metanotum black. Abdomen black, with 
moderately sparse but rather ragged yellowish or brownish yellow 
hairs, which are distinctly longer than in any other Oriental species 
and present an appearance of shagginess. The Ist segment has 
the charactistic (generic) ridge a little pale, with, towards each 
side, very long shaggy brownish yellow hair which reaches nearly 
to the middle of the abdomen. Legs: fore coxe pale yellowish, 
posterior cox blackish. All femora yellowish, a little darker at 
the tip, especially the hind pair. All tibie dirty yellowish, a 
little darker towards the tip; both femora and tibie with golden 
yellow hair, which is less obvious on the latter. Anterior tarsi 
black, narrow, not at all enlarged, metatarsus equal in length to 
the remainder of the tarsus, the whole tarsus about as long as the 
tibia; hind metatarsus enlarged, two-thirds as long as the tibia, 
yellowish, the tip black, remainder of tarsus black with the bases 
of one or two of the joints a little yellowish. Wings colourless, 
venation normal, 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male in good condition in the Indian 
‘Museum taken by Dr. Annandale, 8.v.07, at Phagu, 8700 ft., 
Simla district. 

The length and somewhat shagey appearance of the hair on the 
abdomen effectually distinguishes this species from other Eastern 
ones. 


142, Simulium indicum, Bech. 


Simulium indicum, Becher, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng, liii, p. 199, 
pl. xiv (1884). 


3 Q. Head mainly blackish. Eyes of male closely contiguous 
from vertex to antenne. Frons of female about one-third of the 


192 SIMULIID®. 


head, black, with bright yellow hair; face whitish grey, with 
some yellow hairs. Antenne of male wholly brownish yellow: 
of female black, scape reddish brown or brownish yellow, but the 
colour extending to more or less of the flagellum. Proboscis 
black, tip brownish; palpi black. Thoraw velvet-black, with close, 
short, bright yellow hair, the shoulders narrowly yellowish brown, 
occasionally broadly so; no reddish tinge to dorsum. Sides of 


Fig. 24.—Simulium indicum, Becher : a, palpus; 0, front view of head, 


thorax distinctly grey, occasionally with a grey-dusted band along 
the lateral margins of the dorsum, which in such specimens, 
viewed at a low angle from behind, appears wholly whitish grey. 
Seutellum black, with yellow hair; metanotum black. Abdomen 
black, the basal segments always to a greater or less extent 


Fic. 25.—Simulium indicum, Becher: a, fore tarsus; }, mid tarsus ; 


‘ c, hind tarsus. 

yellowish, or brownish yellow, the colour often reaching to the 
middle, occasionally nearly to the tip of the abdomen. The whole 
dorsum, bears bright yellow hairs as on the thorax. Belly usually 
pale to the same extent as the dorsum. The extent of the yellow 
on the abdomen is very variable, in the series of specimens 
examined. Legs: fore coxe brownish yellow, posterior cox 
black. Femora and tibie both normally brownish yellow on the 


SIMULIUM. 193 


basal half, black on the apical half, but the proportionate extent 
of each colour very variable: usually the fore femora principally 
brownish yellow, in some instances wholly so. Tibiwe with 
shining yellowish-white sheen; or even silvery-white, on the 
outer side, seen from above. Fore tarsi of male wholly black, not 
widened, metatarsus barely as long as the rest of the tarsus; the 
whole tarsus a little longer than the tibiz. Hind metatarsus of 
male much widened and vertically compressed, three-fourths as 
long as the tibia, distinctly longer than the rest of the tarsus, 
yellowish on the basal half or two-thirds, the second tarsal joint 
also sometimes yellowish at the base; middle tarsi in both sexes 
about as long as the tibie, the metatarsus as long as the rest of 
the tarsus. In the female the whole fore tarsus is deep black, the 
metatarsus and second joint much widened, metatarsus two-thirds 
as long as tibia and rather less long than the rest of the tarsus, 
the whole tarsus distinctly longer than the tibia; hind tarsi as in 
male and similarly coloured. All the legs bear more or less yellow 
hair, but less conspicuously so than in S. aureohirtum. On the 
tarsi the hair is deep black. Moreover, the pale parts in the legs 
of the male are very pale yellowish, almost whitish yellow. Wings 
colourless, venation normal. Halteres yellow, rather large and 
thick. 

Length 2-23 millim. 

Redescribed from two males (Bombay, 25. xi. 09), one of which 
nay now be considered the neotype of the species, only the female 
having been previously described, and the whereabouts of. the 
typical specimen, even if still existing, being unknown. Also a 
small series of females in the Indian Museum collection bearing 
the following data :—Darjiling, 12. viii. 09 (J. 7. Jenkins); Kur- 
seong, 10-26.ix.09 (Lynch); Simla, 24. iv. 07 (Annandale) ; 
Sylhet, 2.111. 05, 18. iv. 05 (Lt.-Col. Hall); also three from Bamou 
and Thadiar, 3500 ft., Tons Valley in the N.W. Himalayas 
(C. W. Rogers); Khasi Hills. Two other females in the same 
collection appear to represent a variety with wholly black abdo- 
men ; they come from Darjiling, 10. viii. 09 (Paiva), and Ukhrul, 
Manipur, 6400 ft. (Pettigrew). 

Type 2, location unknown. Neotype 3 in the Indian Museum. 

Dr. Becher originally described this species from Indian 
Museum specimens labelled merely “ Assam,” and had only the 
female before him, There are now no specimens authoritatively 
named by him in the Indian Museum collection, so that the 
whereabouts of the type female is unknown. ‘The only males are 
those described by me herein, from Bombay, and preserved in the 
above collection, one of which in the circumstances may be 
regarded as a neotype. ‘The second male (not the neotype) has 
the pale colour on the first abdominal segment much less distinct 
than is usual, 

The fly is called the “poti” fly locally and it probably is 
distributed along a considerable portion of the Himalayas, Assam 
and the adjacent regions. In the north-western parts of India it 


194 SIMULIID®. 


is said to occur at times in very great numbers, causing serious 
irritation and sores on the skin of persons bitten.* The chief 
time of appearance is the dry season (April, May and June), 
though the insect is not uncommon in the valleys during February 
and March. It disappears during the rainy season. Its life- 
history is unknown. 

‘The insect flies noiselessly and its bite in the first instance is 
so painless that the creature is seldom noticed at work until its 
yellow and black body is to some extent coloured with the blood 
it has absorbed.” ( Cotes.) 

Mr. de Nicéville records it as plentiful at Mussoori, Western 
Himalayas, in the spring and that it occurs there sparingly all the 
year round. Also in Baltistan, at an elevation of from 8000 to 
10,000 ft., where it bites viciously. The fly attacks chiefly the 
ears, and to a less extent the eyes ; its bite is reputed sometimes 
to be fatal. 

In the Western Himalayas it is called the ‘“ poti” in Hindu- 
‘stani, ‘ phisniari” in Pehari, and * phisho ” in Balti. 

It may be noted here that Dr. Becher was in error in describing 
the tibiz as possessing spurs, these not being present in the genus 
at all; but the hair at the end of the tibie frequently becomes 
matted together and actually appears at times almost exactly like 
a thick spur. This probably led to his mistake. 


143. Simulium aureohirtum, Brun. 
Stmulium aureohirtum, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 287 (1911). 


3 9. Head: the large upper facets of the eye in the male 
relatively smaller than in the other species, the eyes closely con- 
tiguous frem vertex to antenne. Antenne dull reddish brown, 
varying to nearly black; sometimes the scape and one or two 
basal flagellar joints pale also, the remainder blackish ; occasionally 
the whole antenne brownish yellow. Irons nearly one-third of 
the head in female, blackish grey with, rather thick bright yellow 
hair; face dark grey with a few yellow hairs. Proboscis and 
palpi blackish or dark brown. Thoraa: blackish, occasionally with 
a slight dull reddish-brown tinge; with close bright yellow hair 
covering the whole of the dorsum ; shoulders sometimes reddish 
brown, the colour occasionally extending narrowly along the 
anterior margin of the thorax. The sides blackish grey, bare. 
Scutellum normally black, but sometimes reddish brown, always 
with close yellow hair. Metanotum blackish. Abdomen blackish, 
with golden-yellow hair; in some specimens the characteristic 
ridge on the first segment is pale on the hind margin ; the usual 


* Various methods of preventing their attacks and remedies after being 
bitten, are detailed by Mr. de Nicéville in “ Indian Museumn Notes,” iv, no. 2, 
p. 54. Deodar and eucalyptus oil have been recommended for keeping them 
away. 


SIMULIUM. 195 


fan-shaped row of yellow hairs towards each side on the first 
segment. Belly black. Legs: normally, fore coxe brownish 
yellow or pale yellowish, posterior coxe black or blackish grey, 
Femora principally reddish brown or brownish yellow, with a 
broader or narrower apical band, this band generally wide on 
the posterior legs ; often the fore femora wholly pale ; sometimes 
the remaining femora also almost wholly so. Tibi generally 
with the basal half (or rather more) brownish yellow, the re- 
mainder black, sometimes wholly dark brown or brownish black ; 
a slight whitish grey sheen is visible in some specimens when 
viewed from above. ‘Tarsi blackish or dark brown, basal half of 
metatarsus normally pale, the extent of the colour varying con- 
siderably; fore tarsi (male and female) not widened, metatarsus 
barely as long as rest of tarsus, whole tarsus distinctly longer 
than tibia; middle tarsi in both sexes about as long as the tibia, 
metatarsus equal to the remainder of the tarsus; hind tarsi of 
male considerably thickened, three-fourths as long as tibia, and 
distinctly longer than the rest of the tarsus, the whole tarsus 
a little longer than the tibia; hind tarsus of female of the same 
proportion as in the male, but less thickened. The coxe, femora, 
outer side of tibie, and the underside of the hind metatarsus 
(the latter in male only) bear golden-yellow hair more or less 
prominently in male, more sparsely in female. Wings clear, 
venation normal. Halteres brownish or brownish yellow. 

Length 2-3 millim. 

Described from two males and two females from Umling, Assam, 
iii. 07 (including type male), and several females from Kanara, 
Bombay, viii. 07 (including type female), all in the Pusa 
collection. 

Although none of the specimens are in good condition, the 
specific characters as illustrated by the full series seem to be 
sufficiently distinctive from S. indicum to warrant a claim to 
specific rank. The differences I perceive are, (i) the abdomen is 
wholly black, instead of yellowish at the base; (ii) the blackish 
grey, not whitish grey sides to the thorax; (iil) the barely 
widened fore tarsi in the female, compared with the conspicuously 
widened first two joints in S. indicum. The amount of bright 
yellow hair also appears greater in this species, especially on the 
legs. 


196 PSYCHODID&. 


Family PSYCHODID&. 


The members of this family are all very small moth-like flies, 
closely covered with thick bristly hairs which extend to the legs, 
the wings also invariably being closely hairy. Scales, too, form 
an important part of the vestiture, being generally present on 
the legs and wings and on other parts of the body. 

Head small, narrower than the thorax, set low down on the 
latter, arched, in some genera considerably developed posteriorly. 
Frons broad in both sexes. Eyes kidney-shaped, bare; ocelli 
absent. Proboscis rather short, inconspicuous (PsyCHODIN®) or 
long and comparatively prominent (PHLEBoTOMIN#). Palpi in- 
curved, four- or five-jointed. Antenne comparatively long, if 
bent backwards reaching the hinder part of the thorax; usually 
of 15 or 16 joints (rarely 12); the two basal joints differentiated, 
the flagellar joints more or less lengthened, with verticillate hairs. 
Thorax convex, often greatly arched, densely pubescent in all 
parts. Scutellum rounded, very small and inconspicuous ; meta- 
notum well developed. Abdomen moderately arched, cylindrical, 
only alittle longer than the thorax, six-, seven-, or eight-segmented ; 
segments in PsycHopINa® somewhat compressed, the abdomen 
much more elongate in PHLEBOTOMIN® ; in all the species covered 
with close thick hairs. Genitalia of the male consisting of two 
(Psycnopin#®) or three (PHLEBOLOMIN®) pairs of appendages ; 
in the female, of a horny, slightly curved, pointed ovipositor 
(PsycHopIN®) or withdrawn within the body (PHLEBOTOMIN”). 
Leys rather short (PsycHop1n®), or moderately long (PHLEBOTO- 
MIN®); metatarsus often much lengthened ; claws smail; pulvilli 
often rudimentary. Legs thickly pubescent, with more or less 
bristly hairs, generally with closely applied scales also, with bands 
or circlets of larger scales in many species. Wings moderately 
broad, elongate or lanceolate in PHLEBoLoMIN”, broad or very 
broad in PsycHopin™®; the veins always with at least two rows 
of divaricate depressed bristly hairs; the surface of the wing very 
often also covered with similar, but finer hairs. Scales normally 
present, either covering considerable portions of the wing, or 
fot ming small spots. In PsycHoprn# in a state of repose the 
wings are held down close to the sides, the costal margin lower- 
most, which gives them some resemblance to small pubescent 
homopterous insects, as well as to very small moths. 

In Phiebotomus they are held in a semi-upright position, whilst 
in Brunettia they are spread out flat. Auxiliary vein yery short, 
1st longitudinal long; 2nd longitudinal forked, the upper branch 
again forked; 3rd vein long, simple, always originating betore the 
middle of the wing and ending at the tip of the wing or just 
below it ; 4th forked, 5th and 6th simple, long; 7th present, long 
in PsYcHODIN&, absent, or extremely short, in PHLEBOTOMIN®, 


PSYCHODID®, 197 


Basal cell short, anterior cross-vein present, near base of wing ; 
posterior cross-vein always absent. Alule absent. 

Life-history. The early stages are known in the case of a few 
Buropean species. The larvee live in rotten vegetable matter, 
stagnant water and similar habitats. They are cylindrical, with 
a short, firmly chitinised stigmatic tube at the anal end; the 
maxille not well developed; eye-spots on the head, and the 
segment behind the head without means of locomotion. 

The pupa is inactive, with two long tube-like anterior stigmata. 

The adult flies appear to be widely distributed and to be 
common in nearly every part of the world, generally showing a 
partiality for moist spots, near water-courses or drains. They 
are also found running over leaves near the ground, in outhouses 
and closets, on windows, and distributed generally. They are 
capable of biting mammals and man, Phlebotomus having been 
known as a blood-sucker for many years. Psychoda is said to 
attack the ankles of persons sitting quietly at a table; this is 
unlikely, but Pericoma might possibly do so. 


The Psycnoprp®, as a family, are easily recognisable after a 
little experience, from their small size, hairy wings and pubescent 
bodies and (in PsycHopry.m) comparatively short legs. Though 
similar in venation to the Curicip at first sight, a brief inspec- 
tion enables the beginner to separate them without difficulty. In 
the first place the posterior cross-vein is always absent, and the 
anterior cross-vein is much nearer to the base of the wing than 
to the middle (the latter being the case in the Cunrorpm). In the 
second place the antennz are verticillate in both sexes, never 
plumose as is so conspicuously the case in male Culicids. The 
short legs easily separate the Psycnop1n 2, but the PHLrEBoTOMIN® 
have legs almost as long and slender as have the mosquitos, and 
in this subfamily the venational characters are the most reliable 
means of ready identification. Confusion with any other family 
than Cuicrp® is hardly likely. The Cutronomip® and Crci- 
pomy1p®, which bear some resemblance to them, are at once 
known by their much less complete venation and, less easily, by 
other structural characters. 


Table of Subfavilies. 


The 7th longitudinal vein absent or incon- 
spicuous.* The 2nd longitudinal forks 
at, or only very little before, the middle 
of the wing. Prongs of upper branch 
always fork beyond middle of wing (in 
P. malabaricus, at the middle). Genitalia 


i 


* In Phlebotomus papatasii an exceedingly short 7th longitudinal vein ocewrs 
at the base of the 6th, running almost direct to the wing-margin. It is liable 
to be entirely overlooked, but Grassi figures it, and it is found in P. perturbans 


Meij. 
02 


198 “PSYCHODID®. 


of the male with three pairs of append- 

ages; ovipositor of female without a 

horny scimitar-shaped pair of valves.... Phlebotomine, p. 199. 
The 7th eel vein conspicuously pre- 

sent. The 2nd longitudinal forks quite 

near the base of the w ing ; always before 

the first fourth of the wing’s length. 

Prongs of upper branch always fork before 

middle of wing. Genitalia of the male 

with two or three pairs of appendages ; 

ovipositor of female consisting of a con- 

spicuous horny scimitar-shaped projecting 

appendage, forming a pair of valves ....  Psychodine, p. 217. 


Four genera are recognised here in the PsycHopin ©, Psychoda 
and Pericoma, which never possess conspicuously scaled wings and 
conspicuous cheetee together in the same species; * and Brunettia 
and Parabrunettia, in which both scaled wings and tolerably or 
very conspicuous cheete on the flagellar joints of the antenne are 
simultaneously present. Iam still much in doubt, however, as 
to the limits of both these latter genera. 

Eaton’s genera are, to my thinking, untenable,t yet the group 
of species with thickly scaled, broad wings, Sonera with hairs 
closely covering the surface also, and with distinet chet on the 
flagellum, seems a well-defined one; all of these possess the vena- 
ee of Ps sychoda except superstes, which, being the first species 
described, must remain the genotype of Brunettia. 

In the present state of our knowledge it appears to me that it 
will eventually be found that the three genera Psychoda, Pericoma, 
and Parabrunettia all possess some species with and some species 
without: (1) areas of conspicuous extent on the wings covered 
with scales ; (2) hairs on the surface of the wings in addition to 
those on the v eins; and (3) some species with the 2nd longitudinal 
vein forking before the origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein, whilst 
other species have the fork beyond the origin of the 3rd vein. 
None of these can by any means be regarded as generic characters, 
but they serve very well as primary divisions of the species into 
groups. 

The genital organs have not occupied much attention hitherto, 
but Dr. Annandale is engaged to some extent on their examination. 
In dried specimens their exact observation is always difficult. 

The presence of the spiral chete on the antenn (so con- 
spicuously developed in Brunettia superstes) in Psychoda distincta, 
Pericoma spinicornis, and margininotata, though much inferior in 


* “ Conspicuous” is emphasized, as very small cheete (differing only in size 
from those in Parabrunettia), are found by Dr. Annandale to be present in 
some species of Pericoma. They appear to be absent in most species of 
Psychoda. 

+ The creation of a number of genera in Psycuoprp#, based on variations 
in the scales on the wings, seems wholly undesirable, as tending to reduce the 


family to the level of taxonomic absurdity at present happily to be found only 
in the CuLicip&. 


PHLEBOTOMIN&. 199 


size, affords a further point on which to separate or substantiate 
species, but they must not be regarded as of more than specific 
value. Dr, Annandale has also discovered in Psychoda bengalensis 
and nigripennis a previously overlooked peculiarity in the shape 
of a pair of very small bifid chetze on each joint (except the last) 
of the flagellum, having the appearance of two pairs of cow’s horns. 
They may, quite possibly, be present in some other species, but 
require very minute examination, being almost transparent. 


Subfamily PHLEBOTOMIN ZH. 


The principal characteristics of this subfamily are :—(1) the 
absence of the 7th longitudinal vein, or its reduction to extreme 
shortness, so much so as to be easily overlooked ; when present it 
runs direct to the wing border, no part of it being parallel to 
either the 6th longitudinal or the margin of the wing; (2) the 
forking of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which takes place usually at 
or very little before the middle of the wing, in contradistinction 
to the Psycnop1n@, in which it forks quite near the base of the 
wing. Moreover, the prongs of the upper branch of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein always originate beyond the middle of the wing. 

Characters of secondary value are the structure of the male 
genitalia, which possess three pairs of clasping appendages. In 
the female no horny ovipositor can be seen. 

The PHLEBOrOMIN® are comparatively easily separated from 
the PsycHop1n #, not only by their two primary distinctions, but 
by their general appearance, which is always more elongate and 
slender, the wings being much narrower and the legs considerably 
longer than in the latter subfamily. They have a tolerably close 
resemblance to the CULICIDA, as contrasted with the short, robust, 
squat, short-legged, broad-winged PsycHopin ®. 


Genus PHLEBOTOMUS, Pond. 


Flebotomus, Rondani, Mem. prima Ditt. Ital. p. 12 (1840). 
Cyniphes, G. Costa, Ann. Accad. Aspir. Natural. i, p. 4 (1843). 
Hebotomus, Rondani, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) i, p. 264 (1843). 
Hemasson, Loew, Stett. Ent. Zeit. v, p. 115 (1844). 


GernorypE, Bibio papatasii, Scop. 

Head small and rather elongate, prominent, somewhat flattened; 
the underside produced into a blunt snout, from which issues the 
fairly prominent proboscis, narrow, cylindrical, and hairy, capable 
of piercing the skin of man and animals.* Palpi considerably 


* Newstead fully describes the mouth-parts (Bull. Entom. Research, ii, 
p- 59, 1911); and both he and Grassi describe the internal anatomy of P. 
papatasti, Scop., rather fully. 


ee eS a a ee 
« 


200 PSYCHODID-E. 


elongate, cylindrical, pubescent, of four obvious elongate joints. * 
Antenne Jong and slender, 16-jointed; scapal joints short and 
thick, the 2nd more or less spheroidal; flagellar joints much 
thinner and longer, the Ist usually much longer than any of the 
others, which diminish gradually in length to the tip; all the 
flagellar joints distinctly verticillate. In at least some species 
there is on each joint a pair of small distinctly geniculated spines 
just before the middle.t Eyes oval, more or less emarginate, 
separated in both sexes by a broad frons. Ocelli absent. Thorax 
much arched, densely pubescent ; scutellum small; metanotum 
rather well developed. Abdomen elongate, linear, narrow, eight- 
jointed, thickly haired. Genitalia of male consisting of three pairs 


A Wis 


Vr ee 


Fig. 26.—Phlebotomus papatasti, Scop, 2. 


of clasping appendages, proceeding from two lateral common 
stems: or they may be described as forming a single pair of three 
(vertically) branched claspers, working horizontally. The upper 
pair is two-jointed, the first joint the longer and larger one; the 
second joint generally, but not always, pointed at the distal end, 
but always bearing some stout cheete ; the intermediate pair are 


* Some authors have claimed that there are five joints to the palpi, the first 
very small, but until the question is placed beyond doubt it is preferable to 
regard the first section as a basal cone, or in some cases as a constriction of the 
first true joint. In Newstead’s drawing of the palpi of P. minutus, Rond., a 
small first joint, making five in all, is clearly shown. 

t Probably Grassi refers to these in his “here and there one can observe a 
short hair curved and relatively thick,” without recognising their true nature, 


PHLEBOTOMUS. 201 


one-jointed, and much smaller, generally thin and leaf-like ; the 
lower pair are one-jointed, but narrow and elongate, slightly 
curved. These latter arise from a subgenital plate which repre- 
sents the ventral surface of the ultimate abdominal segment, the 
upper parts being absent. A flexible, very slender intromittent 
organ is present, projecting from between the intermediate appen- 
dages, and consists of a pair of very slender delicate valves, from 
which a pair of chitinous filaments can be extended. In the 
female the external genitalia are simple. “ consisting of two pairs 
(a superior and an inferior pair) of compressed, more or less leaf- 
like appendages covered with sensory hairs” (Annandale). They 
become distorted in dried specimens, but may be restored by 
maceration in caustic potash. * There is no horny ovipositor as in 
Psycuoprnx. Legs long and slender, clothed with small scales 
and pubescence ; cox® lengthened, tibie with small apical bristles. 
The relative lengths of the different joints of the legs vary accord- 
ing to the species. T Wings rather narrow, varying with the 
species, lanceolate, or with the tip more or less pointed. Auxiliary 
vein very short, ending in the costa much before one-third of the 
wing's length ; 1st longitudinal vein ending at about two-thirds 
of the wing; subcostal cross-vein at tip of auxiliary vein; the 
2nd longitudinal vein forked near the middle. the upper branch 
again forked at or before half its length ; 3rd vein originating 
near base of wing (at least in basal third of wing), ending at tip 
of wing: anterior cross-vein always at basal angle of 3rd vein 

4th vein forked more or less near its middle, the fork sometimes 
before, sometimes beyond the fork of the 2nd vein, according to 
the species ; 5th and 6th veins long, 7th absent or extremely short. 
All the veins nearly straight or only gently curved. The singie 
basal cell very short. Posterior cross-vein probably present = in 
all species, but indistinct. $ All the veins finely pubescent, but 


OS ee ee ne 


* In the descriptions of the genital organs under each species I am indebted 
almost wholly to the work of Dr. Annandale, and to a great extent also in the 
descriptions of other specific characters. 

+ How much value may be placed on these proportionate lengths when the 
differences are very slight it is impossible at present to say. It is best not to 
place too much reliance on fractional differences. 

+ Schiner says it is absent, but so many figures have come before me with t 
present that it probably does exist though seen with difficulty. It is hardly 
likely to be present in some species and absent in others. 

§ Newstead makes several errors in his terminology of the wings. The 
« subcosta ” (or auxiliary vein) does not turn down into the 1st longitudinal, but 
up into the costa, the small connecting yein being the subcostal cross-vein. The 
expression that the 2nd longitudinal “ extends almost to the base of the wing” 
is unscientific, as all veins begin at their nearest point to the base of the wing, 
not vice versd. The 3rd longitudinal does not “ originate from the mid cross- 
vein,” but turns out of the Ind at the usual angle, the anterior cross-vein con- 
necting it at the point of angulation with the 4th vein. He speaks of the 5th 
yein “curving upwards and uniting with the 4th” (still apparently considering 
the vein to start from the margin of the wing instead of from its basal limit) ; 
whereas if there is a short vein joining the 4th and 5th longitudinal near 
their bases, it is the posterior cross-vein. His remaining remarks are therefore 
erroneous, consequent on his misnaming the veins from the first. 


202 PSYCHODID#. 


no hairs on the surface of the wings; scales practically absent, or 
confined to a few small ones at the base of the wings. Alule and 
anal lobe of wing absent ; squame absent. Halteres rather large ; 
clubs oval, with small concolorous scales at the base. 

Range. India, Southern Europe, Northern and Tropical Africa, 
the southern part of the United States, and Central and South 
America. 

Life-history.* The larva is known to live in crevices in stone 
walls, preferring those within one or two feet of the ground 
where some moisture is always obtainable, and it also occurs, 
according to Grassi, in corners of cellars and in undisturbed heaps 
of miscellaneous animal, vegetable, and mineral refuse. Yet it 
seems to have been seldom actually obtained, Mr. R. Newstead, 
who made a special visit to Malta for the purpose of finding its 
breeding-places and studying more closely its life-history, having 
found but two larvee after a most protracted search in all the likely 
localities in the island. 

The eggs hatch after nine days, but must be kept in a moist 
atmosphere.t The larva is cylindrical, distinctly caterpillar-like, 
white or yellowish white, the caudal bristles long and black. The 
head is broadly pyriform, with various hairs; the antenn have 
three segments, the first two being very minute ; the mouth large, 
provided with blunt teeth. The twelve segments of the body after 
the head bear four or five hairy spines each on each side, and there 
are two pairs of anal bristles, one pair nearly as long as the body, 
the other pair very short. Length of body about 2} millim. 

The pupa is somewhat §-shaped, viewed laterally ; the thorax 
with large wing-sheaths, apically pointed and well clear of the 
body, the segments of which are distinctly visible; the head is 
elongate and somewhat triangular in outline; the legs extend a 
little beyond the wing-sheaths, and the dried larval skin with its 
long anal bristles is attached to the tip of the pupa. 

The species of Phlebotomus are quite small, delicate brownish or 
yellowish moth-like hairy flies, closely resembling other members 
of this family. From their first recognition they have been known 
to be blood-suckers, as testified by their generic name. They 
occur in the basements of houses, bath-rooms, and out-houses, 
and are in the habit of attacking the ankles whilst one is sitting 
at table during the evening. Some species may be wholly sylvan, 
but probably many can be taken “at light” in their respective 
localities. Phlebotomus has been proved to transmit a special 
three days fever (Pappatacifieber) in Southern Europe, and this 
fever is believed to occur also in some parts of Northern India. + 


* The description of the larva and pupa herein offered is compiled from 
Newstead’s account (Bull. Entom. Research, ii, p. 47) which is mostinstructive. 

+} Newstead’s report on the oviposition of P. papatasit in captivity is most 
interesting, the female lying on her back and ejecting the eggs forcibly to some 
distance. 

{ See Doerr, Franz and Taussig, “ Das Pappatacifieber” (Leipsig and 
Vienna, 1909), and Wall, Indian Med. Gazette, xlvi, p. 41 (1911). 


PHLEBOTOMUS, 203 


Table of Species. 


1. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks nearer 
middle of wing than at one-fourth. 
Petiole of 1st submarginal cell always 
much longer than one- -third of the cell’s 
length, except in Aimalayensis, in which 
it forks exactly at one-third .......... 2. 

The 2nd longitudinal vein forks exactly 
at one-third of the wing. Petiole of Ist 
submarginal cell only one-third as long 
SUUEICCUG cae toa AAS eee oe 8. 

2. Tip of Ist longitudinal vein either about 
half-way between fork of 2nd vein and 
tip of wing, or nearer tip of wing .... 3. 

Tip of Ist” ‘longitudinal vein distinctly 
nearer fork of 2nd vein than tip of wing. 5. 

5. Fork of upper branch of 2nd longitudinal 
vein nearer fork of 2nd vein than tip of 
lst vein. Wing comparativly lanceolate ; 
fork of 2nd vein beyond that of 4th vein. 

Colour of insect yellowish grey. Geni- [p. 204. 
talia of male with three cheete at tip .. Armalayensis, Ann., 
Fork of upper branch of 2nd longitudinal 
vein nearer tip of Ist longitudinal vein 
than fork of 2nd-vein:, 34)... 2eee 4, 

4, Wing broader; fork of 2nd vein before 
that of 4th vein. Colour of insect dark 
greyish brown. Genitalia of male with 
both the middle cheetee median. Hind 
femur between one-half and _ three- 
quarters as long as its tibia, and dis- 
tinctly longer than the metatarsus, 
which is shorter than the rest of the 
tarsus. Length 23mm. ............ perturbans, Meij., p. 205. 

Wing lanceolate: fork of 2nd vein and 
that of 4th vein practically opposite one 
another. Colour of insect silver-grey. 
Genitalia of male with the middle 
cheetee subapical. Hind femur nearly 
as long as its tibia, more than twice 
the length of the metatarsus, which is 
shorter than the rest of the tarsus. 
Menprtin Hemarn, P47. 0e') vile ele. hc Sc4: minutus, Rond., p. 206. 

5. Fork of upper branch of 2nd longitudinal 
barely before tip of Ist longitudinal 
vein.* Sides of thorax conspicuously 
paler than the dark dorsum. Genitalia 
of male with two chet at tip and 
three median ones. Hind femur less 
than half as long as the tibia, distinctly 
shorter than the metatarsus, which is [p. 207. 
longer than the rest of the tarsus ...... argentipes, Ann. & Brun., 


* Implicit reliance must not be placed on absolute precision in this point, 
as occasional individual exceptions occur, 


204 PSYCHODIDE. 


Fork of upper branch of 2nd longitudinal 

vein some little distance before tip of 

Ist longitudinal vein. ‘Thorax more 
uniiormily concolorous 5 :em =e. 2 6. 

6. Length 3-33 mm. Wings comparatively 

broad. Colour of insect golden grey. 

Genitalia of male with two chete at 

tip and three median ones. Hind legs 


asin 2. argentipes >... -.tety apie major, Aun., p. 210, 
Length 23 mm. Wings narrower or 
moderately broad! 4.50) vos oe we ae 


7. Wingsnarrower. Colour of insect yellow- 
ish. erey. Genitalia of male with three 
chetz at tip and two median ones. 
Hind femur between one-half and three- 
quarters as long as the tibia, and nearly 
twice as long as the metatarsus, which 
is shorter than the rest of the tarsus .. papatasii, Scop., p. 211. 
Wings moderately broad, Colour of insect 
rather dark brown. (The male un- 
known.) Hind femur about half as 
long as its tibia; equally as long as the 
metatarsus, Which is equal in length to 
the rest, of Thetarsus: oo ..0- 6 csv msern 
8. Length 24 mm. Wings purplish, iri- | 
descent. Genitalia of male with four 
cheetee (2 apical, 1 subapical, 1 median). malabaricus, Ann., p. 214. 
Length 38 mm, Wings uniformly pale 
brownish grey. Genitalia of male with 
five cheetee (2 apical, 8 median) ......  seylanicus, Amn., p. 215. 


| argentipes, var. margin- 
atus, Ann., p. 209. 


The variety marginatus, Ann., of argentipes is given a place in 
this table of species because it falls in a different primary division 
of the genus to that in which the typical form is found, and it 
might otherwise easily be mistaken for a new species. 


144. Phlebotomus himalayensis, Ann. (PI. IV, fig. 10.) 


Phiebotomus BG ae) Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 50, 
pl. iv, fig. 2, and pl. vi, fig. 7 (1910). 


3 @. Body covered with yellowish grey bristly hairs, giving 
the usual silvery reflections, the dorsum of the thorax being rather 
darker than the sides. 

Head: rostrum rounded at the tip, stout and elongated. 
Antenne normal, with two circlets of flat scales and one 
of flattened hairs on the 2nd scapal joint. Palpi five-jointed, 
the last the longest. Zhorax much as in P. minutus, the 
dorsum rather darker than the sides, but without the relative 
difference that there is in P. argentipes. Abdomen much as in 
P. minutus, Genitalia of male with the distal joint of the upper 
appendages about half as long as the proximal, bearing at the tip 
three pointed cheetze, each of which is slightly shorter than the 
joint ; intermediate appendages simple, pointed, curved down- 
wards at the tip; lower appendages slender, distinctly elbowed, 


PIHLEBOLOMUS. 205 


rounded and slightly clubbed at the tip, nearly as long as the 
basal joint of the upper appendages and devoid of chitinous 
spines ; ‘ntromittent organ with two elongate, slender valves, 
which are truncated at the tip. In the female the appendages 
are short and broad, the upper ones not much longer than the 
lower. Legs concolorous with the body; anterior femora, tibize 
and tarsi all about equal in length, except that the tarsi appear 
rather longer ; hind femora longer than anterior pairs, their tarsi 
distinctly longer and about equal to the hind tarsi in length. 
Wings narrow. The Ist longitudinal vein ends at about three- 
fourths of the wing; the 2nd forks a little before the middle, 
barely beyond the fork of the 4th vein; the upper branch of the 
2nd vein forking at one-third of its length. 

Length 2? millim. 

The species occurs in the Himalayas, between 4000 and 7000 ft., 
Naini Tal and Bhowali, Kumaon district (mms and Lloyd) ; 
Kurseong, Darjiling district. Apparently common in both 
districts in May, June, and July. 

Types, 3 and Q, in the Indian Museum. 

Closely resembling P. minutus but rather longer and more 
yellowish. The anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein 
forks much sooner than in minutus, and the fork of the 2nd vein 
is slightly beyond, instead of slightly before, the fork of the 4th 
vein. 


145. Phlebotomus perturbans, Meij. (PI. IV, fig. 11.) 


Phlebotomus perturbans, Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. lu, p. 201, pl. xii, 
fic. 13 (1909) ; Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 47 (1910). 


¢ 2. Body with bristly hairs reflecting silvery lights from all 
parts. 

Head: rostrum short and thick, rounded at the tip. The 
1st scapal joint barely longer than the 2nd, the latter with a circlet 
of curved scales. Palpi long, five-jointed ; 1st joint very short, 
the 2nd and 3rd much longer than the 4th, the 5th the longest. 
Thorax much as in P. argentipes except that the hairs are shorter. 
‘Abdomen relatively shorter than in P. major, clothed with 
recumbent, bristly, brownish grey hairs and with a few upright 
curved ones on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Genitalia of 
male with upper appendages very long, the distal joint much 
shorter than the proximal, bearing four chet, which are less 
than half as long as the joint and are arranged in two pairs, an 
equal pair at the tip and the other (in which the two chete are 
not equal) on the inner surface about half-way along the joint; 
the proximal cheete are blunt, the distal ones pointed. The 
intermediate appendages without a ventral lobe, slender, pointed, 
with the tip curved; lower appendages shorter than the basal 
joint of the upper ones, slender, bearing at the tip a bunch of 
long stout bristles ; intromittent organ very slender, the valves 
rounded at the tip ; the genital filaments well developed. In the 


206 PSYCHODID®. 


female the upper appendages are considerably larger than the lower 
ones, both leaf-like and rounded at the tip. Zegs mainly concolorous 
with body, coxee and trochanters yellowish, extreme tips of femora 
with a few minute silvery white scales, more conspicuous than in 
P. argentipes. Hind leg two and a half times as long as the 
head and thorax; the femur a little more than half as long as 
the tibia, slightly longer than the metatarsus, which latter is 
distinctly shorter than the other joints together. Wings bluntly 
pointed, the hairs on the costal border darker than in P. argentipes ; 
1st longitudinal vein ending at two-thirds of the wing; fork of 
2nd vein distinctly before centre of wing and of fork of 4th, 
which latter occurs at the middle of the wing; petiole of Ist 
submarginal cell equal in length to the cell; the 7th longitudinal 
vein is distinctly present but very short. 

Length 23-3 millim. 

Type in the Amsterdam Museum. 

Abundant in the jungle at the base of the Eastern Himalayas 
at the beginning of the rainy season, large numbers flying to light 
at Sukna, 500 ft. Darjiling Hills, on the evenings of July 1st. to 
3rd, 1908 (Annandale). It has not been recorded from 
any where else except, of course, originally, from Java. This 
species may be distinguished rather readily from all other 
Indian ones except P. malabaricus (according to Dr. Annandale) 
by its dark brownish colour. 


146. Phlebotomus minutus, ond. 


Hebotomus minutus, Rondani, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) i, p. 265 
(1843). 

Phlebotomus sp., Howlett, in Maxwell Lefroy’s “ Indian Insect Life,” 
p. 599, fig. 858 (1909). 

Phiebotomus babu, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 49, pl. iv, fig. 1, 
and pl. vi, fig. 3 (1910). 


3 2. Body with silvery grey appearance and reflections (‘ dull 
golden ochreous” according to Newstead); the thorax and 
abdomen appearing darker in certain lights, clothed with re- 
cumbent dull golden ochreous hairs. 

Head: rostrum prominent, but somewhat short and arched. 
The 2nd scapal joint with several rows of flat scales ; flagellum 
nearly normal. Palpi apparently five-jointed, the 1st joint very 
short but distinct, a little clubbed at the tip, 2nd _ twice 
as long as Ist, and half as long as the 38rd, which is much 
the longest, 4th thinner and shorter than the 3rd, 5th longest 
of all, very narrow cylindrical. Zhorax covered with pale 
ochreous hairs, with a few intermingled black hairs. Abdomen 
rather short, clothed with closely set, upright hairs of different 
lengths, and with a dense fringe of upwardly curved hairs running 
along each side of the abdomen near the ventral surface. Genitalia 
of male with the upper appendage having the basal joint stout, 
about twice as long as the distal one, which bears four pointed 


PHLEBOTOMUS. 207 


equal or subequal chete; the chete rather longer than the 
joint, situated two at the tip and two at a short distance from it; 
intermediate appendage short, blunt, with the ventral lobe 
represented by a short process on its ventral margin ; the lower 
appendage club-shaped, distinctly elbowed, about as long as the 
basal joint of the upper appendage, bearing (in addition to slender 
bristles) several chitinous spines at the tip and on the ventral 
surface. In the female the upper appendage is long and narrow, 
somewhat curved, the lower one less than half as long, straight. 
Legs concolorous ; the hind leg rather less than twice as long as 
the thorax and abdomen; the femur slightly shorter than the 
tibia, which is more than twice as long as the metatarsus, the 
latter less than half as long as the femur, shorter than the 
remaining tarsal joints together by half its own length. 
Wings narrow, bluntly lanceolate. The Ist longitudinal vein 
ends at three-fourths of the wing, the 2nd vein forking just before 
the middle, the upper branch forking at half its length ; the 4th 
vein forking at or immediately before the middle. 

Length 23 wmillim. 

The species occurs in the southern part of Europe; in the 
Indian Empire probably all over the plains. Dr. Annandale has 
examined specimens from Rawalpindi, September (C. W. Mason); 
Quetta, Chitral, Allahabad, October (4. D. Jims); Rajmahal, on 
the Ganges, July; Asansol, February (Paiva); Purneah, Pusa 
(Howlett); Madhapur; Puri, Orissa; Calcutta at all times of the 
year; Port Canning; Igatpuri, Western Ghats, Bombay, in 
November ; Poona; Kirkee; Rambha, N.E. Madras ; Trivandrum, 
Pallode and Maddathorai in Travancore in November ; and Pera- 
deniya, Ceylon. 

Type, the whereabouts of this is uncertain. 

The smallest of the Oriental species. It is nearly allied to 
P. argentipes, in company with which it is often taken, and from 
which it may be distinguished by its smaller size and narrower 
wings. Newstead notes that this species, which occurs in Malta, 
is extremely active and has the peculiar habit, at any rate when in 
captivity, of “‘ whirling round and round with great rapidity, so 
rapidly at times as to render itself almost invisible.” Dr. Annan- 
dale regards this as a silvery grey species, but according to 
Newstead the prevailing colour is dull golden ochreous. 


147, Phlebotomus argentipes, Ann. § Brun. (PI. IV, fig. 5.) 


Phiebotomus argentipes, Annandale and Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, 
p- 101 (1908). 

Var. Phlebotomus marginatus, Annandale, Spol. Zeyl. vii, p. 62, 
fig. 7 (1910). 


3 Q. Head brownish, varying towards yellowish in individuals, 
with concolorous thick bristly hairs. Eyes large, black, emarginate 
above; frons narrow. Proboscis stout, elongate ; rostrum with ° 
upright curved bristles ; palpi five-jointed, 2nd joint more than half 


208 PSYCHODID®, 


the length of the 3rd, which is a long as the 4th and Sth together. 
Antenne with Ist scapal joint short, rather slender; 2nd sub- 
spherical, bearing a circlet of about twelve slender, spatulate, 
curved scales, and (nearer the base) a circlet of stiff flattened 
bristles. Flagellum with three or four somewhat irregular 
verticils of stiff fine hairs to each joint; 1st joint double the 
length of the 2nd, the remainder gradually diminishing in 
length. Zhorav covered with brown, or brownish yellow, thick 
bristly hair, with bunches of long, blackish, more or less erect, 
curved, flattened, bristly hairs, which exhibit silvery reflections in 
certain lights ; these arise from sockets provided with raised rims. 
Sides of thorax cream-coloured, conspicuously lighter than the 
dorsum, with bristly hairs around the base of the legs only. 
Scutellum dark, and, with the metanotum, covered with concolorous 
hairs. Abdomen slender and cylindrical in both sexes, closely 
covered with blackish bristly hairs, the emargination of the 
segments often blackish. Genitalia of male with all the appen- 
dages long and apparent; the upper appendages with the distal 
joint considerably shorter than the proximal one, bearing five 
stout pointed cheete, each nearly as long as the joint, arranged as 
follows :—a single cheta at a point about a third of the length of 
the joint from the base, a pair of slightly unequal! cheete near the 
middle of the joint, and a terminal equal pair; the proximal joint 
slightly longer than the last apparent segment of the abdomen ; 
the intermediate appendages small, consisting of a stout, bluntly 
pointed, dorsal lobe and a small ventral lobe which is a minute 
pointed process bearing a bunch of bristles at the tip and attached 
to the ventral margin of the dorsal lobe ; the inferior appendages 
somewhat slender, laterally compressed, longer than the basal 
joint of the upper ones, obliquely truncated, devoid of spines, 
covered with stout hairs, which form a dense brush at the tip of 
the appendage ; a distinct elbow not far from the base of the 
appendage; the intromittent organs are relatively ‘long, 
ensiform, consisting of two slender, pointed lateral valves, 
between which a pair of long filaments can be protruded. In the 
female the upper appendages somewhat widely separated from 
the lower ones, which are small, pointed, and claw-shaped. 
Legs very long, the hind pair being about three times as long as 
the thorax and abdomen together; femora much shorter than the 
tibize ; metatarsi in all cases at least as long as the remaining 
tarsal joints combined. All the legs with strong reflections 
making the tibie and tarsi appear silvery white in certain lights ; 
the femora bear narrow flattened spatulate brownish scales and 
fine bristly brown hairs similar to those of the body ; the tibic 
and tarsi covered with closely impressed angularly bent scales, 
and bearing, especially at the joints, slender stiff straight hairs. 
Wings narrow, obtusely pointed at tip, nearly three times as long 
as broad at the widest part. The 1st longitudinal vein ends just 
before two-thirds of the wing’s length, the 2nd forking barely before 


oP. Pe ns 


PHLEBOTOMUS. 209 


the middle, the upper branch again forking before half its length.* 
The 3rd vein begins at one-third of the wing, running straight to 
the wing-tip, the anterior cross-vein placed at its basal angle ; the 
4th vein forks just beyond the fork of the 2nd longitudinal, its 
branches being parallel; 5th vein straight, long; 6th sinuous, 
long. Basal cell nearly one-third the length of the wing. Scales 
are present at the base of the wing only, the whole wing having 
an iridescent silvery grey appearance, though the colour may be 
best described as smoke-grey ; in many specimens the wings are 
practically clear, with pale brownish yellow or yellowish grey 
hairs arranged in the usual divaricate method along all the veins. 

Length about 2 millim. 

Probably distributed all over the plains of India, as it occurs, at 
least in Calcutta, at all times of the year. In the Indian Museum, 
from Port Canning, Rajmahal (Feb., July), Asansol and Pusa, in 
Bengal ; Poona ; Lucknow; Madras; and at Pallode and Madda- 
thorai in Travancore State, and also at Peradeniya, Ceylon, 
1500 ft. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

This species is easily distinguished, except in the case of females 
distended with blood, from all other Indian forms by the strong 
contrast in colour between the dorsal surface and the sides of the 
thorax. In P. himalayensis the thoracic dorsum is darker than 
the sides, but the difference is not at all so conspicuous as in the 
present species. Tt is found in Caleutta throughout the year 
but at times is much more abundant, apparently favouring dark 
spots in the basement of houses and bathrooms, being also often 
attracted at night by the light of a lamp. 


Var. marginatus, Ann. 


2. Body rather darker than in P. zeylanicus. 

Legs: the hind leg is less that two and a half times as long as 
the thorax and abdomen; its femur about half as long as its 
tibia, of the same length as the metatarsus, which latter is equal 
in length to the rest of the tarsus; cox and femora rather bright 
shining pale brown. Wings with the 1s$ longitudinal vein ending 
some little way before three-fourths of the wing; 2nd longitudinal 
vein forking distinctly before the middle of the wing, the 
anterior branch forking distinctly beyond it ; 4th longitudinal vein ~ 
forking almost exactly at the middle. 

Peradeniya, Ceylon ; a single female taken in May. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Although only a solitary specimen is known, this variety 1s 
apparently a good one. The venation is rather like that of the 
typical form of P. argentipes, but the upper branch of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein forks distinctly before the tip of the Ist vein, 
instead of approximately below the tip ; the wing also is narrower. 


ERS a ee es ee 

* The fork of the upper branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein is sometimes 
considerably more basal than shown in Dr. Annandale’s figure, and the wings 
are not infrequently much less broad. 


210 PSYCHODIDA. 


If the relative lengths of the joints of the leg are safe characters, 
the variety marginatus holds an intermediate position between 
typical P. argentipes and P. major together on the one hand, and 
the remaining species together, on the other. 


148. Phlebotomus major, Ann. (PI. IV, fig. 7.) 


Phlebotomus major, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 46, pl. v, fig. 4, 
pl. vi, fig. 4 (1910). 
sare sp., Giles, ‘‘Gnats and Mosquitos,” 2nd ed. p. 5, fig. 2 
1902). 
Phieboton major, var. grisea, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 320 
SEV) 
ee Phiebotomus perniciosus, Newstead, Bull. Ent. Research, ii, 
p. 70 (1911). 

3. Body covered with bristly hairs giving a uniform golden 
grey appearance, with very strong silvery reflections ; disc of the 
wings with a bluish iridescence. Legs sometimes darker than 
the abdomen. 

Head: rostrum somewhat conical, short, truncated in front. 
Byes widely separated, emarginate above. Antenne very long 
(it bent backwards they would reach nearly to the tip of the abdo- 
men), with seapal joints subspherical, the flagellar ones elongate, 
slender, densely covered with soft whitish grey hairs. Palpi with 
apparently five joints ; the basal one very short, the 2nd, 3rd, and 
4th subequal, each shorter than the 5th. Zhoraxv: in normal 
specimens ground-colour brown, with bright conspicuous golden 
yellow hair; in the dark variety much as in P. argentipes, though 
usually brighter yellow. Abdomen long and slender, the ground- 
colour pale brownish yellow, clothed with long recumbent pale 
yellow hairs and with tufts of longer, upright ones on the dorsal 
surface. Genitalia of male with upper and lower appendages 
similar to those of P. argentipes, except that they are more slender 
and elongate, the basal joint of the upper appendage being nearly 
twice as long as the last apparent joint of the abdomen; the 
intermediate appendages devoid of a ventral lobe; valves of the 
intromittent organ slender and blunt; genital filaments well 
developed. Legs generally concolorous with the body, sometimes 
darker. Hind leg two and a half times a long as head, thorax, 
and abdomen ; its femur less than half as long as the tibia, and 
considerably shorter than the metatarsus, which is longer than 
the remaining joints together. Wings moderately broad and 
pointed, the hairs nearly whitish grey. The Ist longitudinal vein 
ends at two-thirds of the wing’s length, the forks of the 2nd and 
4th veins are opposite one another; the fork of the upper branch 
of the 2nd vein some distance before the tip of the 1st vein; the 
petiole of the 1st submarginal cell half the length of the cell. 

Length 3-3? millim. 

Outer Himalayas; from the base up to 7000 or 8000 ft.; 
Paresnath Hill in West Bengal in April; Naini Tal, Bhowali 
(July), Kurseong (April to July), base of Nepalese Himalayas, 
Simla (July). 


PHLEBOTOMUS. 911 


Type in the Indian Museum, 
A large pale species, rather easily identified by the bright 
golden yellow hair on the thorax. 


Var. griseus, Ann. 

Dr. Annandale describes a variety grisea in which the colour is 
uniformly darker, greyish or brownish, from several examples 
taken by him in a house at Kurseong, Darjiling district, 4700 ft., 
in June 1910; and he recognised the same variety in the same 
house in the following year. Of two specimens in the Indian 
Museum, the hair on the thoracic dorsum in one is brownish 
yellow, in the other nearly the same as in P. argentipes. 


Var. perniciosus, Vewst. 

A form described by Newstead as a distinct species from Malta 
is, according to Dr. Annandale, only a variety of his P. major, an 
opinion in which I am inclined to concur, there being no differ- 
ences in either the venation or the male genitalia. It has not 
been found in India, but it is well to add the general diagnosis, 
which is given in the words of the author :— 

“ Male, Colour immediately after death: Eyes black. Thorax 
with or without dull red-brown spots; when present they are 
arranged in a triangle, and there is occasionally a similar spot 
on the vertex of the head. Thorax and cox pale translucent 
ochreous; abdomen similar, but sometimes pale smoky grey. 
Hairs pallid. Wings faintly iridescent in strong light ; pale drab 
in subdued light; costal fringe generally very dark or blackish 
grey, though examples with pale costal fringes are not uncommon. 
Legs silvery grey, in a strong light presenting a distinct metallic 
lustre ; in certain lights also those segments which lie in shadow 
appear almost black and show up in marked contrast to those 
which are so placed that their surfaces refract the light. In some 
lights the under surface of the legs appears distinctly and regularly 
speckled, a character due evidently to the regular arrangement of 
the scales... . 

“ Female, With the palpi, antennee, and legs similar to those of 
the male. Wings very slightly larger and broader than those 
of the male.” 


149. Phlebotomus papatasii, Scop. 

Bibio papatasti, Scopoli, Deliciz Faun. Flor. Insub. i. p. 55, pl. xxii, 
fiz. B (1786). 

Cyniphes molestus, Costa, Ann. Accad. Aspir. Nat., I, p. 4 (1843) 

Flebotomus papatasii, Rondani, Mem. Ditt. Ital. p. 13, pl. (1840). 

Hebotomus papatasit, Rondani, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) 1, p. 265, 
pl. x, iv, figs. 1-4 (1843). 

Hemasson minutus, Loew (nec Rond.), Stett. Ent. Zeit, v, p. 115, 
pl. i, figs. 1-5 (1844). 

Phiebotomus papatasii, Schiner, Fauna Austr. ti, p. 630 (1864) ; 
Grassi, Mem. Soc. Ital Sci. (3) xiv, p. 353 (1907) ; Newstead 
Bull. Ent. Research, ii, p. 73 (1911). 


Body covered with yellowish or brownish yellow bristly hairs 
P 


212 PSYCHODID®. 


(said by Grassi to be sometimes darker, even nearly brown, in 
some females). 

Head: from occiput to tip of proboscis, longer than length of 
thorax. Vertex and occiput with long bristly hairs. Proboscis 
elongate, rather suddenly narrowed at half its length, tip blunted. 
Palpi two-thirds as long as the antenne ; situated beyond the last 
of two or three small transverse bulges or folds towards the lower 
part of the base of the proboscis. The 1st palpal joint elongate, 
cylindrical, slightly bent at base, a little constricted below at the 
bend, giving the appearance of a very short basal joint ; 2nd joint 
subequal to 1st in length, a little thicker; 3rd shorter, 4th as 
long as the 1st. The first two bear soft hairs, the 3rd two circlets 
of scales, the 4th covered with closely impressed small scales. 
Antenne rather less in length than the thorax and abdomen. Ist 
scapal joint cylindrical, a little longer than broad; 2nd flattened 


Fig. 27. Fig. 28, 
Phichotomus papatasii, head of Q, Phlebotomus papatasii, palpus. 


spheroidal, shorter than the Ist ; Ist flagellar joint twice as long 
as the 2nd; the remainder gradually diminishing, elongate-oval, 
a little more pointed at the distal end, with a verticel of four long 
hairs at the base of each joint, the rest of the joint irregularly and 
much more shortly verticillate. Z'horaaw considerably arched, 
covered with yellowish or yellowish grey bristly hairs; scutellum 
small, with concolorous hairs ; metanotum bare. Abdomen closely 
covered with short depressed concolorous hairs, and with a row of 
longer bristly ones at the hind margins of the segments. Genitalia 
of the male with a long 1st joint to the upper appendages, the 
2nd joint being very slender, with two chetz beyond the middle, 


bo a 


PHLEBOLOMUS. 213 


one subapical and two apical; all the chet subequal. The 
intermediate appendage is trilobed, composed of two short pieces, 
of which one is almost filiform, the other stouter, broader, curved ; 
the 8rd piece twice as long as the others, much curved, 
with a fringe of hairs on the concave posterior side. The lower 
appendages are one-jointed, straight, slender, pointed, with fine 


— = are” 


—S eee 
—Fa z 


<LZZZZ// 


—— 
—— 


i, 
Fig. 29.—Phlebotomus papatasti, genitalia of ¢. 

hairs, in length about equal to the basal joint of the upper 

appendages but much more slender. Genitalia in female with 


upper and lower appendages only, widely separated from one 
another, both short, oval, inconspicuous, pubescent. Legs: fore 


= LEE LZAA : 
EOL Uitttdétiide Li Zzzzz22# 


\ 
% ae 
— SS 


wh — <_ 
ire a 


Fig. 30.—Philebotomus papatasti, wing. 


legs a little shorter than the middle pair, which are rather shorter 

than the hind pair; all covered with closely impressed small 

scales and scattered bristly hairs. Hind leg one and a half to 

one and three-quarter times as long as the thorax and abdomen ; 
PZ 


214 PSYCHODID A, 


hind femur about two-thirds as long as its tibia, which is nearly 
twice the metatarsus, the latter being very nearly as long as the 
rest of the tarsus; claws very minute. Wings elongate, rather 
narrow, bluntly lanceolate at tip; Ist longitudinal vein ending 
at about two-thirds of the wing; 2nd longitudinal forking almost 
exactly at the middle, immediately above or barely proximad of the 
fork of the 4th ; the upper branch of the 2nd forks before half its 
length; a very short 7th vein is distinctly present towards the base 
of the 6th, running to the wing-margin. Haiteres normal. 
Apparently generally distributed throughout South Europe and 
Egypt. From India it is recorded from the plains of Rawalpindi ; 


Fig, 31.—Phlebotomus papatasit ; a, pupa: b, full-grown larva. 


Chitral, 6000 ft.; Quetta; from Pusa, North Bengal, common 
in April; and from Poona and Kirkee, near Bombay, August 
1907; Lahore. In the Indian Museum and Pusa collections. 

Type. The whereabouts of this seems uncertain. | 

Newstead found two distinct forms of this species in Malta— 
a uniformly pale form, which he regards as typical, and a darker 
form which differs by having a dark coloured fringe to the costa 
and hind margin of the wing. Of this dark form he has only 
seen the female and it is much rarer than the other. 


150. Phlebotomus malabaricus, Ann. 
Phlebctomus malabaricus, Annandale, Rec. Ind, Mus. iv, p. 48 (1910), 


¢ 2. Body with brown bristly hairs which are tinged with 
purple and the usual silvery lights; wings purplish, strongly 
iridescent. 

Head: rostrum short, rounded in front. The 2nd scapal joint 
pear-shaped, with several circles of hairs and scales; 1st flagellar 
joint much longer than the second. Palpi long, 5-jointed ; 1st 
very short, 2nd shorter than 8rd or 4th, 3rd and 4th subequal 
together shorter than the 5th. Thorax with dense upright curved 
brown bristly hairs. Abdomen: ground-colour dark brown, with 


PILLEBOTOMUS. 215 


bristly pale grey recumbent hairs, which are more yellowish 
towards the tip of theabdomen. Genitalia of male with the upper 
appendages having the distal joint less than half as long as the 
proximal one, bearing four chete, each as long as the joint: one 
pair is situated at the tip of the appendage and the other a short 
distance nearer the base of the joint; intermediate appendages 
without a ventral branch; the dorsal branch resembling that of 
P. perturbans; lower appendages slender, cylindrical, slightly 
shorter than the basal joint of the upper pair, bearing at the 
tip (in addition to a bunch of fine bristles) seven minute, conical 
chitinous spines. Intromittent organ long and slender; the 
apices of the valves club-shaped ; genital filaments well developed. 
The female genital organs much as in P. perturbans. Legs with 
concolorous pubescence ; coxze and trochanters pale brown; the 
basal part of the femora distinctly lighter than the apical, the 
contrast apparently more marked in the female, though, owing to 
paucity of material, this may be individual variation only. Hind leg 
one and a half times as long as thorax and abdomen together; the 
femur nearly three-quarters the length of the tibia, and once and 
two-thirds that of the metatarsus, which is three-quarters that of 
the remaining joints together. Wings pointed; 1st longitudinal 
vein ending at three-fourths of the wing; fork of 2nd vein 
slightly before that of 4th vein, both distinctly before middle of 
wing ; petiole of 1st submarginal cell very short. 

Length 2% millim. 

Travancore, 8. India, below the western slopes of the Western 
Ghats, in jungle, numerous specimens being taken “at light” by 
Dr. Annandale, at Nedumangad, Pallode, and Maddathorai, in 
November 1908. 

Types 1 the Indian Museum. 

Very near P. perturbans; distinguished by a different venation, 
shorter legs, and better developed cheete in the male genitalia. 


151. Phlebotomus zeylanicus, Ann. (PI. LV, fig. 14.) 


Ba ae zeylanicus, Annandale, Spol. Zeyl. vii, p. 60, figs. 4 & 5 
(1910). 


3 2. Body uniformly brown, with concolorous bristly hairs, 
paler in the female than in the male; cox yellowish, remainder of 
legs silvery grey. Wings pale brownish grey. 

Abdomen: the genitalia of the male with the “ distal joint of the 
upper appendages slightly shorter, and much more slender than 
the proximal joint; its outlines are somewhat sinuous, and it 
bears five long, stout, curved, sharp chete, which are arranged 
as follows :—a pair at the tip of the appendage, a pair on the 
outer margin at about half the length of the joint, and a single 
cheta on the inner margin nearer the base. The chet are 
equal or subequal. The intermediate appendage (morphologically 
the lower branch of the upper one) is slender, pointed, and turned 
upwards at the tip. It bears a minute, pointed, naked lobe on 
its ventral surface, and a similar one on its external lateral 


216 PSYCHODID®. 


surface. The lower appendage is much longer than the proximal 
joint of the upper one, it is slender, as viewed from the side, and 
of almost uniform width; the tip is narrowly obliquely truncate, 
and bears a brush of very long and slender hairs ; the rest of the 
appendage is sparsely covered with rather shorter hairs, but there 
are no spines” (Annandale). Legs: cox and femora yellowish, 
femora, tibie, and tarsi with silvery grey reflections. Hind leg 
more than two and a half times as long as thorax and abdomen ; 
hind femur less than three-quarters, but more than half as long as 


we 


. a 


Fig. 32.—Phlebotomus zeylanicus, Ann. 


its tibia, slightly longer than the metatarsus, which is distinctly 
shorter than the remaining joints together. Wings shortly 
lanceolate. The 1st longitudinal vein ends at three-fourths of 
the wing; the 2nd vein forks at or immediately beyond one-third, 
opposite or barely beyond the fork of the 4th vein ; the anterior 
branch of the 2nd vein forking at one-fourth of its length. 

Length 3 millim. 

Several specimens of both sexes taken at Peradeniya, Ceylon, in 
May, June, July, and August. 

Types, 3 and 2, in the Indian Museum. 

This species and P, malabaricus are differentiated somewhat 
easily from all the others by the 2nd longitudinal vein forking at 
approximately one-third the length of the wing. The genitalia 
very closely resemble those of P. argentipes. 


PSYCHODIN”, pally 


Subfamily PSYCHODIN &, 


The chief distinctive features of this subfamily are (1) the 
presence of a 7th longitudinal vein of considerable length, always 
as conspicuous as the 6th, and (2) the forking of the 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein quite near the base of the wing instead of at or 
beyond the middle, as in the Patesoromin®. The upper branch 
of the 2nd longitudinal vein forks again as usual in this family. 
but this second forking always occurs before the middle of the 
wing. 

The secondary characters are the structure of the male genital 
organs, consisting of two (Psychoda and Pericoma) or three 
(Brunettia and Parabrunettia) pairs of appendages. The ovi- 
positor of the female consists of a conspicuous horny scimitar- 
shaped projecting appendage, forming a pair of valves. 


Table of Genera. 


1, The 3rd longitudinal vein ending exactly 


atthe wingtip! . 6.65... ede cen aera. 2. 
The 3rd longitudinal vein ending just 
Belove He Win G-bipi 4.0.04 fesee sda sts ticle 3. 


bo 


Membrane of wing never considerably cov- 

ered with scales, these being confined to 

those forming the small wing-spots. 

Flagellar joints of antennze without con- 

spicuous S-shaped cheete. Male geni- 

talia with two pairs of appendages .... Psycuopa, Latr., p. 218. 
Membrane of wing with considerable areas 

covered with scales. Flagellar joints of 

antenn with distinct, fairly conspicuous 

S-shaped chete.* Male genitalia with 


three pairs of appendages ............ PARABRUNETTIA, Brun., 
3. Anterior basal angle of wing not abnor- [p. 251. 


mally extended ; auxiliary and Ist longi- 

tudinal veins in their usual position. 

Membrane of wing without scales. Fla- 

gellar joints of antennee with the S-shaped 

chzetee inconspicuous or absent. Male 

genitalia with two pairs of appendages . Prericoma, Walk., p. 234. 
Anterior basal angle of wing very dis- 

proportionately rounded and distended, 

so that the auxiliary and Ist longitudinal 

veinsare very much removed from the cos- 

tal margin. Membrane of wing closely 

and wholly covered with overlapping 

seales. Flagellar joint of antenne with 

conspicuous S-shaped chet. Male 

genitalia with three pairs of appendages. Brunerrra, Ann., p. 248. 


* I do not know that these have been observed in every species, but it 
seems probable that they are generally, if not always, present, as there appears 
to be a correlation between these organs and the densely scaled wings. 


218 PSYCHODID#. 


A closer study of the Indian species of Psychoda and Pericoma 
has resulted in several characters being found which were not 
made use of in my first paper on this family. 

Firstly, there is the presence or absence of distinct scales on 
the wings—nearly always of some shade of brown, although 
sometimes appearing whitish or greyish when viewed from certain 
directions. These scales appear in only one species (apicalis) of 
Psychoda, whilst in Parabrunettia they are present in some species 
on both the upper and lower surfaces of the wing, and in others 
on the lower surface only. In referring to these scales, allusion 
is not made to a certain number of scale-like hairs or even true 
scales, few in number and irregularly placed, at the base of the 
wing, and which may be present in many species, possibly adven- 
titiously ; but only to cases where the scales are numerous, 
eminently conspicuous and arranged in regular rows, covering 
thickly the whole of such portion of the wing-surface as they 
may occupy. 

The second character, which, like that of the scales, is quite 
consistent 1m its occurrence or absence, is that of the hairs, com- 
paratively soft or at least less bristly than usual, closely covering the 
membrane of the wing as well as the veins and arranged longitudi- 
nally or nearly so, so that they do not form the ‘ criss-cross” 
pattern as in the case of all those species in which the hairs are 
confined to the veins. It is quite obvious at a glance to which 
category any wing belongs except in the densely scaled ones. 

The third consistent character is the position at which the 
2nd longitudinal vein forks (always near the base of the wing) ; 
whether before or after the origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein. 

Further characters appear ‘Jess definite and should best be 
applied only to the separation of closely-allied species, being 
liable to oceasional variation, The three principal characters 
above specified can be used in both Psychoda and Pericoma.* 


Genus PSYCHODA, Zatr. 


Psychoda, Latreille, Précis gen. Ins. p. 152 (1796), 
Phalenula, Meigen, Nouv. class. Mouches (1800). 
Trichoptera, Meigen, Tllig. Mag. ii, p. 261 (1803). 
Tinearia, Schellenberg, Gen. des Mouches (1803). 


Gunoryek, Tipula phalenoides, L. 


Head small, rounded, much arched, much developed posteriorly, 
narrower than the thorax and placed very low down on the latter. 
Frons equally broad in both sexes; eyes kidney-shaped. Ocelli 
absent. Proboscis short. Palpi 4-jointed, moderately long and 
prominent, the joints not greatly differing from one another in 
length. Antenne moderately prominent, somewhat long, 15- or 


* Probably they will be found to apply equally avell to at least Para- 
brunettia also, when this genus is more closely characterised and its species 
better understood. 


PSYCHODA. 219 


16-jointed ;* the two basal or scapal joints differentiated, short 
and broad ; the flagellar joints varying in shape according to the 
species, usually oval, cylindrical or flask-like, each with a quantity 
of verticillate hairs forming a cup- or basin-like corolla, All the 
organs of the head difficult of observation without dissection owing 
to the dense pubescence of the whole head, except the eyes. 
Thorax robust, ecnsiderably arched, barely longer than broad ; 
surface smooth, but densely covered on all sides with thick long 
bristly hairs. Scutellum very small, wholly inconspicuous, meta- 
notum arched, both covered with dense pubescence. Abdomen 
short, broad and thick, barely longer than the thorax; arched, 
equally densely pubescent as the thorax, with similar thick bristly 
hairs ; segments somewhat compressed. The male genitalia consist 
of two pairs of appendages, the lower pair being united to a 
ventral plate, which latter really represents the ultimate abdominal 
segment. Viewed from the side, this plate, which is always very 
conspicuous, appears like the basal joint of the lower appendages, 
but these latter consist of only a single joint, usually of con- 
siderable size, elongate-conical, slightly curved, pointing upwards, 
bearing at the tip at least one chitinous spinule. he upper 
appendages are smaller than the lower pair, two-jointed, the basal 
joint being the shorter, the second one tapering to a point, but 
without a spinule. No chitinous intromittent organ apparent, 
according to most authors, but Mr. Leonard Haseman, writing on 
the North American species, mentions having observed it in one 
or two species. In the female the genital apparatus consists of a 
horny, upwardly curved, pointed ovipositor, constructed of two 
laterally compressed valves closely applied to one another. Legs 
short, robust, subcylindrical ; tibize generally rather longer than 
the femora, metatarsus much longer than any other tarsal joint, 
last tarsal joint small. Legs generally covered with small scales, 
with some long bristly hairs on the femora and tibiz ; tibize and 
tarsi often with an apical circlet or band of scales of a different 
colour (white or yellowish). Wzngs very broad and comparatively 
very large, although in some species narrower, even lanceolate ; 
always covered thickly with hairs, which may cover the wing-mem- 
brane as well as the veins (in which case the hairs are generally of 
a rather finer texture). In other species the hairs are confined to 
the veins, and are more bristly in nature, often scale-like, and 
always arranged in two divaricate depressed rows, lying practically 
flat on the wing-surface, the hairs being of sufficient length to lie 
across those of the two immediately adjacent veins.f Erect, long, 


* Some authors, Mr, Leonard Haseman for instance, speak of some species 
having 17-jointed antennz; but it is probable that the so-called seventeenth 
joint is only formed by the constriction of the sixteenth. 

+t No previous author appears to have noticed this radical difference in the 
distribution of the hairs on the wings, yet though I overlooked its importance 
in my first notes on this family, a more serious examination of the species 
resolved them easily into two groups on this character alone. The species 
of Pericoma are amenable to the same division. 


220 PSYCHODID 2. 


bristly or scale-like hairs in small groups or ares on many of the 
veins in many species. There are often small spots composed of 
bristly or scale-like hairs, or of actual scales, occurring in various 
parts of the wing, most frequently on er near, the wing-border, 
generally situated at the tips of the veins, or at the forking of the 
veins. lat, short, depressed, imbricating scales, cover parts of the 
surface of the wing in some species ; rarely the whole surface 
thus covered. Auxiliary vein short. 1st longitudinal vein ending 
in the costa, generally beyond the middle of the wing; 2nd longi- 
tudinal forked near its base, the anterior branch again forked, 
usually in the middle third of the wing. The 3rd vein arises 
near the base of the 2nd, either before or beyond the forking 
of that vein, and runs straight to the wing-tip. The 4th longi- 
tudinal is forked, generally a little before or beyond the fork 
of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein; the 5th, 6th and 7th 
longitudinal veins uormal, straight or gently curved. The 
anterior cross-yein is always present, but is often difficult to 
observe owing to its faintness in most of the species: it is 
placed almost immediately after the base of the 3rd longitudinal 
vein. Sometimes a distinct posterior cross-vein near the bases 
of the 4th and 5th veins is discernible, the vein is therefore 
presumably always present. A thick, long, uninterrupted fringe 
around the whole wing-border, much more bristly or scale-like on 
the costa, and often punctuated on both anterior and posterior 
muargins by small spots of saow-white or prismatic scales. Alule 
practically absent ; squame (or tegule) moderately developed or 
small; halteres distinct. 

Ltange. Probably world-wide, though no species are recorded 
from Africa (except the Mediterranean Coast), Asia (except 
India) and Australasia. 

Life-history. The perfect insects are commonly found in moist 
situations, near streams, small drains or water-courses, in out- 
houses and closets, very frequently on windows and in houses, 
also generally distributed amongst low-growing vegetation. 


Table of Species. 


1. Membrane of wing wholly covered with 
closely placed imbricating scales ...... aprealis, Brun., p. 225. 
Membrane of wing either without scales, or, 
when present, the scales limited to a few 
small tufts forming spots placed at the 
tips of the veins: on the margin of the 
wing; or at the forking of the veins; 
never covering any appreciable extent of 
the wing-surface.* Sometimes a few, 
irregularly placed, at the base of the 
WANES 1,6. Sas | AMR RRIE n's $n cme 2. 


* An apparent exception is P. orbicularis, Brun., in which scales are present 
on the basal portion of the veins on/y, but never on the membrane of the wing, 
that is to say, emanating from the membrane. 


PSYCHODA, 


. Wing with the membrane closely covered 
with hairs, as well as the veins , the hairs 
placed much more longitudinally than in 
the species of section 7, giving a longi- 
tudinal appearance to the wing-v estiture 
instead of a “ criss-cross’ ’ network one. 

Wing with the hairs on the veins only, 
arranged in two divaricate depressed 
rows, one on each side, and nearly always 
ov erlapping those of the contiguous veins, 
presenting a “criss-cross” appearance 
over the whole wing. No hairs whatever 
on the surface of the wings. No obvious 
scales, except those forming the small 
SOOMS! a gh eohoo gen comes coe car an Gat 

3. Distinct spots at least near the margin of 
the wing, white or black or both, com- 
posed of small scales or stiff hairs ...... 

No distinct spots at or near the wing- 
margin. With or without two transverse 
narrow bands of grey scale-like hairs 

4, The white spots on the wing chiefly con- 
fined to the border, or the forking of the 
2nd and 4th longitudinal MOMS vocstele so. 0 « 

The white spots (20 or more) distributed 
irregularly along all the veins, giving the 
entire wing a spotted appearance ...... 

5 (a). Anterior branch of 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks opposite fork of the 4th vein, 
A few scales near the base of the wing. 
The small white scaly hair-spots placed 
at the tip of each vein, wherever they 
CCUM Rt 0 ee ecto iar Shs euch 

(2). Anterior branch of 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks a little before the fork of the 
4th vein. The white spots composed of 
white as, not scales, and placed between 
the tips of the veins, not at the tips .... 
(c). Anterior branch of 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks near middle of wing, a little 
beyond the fork of the 4th vein. All 
three terminations of the 2nd and that of 
the 3rd vein with a pair of small spots 
placed very closely together, composed 
of a few cianaats yellow bristly hairs. 
Lower branch of 4th vein, and the 5th 
vein, at their tips with conspicuous black 
hair-spots Peete eee eve atctanih el oct aiciphste' as 

6. Wing with two transverse bands of grey 
scale-like hairs .... 

Wing wholly unmarked ....... 

fir Wing with distinct black hair-spots at the 
tips of many or all‘of the veins. ...... 

Wing without hair - spots at tips of 
VOUS 5) ses areeeiieiahalp 


Or 


maculipennis, Br 


p. 228. 


un., 


[p. 224. 


albonotata, Brun 


a] 


distincta, Brun., p. 225. 


decora, Brun., p. 226. 
[p. 226. 
transversa, Brun., 
hirtipennis, Brun., 
[p.. 227. 


8. 


222 PSYCHODID®, 


8. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks very 
closely before or beyond the base of the 
NG Bier ote wart EI 


a (8) sie) w) 9:0) Ce ale 


< 
io) 
BE 
oO 
=] 
~ 
oO 
aoe 
25 
ct 
2 
e 
wo 
Ss 
a 
a 
S 
b&b 
jo) 
he 
= 
<< 
2 
5 
mee 
ct 
° 
D 
cl 
= 
io 
[oF 


at allin P. bengalensis) .............. 
10. Wings with thick black bus y hair on 
costa, with small spots (each composed of 
one or two white scales) placed along a 
considerable section of it, at apparently 
regular intervals. The 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks immediately before the base of 
the 3rd vein; the fork of the anterior 
branch of the 2nd vein opposite that of 
the 4th vein 


S2\ei' sae lela (aye) my evig, 16) ete! cel inhin Be) inlay Leite 


2819 (elim Leis) aa) a) 2) 9 


11. White scale-spots absent from tips of veins. 


White scale-spots present at tips of veins. 
Tips of tibize and metatarsi with white 


Bs ee ele 


OC iat fale) ee) face, Jon 
> 


13. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks beyond the 
base of the 8rd vein. Hairs on veins 
uniformly blackish — no conspicuous 
lighter sections of hairs. The middle 
veins (2nd, 3rd and 4th) nearly straight 


ZN OS EOE: Oy DEPORT Oca) Se 


14. Thorax with blackish grey hairs. Anterior 


os rite is Reta Pareles 0,080’ “eis te. <0 Net foaled ava 


0: 

iil: 

geniculata, Brun., 
LP. 

10. 


albonigi'a, Brun., p. 


[p. 


bengalensis, Brun., 


227. 


228, 


229. 


distans, Brun., p. 230. 


albopicta, Brun., p. 
13. 
[p. 


orbicularis, Brun., 


14, 


231. 


231. 


vittata, Brun., p. 233. 


[p- 


nigripennis, Brun., 


fulvohirta, Brun., 


232, 


p. 233. 


PSYCHODA. 223 


152. Psychoda apicalis, Brun. 
Psychoda apicalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, iv, p. 801 (1911). 


22. Body with dark brown hairs on the thorax, a little lighter 
here and there. The abdomen (subsequently lost) seems to have 
been covered with small elongate whitish scales which, when 
viewed in certain lights, show prismatic colours. 

Head: antenne as in P, nigripennis, the pubescence very dense, 
lying rather close, so that the outline of the flagellum appears fo 
have » parallel sides. Legs closely covered with blackish scales; tips of 
tibiz and of metatarsi with a row of white scales, of which there are a 
few on the tarsi. Wings very lanceolate and narrow, wholly covered 
with closely-placed, overlapping, dark brown scales. It is difficult 
to see whether hairs are present on the actual surface of the wing 
or not, but apparently (and in all probability) they are present ; 
some are present on the veins. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks 
considerably beyond the base of the 3rd vein ; the anterior branch 
forking again distinctly beyond the middle of the wing, a good 
distance beyond the fork of the 4th vein, which occurs just before 
the middle of the wing. Wing-border wholly unmarked, bearing 
a blackish-brown fringe, darkest on the costa and at the base of 
the hind margin ; a small are of nearly snow-white hairs at the 
tip of the wing. 

Length of wing 2 millim. 

Described from a single female (?) in the Indian Museum 
from Maddathorai, Travancore State, South India, 16. xi. 08 
(Dr. Annandale). 

Very distinct from all other species owing to the densely scaled 
wings, with snow-white fringe at the tip. The abdomen has been 
lost in mounting the specimen for the microscope, after the 
description was drawn up, but the length of the insect was 
overlooked. It is a small species, the wing measuring 2 millim. 
in length. The sex is not quite certain, but was noted originally 
as ‘‘ probably female.” 


153. Psychoda maculipennis, Brun. 
Psychoda maculipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, iv, p. 299 (1911). 


?3. Body with rich dark brown hairs towards sides of dorsum, 
yellowish grey in middle and anteriorly, deep blackish brown on 
abdomen. 

Head: antenne with verticillate hairs thick and close, brownish, 
but showing greyish reflection. Palpi black, with grey scales ; 
grey scales on face, black bristly hair on frons; grey hair on 
vertex. Legs prowsish, with concolorous bristly hai? and scales ; 
tarsi with dirty grey scales. Wings with surface as well as veins 
closely covered with dark brown hairs. Wing-border with a 
narrow fringe of black hairs, which is tolerably w vell defined from 
the longer ereyish fringe around the whole margin. At numerous 
and apparently irregular intervals these short ‘black hairs are 


224 PSYCHODID®,. 


replaced by white or greyish ones, and irregularly placed along 
most of the veins, as well as at the tips, are very small spots 
composed of a few white hairs, which (to the extent of twenty or 
more) give the whole wing a spotted appearance that immediately 
distinguishes it from all other species. 

Length 1 millim. 

Described from a single specimen, apparently a male, in good 
condition, from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 17. vi. 10 (#. EZ. Green). 

Type in the Indian Museum. ; 


154. Psychoda albonotata, Brun. 
Psychoda albonotata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 873 (1908). 


2. Ground-colour black; thorax and abdomen with whitish 
grey hairs which, in certain lights, appear silvery. 

Head : eyes black, facets large ; interocular space light brown, 
filled with strong, rather long black bristles. Antenne sixteen- 
jointed, light brown ; two basal joints cup-shaped, rather short, 
with circlets of stiff black bristles; the flagellum of fourteen cup- 
shaped joints, placed rather closely together, and bearing the usual 
hairs which are both thick and long. Palpi dark brown, hairy. 
Abdomen: the genital apparatus appears to be a moderate-sized, 
bare, pointed, pale yellowish brown appendage, similar to that of 
this sex in other species. Legs with livid yellow femora and 
tibie, the latter black towards the tips; tarsi brownish black, 
covered with close brownish scales. The extreme tip of the tibie, 
of the metatarsus, and of the last tarsal joint with a few brilliant 
snow-white hairs. Wings with the upper prong of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein originating much before the fourth part of the 
total length of the wing; the 4th longitudinal vein bifurcates 
at about one-fourth of the wmg. Ground-colour dark grey, the 
veins with the usual double row of hairs, which are black, giving, 
with the long fringe of black hairs around the whole wing-border, 
a wholly black appearance to the wing, the surface of which is 
covered with hairs placed longitudinally. Some distinct shortly 
elongate dark brown scales over the base of the wing. A silvery 
white spot formed by a few minute, very elongate, hair-like white 
scales, at the tip of all the veins, from the first to the sixth 
inclusive, nine spots altogether. 

Length 1 millim. 

Described from a female, in excellent condition, in the Indian 
Museum collection, taken in Calcutta, 5-6. 1. 08. 

The general appearance of this species is that of a black Psychoda 
with nine snow-white spots on the wing-border and with white 
spots on the legs. In certain lights nearly all parts of the body 
in turn appear more or less silvery white, including the black 
wing-fringe, the femora and tibie, and nearly the whole of the 
pubescence on the body; the wings also, in certain lights, present 
a beautiful iridescence. 

A second example in the same collection, from Sylhet (Lt.-Col, 


PSYCHODA, 225 


Hall), 8. i. 05, is apparently the same species. The hairs on the 
wing are golden brown, and those on the body more brownish 
than in the Calcutta specimen, whilst the white scales cover the 
whole of the metatarsus. The antenne are missing, and there 
are a few white, elongated, hair-like scales in the centre of the 
wing towards the base. The wing-fringe is golden brown on 
the distal half and black on the basal part of the costa and 
on most of the posterior margin. 

In a note appended to the original description is mentioned a 
specimen from Sylhet with a few remaining white scales on the 
surface of the abdomen near the base, but closer investigation 
reveals that they must have become accidentally attached, forming 
no part at all of the insect’s vestiture. 


155. Psychoda distincta, Brun. (PI. IV, figs. 12, 13.) 
Psychoda distincta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 872 (1908). 


2. Body pale brownish yellow, entirely clothed with long, pale 
brownish yellow, bristly hairs, with some concolorous elongated 
scales, and with a few black bristles here and there. The bristles 
are long, and become scale-like on the dorsum of the thorax and 
towards the tip of the abdomen, where, in the latter case, the 
black bristles are also more numerous. 

Head: eyes black, with dense, soft, pale yellowish grey hairs 
between them. Antenne sixteen-jointed; first joint of scape 
cylindrical, second spherical; flagellum of fourteen elongated, 
pear-shaped joints, each surrounded by numerous long hairs in 
the form of a rather irregular verticel. Legs with numerous 
bristles, which are very long on the tibize, which, in addition, have 
short scales of the same colour lying rather close, and a circlet of 
rather long, scale-like bristles at the tips. The metatarsus, which 
is nearly as long as the four remaining subequal joints together, 
has a few irregular bristles, and the tarsi are covered by close- 
lying, pale yellowish white scales, giving a whitish appearance in 
certain lights. Wings: the upper prong of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks near the base, before one-third of the wing, and the 
4th longitudinal vein forks at exactly one-third. All the veins 
seem to bear the usual double row of hairs, and the intervening 
spaces are also covered with brown hairs rather thickly ; there is 
a patch of black hairs at the tip of all the veins from the 1st to 
the lower fork of the 4th (inclusive), with a trace of a patch 
at the tip of the 5th; and a patch of white hairs appears between 
all these black patches, so that the border of the wing appears 
spotted alternately black and white, and is fringed along its entire 
length with close, long, light brown hairs. The hairs of the wing 
appear lighter or darker in different specimens, according to the 
direction in which the light falls on them, a brilliant iridescence 
being at times visible. 

Length 13 millim. 


226 PSYCHODID. 


Type in the Indian Museum, from Sylhet, 30. i. 05 (Hall); the 
second specimen was from the same locality. 

Described originally from three specimens supposed to represent 
this species; but the one mounted on a microscopic slide, which 
bore the scales at the base of the wing, was afterwards found not 
to be P. distincta. 

In the type-specimen (the only one now existing, as the 
one dated 1. i. 05 has been accidentally destroyed) there is 
absolutely no trace of any such scales, either at the base of the 
wing or elsewhere on it, with the exception of the very small 
ones that compose the wing-margin spots. 


156. Psychoda decora, Brun. 
Psychoda decora, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 299 (1911). 


9. Body covered with blackish hairs, the thorax covered with 
bright yellowish brown hairs. 

Head: antenne with the pubescence rather closely compressed, 
as in P. nigripennis. Legs brown, normally scaled and pubescent. 
Wings with dark brown and blackish hairs covering the surface as 
well as the veins. Two inconspicuous and incomplete narrow 
transverse lines passing across the wing similar in position to 
those in P. transversa, composed of light brown or yellowish 
brown hairs, placed in small sections. ‘Two distinct black spots 
near the base of the wing, composed of stiff erect long black 
thickened hairs, one spot on the base of the 2nd vein just before 
the fork, and the other on the anterior branch just beyond the 
fork. The wing-fringe is greyish, with blacker sections here and 
there ; the hairs are also darker along the costa. 

Length 1 millim. 

Described from one female in the Indian Museum taken by 
Dr. Annandale at Tenmalai, Travancore State, South. India, 
22. xi, 08. 


157. Psychoda transversa, Brun. 
Psychoda transversa, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 800 (1911). 


2°. Body covered with brownish grey or brownish yellow 
bristly hairs. 

Head with the antenne as in P. nigripennis. Legs blackish, 
with the tarsi showing a lighter shade in certain lights, the tips 
of the joints with small pale scales. Wings densely covered with 
blackish hairs situated over the entire surface as well as on the 
veins. No hair-spots or scale-spots at the tips of any of the 
veins, but two narrow transverse bands composed of elongated, 
thickened (almost scale-like) greyish white hairs, the first placed 
just before the middle of the wing, the second just beyond three- 
fourths of the wing; both bands extending from the costa to the 
hind margin. 

Length 1 millim. 


Aa 


PSYCHODA. Pay) 


Described from a single specimen, which is apparently a female 
(the genital organ not being clearly visible), in the Indian Museum, 
trom Kurseong, 4700-5000 feet, 20. vi. 10 (Dr. Annandale). 

The two conspicuous transverse bands of grey stiff hairs on 
the wings immediately distinguish this species from all other 
Oriental ones. 


158. Psychoda hirtipennis, Brun. 
Psychoda hirtipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 300 (1911). 


@. Body brownish yellow, with yellowish brown or brownish 
grey hair varying both in shade and intensity. 

Head with the antennz practically as in P. nigripennis. Legs 
with light brown scales, tarsi not obviously lighter, except when 
viewed in certain directions. Wings lanceolate, the brown hairs 
covering the surface and placed mainly longitudinally ; no regularly 
divaricate rows of hairs on the veins. Some erect bristly hairs on 
the basal fourth of the wing. : 

Length about 14 millim. : 

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum pre- 
senting the following data: Kurseong, 5, ix. 09 (type), Bangalore, 
15. x. 10, Maddathorai, 18. xi. 08, Trivandrum, 12-13. xi. 08 
(Dr, Annandale); Calcutta, 27. xi. 10. 

One example of the above series (from Maddathorai) varies 
more than the others by having browner legs, brighter brown hair 
on the thorax, and a tendency to patches of darker hairs on the 
wing, with light greyish reflections here and there. The specimen 
seems to come within the probable specific range of P. hirtipennis, 
which is certainly of variable nature. 


159. Psychoda geniculata, Brun. 
Psychoda geniculata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iy, p. 294 (1911). 


Very near P. albonigra, mihi. 

@. A dark brown species with dark brown wings and con- 
spicuous white spots on the legs. Wings with black and white 
spots near tips of veins. Body clothed with thick blackish brown 
hairs, with which are intermixed on the thorax some fan-shaped 
tufts of whitish grey hairs. 

Head with white bristly, almost scale-like hairs on vertex, and 
bristly black hairs on trons and face. Antenne with very elongate 
flask-shaped joints, verticillate as in P. bengalensis; scape with 
milk-white elongate scales ; chate present on flagellum, but small, 
curved, not S-shaped; pubescence of flagellum greyish white. 
Legs with light brown scales and some bristly hairs; knees nar- 
rowly but distinctly white, through the presence of a few snow- 
white small elongate scales; tips of tibie and of the metatarsi 
with a circlet of small elongate snow-white scales; front meta- 
tarsi almost wholly white-scaled. Some pale stiff bristles on the 


Q 


228 PSYCHODID @. 


legs, but apparently no actual isolated elongate scales as in 
P. albonigra. Wings with hairs situated on the veins only, rich 
brown in colour, showing golden brown with violet iridescence in 
certain lights. No surface-scales on the wings, the only ones. 
present being the small ones forming the spots at the tips of the 
veins; black bristly hair-spots at tips of practically all the veins ; 
some white scaly hair-spots near tips of some of the veins, and a. 
few on each of the two lower branches of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein and both branches of the 4th vein, all placed at a little before 
their tips; a larger white scaly hair-spot near the base of the 
costa, and some isolated erect white hairs placed irregularly here 
and there on the veins. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks imme- 
diately beyond the base of the 3rd vein, the upper branch of the 
former forking barely beyond the middle of the wing, and very 
little beyond the fork of the 4th vein. 

Length about 14 millim. 

Described from one female in the Indian Museum from Pera- 
deniya, Ceylon, October 1910 (2. E. Green). 


160. Psychoda albonigra, Brun. 
Psychoda albonigra, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 874 (1908). 


@ (?). Head: frons and face with white bristly hairs on upper 
part and black scaly bristles below. Antenne with second joint 
of scape short, cup-shaped, both joints encircled by white scales ; 
flagellum of fourteen distinct, pale yellow, flask-shaped joints, and 
an additional very minute spherical one; each joint bearing a 
thick verticel of stiff greyish white hair. Palpi black, with black 
bristly hairs. Zhoraw covered with thick, bristly, greyish white 
hairs, with some darker hairs intermixed. Abdomen (damaged). 
dirty yellow, with some black hairs. JZegs: femora pale dirty 
yellow ; knees with a very few small white scales; tibize with 
closely placed black scales, with black bristles intermixed, and 
bearing irregular, isolated, white scales and white bristles; the 
posterior pairs with rather long black hairs behind ; tips of tibice 
with a few white scales. Tarsi covered with black scales and a 
few bristles; the tips of the metatarsi with a circlet of white 
scales, and of the last joint with a few white scales. Wings very 
pale grey, nearly clear round the posterior border. The veins 
with the usual double row of blackish grey hairs, with some white, 
nearly erect hairs placed in irregular rows and patches about the 
middle of and (more abundantly) across the base of the wing; 
a small bunch of black bristly hairs at the tip of each vein, and 
the costal border clothed nearly to the tip of the wing with stiff, 
black, bristly hairs; along this border, at short regular intervals, 
one or two small white scales; towards the tip of the costa the 
wing-fringe becomes greyish, and from thence, round the border, 
nearly to the base, it/is greyish white, rather long and thick ; near 
the base of the posterior margin the fringe becomes blackish grey. 


PSYCHODA. 229 


The bifurcations of the upper branch of the second vein, and of 
the fourth vein, occur just before the middle of the wing. 

Length nearly 1 millim. 

Described from a perfect unique female (?) in the Indian 
Museum collection, captured by Dr. Annandale in the Museum, 
30. vil. 08, 

The type still remains the only known specimen. 


161. Psychoda bengalensis, Brun. (PI. IV, fiys. 6 & 8.) 
Psychoda bengalensis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 370 (1908). 


3 Q. Body entirely clothed with hairs, varying from yellowish 
grey to whitish, and of a nature varying from soft long hairs to 
bristly ones, which latter on some parts, and around the tip of 
the abdomen, are distinctly scale-like; in certain lights some 
of the scale-like bristles appear blackish or even wholly black. 

Head: eyes black, with very large facets; frontal groove very 
narrow, with long greyish hairs ; lower part of head covered with 
long hairs. Antenne fifteen-jointed; scape of two larger egg- 
shaped joints; the flagellum of ten joints of nearly uniform size, 
each shaped like a long-necked flask, and three further very minute 
joints, invisible except under a microscope. Each joint of the 
whole antenna bears a rather thick verticel of hairs. Palpi of 
four joints of equal length, with some hairs; last joint very thin, 
pointed. Abdomen: the genital process of the male with superior 
appendages consisting of two subequal joints, the proximal joint 
cylindrical, often concealed in a vertical position in the body, 
distal joint sickle-shaped, its ventral edge being somewhat sinuous. 
Inferior appendages very long, arising from an elongated, broad 
ventral plate; themselves sickle-shaped, clothed with long fine 
hairs at their base, and bearing very minute straight bristles on 
their ventral surface, each appendage terminating in a single, 
short, flattened, almost triangular spinule. The ovipositor of 
the female consists of a pair of very small, pointed, chitinous 
appendages, which it is somewhat difficult to distinguish amidst 
the hairs. Legs of the same colour as the body, clothed rather 
thickly with concolorous scales and with numerous black bristles, 
the former being thickest on the tibize and tarsi. Wings with 
all the veins bearing a double row of hairs, pointing respectively 
anteriorly and posteriorly.* The fork of the upper prong of 
the 2nd longitudinal vein originates a little before the middle 
line of the wing; and the fork of the 4th longitudinal vein 
originates a little behind this middle line, but the linear space 
between the two forks varies in different specimens. A few black 
bristly hairs, forming a small black spot, occur at the tip of each of 


* In the figure of the wing of this species (Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, pl. xxiv, fig. 1) 
no auxiliary vein is shown, although it is, of course, distinctly present, 
extending at least to a point beyond the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein. 


Q2 


230 PSYCHODID ©. 


the four veins above the 3rd longitudinal (which is unmarked) ; 
also at the tip of the upper prong of the 4th, and at the tips ot 
the 5th and 7th. These black hairs gradually become more 
scale-like towards the last spot, which is usually the deepest 
of all.* The whole border of the wing is thickly fringed with 
long blackish grey hairs, which extend over the tegule also. 

Length 1-1% millim. 

Described from a very large number of examples in good con- 
dition in the Indian Museum collection, taken chiefly on windows, 
in Calcutta during January 1908, and in Simla and _neigh- 
bouring places in May of the same year. Specimens are also 
present from Phagu, 9000 ft., 11. v. 09; Barogh, 5000 ft., 
10. vy. 10; Kasauli, 6300 ft., 15. v. 08; Dharampur, 5000 ft., 
13. v. 08, all in the Simla hills (Dr. Annandale), Naini Tal, 
6000-7000 ft. (Lloyd). Darjiling, 5000 ft., apparently common 
from at least July to October; Kurseong, 24. iii. 10 (Annandale). 
Calcutta, common through most of the year; Port Canning, 
Ganges Delta, 6. xii. 07 (Annandale); Katihar, Purneah district, 
Oct.; Lucknow, i, ii and iv, Dum Dum, near Calcutta, 29. vii. 09 
(Lord); Madhupur, 22. x. 09 (Paiva); Bangalore, 3000 ft., 
16. x. 10 (Annandale); Trivandrum, 13. xi. 08 (Annandale) ; 
Kulatupuzha and western base of Western Ghats, Travancore, 
17-19. xi. 08 (Annandale); Peradeniya, Ceylon, 8. vi. 10 (Gravely); 
Moulmein, 25, i1. 08 (Annandale); Rangoon, v. ; Tenasserim, v. 
In the Pusa collection, from Pusa v. to xii. 1907 and 1908. 

Types in the Indian Museum; co-types in my collection. 

This is the commonest species in India and probably extends 
further east. 


162. Psychoda distans, Brun. 
Psychoda distans, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 296 (1911). 


@. Body covered with dark brown hair, mixed here and there 
with grey, the ground-colour of the thorax yellowish brown, with 
dark greyish hair. 

Legs brown, the tarsi a little lighter, no white tips to tibie or 
metatarsi. Wangs with the two divaricate rows of hairs on the 
veins only. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks considerably beyond 
the base of the 3rd; the anterior branch forking just beyond one- 
third of the wing, and nearly opposite the fork of the 4th vein. 
A distinct and rather large black bristly hair-spot at the tip of 
each vein; no white scale- or hair-spots on the wing; a distinct 
though not conspicuous spot, composed of black hairs, at the 


* In some specimens there is a collection of black hairs showing a tendency 
to form an irregularly shaped spot at the base of the wing, and, more often, 
two similar vague spots, one below the costa, the other above the hind border, 
both near the base of the wing. 


PSYCHODA. 231 


fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein and at the fork of its anterior 
branch also. 

Length barely 1 millim. 

Described froma single female in the Indian Museum from 
Maddathorai, Travancore State, South India, 16. xi. 08 (Dr. 
Annandale). 

The genital organs are not easily seen, but the specimen 
appears to be a female. 


163. Psychoda albopicta, Brun. 
Psychoda albopicta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 296 (1911). 


Q. Very near P. distans, but differing from that species by 
very distinct though small white scale-spots at the tips of most 
of the veins, including the 3rd vein. A conspicuous bunch of 
black scaly hairs at the fork of the anterior branch of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein and the fork of the 4th vein. Some of the 
black hair-spots at the tips of the veins are much less distinct 
than in P. distans. Fringe of wing dark brown on costa, lighter 
brown on posterior margin, the whole appearing golden brown in 
certain lights. The hairs on the wing are brown, darker towards 
the base. The body is dark, with brownish yellow hairs, which 
are darker brown on the thoracic dorsum, and almost yellow in 
places. Antenne brown, flagellar joints flask-shaped with long 
necks, the verticillate hairs widely expanded. Long sinuous 
cheete distinctly present. The tips of the tibie and of the 
metatarsi with a narrow circlet of white scales; the legs mode- 
rately dark brown. 

Length 12 millim. 

Described from a single type female in the Pusa collection, 
taken at Pusa, Bengal, 8. i. 03. 


164. Psychoda orbicularis, Brun. 
Psychoda orbicularis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 298 (1911). 


Q. Very near P. nigripennis, but differing by the presence of 
distinct elongate brown scales on the basal fourth of all the veins. 
The wing is lanceolate in shape, the entire margin very distinct, 
the costal fringe blackish, but appearing lighter if viewed from 
certain directions; the fringe of the posterior margin light 
greyish. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks distinctly beyond the 
base of the 3rd vein, the anterior branch forking immediately 
before the middle; the 4th vein forks distinctly before one-third 
of the wing. The body is covered with brown or brownish-grey 
hair. The antenne as in P. nigripennis, with grey pubescence. 
The legs yellowish grey, with light greyish pubescence. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from a single female in good condition from Pusa, 
21. xii. 08. In the Pusa collection. 


wae PSYCHODID®. 


165. Psychoda nigripennis, Brun. (Pl. IV, fig. 16.) 
Psychoda nigripennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 876 (1908). 


3 2. Body yellow, wholly covered with greyish brown hairs, 
which in certain lights appear whitish. 

Head: eyes jet-black, facets very large. Antenne: basal joints 
short and not broader than the flagellum, yellow, with some black 
bristles ; second joint spherical; flagellum of fourteen joints, of 
which the first ten are flask-shaped (as in P. bengalensis); the 
eleventh has no “neck,” and is roughly ovate; the twelfth, 
thirteenth and fourteenth are very minute, the two former cup- 
shaped, the terminal joint spherical. The verticels of greyish- 
white hairs on each joint are very thick, lying closely, directed 
forwards and clustering together, thus giving the antenna the 
usual solid appearance, with parallel sides, of a grey colour, 
marked with small black round spots. Palpi of four hairy elon- 
gated cylindrical joints, of equal length, except that the fourth 
is slightly longer and pointed at the tip. Abdomen: genitalia of 
the male very similar to those of P. bengalensis, but the inferior 
appendages decidedly shorter. In the female they consist of a 
very concave (on the upper side) leaf-shaped appendage, bending 
backwards, but the appendage probably consists of two symme- 
trical blade-like halves as in the other species. Legs pale blackish 
brown; the femora with some white hairs below, the tibiz rather 
closely covered with snow-white hairs, the tarsi blacker, with 
white hairs which, towards the tip, are replaced by small elongated 
white scales. Wings having the appearance of being pale blackish, 
but really pale grey, wholly unmarked; the veins distinct, each 
with the usual double row of hairs, which appear black when 
viewed from above, but which appear white when viewed horizon- 
tally from the tip of the wing. Fringe longest on posterior 
border, grey, appearing dark in some lights and nearly white in 
others. Wings with a purplish iridescence. 

Length 2-13 millim. 

Described from a large number of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum from the following localities :—Kasauli, Simla district, 
6300 ft., 15. v. 08; Simla, 7000 ft., 10. v.08; Phagu, Simla 
district, 9000 ft., 11. v. 09 (Annandale); Kichha, Naini Tal 
(plains), 4. iv. 09 (Hodgart); Darjiling, 8-11. vii. 09 (Paiva) ; 
Kurseong, 5000 ft., vi. and vii. 08 (Annandale); Calcutta, common 
in June, July, August; and the following localities from South 
India, collected by Dr. Annandale:—Trivandrum, 13. xi. 08; 
Shasthancotta, near Quilon, 7. xi. 08, “at light”; Madda- 
thorai, 16-18, x1. 08; Tenmalai, 22. xi. 08; Nedumangad, near 
Trivandrum, 14. x1. 08; Ernakulam, Cochin, 4. xi. 08. In the 
Pusa collection from Pusa, 16-17. xii. 08. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

In a specimen from Calcutta (3. vi. 08) there is a slight but 
distinct spot of black hairs at the tip of each of the veins, and the 


PSYCHODA,. 233 


tarsi are more densely covered with white scales. L[t may possibly 
be distinet, but I can detect no other differences of value. 

Several specimens recently acquired by the Indian Museum 
through the generosity of Mr. C. W. Beebe, are in all probability 
this species, taken by that gentleman ten miles south of Kuching, 
Sarawak, Borneo, 25. vi. 10. Being mounted on microscopic 
slides their absolute identification is impossible, in the absence of 
any previous examination. 

The species has been bred in Calcutta from a partially dried 
freshwater sponge from the edge of a garden pond. 

At Kasauli, Dr. Annandale found the species common in 
bungalows on the date given. He has also taken it on mossy 
walls and at light in Calcutta. 


166. Psychoda fulvohirta, Brun. 
Psychoda fulvohirta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 297 (1911). 


2. Body covered with blackish grey hairs, with the exception 
of the thorax, where the hairs are conspicuously bright yellowish 
brown, those of the alule being more yellow. 

Head: antenne as in P. nigripennis. Legs blackish, without 
any ornamentation. Wings with the appearance of those of 
P. nigripennis. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks distinctly beyond 
the base of the 3rd vein, and its anterior branch forks a little 
beyond the middle of the wing, very considerably beyond the fork 
of the 4th vein, which occurs towards its base; the 3rd vein is 
gently bisinuate. The hairs on the wings are blackish grey, those 
towards the base being blacker, and those of the posterior marginal 
fringe somewhat greyish. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from two females from Darjiling, 7000 ft., 7. vii. 09, 
type (Paiva), and Kurseong, 26. vi. 10 (Annandale), both in the 
Indian Museum. 

The bright yellowish brown colour of the hairs on the thorax 
makes this species easily distinguishable from all others except 
those specimens of P. margininotata with similarly coloured hairs, 
but from that species the wholly unmarked wing and unornamented 
tarsi will readily separate it. 


167. Psychoda vittata, Brun. 


Psychoda vittata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 877 (1908); id., 
op. cit. iv, p. 298 (1911). 


3 2. Body pale yellow with grey and white hairs. 

Head with white bristly hairs between the eyes, and black bristly 
hairs below. Scape of antenne with the joints barely broader 
at the tip, both with black bristles, the second rather short ; 
flagellum of ten dirty yellow, distinct, long-necked, flask-shaped 
joints, each surrounded by a thick verticel of stiff blackish grey 
hairs, also a terminal conical joint which is composed of three 


234 PSYCHODID. 


small coalescing subspherical ones. The antenne have the 
thickened appearance uoticeable in P. nigripennis. Legs pale 
yellow, with a few irregular black bristles; hind femora with a 
row of long bristles, and hind tibize with two rows of long bristly 
hairs. Tibie with a few black spines at the tip. Wings distinctly 
lanceolate, pale grey ; the veins bearing the usual blackish grey 
hairs, with a wide transverse band (composed of erect light brown 
hairs) across the centre of the wing, and the apical portion of the 
wing is also broadly covered with similar brown hairs; at the 
base of the wing is a space covered with erect, soft, white hairs, 
and some traces of a similar patch towards the costa between the 
two areas of brown hairs. Fringe of wing on costa brownish grey, 
on posterior margin more grey or whitish. The fringe of the 
wings is darker on the section contiguous to the brownish band 
of hairs, and also in the neighbourhood of the wing-tip. A good 
specific character is the curved nature of the middle veins of the 
wing (2nd, 3rd, and 4th with their branches), which distinguish 
it to some extent from its nearest allies, P. nigripennis and 
P, fulvohirta. 

Length 1 millim. 

Described from one male taken by Dr. Annandale at Madda- 
thorai, South India, 18. xi. 08, and five females from Calcutta, 
21. vi. to 2. viii. 08, also taken by the same gentleman on mossy 
walls. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

Of the “ further specimens ” referred to by me, after the original 
description of the species, as being in the Indian Museum, two are 
now destroyed and the other two are certainly P. vittata, one being 
from Calcutta, 16. xi. 08. 


Genus PERICOMA, Walk. 
Pericoma, Walker, Ins. Brit., Dipt. iii, p. 256 (1856), 

GunoryPu, 7'richoptera fasciata, Mg.; by designation of Coquil- 
lett (1910).* 

This genus closely resembles Psychoda. The antenne are 
16-jointed, the palpi 5-jointed, and the 3rd longitudinal vein ends 
below the wing-tip, instead of exactly at the tip as in Psychoda. 
The tegule or squame are much more highly developed. 

As in the preceding genus, there are often small spots, formed 
of scales, on many parts of the wings and legs, and occasionally 
on other parts of the body. The wing-surface is usually clear of 
hairs, but in some species it is closely covered with them in 
addition to the hairs on the veins. Small specific differences in 
the relative positions of the veins occur, as in Psychoda. The 
genital organs in both sexes are similar to those in Psychoda. 

Range. Probably world-wide ; though there is no record from 


* T have seen no other species suggested as a genotype. 


PERICOMA. 235 


Australasia, South or Central Atrica, or Asia, apart from those 
described comparently recently from India. 

Life-history. The larve live in fungi or rotting vegetable 
matter. The imagos inhabit similar situations to those in which 
Psychoda is found. 

The life-history of a European species (Pericoma canescens, Mg.) 
has been studied. The larva is about 
8 millim. in length, 11-segmented, 
cylindrical, but tapering at each end. 
Head small, free moving, with well- 
developed mouth parts. Thoracic 
segments distinct; the abdominal 
segments rather closely compressed, 
approximately subequal in length, each 
(except the last one) with three trans- 
verse marks on the dorsum. Under- 
side of thoracic seements with some 
transversely placed bristles; six on 
the Ist segment, eight on the 2nd and 
four on the 8rd. The abdominal 
segments 1 to 7 bear in the middle 
two small thickened chitinous plates ; 
all the segments furnished with bristly 
hairs, 

: The larva lives in shallow water, 
Fig. 83.—Pericoma canescens, Where it covers itself with mud, sand 

Mg.,a European species : Oe Se Ae é 

a, larva; 0, pupa (after 0d morsels of plant-débris, leaving 

Miall). the anal end in contact with the 

surface of the water. It emerges 
from the water to pupate ; the pupa being about 34 millim. long, 
with long cylindrical transversely ringed anterior stigmata. The 
wing- and leg-cases reach to the 2nd abdominal segment, all the 
abdominal segments having a wreath of small teeth on their hind 
borders. On the ventral side of segments 3 to 6 are two distinct 
teeth, segment 7 bearing four stronger teeth. 


Table of Species. 


1, Wing with two rows of depressed scales on 
all the veins from the base to the middle, 
where they gradually develop into bristly (ps 237, 
Hoareier sci 17- isIMERREIER leteta ks wise - squaminervis, Brun., 
Wing without scales, except small ones in 
the nature of tufts forming spots at the 
tips of the veins or at or near their forkings. 2. 
2. Wingmembrane completely covered with com- 
paratively soft black hairs, in addition to [p. 237. 
Hhosecon) he Veins mene eae ais ces oe. annandalei, Brun., 
Wing membrane wholly destitute of hairs 
(except an isolated one or two near the 
margin and a few at extreme base of wing); 
the hairs placed exclusively on the veins.. 3. 


236 


3. 


| 


PSYCHODIDA. 


Lower branch of 4th longitudinal vein with 
a distinct appendix at its basal angle. 
Antenne of male with six prominent erect 
spines on the upperside of the Ist flagellar 
joint, which is considerably lengthened. 
Antennz of female without such spines, 
the Ist flagellar joint not abnormally 
lensthered «700+ the pe ca een ae ee 

Lower branch of 4th longitudinal vein with- 
out such appendix at its basal angle. 
The Ist flagellar joint not abnormally 
lengthened in either sex, and always with- 
out the prominent spines .............. 


. Wing with small but distinct spots at the 


tips of many or all of the veins, composed 
of black or white hairs, scale-like hairs, or 
true scales, often a black and a white spot 
both present at the tip of the same vein .. 
Wings without distinct hair- or scale-spots 
at tips of veins. Hairs on veins long 
enough to overlap those of the adjacent 


[p. 238. 


spinicornis, Brun., 


or 


veins. No white scale-spots on wings .. 10. 


. A distinct section of the marginal fringe at 


the tip of the wing composed wholly of 
white or whitish hairs. The 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein forks before the base of the 
AL GAV OUD RE tatcrs cio «ss ms eee OI sae 
No distinct section of white hairs in the 
marginal fringe at the wing-tip ........ 


. Metatarsus normally black, except for an apical 


fringe of small white scales. Marginal 
fringe of wing with sections composed of 
grey or whitish prey hairs, :.-;.5...-..- 
Metatarsus with at least the apical half 
covered with whitish scales.* Marginal 
fringe of wing with only one are of whitish 
prey hair, which is apicaliss swe: kee neat 


. Distinct bright yellow hairs in short sections 


on the veins, these sections so situated as 
to form an irregular transverse line from 
the costa to near the distal end of the 
posterior margin. Costa with very thick 
black bristly hairs. The 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks beyond the base of the 3rd 
NACHO. cer RE PI hes Sheed 
No distinct sections of bright yellow hairs on 
the veins, any hairs of such colour being 
isolated and exceptional. Costa with only 
normally black or blackish hairs, with 
some sections of lighter coloured hairs 


. Tarsi (apart from metatarsi) wholly white .. 


Tarsi black; apical third of fore metatarsi 
and tips of posterior metatarsi with small 
white scales: “(eeeeeamars 20s «7 5 Siegen 


[p. 240. 


margininotata, Brun., 


[p. 243. 
metatarsals, Brun., 


muxta, Brun., p. 244. 


8. 
9. 


[p. 245. 


proxima, Brun., 


* In two out of the three specimens present before me it is wholly covered 
with the whitish scales, except rather narrowly at the base. 


PERICOMA. 237 


9, Metatarsi wholly white. The 2nd longi- 


tudinal vein forks before origin of 5rd [p. 245. 
VG ITM rReREaME Refereed work Staite foiah iS. sie isiersie wees lactetiarsis, Brun., 
Metatarsi black with white scales at tips. 
The 2nd longitudinal vein forks distinctly [p. 246. 
heyoud aneim ot ord Vein)... 6.26... ee gilvipes, Brun., 
10. Wings rather smaller than usual. The 2nd 
longitudinal vein forks (apparently) beyond [p. 247. 
fhe Wase Of the'Srd vein’... c6c8 lk impunctata, Brun., 
Wings very large. The 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks immediately beyond the base [p. 247. 
oP AGP S376 I) a ee ee Pe unicolor, Brun., 


168. Pericoma squaminervis, Brun. 
Pericoma squaminervis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, iv, p. 303 (1911). 


@ (?). Body covered with light brown and greyish hairs ; 
ground-colour of thorax light brown, that of abdomen blackish. 

Head: antennee as in Psychoda bengalensis. Legs brownish 
erey, tarsi distinctly lighter, almost as in P. lacteitarsis when 
viewed from certain directions.. Wings with a depressed row of 
elongate brown scales on each side of each vein, from the base to 
beyond the middle of the wing, where they gradually become 
narrower until eventually, towards the margin of the wing, they 
are replaced by stiff hairs ; the scales lie close together, although 
not always touching one another, and are long enough to overlap 
those emanating from the adjacent veins. <A distinct spot of 
bristly black hairs at the tip of each vein, and apparently a slightly 
clearer spot in the wing immediately in front ot the vein-tip. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from a single specimen (apparently a female) in the 
Indian Museum taken by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 4. viii. 08. 

A very distinct species from all the others, readily distinguished 
by the conspicuous, scaled veins. 


169. Pericoma annandalei, Brun. 
Pericoma annandalez, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. 11, p. 580 (1908). 


2. Head: frons with long greyish white bristly hairs, and a 
few black bristles about the mouth. Eyes black, facets large, 
those on upper border of eyes bronze. Antennal scape thickly 
clothed with long white scales, and on upperside with some 
blackish brown ones; flagellum of thirteen elongated, cigar- 
shaped, light brown joints, clothed rather thickly with long, 
greyish white, bristly hairs. Palpi well developed, long, black, 
thickly clothed with black scaly bristles and hairs. Back of head 
black, bare. Yhorav moderately shining black, with long black 
hairs which in certain lights have a blackish grey tint. Humeral 
calli bare, distinct, shining. black. Abdomen black, with black 
bristly hairs. Ovipositor brown, of moderate size and normal 


238 PSYCHODIDA. 


shape. Legs brown, with black and grey hairs, and both black 
and white bristles, the latter less numerous than the black ones. 
The tips of the tibie have a few white scales, the metatarsi are 
nearly wholly clothed thickly with white scales, and there are 
also a few at the extreme tips of the tarsi. Wings brownish 
grey, rather thickly covered with black hairs, and with a fringe 
of long black hairs around the whole border except at the tip of 
the wing, where, for the distance between the lower branch 
of the 2nd longitudinal vein and the upper branch of the 4th, 
the black hairs are replaced by long snow-white bristly hairs. 
Five spots on the wing-border (each consisting of a few silvery 
white scales, which have a faint bluish tint) are placed as follows: 
a larger one in the centre of the fore border, the second (a small 
one) just beyond the first; the third at the end of the lower 
branch of the 4th longitudinal vein; and the fourth and fifth 
at the tips of the 6th and 7th longitudinal veins, the fourth spot 
being the largest. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from a perfect unique female captured by Dr. 
Annandale at Kurseong, 5. vii. 08. 

Eight examples of this species have subsequently been acquired 
by the Indian Museum, captured by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 
22-29. vi. 10, where he found them running over Caladium leaves 
at dusk, in thick jungle. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


170. Pericoma spinicornis, Brun. (Pl. IV, figs. 4 & 15.) . 


Pericoma spinicornis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 3878 (1908). 
Pericoma appendiculata, Brunetti, 1. c. p. 879 (1908). 


3 @. Body blackish, rather sparsely covered above and below 
with whitish grey hairs, which are thickest towards the posterior 
borders of the abdominal segments, and are darker in some 
specimens. The posterior part of the thoracic dorsum bears long, 
black, bristly hairs. 

Head: eyes bronze-black, facets very large; palpi long, 
brownish grey, with a few hairs. Antenne 16-jointed, scape 
thick, 1st joint cylindrical, 2nd globular, both rather thickly 
beset with some elongate whitish grey scales, with which are mixed 
some long stiff black bristles, both of which are less developed in 
the female. In the male a very conspicuons and unique character 
occurs in the first joint of the flagellum, which is three and a 
half times as long as the second, sub-cylindrical, slightly narrowed 
and rounded at the base, and slightly contracted just before the 
tip. This joint bears on its upper surface a row of six long, 
strong, black, vertical straight spines, set in raised sockets, followed 
almost at the apex of the joint by two (perhaps three) other 
still longer spines springing from a common socket; the under- 
side of this joint is beset with narrow curved greyish scales. The 
remainder of the flagellum consists of thirteen subequal, elongated 


PHRICOMA. 239 


joints, gradually shortening to the last one, which is styliform. 
In the female the flagellum has fourteen ovate joints, each with 
a rather thin vertivel of hairs; first joint only barely longer than 
the second, without spines. In the male the face and the anterior 
part of the thorax bear nearly white bristles which become 
almost scale-like. Abdomen : genitalia of male somewhat different 
from the usual generic type; the basal joint of the upper pair of 
claspers being large and broad, sickle-shaped, bearing about 
twenty spatulate spinules on its distal two-thirds, whilst the 
second or terminal joint takes the form of cylindrical chitinous 
laments coiled in a spiral. The genital apparatus in the female 
consists of a single, horny, pointed, bare appendage of moderate 
size, projecting rather prominently. Legs pale yellowish white, 
femora distinctly curved, especially the fore and hind pairs, the 
amount of curvature variable ; the femora with some close-lying 
small scales. ‘The femora and tibia are covered with long, pale 
yellowish grey, bristly hairs ; the tips of the tibie having a circlet 
of rather elongate, whitish scaly bristles, with some short black 
pristles intermixed ; the tarsi are covered with black scales and 
bristly black hairs. The base of the metatarsus, and of the 
following joint, and the tip of the last joint are covered with 
small, cream-white scales. Wings dark grey. The lower prong 
of the 4th longitudinal vein springs at right angles from the 
upper, and then forms a second right angle, bearing a distinct 
appendix at that spot, directed backwards. The 4th longi- 
tudinal vein forks a little before the fork of the 2nd, which 
itself is placed just before the centre line of the wing. The 
veins, which are very distinct, all bear the usual double row of 
suberect hairs, directed forwards and backwards, and at the tip 
of each vein is a small bunch of stronger bristly hairs; the inter- 
vening space (especially on the hind border) being nearly clear, 
thus giving the border of the wing the appearance of bearing 
alternate black and white spots. The hairs are in the main black, 
but those on the proximal half of the dise (except those in the 
immediate vicinity of the third vein) are distinctly more erect 
than the others, and are distinctly grey. In the centre of the wing 
are short rows of quite white short bristly hairs placed at irregular 
intervals along the veins, these hairs being intermixed with black 
ones towards the base of the wing. A thick row of bushy, long, 
black bristly hairs on nearly the whole length of the seventh 
vein. Wing-border with a fringe of black hairs which is rather 
short on the apical half, longer on the basal half of the costa, 
and longest and thickest on the basal half of the posterior border ; 
it appears lighter or darker according to the direction of the light 
falling on it. Towards the end of some of the veins are a few 
silvery white, irregularly placed, elongated scales. 

Length 13-2 millim. 

Described originally from eight males and ten females (the 
former as spinicorns, the latter as appendrculata, with a surmise 


that they represented the sexes of a single species); the specimens 


240 PSYCHODIDA. 


being from Kurseong, 5. vii.08 (Dr. Annandale). The species is 
quite common along the Himalayas from their base (Siliguri) to 
an altitude of at least 9009 ft., and occurs from early in May to 
October. 

The Indian Museum possesses a good series bearing the 
following data :—Darjiling, 7000 ft., 2.x.08 and 26-28. v. 10, 
common (Brunetti) ; 6-11. vill. 09 (Jenkins, Paiva); Kurseong, 
5000 ft., iii., vi., vil., ix. (Annandale, Lynch, Gravely); Siliguri, 
base of Darjiling Hills, 18-20. vil. 07 (Hodgart) ; Simla, v., on 
windows (Annandale); Phagu, 9000 ft., 11. v.09 (Annandale) ; 
Naini Tal, 6000 ft., 2. vi. 09 (Hodgart). 

Types in the Indian Museum ; cotypes, ¢ and 9, in my 
collection. 

This is the only species in the family known to me in which 
such a striking sexual difference is found. ‘Taken in consideration 
with the appendiculation of the 4th longitudinal vein near its 
base, a separate subgenus might be formed for it, but slight 
appendices occur occasionaily in other species when the basal 
section of a vein forms a sharp angle; in Pericoma margininotata, 
for example, it is I think constant at the basal angle of the 


3rd vein. 


171. Pericoma margininotata, Brun. 


Pericoma margininotata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind, Mus. ii, p. 881 (1908) ; 
id., op. cit. iv, p. 804 (1911). 
Var. Pericoma bella, Brunetti, op. cit. 11, p. 388 (1908). 


3d 2. Ground-colour of thorax blackish brown, of abdomen 
blockish, both covered with thick, long, pale yellowish grey, bristly 
hairs, plentifully intermixed on the thorax with black hairs, and 
likewise, to a less degree, cu the base of the abdomen. The hairs 
on the thoracic dorsum show a tendency to be arranged in fan- 
shaped sets. On the abdomen they are arranged in a thick row 
of long ones on the posterior border of every segment, with a 
shorter, erect row in front of them. Pleure light to dark 
mahogany brown, bare, or nearly so. 

Head : eyes bronze, with large facets. The antenne have two 
large basal joints covered with short white scales and surrounded 
by acluster of longer ones; the second scapal joint subglobular, 
a little more than half as long as the first, which is cylindrical, 
twice as long as wide; flagellum of fourteen small globular or 
subconical joints of equal size, last one conical, each with a circlet 
of a few long black hairs, and more numerous short white ones. 
Sometimes the last joint is constricted, giving the appearance of 
a 15-jointed flagellum. Abdomen: genitalia of male with superior 
appendages consisting of a short, stout, cylindrical basal joint, 
and a distal one which is shaped like a scorpion’s sting, consisting 
of a basal bulb, and a slightly coiled, tube-like prolongation of 
about the same length. Inferior appendages arising from a broad, 
rather short basal plate, than which they are considerably larger ; 


PERICOMA. 241 


themselves sickle-shaped, each bearing at the distal end, on the 
dorsal surface, a pair of flattened, spatulate spinules; the whole 
joint covered with fine hairs. Legs: femora and tibie grey, 
with minute greyish white pubescence, a number of longer, white 
bristly hairs (with black reflections in certain lights). These are 
apparently irregularly placed on the fore legs and the femora, but 
show a tendency to form longitudinal rows; those, at least, on 
the hind tibiw are often arranged in three such longitudinal rows, 
one pointing outwards, the other two posteriorly. The apical 
part of the tibiz is narrowly but thickly clothed with jet-black 
scaly bristles, and the extreme tip with a circlet of white scaly 
bristles. The tarsi are thickly covered with jet-black scaly 
bristles, the tips of the metatarsus and following joint bearing a 
circlet of white scaly bristles; the metatarsus bears several very 
strong black bristles, and the extreme tips of the tarsi have 
minute cream-coloured scales. Wangs dark grey, with all the 
veins bearing a double row of spreading hairs, and without 
scales. Upper fork of 2nd longitudinal vein bifureates at two- 
fifths of the wing, and the 4th longitudinal bifurcates between 
one-fourth and one-third of the wing. A small spot, consisting 
of numerous rather strong black hairs, at the tip of each vein, and 
a similar spot at the bifurcations of the upper prong of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein, and of the 4th vein, these two spots being 
in a straight line with the last spot on the posterior margin ; the 
first spot on the anterior border, the last one on the posterior 
border, and the upper discal spot, are all generally larger and 
darker than the others. Normally the spot at each wing-tip 
consists of a black hair-spot, and a small white scale-spot, placed 
very close together, the latter sometimes almost in the marginal 
fringe. The hairs in some parts of the dise of the wing are 
distinctly darker and show a tendency to form black patches, 
and along most of the veins are short rows and bunches, here 
and there, of quite white, erect, short, bristly hairs, becoming 
almost scale-like in the small tuft-like spots of them on the 
margin of the wing, placed alternately with the black marginal 
hair-spots. These give the border of the wing a strikingly 
distinct, tesselated appearance composed of black and white spots 
alternately. The costal fringe comprises some short sections 
composed mainly of white or whitish hairs, including generally 
a section of some length just beyond the middle; whilst the 
wing-tip is always clothed with white hairs for some distance, 
there being also some few short patches ot white hairs in the 
fringe of the posterior margin. Halteres rather large, cup-shaped, 
with hairy upper edge, the stem being very narrow and short. 
Length 13-14 millim. 
Types in the Indian Museum, 


Var. bella, Brun. 


2. Body covered with dense, greyish white bristly hairs; very 
dense between the eyes and on the lower part of the face; arranged 
on the abdomen in transverse rows at the base of each segment. 


249 PSYCHODID®. 


They are long and semi-erect, thus covering most of the abdominal 
surface. 

Head: antenne with both joints of the scape covered with 
dense white scales, both appearing dark at their bases; flagellum 
of fourteen subconical joints, the apical one produced to a blunt 
conical point, each joint bearing a verticel of hairs, the whole 
flagellum having a grey appearance. Palpi black, with white 
bristly hairs; the 4th joint the longest and thinnest. Legs: 
femora with long bristly grey hairs; hind pair thickly covered 
with whitish scales. Tibi blackish brown with long, irregularly 
placed bristles; a ring of close, short, black bristles towards the 
tip, and a cirelet of closely packed, elongated, white scales at the 
tip. Metatarsus and tarsal joints black, with a circlet of short 
white scales at the tip of most of them. Wéngs: fork of the 
upper branch of 2nd longitudinal vein and the fork of the 
4th vein both occurring a little before the middle of the wing. 
The upper branch of the 2nd vein, immediately after its origin, 
takes a rather sudden curve upwards, descending slightly to 
where it forks, and the lower branch ends only slightly above the 
extreme tip of the wing; the 8rd vein originates in a right 
angle from the 2nd vein,* just beyond where the latter forks, its 
basal portion very narrow but quite distinct in wings denuded of 
vestiture, and there is a distinct appendix at the angle. The veins 
bear the usual double row of greyish, semi-erect hairs, and patches 
of black, erect, bristly hairs are distributed as follows :—at the 
fork of the upper branch of the 2nd vein, and at (or just beyond) 
the similar fork of the 4th vein ; also about the middle of the 6th 
and along the 7th, except in its centre. The fringe round the 
border ot the wing is generally greyish white, with an are of 
black bristly hairs near the middle of the costa, and just beyond 
the middle; on the posterior border between’ the lower fork of 
4th vein and the 5th; also from the end of the 6th nearly to 
the base of the wing. 

Described from six females taken by me on windows at Darjiling 
during the last few days of September, and on October Ist, 1908. 
It was not uncommon. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The patches of black hairs on the wing are by no means of 
regular size or shape, but the markings of the six examples 
examined agree fairly well with the distribution of black hairs as 
herein described. Small irregular patches occur in nearly all the 
specimens. Sometimes the general appearance of the wing is 
wholly blackish or black, with a slightly curved band of lighter 
hairs across it near the tip; a patch of white hairs in the middle 
of the costa, and beyond the middle on the hind border, and also 
at the tip of the wing. 


* Not from the 4th vein, as erroneously stated in my original description, 


PERICOMA. 243 


Although described originally as two species there can be little 
doubt that the forms P. margininotata and P. bella represent but a 
single species. The descriptions of the two forms are retained, 
with some slight corrections as tending to facilitate recognition of 
each, but intermediate forms are frequent, in fact the bella form 
is much the more numerous, and is more constant in the wing- 
markings. The following notes compiled from the examination 
of a long series in the Indian Museum refer to the species in 
general, 

The species is very variable in its coloration, but it is clear 
that the black hair-patches on the wing are tolerably constant, 
especially those at the fork of the upper branch of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein, and at the fork of the 4th vein. The hairs 
at the wing-tip are generally wholly white, always mainly so. 
The colour of the hairs on the dorsum of the thorax varies from 
greyish white to rather bright reddish brown, all intermediate 
shades being represented in different individuals. The tarsi are 
best described as variable; generally pale yellowish at the base, 
darkening to dark brown at the tips; with long irregularly placed 
bristly hairs, which are pale on the basal half of the tarsi and dark 
brown on the apical half, beg concolorous with the ground- 
colour of the limb. The rest of my description of the tarsi is 
correct, but it may be added that the distance covered by the 
white apical scales at the tips of the basal joints of the tarsi 
varies, especially on the 2nd tarsal joint, which is in some 
examples all white, the colour in all cases being that of the scales, 
as the ground-colour of the whole tarsus is always black. 

The Indian Museum has this species from Darjiling, 7000 ft., 
26. v. 10 (Brunetti) ; 5-11. vii. 09 (Dr. Jenkins, Paiva): Kurseong, 
25-27. vi. 10 (Annandale); Simla, 25. iv. 07, 11. v. 08, 9-10. v. 09 
(Annandale); Phagu, 9000 ft., Simla district, 11-15. v. 09 
(Annandale) ; Pallode, 20 miles N.E. of Trivandrum, South 
India, 15. xi. 08 (Annandale), 


172. Pericoma metatarsalis, Brun. 
Pericoma metatarsalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 305 (1911). 


. This species differs from the bella form of P. margininotata in 
only two characters, but these are practically constant in the 
three examples examined. 

The metatarsus is, with the exception of its immediate base, 
eovered rather thickly with whitish scales (in the type and in one 
other specimen), or at least for more than the apical half (as in 
the third specimen). In P. margininotata the last three tarsal 
joints often have a greyish or blackish grey appearance, but in 
the present species they are all uniformly intensely black. The 
second character is that the fringe of the wing possesses no 
admixture of whitish hairs either singly or in short sections, 
with the exception of a broad section at the tip, comprised 

R 


244 PSYCHODID. 


between the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein and 
the upper branch of the 4th vein. The 2nd longitudinal vein 
forks a short distance before the base of the 3rd vein, at 
which spot is placed the anterior cross-vein; the fork of the 
anterior branch of the 2nd vein is distinctly before the fork of 
the 4th vein. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from three females from Simla district, two from 
Simla, 9. v. 09 (type) and 12. v.09, the third from Phagu, 9000 ft., 
11. v. 09, all taken by Dr. Annandale. 

Type and the other specimens in the Indian Museum. 

In view of the close affinity of P. lacteitarsis and P. gilvipes to 
P. margininotata, although they appear to be perfectly good species, 
there seems no reason to refrain from establishing the present 
form as a distinct species. 


173. Pericoma mixta, Brun. 
Pericoma miata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 306 (1911). 


@. Of the general appearance’of P. margininotata var. bella. 
Body with blackish and grey hairs, the former predominating 
chiefly on the dorsum of the thorax and at the base of the wings. 

Legs dark yellowish grey, thickly clothed with stiff bristly 
hairs ; the tibia, the metatarsi and 2nd joint of tarsi with a narrow 
circlet of whitish scales at the tips of each. Wangs having a 
dark brown appearance. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks some 
little distance beyond the base of the 3rd vein, although still 
quite near the base of the wing, as the latter vein begins sooner 
than in most species, its exact origin near the roct of the wings 
being obscured by the pubescence ; the fork of the upper branch 
of the 2nd vein and the fork of the 4th vein are approximately 
opposite one another. The veins are closely covered with a 
double row of black or dark brown hairs, with a distinct black 
hair-spot at the tip of each vein; a few small pale hairs in front 
of some of these black hair-spots; some erect shortsnow-white 
hairs towards the bases of the veins, and others on the three 
branches of the 2nd vein, placed at some little distance before their 
tips ; also to aless extent in short sections on the veins in other 
parts of the wing. A number of bright yellow hairs, distributed :— 
(1) along the veins, apparently thickest along the costa, especially 
at its base, intermixing with the normal thick black or dark 
brown hairs forming the fringe ; (2) at the bases of the veins, but 
disposed in small sections separate from the snow-white ones in 
that region of the wing; and (3) on the three branches of the 
2nd longitudinal vein before the white hairs. To an apparently 
less extent they also occur on the veins in other parts of the 
wing. The wing-fringe on the posterior margin is really dark 
brown, although in some lights it appears light brown or even 
greyish here and there. The tip of the wing bears a few whitish 


PERICOMA, 245 


hairs, but the area is less white and less sharply defined than in 
P. margininotata var. bella. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from a single female in good condition from Simla, 
7000 ft., 6. v.09 (Dr. Annandale). 

Type i the Indian Museum. 


174. Pericoma proxima, Brun. 
Pericoma provima, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 308 (1911). 


? §. Body with dark brown hairs, intermixed with grey hairs 
here and there. 

Head with bushy white hairs above, black hairs below and on 
the palpi. Antenne with black scales on seape; flagellum as in 
Psychoda bengalensis ; the verticillate hairs widely spread out, the 
hairs whitish. Abdomen with black hairs; the genitalia covered 
with bristly bright yellow hairs. Legs dark, with blackish scales, 
black bristles and paler stiff hairs ; fore metatarsi with apical third 
bearing white scales, posterior metatarsi with white scales at tips 
only. Wings with rich, moderately dark chestnut-brown hairs 
only on the veins; very distinct and moderately large black hair- 
spots at tips of veins, where there are also some small white 
scaly hair-spots ; isolated groups of a few white scaly hairs placed 
apparently irregularly on the veins ; a distinct arc of white scaly 
hairs on the wing-fringe between the lower branch of the 4th 
longitudinal vein and the 5th vein, but the wing-tip itself has 
distinctly rich brown hairs and no trace of white hairs; the 
wing-fringe brownish grey ; a distinct spot of black bristly erect 
hairs at the fork of the anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein, and another at the fork of the 4th vein, both spots with a 
few white hairs beyond them. Anterior branch of 2nd vein 
forking approximately opposite the fork of the 4th vein, distinctly 
but not greatly before the middle of the wing. The pubescence 
hides the base of the wing sufficiently for it not to be clearly seen 
whether the 2nd longitudinal vein forks before or after the origin 
of the 3rd. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from a single specimen (apparently a male) in good 
condition in the Indian Museum collection, taken at Peradenyia, 
Ceylon, viii. 1910 (E. E. Green). 


175. Pericoma lacteitarsis, Brun. 


Pericoma margininotata vay. lucteitarsis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, 
p- 382 (1908). ; 
Pericoma lactertarsis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 307 (1911). 


This form, originally described by me as a variety of my 
P. margininotata, with the suspicion that it might prove distinct, 
is now, to my thinking, sufficiently established as a good species 
through the acquisition of several specimens by the Indian Museum. 

R2 


246 PSYOHODID &, 


The black hair-spots at the tips of the veins, the relative 
positions of the forks of the 2nd and 4th longitudinal veins, and 
the coloration of the tarsi are constant. The 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks befure* the base of the 3rd vein ; the anterior branch 
of the 2nd vein forks before the middle of the wing and a little 
beyond the fork of the 4th vein. There are no white hair-spots 
in the fringe of the wing, nor on the absolute margin of the wing 
(at or very near the tips of the veins) as in typical marginimotata, 
which character alone is almost sufticent to distinguish the two 
forms. The whole wing has a more brownish appearance, without 
the variegated appearance of P. margininotata, and the absence of 
the white fringe at the wing-tip will at once identify it from that 
species. A second good character that I believe separates it 
from all other Oriental species is that the whole of the tarsi are 
milk-white. In the allied species, P. margininotata, P. gilvipes,. 
P. prowima and P. mixta, some portion of the tarsus is always 
black, often the major portion. 

Length 13 millim. 

A specimen in the Indian Museum, taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Quilon, Travancore, 9. xi. 08, has the hairs of the body, on the 
tibise and metatarsi (except the tip of the latter) darker brown, 
also the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein runs almost 
directly to the wing-tip. The blackish hair-spots on the dise of 
the wing, on the fork of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein, and 
on the fork of the 4th vein, are well marked. The original three 
specimens (females) were taken at Kurseong 4. vui.08 by Dr. 
Annandale. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


176. Pericoma gilvipes, Brun. 


Pericoma lacteitarsis var. gilvipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 382 
(1908). 
Pericoma gilvipes, Brunetti, op. cit. iv, p. 808 (1911). 


. Considerably resembling P. marginimotata, but smaller, the 
general colour of the long hairs of the thorax and abdomen more 
brownish grey. The wings resemble those of that species, with 
a tendency to dark spots placed irregularly, but generally at the 
bifurcations of the veins. The distinguishing character is the 
absence of white hairs at the wing-tip and of white hair-spots on 
the margin of the wing, also of isolated small patches of erect 
white hairs on the veins. Another good character is that the 
2nd longitudinal vein forks beyond the origin of the 3rd vein,, 
instead of before it as in P. margininotata. The anterior branch of 
the 2nd vein forks a little before the middle of the wing, and a 
little beyond the fork of the 4th vein. The legs have the tarsi 


* This is the case in the original type specimen (a female). In a second 
specimen the pubescence obscures a vein of the base of the wing. In a specimen 
mounted for the microscope, the 2nd vein forks beyond the base of the 3rd, 
and for this reason it is doubtful if it is of this species. 


PERICOMA. 247 


entirely covered with cream-coloured microscopic sealy pubescence, 
except the metatarsi, which are black nearly to their tips, this 
being the most striking specific character, and one by which the 
species is easily separated from P. lacteitarsis, its nearest ally. 
The genital appendages as in P. margininotata, but rather longer. 

Length 1} millim. 

Described originally from three females in the Indian Museum 
from Caleutta, dated 28. vii. 08 (type), 2. vil. 08, and 17-18. viii. 
07. Additional specimens in the Indian Mueeum arford the 
following data :—Calcutta, 9.1.10, 17-18. vii. 07, 28. vii. 08, 
8-23. viii. 08, 1-26. ix. 08 (all Annandale, some taken “ at light ”) ; 
Madhupur, Bengal, 17.x.09, “at light” (Paiva); Ernakulam, 
Cochin, Malabar Coast, 4. x1. 08 (Annandale) ; Quilon, Travancore, 
9. x1. 08 (Annandale). 


177. Pericoma impunctata, Brun, 
Pericoma impunctata, Brunetti, Ree, Ind. Mus, iv, p. 309 (1911). 


Body thickly clothed with long, very dark brown bristly hairs ; 
the surface of the body itself also dark brown. 

Head: antenne brownish yellow. Legs with dark brown 
bristly hairs ; tarsi light brown but without traces of any pale 
scales at tips of joints. Wings thickly clothed on all the veins 
with a double row of dark brown bristly hairs, denser and more 
bristly along the costa and at the base of the wing. In certain 
lights the fringe of the wing and some of the stiff hairs on the 
basal part appear greyish, but the true colour of practically every 
part of the insect is dark brown. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from one specimen (sex uncertain) from Tenmalai, 
west side of Western Ghats, Travancore, South India, 22. xi. 08 
(Dr. Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The 2nd longitudinal vein apparently forks beyond the base of 
the 3rd vein, but the root of the wing is too closely covered with 
hairs to admit of exact observation. 


178. Pericoma unicolor, Brun. 
Pericoma unicolor, Brunetti, Rec. Ind, Mus. iv, p. 809 (1911). 


This species is wholly brown in colour, only the tarsi being 
rather lighter. 

Head: antenne (partly broken) with fask-shaped flagellar 
joints. Wings very large, and with almost wholly dark brown 
hairs which appear rich golden brown in certain lights and show 
a violet tinge when viewed from different directions. The 2nd 
longitudinal vein forks immediately before the base of the 3rd 
vein, the anterior branch of the 2nd forking again near the 
middle of the wing, much beyond the fork of the 4th, which 
occurs towards the base, only shortly after the almost invisible 
posterior cross-vein, which latter is situated in a line with the 


248 PSYCHODIDA. 


basal section of the 3rd vein. The hairs at the tips of some of 
the veins are blacker but do not form distinct spots. 

Length 1? millim. 

Described from a single specimen (sex uncertain) in the Indian 
Museum, from Kurseong, taken by Mr. D’Abreu, in November 
1910. 

Although the actual difference in length between this species 
and P. impunctata is so little, the present form has a much larger 
appearance owing to the considerable enlargement of the wings, 
which in P. ¢tmpunctata are smaller than usual. 


Genus BRUNETTIA, Ann.* 


Brunettia, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 141 (1910). 
Diplonema, Annandale (nec Loew), op. cit. iv, p. 89 (1910). 


Gxnoryen, Diplonema superstes, Ann.; by original designation. 


Heavy, moth-like flies, with broad, thickly scaled wings, which 
are held in a horizontal position during repose. 

Head: mouth-parts not forming a proboscis ; palpi long, with 
four joints. Antenne 15-jointed, the scapal joints differentiated ; 
each joint (except the last) of the flagellum bearing a couple of 
stout S-shaped chete as well as the ordinary pubescence. Eyes 
strongly emarginate. Abdomen: the male genital apparatus con- 
sists of an upper supra-genital triangular plate, which represents 
the last abdominal tergite and which projects over the genitalia 
proper. Curving downwards and inwards at the sides near the 
tip, it gives rise to a pair of relatively very large curved chete. 
Below these lie the upper pair of appendages, which are two- 
jointed, the second being flattened and spatulate. The lower 
appendages are rather long, curving upwards and inwards at their 
tips, bearing numerous spatulate spinules. In the female the usual 
horny ovipositor of the PsycHop1n# is absent. Wings very broad, 
shaped like a diamond with rounded angies. A conspicuous feature 
is the great distance between the costa and the Ist longitudinal vein, 
due to the strong outward curve which the anterior border of the 
wing takes near its base. Auxiliary vein almost obsolete; Ist 
longitudinal ending just beyond middle of wing; 2nd longitudinal 
forked quite near base, the anterior branch forked again almost 
immediately ; 3rd vein ending just below wing-tip. The 4th 
vein forks quite near the base, approximately opposite fork of 
anterior branch of 2nd vein; the 5th springs from the 4th, a 
little before the fork of the latter; the 6th and 7th are distinctly 
present, as in Psychoda and Pericoma. All the veins straight or 
gently curved. 

The principal characters of this genus are the closely scaled 
wings in conjunction with the very prominent S-shaped antennal 
chete ; its very broad, almost heart-shaped wings; .and its 
Psychoda-like venation. 


* For observations on this and the next genus, see Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 310. 


BRUNETTIA. 949 


179. Brunettia superstes, dan. (Pl. IV, figs. 1, 3 & 9.) 
Diplonema superstes, Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (new 


ser.), iv, p. 853 (1908). 
Brunettia superstes, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. v, p. 142 (1910). 


3 2. Body sooty black, with a strong white refulgence ; the 
first joint of each tarsus partly white, the extent of the white 
portion varying with the incidence of light. 

Head : “ Antenne with fifteen joints ; the basal joint cylindrical, 
the second almost discoidal, these two (the scape) covered with 
scales; each joint of the flagellum except the last bearing, in 
addition to a broad basal band of hairs, a long, stout S-shaped 
checta on either side; joints of the flagellum spindle-shaped, the 
distal end of each smooth, devoid of hairs; the last joint bearing 
hairs only, produced at the tip into a minute, cylindrical, blunt 
process covered with exceedingly fine pubescence. Palpi four- 
jointed; the 1st joint short, the others longer, subequal; the 
whole organ covered with flattened hairs, which gradually take 
the form of scales towards the base of the 2nd joint ” (Annandale). 
Thorac and abdomen covered with bristly hairs, some scales inter- 
mixed with those of the thorax, a dense tuft of semi-erect scales on 


Fig. 34.—Male genitalia of Brunettia superstes, Ann, 


the anterior border of the latter. ‘The male genitalia can now 
be described in detail, for it has been possible to examine specimens 
preserved in spirit; to give a satisfactory account of their structure 
from dried specimens is very difficult. The arrangement of the 
appendages, etc., is clearly shown in the text-figure, which is drawn 
from a specimen mounted in canada balsam. (A) represents the 
supergenital plate (last abdominal tergite), which is thin and 
membranous, transverse, subtriangular, with the apex slightly 


250 PSYCHODID®. 


emarginate. At either side it becomes chitinized and bending 
downwards and inwards gives rise to a very stout cheta (E), which 
bends outwards and slightly downwards. This structure does not 
appear to be homologous with any in the genitalia of Phlebotomus, 
Psychoda, or Pericoma. On either side, at a lower level, however, 
there is an appendage (C) evidently homologous with the superior 
appendage ot these genera. It consists of two joints, the proximal 
of which is stout in form and somewhat conical, while the distal 
joint is flattened and membranous, ‘ts sides being sinuous and its 
tip truncate or very broadly rounded. There are three or four 
short sensory hairs at the tip, but otherwise the appendage is 
naked ; its integument is thin. The subgenital plate (B) projects 
as a narrow triangle; its integument is rather thick and bears a 
minute pubescence. The inferior appendages (D) are borne at the 
base of the subgenital plate. In the dried specimen they appear 
to be short and rounded, but they are actually elongate and 
pointed, with the tips curved upwards and forwards. ‘hey bear 
numerous long hairs and spatulate spinules, each of which has a 
fringe of minute spines round its flattened extremity. These 
spines are all turned inwards towards one surface of the spinule. 
The intromittent organ (F) consists, as in Phlebotomus, of a pair 
of narrow flattened chitinous valves closely pressed together, the 
fissure between them being vertical, with a pair of delicate chitinous 
filaments that can be thrust out between them. The form of the 
organ in this species is narrowly conical” (Annandale). Wings 
shaped somewhat like a diamond with rounded corners. The 


Fig. 35.—Brunettia superstes, Ann., wing. 


length of the wing is to its greatest breadth as 4 to 3. The 
surface of the wing covered with overlapping spatulate scales, 
which are narrower near the margins than at the middle and base 
of the wing. The veins clothed with a double row of divaricate 
hairs; costal fringe of hairs especially long on posterior margin 
and towards the base, where there is a flat tuft of very long silky 
black hairs. 


PARABRUNEITIA. 251 


Length 3 millim., expanse of wings 8 millim. 

“The original specimens were taken at an altitude of about 
5000 feet at Kurseong during the ‘rains’ (July) on a window- 
pane and on the upper surface of a fern-frond. They rested with 
the wings spread out quite flat. I have recently (June 1910) 
taken other specimens at the same place. They were running 
erratically on the leaves of Caladium in dense jungle at dusk.” 
(Annandale.) 

Types in the Indian Museum, 


Genus PARABRUNETTIA, Brun. 
Parabrunettia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 311 (1911). 

GuNoryPE, Psychoda squamipennis, Brun. 

This genus differs from Brunettia primarily in the fact that the 
3rd longitudinal vein ends at the tip of the wing and not below it. 
Its other distinctive characters are :—(1) The presence of closely 
placed dark imbricating scales on at least some considerable portion 
of the wings, on both their upper and lower surfaces, or on the 
underside alone *. (2) The surface of the wing generally rather 
thickly covered to some considerable extent with more or less 
longitudinally placed hairs +. (8) Chete present on the flagellar 
joints (possibly not on all of them), irrespective of the apical 
joint, which, even in B. superstes, is devoid of them: they are 
not so large or so conspicuous in any of the species as they are 
in B. superstes, and appear to vary a good deal in size, according 
to the species. £ 

In many species there is a rather noticeable patch of long smooth 
depressed silky hairs extending posteriorly from the alule, which 
may probably figure as a secondary character of the genus. 

Owing to the denseness of the vestiture of the wings (the basal 
hairs, the surface hairs, and the opacity of the scales), it has been 
impossible to note the exact position of the forking of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein in some of the species, but in all those in which 
it has been noted it occurs beyond the origin of the 3rd longi- 
tudinal vein. 


* Any species {if discovered) with scales on the upperside of the wing only, 
would logically fall into the genus. 

+ These are absent in two species provisionally placed here; but this may 
be better regarded perhaps as a secondary character, as species both with 
and without hairs on the surface of the wings occur equally in Psychoda and 
Pericoma. 

+ Similar cheetz, but much smaller, have been detected by Dr. Annandale 
in Pericoma margininotata and Psychoda distincta ; so they cannot be considered 
of generic importance. 


252 PSYCHODID®. 


Table of Species. 


1, Hairs thickly present on surface of wing.... 2. 
Hairs wholly absent from surface of wing. 
The 2nd longitudinal vein forks beyond 

the origin of the 3rd vein .............. 6. 
2. Upper, as well as lower, surface of wing 
covered to a considerable extent with 

small dark imbricating scales............ 3. 
Upper surface of wing without any consider- 
able area covered with scales ; a few may 


be present at the base of the wing ...... 4, 
3. No white spots on wing-border. The 2nd 
longitudinal vein forks beyond the origin [p. 252. 
of the :drd‘vein:: 0.3, 20. ee eee ee squamipennis, Brun., 
White spots on wing-border ............+. atrisquamis, Brun., 
4, Under surface of wing wholly covered with [p. 263. 
dark seales.a0.ss5 0 neha. pe pee 5. 


Under surface of wing with scales covering 
at most the basal half. The 2nd longi- 


tudinal vein forks apparently beyond the [p. 255. 
ASE OL thera aveln |, ...:. 064 aewenseerten 9-notata, Brun., 
5. A silvery white scale-spot below shoulder .. albohumeralis, Brun., 
. 254. 
No such silvery white spot........ 5) .0.00. i pai 
6. Hairs on anterior part of thorax brighter | Brun., p. 254. 
WCUOWH ere ee AS C5. Lg eae eee flavicollis, Brun., 
Hairs on anterior part of thorax less yel- [p. 256. 
Ves IUGe AP eta Be i Sivisia sw anne see ea ee longicheta, Brun., 


[p. 256, 


180. Parabrunettia squamipennis, Brun. 
Psychoda squamipennis, Brunetti, Rec, Ind. Mus. ii, p. 875 (1908). 


@. Body blackish brown, with brownish grey hairs, which 
appear much lighter when the light falls on them in a certain 
direction. 

Head: eyes black, large facets. Antenne: first joint elongate, 
one and a half times as long as the second, which is short and sub- 
spherical ; both with some bristly hairs; flagellum of apparently 
only thirteen joints, which are cup-shaped, with a central cylin- 
drical prolongation, each joint bearing a thick verticel of long, 
close, scale-like, light brownish grey hairs, in addition te some 
ordinary hairs on each joint; the last joint tapers to a point 
and may really be separable into two. Legs with close, greyish 
pubescence, and some irregularly placed bristles of various 
lengths; some stiff black ones on the metatarsus. Wings with 
the surface between the veins closely covered with distinct, 
moderately large, brown scales, and both veins and the inter- 
mediate spaces covered with brown and black hairs. Border 
of wing with a fringe of long brown hairs, which appear grey 


* Not a very definite distinction, but the species are certainly distinct. 


PARABRUNETTIA. 253: 


in certain lights, and along the extreme edge of the wing is 
eae here and there, a single, small, snow-white, scale-like 
air. 

Length 1} millim. 

Described from a unique female in the Indian Museum collection, 
taken by Dr. Annandale in Calcutta, 5, viii. 07. 

The example is apparently a female, as no trace of a genital 
appendage is visible ; but from the manner in which the specimen 
is mounted, it is very difficult to see the body and legs. 


181. Parabrunettia atrisquamis, Brun. (PI. IV, fig. 2.) 


Psychoda atrisquanus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 376 (1908). 
Brunettia travancorica, Annandale, op. cit. iv, p. 144 (1910). 
Parabrumettia atrisquamis, Brunetti, op. cit. iv, p. 312 (1911). 


Q. Near P. squamipennis and P. argenteopunctata. The wings 
are entirely clothed on the surface as well as the veins with soft 
black hairs, more or less longitudinally placed on the basal half 
of the upperside, and the whole surface of the lower side of the 
wing is covered with brown or blackish short thick scales, which 
in certain lights appear partly iridescent on at least the underside. 
They also appear, viewed from different points, silky black or dull 
ereyish white. At the tip of each vein is a small bunch of snow- 
white, moderately long, scale-like hairs, placed on the absolute edge 


Fig. 36.—Parabrunettia atrisquamis, Brun., wing. 


of the wing, almost in the adjacent fringe. The legs are almost 
wholly black, with a few small white sales at the tip of the tibiz 
and (at least on the hind pair) a few at the tip of the metatarsus 
and succeeding joint. The species is coal-black. 

Length 1% millim. 

Described from a perfect unique female in the Indian Museum, 
taken on the window of that building by Dr. Annandale, 22. vii. 08 
(type), and some specimens taken by Mr. HE. E. Green at Peradeniya, 
Ceylon, 18. vii., 14. viii., and x. 1910, also in the same coilection. 

A specimen in the Indian Museum, unfortunately in too bad 
condition to describe, certainly represents an undescribed species 


254 PSYCHODID®. 


allied to P. atrisguamis, from which it differs by the scales on the 
under surface of the wings covering the basal half only ; no obvious 
patch of silky hairs on the alule; and by traces of small white 
spots on the extreme border of the wing. 


182. Parabrunettia albohumeralis, Brun. 


Parabrunettia albohumeralis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 312 
(1911). 


2. Body covered with dark blackish brown hairs, which, at least 
on the abdomen, appear dark greyish in certain lights. A small 
but very conspicuous tuft of snow-white scaly hairs at the sides of 
the thorax, nearly below the shoulders, a little in front of the base 
of the wing. 

Head: antenne with the general appearance of those of Psychoda 
bengalensis. Legs with brown hairs and scales, which are darker 
on the tarsi. ‘ips of tibie and of metatarsi with white scales. 
Wings with surface closely covered with dark brown hairs ; the 
upper surface without any covering of scales except a very few at 
the base and the small ones forming the white spots; underside 
of wing closely covered with small dark brown imbricating scales, 
extending almost to the margin; conspicuous, though small, 
spots, composed of elongate snow-white scales, appear to be placed 
normally at the tips of nearly all the veins, but in the three 
examples present there is a little variability in their exact position. 
In the type they occur as follows :—at a little distance before tip of 
lst longitudinal vein; shortly before the Ist ending of the 2nd 
vein; at tips of the other two endings; at tip of 3rd vein, both 
branches of 4th, the 5th and 7th. A single white hair still 
remaining shows another spot to be present on the 7th vein some 
little distance before its tip. Tip of 6th vein without a spot. In 
one example there is a white spot behind the tip of the 6th vein ; 
in another specimen the spot is at the vein-tip. 

Length 13-14 millim. 

Described from three specimens (females) from Peradeniya, 
taken by Mr. E. E. Green, ix. and x. 1910. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The white shoulder-spots immediately distinguish this from all 
other species. 


183. Parabrunettia argenteopunctata, Brun. 
Psychoda argenteopunctata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 375 (1908). 


Considerably resembling P. sguamipennis. 

2. Head: the antenne have a flagellum of thirteen spindle- 
shaped joints each bearing a thick verticel of hairs. Mouth with 
rather long bristles ; the four-jointed palpi are thin, moderately 
hairy, gradually tapering towards the tip, the second joint being 
twice as long as the first, the rest subequal. Abdomen: the 


PARABRUNETIIA. 955. 


genital appendage appears bare, conical, horny, upright. Legs 
covered with brownish scales which, in certain lights, show a 
greyish white sheen. The tibie have rather long hairs of irre- 
cular length, and a circlet of strong bristles of different lengths at 
the tip; the apical half of the metatarsus has some white scales, 
Wings: the 2nd longitudinal vein divides almost directly after its 
divergence from the 8rd, and the prong forks at a quarter the 
length of the wing; the Ist longitudinal vein ends at the centre 
of the costa; the 3rd ends at the extreme, slightly blunted, tip of 
the wing; the 4th divides from apparently a common stem just 
below the divergence of the 2nd and 3rd, the 4th forking a little 
beyond the fork of the upper prong of the 2nd; the 7th is curved 
downward at the tip. The wings have a small spot of snow- 
white scale-like bristles at the tips of all the veins (not always very 
distinct), and two rather larger, similar spots on the costa, one 
before the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein and the other before the 
uppermost branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein. The underside 
of the wing in certain lights shows a bright iridescence, due to 
numerous, scattered, small scales of variegated colours. 

In all remaining points as in P. squamipennis, but avery distinct 
species. 

Length nearly 1 milli. 

Described from one female in the Indian Museum collection, 
taken in Calcutta, 27. viii. 07. 


184. Parabrunettia 9-notata, Brun. 
Parabrunettia 9-notata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 318 (1911), 


Q@. Body covered with rich dark brown bristly hairs on thorax, 
blackish brown on abdomen, with a few white hairs at the tip of 
the latter. Head: antennal scape with dark elongate scales; 
flagellum with pear-shaped joints and browr verticillate hairs, 
which appear greyish when viewed in certain directions. Distinct 
long, eurved chet present. Legs blackish ; femora with a con- 
siderable number of greyish, elongate, depressed scales ; tibize and 
metatarsi with whitish-grey scales at tips; afew scales of a similar 
nature are also present at the tips of the tarsi. Wings with the 
whole surface as well as the veins covered with blackish hairs, 
which are much thicker and denser on the costa, where they are 
prominent and distinctly black ; around the remainder of the border 
of the wing they are dark brown. <A very conspicuous spot (on 
the extreme edge of the wing-border) at the tip of every vein, 
composed of small white scale-like hairs ; a number of white erect 
hairs on most of the veins in the basal half of the wing. Anterior 
branch of 2nd longitudinal vein forks opposite the fork of the 4th 
vein. The pubescence prevents a clear view of the base of the 
wings, but apparently the 2nd longitudinal vein forks beyond the 
base of the 3rd vein. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from one female from Puri, Orissa, east coast of 


PAK PSYCHODID”. 


India, 12. xi, 10, taken by Dr, Annandale on a window-pane ; the 
specimen is now in the Indian Museum, 

The conspicuous curved chete on the flagellum suggest that this 
species belongs here, and the hairy surtace of the wing is a second 
character of the genus. However, the wing is destitute of scales, 
except the small ones forming the spots; and the species is placed 
here provisionally, pending the satisfactory elucidation of this 
group of forms, 


185. Parabrunettia flavicollis, Brun. 
Parabrunettia flavicollis, Brunetti, Rec, Ind, Mus, 1v, p, 814 (1911). 


Head: vertex with bushy yellow bristly hairs; frons and 
face with black bristly hairs, Antenne with flask-shaped flagellar 
joints, long-necked, the brown verticillate hairs widely spread ; 
long S-shaped chet distinctly present ; scapal joints with seales. 
Thorav with rather bright yellowish hairs with some grey hairs 
intermixed. Abdomen with moderately dark brown hairs. Genital 
organs with close long bristly hairs, apparently normal in form. 
Legs covered with dark brown scales ; some yellowish white bristly 
hairs on tibiwe, longest on hind pair, which latter are thickened at 
their tips and bear a cirelet there of yellowish grey scales, Tips 
of anterior tibiew and tips of all the metatarsi with narrow circlets 
of yellowish white scales, /Vings with the 2nd longitudinal vein 
forking considerably beyond the base of the 8rd. Anterior branch 
of 2nd vein forking distinetly before the middle of the wing and a 
little beyond the fork of the 4th vein, Hairs placed only on the 
veins, not on the surface of the wings, <A black hair-spot at tips 
of the veins and a few stiff yellowish grey hairs at or just before 
the tips of the veins, A black bristly hair- spot at fork of anterior 
branch of 2nd longitudinal vein. 

Length about 14 millim, 
Described from a single male in the Indian Museum collection, 
from Peradeniya, Ceylon, taken August 1910, 


186, Parabrunettia longichata, Brun. 
Parabrunettia longicheta, Brunetti, Ree, Ind, Mus. iv, p, 874 (1911). 


&. Head with brown hairs. Palpi dark brown. Antenne 
generally as in Psychoda bengalensis ; the verticels of hairs widely 
spread out, light brown ; the chete very long and conspicuous, 
although pale, S-shaped. Thorav with dark ground-colour and 
yellowish bristly hairs. Abdomen with dark ground-colour with 
light brownish-grey hairs. Genitalia large and distinct, very 
pubescent. Zegs light brown, with concolorous scales and bristles, 
also whitish scales on knees and on bases of tibiw, on tips of tibiae 
and of metatarsi, and very minute yellowish-white scales on the 
tips of the remaining joints, Femora and tibie with short stiff 
black hairs here and there. /Vings (rather rubbed) with hairs on 


DIXIDA, 257 


surface only ; light brown or reyes with small patches of light 
erect hairs irregularly disposed. The 2nd longitudinal vein forks 
distinctly beyond the base of the 3rd vein, the anterior branch 
forking a little beyond the fork of the 4th vein, both very near the 
middle of the wing. 

Length 14 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum, taken by 
Dr, Annandale at Maddathorai, Travancore State, South India, 
17, xi. 08. 

Referred doubtfully and provisionally to the present genus. 
There being no hairs on the surface of the wings, and no scales, it 
is questionable whether a new genus should not be erected for it. 


Family DIXID. 


Body moderately slender and of moderate size. The head 
rounded; the eyes dichoptic, bare. Proboscis short, the continua- 
tion of a slightly produced snout; palpi four-jointed, of average 
size. Antenne probably of about 16 joints, the exact number 
unknown owing to the hair-like nature of the end of the flagellum, 
rendering exact discrimination impossible. There is a distinet 


Fig. 37.—Diagrammatic lateral view of a Diva; a, antenna. 


scape consisting of the two basal joints, of which the first is some- 
times very small; the second is large, rounded, much larger than 
the base of the flagellum. Neck hardly prominent, the head set 
rather closely on the thorax. Thorax oval elongate, arched. No 
transverse suture. Abdomen linear, subcylindrical, The whole 
body very sparsely provided with hairs, most of the thorax being 
bare. Legs rather long, slender, microscopically pubescent ; coxa 


2958 DIXIDA. 


rather elongate; tibie without spurs. Wings comparatively 
broad and large, bare of hairs, veins very distinct. No discal cell; 
four posterior cells; the 2nd longitudinal vein forked, the costa 
not terminating at the wing-tip. 

The venation is fully described under the generic description of 
Diva, the only genus of the family. 

The habitat of the D1xtp# is moist places in woods, or near the 
mountain-streams in which the larve live. Winnertz records 
seeing them in considerable numbers performing aérial dances. 

The peculiar venation of this family, added to the very filiform 
nature of the antenne, so that exact discrimination of the joints is 
impossible, renders the members of it at once recognisable ; and 
by these characters taken together it is at once separated from all 
other families in the whole of the Diptera. 


Genus DIXA, My. 
Diva, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. i, p. 216 (1818). 


Gevoryen, Diva maculata, Mg. 


Head somewhat rounded. Eyes round, frons wide, eyes con- 
tiguous or sub-contiguous below ; no ocelli. Proboscis at the end 
of a short snout, distinct but not conspicuous. Palpi of four joints. 
Antenne with the two scapal joints much larger than those of the 
flagellum, the basal one sometimes so short as to be easily over- 
looked. Flagellum of an uncertain number of joints, being so 
fragile and hair-like towards its tip that it is impossible to dis- 
tinguish the exact number.* Z'horax highly arched, sub-gibbous 
in some species. No transverse suture. Scutellum transverse, 
metanotum arched. Abdomen moderately long, of seven or eight 
segments, linear, shortly pubescent. Genitalia of male of moderate 
size, distinct, somewhat clubbed. In the female the abdomen is 
slightly widened before the tip, the ovipositor shortly pointed. 
Legs long and slender ; coxe rather elongate ; tibie without spurs 
at the tip. Wings comparatively large and broad. The auxiliary 
vein ends just before the middle of the wing; the 1st longitudinal 
vein runs close to and parallel with the costa, following it round the 
wing nearly to the apex. The 2nd longitudinal vein begins beyond 
the middle of the wing at a very wide angle, the first part 
of the prefurca being perfectly straight and moderately long ; it 
then takes at an acute angle a wide upward sweep, this second 
section being longer than the first ; the vein then forks, the vein- 
lets converging together towards the wing-tip. The 8rd vein 


* In the five Oriental species herein treated of, at least twelve joints are 
visible (without counting the apical portion of the flagellum), all minutely but 
very closely pubescent, so that I shall expect the exact number ultimately to 
prove to be fourteen. 


- 


DIXA. 259 


begins at the angle in the prefurca, almost immediately turning 
outwards and running straight to the wing-tip. Anterior cross- 
vein short, placed just at the bend of the 3rd vein. The 4th vein 
forks just beyond the anterior cross-vein, the upper branch forking 
again near its tip, the lower branch straight, simple. Basal side 
of 83rd posterior cell rectangular; discal cell absent ; posterior 
cross-vein just beyond the base of the 3rd posterior cell. Four 
posterior cells. The 6th vein nearly straight, the 7th vein absent, 
or at least abortive, as there is a faint trace of a very short vein at 
the extreme base cf the hind angle of the wing. The venation is 
remarkably consistent in all the Indian species. 

Range. Europe, Morocco, Asia Minor, Siberia, Himalayas, 
China, North America and the West Indies. 

So long ago as 1714 Réaumur described the larva of Diva,* 
and De Geer f later on redescribed it, adding much further infor- 
mation. 

Staeger has described the life-history (Réaumur’s description 
was of the larva only and not of the transformations) of a species 
from Denmark, D. nigra.t The transformations of several 
European species are described by Meinert. $ 

The larva of Diva has a habit of resting with its body in the form 
of a siphon, that is to say, with its head and tail drawn up close 
together, the intervening portion of its body curved into a loop, the 
top of the loop being a little anterior to the middle of the body ; 
in other words, the bend does not oecur half-way between the ex- 
tremities, but at the fifth and sixth segments behind the head. The 
head has great flexibility, as it can be bent round parallel to the 
rest of the body. It is hard, with a pair of branched antenne 
and elongate, palp-like appendages about the mouth. There are 
eleven segments to the body in addition to the head, the ultimate 
segments bearing the caudal appendages, consisting of an elongate- 
conical central piece which ends in three filaments, and two slender 
flexible hairy side-pieces. ‘The locomotive organs (pseudopods or 
prolegs) are ventral, and not dorsal as has been stated by both 
Réaumur and De Geer. They are armed with hvoks, and are 
placed on the fourth and fifth segments. On the eighth, ninth, 
and tenth segments are bunches of sete which fulfil the office of 
legs, and were mistaken for such by Réaumur. In some species 
the dorsal surfaces of six of the segments (the fifth to the tenth 
inclusive) bear oval shields fringed with sete. In other species 
this character is absent. 

The larva grows to a length of less than half-an-inch. It is 
found in pools overgrown with vegetation, resting on leaves just 
above the surface of the water, and remains with its head and tail 
close to the water’s edge. If removed from the water it soon dies 


Mém. de l’Acad. Roy. de Paris. 

Mém. Hist. Ins. vi, p. 880 (1776). 

Naturh. Tidsskr. iv, p. 202 (1842). 

K. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift. iii, p. 452 (1886). 


Writ + * 


mR 


—_ 


260 DIXIDZ. 


and if detached forcibly and plunged into deeper water it swims 
energetically, but in an erratic course, to regain as near as possible 
its original position. Its food is microscopic. 


Fig. 38.—Early stages of Dira: a, lateral view of larva; 6, anterior 
segments of larva, dorsal view; ¢, terminal segments of 
larva, dorsal view; d, lateral view of pupa; ¢, anterior half 
of pupa, ventral view (after Miall). 


The pupa of Diwa is black and inconspicuous, apparently without 
power of voluntary motion, lying resting in a vertical position at 
the surface of still water, or surrounded by decaying vegetation 
near the shore. It has a large elongate respiratory organ on each 
side of the head; the body is long and larva-like, terminated by 
two moderately long pointed processes. 


Table of Species. 


1, Wing with more markings than a 
narrow transverse streak across the 
THI se PERE on is ole ve aaah 2. 
Wing with only a narrow transverse 
streak across the middle. Thoracic 
stripes dark brown; abdomen blackish. 4. 
2. Wing-tip distinctly infuscated for a 
little distance. Thoracic stripes 
brownish yellow ; abdomen brownish 
Hellow a i lee bye aN alco tees h! ochrilineata, Brun., p. 261. 


DIXA. 261 


Wing-tip not infuscated. Thoracic 
stripes dark brown, abdomen brown.. 3. 
3. Wing nearly clear; only a few infus- 
cated spots, mostly in basal and anal 
cells; no deeper black spots ........ montana, Brun., p. 262. 
Wing with several blackish streaks ; 
and four rather deep black marks 
contiguous to and below the Ist longi- 
PRMUEVOUEN G5 oS dina 5 wes te ae maculipennis, Brun., p. 263. 


4, The transverse streak on the wing ex- 
tending over the posterior cross-vein. istriata, Brun., p. 264. 
The transverse streak not continued over 
GUSGTORS- VOM ysis’. vjoth- <uod alee ale bifasciata, Brun.,* p. 264. 


187. Dixa ochrilineata, Brun. 
Dixa ochrilineata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iy, p. 267 (1911). 


Q. Head light yellow. Eyes separated by a frons one-third 
the width of the head. Proboscis yellowish, with rather well- 
developed terminal dark brown lips; palpi dark brown. Antenne: 
lst seapal joint very short and indistinct, 2nd large, globular, 
yellow ; flagellum of 14 to 16 joints (?), dark brown, extreme base 
of first joint yellow. Z'horaw distinctly gibbous, prominent infront, 
yellow. Three brownish yellow dorsal stripes, somewhat normally 
placed, the median one attaining the anterior margin, the outer 
ones distinctly curved towards and over the sides anteriorly. 
Some soft long hairs in the neighbourhood of the stripes and in 
front of the wings. Scutellum and metanotum yellow, the former 
a little brown at the sides, the latter in the middle. Sides of 
thorax with a dark brown lateral stripe ona level with and passing 
across the bases of the cox. Abdomen brownish yellow, a little 
darker towards the sides. Ovipositor small, inconspicuous, pale 
yellow. Legs: coxe and femora pale brownish yellow, femora a 
little lighter near the tips, the tips themselves with a blackish brown 
ring; tibiz and tarsi brownish. Wings very pale grey, costal 
cell wholly unmarked ; tip of wing very pale blackish from beyond 
the fork of the 2nd vein, the shade extending posteriorly as far as 
the 2nd posterior cell and filling it ; a dark brown streak from the 
1st longitudinal vein, passing over the origin of the 3rd vein, the 
anterior cross-vein, then in diminished intensity to the hind margin 
of the wing by way of the posterior cross-vein and the last section 
of the 5th longitudinal vein; a very pale blackish spot in the 1st 
basal cell, near its tip, an elongate one in the basal part of the 2nd 
basal cell, turning down at its proximal end into the anal cell. 
Wings a little yellowish at the base. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from a female from Kurseong, 9.ix. 09 (Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


* D. bifasciata is possibly the female of D. bistriata. 
82 


262 DIXID A. 


188. Dixa montana, Brun. 
Dixa montana, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, iv, p. 265 (1911). 


3 2. Head: frons and back of head lighter or darker grey. 
Proboscis robust at base, pointed, moderately long, pubescent, 
brownish yellow; palpi dark brown. Antenne: Ist joint large, 
globular, yellowish brown; flagellum apparently of twelve joints, 
brownish yellow, closely pubescent, filamentous towards the tip, 
making it difficult to discover the exact number of joints. Thora : 
dorsum grey, sometimes a little yellowish, sometimes almost 
whitish. Three dark brown stripes, the median one, which is 
very narrowly divided more or less by a longitudinal pale stripe, 
runs from the anterior margin to beyond the middle, posterior to 
which it continues, much narrowed. ‘The two outer stripes which 
are separated from the median one by a narrow space, begin some 
distance behind the shoulder and continue to the posterior margin 
of the dorsum; the space between them, posterior to the broad 
part of the median dark stripe, being light grey, traversed longi- 
tudinally by the attenuated continuation of the median stripe. 
A more or less indistinct transverse streak, or darker space, on 
the shoulders, brown or grey, of a lighter or darker shade, some- 
times with traces of a thin line connecting them. Scutellum 
yellow; metanotum brownish. Sides of thorax brownish or 
brownish grey, irregularly tinted. Abdomen dark brown, with 
very sparse pale hairs. Genitalia of male very small, yellowish, 
mainly concealed; the tips of (presumably) a pair of small 
claspers are visible. Ovipositor of female small, with a reddish- 
brown tip. Legs pale brownish yellow ; tips of femora and tibie, 
and the tarsi towards the tips, blackish ; the hind tibiee being very 
distinctly though not greatly incrassated. Wings pale grey, with 
three moderately small pale brown spots. The first embraces the 
end of the prefurca, the base of the fork of the 2nd vein, and the 
anterior cross-vein ; the second spot is in the middle of the basal 
cell ; the third is placed across the middle of the 5th vein, thus 
falling across both the 2nd basal and the anal cells. A very pale 
grey, irregular, narrow, but distinctly perceptible streak joins 
the fork of the 2nd vein to the fork of the 4th. In addition there 
are some indistinct pale grey spots placed apparently irregularly 
in the basal half of the wing. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 2-3 millim. 

Described from three males and two females in the Indian 
Museum collection, all captured by Dr. Annandale in the Simla 
district, with the following data :—Simla, 7000 ft., 10. v.09 (type 
male); Barogh, 5000 ft., 10.v.10; Phagu, 9000 ft., 11. v.09 
(type female). 

This species must bear some resemblance to the common 
European D. maculata, Mg. Of the descriptions available to me 
that of this species is the only one in which the slight but very 
distinct incrassation of the hind tibiw is mentioned. Yet this 


DIXA. 263 


character, although distinctly present in all five Oriental species 
treated of here, and apparently common to both sexes, has not, so 
far as I am aware, been described as generic. 

In the European species, D. maculata, the thorax is described 
as pale yellow, and there are stripes on the sides of the thorax, 
the base of the wing is yellowish, and lesser differences also are 


apparent between Meigen’s species and the present one, which 


may be regarded as distinct. 


189. Dixa maculipennis, Brun. 
Diva maculipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 266 (1911). 


3 2. Head: back of head, vertex, and frons light grey. Pro- 
boscis yellowish, distinctly dark brown at base ; palpi dark brown. 
Antenne with two very distinct basal (scapal) joints, the Ist 
circular, very short, the 2nd subglobular, both orange-yellow ; 
flagellum of at least fourteen joints, possibly one or two more, as 
they are not at alleasily counted. Thoraa rather bright yellowish. 
Three dark brown thoracic stripes as in the previous species ; and 
on each shoulder a distinct but not sharply defined brownish 
curved transverse streak, connecting the tip of the median stripe 
with the tip of the outer stripe. Prothorax forming a sort of 
imperfect collar, swollen on each side into an elongate lobe, lying 
close to the thorax. Scutellum dark brown, with a broad yellow 
median indistinct stripe ; metanotum dark brown. A small brown 
seutellar bridge with a narrow yellow upper margin joins the scu- 
tellum on each side to the wing-base. Abdomen brownish, a small 
blackish mark towards each side on the posterior margins, the 
segments becoming blackish towards the tip of the abdomen. 
Genitalia of male black; a pair of large, conical, fleshy claspers, 
the 1st joint of which is yellowish ; the 2nd joint is also conical, 
smaller, apparently pointed at the tip. (The claspers are closed, 
so that the tips are not clearly visible.) Ovipositor blackish. 
Legs pale yellowish; tips of femora and tibie, and the tarsi 
towards the tips, narrowly black ; hind tibiz slightly but distinctly 
incrassated at tips. Wings pale grey, costal cell unmarked, the 
brown spots beginning on the Ist longitudinal vein. Four distinct 
brown spots in a row, with fairly clearly cut sides, are placed in 
juxtaposition to this vein :—the first small, rounded, near the base ; 
the second larger, squarish, below the tip of the auxiliary vein, both 
these two spots limited posteriorly by the 4th vein ; the third spot 
is a streak, beginning beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, and 
ending on the 4th vein, before the anterior cross-vein ; the fourth 
spot is over the fork of the 2nd vein. Much lighter pale brownish- 
erey small spots are placed, possibly irregularly, over the rest of 
the wing. In the single specimen present they are situated as 
follows :—two in the 2nd basal cell, two in the anal cell, one in 
the axillary cell; one each in the marginal, submarginal, and the 
lst posterior cells, all united more or less into a streak, placed 


264 DIXIDA. 


towards the tip of the wing. Two each in the basal (one basal, 
one central) and 2nd submarginal cells, also in the 1st posterior 
cell; one each at the base of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th posterior cells. 
Halteres yellowish. 

Length 2-23 millim. 

Described from one male and one female, the male from Darji- 
ling, 29. v.10 (Brunetti), the female from Matiana, 8000 ft., Simla 
district, 28-30. iv. 07 (Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

Easily known by its marmorated wings 


190. Dixa bistriata, Brun. 
Diva bistriata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 268 (1911). 


3. Head: proboscis and palpi brownish yellow, the former 
brown at the tip. Antenne: 1st scapal joint very wide and 
short, saucer-like, 2nd normal, subglobular; flagellum of not less 
than twelve joints, closely pubescent; the whole antenne dark 
brown, except the pale yellow extreme base of the Ist flagellar joint. 
Thorax pale yellowish. Three dark chocolate-brown stripes of 
normal pattern, the median one extending somewhat linearly in 
front just below the shoulders; the shoulders themselves with a 
very pale blackish streak. Scutellum and metanotum dark brown, 
a narrow yellowish stripe in the middle of the former. Sides of 
thorax yellowish, with brown marks. Abdomen blackish, with a 
little pale yellow pubescence. Genitalia of moderate size, con- 
sisting of a pair of dark brown claspers, of which the 2nd joint 
is cylindrical, much thinner, yellow; apparently a small dorsal 
plate is present in addition to the moderately large ventral one. 
Legs pale brownish yellow, tips of femora and tibie narrowly 
black-ringed; tarsi darker. Wings practically clear, a blackish 
narrow irregular streak in the middle from the 1st longitudinal 
vein, over the cross-veins, continued in an attenuated form along 
the posterior cross-vein and the terminal section of the 5th longi- 
tudinal vein. A very pale blackish streak in the basal part of the 
anal cell. Halteres yellow. 

Length 24 millim. 

Described from a single male taken by myself at Darjiling, 
29..Va10, 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


191. Dixa bifasciata, Brun. 
Diva bifasciata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 269 (1911). 


Q. Head: the broad flat vertex dusted with light grey, through 
which the dark ground-colour can be seen. Proboscis yellowish 
brown ; palpi long, concolorous. Antenne with its two scapal 
joints very distinct, dark brown; flagellum brown, except the 
pale yellow extreme base of the first joint. Yhorax pale yellowish. 


TIPULID&. 265 


Three dark brown stripes of normal pattern, the outer ones con- 
tinued much further forward than in the last species ; dorsum 
between the stripes greyish. Scutellum yellowish ; metanotum 
dark brown. Sides of thorax yellowish, with brown markings. 
Abdomen blackish, with whitish pubescence ; belly similar. Legs 
pale yellowish, knees almost imperceptibly black, tarsi darker ; 
hind tibie with the slight incrassation at the tip as usual, but 
yellowish. Wings very pale grey, a rather dark brown narrow 
short streak in the centre over the cross-veins, not extending to 
the posterior cross-vein. A pale blackish streak filling the basal 
half of the anal cell. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length nearly 3 millim. 

Described from a single female taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Phagu, 9000 ft., in the Simla district, 12. v. 09. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This species is very near D. bistriata, and may possibly be 
identical with it. The differences lie in the respective lengths of 
the 1st scapal joint and in the lengths of the thoracic stripes ; while 
the tips of the femora and tibie are black-ringed in one species and 
practically all yellow in the other. The wing markings in the two 
species may be differentiated as follows :—In bifusciata the central 
streak stops before or at the posterior cross-vein, this vein itself 
not being at all suffused, whilst in bistriata the suffusion is con- 
tinued narrowly to the posterior margin. The basal pale streak 
in the anal cell is much more distinct in béfasciata than im 
bistriata. When placed side by side the two forms appear 
distinct, although the descriptions may appear very similar. 


Family TIPULID. 


The members of this family are almost too well known to need 
much description. In England they are generally known as 
« daddy-long-legs,” and in America as “ crane-flies.” 

The principal characters of the TrpuLIp4, as enunciated by 
Baron Osten Sacken, are:—(1) the presence of the V-shaped 
dorsal suture transversely across the mesonotum;* (2) the 
extent and completeness of the venation ; and (3) the structure 
of the ovipositor in the female; these three characters being 
practically constant throughout the whole family. 


* In the subfamily Prycnorterin2, the V-shaped or “‘ transverse ” suture is 
indistinct (possibly absent in some cases), but the species are comparatively 
few in number and always essentially tipulidiform in character, so that their 
relegation to this family is fairly obvious at first sight. This suture is present 
in no other family of the Nemarocera, except in incomplete form in some 
BiernaAroceriD&. 


266 TIPULIDA, 


The principal features of the venation are the great length of 
the auxiliary vein and of the two basal cells, the development 
of the latter throwing the distal and posterior veins mainly into 
the apical part of the wing; also of the presence, normally, of a 
discal cell, which, with the sole exception of the RuyPHIDa, is 
absent in all the other families of this suborder. The veins in 
their ultimate subdivisions along the margin of the wings are 
usually ten to twelve in number, rarely nine (Zoworhina). One 
genus (Chionea) is wingless. 

For the last half century or more, the Trput1p# have always 
been divided into three subfamilies, designated respectively the 
PrycHorrerin”®, Treunina, and Limnosina. Diva, as a sub- 
family Dix1n.®, has been included by one or two authors, even as 
late as 1888 by Verrall, and placed next to the PrrcHorrerin a, 
and Chionea has been included by some and withdrawn by others.* 
Schiner placed Diva with a few other genera (Blepharocera, Macq., 
Macropeza, Mg., Spodius, Lw., Pachyneura, Zett., Corynocera, Zett., 
and Orphnephila, Hal.) which he considered anomalous, at the end 
of the Numarocera. Chionea he included in the T1pULID™ as an 
anomalous genus, separating it from the three subfamilies quoted 
above. 

These subfamilies have been almost universally recognised until 
comparatively recently, when several authors have regarded them 
as separate families, Diva also forming another family. Whether 
they should rank as families or not, it seems to me that they 
should be at least placed in juxtaposition in a systematic sequence 
of families. They are, however, to me so essentially similar in 
structure and general resemblance, that it seems imperative to 
include them again under one family name. 

It is impossible to assume that there is as much distinction 
between the Prycnoprrrin® and even the rest of the TrpuLipz 
combined, as there is between it and any other family of Numaro- 
CERA, say, CULICIDH or Curronomip#. There is therefore still 
less difference, from a “family rank” point of view, between the 
TrpuLin® and the Limnoniinm. In spite of the admitted tend- 
ency of present-day zoologists to multiply families, genera and 
even higher ranks, I see, personally, in the whole of the order 
Diptera, no legitimate grounds for the creation of any new 
families.t 

The Trputip”, as a whole, have always appealed to me as a 

eculiarly homogeneous family with quite well-defined limits, 
with the sole exception of Diva, a genus, however, that is more 
nearly allied to the TrpuLip® than to any other family. 

In the recent Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera, by Kertész, the 
PTYCHOPTERIN®”, raised to family rank, with the Drxipm and 


* This genus is now definitely recognised as belonging to the Tirunrp2. 
t Vide “Taxonomic values in Cunicrpa,” in Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 58 (1911), 
in which I deprecate the multiplication of genera and species in this family. 


YIPULID®. 267 


Buypuarocerrp, are placed between the Cunicrp™ and SIMu- 
LIID#, with several other families between them and their natural 
allies the Trpunin® and Lrmwosiina, both of which are treated 
in that catalogue as distinct families, CyLINDROTOMID™® (as a 
family also) following them. 

The Dixipm and Ruypuip® are undoubtedly the most closely 
allied families to the TrpuLID. 

The Dix1p# are distinguished from them by the absence of the 
discal cell and the absence of the transverse thoracic suture. The 
yenation, though bearing a closer resemblance to that of some 
PrycHOPrERIN® than to that of any other family, possesses a 
system of its own, which a glance at the diagrams of wings will 
at once show.* The filiform antenna, in which it is impossible 
to discriminate the individual joints of the apical portion, is dif- 
ferent from anything existing in TrpvLip®, except in Trichocera. 

The Ruypuip® possess a link with the bulk of the Trpunip® in 
the presence of a discal cell, which is absent throughout the rest 
of the Nemarocrera. Their general structure and appearance (as 
also those of the D1ix1p#) are similar to those of the TrpuLIDa, 
but they are distinguished by the contiguous eyes in the male, in 
conjunction with the absence of the transverse suture on the 
mesonotum. 


Heap. In the large majority of the genera of TrruLips® the 
head is transverse, sometimes elongate, and rarely subglobular ; 
the head itself, apart from the proboscis, being referred to in this 
case; mostly bare, or nearly so, conspicuous bristles or spines 
being absent, except that in some of the largest species the hairs 
in places, such as the end of the proboscis, may be long and stiff, 
but hardly worthy of being called bristles in the cheetotactic sense. 
Short stiff bristly hairs are prevalent on the basal joints of the 
antenne in many species, but they are never conspicuous, nor of 
sufficient importance to be of much value in the classification 
of species. No conspicuous beard is ever present; the frons, 
vertex and back of the head bear short hairs, which in some 
species of Ertoprerrnt become comparatively long and shaggy. 

The eyes are rounded or oval, never or hardly ever excised or 
cut away on the inner side above, giving a reniform (kidney- 
shaped) appearance to these organs, as is the case with many 
Cunicip®, CHIRONOMID®, PsyCHODIDA, SIMULIIDH, and some 
Mycrrornuitips. The eyes are almost always separated on the 
upperside of the head by a broad frons, generally from one-third 
to three-fourths of the entire width of the head ; the frons being 
of equal width in both sexes or only slightly wider in the female. 
On the underside of the head, the eyes are nearly always con- 
tiguous or subcontiguous. It has been my good fortune to 


* Compare Diva (Pl. XTI) and Ptychoptera (fig. 39, p. 275). 


268 TIPULID®. 


discover amongst the rich material of this family in the Indian 
Museum, a genus with absolutely contiguous eyes in both sexes, 
the first recorded instance in the famiiy,* so far as I am aware. 
Throughout the Tirunip# the eyes, as an almost inviolate rule, 
are quite glabrous or bare, with the exception of one section of 
the Limyoniin® (AMALOPINI), in which they are closely but 
shortly pubescent. 

The proboscis. The front of the head is practically always pro- 
longed forward into a sort of snout of greater or less proportion ; 
this is spoken of by many authors (especially the older ones), 
under the general term of proboscis or rostrum. It varies con- 
siderably in the TrpuL1p#, as indeed it does in most families. 
In extreme cases it is very slender, and one and a half times the 
full length of the body (Elephantomyia). In many genera it is 
considerably elongated, stiff and conspicuous (Geranomyia, Rham- 
phidia, Toxorhina); in the great majority of genera it is of 
moderate length, being somewhat longer than broad. In the 
TiPULIN® (or TIPULID® LONGIPALPI), the rostrum is generally 
more prolonged than in the LIMNOBIINe (or TIPULIDZ BREVI- 
PALPI), and its upper part projects at the tip somewhat over the 
lower portion in the shape of a point, generally hairy. This is 
known as the nasus, and is peculiar to the TrpuLIn», being rarely 
absent in this subfamily. The upper part or covering of the 
rostrum or proboscis was recognised by Osten Sacken as the 
epistome, which term he always employed when desirous of 
speaking of it as a separate piece, apart from the whole pro- 
longation of the head regarded as a single organ.T 

The proboscis proper lies underneath this upper lip, epistome 
or labrum, and represents the lower lip or labiwm; it is generally 
longer than the upper lip, projecting from below ‘at its ‘end, and 
bearing a fleshy labellum on each side ; these latter are sometimes 
considerably developed and are usually pubescent ; often they are 
inconspicuous. Between the epistome and the proboscis is a 
linear pointed organ, the tongue or lingua, which reaches its 
ereatest development, so far as the Indian species go, in Gera- 
nomyia. In Elephantomyia = it is still longer, but whether it is 
more complex remains uncertain. 

Osten Sacken’s description of the oral parts of Geranomyia is as 
follows :—‘t These consist of a very long subcylindrical epistoma, 
a still longer lingua, which is slender and pointed, and a labium 
divided into two branches at the tip, terminated by slender 


* This genus is named Ceratostephanus, belonging to the Lrmnosirnt see- 
tion of the Limnosrn®, and is further accentuated in abnormality by the 
presence of two elongate processes attached to each joint of the antenne. 

t+ In the present work I have employed the comprehensive term proboscis 
for the whole prolongation of the head, as, without dissection, it 1s rarely 
possible to differentiate the parts of the mouth. When referring specially to 
the nasus in Treutin®, that term is employed. 

+ Oriental, but not yet recorded from India. 


TIPULID ©. 269 


flattened lobes; these branches are divergent, and sometimes 
curled up in dried specimens. The short palpi (bi-articulate, 
aceording to Mr. Curtis) are inserted about the middle of the 
proboscis to the anterior angles of the rostrum.” 

The mouth parts, it is probable, do not attain in this family any 
higher complexity than that herein described, in fact it seems 
probable that in many genera the organ is of much more simple 
form. Meigen speaks of a pair of horny linear pointed maxille 
in Glochina, a non-Oriental genus which I have had no oppor- 
tunity of examining. 

The palpi. These organs are, in the large majority of genera, 
four-jointed, and afford useful characters for subdividing the 
family. The following table indicates how these organs differ 
in the various subfamilies. 


The four palpal joints all considerably elongated .. PrycHOPTERIN®. 
The first three palpal joints moderately elongate 
only, the 4th always at least as long as the 2nd 
and 35rd joints together. 
The 4th palpal joint very long, whiplash-like, 
generally as long as or longer than the three 
preceding joints taken together............ TIPULIN#. 
The 4th palpal joint of about the length of the 
2nd and 3rd taken together, or only a little 
longer than this, generally not whiplash-like LimMNoBIIN». 


In the Tipun1n& the palpi are generally of more or less uni- 
form thickness throughout, the last joint being often rather more 
slender; but in the Limynosirn® this comparative uniformity is 
not perceived, the 2nd joint frequently being much stouter alto- 
gether than the rest, the whole palpus generally being incurved, 
or bent approximately into a circle, often making it difficult to 
decipher the limits of each joint. The longer and whiplash-like 
(generally curved or twisted) nature of the 4th palpal joint in the 
TIPULIN# is easily recognisable after a little practice. 

The antenne are always elongate, often exceptionally so, reaching, 
if bent backwards, to about the root of the wings. The number 
of the joints varies, the two basal joints, forming the scape, being 
invariably differentiated from the remainder, which are called col- 
lectively the flagellum, these generally being all alike except that 
the first or basal one is sometimes slightly different, although never 
to such an extent as the scapal joints. The terminal joint may 
be reduced almost to a short style and is often easily overlooked. 
In the subfamily Prycnoprerin® the antenne are 16-jointed 
(sometimes expressed 2+ 14). In the Trpunin® they are 13- 
jointed ; whilst in the Limnosimn#” they are 14-jointed in the 
LamMnostint and 16-jointed in the CynrnpDROTOMINI, ERIOPTERINI, 
AMALOPINI (normally) and Limnopuipini. The ANISOMERINI 
form a somewhat abnormal section, with antenne of from 6 to 
10 joints. Exceptions occur in most of the sections: Toaorhina 


270 TIPULIDA. 


(RuamPuiprin1) with 12 joints, Rhapidolabis * and Dicranota with 
13 joints, Ula with 17 (all AMALOPINn), and so on. 

The joints of the flagellum are usually well separated from one 
another, sufficiently so as to be tolerably easily counted in most 
instances with the aid of an ordinary microscope in the case of 
quite smuall species, and by means of an ordinarily powerful ento- 
mological hand-lens in the case of the larger species. In one 
genus (T'richocera) the joints are, however, so coalescent towards 
the tip of the antenne that it is quite impossible to state their 
number with absolute certainty. 

Verticillate antenne are the most common form, that is to say, 
possessing a circlet of long isolated hairs on each joint, perhaps 
four to six (four is a very general number, arranged two on the 
upper and two on the lower side); these are in addition to the 
close microscopic pubescence with which practically every antenna 
is covered, and which itself varies in length and abundance in 
different species. ‘he verticillate row may be placed at the base 
of the joint or towards its centre, and these hairs occur only on 
the flagellum, never on the scape, which generally bears a few 
short stiff bristly hairs irregularly placed or arranged in one or 
two rows towards the tip of each joint. 

The feathery (or plumose) antenne, so common in the males of 
Cunic1p& and CHrronoMIDA, are absolutely unknown in the Trpv- 
LIpm. In some genera, Ctenophora, Pselliophora and their allies, 
are found very conspicuous and enlarged pectinate and subpectinate 
antenne in the males, in some instances taking very extraordinary 
forms. Pselliophora is the most extensive genus otf this nature 
occurring in the Kast, whilst a genus of Limnopiini that I have 
recently described (Ceratostephanus) possesses a pair of palp-like 
appendages to each antennal joint. Gynoplistia, W1k., although 
not Indian, has antenne of a similar fanciful shape, whilst other 
foreign genera have these organs still more abnormally formed. 

THorax. Oval, always longer than broad; occasionally what 
might be termed “ diamond- shaped with rounded angles” (Ori- 
marga, for instance), being narrowed both in front and behind ; 
sometimes highly arched (YVeucholabis) or distinctly gibbous, or 
actually prolonged over the neck (Conosia). In some genera the 
anterior portion is elongated sufliciently to form a distinct neck 
(Teucholabis, Orimarga, Rhamphidia); in others this neck is short 
and inconspicuous. In some cases the head is set closely on the 


* The two new species placed in /haphidolabis, described herein, have 15 
distinct joints; possibly it may be necessary to remove them to a new genus. 

+ Diza, although it belongs to a different family, is another instance of the 
same pecuharity, ‘the antenne dwindling away at the tip almost to the size of 
a thick hair. When they are of this nature they may truly be called setaceous, 
though the term is often used to designate any antenna that diminishes to a 
fine point, even though the joints can be counted with certainty. Used in this 
latter sense it would apply generally to the bulk of the Trpunipa. 


TIPULID®. wll 


thorax. The prothorax is generally reduced to a more or less 
disc-shaped piece, conspicuously separated from the mesothorax 
by a narrow groove. This piece was called the collare by Osten 
Sacken, and though a better name could not be found for it, at all 
events in this family, but few authors have adopted it, and in the 
present volume it is sometimes spoken of by that name, sometimes 
(when least distinct) as the prothorax. 

The mesothorax bears the characteristic V-shaped suture 
running transversely across its middle. ‘This is always present, 
but in some cases, specific or individual, it is rather less obvious, 
whilst its indistinctness in the PrycHoprerRIN# is one of the 
characters of that subfamily. 

A peculiar feature present in a large number of species is a 
small indentation, often amounting to a small hole (generally 
with a small shining black or brown spot at the bottom), placed 
behind each shoulder, in which region the surface itself is nearly 
always somewhat sunken. No use has as yet been assigned to 
them, but Osten Sacken suggested that they might have some 
connection with the prothoracic spiracles that are placed near 
and immediately below them. They appear to reach their 
greatest development in Limnophila. Another minor pecu- 
arity is the presence of “two closely approximated shining 
dots, black or brown, near the point of contact of the inter- 
mediate thoracic stripe with the collare.” This has been noticed 
by the present author also in many species. 

The whole thorax usually has a bare appearance, as pubescence, 
except such of microscopic proportions, is mainly confined to a 
little hair around the base of the wings. There is nothing in the 
TrevLips of the nature of macrochete (or distinct stiff bristles, 
arranged in some regular manner); but in some genera there is a 
row on each side of the middle (the rows generally well separated) 
of rather longer and stiffer hairs than those forming the general 
pubescence. ‘This is most noticeable in Hrioptera, of the Oriental 
genera, the rows (which are composed sometimes of single hairs, 
sometimes of two or more abreast, irregularly placed) diverging at 
the suture towards the hind corners of the dorsum. 

The scutellum is always more or less semicircular and com- 
paratively small, and the metwnotum in the great majority of genera 
is conspicuously developed. 

ABDOMEN always elongate, considerably longer than the thorax, 
generally cylindrical, or with the dorsum somewhat flattened ; the 
sides as a rule straight and parallel, except that in the female the 
abdomen is in many species slightly widened just beyond the 
middle; the tip in the male usually squarish in shape, clubbed, or 
only slightly thickened, in the female drawn out conically. There 
are invariably eight segments, though these are not always 
obyious ; the first generally short, closely and broadly attached to 
the thorax, the second, especially in Zipula, usually the longest, 
the remainder more or less subequal ; the whole abdomen shortly 
and inconspicuously pubescent. 


272 TIPULID®, 


The upper plate of each abdominal segment is known as the 
tergite, the lower one as the sternite, the segments being 
numbered from the base onwards. 

The genitalia are by some counted as the ninth abdominal seg- 
ment, but it seems preferable to regard them as appendages. The 
dorsal and ventral plates of these appendages if fully developed 
and supplemented by side or pleural plates certainly resemble an 
abdominal segment, but these are but parts of the genital organs 
varying in development with the genus and the species. The 
structure of the genital organs in the male is of the most diverse 
character, and affords excellent and reliable means of identitying 
the species. The general plan is the same in all the groups, but 
the variation in the appendages is very considerable. Normally 
there is a pair of strong conspicuous claspers * (termed by Osten 
Sacken the forceps) composed of two joints, of which the basal one 
is large, stout, subcylindrical or conical: the second joint may be 
single, bifid or trifid; it may be of the same structure as the basal 
joint or take the form of a coriaceous or horny hook, elongated or 
blunt, straight, angled or curved; in Limnophila two such hooks 
being present ; in Gonomyia certain foreign species have a trifid 
arrangement of the second joint. 

When the second joint consists of two pieces they are not of 
the same consistency, the outer appendage generally being of a 
more horny nature whilst the inner one is of softer texture. A 
second pair of inner claspers, or some such organs, are often 
present, though not easily seen in dried specimens, and a dorsal 
plate extending below the eighth abdominal tergite is, 1n most 
cases, fairly pbuions in the more highly developed genera. <A 
ventral plate, sometimes large and V-shaped, extends over the 
sides of the genital organs, sometimes being reduced to a small 
curved bottom plate, sometimes in the form of an elongated narrow 
piece (termed by Osten Sacken the style). Side or pleural plates 
are visible in many genera of T1PuLID®; in others they are reduced 
to a minimum or apparently absent, perhaps replaced by the 
V-shaped sides of the ventral plate when this latter takes this 
form. They vary somewhat in their position, being most typical 
when lying one on each side of the genital organs, but they may 
be exserted upon the posterior rim of the segment or may form a 
small plate set in that rim. 

The term hypopygium is given to the whole of the male 
appendages regarded as a single organ; the term ovipesitor to 
those of the female. Unfortunately some authors have used the 
term hypopygium to signify the entire apical enlargement of the 
male abdomen, which is quite incorrect. ‘‘The general shape of 
the hypopygium in the family Trrurrpa is that of a cup, opening 
posteriorly. The cavity in the cup is the genital chamber. It is 


* The organs can generally be w holly or almost wholly withdrawn within 
the genital chamber, and in individual cases may be difficult of inspection. 


TIPULIDA. ie 


produced simply by the invagination of the posterior face of the 
segment ” (Snodgrass). 

The intromittent organ, or penis, is attached to the back or 
dorsal part of the genital chamber in the Trpunrya, and arises 
from the floor of this chamber in the Limnopirnm. It is very 
slender and of great length, its tip protected by a piece acting as 
a guard, the base gre eatly swollen; this part being known. to 
Dufour, as the vesicula centralis. 

The ovipositor of the female is very much less variable in 
structure than the male organs of generation, being so remarkably 
uniform throughout the family as to constitute one of its leading 
characteristics. ‘The standard form is that of two pairs of 
elongate, pointed, greatly arcuated or quite straight valves, the 
upper pair always longer than the lower (except in “Lrichocer a), the 
latter being not only shorter in actual length but set further 
back. The valves lying as a rule tightly closed, the whole 
organ appears as an elongated eylindrical termination to the 
abdomen, and it is in most cases of a reddish, yellowish or 
brownish cclour, or some intermediate shade. The conspicuous 
nature of the ovipositor differentiates it easily from the two 
hardly projecting inconspicuous valvules that represent the female 
genital organs in the other families of nematocerous Diptera. 

«The external sexual apparatus of the male consists of a forceps, 
by means of which the end of the female abdomen is seized from 
below, a little before the ovipositor, in such a manner that the 
latter organ is stretched out on the upper part of the sbdomen of 
the male. This done, the male, with a second, inner clutching 
apparatus, seizes the orifice of the inner genital organs of the 
female and adjusts thereon for copulation.” * 

Lees. Always long and thin, practically always microscopically 
pubescent, the pubescence being generally visible under shght 
magnification ; in certain genera and species it is conspicuous to 
the naked eye, but there is no instance of long hairs on the legs, 
and bristles are also entirely absent throughout the family. The 
cove are sometimes lengthened but never unduly enlarged and 
never to such an extent as in the Mycreropninine®. The femora 
are often distinctly but slightly thickened at the tip; in the 
genus Gymmnastes very considerably so, more so than in any genus 
known tome. ‘The femoraare never dentate as in the Chironomid 
genus Ceratopogon. The tibie in many groups possess spurs at 
their tips; in all cases where these spurs occur they are present 
in all three pairs of legs, often being minute and hidden amongst 
the rather longer and stiffer hairs that are generally found towards 


* Osten Sacken, Monog. N. Amer. Tip. The notes on the genitalia of the 
North American species in this monograph are very valuable, as, in the intro- 
duction to the work, the author states that most of the examinations of these 
parts were from living specimens. the true form of the organs therefore being 
observable. 


274 TIPULID A. 


the tip of the tibia.* In many genera they are easily seen. 
The tarsi are always elongate, often being much longer than 
the tibize; the ungues are sometimes smooth, sometimes with 
teeth on the underside ; the empodia are often distinct, sometimes 
absent, but pulvilli are wanting, except in PrycHopTrEeRIN2&.T 
Wives. { The costa is continued right round the edge of the 
wing and not terminated suddenly in the neighbourhood of the 
wing-tip asin some families of Numarocnra (Mycetophilide, Chiro- 
nomide, etc.). The auxiliary vein (or subcostal) is of much greater 
length than usual, nearly always reaching the middle of the wing 
and often extending beyond three-fourths of the wing’s length. 
It turns down into the 1st longitudinal vein in the subfamily 
TIPULINE, and up into the costa in the PrycHoprerinm® and 
Limyopirn®. In rare cases it is merged with the 1st longitudinal 
(Antocha, Toworhina). The 1st longitudinal is invariably longer 
than the auxiliary, except, of course, when fused with that vein, 
in which cases the joint vein is termed the 1st longitudinal ; as a 
rule it ends in the distal third of the wing. The 2nd longitudinal 
originates from about the middle of the Ist, which is also 
generally at or near the middle of the wing; it is nearly 
always forked, the upper branch often being so oblique or per- 
pendicular as to appear like a cross-vein. Rarely the 2nd vein 
is absent(Tovorhina). The 3rd longitudinal is always simple, except 
in PrYcHOPTERIN”, and very rarely absent (Paramongoma spp.). 
The 4th longitudinal is invariably forked and at least one of the 
branches (more frequently the anterior one) forked again. The 
4th vein begins at the base of the wing and invariably encloses 
the discal cell, when such cell is present, as is normally the case. 
The 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins normally present, generally 
straight or slightly curved, the 5th usually bent somewhat down- 
wards at the point where it meets the posterior cross-vein. In the 
PrYCHOPTERIN® the 6th vein is absent but the 7th is present. 
The humeral cross-vein is always present; the subcostal cross- 
vein generally present in Limnopiin®, placed at various points 


* In many cases I have been unable to perceive these structures at all in 
species belonging undeniably to genera theoretically supposed to possess them. 
Osten Sacken, who was a great believer in their systematic importance, noted 
that they were often very small and difficult to recognise; but it seems to me 
that they are more often absent than is generally supposed, and consequently 
their biological importance is less than has usually been accorded them. 

t+ Too much importance should not be attached to minor differences, such 
as the comparative size, toothed nature or otherwise, and so on, of the ungues 
(claws) ; presence or absence of empodia, ete. When Theobald’s first volume 
on the Cunicips of the world was published, great stress was laid on very 
microscopic differences in the shape and size of the different pairs of claws, 
and in my “‘ Catalogue of Oriental Culicide”’ the great value attached to these 
structures was questioned. In subsequent volumes of Theobald’s work it was 
admitted that they did not possess the value at first accorded them. 

{ Asa Tipulid genus (Limnophila) was selected for the explanation of the 
terminology of the venation in Diptera (p. 8), that portion of this work may be 
studied in conjunction with the present description. 


TIPULID&. 275 


tf B J. 


Fig. 39.—Wings of Treuuip®. 


1. Ptychoptera. 6. Libnotes. 

2. Tipula. 7. Toxorhina. 
3. Dolichopeza. 8. Gonomyia. 

4. Cylindrotoma. 9. Mongoma. 

5. Limnobia. 10. Styringomyia. 


276 TIPULIDZ. 


joining the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins; it is absent in 
PrycHOPTERIN®e and Treuntin®. The marginal cross-vein is 
absent in TIPULIN®, present in many genera of Limnospiina, but 
varying in position and intensity, its presence not always constant 
in the same genus; its value as a generic character must be 
regarded as comparatively small. The costal cross-vein is a term 
herein proposed for the small cross-vein joining the costa to the 
1st longitudinal nearly at its tip, just before it turns down into 
the 2nd vein or the anterior branch of the latter. The discal 
cross-vein is the short veinlet uniting the upper and lower branches 
of the 4th vein, closing the discal cell and forming its distal side. 
The auterior cross-vein is nearly always present, being absent 
in Mongoma, and is nearly always placed over the discal cell, 
when such is present, joining the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins. 
Posterior cross-vein always present, joining the 4th and 5th veins, 
generally at the discal cell or immediately before it. 

Marginal and submarginal cells varying in number, but normally 
one marginal cell (which by the presence of the marginal cross- 
vein may be divided into outer and inner marginal) and two sub- 
marginal cells, due to the forking of the 2nd longitudinal vein. 
In rare instances there is only one cell, formed by the coalition of 
the auxiliary with the 1st longitudinal vein, and the total absence 
of the 2nd vein. This is quite exceptional and exists only in one 
Oriental genus, Toxorhina, the cell being known as the marginal. 

Basa! cells very elongated, extending practically always beyond 
middle of wing, thus shortening all the posterior cells. These 
latter are usually four or five in number, more frequently the 
former, more rarely six, still more rarely three only.* 

Anal angle of wing of various shapes, in some genera distinctly 
angled, in others cuneiform, as in some species of Dicranomyia, 
for which Skuse has proposed the genus Thrypticomyia.t 

Life-history. ‘“‘ When the weather is favourable the eggs ‘hatch 
in little more than a week. The-larve are ash-grey or brownish, 
more or less transparent, 12-segmented. The head is incompletely 
differentiated and retractile, and has the maxille and mandibles 
more or less horny and stout ; there are short fleshy antenne in 
most larvee, but they are long and two-jointed in the TrpunrNn». 
The organs of locomotion generally consist of transverse swellings 
on the underside of the body, provided with very minute stiff 
bristles ” ( Williston). 

As a rule the larve are terrestrial, living in the earth itself or 
in decomposing wood or leaves, but a certain number are aquatic. 
A few resemble the caterpillars of Lepidoptera, not only in 
appearance, but in their colonr and mode of life, living on the 
leaves of growing plants. 


* Anisomera spp., and Dieranomyia whartoni, Needham, a North American 
species. 

+ This genus probably cannot stand, owing to intermediate forms easily 
and completely bridging the gap between the more cuneiform-shaped wings 
and those of normal shape. 


TIPULID®. ZT 


“The pupa, like those of many of the members of this suborder, 
are free. The thorax has two horn-like processes which represent 
the thoracic spiracles, one of which may acquire a very great 
length for the purpose of breathing from the surface while under 
water. The abdominal segments have transverse rows of hairs, 
bristles or spines, which enable the pupa to escape from its place 
of concealment when about to complete its metamorphosis.” 
( Williston.) 

Some species in the larval state do immense damage to grass _ 
and other crops, Zipula oleracea, L., being at times a serious pest 
in meadows in Europe. ‘The life-histories of a number of 
European species have been worked out, but little or nothing is 
known of the earlier stages of any Oriental species. 


Table of Subfamilies of Trpuntp». 


Mesonotum without distinct V-shaped trans- 
verse furrow or suture; 6th longitudinal 
vein absent; the four palpal joints all 
considerably elongated, the last one not 
conspicuously longer than the others ; 
8rd longitudinal vein forked in Pty- 
CLUPUCTOM Para aac te coe Ptychopterine, p. 278. 

Mesonotum with distinct V-shaped trans- 
verse suture always present; 6th and 7th 
longitudinal veins always present * ; the 
four palpal joints unequally elongated, 
the last always at least as long as the 
2nd and 38rd together ; 3rd longitudinal 
vein never forked. 

The 4th palpal joint very long, whiplash- 
like, generally as long as or longer 
than the three preceding joints taken 
together ; auxiliary vein generally 
turned down at tip into the Ist longi- 
tudinal vein; subcostal cross-vein 
absent ; 2nd scapal joint of antennze 
short and not wider than the Ist 


scapal or the Ist flagellar joint ; >. 
epistome produced at tip into a dis- 
tinct narrow nasus, Or nose ........ Tipuline, p. 284. 


The 4th palpal jomt not conspicuously long, 
as long as the 2nd and 3rd joints taken 
together or a little longer; auxiliary 
vein generally turned up at tip into 
the costa; subcostal cross-vein nearly 
always present; 2nd scapal joint 
generally robust (though short) and 
broader than both the Ist scapal and 
Ist flagellar joints ; epistome without 
TSUS i dis Geen atin soho mT ERP a Limnobiine, p. 356. 


SS nn EEE EE aS 


* In one genus only in TipuLip& is a wingless form known, Chionea, which, 
however, is not Oriental. 
sie 


278 TIPULID&. 


Subfamily PTYCHOPTERIN &. 


Latterly, this subfamily has been elevated by some authors to a 
distinct family, as in the recently issued ‘“ Palearctic Catalogue ” 
and in the ‘Catalogue of Diptera” by Kertész, at present in 
process of issue; but to the writer it seems inseparable from the 
TIPULIDA. 

The Prycnoprerin”® form a very compact group, differing in 
two strong characters from the whole of the rest of the Trpunipm. 
These are the indistinctness of the transverse V-shaped suture on 
the mesonotum, and the absence of the 6th longitudinal vein.* 

In Ptychoptera itself there can be little doubt of the short 
curved vein present being the 7th and not the 6th. In Bittaco- 
morpha this vein is not so curved, but its position in the wing 
and distance from the 5th makes it evident that this vein is also 
the 7th. Butin Idioplasta, Macrochile and Tanyderus the general 
position of the one vein present behind the 5th, its comparative 
approximation to the 5th and its usually nearly straight course 
makes it quite possible that in these three genera the vein present 
may be the 6th, instead of the 7th. There seems nothing 
illogical in the 6th being absent in one genus, and the 7th in an 
allied genus, considering the great abnormality shown by the 
venation of these three genera. The fact that in the typical and 
most extensive genus in this subfamily (though in itself com- 
paratively limited in number of species) the vein present is. 
obviously the 7th and not the 6th justifies the assumption, in the 
absence of stronger evidence to the contrary, that the vein present 
in the abnormal genera is the 7th also. 

The principal genus Ptychoptera is further distinguished from 
practically the whole of the rest of the Trputip™ by having the 
3rd longitudinal vein forked, and this feature, in conjunction with 
the presence of only one vein behind the Sth, renders the genus 
easy of recognition. The auxiliary vein in Ptychoptera ends ip 
the costa, with no subcostal cross-vein uniting the auxiliary vein 
with the 1st longitudinal. + 


* T am convinced by its general position and especially by its habit of 
turning in suddenly to the wing-margin, that the vein that is present is the 
Tth and not the 6th, being in this view supported by Osten Sacken and by 
Schiner (Fauna Austr. ii, p. 495), who both leaned to the same opinion; 
Williston, usually so correct in the terminology of the venation, being I think 
incorrect in considering it the 6th. It is therefore the 6th vein which is 
absent in this subfamily; the 5th is obviously present in its usual place, 
connected with the 4th by the posterior cross-vein. 

+ It has been necessary in explaining the above point of view, to mention 
genera not known from the Orient, but at least one species of Zanyderus is 
Oriental. 

t{ In some genera, however, the subcostal cross-vein is present, as, for 
instance, in Protoplasta, Idioplasta and Tanyderus, its position in these being 
similar to that in the Lrrnopuna. These genera are not Indian, but Zany- 
derus occurs in Amboina. 


i“ 


PTYCHOPTERA, 279 


In the practical absence of the peculiar fold in the wing which 
I have elsewhere termed the “ obliterative streak,” passing from 
the stigma to beyond the discal cell, the PrycHorprerin® approach 
the Lrmnoztin®. In possessing sixteen joints to the antenna, 
this subfamily also agrees with the Limnosiin», but Ptychoptera 
and at least one other genus (Bittacomorpha) possess a slight pro- 
longation of the epistoma into something like the nasus of the 
Tiputin®. Ptychoptera also rests with its wings divaricate, as 
do most of the latter subfamily. 

The difference in the number of the antennal joints is com- 
paratively unimportant, considering the variation in this character 
which occurs amongst the LIMNOBIIN 2. 

In venation the PrycnHopreriy® show considerable variation. 
A discal cell is sometimes present (Idioplasta, Os. Sac., Tanyderus, 
Phil., Macrochile, Lw.), or absent (Ptychoptera, Mg., Bittacomorpha, 
Westw.). One genus (/dioplasta) has no less than six posterior 
cells, the normal number in the subfamily, however, being three 
or four. 

Beyond Ptychoptera (of which only three species are known 
from the East) only one other species of this family is Oriental— 
Tanyderus ornatissimus, Dol., from Amboina. 

The larval characters of the PrycHoprerin & have been investi- 
gated by Brauer,* and that biologist considered that as the head 
of the larva is not imbedded in the thoracic skin, as is the case in 
the rest of the Treurip, it is justifiable to separate the group as 
a distinct family. Osten Sacken has also referred to the same 
subject.f 


Genus PTYCHOPTERA, Jy. 


Ptychoptera, Meigen, Lllig. Mag. 11, p. 262 (1803). 
? Ctenoceria, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 187 (1856). 


Genotyrn, Tipula contaminata, L. 


Head transverse, with rather prominent, round, bare eyes. 
Epistome well arched, nearly perpendicular, terminating in a blunt 
point. Frons broad in both sexes, flattened. Ocelli wholly absent. 
Proboscis prominent, with round pubescent labella. Palpi elongate, 
slender, four-jointed, the last one the longest, but not so con- 
spicuously longer than the others as in the Trpunin®. Antenne 
16-jointed, long, prominent, slender, nearly bare ; scapal joints 
short, the Ist longer than the 2nd; flagellar joints cylindrical, 1st 
joint considerably longer than the others, which gradually diminish 
in length, apical joint sometimes indistinct. horav prominently 
arched, suture almost imperceptible. Scutellum small, metanotum 
well developed. Abdomen elongate, often narrowed in middle, 


* Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, pp. 844-847. 
+ Cat. North Amer. Dipt., lst ed., p. 221, note 36 (1878). 


280 TIPULIDE. 


and always with a clubbed tip in the male; widened before the 
end (which is pointed) in the female, with a normally shaped 
horny ovipositor. Genitalia very distinct. Legs long, but less so, 
comparatively, than in the other two subfamilies. Cox broad, 
moderately long; tibize spurred at the tip; metatarsus very long, 
claws small ; pulvilli distinct. Wings of moderate size, with 
rounded tips and somewhat narrowed at the base. One marginal 
and two submarginal cells; four posterior cells. Auxiliary 
vein long, ending in the costa; Ist and 2nd longitudinal veins 
also ending in the costa ; subcostal cross-vein near the tip of the- 
former, the 2nd longitudinal vein originating about the middle of 


Fig. 40.—Early stages of Ptychoptera; a, larva; b, pupa. 


the wing; 3rd longitudinal originating soon after the beginning 
of the 2nd, forked beyond its middle; anterior cross-vein at or 
near its base ; 4th longitudinal forked at or near posterior cross- 
vein, which is nearly opposite the anterior cross-vein, and is short ; 
the 6th longitudinal vein absent ; the 7th present, short, more or 
less curved downwards. The wings are held divaricate in repose. 
Range. Europe, North America, and the Himalayas. 
Life-history. The larva of Ptychoptera is whitish in colour, very 
attenuated, of thirteen segments, including the head, with a long 


PTYOCHOPTERA. 281 


slender tubular tail. The head is hard and small, bearing a pair 
of eye-spots and furnished with two very minute antenne, which 
are almost imperceptible. It moves by means of the stiff bristles, 
directed backwards, affixed to the rather enlarged posterior rim of 
each segment ; in addition, there are three pairs of pseudopods or 
pro-legs. It breathes through the tail, lying near the surface of 
the water (sometimes floating at full length on it) of shallow pools 
or brooks, preferring stagnant and muddy water. It is said to 
live, during the greater part of the year, imbedded in the mud of 
such places, with usually only the tip of the tail projecting. 

The pupa is furnished with a long respiratory tube, and floats 
on the surface of the water during spring and summer. The 
abdomen is provided with five circles of fine spines, by the aid of 
which the pupa peregrinates to firm ground just before the 
emergence of the imago. 

Several of the older authors have left records concerning the 
life-histories of some of the European species of this genus, in 
particular De Geer, Réaumur, and Lyonet ; whilst, more recently, 
the early stages of Ptychoptera lacustris, Mg., have been described 
by Beling,* and those of P. contaminata, L., by Grubben.t Brauer 
also illustrates the larva of Ptychoptera. = 


Table of Species. 


Wings with a dark brown cross-band ....  distineta, Brun., p. 281. 
Wings unmarked. 
Hind femora mainly black on basal two- 
AMUEES Peels k ss ts be eine ss tibialis, Brun., p. 282. 
Hind femora wholly orange-yellow.... atritarsis, Brun., p. 288. 


192. Ptychoptera distincta, Brun. (PI. V, fig. 1.) 
Ptychoptera distincta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind, Mus. vi. p. 252 (1911). 


2. Head: frons, vertex and back of head black ; frons one- 
fourth width of head. Epistome bulbous, shining brown, bare ; 
proboscis normal, yellow; palpi long, yellow. Antennal scape 
brownish yellow ; flagellum black, shortly pubescent. Thorax 
wholly shining black, bare. Abdomen black, microscopically 
pubescent ; basal two-thirds of second joint and basal half of 
third joint reddish orange. Tip of last segment and the ovipositor 
reddish yellow. Legs: coxe reddish yellow ; femora at base con- 
colorous, deepening to brown at tip; tibie and tarsi black. 
Except the cox, which are nearly bare, the legs are wholly 
covered with short thick pubescence. Wings very pale grey, 
yellowish brown on the costal part; a dark brown central cross- 
band along the middle cross-veins from the origin of the 2nd vein 


* Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1886, p. 171. 
+ SB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Ixxii (1875), plate. 
¢ Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlvii, pl. i, fig. 18; pl. ii, fig. 19. 


2 


282 TIPULID®. 


to the tip of the 5th vein, also a large apical brown part enclosing 
the forks of the 3rd and 4th veins, both these brown parts in the 
wing being connected with the costal darkening. Halteres black. 
Length 9 millim. 
Described from one female in the Pusa collection taken by 
Mr. Howlett, 3-9. vi. 09, at Darjiling, 7000 feet. 


193. Ptychoptera tibialis, Brun. 
Ptychoptera tibialis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 283 (1911). 


3 2. Head: frons shining black, smooth, bare; eyes widely 
separated ; back of head brown; face below antenne, underside of 
head, and palpi all bright yellow. Antenne 15-jointed ; 1st joint 
cylindrical, yellow, brown towards tip; 2nd short, bead-like, dark 
yellow, mixed with brown; 3rd as long as the next two together ; 
remainder elongated, compressed at each end, black; antenne 
minutely and thickly pubescent, and with moderately long 
scattered hairs throughout. T'horaa of male eneous black, bare, 
shining; the suture separating the prothorax (which extends 
backwards through the mesothorax, so to speak, almost to the 
scutellum) rather deeply cut; humeri bright yellow; a white- 
dusted patch in front on dorsum of prothorax. The mesothorax 
is divided from the metathorax by a distinct suture, which on 
reaching the extension of the prothorax follows it posteriorly and 
divides the rear portion of the metathorax by a deeply cut 
suture with a small yellow V-shaped spot in the middle of it, 
this suture reaching the small bright yellow scutellum. Posterior 
calli raspberry-red, enlarged, elongated and extending from the 
seutellum to the base of the wings. Sides of thorax shining 
black ; a yellow scaly mesopleura connected with the yellow base 
of the wings; metapleuree with silvery sheen, seen from above ; 
metanotum large, shining eneous black, quadrate, bare. In the 
female the thorax is orange, with a black stripe on each side of 
the dorsum, the suture blackish, and a large black mark below 
the scutellum, which latter, with the whole metanotum, is orange. 
Abdomen of male bright pale orange-brown, tending towards 
yellowish ; 1st segment all blackish, 2nd elongated, black at base 
and tip; the next three segments black on posterior border. In 
female orange-brown, 2nd segment yellowish. Belly entirely 
orange-yellow (dQ). The male genitalia very large, complex, 
bright reddish orange, with some close black pubescence ; female 
genitalia narrow, cylindrical, concolorous. Legs: coxe bright 
yellow, hind pair black on the outside of the basal half; femora 
bright yellow, hind pair black on the basal two-thirds except at 
the extreme base; anterior tibize yellow, with the extreme tips 
dark brown, the middle pair slightly darker on the basal half, the 
hind pair with basal half black except the extreme base; on the 
apical half the bright golden yellow hair is very thick; tarsi 
blackish brown. The legs throughout are closely pubescent, the 


PLYCHOPTERA. 283 


pubescence being concolorous with the ground-colour. Wings 
yellowish grey, beautifully iridescent, unmarked, minutely pubescent 
on posterior border; venation as in P. contaminata, veins dark 
brown. Halteres bright yellow. 

Length 3 7-8 millim., 2 9 millim. 

Described from several examples taken by me at Darjiling, 
7000 feet, 7-16. x. 05 and 30. ix. 08. 

Type 3 in the Indian Museum; type 2 and cotype d ¢ inmy 
collection ; cotype 2 from Darjiling in the Vienna Museum. 

Normally Ptychoptera should have 16-jointed antenne, but the 
3rd joint in this species is as long as the next two together, and 
occasionally it appears as if two joints were present, but a careful 
examination convinces me that it is single. In most of the speci- 
mens the whole antenne are certainly present and undamaged. 
The species, however, cannot possibly be removed from this 
genus, it being in every character a true Ptychoptera. 


194. Ptychoptera atritarsis, Brun. 
Ptychoptera atritarsis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 234 (1911). 


Q. Head: whole upper part from the vertex down to the 
antenne black, bare, shining ; face below antenne, proboscis, 
palpi (except black tips), wholly orange-yellow. Antenne black, 
but microscopically covered with hoary dust ; scapal joints orange- 
yellow ; a few hairs on all the joints. Hyes black; the orbit at 
the sides brownish yellow, with a set of black hairs; orbit dis- 
appearing at the vertex. Neck yellow. Zhorawx orange-yellow, 
practically bare, dorsum slightly ferruginous. A black stripe on 
the front of the prothorax, which is carried downwards as far as 
the fore cox ; two small black spots on the dorsum behind the 
upper end of this stripe; a black stripe begins widely on each 
humerus, extending narrowly backwards to the middle of the 
metanotum, spreading inwards slightly at the base of the wings, 
and narrowly interrupted immediately behind their insertion. 
Underside of thorax shining coal-black, but the sides of the meso- 
thorax are orange-yellow, anda thick scaly process issues from the 
base of the wings, proceeds widely downwards nearly to the middle 
cox, and then bends hindwards and upwards, joining the 
scutellum, and enclosing the base of the halteres in its path. A 
narrow black line runs interruptedly round the posterior border 
of the thoracic dorsum, replaced immediately in front of the 
scutellum by two small black spots. Metanotum oblong, large, 
traces of a black central streak. Scutellum oblong, elevated but 
moderately small, supported at each corner by a pronounced 
scutellar ridge. Abdomen orange-yellow, with a few irregular 
hairs; lst segment with a yellowish white sheen at the extreme 
base in front ; a narrow black cross-band on the dorsum near the 
base of the segment, which line is continued forwards along the 
sides of the abdomen as far as the base. Posterior borders of all 


284. TIPULID®. 


the segments, including the Ist, on which it is widest, but 
excluding the last, with a blackish irregular band. Ovipositor in 
the shape of two blades close together, orange-yellow. Belly 
uniformly orange-yellow. Legs: coxe lemon-yellow, the hind pair 
having two small black spots on the hinder side at the base. 
Femora and tibize uniformly bright orange-yellow with minute 
closely-set concolorous pubescence. ‘Tarsi wholly coal-black. 
Wings yellowish grey, costal cell yellow; veins black. Halteres 
yellow. 

Length 8 millim (without ovipositor). 

Described from two nearly perfect females in the Indian 
Museum collection from Siliguri, at the foot of the Darjiling Hills, 
18-20. vii. 07. 


Subfamily TIPULIN A. 


The Tirunin® are distinguished by the auxiliary vein ending 
in the 1st longitudinal vein, and not in the costa. The humeral 
cross-vein, close to the base of the wing, is the only cross-vein in 
contact with the auxiliary vein, the subcostal cross-vein being 
wholly absent. The Ist Jongitudinal vein nearly always turns 
down into the 2nd and not upwards into the costa, the end of 
the vein becoming much attenuated towards its tip. A small 
cross-vein, which I propose to call the costal cross-vein, connects 
the Ist longitudinal vein near its tip with the costa. The 

2nd longitudinal vein has a short anterior branch that is nearly 

perpendicular, and this joins the costa just beyond the costal 
eross-vein, thus forming a small characteristic cell, known 
as the rhomboidal cell “(at first called by Osten Sacken the 
trapezoidal). This cell is absent in Dolichopeza owing to the 
2nd longitudinal vein not being forked. The lower branch 
of the 4th longitudinal vein forks at the inner end of the 
discal cell, a little before it or towards the middle of that cell, 
never beyond it; the upper branch forks beyond, or at the 
earliest, in contact with the distal limit of the discal cell. 
The first longitudinal vein forks just after quitting the posterior 
cross-vein ; this causes the ultimate posterior cell in such cases 
to be pentagonal in shape, its inner end being always pointed. 
The diseal cell is nearly always pentagonal or hexagonal. 

A peculiar character nearly always visible in the TrruLina, 
but especially noticeable in the genus Zipula, is what may be 
termed, for want of a better name, the “ obliterative streak,” 
running from the neighbourhood of the stigma nearly straight 
across the wing, crossing the discal cell somewhere on its basal 
half or about its middle, and disappearing soon after quitting 
that cell. Osten Sacken refers to it as a “fold” of the wing. 
Its effect is partially to obliterate, or at least to weaken, the veins 
with which it comes in contact, and its course is emphasized by 


TIPULIN A. 285 


the actual ground-colour of the wing within its track being dis- 
tinctly paler. This peculiarity is indistinct or absent in most 
species of Pachyrhina, and seems to be practically absent in the 
LIMNOBIIN 2. 

The proboscis is distinctly produced, and the tip on its upper- 
side is again produced more narrowly, forming what is known as 
the nasus or nose. This is especially prominent in the two 
leading genera Zipula and Pachyrhina, which in themselves coni- 
prise the bulk of the species in the subfamily. It is, however, 
reduced to an obtuse projection with a tuft of hairs in Ctenophora, 
Pselliophora, and Dolichopeza. Its presence is variable, being dis- 
tinct in Scambonewra and Megistocera (both Oriental genera, with 
two and one species respectively), also in Brachypremna, an 
exotic genus. 

The neck, though not conspicuously narrowed, is very distinct 
in Tipula, Pachyrhina and Brachypremna; short in Scaimboneura 
and Megistocera; almost absent in Ctenophora and Pselliophora, 
and quite absent in Zanypremna. 

The frons is smooth or greatly arched (7%pula), sometimes 
gibbous (Pachyrhina, Ctenophora, Pselliophora). 

The antennal scape is composed of a long cylindrical 1st joint, 
a quite short 2nd joint which is never (so far as I am aware) 
broader than either the 1st scapal or 1st flagellar joints as is so 
frequently the case in the Limnosin®. The flagellum is very 
varied in construction, sometimes pectinate in the male (Cteno- 
phora, ete.) or subpectinate (various genera); serrate, as in some 
species of Zipula, or cylindrical, or with ovate joints, as in the 
majority of species of both Zipula and Pachyrhina. In a tew 
genera it is extremely elongate and filiform, as in Megistocera, in 
which genus its length in the two sexes often varies in the same 
species, the male possessing an excessively long antenna, the 
female one of normal length. The flagellar joints are verticillate 
in the T1puLINtI, but not so in the CrHNOPHORINI. 

There are several genera with peculiarly constructed antenne, 
more or less pectinate in nature, which, not being Oriental, need 
not be discussed here ; yet it is as well to note that these abnormal 
forms are by no means uncommon in this subfamily, mostly 
coming from South America and Australia. Many of them 
represent intermediate stages between Ctenophora and Tipula. 

The extra length of the leg is generally considered as one of 
the characters of the Tirurin”®, as contrasted with the LimnNo- 
BIIN®, but it is by no means conspicuous, although probably the 
tarsus (especially the metatarsus or first joint) is proportionately 
longer. Even Dolichopeza, with its excessively long and delicate 
legs, is paralleled in the Lrmnogprin& by such genera as Mongoma; 
whilst in one section of the present subfamily (CTHNOPHORINI), 
the legs are comparatively the shortest and stoutest in the family. 

The position of the wings in repose is not a good distinctive 
character, though it has been put forward. TIPULIN# are com- 
monly supposed to rest usually with their wings divaricate (or 


236) ~ TIPULID®. 


spread out flat), and Z%pula itself generally does so; yet it has 
been observed that in the group containing those species with 
marmorated wings (as in the himalayensis group among Oriental 
and the vernalis group among European species) the wings are 
more often folded when resting. Moreover Pachyrhina, the second 
largest genus in the subfamily, forms an important exception. 
The value of the habit as a subfamily character is further dis- 
counted by the fact that some LimNnosirn# assume the spreading 
attitude of the wings when in repose. 

Much difficulty is experienced when an attempt is made to 
define the DonicHoPEzINI, CTENOPHORINI, and TIPULINI satis- 
factorily one from the other, these groups, though essentially 
forming one subfamily, being separated amongst themselves by 
characters ‘‘ perceptible to the entomological sense only,” as 
Osten Sacken said. 

The extreme length and delicate nature of the legs (and, in 
a somewhat less pronounced degree, the body also) in Dolichopeza 
and its allies is practically the chief .difference between these 
genera and both the Ctenophora and Tipula groups. The absence 
of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein and the double forking of 
the anterior branch cf the 4th vein will suffice to determine 
Dolichopeza itself, but in one or two other genera of DoLICHOPEZINI 
the former is present, being perpendicular and not oblique, and 
this feature makes the rhomboidal cell more or less square. 

Between the CrmnopHoriNt and the T1puLrnt several stronger 
differences exist, although it must be remembered that there are 
a number of exotic genera which, in the matter of antenne, 
bridge the apparent gap between the conspicuously pectinate form 
prevalent in male Ctenophora and the normal antenna of 7%pula. 

The following table, therefore, must be accepted with the 
intimation of the existence of various intermediate and anomalous 
forms, although none such are actually present in the Indian 
fauna. 


‘able of Sections of the TIPULIN E. 


Legs not of excessive length and slenderness, either 
comparatively short and stout or normally long 
and slender; the 2nd longitudinal vein forked, 
the anterior branch short and oblique. 

Body stouter; neck absent; nasus reduced to 
an obtuse hairy projection; antennze nor- 
mally pectinate or subpectinate in the male, 
never verticillate ; legs distinctly shorter and 
stouter; abdomen generally broader, often 
widened just before or at the tip; genitalia 
large aud complex. Body colours nearly 
always vivid and.well marked .......... CrpNoPHORINI. 

Body comparatively slender, elongate, normally 
tipulidiform ; neck almost always present ; 
nasus always present, elongate, narrow ; 


TIPULIN A, 


bo 
(00) 
~y 


antennze normally not pectinate,* the flagellar 
joints always verticillate ; legs normally long 
and slender; abdomen elongate, cylindrical, 
seldom widened. towards or at the tip, unless 
due to the genitalia, which are generally 
large and complex in 7%pula, less so in some 
other genera. Body colours mainly brownish 
and yellowish ; brighter in Pachyrhina .... Trevutnt. 
Legs of excessive length and slenderness, more so 
than in the normal Tipulid forms ; the 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein normally not forked {Dolichopeza), 
if so, the anterior branch either obsolete or perpen- 
dicular, thus making the rhomboid cell more or 
less square ; nasus normally absent t .......--. DoLicHOPEZINI. 


It must be remembered that probably not one of the characters 
herein employed is absolutely consistent throughout any particular 
section, the nearest approach to stability perhaps being the verti- 
cillate nature of the flagellum in TrruLint. 


Section CTENOPHORINI, 


In addition to the genera with typically pectinate antenne in 
the males, this section contains several others in which this. 
character is less fully developed or even entirely absent. Yet as 
the group is represented in the East by practically one genus only 
(Pselliophora), there is no need to enumerate the peculiarities of 
the exotic forms. Apart from Pselliophora, a species of Prionota 
has been described by Van der Wulp from Java (P. nigriceps). 

All the species described by the older authors correctly belonging 
to Pselliophora were placed in Ctenophora, but they have now all 
been satisfactorily referred to the former genus with one exception, 
C. xanthomelana, Walk., of which only the female was originally 
described, and the species not having been seen since, it is im- 
possible to decide where it should be placed, the probability being 
that it too is really a Pselliophora. It comes from “ East India.” 

As descriptive of the section, little can be added to the char- 
acters given in the table above, so far as the Oriental genera are 
concerned. The pectinate antenne in the males, the shorter, 
stouter legs, the usually bright and sharply defined colours that 
distinguish most of the species, make them easily recognisable. 


* Exceptions occur, but not in Eastern genera ; one, for example, Ozodicera, 
comes from South America, which is practically a Z%pu/a with pectinate male 
antenne. 

+ Absent in Dolichopeza, but present in Scamboneura and Megistocera, both 
Oriental genera. 

Prionota may be described briefly as having the appearance of a Pachyrhina 
or Tipula, the venation of a Ctenophora, and antenne markedly serrate on the 
lower side in both sexes, owing to the emargination of the base of each joint of 
the flagellum except the last one. P. nigriceps, Wulp, the only known species, 
has an orange-yellow thorax, an abdomen yellowish on the basal half, blackish 
on the apical half, with the legs yellowish, blackish at the joints. It is 16 mm. 
in length. 


288 TIPULID®. 


Genus CTENOPHORA, Jy. 


Ctenophora, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 263 (1803). 
Taniptera, Latreille, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. p. 428 (1804). 


GENOTYPE, Tipula atrata, L. 


Head transverse, with somewhat prominent rounded bare eyes. 
Epistome enlarged, snout-like towards the tip. Proboscis rather 
prominent, with rounded hairy labella. Palpi four-jointed, long, 
the last joint the longest, whiplash-like. rons in both sexes 
broad ; ocelli absent. Antenne long, prominent, 13-jointed ; 
the flagellar joints in the male cylindrical, with two, three, or four 
comb-like branches ; in the female rounded, or saw-like on the 
underside. Zhorax very arched, neck moderately distinct ; the 
transverse suture moderately deep and distinct, a little emarginate 
posteriorly. Scutellum small, metanotum well developed. Abdo- 
men elongate, eight-segmented, clubbed at the tip in the male, 
widened towards, but not at, the tip in the female. Genitalia of 
male large and complex, their structure varying with the species ; 
sometimes with a conspicuous organ on the belly in addition. 
Ovipositor in female broad, sword-like, prominent, horny. Legs 
moderately long and stout, but about the shortest of any in the 
family TrpuLIp#; tibize with strong spurs at the tip; metatarsus 
lengthened, claws distinct. Wings comparatively large, of moderate 
width, the anal angle somewhat squared. One marginal, two 
submarginal, and five posterior cells. Auxiliary vein more than 
half the length of the wing, turning into the Ist longitudinal vein 
at its tip; the Ist longitudinal vein turning at its tip into the 
short anterior branch of the 2nd vein, which is practically always 
oblique or nearly perpendicular ; a short cross-vein (costal cross- 
vein) unites the 1st vein, shortly before its tip, to the costal vein, 
thus forming the rhomboidal cell characteristic of the TreuLIN 2 ; 
the 2nd longitudinal vein emerges about the middle of the wing, 
generally bisinuate; the 3rd generally before the middle of the 
2nd, gently curved ; the anterior cross-vein is comparatively short, 
the discal cell pentagonal, the 2nd posterior cell petiolate, the 
petiole moderately long, the posterior branch of the 4th longi- 
tudinal vein forking at about the middle of the discal cell, the 
posterior cross-vein placed at the fork; the 5th, 6th, and 7th 
veins normal, the latter rather short. 

Life-history. The metamorphoses of several European species of 
this genus are known, being described by Fischer, Bouché, and 
others.* The larve live in decaying wood, but in view of the 
probability of the genus not being Oriental, they are not described 
here. 


* Brauer has described the life-history of C. bimaculata, Kaltenbach ; also 
Perris that of C. atrata (in decaying willows). Schiner mentions a second 
generation, born in captivity, of the former species. 


CTENOPHORA. 289 


All the Oriental species of the older authors, described originally 
under Ctenophora, are now referred to Pselliophora, and it is 
highly probable that the present genus does not exist in the 
Oriental region at all, being confined exclusively to Europe, 
Siberia and North America, with the exception of a single species 
from Persia.* 

There is, however, one species, C. wanthomelana, Walk., from 
“« Hast India,” of which it is impossible to decide the correct 
generic position, the male being still unknown; in fact, the 
original type female (which still exists in good condition in the 
British Museum) appears to be the only example in existence. 

Ctenophora melanura, Walk. (List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 78) is 
not even a Tipulid at all, but a large species of Sargus, as stated 
by Osten Sacken after examining the type at the British 
Museum. 


195, Ctenophora xanthomelana, Walk. 


Ctenophora xanthomelana, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 77 
(1848). 


““ Nigra, thorace ferrugineo rufo trivittato, abdomine basi fulvo, 
alis fuscis. 

‘“* Head and appendages black ; feeiers serrulate, much less than 
half the length of the chest; chest ferruginous, with three very 
broad brownish red stripes, varied with reddish brown on each 
side and behind; abdomen black, attenuated towards the tip, and 
reaching much beyond the length of the wings; segments from 
the first to the third, orange-tawny ; legs black, pubescent ; wings 
brown, with a small dark brown brand near the tip of the fore 
border ; veins dark brown ; poisers tawny with brown tips. 

‘Length of the body 14 lines; of the wings 22 lines. 

‘“‘ Kast India. From Mr. Children’s collection.” ( Walker.) 

The male of this species still being unknown, it is impossible to 
say whether it is a true Clenophora or not. In all probability it 
will eventually prove to be a Pselliophora, a genus confined to the 
Eastern tropics, with the exception of a single species (P. fum- 
plena, Walk.) from China.t Until, however, the point is decided, 
both the genus Ctenophora and the species wanthomelana must 
presumably figure in Oriental lists. 


* Persia is, however, as much Palzarctic as Oriental. It is true that there 
is yet one species of which the locality is still unknown—C. constans, Walk. 
(Dipt. Saund. p. 448, 2), but this hardly affects the argument. 

+ Unless this species comes from South China (the original reference gives 
merely ‘‘China’’), I should have doubted its being a Psel/iophora but for Osten 
Sacken’s examination of the type at the British Museum, where are also some 
other specimens from China which appeared to that author to represent a 
variety of the same species. 


290 FIPULID A. 


Genus PSELLIOPHORA, Os. Sac. 
Pselliophora, Osten Sacken, Berlin. Entom. Zeits. xxx, p. 165 (1886). 


Guyoryes, Vipula leta, F.; by present designation.* 


Osten Sacken’s differentiation of this genus from Ctenophora is 
as follows :— 

“ Pselliophora (which means bracelet-bearer), gen. nov., comes 
nearest to Otenophora, sensu stricto, represented by the European 
species pectinicornis, flaveolata, elegans, ete. It is easily distin- 
guished, however, by the following characters :— 

(1) The four branches issuing from the same antennal joint 
(in the male) are of the same length (in Ctenophora, s. str., the 
inner pair is distinctly shorter); (2) the branches of the male 
antenne are clothed with rather long, soft, not very dense hairs ; 
(3) the 12th joint has two pairs of branches (only one in Ctenophora, 
s. str.); (4) the forceps of the male has a different structure ; 
the long protruding adminiculum, so conspicuous in Ctenophora, 
s. str., is wanting here; (5) the females are more difficult to dis- 
tinguish from those of Ctenophora, s. str., the most trustworthy 
character, as far as I can see, lies in the structure of the 3rd joint 
of the antenne (1st joint of the flagellum), which here becomes 
broader from base to tip, without having the expansion on the 
underside, such as exists in the females of Ctenophora, s. str. ; 
the other joints are more rounded, and thus the flagellum appears 
less serrate on the underside; the latter half of the abdomen is 
much less expanded here, the upper valves of the ovipositor more 
straight and pointed. . 

“Most of the species of this group have a white ring at the 
base of each tibia (hence the name of the group); the wings are 
often brown, with well-defined white or yellowish spots ; sometimes 
uniformly brown, or yellowish with brown tips. The two pairs 
of branches on joints 4-12 of the male antenna are slender and 
rather long, from one and a half to two and a half [times] the 
length of the joints; the longest are in the middle of the flagellum.” 

The present genus is identical with Ctenophora except for the 
few differences mentioned above. 

Those new species of which only the females are known are 
placed here only temporarily, as until their males are discovered 
it is impossible to define their generic position with certainty. 

Life-history. The metamorphoses of no Oriental species have 
been studied, but the larve probably live in decaying wood, as is 
the case in the allied genus Ctenophora. 


Table of Species. 


1. Tibise with at least the hinder pair with 
a pale coloured ring near base ........ 2. 
Tibiz without a pale ring on any of them. 3. 


* No type species has, so far as I am aware, been indicated for this genus. 
I propose P. /eta, F., because it is the most widely distributed species in the 
East, the genus being essentially an Oriental one, 


PSELLIOPHORA, 291 


2, Wing with only two large spots and a 
small intermediate one (normally)*.. deta, F., p. 291. 
Wing with four large spots and generally 


some smaller ones (normally) *...... taprobanes, W1k., p. 293. 
3. Wing with conspicuous blackish or 
browilish marae eg ro; yee es 4, [p. 294. 
Wing pale yellow, wholly unmarked ..  emmaculipennis, Brun., 


4, Flagellum not serrate (presumably) + .. chrysophila, W1k., p. 295. 
Flagellum deeply serrate on underside. serraticornis, Brun., p. 296. 


196. Pselliophora leta, fF. (Pl. V, fig. 2; Pl. VI, fig. 9.) 
Tipula leta, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 239 (1794). 
Ctenophora leta, auctt. 


Pselliophora leta, var. trilineata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, 
p- 240 (1911). 


3 2. Head bright orange; proboscis and palpi orange or 
orange-yellow with a little concolorous pubescence. Antenne 
of male with thirteen joints, of female eleven; in both sexes the 
1st scapal joint is very large, approximately oblong, slightly curved 
upwards, orange, sometimes with black streaks on the upper- 
side and sometimes wholly reddish brown or brownish orange, 
the 2nd scapal joint very sinall, easily overlooked, especially in the 
male in which it is orange, whereas in the female it is always black. 
In the male the Ist flagellar joint has a blunt projection on the 
lower side, making the whole joint Y-shaped, black, with a pale 
yellowish white tip; it is unbranched. The remaining joints in 
the male are cylindrical, elongate, the basal two-thirds black or 
blackish brown, the apical third pale yellowish ; each joint bears 
two pairs of slender finger-like blackish brown branches which 
droop downwards; the first pair is situated at the base of the 
joint, the second at the distal end of the black portion; the 
last joint is simple and much elongated. All the branches, and 
in fact the whole antenne, are shortly pubescent. In the female 
the flagellum is distinetly only of nine joints, the 1st longer than 
the rest, broader at the tip, the 2nd rather similar though not so 
long, the rest subannular, the apical joint conical. The whole 
flagellum black, with short black pubescence. Zhorawv wholly 
bright orange, a little yellow just below the dorsum and sometimes 
on the scutellum and metanotum. Abdomen very variable ; bright 
orange, with the bases of the segments more or less black ; 
sometimes the greater portion of the dorsal surface blackish, 
sometimes hardly any black colour present. Genitalia of male 
orange, with blackish marks, these varying also; in the female 
shining black, often the last two or three segments black also. 
Legs: coxee and femora bright orange, tips of latter broadly 
black; tibie and tarsi black or blackish, a moderately wide, 
distinctly pale yellow or yellowish white band on the former at or 


* Both species are liable to variation in the wing-markings, but it is im- 
ossible to mistake one for the other if the descriptions of each are consulted. 
+ It is to be presumed Walker would have noticed the serration if present. 


U 


292 TIPULIDA. 


immediately beyond the base. Legs microscopically pubescent. 
Wings rather deep brown or blackish brown. Two large, very 
conspicuous oval orange-yellow spots, beginning on the costa and 
extending nearly to the hind margin, the distal side of the first 
spot being just beyond the middle of the wing; the second spot 
begins a little before the proximal side of the discal cell and 
encloses the posterior cross-vein, its distal costal limit being at 
the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein; between these two large 
spots a smaller one, round or oval, near but not touching the costa, 
enclosing the base of the 2nd longitudinal vein. The base of the 
wing is also orange-yellow, in some cases the colour wholly united 
with the nearer large spot, but always joined to it on the costa. 
In one example the small round spot is also united to the proximal 
one of the large spots. In some specimens the small spot is 
much reduced, possibly occasionally absent. Halteres orange. 

Length 8 10-12, 2 15 millim. 

Redescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the 
Indian Museum and my own collection from Dehra Dun (foot of 
Mussoori Hills); Kanara, Bombay, vii. 07; Bangalore, 3000 ft., 
11-15. x.10 (Annandale); Trivandrum, Travancore State, iv. 89 ; 
Caleutta, 13. vii.97. Also in the Vienna Museum and my own col- 
lection from Ceylon. Apparently commonly distributed throughout 
India, and probably also the East generally. Van der Wulp 
records it from Bombay, Sind, and Ceylon. 

Type. The location is uncertain, unless it is in the old Fabrician 
collection. It is curious that although described in a few words 
only, over a hundred years ago, the species is so well marked that 
there does not exist a single synonym to it. 

‘Van der Wulp quotes ‘ pl. ii. 1’ as a figure of this species in 
Wiedemann, but [I find no such figure. In the Pusa collection 
are a male and female taken in cop. in the Shevaroys, 4000 ft., 
Madras Presidency, 26. vill.07, on coffee bushes. In the Indian 
Museum are two specimens that represent well-marked varieties 
of this species, to one of which a name is given. ‘The first speci- 
men is from Katihar, Purnea District, N. Bengal, and is a female 
in good condition taken by Mr. Paiva, 23.11.09. It differs from 
the typical form by all the cells on the posterior half of the wing 
being pale grey in their centres; one or two centres being almost 
entirely clear. The 3rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments have 
a subquadrate black spot on the dorsum of each. 

«The second specimen I term var. trilineata, from the presence 
of the usual three tipuliform black thoracic stripes, the median 
one extending over the anterior margin on each side as far as the 
front coxee. The outer stripes are replaced behind the suture by 
a large spot on each side. There is a blackish mark on the pleura 
below the wing, and the hinder side of the metanotum is shining 
black. The wings have the clear spaces as in the preceding 
variety, though not quite so obvious, and the last two or three 
abdominal segments are blackish, some distinct darkening of the pre- 
ceding segments being noticeable. The yellow colour of the legs is 


PSELLIOPHORA, 293 


deep chrome, not orange. It was taken by Mr. H. L. Andrewes, 
September 1910, in the Nilgiri Hills (3500 ft.). 

“The yellow marks on the wing in both forms are so exactly 
like those in the typical form that they cannot be regarded but as 
varieties.” (Brunetti, l.¢., p. 241). 


197. Pselliophora taprobanes, Walk. (Pl. V, fig. 3; Pl. VI, 
fies. 10, 11.) 


Ctenophora taprobanes, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 77 
(1848). 


3 Q. Head yellow, often lemon-yellow, a dark brown spot or 
pair of spots on back of occiput, a small elongate mark over base 
of each antenna or at its side. Proboscis yellow or brownish 
yellow, often with a brown streak on each side above, brown 
below; palpi with Ist joint brown, the remainder yellow, wholly 
pubescent. Antenne much as in P. leta, except that the scape 
is more black (probably sometimes wholly so). The whole 
antenna in female black, shaped mainly as in leta, but the joints 
more flattened, not at all annular. Thorax yellow, sometimes 
tinged with a little orange, sometimes lemon-yellow. Three 
dorsal brown stripes of the usual pattern in Trrunmp®, the 
median one beginning on the anterior margin, generally narrowly 
divided in the middle; the outer ones consist of an oval spot in 
front of the suture, joined to one, sometimes two, contiguous 
spots behind the suture; the three (or two) form a stripe from 
well behind the shoulder to the posterior margin of the dorsum ; 
a brown streak at base of collare, carried on each side right down 
at the sides and continued on to the fore ccxe. Scutellum and 
metanotum concolorous with thoracic dorsum; a brown spot on 
each side of the scutellum, like a continuation of the outer 
thoracic dorsal stripes. The metanotum with a brown mark 
(sometimes divided) on hinder side. Sternopleurew with a broad 
dark brown horizontal stripe on upper part and another on lower 
part, sometimes indistinct (possibly occasionally absent); a brown 
mark here and there on the rest of the pleure. Abdomen yellow 
or orange-yellow ; bases of segments more or less dark brown or 
blackish, the extent of the colour variable, and apparently more 
extensive in the female. The basal segment generally wholly 
yellow, the apical one or two segments generally black. Genitalia 
of male shining brownish yellow, with blackish marks and 
pubescence. Ovipositor of female shining black. Legs: cox 
yellow or brownish yellow, often with dark brown streaks ; 
femora dirty brownish yellow; tibiz and tarsi similarly coloured 
but darker, the former with a moderately narrow whitish ring at 
base. Wings moderately deep brown, with yellow marks that 
are variable, usually four in number and of considerable size. 
Normally, two rather large round or oblong spots just below the 
costa, the first placed clear of the base of the wing, its distal side 

u2 


294 TIPULID A. 


at one-third of the wing’s length; the second large spot touches 
the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein, enclosing the anterior cross- 
vein and the discal cell and posterior cross-vein. Between these 
two larger spots a smaller round one over the base of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein, as in P. lta, and a similar round spot on hind 
margin of wing over tip of 6th longitudinal vein. Very small 
spots and streaks are liable to occur in various parts of the wing, 
especially at the extreme tip, the tips of the 4th and 5th veins, 
and so on. Sometimes a yellow spot near, but not at, the base of 
the wing, and connected with the proximal large spot on the 
costa. Halteres relatively small, brownish yellow. 

Length 3 9-14, 9 14-15 millim. 

Redeseribed from several examples of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum and my own collection, all from Ceylon, where it appears 
to be a common species especially in May, June and July, small 
parties of them being seen flying together over the roadways and 
under branches of trees. The Indian Museum dates range from 
29. y. to 18. ix., but it probably occurs in Ceylon all through the 
summer. Mr. Gravely has taken it at Peradeniya “at light.” 

Type (a female) in the British Museum, from Ceylon. 

The male is much less common than the female and I believe 
has not been described, but it is present in the Indian Museum 
and shows no peculiarities beyond the ordinary sexual differences. 


198. Pselliophora immaculipennis, Brun. (Pl. VI, figs. 7, 8.) 


Pselliophora immaculipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 243 
(1911). 


2. Head bright shining orange-yellow, with scattered hairs ; 
a frontal spot, almost bisected in the middle (just above the 
antenne), shining light yellow-brown, extending from eye to 
eye. Eyes small, black, and placed well forward so that the 
back of the head is very wide, and joins the equally broad vertex 
which is orange-yellow. Face rather considerably covered with 
long yellow hairs. Antenne concolorous, covered with microscopical 
silver-grey dust: the Ist joint long, cylindrical, 2nd short, bead- 
like, 3rd and rest cylindrical; 3rd as long as Ist, remainder 
gradually shortening, the last three very short and close together, 
the 13th style-like. Palpi orange-yellow, tip black.  Thoraw 
concolorous, with irregularly scattered hairs, shining, bare. The 
prothorax reduced to a small circular thick disc, bright yellow ; 
humeri brown. Mesothorax with three wide, shining, light brown 
stripes, tapering behind, the Ist central and attaining the anterior 
margin, the stripe on each side reaching the shoulders and 
terminating above the mesopleure. Behind the middle transverse 
suture the dorsum widens out until the posterior corners form 
sharp angles. This posterior portion bears a wide brown stripe 
on each side, divided by a small longitudinal suture; the stripes 
beginning behind the ends of the two dorsal side stripes which 
are in front, and extending backwards to the small scutellum. 


PSELLIOPHORA. 295 


which is all yellow. Metanotum of moderate size, yellow. Sides 
of thorax yellow, with a shining, very dark brown triangle just 
below the root of the wing, and a downward brown streak 
behind and rather above it. Underside of thorax dark brown; a 
prominent, small, circular, pale yellow callosity in front of the 
hind eoxe, Abdomen concolorous, with irregularly scattered hairs. 
Bases of all the segments brown, the part so coloured apparently 
varying in breadth; 2nd segment much contracted ; 3rd and 4th 
suddenly widened; the rest together tapering to a point. Ovi- 
positor short, reddish brown, shining. Belly yellowish, with traces 
of some transverse bands, corresponding to those on the upperside. 
Legs yellowish tawny; cox brownish yellow, tarsi blackish, bare 
of long hairs or bristles, with microscopical yellow pubescence on 
the femora, which is much mixed with black pubescence on the 
tibie. Wings yellowish, unmarked, stigma yellowish, indistinct, 
small; veins and halteres brown. 

Length 12 millim. 

Deseribed from one male from Sylhet in the Indian Museum, 
in perfect condition. 


199. Pselliophora chrysophila, Walk. 


Ctenophora chrysophila, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soe. Lond., Zool. i, 
p. 6 (1857). 

Ctenophora chrysopila, Osten Sacken, Berlin. Ent. Zeits. xxx, 
p- 169 (1886). 


Q. Head, with scape, wholly bright orange, palpi slightly 
brown, flagellum black, the form of the joints much as in 
P. taprobanes. Thorax with sides, scutellum, and metanotum 
wholly bright orange; a very faint indication of three darker 
stripes. Abdomen bright orange, with short concolorous pub- 
escence ; posterior margins of segments a little deeper orange, 
and small blackish marks (apparently the ground-colour of the 
abdomen shewing through the tomentum) here and there at the 
sides. Belly similar. Last segment and ovipositor shining black, 
tip of valves reddish. Legs: coxe and femora bright orange, tips 
of latter narrowly blackish brown, remainder of legs dark blackish 
brown. Hind tibie only with a narrow pale yellowish ring 
immediately beyond the base. Wings orange-yellow ; the apical 
part as far inwards as the whole of the outer marginal, sub- 
marginal and lst and 2nd _ posterior cells, brown ; the colour 
absolutely demarcated proximally by the veins delimiting these 
cells, but extending, more indistinctly, into the discal cell and 
posteriorly, also indistinctly, into the 8rd and 4th posterior ceils. 
Halteres orange. 

Length 16 millim. to tip of ovipositor. 

Redescribed from two females in the Indian Museum from 
Bhim Tal, 4500 feet, Kumaon district, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annandale). 

The two examples examined are exactly similar, except that the 


296 TIPULIDA. 


abdomen of one has a little more blackish colour than that of 
the other. Dr. Annandale says that one of the specimens was 
seen by him to be laying eggs in the hollow of a tree. 


200. (?) Pselliophora serraticornis, Brwi. 


Pselliophora serraticornis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 242 


(1911). 


24. Head brownish yellow, vertex a little tinged with grey. 
Palpi blackish. Antenne very conspicuous: scape brownish 
yellow, 1st joint a little over twice the length of the 2nd; flagellar 
joints very deeply serrate on underside in the shape of two 
pendent lobes to each joint, of equal size and length, the proximal 
one black, the distal one brownish yellow; the last flagellar joint 
(11th) has a conical tip, with a small distinct apical style; each 
joint bears a verticel of hairs (four in number) at its base. 
Thorax brownish yellow, more yellowish anteriorly, with three 
darker dorsal stripes; the median one rather broad, and bisected 
by a narrow dark brown line, with which all the stripes are rather 
sharply delineated. Two spots behind the suture of similar colour 
and delineation, of normal shape, the anterior one approximately 
rounded, the hinder one more oblongo-triangular, Pleure a little 
greyish. Abdomen brownish yellow; the segments with blackish 
markings on the kind margins towards the sides (the apical balf 
of the abdomen is wanting). Leys: coxe and femora brownish 
yellow; tibise and tarsi dark brown or blackish. Wings pale grey, 
base and costal cell yellowish; stigma dark brown but ill defined, 
and a brownish sutfusion, irregular in extent, below the stigma 
extending around the discal cell; also in less distinct manner, at 
the base of both basal cells, at the origin of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein and over the posterior cross-vein, and here and there over 
some of the veins. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 12 millim. (incomplete). 

Described from a single example in excellent condition (except 
for the loss of the apical half of the abdomen), taken by Felder 
in 1861, in Ceylon. 

Type in the Vienna Museum. 

The end of the abdomen being broken off, the sex of the 
specimen is undeterminable. The species is a very conspicuous 
one and, as regards the antenne, quite unlike any other that I have 
seen or read of. The abdomen, so far as the middle, shows 
no trace of any increase in width. It may not be a Pselliophora, 
but the antenne cannot by any stretch of imagination be asso- 
ciated with Tipula, yet the flagellum is distinctly verticillate, an 
essentially Tipuline character. 


TIPULA. 297 


Section Z7PULINI, 


Although, as has been mentioned, several abnormally con- 
structed forms belong to this section, approximating in some 
degree to the CrmnoPHoRINI, none of these have as yet occurred 
in the Orient. Zipula and Pachyrhina alone represent this group 
in the East, these, moreover, being the two most representative 
genera of the section. Little can be added to the characters 
already given in the preceding table of sections. 

The colours in Tipula are comparatively sombre, consisting 
mainly of various shades of browns, yellows and dull blacks, 
whilst in Pachyrhina the species are generally bright yellow with 
black, well-defined markings. 

Some European species are mainly black, with yellow markings,, 
one or two of this nature having been described from the East, 
but not from India. 


Genus TIPULA, ZL. 


x, p. 218 (1863). 
Oreomyza, Pok., Wien. Entom. Zeit. vi, p. 50 (1887). 


Gunoryer, Zipula oleracea, L. 


Head more or less oval. Proboscis moderately long, com- 
paratively broad, the upper part prolonged narrowly in the form 
of a nasus or nose, the lower part bearing well-developed hairy 
labella at the tip; palpi four-jointed, long, cylindrical, the last 
joint whiplash-like, as long as the preceding three joints taken 
together. Eyes separated by a frons of one-third to one-fourth 
the width of the head in both sexes, rarely a little wider in the 
female. Vertex slightly, sometimes considerably arched. Antenne 
of thirteen joints, long, generally a little longer in the male than 
in the female; 1st scapal joint elongate, cylindrical, 2nd very 
short, not wider than the Ist scapal or Ist flagellar joint 
flagellar joints cylindrical, often slightly enlarged at their 
bases, sometimes very slightly contracted just before their tips ; 
1st jomt always considerably longer than the others; each 
flagellar joint bearing four verticillate hairs, the two on the upper- 
side long and divaricate, those on the underside much shorter ; 
scapal joints never verticillate, but bearing some short bristly 
hairs at the tip of each joint, often a long hair or two in addition. 
Thorax arched, practically bare, more or less elongate in front, 
produced into a short conical neck. Transverse suture distinct. 
Scutellum moderate in size, semicircular; metanotum highly 
developed. Abdomen, irrespective of the genital organs (which 
form the 9th), of eight segments; cylindrical in the male or 
more or less incrassated at the tip, or entirely linear throughout 


298 TIPULIDA®. 


its length if the genitalia are small. In the female, rather more 
flattened, generally a little broader, especially towards, but not 
actually at, the tip. Genitalia of male nearly always large and 
complex, of varied structure according to the species, consisting 
usually of a moderate-sized dorsal plate, a large curved or V-shaped 
ventral plate, and more or less developed side plates (often in- 
visible, possibly absent); a pair of stoutly built conspicuous, two- 
jointed claspers, the second joint taking the most varied forms ; 
and inner organs of varying form according to the species, with a 
long filamentous penis, generally concealed. In the female the 
genital organs reduced to the normal pointed pair of horny 
valves, the lower pair much shorter, set much further back at 
the base and sometimes twisted round a little towards the side. 
Legs very long and slender, especially the tarsi, which are generally 
longer than the tibie ; tibize with small spurs at the tip; claws 
and pulvilli small. Wings elongate, of moderate width; tip 
narrowed, sometimes almost pointed; anal angle generally but 
not always narrowed. One marginal, two submarginal, and five 
posterior cells. Auxiliary vein ending always some distance 
beyond the middle of the wing; the Ist longitudinal a little 
longer, turning into the 2nd at its tip, the auxiliary turning 
down into the Ist; costal cross-vein often placed at such an 
angle as to make it appear like the continuation and end of the 
Ist vein; the 2nd vein emerges in a gentle curve, sometimes some 
little way before the middle of the wing, sometimes distinctly 
beyond it, the anterior branch always oblique; the 3rd vein issues 
shortly before the middle of the 2nd vein, the distance between 
its origin and the forking of the 2nd vein differing according to 
the species. Sometimes there is no obvious basal section to the 
3rd vein; sometimes it is longer than the nearly upright anterior 
cross-vein, with which it is usually ina line. Discal cell invariably 
present, pentagonal, of moderate size; the 2nd posterior cell 
always petiolate, the petiole varying in length with the species 
but by no means constant in the same species. The posterior 
eross-vein very oblique, nearly always at the fork of the lower 
branch of the 4th vein, which forking occurs somewhere on the 
hinder side of the discal cell ; occasionally the cross-vein occurs a 
little before the furcation, in which case it allows of the ultimate 
(5th) posterior cell coming into contact with the discal cell ; 
except in these latter cases the contact of the 5th posterior cell 
with the discal is only punctiform. The 5th longitudinal vein 
nearly straight or angled at the junction with the posterior cross- 
vein; 6th vein nearly straight, lying comparatively close to the 
5th; 7th rather short, nearly or quite straight. 

Range. World-wide. 

A character greatly helping to distinguish this genus from 
Pachyrhina is the fureation of the lower branch of the 4th 
longitudinal vein. This occurs beyond the base of the discal cell, 
the posterior cross-vein being situated at the fork. Thus, of the 


TIPULA. 299 


two portions forming the posterior or hinder side of the discal 
cell, the proximal one abuts on the 2nd basal cell, and the distal 
one on the penultimate posterior cell. 


Table of Species of Tipula.* 


TABLE OF GROUPS. 


Wings either very conspicuously marked, or 

else the species distinguished by great size, 
aimener 20rmilim 2) sl ae Grovp I. 

Wings either not conspicuously marked (if 

comparatively large species), or if so, then 

less than 20 millim. in extreme length 

(from tip of nasus to tip of genitalia). 

Wings distinctly marmorated ............ Group 2. 

Wings with a few lighter and darker patches, 
or spots; never uniformly unicolorous.. GRouP 38. 
Wings practically or actually unicolorous .. Group 4. 


Group 1. 


1. Tibize and tarsi with distinct whitish rings. 
Tibiz and tarsi without any whitish rings . 
2. Femora with a whitish ring near tip; 
wing-marks practically confined to the 
costa, wing-tip and cross-veins ........ 5. 
Femora without any whitish ring; wing 
with various brown markings of quite 
a different pattern to venusta and 
Cr OS Cee Ree patricia, sp. n., p. 318. 
3. Length 28 millim.; antenne yellow, black 
at base of each joint; cross-veins suffused 
with brown, a moderate-sized brown 
Spotat. witie-tip so eens hee ts venusta, Walk., p. 302. 
Length 17-18 millim.; antennal scape 
yellow, flagellum wholly black; cross- 
veins absolutely clear; apical spot much 
smulllers black, .).<(cy.ceeeeere aes ey ace'e ¢ gracillima, sp. n., p. 802. 
4. Wings unicolorous or practically so, but 
generally with characteristic markings. 
(Species with wholly clear wings not 
included in this section.) ............ 5. 
Wings not unicolorous 


bo 


* The present table of species of Tipula is a rather hybrid one, as it is 
impossible to arrange them either satisfactorily or intelligibly in one unbroken 
sequence. An absolutely arbitrary method is therefore perforce adopted, at 
least temporarily, and the species roughly grouped in four divisions, which, in 
a general way, are sufficiently distinct tor the present study of them. This 
table must be regarded more as a guide to the different species than an 
absolute differentiation of them. TZ. vicaria, Walk. (p. 332) is not included in 

_ the table. 


300 TIPULIDA. 


5. Ground-colour of thoracic dorsum mainly 
yellowish (three darker stripes present 


Fos 61 (8) Ce or 6. 
Ground-colour of thoracic dorsum dark 
brown (sides yellow in dives) ........ 9. 


6. Thorax with the usual three darker stripes 
which are often contiguous .......... lie : 
Thorax wholly orange-yellow, unmarked. . flava, Brun., p. 30°. 

7. Sides of thorax yellowish ; a very distinct 


fond 


dark brown lateral stripe from neck to [p. 304. 
LOObOF WANES. 4 5.0:2sier- tise ee ae fulvolateralis, Brun., 
Sides of thorax yellowish, no dark side 
BEUIMO™ eis c) os de» ecg ops ier RMD 8. 
8. Wings uniformly moderately pale brown, 4 
the obliterative streak almost imper- [p. 803. 


ceptible; 5th vein not distinctly suffused. majestica, Brun., 
Wings less dark brown, obliterative streak 

very pronounced, the wing just beyond 

it distinctly darker; 5th vein distinctly 


MATTOWhyeSULUSOD 5 «01. «nal aly ope princeps, Brun., p. 306. 
9. Sides of thorax dark brown, with pale [p. 308. 
vellowilateral SELIPG” <0). ..u.2 opametes. fumipennis, Brun., 
Sides of thorax yellowish, a dark brown 
stripe from neck to base of wings...... dives, Brun., p. 507. 
10. Ground-colour of wings not clear ........ dd. 
Ground-colour of wings practically all 
OGGHS Looe 1G LAO an NE SEE 12. [p. 308. 
11. Antennal flagellum not serrate .......... Jumifasciata, Brun., 
Antennal flagellum distinctly serrate on Lp. 309. 
TVaOleWeHCley Sas Soot CO Re en © a1 6 serricornis, Sp. N., 
12. Thorax conspicuously marked, apart from 
the usual three stripes ... <i. - ee senn 15. 
Thorax without conspicuous marks, but the 
usual three stripes present............ Suscinervis, sp. 1., 
13. Wings broader, markings mainly in the [p. 312. 


form of spots. Thorax with chalk- 

whitish grey stripe towards each side 

OM HE MOST tie gees cin) s «fn otek eee pulcherrima, sp. N., 
Wings distinctly narrower, markings main- [p. 310. 

ly in the form of longitudinal dark 

streaks. Thorax without any chalk- 

SN HAO GIUPE cutee teen ks aie cis +. oheye ae neeneae splendens, sp. n., p. 514. 


Group 2.* 


Species with ‘ marmorated” wings, under 20 millim. long. 


* Tt is quite beyond the bounds of possibility to tabulate the very closely 
allied species in this group. A reference to the figures in Plate V, in con- 
junction with the descriptions, is necessary. The species are reposita, Walk., 
himalayensis, tessellatipennis, robusta, marmoratipennis, quasimarmoratipennis, 
striatipennis, subtincta, elegans, griseipennis, and nigrotibialis, all Brunetti. 


. In this section are five species, 


TIPULA. 


Gnroup 3. 


301 


(Intermediate between Groups 2 and 4.) 


Length 23 millim. 


Length 18 millim. 


Length 10 millim. 


Group 4. 


. Species with some more or less conspicuous 


Gutterenttuleeharacter . <<... <0. + cite. 
Species without any specially distinctive 
means of recognition 


. Wings tawny, brown spot at tip 


Body orange, velvet-like, heed all ‘plack, 
dorsum of thorax deep ted... ssa: ala 
Body grey, wings grey, a small but distinct 
darker grey ‘spot near tip of 2nd basal 
cell and in middle of anal cell ........ 
Wings clear, thorax bright orange-yellow 
with seven very distinct dark grey spots. 


» Keegs\mainly yellowishi.. 2.51. 252.0% 2. 


Legs dark brownish yellow ...........- 
Legs mainly black or blackish brown 


. Femora br oadly blackish at tips, the colour 


sharply demarcated from the pale yellow 
RUNES ops Reel ope a's Sig An ee ee en +p 
Femora narrowly black-tipped, or uni- 
GCOUPEONS eo oiciuge +s. ssh cago npectee 


® Costalrcell’of normal’ sizes o.-s5 06s - 


Costal cell very small, extending less than 
one-fifth the distance from proximal side 
of cell to wing-margin, along the upper 
branch of 4th vein; thorax distinctly 
brownish yellow; abdomen black, ex- 
Capt yellowsat base saa qe eas oo 4 


». Thorax and abdomen soft yellowish grey ; 


legs normal; stigma normal, filling all 
the inner half of the marginal cell; 
costal cell yellowish) <3. else. sens: co nce 
Thorax yellowish ; abdomen blackish ; legs 
exceptionally thin; stigma filling only 
half the inner marginal cell; costal cell 
almost clear 


impossible 
to resolve into tabular form e 


interrupta, Brun., 
[p. 327. 
nigroaprcalis, Brun., 


[p. 828. 
continuata, Brun., 

[p. 328. 
2. 

3. [p. 329. 
walkert, nom. nov.,* 

p- "330. 
melanomera, Walk., 

[p. 380. 
quadrinotata, sp. 1. » 
ornatithoraa, Brun., 

[p. 335. 


deman ‘cata, Brun., 
fi 


ochripes, Brun., p. 334. 


5. 
6. 


flavescens, sp. 0., p. 384. 


[p. 332. 
brunnicosta, sp. 0., 


tenuipes, Sp. ., p. 338. 


divisa, Brun., p. 337. 
gracilis, Brun., p. 388. 
munda, sp. 0., p. 336, 
cinctoterminalis, sp. 1., 
p- 338. 
Ge sp. n., p. 389. 


* For T. fulvipennis, Walk., preoccupied by De Geer in 1776. 


302 TIPULID A”. 


201. Tipula venusta, Walk. (PI. V, fig. 5.)* 
Tipula venusta, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus, i, p. 64 (1848). 


‘“‘ Rufo-fusea, subtus pallidior, thoracis dorso nigro univittato 
fulvoque bivittato, abdomine fulvo, disco. rufo-fusco, antennis 
flavis nigro cinctis, pedibus nigris, tibiis albo cinctis, tarsis albis 
basi nigris, alis limpidissimis fusco subfasciatis. 

‘“‘ Head reddish brown; mouth yellow: palpi brown towards the 
tip; feelers yellow, beset with short black bairs, not more than 
half the length of the chest; base of each joint black; chest 
tawny; reddish brown on the disk, and having there a black 
stripe in the middle, and a tawny stripe on each side; the two 
latter communicate in front with the tawny colour of the rest of 
the chest; abdomen bright tawny, reddish brown on the back, 
excepting the base of each segment, which is tawny ; legs black, 
very long; a broad white band across each shank; feet white, 
excepting the first joint; wings colourless, very transparent, 
having a large irregular brown spot near the tip, where some of 
the veins are also clouded; there is a small brown brand at the 
end of the first longitudinal vein, and beneath it a narrow 
interrupted brown line extends across the wing, and clouds the 
sides of some of the short connecting veins; veins very dark 
brown ; poisers brown, tawny at the base. 

‘“« Length of the body 14 lines; of the wings 2+ lines. 

“Silhet. From the Rev. J. Stainforth’s collection.” ( Walker.) 

Type. Described from the British Museum collection, but no 
longer to be found there. 

There are evidently several species in the East which are 
closely allied to this and to Wiedemann’s pedata described from 
Java. None of the specimens seen by me could be actually 
determined as venusta. 


202. Tipula gracillima, sp. noy. 


2. Head: frons and vertex pale yellowish, with a brown 
median streak, the frons becoming almost whitish over the 
antennz. Proboscis and palpi yellowish white, tip of proboscis 
greenish. Antennal scape pale yellowish; flagellar joints cylin- 
drical, black, well separated, at least those of the basal half; the 
verticillate hairs very short. Back of head brownish above, pale 
yellowish white below. Z'horax: dorsum brownish yellow; a 
median narrow reddish brown stripe, which is not very pro- 
nounced, and an indistinct shorter stripe on each side of it, some 
distance behind the shoulders. The brownish colour of the 
dorsum is extended forward to the anterior margin of the thorax 
and along the short neck. Scutellum and metanotum brownish 
yellow. Sides of thorax pale yellowish white, with silvery white 
reflections, if viewed from certain directions. Abdomen: basal 


T believed I had found the species in the Indian Museum collection. Later 
studies lead me to think that I have not met with the true Z. venusta, but the 
figure is allowed to remain as typical of this group of species. 


TIPULA. 303. 


segments very attenuated, the 3rd segment suddenly enlarging 
towards its tip, the 4th the widest, the remaining four decreasing 
gradually in width; the first two and the base of the 3rd pale 
yellowish, the remainder blackish. Each segment has a more or 
less interrupted narrow white or whitish band, which on the first 
four segments is placed in front of the middle, and on the last 
four segments is basal. Belly yellowish on basal half, blackish 
on apical half. Ovipositor rather complex : an upper short oblong 
plate, of the same appearance and colour as the last abdominal 
segments, beneath which protrudes a dark grey cylindrical piece 
bearing the upper pair of valves, which are blackish, narrow and 
somewhat curved upwards; the lower pair of valves are short, 
stout, reddish, and enclosed by a protecting sheath on each side 
rather shorter than the valves themselves, and of the same colour 
as the last abdominal segments. Legs: coxe pale yellowish ; 
femora dirty brown, darkening a little before the snow-white, 
narrow, subapical ring which precedes the very narrowly black 
tip. Anterior tibie all black, except for an apical snow-white 
ring, 9 little wider than that of the femora; hind tibie black, 
with two snow-white bands: the first, moderately wide, placed 
soon after the base, the second apical, forming one-third of the 
whole length of the tibia. The metatarsus a little longer than 
the tibia, the second tarsal joint between one-third and one-fourth 
of the length of the tibia, the remaining joints very short; the 
anterior metatarsi black, except for a broad apical white ring, the 
rest of the tarsus being also white; the hind tarsi have less than 
one-third of the metatarsus black, the rest of the limb being snow- 
white. In all cases, wherever the snow-white rings occur, the 
minute pubescence is slightly denser. Wings absolutely colourless. 
A dark blackish stigma, the colour of which extends very narrowly 
along the base of the 3rd vein; a small dark brown, rather sharply 
defined, apical spot, embracing the tip of the 2nd and 3rd 
longitudinal veins and the 1st posterior cell. Discal cell rather 
large, pentagonal; pedicle of upper branch of 4th longitudinal 
vein nearly as long as the terminal veinlets; the 7th vein very 
short, almost straight. The 1st longitudinal vein rather strongly 
black. Halteres blackish. -_ 

Length 15 millim., excl. ovipositor 24 millim. 

Described from one female from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 20. vii. 10 
(E. Gravely). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

A very handsome and delicate species. The absolutely clear 
wings, without the slightest tinge of greyness, with the two dark 
spots in each, the well-defined snow-white rings on the legs, and 
the attenuated base of the abdomen, at once stamp this species as 
quite distinct from all others. 


203. Tipula majestica, Brun. 
Tipula mayestica, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, vi, p. 248 (1911). 
3 2. Head: back of head light brownish grey, with a very 


304 TIPULID®. 


narrow median dark line. Frons and proboscis reddish brown, 
more greyish above in female. Palpi blackish, antennal scape and 
basal joints of flagellum yellowish red, rest of flagellum black ; 
first three joints of flagellum elongated, remainder much shorter 
and slightly enlarged below in their centres. T'horav: sides and 
ground-colour of dorsum rich deep yellow ochre, bare; dorsum 
with a pair of median dark grey contiguous stripes forming the 
usual centre stripe, with a shorter outer stripe on each side, 
almost contiguous. The whole of the dorsum of the postsutural 
callosity oceupied by a concolorous spot; the dorsum of the 
thorax just above the centre of the suture showing the bright 
yellow ground colour. Scutellam and metanotum dark grey, a 
narrow dark brown stripe joining roots of wings to the scutellum. 
Pleure gold-yellow, with shining yellow reflections in certain 
lights. Abdomen dark brown, microscopically pubescent; posterior 
margins of segments very slightly darker. In the female there is 
a tendency to a narrow irregular dorsal stripe, formed by the 
rather paler centres of the segments. Belly dark blackish grey. 
Genitalia of male consisting of a comparatively small dorsal 
plate bilobed almost to its base, narrower behind, with yellow 
hairs; a pair of claspers with a very large, approximately conical, 
black-haired basal joint and a much smaller scoop-shaped second 
joint, with yellowish hairs. The eighth ventral segment has its 
edge emarginate in the middle, bent in a sharp curve and clothed 
in that part with bright golden yellow hairs. Intermediate organs 
invisible. Ovipositor of female shining brown, with reddish tips. 
Legs: coxe gold-yellow, rather shining, with a few hairs; femora 
and tibiz brownish yellow, tarsi rather darker; tips of femora 
with a rather narrow black ring. Wings brownish yellow, veins 
of a little deeper colour. The centres of most of the cells on the 
posterior half of the wing rather clearer, and an_ indistinct 
transverse clear streak just before the hardly visible stigma. 
Halteres blackish. 

Length 33 millim., excl. proboscis 3 millim., and ovipositor 
3 millim. 

Described from a male (éype) and two females, all from Darjiling, 
3-9. vi. 09 (F. M. Howlett), and a female (type) from Kurseong, 
24. vi. 10 (Annandale); a further female in the Indian Museum 
from the Nilgiri Hills, 3500 ft., ix. 10 (A. LZ. Andrewes). 

Type & in the Pusa collection, type Q in. the Indian 
Museum. 


204. Tipula fuivolateralis, Brun. (Pl. VI, fig. 15.) 
Tipula fulvolateralis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 249 (1911). 


3 9. Head: vertex grey; frons one-fourth the width of the 
head, yellow, with a little grey. Proboscis yellowish, dark brown 
at tip and on underside, also the labella and the palpi. Antenne 
vellow, brown towards the tips. Thorax: dorsum brownish grey. 
forming the usual three dorsal stripes which are nearly contiguous, 


TIPULA. 305 


the middle one reaching the anterior margin and being just 
perceptibly divided in front, the outer ones short, not reaching 
the shoulders. Dorsum behind suture, scutellum and metanotum 
brownish grey. Sides of thorax rather bright yellowish, the 
colour extending round the front below the shoulders; a thin 
dark brown line on each side, below the yellow portion, separating 
it from the lower part, which is almost livid in the type but 
unicolorous yellow in the second specimen. Abdomen chestnut- 
brown. Underside light yellowish grey on basal half. Genitalia of 
male brownish yellow, pubescent, complex; a small dorsal 
elongate curved plate, bilobed on the posterior half; a pair of 
large claspers, two-jointed, the 2nd joint rather shorter, scoop- 
shaped; an internal pair of organs, sub-globular, with narrow 
stems ; a ventral curved plate with a small semicircular piece cut 
away in the centre, closely pubescent around the emargination 
with golden yellow hairs. Legs brownish yellow, coxe livid, with 
a few whitish hairs, tips of femora with a rather narrow black 
ring. Wings moderately dark grey, costal cell brownish yellow 
(in one specimen with a number of fine but distinct upright lines) : 
stigma hardly distinct from the colour of ‘the costal cell; a small, 
nearly hyaline spot just above the discal cell, of which the distal 
side is nearly double the length of the proximal; posterior cross- 
vein narrowly but distinctly suffused near its junction with the 5th 
vein. Petiole of 2nd posterior cell very short. Halteres blackish. 
Length 31 millim. from tip of nose to tip of genitalia. 
Described from several specimens of each sex. Type ¢ from 
Bhim Tal, 4500 ft., Kurmaon district, 19-22. ix. 06 (Annandale) ; 
type 2 from Mazbat, Mangaldai district, Assam, 11-15. x. 10 
(Kemp). Other specimens in the Indian Museum from Dhikala, 
Garhwal district, base of Western Himalayas, 10. iii.10; Man- 
galdai, North Assam, x.1910 (Kemp); Kurseong, 23. vi. 10 
(Annandale). Two specimens from Sikkim are in the Vienna 
Museum, whilst I am almost sure that I have seen it at Mussoori. 
Types & and Q in the Indian Museum. 


205. Tipula fumipennis, Brun. (Pl. V, fig. 6.) 
Tipula fumipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 250 (1911). 


@. Head mainly dark brown, a little yellow around the base of 
the proboscis ; dark grey on back of head, except a broad median 
brown part extending over the frons to the antennex, which latter 
are yellowish brown; scape paler. Palpi dark brown. Thoraw: 
dorsum dark brown, almost bare, and with the usual three black 
stripes; the middle one divided down its centre by a narrow pale 
line; the outer spots normal; behind the suture, a small yellowish 
spot on the base of each post-sutural elevation, the dorsum of 
which is darker brown; the sides of the thorax immediately below 
the dorsum are occupied by a distinct though rather narrow pale 
yellowish stripe; below this the pleure are lighter, shining brown, 
practically bare. Prothorax rather prominently divided from the 


306 TIPULID ©. 


mesothorax by a deep suture. Scutellum and metanotum brownish 
yellow, with lighter reflections and some pale hairs. Abdomen 
uniformly shining dark brown, bare. Belly lighter, with a few 
light hairs. Ovipositor shining dark brown. Legs: coxe light 
yellowish brown, with pale yellow hairs; femora and _ tibice 
yellowish; femora with a rather broad black ring at tip. Wings 
uniformly blackish brown; posterior part slightly lighter; veins 
blackish. Posterior cross-vein somewhat thickened and infuscated, 
a character in which the veins in the immediate vicinity appear 
inclined to partake. Discal cell distinctly longer than the petiole 
of the 4th vein, this petiole rather more than half the length of 
the terminal veinlets. Halteres blackish. 

Length 20 millim,, excl. proboscis 2 millim. and ovipositor 2 millim. 

Described from one female in the Pusa collection, taken by 
Mr. F. M. Howlett at Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09. I have a damaged 
specimen from Mussoori that 1 captured there in June 1909. 


206. Tipula princeps, sp. nov. 


$ 9. Head: occiput and frons blackish grey, with black hairs. 
Neck brownish yellow. Proboscis brownish yellow, with very 
short black hairs; palpi black. Antennal scape pale yellowish, 
2nd joint very short; flagellum with oval joints, a little blackish 
at base, where they bave two long hairs on each side. Thoraw: 
dorsum soft light blackish grey, the usual stripes nearly contiguous 
and filling the surface; median stripe double; thorax behind 
suture concolorous, extreme edges of dorsum yellowish, as are the 
whole of the sides of the thorax and the metanotum, except the 
middle of the latter, which, with the scutellum, is concolorous 
with the thoracic dorsum. Abdomen of male rather dark brownish 
yellow ; an elongated blackish spot, darker anteriorly, in middle 
of each segment, giving the appearance of a dorsal black stripe ; 
a black line on each side of the abdomen, merging into the wholly 
black apical two or three segments. Genital organs mainly con- 
cealed, but the following points are visible: a blackish-brown 
plate, suddenly contracted to a point posteriorly ; a large pair of 
dark brown, shortly pubescent claspers, the 2nd joint of which 
is conical, pale yellowish ; the ventral portion of the 8th abdo- 
minal segment is large, V-shaped, with some quantity of long, 
bright golden-yellow hairs at its lower extremity. There is also 
a pair of curious large, pale yellowish-white, very thin, slightly 
curved, sharply pointed inner plates, apparently protecting and 
covering the second joint of the claspers. Some inner organs are 
just visible, but are too hidden to be properly observed. Legs: 
cox pale brownish yellow; femora at base of the same colour, 
darkening gradually to the tip, where there is a distinct 
though not well-defined, apical black ring; tibiw and tarsi 
blackish or very dark brown. Wings pale grey; costal cell 
yellow as far as the tip of the upper branch of 2nd longitudinal 


TIPULA. 307 


vein. Tip of wing above 4th vein, a small oblong spot (distinct 
but ill-defined) about the middle of the anal cell, and an irregular 
suffusion before the posterior ecross-vein (which suffusion con- 
tinues along the 5th vein to the margin of the wing), blackish. 
A clear streak over the 3rd vein extending forwards a little, and 
posteriorly to the inner side of the discal cell. Halteres blackish. 

Length: § 22 millim. (including proboscis) ; 2 34 millim. (in- 
cluding proboscis and ovipositor). 

Described from a unique male and female taken by Dr. Annan- 
dale “at light” at Kurseong, 18-19. vi. 10. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


207. Tipula dives, sp. nov. 


g. Head: frons and back of head blackish grey. Proboscis 
brown, a little yellowish below; palpi brown. Antenne con- 
spicuous ; the scape and basal joints of the flagellum brownish 
yellow, remainder of flagellum dark brown ; 1st scapal joint long, 
2nd very short; lst and 2nd flagellar joints cylindrical, 2nd rather 
shorter; remaining joints with their uppersides quite linear, the 
underside of each almost semicircular, giving a distinct serrated 
appearance. Yhorav: dorsum rich dark olive-brown, the colour 
having a velvety appearance towards the margins and extending 
over the anterior margin, covering the prothorax. The usual 
three stripes (the median one distinctly divided) obvious but 
suppressed, rather dark greenish grey in colour. Behind the 
suture on each side are two similarly coloured spots, nearly con- 
tiguous, the first smaller and triangular, the hinder one nearly 
oblong ; a small, almost bluish triangular mark behind the middle 
of the mesonotal suture ; sides of thorax bright yellow; a dark 
brown line from the neck to below the base of the wing. Sceu- 
tellum and metanotum concolorous with the ground-colour of the 
thorax ; metanotum with greyish reflections. Abdomen blackish, 
with microscopic golden pubescence; dorsum of Ist segment 
rather broader, dark yellowish brown. Belly mainly black, but 
the base of the abdomen both at sides and on belly yellowish. 
Genital organs robust, consisting of an upper oblong plate, brown 
(blackish in middle), bifid posteriorly; a pair of large bright 
golden-brown claspers, minutely pubescent, the 2nd joint of which 
is comparatively small, conical, and nearly bare ; the basal joint of 
these claspers is very distinctly keeled on the underside, and 
there appears to be no ventral plate. The claspers in the unique 
example present are closely folded, so that no smaller appendages 
are visible. Legs brownish yellow; the upperside of the femora 
distinctly blackish ; tips of femora with a moderately broad black 
ring; tips of tibie and of each tarsal joint less conspicuously 
blackish. Werngs uniformly moderately deep brownish yellow; 
the posterior cells and the whole wing posterior to the 5th vein, 

x 


308 TIPULID®. 


a little clearer; a distinct clearer streak above the base of the 
discal cell and extending downwards to it. Halteres black. 

Length 24 millim. to tip of nasus. 

Described from a unique male from Kurseong, 23.vi.10 . 
(Dr. Annandale). ; 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The resemblance that this species has to my 7’. fulvolateratis is 
most striking, especially in the bright yellowish sides to the 
thorax with the distinct lateral brown stripe, combined with the 
large size of the species. 


208. Tipula flava, Brun. 
Tipula flava, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 252 (1911). 


¢. The whole body deep orange-yellow; palpi, labella, and 
antenne a little darker. Thorav unstriped. Abdomen: genitalia 
consisting of a bilobed, oblong dorsal plate, a pair of claspers, of 
which the 1st joint is very large, obtusely triangular; the 2nd 
joint elongate-triangular ; the whole organ concolorous. Legs 
concolorous, tips of femora minutely black; tips of tarsi a little 
darker. Wings pale grey, veins brownish yellow. Halteres 
brownish yellow. 

Length 30 millim. (including proboscis). 

Described from a single male taken by Mr. Fruhstorfer in 
Sikkim in March or April. 

Type in the Vienna Museum. 


209. Tipula fumifasciata, Brun. (Pl. V, fig. 7.) 
Tipula fumifasciata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 250 (1911). 


3 9. Head almost wholly yellowish grey. Antenne: Ist 
scapal joint slightly contracted in middle, with a few hairs, 2nd 
very short; flagellum yellow, with microscopic whitish pubes- 
cence, and a verticel of four or five black bristly hairs at base of 
each joint. Proboscis and palpi yellow, both with short stiff black 
hairs. Thoraa pale yellowish grey. The three normal dorsal 
stripes pale brownish grey, the median one abbreviated in front, 
and continued to the anterior margin only in the form of three 
very narrow lines. Sides of thorax pale yellowish grey, rather 
darker behind, with a slight brownish tinge behind the wings. 
Scutelium and metanotum very pale yellowish grey, almost with 
a greenish tinge. Abdomen light brown, with microscopic golden- 
yellow hairs, extreme bases of segments very narrowly black, 
posterior margins of segments narrowly pale yellowish. Genital 
organs concolorous, concealed, but large and apparently complex. 
Legs yellowish, tips of femora and tibie a little brownish; tarsi 
dark brown or blackish. Wings pale brown, a little darker on 
anterior half. Distal third of both basal cells nearly clear, the 


'TIPULA, 309 


‘hyaline part continued through the discal and 1st posterior cells 
to the wing-margin. A narrow, irregular clear streak trans- 
versely across the marginal cell, just beyond the barely obvious, 
small blackish stigma, which clear streak joins the clear part of 
the Ist basal cell. Veins brown, 3rd and 5th longitudinal veins, 
and the posterior cross-vein connecting the 5th with the discal cell, 
deeply but narrowly suffused with dark brown. Pedicle of fork of 
upper branch of 4th vein nearly as long as discal cell. Halteres 
brown. 

Length 15 millim. 

Described from two males and one female (types) in the Indian 
Museum collection from Ukhrul, Manipur State, 6400 ft., taken 
by the Rey. W. Pettigrew in August 1908; also from a cotype 
female from Central China in the Vienna Museum. 


210. Tipula serricornis, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head mainly brownish yellow, including palpi and 
antenne, the former distinctly brown; the vertex much lighter, 
yellowish or yellowish grey, the frons being one-third the width 
of the head. The Ist scapal joint long, 2nd quite short; 1st 
flagellar joint three-fourths as long as the 1st scapal joint, but 
rather narrower, cylindrical, as is the scape; remainder of flagellar 
joints subtriangular, one of the angles pointing downwards, so that 
the upperside of the flagellum is practically level ; very short stiff 
hairs along the dorsum of the flagellum, the joints below being 
quite bare. The length of the antenne is distinctly less than 
‘twice the length from the back of the head to the tip of the 
proboscis. Nasus distinct, narrow, pointed. Thoraa:: pronotum 
rather well defined, brighter yellow than the rest of the thorax 
which is brownish yellow, except the dorsum, this being occupied 
by the usual three stripes and posterior pairs of spots, all of which 
are contiguous to one another, greenish grey in colour, nearly 
filling the dorsal surface. The colour extends tothe scutellum and 
metanotum, but is there a little lighter and more yellowish and 
semi-translucent. A whitish band or streak is irregularly reflected 
in certain lights on the pleurs from the pronotum to just below 
the wing-roots, and a similar band at a short distance below the 
upper one. Abdomen brownish yellow; a short brown streak at 
each side near the base ; two or three apical segments in the male 
more or less blackish, the colour less conspicuous in the female. 
Genitalia inconspicuous, brownish yellow, not wider than the 
abdomen; a small dorsal plate ending in two stout finger-like 
appendages ; a large basal joint to the claspers, the 2nd joint being 
apparently in the form of two leaf-shaped organs; a ventral plate 
can be seen, completely withdrawn within the abdominal cavity. 
In the female the genitalia reddish brown, shining ; two pairs of 
stout valves, rather short. Zegs uniformly brownish yellow. 
Wings yellowish or yellowish grey, stigma almost imperceptible ; 


x2 


310 TIPULID A. 


petiole of 2nd posterior cell practically absent; * the two veinlets 
of the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein springing simul- 
taneously from the discal cell, widely diverging. The 3rd longi- 
tudinal vein remarkably curved, ending just below the wing-tip. 
Halteres blackish. 

Length: 3 24-26 millim, (including proboscis); 2 30-32 millim. 
(including proboscis and ovipositor). 

Described from two males and two females in the Indian 
Museum from Naini Tal, Western Himalayas, taken May and 
June 1893. 

A somewhat puzzling species. The antenne resemble those of 
Prionota, Wulp (a genus from Java, comprising one species only) 
in the narrowness of the flagellar joints at their bases, but 
the species lacks the shorter, robust legs and the conical prolon- 
gation of the face, which are characteristic features of that genus. 
The absence of verticillate hairs on the antennal joints also con- 
stitutes a distinct variation from typical Zipula, but the venation, 
apart from the non-petiolate nature of the 2nd posterior cell and 
the remarkably curved 3rd longitudinal vein, is strictly Zipula- 
like. 


911. Lipula, pulcherrima,.sp.. nov. (Ply VV, fig. 85. PI Wwe 
figs. 12, 13.) 


6 2. Head: frons and proboscis tawny brown. Vertex and 
back of head grey, with a wide dark brown median stripe reaching 
to base of antenne, Antenne reddish brown, the last few joints 
blackish ; the 1st scapal joint in the male with linear indentations 
making it appear to consist of five short joints, 2nd scapal joint 
very short; Ist joint of flagellum rather longer; base of all joints 
with a small ridge-like expansion and a verticel of four rather 
short hairs. Palpi with the first two joints reddish brown, 
remainder black. Zhorav: dorsum mainly on the margins and 
between the markings, dark olive-brown, with rich dark brown 
stripes and spots arranged as follows: the usual median stripe is 
formed by two parallel, almost contiguous, moderately narrow 
stripes, which are very slightly wider in front, where they attain 
the anterior margin, extending posteriorly almost to the suture ; 
an elopgated, much shorter, oval, very slightly curved spot on 
each side of this median double stripe; a circular small spot just 
behind the suture; and posterior to this another elongated oval 
spot reaching the posterior margin of the dorsum. All these spots 
are of the same colour, and are surrounded rather broadly by a 
light grey bordering, which occupies some considerable part of the 
dorsal surface. Scutellum brownish grey or brownish yellow if 
viewed from behind, with a broad blackish median stripe. Meta- 
notum pale brownish yellow, with a small dark spot at its base, 
the hinder part being bare, shining, and darker brown. Sides of 


* It is only obviously present in the type male, in which it is extremely 
short, being reduced to a point in the other three specimens. 


TIPULA, 311 


thorax mainly dark olive-brown, with a little silvery reflection ; 
the margins of the various parts of the pleure lined with grey, 
and a yellow area immediately below the front part of the dorsum, 
extending to the wing-base. The whole dorsal surface of the 
thorax is covered with rather thick soft dark brown hairs, which 
become yellowish on the scutellum and metanotum. Sides ot 
thorax with yellowish hairs. Abdomen of male cylindrical, yellowish 
brown, darker towards tip. In female shining blackish brown, 
bare, somewhat broadened just beyond the middle. Dorsum of 
segments mainly rather bright ferruginous red; the extreme side 
edges of the dorsal plates, when seen from in front, with a whitish 
reflection on the hinder part. Belly blackish. When seen from 
in front, there is (in the female) a whitish spot in the middle of 
each segment, thus forming a median white stripe. The hind 
margins of the segments are also narrowly whitish. Genitalia of 
the male very large and complex, yellowish brown, a little pubes- 
cent ; a dorsal, gently curved, comparatively small, oblong, darker 
brown plate with rounded outer corners, cut away in the middle 
of the posterior margin, the resultant inner corners being pro- 
duced into distinct elongate black points; this plate continued 
narrowly down the sides, where it enlarges somewhat into a small 
oval terminal side-plate, immediately in front of the large ventral 
plate which is V-shaped, very large, extending upwards on each 
side of the genital chamber, thus forming large side-plates. 
The posterior upper corners are prolonged into approximately 
quadrate, comparatively small, black plates which meet and unite 
(apparently); leaving an open space below, through which pro- 
trudes a thick pointed plate of moderate size, with a faint dorsal 
dividing line. The claspers are large, consisting of a strong short 
obtuse basal joint and a second joint which is thin, broad, some- 
what twisted, and broadly bilobed at the tip, with a small pointed, 
apparently stiff, projection on the inner side, and in addition some 
kind of a black hook. In the interior of the genital chamber can 
be seen a pair of organs apparently with black hooked tips, and 
in the centre a long cylindrical piece terminating in a very fine 
filamentous penis. Ovipositor shining dark brown, lower pair of 
valves much the shorter of the two, tips whitish. Legs compara- 
tively short and thick, dark olive-brown, shining, with a few pale 
yellow hairs ; femora and tibie brownish yellow ; a very indistinct 
narrow dark ring near tip of femora; the tips of the tibiz 
narrowly blackish ; tarsi darker. The whole of the legs, except 
the cox, having a bare appearance; a few very short hairs near 
tips of femora, and the tibie with two strong short black spurs. 
Wings pale yellowish grey, costal cell distinctly yellow. Below 
the subcostal cell are four black spots: the first covering just the 
bases of the two basal cells ; the second jast beyond, confined to the 
1st basal cell; the third circular, confined to the Ist basal cell, and 
placed on the origin of the praefurea; the fourth of rather large size, 
below the tip of the subcostal vein, to the inside of,and also below 
and contiguous to, the black circular stigma. Nearly all the veins 


3812 TIPULIDZ®. 


a little infuscated, except the subcostal (auxiliary) and the 2nd’ 
longitudinal, which are both vellow; the 5th also distinctly yellow 
towards its tip, as also the posterior cross-vein ; the tips of most of 
the veins bear a distinct but small dark grey spot ; the apical part 
of the costa infuscated, rather broadly so about the upper fork of 
the 2nd longitudinal vein; a rather clear spot on the posterior 
margin of the wing, at each extremity of the axillary cell. Discal 
cell hexagonal ; upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein nearly as 
long as discal cell and half as long as the terminal veinlets ; 2nd 
longitudinal vein originating about the centre of the wing. 
Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 30 millim., excl. nasus 3 millim., and ovipositor 3-4 
millim. 

Described from a single type male taken by Mr. A. D. Imms 
near Bhowali, 5700 ft., Kumaon, Western Himalayas, 27. vi. 10, 
at light ; a type female taken by the same collector in the same 
locality, July 1909; a second female from the same collector 
and locality, 26. vi. 10; and a third female in the Pusa collection, 
taken by Mr. F. H. Howlett at Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09. 

Types, S and @, in the Indian Museum. 

A very handsome and striking species, which bears some resem- 
blance to a Ctenophora. As, however, the antenne are distinctly 
verticillate, I retain it in Zipula; though it presents various 
characters which are rather more in keeping with Ctenophora, 
such as the comparatively stout and short legs, the tarsi being 
shorter than the tibie and the metatarsus only equal to the 
remaining tarsal joints, the slight enlargement of the abdomen 
just beyond the middle, and the slightly abnormal shape of the 
antennal joints. 


212. Tipula fuscinervis, sp. nov. (Pl. V, fig. 9.) 


2. Head: occiput, frons, proboscis, and palpi brown, antennal 
scape yellow, flagellum brown. Thoraa: dorsum grey, with the 
three usual brown stripes, rather narrowly separated, the middle 
one reaching the anterior margin, divided in front ; the side stripes 
short, pointed in front. Post-sutural dorsum all brown, also the 
scutellum ; metanotum grey, dorsum brown; edges of thoracic 
dorsum grey. Sides of thorax yellowish, pleure pale olive-grey. 
Abdomen light brown, blackish towards the tip, with traces of a 
dark dorsal stripe. Belly dark brewn ; ovipositor small, shining, 
dark brown. Legs yellowish brown ; femora lighter, with a narrow 
black ring at tip; coxze concolorous with lower part of thorax. 
Wings pale grey ; veins blackish brown, yellowish here and there, 
narrowly suffused with brown in some places, especially at the 
junctures of the cross-veins and on the 5th longitudinal vein. 
Costal and marginal cells yellowish; stigma barely darker, not 
distinct. Obliterative streak very distinct below the stigma, 
ending in the discal cell, almost extinguishing the veins in its 
path, including the upper and lower sides of the discal cell. 

Length (extreme) 30 millim. 


TIPULA. ole 


Described from a perfect female captured by Dr. Annandale at 
Kurseong, 21-29. v. 06. 
Type in the Indian Museum. 


213. Tipula patricia, sp. nov. 


Q. Head yeliowish, closely tomentose on occiput. Eyes widely 
separated. Proboscis yellowish brown, palpi black. Antennal 
scape yellow, 2nd joint very short; flagellum black, the hairs 
normal. Thorax yellowish, rather brighter on the dorsum, on 
which are the three usual stripes, which are blackish and well 
separated, the median one narrowed anteriorly, culminating on the 
prothorax in a small round spot; behind the suture two blackish 
spots appear as the interrupted continuation of the outer stripes. 
Scutellum shining black, with two yellow-dusted spots at base ; 
metanotum yellow-dusted, with a blackish shining median stripe. 
Sides of thorax yellowish. Abdomen black, rather shining, the 
sides continuously, and the posterior margins more or less nar- 
rowly, yellow. Belly yellowish white. Ovipositor reddish brown. 
Legs: femora yellowish, the tips broadly blackish; anterior tibiz 
brownish towards the base, becoming nearly black at the middle, 
the distal half consisting of a white ring for two-thirds of this 
space and an apical black ring for the last third ; hind tibiz black, 
with a broad subbasal white ring and a wider subapical similar 
ring; tarsi all white, except at the base (broadly) of the meta- 
tarsus. All the white rings are very distinct, but without clear- 
cut demarcations. Wings pale grey; the terminations of the 4th 
longitudinal vein narrowly suffused ; a blackish spot at the wing- 
tip, extending inwards over the distal half of the Ist posterior 
cell; a dark brownish suffusion about the stigma, reaching to the 
discal cell; a brownish spot across the middle of the two basal 
cells, and another over the posterior cross-vein. Costal cell a 
little yellow ; 4th and 5th posterior cells and the wing posterior 
to the 5th vein a little darker grey. Halteres blackish. 

Length 24 millim. (including proboscis and ovipositor). 

Described from a perfect female captured by Dr. Annandale at 
Kurseong, 26. vi. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This must be very near Wiedemann’s 7’. pedata trom Java 
(Auss. Zweifl. Ins. ii, p. 45), the differences in the body-markings 
being very slight. The brownish sides to the proboscis are not 
present, and the scutellum and metanotum differ from those of 
that species, though the legs agree very well. However, the 
wings do not fall in with what I should expect to find from the 
author’s description, and as the present example comes from so 
different a locality, it seems justifiable to regard it as in all proba- 
bility distinct. 


byl eae TIPULID®. 


214. Tipula splendens, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 10.) 


3. Head: vertex and frons light grey, with a faint pinkish 
tinge; trons forming one-third the width of the head. Lower 
part of head from just below the flat nearly horizontal vertex dark 
brown, the colour sharply divided from the grey upper part. 
Upper and lower sides of proboscis concolorous with the upper 
and lower sides respectively of the head ; palpi blackish. Antenne 
with the scapal joints very light brown, the 1st joint with three 
lines of indentation making it appear as if four-jointed ; flagellum 
yellowish, base of joints very narrowly black, verticillate. Thorax: 
of so many colours that it is difficult to speak of any one as the 
sround-colour. The margin of the anterior half of the dorsum 
moderately dark brown; a wide median yellowish-brown stripe 
<composed of two nearly contiguous ones), from the anterior 
inargin to the suture, where it dwindles away to a point; the 
usual short outer stripes replaced by very conspicuous elongate 
chalk-white spots, with a dark chocolate-brown margin on each 
side ; in front of these spots the surface of the dorsum is yellowish, 
much lighter than the median stripe; the whole post-sutural 
dorsum chalk-white, except the moderately narrow chocolate- 
brown margin, which is continued unbroken along the sides of 
the scutellum and metanotum. The scutellum chalk-white, the 
colour being continuous from the posterior margin of the thoracie 
dorsum. The transverse suture is a little brown about its middle, 
in front of which, just posterior to the end of the median 
yellowish-brown stripe, is a small shield-shaped whitish-grey 
spot. Metanotum grey, with a thin dark median stripe pos- 
teriorly. Sides of thorax, immediately below the dorsum, yellowish 
with a fawn or pinkish tinge; below this again, blackish grey 
with an intermediate, darker brown, irregular, ill-defined line 
dividing this colour from the yellowish upper part; .pleure 
brownish or greyish. Abdomen brownish grey on first segment 
and on the last two or three segments; intermediate segments 
yellowish ; at the sides, the lower edges of the upper plates of 
the abdomen frosted with white. Underside of abdomen dark 
grey, with numerous very smal! brown spots, from each of which 
a short stiff hair emerges. Sides with very soft short pale hairs. 
Genitalia dark brown; an oblong upper dorsal plate, with a 
groove in the middle above and a few yellowish hairs on the 
posterior margin; the basal joint of the claspers normal, of 
moderate size, apparently meeting below almost in the form of a 
ventral plate; 2nd joint of irregular shape, oval, crooked, and 
apparently composed of a pair of Jeaf-shaped processes ; some 
intermediate organs are visible, amongst which are one or more 
hook-like (?) pieces. Legs: coxe greyish, femora and tibie 
brownish yellow, tips of each indistinctly black, tarsi blackish. 
Wings almost clear, with longitudinal blackish streaks; costal cell 
and stigma brownish ; a straight blackish streak, with ill-defined 
edges, along both sides of the 5th longitudinal vein from near its 


TIPULA, 315 


base to the posterior cross-vein; a similar streak towards the tip, 
in the upper part of the 2nd basal cell; a third streak along the 
lower side of the discal cell, with fairly distinct edges, and reaching 
nearly to the wing-margin ; a narrow streak along the apical halt 
of the 3rd vein; other smaller streaks below the stigma, on the 
costa beyond the stigma, and along the Ist longitudinal vein just 
below the costal cell. Tips of all the veins with a small blackish 
spot, whilst there is a pale grey spot along the middle of the 
margin of the axillary cell between the 6th and 7th veins; the 
wing behind the 7th vein wholly grey ; the veins, generally brown, 
are tinged here and there with yellowish. Halteres yellow, clubs 
black. 

Length (entire) 28 millim. 

Described from one male, in perfect condition, taken by Mr. A. 
D. Imms at Badrinath, 10,200 ft., Gahrwal district, 21. v.10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

An exceptionally beautiful species of great size, and apparently 
quite distinct from any species described from the East. 


215. Tipula reposita, Walk. 
Tipula reposita, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 67 (1848). 


“ Fulva, abdominis vittis duo apiceque fuscis, antennis fulvis 
nigro cinctis; pedibus rufo-fuscis, femoribus fulvis, alis fulvis 
maculis nonnullis limpidis. 

“ Allied to 7’. nubeculosa. Body tawny, a black ring round each 
joint of the feelers, which are not longer than the chest ; a brown 
stripe along each side of the abdomen, whose tip is also brown; 
legs reddish brown ; thighs tawny with brown tips ; wings tawny ; 
abdomen with five or six colourless spots, various in size and in 
shape and having also a brown spot near the tip of the foreborder ; 
veins brown ; some of the longest veins slightly clouded. Length 
of the body 8-10 lines, of the wings 16-18 lines. Nepaul.” 
( Walker.) 

Types, 3 and 9, in the British Museum ; the male is in suffi- 
ciently good condition to be useful, but the female is reduced 
almost to a fragment. 

I have seen no specimen which can possibly be ascribed to this 
species. 


216. Tipula himalayensis, Brun. (PI. V, fig. 11; Pl. VI, figs. 16 
& 17.) 


Tipula himalayensis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 252 (1911). 


3 2. Head yellowish or yellowish grey, occasionally with a 
slight greenish cinereous tinge; a narrow fuscous stripe from 
behind the head, passing over the vertex, descending to just 
above the antenne, where it forms an elongated spot. Antennal 
scape yellow; flagellum normally dark brownish black, with one 
or two hairs on each side at the base of each joint; each joint 


316 TIPULIDZ®. 


being fairly long and slightly notched on the upperside just 
beyond the base. In some specimens the flagellar joints are 
shorter, and when this is the case they are generally mainly 
vellow, with a narrow black base ; occasional intermediate forms, 
both in the matter of length of the joint and colour, prove that 
the differences are not specific. Proboseis brownish. Palpi more 
or less brown, first three joints subequal in length, 3rd the shortest ; 
2nd and 3rd stouter, 4th thin, twice the length of 2nd; all the 
joints moderately pubescent. Eyes black; frons at narrowest 
part barely one-third of head; back of head concolorous, with a 
few hairs, especially just behind, but not contiguous to the eyes, 
also on lower part. Thorax mainly yellowish grey, varying to 
ash-grey, often with a slight greenish tinge ; dorsum with three 
stripes on anterior part, the middle one divided behind, reaching 
to the suture, and with a darker middle line in front; the outer 
stripes short, forming elongate spots, all three stripes greenish 
grey in colour ; each post-humeral callosity bears three similarly 
coloured spots, an inner oval one, more or less in a straight line 
with the outer stripe in front of the suture, and two smaller ones 
just above the base of the wings; all the three spots being con- 
fluent in some specimens; shoulders more or less lighter grey, 
sutural emargination yellowish or greyish. Scutellum yellowish 
or yellowish grey, with a more or less distinct narrow median 
line; metanotum yellowish grey, hinder half more ash-grey, with 
an indistinct median line. Sides of the thorax usually concolorous, 
but always more yellowish than the dorsum. Abdomen variable ; 
generally in the male the first five segments yellowish or yellowish 
brown, the remainder dull black, but the latter colour sometimes 
encroaches on the major portion of the abdomen, leaving only one 
or two basal segments yellow. In the female, vellowish or 
brownish, with three dorsal black lines, but the black colour is 
even more irregular in its extent in this sex than in thé male, 
often covering nearly all the dorsum. In both sexes a narrow 
black line on each side of the abdomen, which is sometimes lost 
in the nearly wholly black abdomen in certain specimens. Male 
genitalia moderately large, concolorous, composed of an outer 
pair of tirm conical claspers, the basal joint cut away somewhat 
on the outer side, the second joint comparatively large, with 
pointed tip; a narrow dorsal plate, with yellow hairs on its’ 
posterior margin ; an inner pair of spoon-shaped organs bearing 
yellow hairs. Ovipositor of female very long (3 millim.), con- 
sisting of a long basal cylindrical piece, hard, shining, blackish 
brown, with at each side of it a grey plate with rounded edges, 
protruding from the last abdominal segment ; these plates do not 
meet above or below; to the end of the basal piece is affixed a 
pair of long, pointed, slightly arcuated lateral valves, distinctly 
serrate on the underside ; the lower pair of valves extremely 
short, and very liable to be overlooked unless closely searched for. 
Legs black ; coxee, knees, femora at the base, and a broad ring 
near the tip pale yellow. Wings yellowish grey, veins brown, 


TIPULA. oF 


costal cell more or less yellowish. Clearer spots occur in the 
wings, generally towards the tip of the costal cell, at the base of 
and in the middle of the subcostal, surrounded by the stigma; a 
streak just beyond the stigma, extending backwards; a roundish 
spot on the posterior part of the distal balf of the second basal 
cell, and sometimes small ones at the end of the 6th and 7th 
longitudinal veins, all these pale spots being more or less indis- 
tinct and ill-defined ; the wing occasionally being nearly wholly 
clear, and having no yellow in it except in the neighbourhood of 
the costa, Stigma always brownish, of varying intensity. Halteres 
yellow, knobs black. 

Length to tip of nasus: ¢g 11-14 millim.; @ 11-20 millim. 
(exclusive of the ovipositor). 

Described from a good series of both sexes in good condition 
taken by me at Darjiling, 22.ix.08 to 1.x.08, in bushes on the 
hillside and attracted by the lamps in houses during the evenings. 
Frequently seen 7 cop. I also took several in the same locality 
from 10-20.x.05, and again from 23-29.v.10. The Indian 
Museum series comprises specimens from Bhim Tal, 4500 ft., 
19-22. ix.08, and Naini Tal, 6400 ft. (Dr. Annandale). The 
species is probably common throughout the Himalayas. 

Types, S and Q, in the Indian Museum; cotypes of both 
sexes are also in that collection and my own. 

The species is variable, within certain limits, but can be easily 
recognised by the wide pale yellow ring on all the femora about 
as far from the tip as the width of the ring, a peculiarity I know 
of in no other Oriental species with marmorated wings, except 
T. elegans. I describe this species rather fully because it seems 
typical of a small set of very closely allied, but distinct, species 
frequenting the Himalayas. Three or four of these are present 
in the Indian Museum. Possibly 7. himalayensis, or some of the 
allied species referred to, may prove identical with Palearctic 
forms. 


217. Tipula tessellatipennis, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 13.) 


3 2. Head wholly pale brownish yellow, almost pinkish in the 
female on the broad vertex ; labella of the proboscis black ; palpi 
dark brown. Antenne brownish yellow, extreme base of flagellar 
joints black. Thoraa pale yellowish, with a greyish tinge ; darker 
in male, which has a brownish-grey median stripe, darker at tae 
edges and in the middle; the female with a yellowish median 
stripe, which has a brownish border on each side and a brownish 
median line. Two elongate oval brownish side spots, with a similar 
small one of the same colour on each shoulder ; behind the suture, 
on each side of the dorsum, a small round spot and an elongate 
posterior one; the narrow brownish outer lines of the median 
stripe extending to the posterior margin of the dorsum; the sides 
and all the rest of the thorax pale yellowish grey, with whitish 
reflections when viewed from different directious. Scutellum and 


318 TIPULID A. 


- metanotum rather greenish grey in male, pale yellowish grey in 
female. Abdomen of male brown, with an indistinct row of 
blackish dorsal spots. In the female the first segment distinctly 
pale yellowish grey, the remainder rather bright yellowish, and 
blackish towards the sides; dorsum blackish towards the tip. 
Belly yellowish, blackish towards the tip. Genitalia of male 
reddish yellow or brownish yellow; consisting of a wide squarish 
curved dorsal plate, with a longitudinal groove in the middle on 
the upperside, giving it the appearance of two plates joined 
together, terminating in the middle of the hind margin in two 
small black palp-like points, on each side of which, on the margin, 
are some sparse very short yellow hairs; the basal joint of the 
claspers very large, approximately triangular from a lateral point 
of view, reddish yellow; the second joint elongate, narrowly 
conical, moderately curved upwards ; an inner pair of small organs 
with clubbed tips; the large basal segments of the claspers joined 
below, almost forming a ventral plate. Ovipositor reddish 
mahogany-brown. Leas brownish yellow, tips of femora and 
tibiz blackish, tarsi blackish. Wings: ground-colour very pale 
grey, nearly clear; a little darker grey colour filling the costal cell 
and extending in three irregular moderately broad bands across 
the wing—the first beginning just beyond the humeral cross-vein, 
the second crossing the middle of the basal cell, the third beginning 
over the base of the 2nd longitudinal vein; the first two bands 
end in darker grey elongate spots in the anal cell, the third is hardly 
separable from the slightly darker grey tinge that fills the inner 
and major portions of most of the cells in the wing. The-basal 
cell has a darker brownish streak towards its tip just above the 
5th vein; the stigma is brown, the region below it a little darker 
grey ; the discal cell, the fork of the upper branch of the 4th 
ongitudinal vein, and the tip of the 3rd are all very narrowly 
infuscated ; and also to a slight degree the tips of all the endings 
of the 4th vein. Pedicle of 2nd posterior cell about half the 
length of the discal cell, which is large. A distinct specific 
character is that there is a practically clear spot in the 2nd, 3rd, 
4th, and 5th posterior cells, situated on the hind margin of the 
wing ; the hind margin beyond the 5th posterior cell is also more 
or less clear. Halteres yellowish brown. 

Length: 16 millim.; 2 24 millim. (including nasus and 
ovipositor). 

Described from a single specimen of each sex received from the 
Lucknow Museum, taken at Naini Tal, 6400 ft., Kumaon, 
Western Himalayas, in May or June 1893. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

Very near 7’. himalayensis, but easily distinguished by the 
absence of the pronounced subapical yellow rig on all the femora, 
and by the presence of the pale marginal spots in the 2nd, 8rd, 
4th, and 5th posterior cells. 


TIPULA. 319 


218. Tipula robusta, Brun. 
Tipula robusta, Brunetti, Ree. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 254 (1911). 


3. Head dark grey; frons one-fifth the width of the head. 
Antenne brownish yellow, base of joints very narrowly black. 
Proboscis and palpi dark brown, pubescent. Thorax: dorsum 
practically all blackish brown, with the exception of the suture, 
hind margins of the post-sutural callosities and a broad lateral and 
hind marginal border to the metanotum, all of which parts are 
reddish yellow. Metanotum with some short golden yellow hairs 
towards its sides, its dorsum dark grey ; the median dorsal thoracic 
stripe attains the anterior margin and is slightly darkened on its 
edges. The prothorax is very distinct, brown, somewhat divided 
by a depression from the mesothorax ; neck yellow. Sides ‘of 
thorax light orange-yellow. Abdomen brown, Ist segment reddish 
yellow, 2nd reddish yellow on upperside, last segments blackish. 
Belly lighter brown, yellowish at base, tip blackish. Genital 
organs mainly dark brown, large and complex, but considerably 
concealed between the two large side-plates, apparently consisting 
of a small upper dark brown pubescent plate; a pair of pale 
yellow, flat, pointed organs ; the usual pair of large claspers, each 
of which bears a brush-like appendage; and there are appa- 
rently intermediate organs also. Legs : coxe yellow, with a few 
pale gold hairs ; femora light brownish yellow, tips rather broadly 
blackish; tibixe brownish yellow with blackish tips; tarsi yellow- 
ish brown, very long, hind pair nearly twice as long as the tibie. 
Wings pale yellowish grey, with darker brownish yellow parts, 
such as the costal cell, the major part of the 1st basal cell, a large 
area near the distal part of the 2nd basal cell, a squarish spot in the 
middle of the 6th posterior cell, the whole of the two submarginal 
cells, and the base of the 1st posterior cell; stigma yellowish 
brown, well defined ; veins dark brown, 5th with a tendency to 
a narrow suffusion. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length (entire) 20 millim. 

Described from one male in my collection from Mussoori, taken 
by me, 22. vi. 05. 


219. Tipula marmoratipennis, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 13.) 


2. Head yellowish; tip and underside of proboscis brown ; 
palpi brownish yellow ; antennal scape yellow, flagellum blackish 
brown ; vertex with a narrow brown median line. Thorax mode- 
rately dark grey, with a median pair of dark greenish grey closely 
approximated stripes, an elongate spot on each side and a smaller 
round spot on the shoulder—all these marks bordered narrowly 
with dark brown; a pair of large oval greenish grey post-sutural 
spots and a narrow dark brown median line from a little behind 
the suture passing unbroken over the scutellum and metanotum. 
Scutellum yellowish grey, metanotum greenish grey. Sides of 


320 TIPULID&. 


thorax yellowish, with grey and greenish reflections when viewed 
from different directions. Abdomen rather bright reddish yellow 
on the first five segments, more or less blackish towards the sides ; 
the whole dorsum of the remaining segments blackish. Pale 
yellow hairs on the hind margins and the sides of the segments. 
Belly mainly blackish, the central parts of the basal segments 
more or less yellowish ; ovipositor small, reddish yellow; underside 
of abdomen somewhat swollen at the tip. Legs brownish yellow, 
femora with broad blackish tips, tibie dark brown, tarsi blackish. 
Wings very pale grey ; costal cell and stigma yellowish ; a little 
darker grey in the middle and towards the tips of both basal cells, 
over the origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein, at the tip of the lower 
branch of the 2nd vein, on the outerside of the discal cell, at the 
fork of the upper branch of the 4th vein, in the 5th posterior cell, 
and on the greater part of the wing behind the 5th vein; also 
slightly but distinctly darker at the tips of all the endings of the 
Ath longitudinal vein. Petiole of 2nd posterior cell very short. 
Halteres yellowish. 

Length 14 millim., excl. ovipositor 2 millim. 

Described from two females from Darjiling, the type taken by 
me 24, iv.10, the second example by Mr. Paiva 7. viii. 09. 

Type @ in the Indian Museum, also the second specimen. 

Distinguished from 7’. himalayensis by the absence of the yellow 
subapical ring on the femora, and from 7’. tessellatipennis by the 
absence of the pale marginal spots in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th 
posterior cells, and by the presence of the small infuscations at 
the tips of the endings of the 4th longitudinal vein. 


220, Tipula quasimarmoratipennis, sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 14.) 


Q. Head brownish yellow; a narrow median brown line on 
the vertex; tip and underside of proboscis, also the palpi, dark 
brown. Antennal scape yellow, also the basal joints of the 
flagellum, the remaining joints dark brown, some having traces 
of a little yellow at their tips. Thorax cinereous grey, with the 
three usual stripes mouse-brown ; dorsum behind suture mouse- 
brown, a little paler about the suture and the edges; sides of 
thorax cinereous, a little yellowish here and there. Scutellum 
and metanotum cinereous grey, with an indistinct median black 
line. Abdomen yellowish, with a distinct dorsal uninterrupted 
blackish stripe. On one example there is a distinet black stripe 
on each side, but it is not obvious in the type. Belly blackish, a 
little paler here and there. The dorsum of the 8th segment is 
cut away to the base so that the dirty brownish yellow ovipositor 
appears to start from the 7th segment. The lower part of the 
8th segment is complete. Apparently there is only one pair of 
valves, laterally placed, long, with serrated edges. Legs brownish 
yellow, femora broadly blackish, tibize and tarsi blackish brown. 
Wigs: prevailing colour moderately pale grey; costal cell 


TIPULA. aol 


yellowish but not conspicuously so ; three dark brownish irregular 
small patches placed, (1) over the base of the two basal cells, 
(2) over the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, and (3) forming 
the irregularly shaped stigma; the tip of the wing is just per- 
ceptibly darker. Some slightly paler spots than the ground- 
colour are placed as follows :—along the posterior side of the 
2nd basal cell ; a similar, but smaller, distal one in the same cell ; 
in front of, and just beyond the stigma; at the tips of the 6th 
and 7th veins, with an intermediate marginal one. None of the 
veins are really infuscated except the 5th, for a short distance in 
the neighbourhood of the posterior cross-vein. Petiole of 2nd 
posterior celi two-thirds as long as the discal cell and barely half 
as long as the veinlets enclosing the 2nd posterior cell. Halteres 
brown. 

Length 18-19 millim., excl. proboscis 13 millim., and ovipositor 
43 millim. 

Described from a type female from Darjiling, 23. v.10, taken 
by me; a second female from Kurseong, 9.ix.09 (Annandale) ; 
and a third female taken by Mr. W. Pettigrew at Ukhrul, 
Manipur, 6400 ft. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Distinguished from 7’. himalayensis by the absence of the yellow 
rings on the femora, from 7’. tessellatipennis and 7’. marmorati- 
pennis by the absence of both clear spots on the margins of the 
posterior cells, and of infuscations of the tips of the 4th longi- 
tudinal vein-endings. 


221. Tipula griseipennis, sp. nov. (Pl. V, fig. 15.) 


3. Head: vertex and frons moderately dark grey, with short 
scattered black hairs; frons nearly one-third the width of the 
head. Proboscis and palpi dark brown. Antennal scape with 
1st joint of considerable length, 2nd very short, both pale yellow ; 
flagellum yellowish, base of joints narrowly black. Thoraw: 
ground-colour ash-grey, with three broad darker grey stripes, each 
bordered with a narrow line of darker colour, the median stripe 
having also a pair of fine darker longitudinal lines; on the 
shoulders, in front of each of the outer dorsal stripes, a black spot 
in the small indentation usually found there ; behind the suture, 
a large oval, and a smaller anterior round darker grey spot on 
each side of the median depression. Scutellum and metanotum 
ash-grey or a little darker, with short yellow hairs on the hind 
margin of the former, and scattered wholly over the dorsum of 
the latter; sides of thorax just below the dorsum yellowish ; 
pleurz and lower part of thorax ash-grey. Abdomen yellowish, 
with very short yellow hairs, becoming darker and more reddish 
towards the tip, sometimes blackish on the dorsum of the end 
segments ; Ist segment with two large squarish blackish spots ; 
a more or less obvious black stripe along the side of the abdomen. 
Underside yellowish, becoming blackish towards the tip. Genitalia 


322 TIPULID. 


consisting of a large, square, black, slightly curved, dorsal 
plate, with bright yellow hair on the posterior margin, except 
just in the very centre; the outer side of the large basal joint of 
the claspers has almost the appearance of a side-plate; the second 
joint is a hook-like pointed reddish yellow piece, slightly curved ; 
a pair of broad, thin, pale yellow processes issuing apparently from 
the lower part ‘of the genital chamber, curving upwards side by 
side, closing up (so to speak) the genital chamber. Inside, below 
them, a narrow penis is observable; a ventral plate is present. 

Legs brownish yellow, coxe slightly dusted with erey, femora and 
tibie each with a narrow black apical ring, tarsi blackish towards the 
tip. Wings pale grey, with nearly clear streaks and spots, placed 
as follows :—one, of irregular width, from the 5th longitudinal 
vein to the hind border of the wing, ending just behind the tip 
of the 7th vein; one across the middle of the 2nd basal and the 
anal cells, zigzag in nature: a narrow clear streak, here and there 
less distinct, around the inner margin of the distal half of the 2nd 
basal cell; over the base of the discal and 4th posterior cells ; 
beyond the stigma and, to a less degree, more or less distinctly 
before it; in the tips of the submarginal and Ist posterior cells 
(less distinctly), and a distinct semicircular spot on the wing- 
margin in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th posterior cells; and finally 
two on the margin of the axillary cell. A littie blackish suffusion 
over the base of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; another forming the 
ill-defined stigma; another over the basal veins of the discal cell 
and the posterior cross-vein and about the middle of the ae cell. 

Halteres yellow, clubs blackish, tips yellowish. 

Length 16 miliim. 

Described from two perfect males from Badrinath, 10,200 ft., 
Garhwal district, 27. v.10 (dams). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

A very distinct species, though closely allied to those .of the 
T. himalayensis group, being nearest to TP. tessellatipennis; yet 
when a couple of specimens of each are placed side by side, their 
specific distinctness is obvious at a glance. Still it is difficult to 
define the differences exactly, beyond noting that in 7’. tessellati- 
pennis the wings have a very distinct yellow appearance whilst 
in 7’. griseipennis they are as distinctly pale grey, especially if 
viewed upon a dark background. The same applies to the colour 
of the thorax, which is yellowish in the former, grey in the latter 
species. Another difference, of perhaps less value, is that the two 
clear streaks in the middle of the w ing extend forward in 7’. tes- 
sellatipennis up to the Ist longitudinal vein, but in the present 
species the first streak only extends forward to the 5th longi- 
tudinal vein, and the 2nd streak as far forward as the 4th vein. 
That they are quite distinct is certain. 


TIPULA. 323 


222. Tipula elegans, Brun. 
Tipula elegans, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 255 (1911). 


2. Head yellowish grey, more yellow at the back, from which 
a narrow, not very distinct, fuscous stripe runs over the vertex, 
but terminates before reaching the base of the antenne. Nasus 
rather produced, pale yellow, with a pinkish tinge, and some 
yellow hairs at tip, pointing forwards. rons one-fourth the 
width of the head; eyes black; palpi dark brown, pubescent. 
Antenne: scape yellow; flagellum dark brown, the base of each 
joint narrowly black-ringed, and with one or two hairs on each 
side, the joiuts having a microscopic pale pubescence which gives 
a grey sheen when seen in certain directions. Proboscis dark 
brown, tip black. Zhorawv: dorsum brownish grey, with the three 
usual stripes shortened and confluent, thus forming a central spot 
of dark blackish brown, which in certain lights has a reddish 
tinge; two almost contiguous broad grey stripes (each darkened 
on its inner side) proceeding from the front of the dorsal spot to 
the anterior border of the thorax. Two dark reddish brown spots 
on each side behind the suture, the upper one circular, the hinder 
one oval: the hinder half of this latter one, seen from behind, 
bears a greyish sheen. A small yellowish cavity just below the 
shoulders. Prothorax more or less ash-grey, with slightly darker 
markings and a small brown streak on its upper part. Scutellum 
and metanotum very pale brown; posterior half of latter with 
ash-grey reflections, seen from behind, with a narrow, dark median 
line, as has also the seutellum ; the scaly ridge in front of the base 
of the wings yellow; sides of thorax wholly pale greenish grey, 
with a whitish grey sheen in certain lights ; a similar sheen on 
the elongated metapleura. -Abdomen tawny yellow, with a median 
dark brown shining stripe, and a narrow side stripe, below which 
the extreme edges of the 2nd to the 7th segments are distinctly 
whitish on the posterior part. Belly pale yellow, with an in- 
distinct median dark line. Ovipositor 3 mm. long; the first part 
shining black, cylindrical, with a whitish tip; the second con- 
sisting of two elongated red-brown sheaths; a reddish yellow 
ventral plate and an intermediate grey part apparently completes 
- the genital apparatus. Legs almost exactly as in 7’, himaluyensis, 
but more brown than black; the tarsi not much longer than the 
tibia. Wings generally resembling those of both 7’. himalayensis 
and robusta in appearance. Costal cell yellow, with only a single 
smnall clear spot near the tip; a wide pale brown band begins on 
the costa near the base, but only reaches the fifth longitudinal 
vein, and there is an irregular row of nearly clear spots from the 
base of the Ist basal cell hindwards to’ posterior margin of wing, 
one spot in each cell. The darker parts of the wing are slightly 
darker than in 7. robusta, and the clear spots have a tendency to 
be still clearer, larger, and possibly more numerous. Halteres 
black, apical part of club pale. 

Length (entire) 20 millim, 


O24 TIPULID2. 


Described from a single perfect female in my own collection 
taken by me at Mussoori, 18. vi. 05. 


223. Tipula nigrotibialis, sp. nov. 


¢. Head: eyes considerably approximate, leaving a narrow 
frons, which, with the vertex, is dark grey, both with a narrow 
pale border. Proboscis dark yellowish brown, palpi darker, both 
moderately pubescent. Antenne with the scape all yellowish ; 
flagellum brownish yellow, verticillate, base of joints narrowly 
black. Zhorav: prothorax rather conspicuous (though normal in 
size) owing to its detachment at the margin from the mesonotum; 
neck yellowish. Dorsum of thorax grey; a pair of median, 
rather well separated stripes, reaching the anterior: margin, and 
the usual outer short stripes, all brownish grey ; the usual large 
spots behind the suture present, but not very pronounced. Scu- 
tellum and dorsum of metanotum dark brown; sides of thorax 
rather bright yellowish, sides of metanotum dark grey. -Abdomen: 
dorsum pale yellowish ; an elongated dark grey spot with parallel 
sides on each segment (forming a dorsal stripe), widened on the 
posterior margin, the extreme edge of which is pale; a distinct 
black lateral stripe ; the last two or three segments almost wholly 
blackish. Genital organs of moderate size but very complex; a 
rather large dorsal blackish oblong plate, with black hairs on the 
surface and edges, produced posteriorly into a narrow, elongate 
yellowish piece, ending in two palp-like appendages ; basal joint 
of claspers very large, dark brown, blackish at base, bearing three 
pairs of appendages—(1) a whitish, obtusely conical 2nd joint; 
(2) a jointed obtuse piece ending in a long hard shining pointed 
portion, black at the base, the remainder reddish brown ; and (3) 
a ridge-like projection of the underside of the basal joint itself, 
bearing dense yellow hairs; a ventral plate, very conspicuously 
keeled, enclosing yet another pair of clasper-like organs, thickly 
pubescent at the tips. The 8th sternite itself is distinctly V- 
shaped, bearing on each side of the angle of the V, near the hind 
margin ef the seginent, an elongate patch of thick yellow hairs. 
Legs: cox and the major part of the femora yellowish ; femora 
towards the tips becoming dark brown or blackish ; remainder of 
legs dark brown, nearly black on the tibiz, tarsi a little lighter. 
Wings: ground-colour moderately dark grey ; costal cell yellowish, 
the colour extending to the stigma, which is sharply delineated 
proximally by the ‘ obliterative streak.” The wing is much paler 
(though in no part is it quite clear) on the basal half of, and 
narrowly at the tip of, the 2nd basal cell; at the tip of the 1st 
basal cell and on a part of the marginal cell immediately above ; 
also on the basal half (or thereabouts) of the discal cell. There is 
a crescent-shaped pale spot at the base of the 2nd, 3rd, and Sth 
posterior cells, and an elongate pale streak on the basal half of 
the anal cell, with a smaller one just beyond the middle. Discal 


TIPULA. 325. 


cell rather distinctly rectangular; petiole of 2nd posterior cell 
barely one-third as long as the cell. Halteres dark. 

Length (entire) 18 millim. 

Described from two males taken by me at Darjiling, 28. v.10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The second example, though undoubtedly belonging to the same 
species, has the thorax darker, and the blackish colour on the 
abdominal segments spreads over more than the apical half, whilst 
the legs are generally darker, especially the femora. In the wing 
the apical half of the posterior cell is pale, and the parts of the 
wing beyond the obliterative streak, towards the tip of the 2nd 
basal cell, and a spot in the middle of the anal cell, are distinctly 
darker brown. In the type these darker parts are clearly visible, 
but to a less extent. 

This species is very near my 7’. quasimarmoratipennis, and they 
might at first sight be regarded as male and female of the same 
species. The differences, though not conspicuous, are quite con- 
stant in all the specimens before me, and have every appearance 
of being tolerably fixed characters. 

In’ 7’. nigrotibialis there is no trace of a dark grey spot over the 
origin of the. 2nd longitudinal vein, which is always present in 
the other species. On the other hand, all the ground-colour of 
the wing immediately beyond the obliterative streak, down to the 
discal cell, is distinctly darker than the general ground-colour of 
the wing ; whereas in 7’. quasimarmoratipennis there is a distinct, 
nearly clear space immediately contiguous to the stigma. In the 
latter species the posterior cells are wholly grey, without any 
clear spots at the base, except where the obliterative streak some- 
times encroaches on the base of the 1st or 5th cells. 


224, Tipula striatipennis, sp. nov. (Pl. V, fig. 16.) 


2. Head rather dark ash-grey, shortly pubescent, with a median 
fuscous narrow stripe on the frons, continued to the back of the 
head. Antennal scape reddish yellow; Ist joint of flagellum long 
and black, next few joints reddish, remainder darker. Proboscis 
and palpi dark brown, hairy. Zhoraw mainly (with the sides) ash- 
grey, with short pale yellow hairs ; dorsum darker, with the median 
dark stripe continued to the anterior margin; the two side spots 
smaller, narrow and well separated from the median stripe ; the 
two post-sutural spots small. Scutellum and metanotum con- 
colorous, with a narrow somewhat indistinct median dark line. 
Abdomen light brown, shining, with pale yellow pubescence and 
darker posterior margins to the segments ; Ist, 2nd, and part of 
3rd segments lighter brown. Ovipositor bright reddish brown, 
shining ; the terminal points very narrow. Legs wholly dark 
brown. Wings pale grey, with three obvious, but not sharply 
defined pale brown bands and an apical darkening which is not 
quite so distinct; the lst band is basal, and reaches to the Sth 

¥2 


326 TIPULID &. 


longitudinal vein posteriorly ; the 2nd is immediately before the 
middle of the wing, and attains the posterior margin, where it 
widens ; the 3rd begins at the stigma, follows the cross-veins, and 
continues along the 5th posterior cell; the apical darker part 
occupies about the distal half of the space between the cross-veins 
and the wing-tip. The bands are probably somewhat variable. 
Stigma dark brown, but ill-defined. Petiole of fork of upper 
branch of 4th vein as long as discal cell, distinctly shorter than 
the terminal veinlets. Halteres brown. 

Length 10 millim. ; without ovipositor (13 millim.). 

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from 
Kurseong, 5000 ft., 6. vil. 08 (Dr. Annandale). 


225. Tipula subtincta, sp. nov. (Pl. VI, fig. 18.) 


3. Head yellowish, slightly tinged with grey above near the 
edges, with short stiff yellow hairs ; vertex with a narrow brown 
median line; underside yellow, with a round black spot at the 
lower corner of each eye. Proboscis yellowish, dark brown on 
underside and at tip, including the labeila; palpi dark brown, 
Antennal scape yellow, flagellum dark brown, except the 1st joint 
(wholly) and the tips of some of the basal joints which are yellowish. 
Thorax yellowish grey, the three usual stripes greenish grey, the 
median one broad on the anterior margin (with a slight dividing 
line), narrowing to a point at the suture ; side stripes in the shape 
of oval spots. Two similarly coloured spots on each side behind 
the suture, the anterior one round and the hinder one sub- 
triangular. Scutellum and metanotum yeliowish grey, a narrow 
indistinct black median line on both; sides of thorax yellowish. 
Some ragged bright yellow hairs round the posterior edges of the 
dorsum, over the post-sutural depression, and along the inter- 
vening spaces on the dorsum between the central dorsal stripe 
and the side spots. Abdomen yellowish for about the basal half, 
with a black dorsal stripe, the whole dorsum becoming blackish 
from the middie to the tip; dorsum, margins, and sides of each 
segment with very short yellow pubescence. Belly very similar 
to upperside. Genitalia moderately large and very complex, 
enclosed by two side plates, each bearing at least one long and 
one short tooth at the lower outer corner; the main joint of the 
clasper stout at the base and cut away posteriorly on the upper- 
side, evidently of hard material; below this a long, fairly stiff, 
filamentous organ, and above the main joint, a palp-like smaller 
pubescent organ ; enclosed between the two conspicuous claspers 
is a soft narrow organ, bilobed at the tip, with a strong large 
black horny hook on each side of it; the penis long, straight, 
bulbous at the base, slightly enlarged and pointed at the tip, bare ; 
the whole of the other organs garnished wholly or here and 
there with yellow hairs. Legs: cox yellowish grey; femora 
yellowish towards base, remainder of legs mainly blackish brown. 


TIPULA. 327 


Wings pale yellowish grey ; costal cell brownish yellow, stigma 
brown ; a just perceptible rather clear spot before, beyond and 
below the stigma; in the discal and 4th posterior cells ; beyond 
the middle of the 2nd basal cell; and two or three other smaller 
ones (probably variable in number) in the anal and axillary 
cells. Halteres : stem brownish yellow, clubs black, tips brownish 
yellow. 

Length (entire) 13 millim. 

Described from a single maie from Kurseong, 7. ix. 09 
(Dr. Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

But for the few isolated semihyaline spots in the wings this 
species would be classified with the ‘“unicolorous wing” group. 
It seems, however, to be better placed here. 


226. Tipula interrupta, Brun. 
Tipula interrupta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 256 (1911). 


¢. Head : frons dark brownish grey, one-fourth the width of the 
head. Proboscis dark brown; palpi black. Antenne yellowish, 
last joints blackish, with a few greyish reflections. Thorax: 
dorsum, scutellum ‘and metanotum dark yellowish grey, with a 
little microscopic pubescence ; the usual three dorsal stripes barely 
darker than the ground-colour : ; sides pale yellowish, bare; a little 
more orange immediately below the dorsum, from shoulder to 
wing base. Prothorax prominent, separated by a deep suture, 
brownish yellow. Abdomen blackish, with microscopic pale 
yellowish and dark brown close pubescence; bases of segments 
with a fairly wide, bare, shining blackish band, not very obvious 
but distinctly present. Ovipositor short, shining dark reddish 
brown. Legs brownish yellow; coxe with a few soft pale hairs ; 
femora and tibiz narrowly black at tips. Wings pale yellowish ; 
costal cell a little darker; veins blackish ; the 5th longitudinal 
vein infuscated towards the tip and at its juncture with the cross- 
vein ; stigma yellowish brown, occupying nearly half the marginal 
cell. A clear streak crosses the marginal cell, apparently cutting 
away the stigma abruptly, and crosses the proximal end of the 
discal cell, which latter is pentagonal. Halteres blackish. 

Length 25 millim., without ovipositor (2 millim.). 

Described from one female in the Pusa collection from Darjiling, 
3-9. vi. 09 (F. M. Howlett). 

Very near 7. fumipennis, but differing by the absence of the 
distinct pale side stripe on the thorax just below the dorsum ; by 
the lighter colour of the head and thorax; by the narrow (not 
wide) black tips to the femora; the yellowish instead of blackish 
brown wing; the absence of red on the dorsum of the abdomen ; 
and by the pentagonal shape of the discal cell. 


328 TIPULIDA®. 


227. Tipula nigroapicalis, Brun. 
Tipula ngroapicalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 257 (1911). 


3 2. Head cinereous grey, frons forming one-third the width of 
the head, with a not very distinct fuscous stripe, continued behind 
the vertex; underside more yellowish. Proboscis yellowish 
brown, with blackish tip; palpi blackish brown, both organs 
pubescent. Antennal scape and Ist joint of flagellum yellow, 
the remaining joints yellow, narrowly black at their bases, where 
there is a verticel of four hairs on each. Zhorawx cinereous grey, 
with the usual three dorsal stripes olive or greenish brown, the 
middle one reaching the anterior margin, the outer stripes in the 
form of elongated oval spots, almost contiguous with the median 
stripe ; two post-sutural concolorous spots on each side in the 
shape of two triangles placed almost base to base. Scutellum 
and metanotum yellowish, with yellowish grey reflections if viewed 
from certain directions; sides of thorax yellowish; below the 
level of the wings, dark grey. Abdomen yellowish, with some soft 
yellow hairs, a dorsal and a !ateral blackish stripe, last two 
segments black. In the female the last segment greyish, penulti- 
mate segment grey on underside. Genitalia very complex in 
male, but considerably withdrawn within the two side plates, 
which themselves appear to be furnished with a thick hook-like 
appendage each; in addition, at least two distinct pairs of organs, 
the larger pair being the usual claspers, conical, black; the other 
pair yellowish, flatter and with yellow hairs, a black edge anda 
strong brown inner tooth; a lower additional pair of black hook- 
like organs visible near the ventral plate, and there appear to be 
other organs not easily discernible in the present specimen. 
Ovipositor shining black, with shining reddish brown valves. 
Legs: coxe and temora yellowish, the latter with a blackish ring 
at the tip; tibie and tarsi brownish or brownish yellow, tarsi 
darker towards the tips. Wings yellowish, a little iridescent in 
the male, rather paler at base of submarginal and Ist posterior 
cells, also in the middle of the 2nd basal cell, and irregularly, just 
before the stigma; costal cell rather darker ; stigma yellowish in 
male, brownish in female, distinct but ill-defined; veins dark 
brown. Halteres black. 

Length, 3 (entire) 15 millim.; 2 16 millim., without proboscis 
(2 millim.). 

Described from a type male and female, 16-20. x. 05, and two 
other females, 10-16. x. 05, all taken by me at Daryjiling. 

Types § and Q in my own collection. 


228. Tipula continuata, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head yellow, with a brown stripe from the neck to just 
above the antenne. Scape yellow, flagellum grey, yellowish at 
base, a narrow black ring at base of each joint. Proboscis yellow, 
brown below; palpi brown, last two joints black. Vhorax 


TIPULA, 329 


yellowish, with short black hairs towards the margin of the 
dorsum ; three very distinct stripes, the middle one attaining the 
anterior margin, with a superimposed black stripe which narrows 
to a point in front ; the two side stripes brown, almost touching 
the median one a little behind the anterior margin. These stripes 
continue uninterruptedly across the sides of the upper surfaces of 
the scutellum and metanotum, both of which latter are otherwise 
greenish yellow, with a narrow brown stripe on the former ; both 
being shortly pubescent, except down the centre. Sides of thorax 
yellow. Abdomen yellowish, with a little pale pubescence; Ist 
segment with a broad, ill-defined, median fuscous stripe; dorsum 
of last three segments brown ; a narrow black stripe on each side 
of the abdomen, and the posterior margins-of the segments witha 
tendency to paleness. Genitalia large and conspicuous ; a convex, 
dark brown, bifid, dorsal plate; a Y-shaped ventral plate, from 
each side of which projects a long, pale yellow, fleshy palp-like 
tentacle, with long bristles ; the Ist joint of the claspers normal, 
the 2nd ending conically in a thick black point; the side plates 
small and narrow. Ina specimen prepared for the microscope, 
the very long thin curled penis is easily visible, issuing from the 
jarge egg-shaped central vesicle. In the female the abdomen is 
rather dark brown, with an ill-defined blackish dorsal stripe, the 
abdomen less yellowish at the base, where the colour is chiefly 
confined to the sides. Legs: cox yellow; femora brownish 
yellow, tips black; knees yellowish white; tibie and tarsi 
dark brown. Wings very pale grey, with clearer spaces here 
and there, namely: towards the distal end of the 2nd basal cell, 
nearly the whole of the 6th posterior cell, and just above the tip 
of the 7th vei. Costal cell yellowish, stigma brownish, well 
defined ; veins brown, Halteres yellow. 

Length 9-10 millim., excluding the ovipositor (14 millim.), 

Described from four males and one female in the Indian Museum, 
all taken by me at Darjiling, 25-29. v.10 and a malealso taken by 
me at the same place, 16—20.x.05, in my own collection. 

Types 6 and @ in the Indian Museum. 

Two males in the Indian Museum from Chitral, 9500 ft., 
Hindu Khush Mountains, 10, x. 10 (Maj. F. Wall), appear to be 
this species, though they show small differences which would 
probably come within a reasonable specific variation. 


229. Tipula walkeri, nom. nov. 
Tipula fulvipennis, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 67 (1850). 


“Fulva, thorace fuseo trivittato, abdomine fusco fasciato, 
antennis fuscis, alis fulvis, stigmate fusco. 

“Allied to 7’. ochracea. Body tawny, eyes black, feelers brown, 
tawny at the base, not longer than the chest ; every joint furnished 
with a hair on each side; chest with a darker stripe on each side 
and a narrower brown stripe in the middle; back of the abdomen 
having a brown stripe, which is obsolete at the base and dilated 


330 TIPULID 2. 


towards the tip; wings tawny, especially along the fore border, 
near whose tip is a brown spot ; veins brown, poisers tawny. 
“Length of the body § lines, of the wings 18 lines. Nepaul.” 
( Walker.) 
I have not met with this species, but as the name is preoccupied 
by De Geer in 1776 for a European species, I propose to rename it 
T. walkeri. 


230. Tipula melanomera, Walk. 
Tipula melanomera, Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 68 (1850). 


** Lete fulva, capite abdominisque apice nigris, thoracis disco 
rufo, antennis nigris, pedibus rufo-fuscis, alis subfuscis, stigmate 
obscuriore. 

“ Allied to 7’. ochracea. Body bright orange, velvet-like ; head 
and its appendages black ; disc of the chest deep red; tip of the 
abdomen black ; legs dark reddish brown ; hips orange coloured ; 
wings pale brown, with a darker spot of the same colour near the 
tip of the fore-border ; veins dark brown, poisers brown, orange at 
the base. 

“Length of the body 8 lines, of the wings 20 lines. Nepaul.” 
( Walker. ) 


231. Tipula quadrinotata, sp. nov. 


Q. Head dark grey, with short black hairs above and behind ; 
frontal space very narrow, about one-tenth the width of the head ; 
eyes practically contiguous below. Antennal scape yellow, 1st joint 
long, 2nd very short; flagellum vellowish, with the bases of the 
joints black, and with a verticel of hairs. Proboscis reddish yellow, 
pubescent, tip dark brown; palpi black. Thorax: entire margin 
of dorsum light grey, the whole of the remainder of the dorsum 
occupied by two broad median stripes (separated by a very narrow 
pale line as far as the centre of the thorax), and a broad outer 
stripe on each side of them, practically contiguous; behind the 
suture the dorsum is likewise dark grey ; sides of thorax yellowish, 
rather more brownish immediately below the dorsum. Scutellum 
dark grey ; metanotum pale yellowish, with a greenish grey dorsum 
bearing some short golden yellow hairs. Abdomen brownish grey, 
with microscopic golden yellow hairs and a smooth blackish 
grey posterior border ; dorsum of Ist segment yellowish. Belly 
greyish yellow, with short golden yellow pubescence. Leys 
brownish yellow, microscopically pubescent ; tips of femora with 
a moderately broad black ring ; tips of tibiee very narrowly black ; 
tarsi rather darker. Wings yellowish grey ; extreme base and 
costal cell yellowish; stigma dark brown, apparently abruptly 
terminated at the proximal end by a clear obliterative streak 
running across the centre of the marginal cell, along the cross- 
veins up to and across the discal cell, whitening those veins in its 
progress ; veins yellowish brown, but black in the vicinity of the 
discal cell. The 2nd basal cell with a small fuscous spot near its 


TIPULA. Syl! 


end, just above the 5th longitudinal vein, and a similar one about 
the middle of the anal cell. Fork of upper branch of 4th longi- 
tudinal vein much shorter than discal cell and barely one-third 
of the terminal veinlets. Halteres blackish. 

Length 24 millim., exclusive of ovipositor (23 millim). 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum taken by 
the Rev. W. Pettigrew at Ukhrul, Manipur, Assam, 6400 ft. 

This species answers tolerably well to the description of 
T. infindens, Walk., from Celebes, except that he does not mention 
the small but perfectly conspicuous fuscous spots on the wing, and 
that he speaks of the stripes on the thorax as “ dull ochraceous.” 
There is also considerable resemblance to Walker’s 7’. vicarza, from 
the East Indies, and it is possible my species may be identical 
with one or the other. 


232. Tipula ornatithorax, Brun. (Pl. VI, fig. 14.) 
Tipula ornatithorax, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 258 (1911). 


3 2. Head tawny orange, tip of proboscis slightly darker ; palpi 
and antenn dark brown, scape of latter orange-yellow. Thorax 
uniformly tawny orange. On the dorsum are eight conspicuous 
bluish grey spots, narrowly edged with black, arranged as follows : 
two elongated, nearly contiguous, central ones (forming the usual 
median stripe) from the anterior margin nearly to the suture; on 
each side is a shorter one, nearly contiguous ; a small circular one 
at the base of each wing, with a nearly contiguous elongated one 
posterior to it. Scutellum and metanotum of male light orange- 
yellow, concolorous with posterior part of thorax; in female, 
scutellum slightly brownish and metanotum with two very in- 
distinct brown streaks. Abdomen of male blackish, major portion 
of dorsal surface of basal two-thirds tawny orange, with a small 
black spot towards each side of the base of the second segment ; 
in the female, blackish, yellowish above at base, the colour showing 
a tendency to form a short dorsal stripe. Belly of male tawny, 
except the last three segments, which are blackish; in female, 
similar to the upperside but more yellowish, the posterior borders 
of the segments narrowly lined with yellow. Genital organs of 
male large and complex ; a rather large squarish dorsal black plate, 
the posterior part bilobed, the hind margins with thick bright 
golden yellow hairs; two large blackish side plates, from within 
which protrude what are apparently the second joints of a pair of 
large claspers, conical and scoop-shaped, yellowish ; an inner 
palp-like organ is attached to the second joint. In the female, the 
ovipositor is also large, dark shining brown, with a longer upper 
and shorter lower pair of yellow lateral valves. Legs yellowish 
brown, tarsi darker, extreme tips of femora and tibie blackish. 
Wings light grey ; subcostal cell pale yellowish brown, ending in a 
pale similarly coloured stigma. Halteres blackish brown. 

Length 20 millim., exclusive of proboscis (2 ‘millim.) and 
ovipositor (4 millim.). 


Oo TIPULID”, 


Described from a male in the Pusa collection from Darijiling, 
3-9. v1.09 (Howlett), and two females from Bhowali, Kumaon, 
9700 ft., vil. 1909 (type) and 10. vii. 10 (A. D. Imms). 

Type 3 in the Pusa collection; type 2 in the Indian 
Museum. 

A specimen (subsequently broken) was seen by me from 
Kurseong, Darjiling, 21-29. v. 06 (Dr. Annandale), and the Vienna 
Museum possesses a female from Sumatra which may be this 
species or a closely allied undescribed one. The markings on the 
thorax are less distinctly outlined, and the whole insect is paler, 
with clearer wings. 


233. Tipula vicaria, Walk. 
Tipula vicaria, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. v, p. 444 (1856). 


3. “Pallide cervina, cinereo tomentosa: antenne setacer, 
subverticillato pilose, fusco fasciate, thorace multo breviores ; 
thorax fusco subvittatus; abdomen fusco bivittatum; pedes 
ferruginei, longi, graciles, vix pubescentes, femoribus basi coxisque 
testaceis, tarsis fuscis; ale cineree, apud costam  subluride, 
fascia albida, stigmate fusco. 

‘* Pale fawn colour, with cinereous tomentum. Antenne 
setaceous, slightly verticillate pilose, with slender brown bands, 
very much shorter than the thorax. Thorax with indistinct 
brown stripes. Abdomen with two darker brown stripes. -Legs 
ferruginous, long, slender, hardly pubescent ; femora towards the 
base and coxe testaceous, tarsi brown. Wings grey, somewhat 
lurid along the costa, with an incomplete whitish band by the 
stigma, which is pale brown; veins brown, tawny at the base and 
along the costa. Halteres tawny with brown tips. 

“ Length of the body 9 lines, of the wings 20 lines. East Indies.” 
( Walker.) 

Zype in the British Museum; too damaged to be of any use 
for comparison. 

The name vicaria was preoccupied by Walker himself in 1848 
for a South African species, but as the type (British Museum) is 
in too bad condition for identification and no other specimen is 
apparently known, I refrain from setting up a new name, as it 
might be as well to let the species sink, since it would be 
extremely difficult, if not impossible, to set up a new type from 
the author’s description. 


234. Tipula brunnicosta, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head pale cinereous grey. Proboscis yellowish, palpi 
brownish, both hairy. Antenne light yellow, base of each joint 
of the flagellum, except the 1st, narrowly black and bearing a 


TIPULA. 333 


verticel of three longer hairs above and two shorter ones below. 
Thorax wholly pale yellowish grey; dorsum darker grey, without 
any admixture of yellow and without any distinct markings. 
Scutellum and metanotum similar. Abdomen of male yellowish, 
minutely pubescent ; the two apical segments blackish above, the 
preceding segments very slightly darker on dorsum. Genitalia 
yellowish, large, conspicuous, complex, concolorous ; enclosed by 
two large pubescent side plates; consisting of a pair of large 
fleshy organs, surmounted by a pair of small chitinous black 
hooked claws, and with a bunch of brush-like yellow hairs just 
above the ventral plate. In the female the abdomen is brownish 
yellow, minutely pubescent, with a narrow median, and a wider 
submarginal stripe; base of abdomen pale yellow. Belly 
yellowish, margins of segments well marked. Ovipositor light 
reddish yellow, shining. Legs yellowish, tarsi brownish, tips of 
femora barely darkened. Wings grey; costal cell distinctly 
brownish yellow, the colour continued to the apical half or third 
of the marginal cell, forming a stigma. Pedicle of fork of upper 
branch of 4th vein two-thirds as long as discal cell (male), or 
extremely short (female). Halteres dark brown. 

Length 13-14 millim., exclusive of ovipositor. 

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum taken 
at Simla, 7000 ft., ll. v.08 (Dr. Annandale), and some from 
Kalighat, Gahrwal District, W. Himalayas, 6000 ft., 4. vi. 10 
(A. D. Imms). 


235. Tipula tenuipes, sp. nov. 


Q. Head blackish grey, the short nasus yellowish brown ; 
antenne yellowish brown, base yellowish, with two or three long 
hairs at the base of each joint. Thorax light brown above, nearly 
greyish on the underside ; dorsum with the three usual stripes of 
rather darker brown and (divided from these by the transverse 
suture) two oval spots; between these markings, the almost 
pinkish brown ground-colour of the thorax can be seen. 
Scutellum with a narrow dorsal black line ; metanotum unicolorous 
brown, with pinkish brown side edges. Abdomen light brown, 
with traces of a thin dorsal black line, and the posterior edges of 
the segments slightly edged with pinkish brown. Underside 
yellowish. Genitalia rather small, shining brown. Legs very 
slender ; pale yellowish brown; tarsi darker; tips of femora and 
tibie black. Wings very pale grey, costal border yellowish. 
Stigma large and long, moderately pale brown, extending from the 
costa to the 2nd longitudinal vein. Halteres brown. 

Length 16 millim., excluding ovipositor (2 millim.). 

Described from a female in good condition in the Indian 
Museum taken at Sylhet (J/ajor Hall). 


334 TIPULID ©. 


236. Tipula ochripes, Brun. 
Tipula ochripes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 260 (1911). 


3 2. Head yellowish, vertex a little brownish grey in the middle; 
back of head similar. Proboscis blackish, robust and rather long ; 
palpi blackish, with base and tips of first three joints more or less 
pale yellow. Antenne rather short, blackish or very dark brown ; 
tip of the long Ist scapal joint and the whole of the very short 
2nd joint, pale yellow; base of 1st flagellar joint, which is long 
and cylindrical, sometimes yellow also; the remaining joints 
setaceous, much narrower at the base and tip on the underside of 
each joint; very minutely pubescent and with a verticel of very 
short hairs in the middle of each joint. horaw: dorsum vandyke- 
brown, tinged with ochraceous here and there around the edges ; 
with three narrow stripes, which sometimes appear as a pair of 
closely parallel lines, the stripe itself contained by them being 
practically concolorous with the dorsum. Scutellum and 
metanotum similar; sides of thorax, including the prothorax, 
yellewish; the colour rather distinctly marked off from the 
dorsum. Abdomen blackish brown, with microscopic pale yellow 
hairs. Sides and belly dusted with yellowish grey. Legs: cox 
yellowish ; femora brownish yellow, tips broadly blackish ; tibiw 
and tarsi to their tips rather bright yellowish, sometimes the tibie 
a trifle more brownish yellow. Wings pale grey, costal cell 
brownish, brownish yellow or yellowish; a very slight dark 
brown suffusion over the juncture of the posterior cross-vein with 
the 5th longitudinal vein ; stigma brownish, comparatively small ; 
a pale streak obliterating the veins runs from in front of the 
stigma to beyond the discal cell, which it cuts just before or at 
the middle. Halteres pale, clubs darker. 

Length, § 18; Q 20-22 millim., excluding ovipositor (2 millim.). 

Described from one type male from Kandy, 20. v. 10 (Gravely), 
one other male from Peradeniya, Ceylon, a type female from 
Kandy, 31.x.09 (Green), and two other females from Kandy, 
v. 1907 (Green); all these being in the Indian Museum. One 
male in the Vienna Museum from Ceylon. 

This species is near 7’. vicaria, Walk. The discrepancies appear 
to be that in Walker’s species the abdomen has two darker brown 
stripes, the femora have no black rings at their tips, and the tarsi 
are brown. TZ". vicaria is described from the ‘ East Indies,” a 
term which Walker used to signify India. Walker's “ incomplete 
whitish band by the stigma” I presume to represent my “ oblitera- 
tive streak.” 


237. Tipula flavescens, sp. nov. 


2. Head rather bright yellow ; frons barely one-third the width 
of the head ; back of head yellowish. Proboscis yellowish ; palpi 
pale yellow, pubescent. Antenne yellowish, pubescent, narrowly 
black at the base of each joint, where there is a verticel of hairs. 


TIPULA. 335 


Thorax wholly brownish yellow, including scutellum, metanotum, 
and sides. Abdomen with the first segment yellowish, the 
remainder dark brown, with minute pale pubescence. Ovipositor 
shining reddish brown, long, the lower valves shorter and set 
further back than the upper ones. Legs brownish yellow ; tips of 
femora narrowly black, tips of tibie more narrowly black, tips of 
tarsi blackish. Wings very pale grey; costal cell yellowish ; 
stigma very faint, pale blackish; a small sub-hyaline space in 
front of it, extending over the costal and marginal cells (present 
in only one wing). Discal cell small, pentagonal, all the sides 
comparatively short; pedicle of fork of upper branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein about half the length of the nearly parallel 
veinlets. Halteres dirty yellowish. 

Length 17 millim., without ovipositor (2 millim.). 

Described from a single female from Hakgalla, Ceylon, 29, ix. 09 
(LH. E. Green). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


238. Tipula demarcata, Brun. 
Tipula demarcata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind, Mus. vi, p. 259 (1911). 


2. Head brownish yellow ; frons dark grey or yellowish grey, 
about one-third of the head in width; in one specimen there are 
two small black spots on each side, contiguous to the eye margins, 
and connected thereon by a narrow black line. Proboscis brownish 
vellow; palpi thin, brownish yellow, darker at tip; labella 
blackish. Antennal scape yellowish, Ist joint with some black 
hairs at the tip, making it appear darker in colour, 2nd scapal 
joint very short ; flagellar joints much elongated, brownish yellow 
or grey ; base of each joint very narrowly black, a verticel of four 
hairs at the base of each joint, two hairs on the upper and two 
on the lower side. Z'horaa: dorsum mummy-brown (type) or 
yellowish ; a narrow dorsal median dark brown line from the 
anterior border to the suture. Scutellum concolorous; meta- 
notum pale semi-livid brownish yellow, moderately shining ; sides 
of thorax very pale pinkish or whitish grey, the colour extending 
across the neck; it is sharply separated from the dark dorsum, 
the line of demarcation running from just above the shoulders to 
below the root of the wing, thence posteriorly to the metanotum. 
Abdomen: ground-colour brownish yellow, but the greater part of 
each segment blackish, including the sides, except on the sides of 
the basal segments. In one specimen, an indistinct pale yellowish 
narrow ring towards the base of many of the segments. A very 
narrow, more or less indistinct pale brownish yellow transverse 
line in front of the middle of each segment. Belly yellowish. 
Ovipositor brownish yellow, sometimes marked with black, normal, 
lower valves shorter than upper one. Legs: cox pale yellowish 
grey or pinkish grey, fore pair more yellowish, trochanters very 
pale yellow ; remainder of legs dark brownish yellow; femora may 


336 TIPULIDA. 


be darker or rather lighter, broadly blackish at tips; tibize and 
tarsi black. Wings very pale yellowish grey, costal cell yellowish, 
stigma brown, or the stigmatic region brown, merged proximally 
in the yellowish costal cell, the basal half of the marginal cell of 
the same colour as the rest of the wing. Discal cell pentagonal, 
rather small, the three upper sides forming a rectangle, the two 
lower sides forming a wide open “ y”: pedicle of upper branch 
of 4th longitudinal vein one-fourth as long as the veinlets. 
Halteres blackish. 

Length about 15 millim., without ovipositor (14 millim.). 

Described from one female from Kandy, v. 1910 (2. £. Green), 
and another female from Peradeniya; also from a cotype in the 
Vienna Museum from Peradeniya, 25. xu. 01 (Dr. Uzel). 

Type in Indian Museum ; cotype in Vienna Museum. 


239. Tipula munda, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head: frons one-fourth to one-fifth of the head, mouse- 
erey or dark grey; back of head dark grey, with minute black 
hairs on the region behind the eyes. Antenne rather long, 
reaching back to about the suture; yellow, with the base of each 
joint of the flagellum narrowly black, and the usual one or two 
basal hairs on each side; scape moderately pubescent. Nasus, 
proboscis, and palpi brownish yellow, pubescent. Thorax, except 
the dorsum, pale yellow, with yellowish white reflections here and 
there, on the pleurz, scutellum, and metanotum; dorsum pale 
yellowish corey, with a pale ereenish tinge when seen from 
behind ; the usual three central stripes, which are pale brown, 
the middle one (narrowly divided) reaching anterior margin ; the 
usual two spots on each side behind the suture, the anterior one 
smaller and rounder, the hinder one larger and more oval. Most 
of these dorsal markings are almost invisible when viewed: from 
in front. Abdomen yellow; 1st segment whitish on dorsum, with 
an elongated brown mark in the middle and a smaller one on each 
side. On the next five segments, a dark brown median line, with 
ill-defined edges, slightly more distinct on the posterior margins 
of segments, and carried upwards along the side of each segment, 
nearly to the fore border, thus giving the appearance of a lateral 
stripe: the absolute edges of the segments, however, distinctly 
whitish. Remaining segments black, except that these also have 
whitish edges to the sides like the anterior ones. The whole 
abdomen lightly covered with pale yellow hairs. Genital organs 
very complex. An upper curved protecting blackish plate, “two 
triangular side-plates, and a sort of ventral pale yellow shield, 
bent inwards perpendicularly, with rather long yellow hairs 
these various pieces enclosing two or three (or more) pairs of 
black, reddish, and pubescent organs, which are not sufficiently 
extended to describe, and surmounted by a small elongated 
reddish yellow process, bearing two short, black-tipped, palp-like 
prolongations ; this process being apparently attached to the hind 


TIPULA. oor 


margin of the upper protecting plate. Legs dark brown to nearly 
black ; all coxze and femora pale yellow for a short space at the 
base; tips of femora often blackish, and the knees more or less 
pale. Wings pale yellowish grey; stigma brownish yellow, 
occupying the distal half of 1st submarginal cell, from the centre 
of which runs the somewhat indistinct but obvious obliterative. 
streak as far as the middle of the discal cell; costal cell yellowish. 
Halteres yellow at the rather thickened base, stem and club dark 
brown or blackish. 

Length (entire) 18-20 millim. 

Described from several males taken by me at-Mussoori, 18. vi. 05, 
and six males and two females taken by me at Darjiling, 23—29.v.10. 

Type 3 and 2, with others, in the Indian Museum; co-type 
males in my own collection. 


240. Tipula divisa, Brun. 
Tipula divisc, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 261 (1911). 


3. Head: frons, at level of antennz, nearly one-third the 
width of the head, yellow, as is the face and proboscis. sides of 
latter brown, with some short black hairs; palpi dark brown. 
Antennal scape yellow, second joint very short; flagellum black, 
each joint microscopically pubescent, rather elongated, and slightly 
swollen at base and towards tip, with a verticel of hairs just 
above the base ; last joint very minute. Back of head yellowish, 
with some hairs. Vhorav mainly bright chrome-yellow, bare ; 
dorsum with the three usual stripes, of which the median one 
attains the anterior margin and is divided by a narrow line, being 
much less distinct than the outer shorter ones; these are some- 
what velvet-brownish in colour. Post-sutural surfaces brownish 
yellow; a brown indistinct stripe from just below the shoulders to 
the middle coxe. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax 
uniformly chrome-yellow. Abdomen shining brown, base yellowish ; 
posterior margins of segments with a distinct, well-defined, pale 
yellowish-white border which bears pale yellow hairs; the rest of 
the dorsal surface bears rather thick short dark brown hairs. 
Anal segments dark brown. Genitalia dark brown; consisting of 
a strong upper piece, with two small pubescent appendages ; two 
side plates, meeting on the underside, enclose a complex pair of 
large claspers, which bear terminal pale yellow pubescent finger- 
like processes, and a strong pair each of bifid black claws pointing 
upwards ; a pair of yellow-haired, comb-like processes just below 
the large claspers. Legs (hind pair missing): femora brown, pale 
at base and blackish towards tips; knees a little pale; tibie and 
tarsi black. Wings nearly clear ; costal cell and stigma brownish ; 
5th longitudinal vein slightly darkened; an indistinct hyaline 
streak from just in front of the stigma to the discal cell. 

Length 11 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Pusa collection, taken at 
Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09 (Howlett). 


338 TIPULID®. 


241. Tipula gracilis, Brun. 
Tipula gracilis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 262 (1911). 


9. Head: antennal scape yellow, with a few hairs on the 
apperside; flagellum black, with microscopic grey pubescence and 
a verticel of hairs at base of each joint. Proboscis, palpi, frons, 
and back of head brownish yellow, with a few pale hairs on each 
side of the centre. Thorax ferruginous brown; the three dorsal 
stripes and a large one on each post-sutural callosity, all united ; 
the suture very narrowly pale. Scutellum with the basal half 
yellowish, posterior half light ferruginous brown; metanotum and 
sides of thorax yellowish brown, with a little shining yellowish 
grey colour about the pleure. Abdomen dull black, with very 
short sparse grey hairs; yellowish at base, posterior border of 
segments whitish. Ovipositor shining black, terminal sheaths 
brownish yellow. Legs brownish yellow, microscopically pubes- 
cent ; cox with a few short hairs; femora yellowish with black 
tips; tibie and tarsi dark brown. Wings yellowish; costal cell 
and stigma deep yellow, the latter distinct ; an indistinet sub- 
hyaline streak from the inner side of the stigma to the basal half 
ot the discal cell ; 5th longitudinal vein on its distal part apparently 
double, forming a flattened triangle at its junction with the cross- 
vein connecting it with the 4th vein; 7th vein very close to 
hind border of wing, and parallel to it. Halteres blackish. 

Length (entire) 12 millim. 

Described from one specimen in my collection taken by me at 
Darjiling, 7.x. 05. 


242, Tipula cinctoterminalis, sp. nov. 


Q. Head: vertex blackish grey, with a narrow median darker 
line ; remainder of head brownish yellow, sides and tip of proboscis 
darker. Antennz brown, scape yellow. Yhoraw dark brownish 
yellow, the usual three dorsal stripes rather indistinctly delineated. 
Thorax below dorsum, the scutellum and metanotum yellowish. 
Abdomen blackish, base yellowish, hind margins of segments very 
narrowly grey, the 8th segment wholly yellowish grey. Ovipositor 
shining dark brown at base, the valves reddish yellow. Legs: 
cox pale yellow; femora brownish yellow, becoming nearly black 
at the tips; tibie and tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey, 
more yellowish in costal cell; stigma dark brown, more or less 
distinctly defined. 

Length (entire) 16-18 millim. 

Described from a type female from Kurseong, 5000 ft., Darjiling 
district, 7. ix. 09 (Annandale), and a female from Bhowali, 5700 ft., 
15. vi. 10 (A. D. Imms). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


'TPULA,—PACHYRHINA, 339 


243, Tipula elegantula, sp. nov. (Pl. V, fig. 17.) 


3. Head: vertex blackish grey, a narrow median darker line ; 
remainder of head brownish yellow, a little darker about the 
proboscis and palpi. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum blackish, a 
single verticel of four hairs at the base of each joint. Thorac 
rather deep brownish yellow on the major part of the dorsum, 
with no obvious stripes ; lighter posteriorly, and the colour at the 
sides fading away to a pale yellow. Scutellum and metanotum 
brownish yellow, shining, the former sometimes a little darker. 
Abdomen yellowish at base, changing to blackish before the middle. 
Genitalia large, conspicuous ; a black bifid dorsal plate; 1st joint 
of claspers normal, 2nd joint ending in two pairs of appendages ; 
the first club-shaped, with thick black hairs, the second two- 
jointed, with bristly yellow hairs and a row of stiff black bristly 
hairs along the inner side; the second pair of appendages un- 
symmetrically conical, black ; a large V-shaped ventral plate with 
yellow hairs, and a pair of blackish finger-like inner appendages 
can be seen. Legs: femora dirty yellow or blackish, lighter at the 
base ; cox pale yellow ; extreme ends of femora narrowly pale ; 
tibie and tarsi blackish. Wings very pale yellowish grey, costal 
cell yellowish, stigma a little browner ; petiole of 2nd posterior cell 
short, about one-fifth the length of the cell. Halteres blackish. 

Length 12 millim. 

Described from two males from Mazbat, Mangaldai district, 
Assam, 11-15. x. 10 (Kemp). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus PACHYRHINA, Macy. (FI. V, fig. 18.) 


Pachyrhina, Macquart, Suit. 4 Buff., Dipt. i, p. 88 (1834) ; Schiner, 
Fauna Austr. ii, p. 503 (1864). 


Grnoryrn, Pipula crocata, L.; designated by Westwood (Intr. 
Class. Ins. 11). 

Macquart’s definition of this genus is not exactly a good one, 
as he lays no special stress on the only character in which it 
actually differs from Tipula, this character, moreover, being by no 
means absolutely constant. This is the sessile or non-petiolate 
nature of the 2nd posterior cell, due to the furcation of the 
anterior branch of the 4th longitudinal vein occurring at the 
distal end of the discal cell and not after quitting that cell, as in 
Tipula. In some species, however, the 2nd posterior cell actually 
is petiolate, the petiole being very short and the character varying 
to a somewhat considerable extent, comparatively speaking, in the 
same species, even in the two wings of the same individual. 

Range. World-wide. 

Macquart’s remark about the antenne being “ filiform, nearly 
setaceous,” is distinctly wrong, as the antenne are as compact 
and the joints as easily seen as in Ttpula. 

Zz 


340 TIPULID A, 


The prevailing colour of bright yellow, marked with black, 
should be regarded as a character of secondary systematic value, 
yet it is remarkably y uniform throughout the genus. The exceptions 
simply reverse the colours, that is to say, the ground-colour is 
mainly black, the markings yellow. In either case a little ' 
acquaintance easily differentiates a Pachyrhina from the more 
sombre hues of browns, yellows, or greys in Z%pula. 

Another apparently constant character, which does not seem to 
have been observed before, is the forking of the 4th longitudinal 
vein with its attendant results. The lower branch of the 4th 
longitudinal vein forks never later than at the base of the discal 
cell, normally a little before it, so that the posterior cross-vein 
being also placed exactly at the fork, the whole posterior side of the 
discal cell abuts on the penultimate posterior cell. The ultimate 
posterior ceil is therefore not in contact with the discal cell when 
the forking occurs before that cell, and only in punctiform contact 
with it w Hen the forking occurs exactly at the corner of the cell.* 
Normally, the furcation occurs just before the cell, sufficiently so 
to give the appearance of a short cross-vein on the hinder side of 
the discal cell, corresponding to the anterior cross-vein on the 
front side of it. Pachyrhina has one marginal, two submarginal, 
and five posterior cells as in Zipula. 

Life-history. The life-history of several of the European species 
is known. The larva lives under rotting leaves or in rotting 
wood ; that of P. pratensis, L., in the roots of grass, according to 
Gmelin and Fabricius. Schiner records that clouds of the larve 
of this species were blown about in the air during the year 1852 
in Westrogothia. 


Tuble of Species. 


1. Antenne sub-serrate on underside ...... 2. 
Antenne not sub-serrate ............. 5 tae 
2. Pleure with a distinct shining black spot on 
the upper part of the sternopleura; scu- 
tellum black, metanotum bright lemon- [p. 348 
Vellaiy faa Botts cees hs th Pe ee pleurinotata, sp. 2, 3, 
Pleuree wholly yellow, no black spot; scu- 
tellum and metanotum normally all 
yellow, the former sometimes with a 


black median BUTIIG ote 14 tei cn hey se 3. 
. Flagellar joints, except the Ist, wholly 
place reece hc SE eas serricornis, sp. n., p. 841. 
Flagellar joints, except the Ist, yellow at [p. 343. 
the base ....... Be Mate Cis os keke aha puncticornis, sp. N., 


* Obviously also, in the latter case, the 2nd basal cell is also in punctiform 
contact only with the discal cell. 

if Compare a similar passage concerning the 4th vein in Tipula (p. 296). 
In both genera the posterior cross-vein is invariably placed at the angle 
in the 4th vein, the fork of the latter occurring at, or very close to, the same 
spot. No exception to this rule has come before me in any of the European, 
North American, or Oriental species examined. 


PACHYRHINA. 341 


4, Pleurze with a shining black spot as in 
Po DCUPUROTAEGIS i hs eet tas Bartiat are pleur enotata, aps Tene 
Pleurz without any black spot . reitcke (Os ipo ta 
Wings distinctly submarmorate ; “the outer 
brown stripe on the lateral margin of the 
thorax rather conspicuously marked off 
from the yellow sides, below which colour 
lies a lateral brown pleural stripe; the 
2nd posterior cell subpetiolate; oblite- 
pative streak present) «0.66. + seine anew demarcata, sp. n.,* 
‘Wings never marmorate ; the side colours [p. 344. 
(if “any) never so sharply defined; the 
2nd posterior cell practically never petio- 
late; the obliterative streak absent .... 6. 
6. Thorax wholly bright orange-yellow, the 
usual three’ dorsal stripes very faintly 
Mumkers iy Mourn aaiitiss 4s. s eeraaeen Beale concolorithorax, sp. 0.,F 
Thorax always with the usual three dorsal [p. 346. 
black or dark brown stripes very distinct. 7. 
7. Outer thoracic stripes distinctly turned out- 
wards and downwards at their tips; 
femora generally more or less blackish on 
eApRne eae TURIUE 1: 28D) cee tat ane Mee ita es 8. 
Outer thoracic stripe abruptly terminated, 
clear-cut, but not curved outwards or 
downwards ; femora generally yellowish 
with a tolerably distinct apical narrow 


on 


blackish} band) 2. 4. Fay TOT A 5. S$), 
8. Frons unmarked, or with a small vertical 
Ganicaiteale ysis. satan as ema tes consimilis, Brun., p. 346. 


An inverted Y-shaped black mark on frons gamma, sp. n., p. 347. 
9. Bright lemon-yellow species (at least the 


thorax) fe Wika he cede oe F cea Reais citer tet hd Javensis, Dol., p. 348. 
Brownish yellow or ferruginous species t.. 10. 
10. Thoracic stripes clearly “defined at their 
SII CMUS) 0. 5 «cote ay Meee cae : dorsopunctata, Brun., 
Thoracic stripes fading away gradually at [p- 350. 
their enteriorends.. j..¢2%. 20.0. Suetatetsy s bombayensis, Macq., 
[p. 351. 


244, Pachyrhina serricornis, sp. nov. 


3d. Head: ground-colour varying from bright lemon-yellow to 
rather deep orange-yellow ; vertex and back of head often with a 
brown or GinceiaH streak ; frons somewhat prominent; whole 
upper part of head with very short black hairs; eyes black. 
Proboscis yellowish or orange-yellow, often with a dark brown or 


* A little uncertainty attaches to the presence of this species here, as the 
submarmorate wings and the obliterative streak are much more characteristic 
of Tipula. As, however, the 2nd posterior cell is sessile (petiolate in one 
specimen only), it should fall technically into Pachyrhina. It is the only 
species about the generic position of which there is any doubt. 

+ This is not a very good distinction, but no other seems practicable. In 
tre case of doubtful or intermediate specimens, both sections must be searched. 


zZ2 


342 TIPULID 2. 


blackish streak (sometimes double) on the upperside ; tip of 
proboscis sometimes, and labella always, dark brown ; palpi brown, 
brownish yellow, or yellowish, with black marks. Antenne with 
scape bright deep yellow, Ist joint long, cylindrical, 2nd very 
short; 1st flagellar joint long, cylindrical, sometimes a little 
compressed just betore the tip, generally more or less yellowish, 
sometimes wholly so; remainder of flagellar joints black, minutely 
pubescent, the upper surface smooth and the joints rather closely 
united there ; on the lower side they are cut away at the base, 
the centre, and the tip of each joint, giving the complete joint 
the appearance of half a dumb-bell; this character being less con- 
spicuous towards the tip of the antenne ; the last joint cylindrical, 
comparatively long. ‘Two distinct diverging long hairs on upper- 
side of each joint near the base, those on the underside being 
very short, inconspicuous or absent. Thorax bright chrome-yellow, 
lemon-yellow, or orange-yellow; dorsum with three clear-cut, 
shining black or blackish brown, moderately wide stripes, the 
middle one always attaining the anterior margin, where it is often 
continued on each side downwards as a very fine line behind the 
collare ; the outer stripes shorter, about equal in width to the 
median, and curving outwards and downwards at the tips; behind 
the suture a pair of stripes similar in shape, size, and colour, also 
curving outwards and downwards at their tips, immediately above 
the roots of the wings. Scutellum varying in colour, generally 
pale livid yellowish brown, sometimes ‘yellowish with a brownish 
centre, occasionally wholly bright lemon-yellow ; mesonotum 
normally brownish yellow, varying in tint to a considerable 
extent, generally with a brownish median stripe : sides of thorax 
concolorous with dorsum, or a little lighter, unmarked. Abdomen 
yellowish or brownish yellow, with a dorsal black stripe composed 
of elongated spots, one on each segment, each more or less 
widened on the posterior margin; the dorsum of the apical 
segments mainly blackish ; a blackish stripe along the sides of the 
abdomen, very variable in intensity and continuity ; belly more or 
less yellowish. The whole abdomen with short golden yellow 
hairs. Genitalia fairly large, consisting of a thick oblong dorsal 
plate; the large subconical basal joint of the claspers ending 
above in an elongate piece narrowed at the tip, and forming below 
a large sub-globular portion to which two narrow elongate 
palp-like appendages are attached, one of these terminating in 
a dark horny long point; all the organs yellowish brown, and 
shortly but distinctly pubescent. Legs yellow, sometimes paler on 
basal half of femora, tips of femora and tarsi narrowly black, 
tarsi blackish. Wings pale grey; veins black, distinct ; stigma 
very pale yellowish, sometimes blackish. Upper branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein on quitting discal cell, with the veinlets well 
separated, or issuing simultaneously. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 8-11 millim. 

Described from several males from Darjiling, 6. vil. 09 (Paiva) ; 
Kurseong, 4.ix.09 (type), 5. vil. 08, 22-25, vi. 10 (Annandale) ; 


PACHYRHINA, 343 


Gangtok, Sikkim, 6150 ft., 10. ix. 09; Siliguri, N. Bengal, 18- 
20. vii. 07; all in the Indian Museum. In the Pusa collection are 
two males from Pusa taken 29. vii.07 and 8.ix.08. The species 
also oecurs in Japan. 

Type & in the Indian Museum. 

The two males in the Pusa collection have the median dorsal 
stripe brownish and indistinet (semi-transparent) in front, although 
equally well-defined and shining as in the typical form. 

Some specimens taken by me at Yokohama, 20-26. vi. 06, have 
the scutellum all black, the black line on the mesonotum much 
wider and darker, and a distinct small oblong black spot on each 
side of the collare nearly in front of the median thoracic stripe. 
There can be little doubt they belong to the present species. 


245. Pachyrhina puncticornis, sp. nov. 


This form is ranked as a separate species, but may possibly be 
only a variety of P. serricornis, with which it agrees in most of its 
characters. As only one specimen is present, exact Judgment is 
difficult. 

3g. Head: the antenne are as in P. serricornis, but the base 
only of each flagellar joint after the Ist is pale yellow, the Ist 
flagellar joint being yellowish on the basal half. Thorav: the 
median dorsal thoracic stripe is rather bright brown throughout 
its entire length, the side stripes are very dark shining brown, 
not curved outwards and downwards at the tip, nor carried 
forward as two fine lines each; the short post-sutural stripes are 
turned downwards towards the base of the wings, where they 
become much darker, but show no trace of being continued along 
the side of the thorax towards the shoulder. Scutellum appa- 
rently pale brownish yellow (damaged by the pin); metanotum 
and base of abdomen, also the posterior part of the thorax, bright 
light yellow. Abdomen mainly yellowish, the middle segments 
and the dorsum of some of the succeeding ones blackish. Geni- 
talia apparently as in P. serricornis, perhaps comparatively a little 
smaller, but as they are considerably withdrawn their exact con- 
struction is not easily visible; they are rather bright brownish 
yellow in colour and considerably pubescent ; the dorsal plate, if 
present, must be very small. 

Length 10 millim. 

Described from a single specimen from Siliguri, at the base of 
the Darjiling Himalayas, 30. vi. 08. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


246. Pachyrhina pleurinotata, sp. nov. 


This species is closely allied to P. serricornis, but is certainly 
distinct. The points of difference are as follows :— 
3 2: Head: proboscis with a small black streak on the upperside 


344 TIPULID&. 


at the tip, the labella and the palpi brown, the Ist cae pale brown ; 
the back of the head with a triangular black mark; the antenne in 
the male show no difference, but in the female the emargination 
on the underside of the joints is wholly absent, each joint being 
simply rather narrower at its tip than at its base. Zhoraw with the 
median dorsal stripe continued very distinctly on each side in 
front, the colour extending pronouncedly over the collare for some 
little distance ; the two outer dorsal stripes terminating somewhat 
suddenly, but their edges continued as two very fine lines to the 
side margin ; the post-sutural black shining stripes larger, almost 
filling the upper surface, and, besides turning down to the root of 
the wings as in P. serricornis, continued forward along the edges 
of the suture itself, passing over to the side of the mesothorax, 
and almost or quite reaching the shoulders. Scutellum wholly 
shining black; the metanotum bright lemon-yellow, unmarked ; 
the sides of the thorax bright lemon-yellow, as in fact is the 
dorsum also, and there is a large black spot in each sex on the 
upper part of the sternopleura. Abdomen with the base black, 
whilst each segment has a broad black apical band, wider in the 
temale than in the male, the last segment or two being black in 
both sexes. Genital organs of the male light brownish yellow, 
apparently formed as in P. servicornis ; in the female the ovipositor 
is normal, long, shining, straight, light brownish yellow. Wangs: 
the discal cell somewhat smaller; the veinlets of the upper branch 
of the Ist longitudinal vein emerging simultaneously ; the stigma 
dark brown. 

Length, 3 11 millim.; 9 14 millim. to tip of ovipositor. 

Described from a single specimen of each sex from Namoya, 
Ceylon, 1x. 1909 (E. E. Gr een). 

Types in the Indian Museum, 


247. Pachyrhina demarcata, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head rather deep yellow, with a median brown stripe 
on vertex extending from a little above the antennez to the neck. 
Proboscis yellow above, brown below, labella brown; palpi yel- 
lowish to brown, often a little pale at juncture of joints. Antenne 
with svape yellow; flagellum black. Zhorav: male with ground- 
colour rather bright yellow ; dorsum occupied by three rich brown 
stripes ; the median one distinctly continued over the collare and 
neck till it joins the stripe on the vertex of the head; this stripe 
broadens a little before it reaches the anterior margin, narrowing 
as it reaches the suture, beyond which it is continued, rather 
narrower and unbroken, to the posterior margin of the yellow 
scutellum; the outer stripes join the median stripe anteriorly, 
and posteriorly they are united unbroken to the post- -sutural 
stripes, which in their turn are continued to the hind margin of 
the thorax, thence, in a paler shade over the pleure on each side 
of the scutellum, continuing again over the metanotum, leaving 


PACHYRHINA, 345 


on this latter only a narrow pale yellow median space. The 
general pattern therefore of the dorsal surface is that of an 
elongated brown diamond extending from the neck to the end of 
the metanotum, enclosing an elongate central clear yellow space, 
down the middle of which runs the narrowed continuation of the 
median thoracic stripe; the outer edge of this diamond is clear cut 
and strongly demarcated from the bright yellow sides of the thorax. 
In the female the brown colour is not so deep on the seutellum 
and metanotum, and there is a broad rich brown lateral band on 
the lower part of the sides of the thorax, reaching from the neck 
to the metanotum. Abdomen of male yellow at base, the rest 
blackish, the basal yellow part with a blackish dorsal stripe and a 
thin lateral black line. In female, practically all blackish, except 
the Ist segment which is yellowish. Genitalia consisting of a 
small square black dorsal plate, moderately small dark side plates, 
the rest of the organs being bright yellow; the 2nd joint of 
the claspers very elongated, narrow, finger-like; apparently 
some inner organs also. Ovipositor normal, reddish yellow. 
Legs yellow; tips of femora rather broadly black or dark brown, 
the extreme tips (knees) pale; tibie# and tarsi brown. In the 
female the apical half of the femora is more or less blackish. 
Wings rather dark grey; costal and subcostal cells distinctly 
yellow or yellowish; stigma oval, dark brown, conspicuous, with 
a small clear space on each side of it. There are also small, ill- 
defined though distinct, clear spaces beyond the middle of the 
diseal cell (adjoining the 5th longitudinal vein), in the 2nd pos- 
terior cell, at the base of the discal cell and in front of the tip of 
the 7th longitudinal vein ; a faint trace of suffusion apparent about 
the central cross-veins and over the 5th longitudinal vein. Hal- 
teres yellow. The obliterative streak peculiar to 7%pula is present. 
The 2nd posterior cell sometimes shortly petiolate. 

Length, ¢ 10 millim., 2 12 millim. 

Described from one male and four females from Darjiling, 
5-9. vill. 09 (Parva). 

Types 3 and @ in the Indian Museum. 

A very marked species, owing to the submarmorate wings, the 
only one in the genus known to me with this character. The 
presence, in conjunction with this, of the obliterative streak so 
peculiar to Tipula, makes it uncertain whether the species would 
not be better placed in that genus; but in more than one of the 
specimens the prongs of the anterior branch of the 4th longi- 
tudinal vein issue quite separately, and in only one is there a 
distinct petiole to the 2nd posterior cell, and even in this case a 
short one. Jt may, perhaps, temporarily be regarded as inter- 
mediate between the two genera, the only uncertain Eastern 
species in this respect that has come before me. 


346 TIPULIDA. 


248. Pachyrhina concolorithorax, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head deep orange-yellow ; antennal scape bright yellow, 
fagellom wholly black ; proboscis orange-yellow, labella and palpi 
dark brown. Uhoraw bright orange-yellow, with faint traces of 
the usual three dorsal stripes and post-sutural spots, barely darker 
than the ground-colour. Slightly lemon-yellowish at sides below 
wings; scutellum and metanotum bright orange-yellow, unmarked. 
Abdomen bright orange-yellow; a black mark on Ist segment ; 
the 2nd orange-ye low, black on posterior border; the remaining 
segments dull light yellow, with posterior borders rather broadly 
black, and with irregular black marks on the yellow parts; last 
segment wholly black. Belly mainly yellowish. Ovipositor 
shining brownish yellow. Legs: cox orange-yellow, femora light 
brownish yellow, tibiz and tarsi dark brown. Wings nearly clear ; 
stigma dark brown, well marked ; discal cell oblong, nearly twice 
as long as broad, the two prongs of the upper branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein issuing separately but close together,  Halteres 
orange, clubs blackish. 

Length 12 millim., without ovipositor. 

Deseribed from a single male from the Khasi Hills, 1000- 
3000 ft., ii.07, and a female from Sylhet, 18.1.04 (Lt.-Col. 
fall), 

Types, 3 in the Pusa collection, 2 in the Indian Museum. 

The uniformly orange thorax at once separates this species from 
all other Oriental ones. 


249. Pachyrhina consimilis, Brun. 
Pachyrhina consimilis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 268 (1911). 


3 2. Head deep chrome-yellow ; proboscis generally a little 
lighter, with a wide dark brown stripe on the upperside and 
dark brown labella; palpi also dark brown. Back of head at 
junction with thorax with a dark brown triangular mark, An- 
tennal scape deep yellow, flagellum black, the joints distinctly but 
only slightly thickened at the base, verticillate hairs short ; some- 
times in the female the antenna is dark prown, the second joint 
of the scape being also tinged with brown, Thorac deep chrome- 
yellow ; the three lorsal stripes deep black, shining, very clear cut; 
the median one, which attains the anterior margin, more or less 
extended downwards along the edge behind the prothorax, on 
which there is often a brown spot or streak on each side in this 
vicinity ; the outer dorsal stripes turning sharply down over the 
sides at their tips, their limits sharply defined; the post-sutural 
elongate spots equally deep shining black and clearly cut, reaching 
from above the root of the wing to the scutellum, Seutelluin 
light livid brown, sometimes yellowish, with or without a brownish 
or blackish mark in the centre ; metanotum bright chrome-yellow, 
with a more or less distinct narrow or moderately wide brownish 


PACHYRUINA, 347 


longitudinal stripe ; sides of thorax rather lighter yellow; sterno- 
pleurze with a tawny brown, semi-transparent spot on the upper 
and lower part, leaving the middle concolorous. Abdomen normally 
bright or deep yellow, with, in the male, a longitudinal median 
black stripe of moderate width, composed of a row of elongate 
spots more or less united to one another, the black colour towards 
the tip spreading more or less over the whole dorsal surtace ; 
a narrow lateral stripe similarly formed. In the female, the 
abdomen is wrinkled and bears a large, more or less square, 
blackish spot on each segment, generally of sufficient size to form 
an apparently continuous dorsal stripe, but the posterior margin 
itself of each segment is yellow and well defined ; there are also 
numerous irregularly placed small black spots between the 
dorsal stripe and the rather broader (than in the male) lateral 
stripe on each side. Belly similar to dorsal surface. Genitalia of 
male very much as in 2. serricornis, but a distinet brown side plate 
is present, and a small yellow V-shaped ventral plate, protecting 
somewhat conspicuous keel-like protuberance immediately above 
it, joined to the large swollen base of the claspers. Legs variable, 
normally yellow, the femora becoming brownish on the apical 
half, sometimes quite blackish on that portion; but often the 
femora are mainly yellowish, with an indistinet brownish or 
blackish ring of varying width at the tip; the tibiwe vary from 
yellowish to brownish; the tarsi generally brownish yellow or 
brown. Wings pale grey; the forks of the upper branch of the 
fourth longitudinal vein vary in their emergence from the discal 
cell, sometimes being distinctly separated, sometimes issuing 
simultaneously, and sometimes forming a short petiole; stigma 
moderately large, varying from pale yellow to brown; subcostal 
cell varying from yellowish to rather dark brown. SHalteres 
yellow. 

Length 9-14 yillim. 

Described from a lengthy series in the Indian Museum from 
Darjiling, 23-28.v.10 (Brunetti), 5-10. viii. 09 (Paiva), 1.x. 08 
(Brunetti); Kurseong, 19-24. vi. 10, 5. vii. 08, 5-8. ix. 09, and Bhim 
Tal, 17-19. ix. 06 (Annandale); Mussoori, 22. y, 05 (Brunetti), and 
Gangtok, Sikkim, 22.v.05, In the Vienna Museum is a female 
from Sikkim. 

Type, 3 and 9 in the Indian Museum. 

Apparently the commonest species to be found in the hilly 
parts of North India, but no specimen has been received from 
the plains or even from a hilly locality apart from the Himalayas. 


250. Pachyrhina gamma, sp. nov. 


9. Head: vertex nearly one-third the width of the head, 
orange-yellow, with a dark median narrow line; frons yellow, 
with an inverted black Y-shaped mark reaching from between 
the bases of the antennw to the proboscis; the latter yeilowish 


348 TIPULID©. 


marked with dark brown; palpi dark brown; antennal scape 
yellow, flagellum brown. Thoraa lemon-yellow, with the three 
usual stripes very distinct, black, shining ; the outer ones turned 
downwards at the anterior ends; prothorax blackish, a black 
stripe on each side extending to the shining black fore coxe. 
Seutellum livid yellow; metanotum and sides of thorax pale 
lemon-yellow. Aldomen yellowish, crinkled, with short pale 
hairs; a wide dorsal black stripe composed of a large spot filling, 
or nearly filling, the dorsum of each segment, the spots contiguous 
or subcontiguous ; an uninterrupted black stripe along the lateral 
margins of each segment. Belly similar, almost wholly black. 
Legs: fore coxe shining black, posterior cox pale yellow; 
femora brown, basal half a little lighter. Wings with the 2nd 
posterior cell subpetiolate, about one and a half times as long as 
the discal cell. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from a unique female from the Mangaldai district, 
on the Assam-Bhutan frontier, 30-31, x11. 10 (Kenp). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


251. Pachyrhina javensis, Dol. 
Tipula javensis, Doleschall (nee 7. javana, Wied.), Nat. Tijd. Ned. 
Ind. x, p. 406, pl. ii, fig. 2 (1856). 
? Pachyrhina fasciata, Macquart, Suit. a Buff., Dipt.1, p. 90 (1834). 
Pachyrhina doleschalli, Osten Sacken, Ann, Mus. Genova, xvi, 
p. 399 (1881). 


‘Body lemon-yellow. Thorax with four black lateral rounded 
spots and an oval median one. Segments of the abdomen broadly 
black-marked, the sixth and the eighth black ; ovipositor reddish. 
Antenne blackish; legs yellowish, blackish at the articulations. 
Wings clear, stigmatic cell black. 

“Length 7 lines [=14 millimetres]. Habitat: Java, in woods 
(Djokjakarta).” (Osten Sacken.) 

Type 3 in the Vienna Museum. 

The species was renamed by Osten Sacken, on the ground that 
Wiedemann in 1821 described a species under the name of 
“ Tipula” javana (Dipt. Exot. i, p. 27), which is a Pachyrhina ; 
but I venture to restore the name javensis, as it 1s not a homonym 
of javana. 


Redescription. 


2. Head varies from bright lemon-yellow to rather deep orange, 
with short sparse light pubescence; frons very convex and pro- 
minent. Proboscis short, broad, with or without a broad’ shining 
black stripe; labella large, shining brown, pubescent; palpi with 
2nd and 3rd joints equally long, but the Ist a little shorter, and 
the 4th as long as the first three together, thinner, a!l pale yellow. 


PACHYRHINA. 349 


Antenne bright yellow or orange-yellow; flagellum wholly blackish, 
except Ist joint, which is sometimes yellowish, bases of all the 
flagellar joints after the lst very narrowly blacker. Thoraw deep 
lemon- or chrome-yellow; the three usual dorsal stripes deep 
black, shining, clear-cut ; the median one reaching the anterior 
margin or not, very narrowly extended (sometimes) on each side 
for a short distance; on each side of the collare, adjacent to the 
end of the median stripe, is a brown or black mark, which is 
repeated on the adjoining part of the mesothorax ; the two outer 
thoracic stripes quite straight, with clear-cut rounded tips, with- 
out any sign of curving outwards or downwards ; post-sutural 
stripes short, wide, equally shining black, contiguous in front to 
those in front of the suture, and carried forward a little along the 
suture, joining a brownish spot placed immediately above the 
wing-root ; posteriorly they reach the seutellum, which may be 
wholly dull yellow, or wholly shining black. The metanotum may 
be lemon-yellow, the lower part bearing an orange tint, or it may be 
either yellow or orange, with a wide black band on the lower 
part ; the pleura adjacent to the metanotum bear a black stripe 
contiguous to it; sides of thorax concolorous with dorsum ; 
sternopleura with median third concolorous, the upper and lower 
parts tinged with orange. Abdomen bright orange-yellow ; pre- 
sumably the normal banding consists of a moderately narrow black 
posterior border to each segment, the first segment being either 
yellow at the base or more or less black-marked ; the abdominal 
bands seem to be weakest on the 4th and 5th segments ; the 6th 
segment is nearly or wholly black, the remainder to the tip 
yellow. Ovipositor brownish yellow, shining, rather long. Legs: 
coxe, femora, and tibie bright yellow or orange-yellow; fore 
femora with a dark brown broad band (ill-defined at the edges) in 
the middle, occupying about half the length, sometimes indistinct ; 
tips of all femora and tibie very narrowly blackish ; tarsi blackish. 
Wings nearly clear; subcostal cell dark brown, ending in a large 
oval dark brown stigma; petiole of 2nd posterior cell compara- 
tively long or absent. Halteres blackish, tips dull yellow. 

Length 17-39 millim. 

Redescribed from three females in the Indian Museum, taken at 
the base of the hills in the Naini Tal district, two at Bindukhera, 
3.iv.10, and one at Gangapur Pattia, 4.iv.10. The species also 
occurs in Java, Sumatra, and Ceylon. 

L think there can be no doubt that the three females in the 
Indian Museum are this species and that it is very variable. 
Osten Sacken surmised as much, noting the variability of the 
abdominal markings and the spots on the pleure; whilst various 
remarks in the three different descriptions of this species (Dole- 
schall’s, Macquart’s, and Osten Sacken’s) support this view. The 
three examples before me are distinctly lemon-yellow, especially 
on the thorax, thus agreeing with Doleschall’s “ citrino-flavo.” 


350 TIPULID®. 


Macquart’s remark that the metathorax is all yellow is probably 
an error for metanotum, which in one of the three specimens is 
very conspicuously uniform lemon-yellow, in another bright lemon- 
yellow with an orange hind border, and in the third orange with a 
blackish lower margin. The scutellum also varies, being in two 
specimens shining black, in the third shining brownish yellow. 
Again the abdominal marks are very variable. The first example 
has the basal segment black, a broad black band on hind margins of 
the 2nd and 3rd segments, a narrow one on the 4th and 5th, the 
6th being mainly blackish. In the second specimen the only 
black is on the tips of the 2nd and 8rd segments, the whole of the 
6th and the base of the 7th. In the third specimen the marks 
are similar, but narrower, and rather less intense. The fore 
femora have a broad blackish central band which is quite distinct 
in one specimen, much less so in the second, the third having 
these legs missing. This character has not been noted before. 
In one specimen the pleure are slightly marked with black, in 
another they are entirely lemon-yellow, except for a rather large 
pale orange spot below the wing-root. 

Macquart notes that the second posterior cell is nearly petiolate. 
In two of the three examples before me it is quite distinctly so, 
as much as in many species of Zipula; in the third it is very 
shortly, but still practically so, and slightly more in one wing than 
the other. All these points prove the variability of the species in 
many particulars, and the comparatively small size of the discal 
cell, which is emphasized in the present specimens, is also a strong 
specific character. 


252. Pachyrhina dorsopunctata, Brun. 


Pachyrhina dorsopunctata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi,,p. 267 
(Lor): 


3 2. Head deep chrome-vellow ; proboscis, labella, and palpi 
more or less brownish ; antennal scape deep yellow, flagellum wholly 
black, or Ist joint yellow. Thorav: dorsum between the stripes 
orange-yellow, the colour fading at the edges of the dorsum to paler 
yellow ; sometimes the whole dorsum pale yellow ; thoracic stripes 
dark blackish brown, the median one sometimes a little paler 
towards the anterior margin. The dark marks on the prothorax 
and behind it, as in the other species, sometimes appearing as a 
definite continuation of the median thoracic stripe. Post-sutural 
stripes more of a flattened triangle in shape, not joined to the 
outer stripes in front of them. Scutellum black or dark brown, 
shining; metanotum yellowish on upper half, with or without a 
narrow dark median line, black on the lower half; sides con- 
colorous, or a little paler. upper and lower parts of sternopleure 
a little more orange. Abdomen yellow or orange-yellow, with a 
row of dorsal elongate triangular black spots in the male which 
have a tendency to spread out on the hind margin, actually doing 


PACHYRHINA, SOL 


so on the last two segments. In the female one specimen has 
the marks as in the male but they are rather more extensive; the 
other has a black band on the hind margin of each segment. 
Traces of a black narrow side line in both sexes; belly yellowish. 
Legs wholly yellow; tips of femora and tibie narrowly black; 
tarsi blackish. Wings very pale grey ; subcostal cell dark brown, 
prongs of fork of upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein issuing 
quite separately from discal cell. Halteres yellowish. 

Length, § 12-14 millim.; 2 15-18 millim. 

Described from several males and females in the Indian Museum 
from Katihar, 30.xi.09 (type 3 ), Bhogaon, 20. xii.09, both Purneah 
district (Paiva); Maddathorai, Travancore State, 17.xi.08 (type @ ) 
(Annandale); Bindukhera, Naini Tal district, base of Western 
Himalayas, 3.iv.10, taken in company with P. javensis, Dol. ; 
Madhupur, Bengal, 14.x.09 (Paiva); Mangaldai district, Assam— 
Bhutan Frontier, 30.xu1.10 (Kemp); Pusa, 31. ili. and 4. iv. 11 
(Gravely). One female from Ceylon is in the Vienna Museum. 

Type 3 and @ in the Indian Museum. 

Its bright colour, the yellow and black distinctly demarcated, 
exactly resembles P. javensis, and it may be but a variety of that 
species ; yet the abdominal marks seem so pronouncedly different 
that I have ventured to regard it tentatively as distinct. On each 
segment is a triangular rather elongate (especially on the long 
2nd segment) shining black spot which shows no tendency to form 
a band on the hind margin. The base of the ovipositor is 
distinctly blackish. The front femora show no sign of the broad 
blackish band present in P. javensis. The two prongs of the 
upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein quit the discal cell well 
separated. 

Two males in the Pusa collection bred from larve found under 
the earth in rice-fields at Pusa may be this species, though they 
are smaller and more slender (12 millim.). The median dorsal 
thoracic stripe is entire and clearly cut to its extremity on the 
anterior margin. They are dated 16.11. and 26. ii. 1910. 


253 Pachyrhina bombayensis, Jacq. 


Pachyrhina bombayensis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. v, p. 35, pl. i, 
fie, 1 (1854). 


“ $, Length 12 mm. Ferruginous. Palpi a little brownish 
at the tips. Antenne brown, the three first joints ferruginous. 
Thorax with three black stripes, not reaching the anterior margin. 
Abdomen with a black triangular spot on the hind border of each 
segment; genitalia small. Femora a little blackish at the tip, 
anterior tibiz brownish, tarsi brownish. Wings iridescent, a little 
yeliowish ; stigmatic region (‘cellule’) brownish; discoidal cell 
small. 

“From Asia; Bombay. In Mr. Bigot’s collection.” (Mac- 
quart.) 


852 TIPULID®. 


Redescription. 


3 9. Head varying from yellow to reddish brown ; proboscis 
above and at tip darker brownish, palpi yellowish. Antennal 
scape yellow, flagellum black, the joints shghtly but distinctly 
enlarged at base where they bear the usual verticillate hairs. 
Thorax varying from yellow to orange and reddish brown; the 
three usual dorsal stripes, the middle one nearly always very 
indistinct on the anterior part, this indistinctness sometimes 
extending back to the middle of the stripe; the outer ones often, 
but not always, indistinct at their tips, never curved outwards or 
downwards; post-sutural stripes sometimes contiguous to those 
in front, the narrow black streak in front of the wing and below 
the edge of the dorsum rather more conspicuous than usual. 
Scutellum mainly blackish; metanotum with upper half yellowish, 
sometimes with a thin median dark line, lower half blackish. 
Abdomen normally brownish yellow, but varying considerably in 
shade towards entirely yellow or entirely reddish brown ; the 
black markings very variable, forming sometimes an elongate black 
spot on each segment, more or less widened on the hind margin, 
the dorsum of the apical segment generally wholly black or nearly 
so; sometimes occupying nearly all the dorsum on all the seg- 
ments; sometimes barely widened posteriorly, especially in the 
male and on the basal segments. In the female, the black colour 
is more extensive, often filling the entire dorsal surface. Belly 
mainly yellowish but blackish towards the tip. Genitalia con- 
spicuous, brownish yellow, consisting of an oblong rather small 
dorsal plate, a pair of claspers, of which the basal joint is normaily 
constructed, with a large flattened, almost leaf-shaped, pointed 
second joint, which bears on the inner side a narrow black finger- 
like appendage ; some smaller intermediate organs are apparent. 
Ovipositor brownish yellow, shining, bare, normal. Legs brownish 
yellow, extreme tips of femora and tibie very narrowly black, 
apical half of tarsi blackish. Wings pale grey, subcostal cell 
brown ; stigma brownish, varying in intensity ; prongs of upper 
branch of 4th longitudinal vein issuing generally widely separated, 
occasionally simultaneously or nearly so, but 2nd posterior cell 
never petiolate. Halteres dark yellowish brown, 

Length 13-21 millim. 

Redescribed from a good series in the Pusa collection, all from 
Pusa (except one) bearing dates of every month except May, June, 
and December, the species apparently occurring there nearly all 
the year. One specimen is from Chapra, Bengal, undated. One 
specimen in the Indian Museum from Katihar, Purneah district, 
Bengal, 7-31. viii. 10 (Paiva). 

Type in the British Museum. 

The principal feature of this species is its reddish brown colour, 
and the obliteration of the anterior end of the median thoracic 
stripe. 


DOLICHOPEZA. Boe 


Section DOLICHOPEZINT. 


As previously stated, the excessively delicate and long legs afford 
the principal character by which members of this section may be 
known. ‘They have a habit of dancing up and down in the air in 
small swarms after the nature of EpHemMerip#, a habit equally 
affected by various genera of Treuntipa—Lieranomyia, Trichocera, 
and in fact many others.* 

Apart from the length of leg common to all, the genera in this 
section are mainly contradictory, so to speak. Taking the four 
Oriental genera, Dolichopeza and Scamboneura possess thirteen- 
jointed antenne, Megistocera and Tanypremna less than thirteen. 
The two former genera have complex genitalia in the male, the 
two latter more simple ones. Dolichopeza has no nasus, but this 
is distinct in Scamboneura and Megistocera. Tunypremna has no 
neck, yet Scamboneura and others have short ones. The anterior 
branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein is present in Megistocera and 
Tanypremna, absent in the other two; the anterior branch of 
the 4th vein is twice forked in Dolichopeza, only once forked in 
the other three genera; the discal cell is present in Megistocera 
and Tanypremna, absent in Dolichopeza and Scambonewra. In 
Megistocera the 5th posterior cell is not in contact with the discal 
cell, as it is in Tanypremna. 

The following is the only genus which occurs within our 
limits :-— 


Genus DOLICHOPEZA, Curt. 


Dolichopeza, Curtis, Brit. Entom. p. 62 (1825). 
Apeilesis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. i, p. 8 (1845). 
Leptina, Meigen, Syst. Besch. vi, pl. Lxv, fig. 10 (1830). 


Gernoryen, D. sylvicola, Curt.; by original designation. 

Head transverse; frons arched; eyes rounded. Proboscis 
rather prominent but short, the upperside hairy; no nasus ; the 
palpi four-jointed, long, cylindrical, whip-like. Antenne thirteen- 
jointed, the ultimate one very small; structure of scape and 
flagellum normal. Z'horaw as in 7%pula, only rather more delicate. 
Abdomen much as in Zipula but more slender. The genitalia 
slightly swollen, bearing some resemblance to those of Pachyrhina.t 


* Tt is curious that most insects with exceedingly long and delicate legs, 
wings, antenne, or caudal setae possess this habit of aérial dancing, the length 
of limbs presumably acting as a means of balance. 

+ The antenne were originally described as possessing twelve joints only ; 
Zetterstedt, Meigen, Curtis, and Walker uniting in this error. Schiner sug- 
gested that thirteen were present, this number being subsequently confirmed 
by Osten Sacken’s examination of living specimens of both sexes. 

+ Osten Sacken observed the union of the sexes in a European species, pro- 
bably D. sylvicola, Mg. “ The female was hanging down from some support 
to which it held on by its front legs ; it bore the whole weight of the male, who 
was fastened to it merely by the forceps, hanging head downwards, with his 
legs stretched out. I have seen Bittacomorpha copulate in the same manner.” 


304 TIPULID®. 


Legs excessively long and slender, especially the tarsi. Apical 
spurs of tibie very minute, hardly visible amongst the hairs on 
the tip, more distinct on the hind legs. Wings with no discal 
cell; one marginal, one submarginal, and five posterior cells. 
Auxiliary vein ending some distance beyond the middle of the 
wing, turning at its tip into the 1st longitudinal vein, which, 
ending a little beyond the auxiliary, itself turns into the 2nd vein 
before the middle of that vein, which latter is very short, strongly 
bisinuate, originating at two-thirds the length of the wing; the 
discal cross-vein short; no anterior branch to the 2nd vein; the 
3rd vein almost of the same length and shape as the second; the 
anterior cross-vein very short; the 4th vein forking just beyond 
the posterior cross-vein, the anterior branch forking just before 
its middle, the upper prong again forking about its middle, the 
veinlets nearly parallel, thus making the 2nd posterior cell petio- 
late; the lower prong simple, strongly bisinuate; the posterior 
branch of the 4th vein gently bisinuate, the posterior cross-vein 
very oblique; the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight.* The 
“ obliterative streak” is absent. 


254. Dolichopeza orientalis, sp. nov. (Pl. V, fig. 19.) 


3g 2. Head: vertex and frons rather bright light brownish 
yellow (darker yellow in female); frons one-fourth to one-third 
the width of the head; back and underside of head pale yellowish, 
with short black hairs. Eyes wide apart below, with a small black 
spot at their inner angles. Proboscis short, thick, yellowish ; 
palpi brown or blackish, the last joint narrowed at its base, clubbed 
towards its tip. Antennal scape pale or orange yellowish, 2nd 
joint short ; flagellum of thirteen very elongate, brownish yellow, 
cylindrical joints, the Ist one and a half times as long as the 2nd, 
the rest gradually diminishing in length, the last very short, all 
with close microscopic pubescence below and some longer scattered 
hairs on the upperside. Zhoraw wholly pale yellowish, exceps 
three short and not very distinct reddish brown narrow stripes on 
the dorsum, in the usual position, the outer ones sometimes barely 
visible; two brownish irregularly shaped spots behind the suture. 
Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax concolorous. Abdomen 
variable, reddish or yellowish brown, with very few pale hairs ; 
posterior margins of segments more or less black, the whole of the 
7th and 8th segments black, sometimes the 4th, 5th, and 6th 
segments also. Genitalia large, globular, but mainly concealed, 
black ; two pairs of slender, yellow, palp-like organs, the upper 
pair the longer and more slender, closely pubescent; there are 
three pairs of inner organs, one pair consisting of a slender basal 


* Dolichopeza is easily recognised by its wings; the absence of the discal 
cell, the simple 2nd vein, the twice forked anterior branch of the 4th and the 
bisinuate nature of many of the veins form a yenation quite distinct from all 
else in the TiruLips. 


DOLICHOPHZA. 355 


piece, with a long terminal apparently chitinous filament ; another 
pair short, round-tipped, pale yellow, pubescent ; the third pair 
in the shape of flattened spoons, black, small, short, close to the 
underside of the whole genitalia. Ovipositor in female normal, 
rather small, brownish yellow or reddish brown. Legs pale 
yellowish, femora brownish yellow at the base, becoming blackish 
at the slightly enlarged tips; tibiee brownish yellow, tips whitish 
(in the hind pair for a considerable distance) ; tarsi wholly snow- 
white. Wings pale yellowish grey in male, wholly colourless, 
glassy and iridescent in female, stigma large, dark brown, ending 
just beyond the marginal cross-vein. Venation normal; auxiliary 
vein ending at a little beyond one-third of the distance between 
the origin of the 2nd vein and the tip of the 1st vein; the 2nd 
vein beginning just beyond the middle of the wing, the prefurca 
being nearly half the length of the vein ; the 3rd vein originating 
at right angles, in a direct line with the anterior cross-vein and 
equal to it in length; the 4th longitudinal vein with the anterior 
branch twice forked, thus making five posterior cells. Discal cell 
absent, coalescing with 4th posterior cell; the anterior cross-vein 
would have been over nearly the middle of the discal cell, and 
the posterior cross-vein much before the base of that cell, had it 
been present. In the female, when the wing is viewed at a low 
angle facing the light, the most magnificent brown, red and orange 
iridescence is visible. Venation normal. MHalteres black, stems 
exceedingly slender, yellow. 

Length 6 millim. 

Described froma single male from Kurseong, 8. vil. 08, and two 
females from the same place, 4. ix. 09 and 22. vi. 10 (Dr. Annan- 
dale). 

Type 3 and Q in the Indian Museum. 


255. Dolichopeza obscura, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head dirty brownish grey in male, more yellowish in 
female, in both sexes lighter on frons, which latter is about one- 
third the width of the head, uniformly wide or nearly so. The 
lighter colour extends more or less to the upperside of the pro- 
boscis. Scape of antenne pale yellowish, flagellar joints distinctly 
longer in male than in female. Thorax and abdomen dirty obscure 
blackish brown, unmarked, the thorax a little lighter brown in the 
female. Genitalia of male brownish yellow, composed of a large 
V-shaped ventral plate, the claspers with large bulbous first joint, 
the second ending in a black horny tip. Legs black. Wings grey, 
stigma rather deep blackish. 

Length 8 millim, 

Described from a pair taken at Kurseong, 4700 ft., the male 
14. iv. 11, the female 29. vi. 10 (Dr. Annandale). 

Type d and 2 in the Indian Museum. 

Dr. Annandale states that the species is common in jungle, 
being mostly found flying in small parties of four or five. 

2A 


356 TIPULID”. 


Subfamily LIMNOBIIN A. 


The principal characters of the Limnogirin# are: the ending of 
the auxiliary vein in the costa, instead of in the 1st longitudinal 
vein; the presence of a subcostal cross-vein between the auxiliary 
and Ist veins, which occurs in the great majority of the species ; 
the presence of the marginal cross-yein in a considerable number 
of genera, a vein which is absent in T1puLin#, though it may be 
considered to be therein represented by what I term the costal 
cross-vein, in spite of the slightly different position it holds. This 
costal cross-vein never appears in the present subfamily, and Osten 
Sacken’s rhomboidal cell is therefore always abseut also. 

Another great difference, which is practically constant, is the 
ending of the 1st longitudinal yein in the costa, instead of turning 
down into the 2nd vein as is practically always the case in the 
Treutinx®.* When (as is very often the case) the marginal cross-vein 
is placed near the tip of the Ist longitudinal, the effect is frequently 
produced of the latter turning down into the 2nd vein, with a cross- 
vein joining it near its tip to the costa. The student must avoid 
making this error, however apparent such a case may seem to be. 
In a few abnormal genera (Antocha and Toworhina, for instance), 
the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins are united, in which case 
the united veins are recognized as the Ist longitudinal, and this 
itself in these genera becomes gradually merged in the costa, which 
in consequence is a little thickened at that spot for a short distance. 
The 2nd longitudinal vein is often forked, and one or other of its 
branches again forked, thus making the number of marginal and 
submarginal cells inconstant, and contingent on whether it is 
respectively the upper or lower branch that is forked. 

A very constant and characteristic feature is the position at 
which the lower branch of the 4th longitudinal vein forks, which 
is at or beyond the distal end of the discal cell, and not at the 
basal or proximal end of this cell asin Trpuninm. This feature 
causes several other peculiarities, which are best studied in 
comparison with their relative differences in Tipuninm. The 
obliterative streak, so conspicuous in the genus Z%pula itself, 
and present to a less extent in some of the other genera of 
TIPULIN®, is invariably absent in LIMNOBIIN#. 

The antenne in LimnoBun# are normally 14- or 16-jointed, but 
exceptions are by no means rare ; such are the ANISOMERINI, with 
6- and 10-jointed antennz, and a few other abnormal genera with 
13, 15, 17, and so on. The scape is usually much broader, espe- 
cially the 2nd joint, than the basal flagellar joints. The nasus or 
nose, so conspicuous a character in most of the TIPULIN#, is absent 
in the present subfamily. The palpi are not so long and whip- 
Jash-like, although os ed elongate and generally incurved ; 


* Cylindr otoma Poring the only Indian exception. 


LIMNOBIIN ©. 3) 57 


but they are reduced to two small joints in at least one genus, 
Geranomyia. 

It may be observed here that the suggested substitution of the 
name Limonia, Mg., for Limnobia, with the consequent alteration of 
the subfamily and sectional names is wholly untenable. This and 
all the other generic names set up by Meigen in his paper published ' 
in 1800, were established without any species being indicated, and 
are therefore on that ground alone inadmissible. Moreover, such 
standard names as Limnobia,* sanctified by use by all authors for 
over a hundred years, have earned their right to remain unaltered 
as long as the science of natural history exists. Again, Meigen 
himself entirely ignored the existence of the French pamphlet in 
which these names appeared, when he published his authentic work 
in German some three years later ; and seeing that endless con- 
fusion would arise from the adoption of these genera, they can 
have no just claim whatever to recognition. 


Table of Sections of the Subfamily LiIMNOBUN #. 


1.: Only-one/submarpinal. cell, 7.735 5 tise cic. owes 2. 
Two submarginal cells (one only in some 

species of Gonomyid) ......++5 Be aicterecs> ». 4. 

3. 


to 


. Antenne 16-jointed............ rE eee 
Antennee 14-jointed.—One submarginal cell; 
four posterior cells ; subcostal cross-vein near 

tip of auxiliary vein; discal cell open or 
closed ; posterior cross-vein at base of discal 
cell or before it. Tibize without spurs. Pro- 


boscis long or moderately long ........... . Limwosrnt, p. 362. 
3. The Ist longitudinal vein generally ending in 
the) 2nd;,,.'Tibies with spurs.« cae gerdite «0s +0 CYLINDROTOMIN1, 
The 1st longitudinal vein ending in the costa ; |p. 358. 
four posterior cells; discal cell open or closed. 
Tibiew without spurs. — Proboscis variable, [p. 415. 
sometimes enormously produced * .......... RuwamMpurp11N1, 


4. Tibize without spurs.—Four posterior cells (five 
in Cladura and allies); wing often pubescent 
on the veins only or on the surface also; 
subcostal cross-vein generally some distance 
before the origin of the 2nd vein, but some- 
times near the tip. Antenne 16-jointed ....  rroprerry1, p.436. 
Libis WIM SPULS |.) fs \iewe emt ake tal. i 4). ds 5. 
. Subcostal cross-vein before the origin of the 
2nd longitudinal vein (some distance before 
the tip of the auxiliary vein). Eyes pub- 
escent.—Frons generally with a moderately 
distinct protuberance. Four or five posterior 


Or 


* The same argument applies to the other genera. 

+ The Ruampnipint form the least well-defined section in this subfamily, 
more exceptions occurring in it than in any other. The submarginal cell is 
absent in Toxorhina ; the marginal cross-vein absent in Atarba; the posterior 


cross-vein is near the middle of the wing in Orimarga. 
; 2A 2 


358 TIPULID®. 


cells ; penultimate posterior cell nearly always 
pointed at the base. Antenne of 17, 16, or 


IS (erie «SOP a Mee OOR ory re Re mae ee Axazopint, p. 507. 
Subcostal cross-vein beyond the origin of the 
2nd longitudinal vein. Eyes bare.......... 6. 


6. Antenne of 16 joints.—Five posterior cells, 
sometimes only four; posterior cross-vein 
often near middle of discal cell; proboscis 
very short, generally transverse, terminal [p. 520. 
labella fipshy sand Chick: itrsismta etree!» «> ,  LIMNOPHILINI, 
Antenne of 6 to 10 joints; often elongated or 
enormously prolonged.—Antenne 6-jointed in 
male, 10-jointed in female; three, four, or 
five posterior cells ; discal cell open or closed ; 
subcostal cross-vein near tip of auxiliary vein, 
beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal [p. 529. 
SVG. Ge:iotlvce eel TeANhche ocho & ieee Meee eee ,..  -ANISOMERINI, 


Section CYLINDROTOMINI. 


Byes bare, separated above by a rather broad frons, not con- 
tiguous on the underside. Proboscis short. Palpi 4-jointed. 
Antenne normally 16-jointed.* The male genitalia generally 
of peculiar structure, considerably differentiated in the various 
genera and species. ibis with apical spurs, empodia distinct. 
Wings with one submarginal cell, four or five posterior cells, and 
a discal cell; the 1st Jongitudinal vein incurved at the tip towards 
the 2nd vein, meeting it, instead of ending in the costa.t The 
auxiliary vein ends abruptly, without turning into either the costa 
or the 1st longitudinal vein. The marginal cross-vein, as such, is 
absent, but there is present a supernumerary cross-vein joining 
the costa to nearly the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein. = 

This section is intermediate between the subfamilies TrpuLIN”® 
and LimNosBirn.&, but is considerably more akin to the latter. Its 
affinities with the Liwnosirn® are as follows :— 

(1) In the palpi, which, although elongate, have not the whip- 
lash nature of these organs in the TIPULIN#. 

(2) In the absence of the peculiar fold in the wings, which in 
most of the TrpuLmIn® runs more or less across the wing trans- 
versely, beginning in the region of the stigma, and which I have 
termed the obliterative streak. 

(3) In the length of the inner marginal cell—that is to say, 
that portion of the marginal cell enclosed by the turned-down 
1st longitudinal vein, which in most T1pULIN® is much shorter. § 


* Some European authors (Zetterstedt, Walker, etc.) speak of the antennz 
as 17-jointed, which is incorrect ; the error is due to the fact that in dried 
specimens the prolongation of the 16th joint looks like an additional one. 

+ There is at least one exception to this form of venation (Phalacrocera 
veplicata, L., of Europe), and others may occur. 

t This cross-vein I have proposed to call the costal cross-vein. 

§ This is according to Osten Sacken; but I have not found if so myself, 
there being, judging from my own experience only, no difference between the 
two groups in this respect. 


CYLINDROTOMA, 359 


(4) In the number of the antennal joints—16, which is the 
usual number in the Limnopirtn.#, whereas in the Tiputinm the 
normal number is 18. 

(5) In the number of posterior cells—four normally, but occa- 
sionally five. This, however, is not so much a resemblance to the 
Limnostin#, where genera with five posterior cells are by no means 
rare, as a difference from the T1puLin #, in which the usual number 
of cells is five. 

There appears to be no direct affinity to the Trrutina, except 
the general appearance, which is much more like that of a small 
species of T%pula than of a Limnobiid. Another possible point of 
resemblance is that the Cynrnproromint, though having only one 
submarginal cell, have spurs to the tips of the tibiae, whereas all 
those genera of Limnog1in & that possess only one submarginal cell 
have no spurs to the tibie; but this, teo, is rather a difference 
from the Limnosirn& than any actual affinity to the Trpunin a». 

The abrupt ending of the auxiliary vein is in itself a character 
of an intermediate nature, as in the T1putIn® the vein nearly 
always turns downwards into the 2nd vein, whilst in the 
LIMNOBIIN® it generally turns upwards into the costa. 

“The CyLinproromina, with all the prevailing characters of 
the Tipurip® Brevipaurr, show important aberrations in the 
course of the veins in the vicinity of the stigma—aberrations 
which prove a leaning towards the T1putipm Lonerpatrr. The 
latent affinity to the latter is further proved by the presence of 
spurs on the tibie and by the general appearance.” (Osten 
Sacken.) 

The few genera making up this section are so closely interwoven 
that there is some difficulty in separating them, and from the 
point of view of some entomologists a separate genus might be 
established for nearly every species, owing to the range of variation 
shown in the antenne, the venation, the genital organs of the 
inale, and other characters. 

At present, however, only the genus Cylindrotoma itself has 
been found in the East, with but a single species to represent it. 


Genus CYLINDROTOMA, Jacq. 
Cylindrotoma, Macquart, Suites 4 Buff., Dipt. i. p. 107 (1834). 


Genotryer, Limnobia distinctissima, Mg.; by designation of 
Westwood (Introd. Class. Ins. ii). 


Head rather broad posteriorly. Eyes bare, separated by a broad 
frons. Proboscis very short. Palpi somewhat elongate, especially 
the last joint. Antenne with the 1st scapal joint very short, the 
flagellum of elongate cylindrical joints, minutely pubescent, with 
short thin scattered verticels; in the female the antenne rather 
shorter and less pubescent. TZhorav robust, compact, no con- 
spicuous neck. Abdomen moderately long and slender, clubbed 


360 TIPULID A. 


at the tip m the male. Genitalia complicated and peculiar in 
structure.* Legs slender, tibie with distinct spurs at the tips; 
fore cox short ; empodia distinct. Wings with one submarginal 
cell, five (normally) posterior cells, + and the discal cell closed. 
The auxiliary vein ends abruptly neither in the costa nor in the 
1st longitudinal vein, but sometimes it is indistinctly connected 
near its tip with the latter. The Ist longitudinal vein turns down 
at its tip into the 2nd ; a more or less indistinct cross-vein connects 
it with the costa. The 2nd vein begins about the middle of the 
wing, the prefurea forming about half its length ; the Ist longi- 
tudinal vein meets the 2nd soon after the origin of the 3rd vein, 
which commences just before the middle of the 2nd vein, forming 
with the 2nd vein a fork, the submarginal cell thus being 
triangular. Anterior cross-vein at origin of 3rd vein, uniting 
with the discal cell at one-third the length of the latter; discal 
cell closed, more or less oblong; anterior branch of 4th vein 
forked soon after quitting discal cell, the veinlets more or less 
parallel ;{ posterior cross-vein just beyond discal cell; 7th vein 
comparatively short. 

Range. The tew species known are distributed through Europe, 
North America (including Alaska), and South America, in addition 
to India. 

Life-history. The metamorphoses of a moderately common 
European species, Cylindrotoma distinctissima, Mg., have been 
observed by more than one biologist. The larva has the ex- 
ceptional character of living on the undersides of the leaves 
of low-growing plants, like the caterpillar of a Lepidopterous 
insect. It is green, elongate, flattened, linear, only a little 
pointed at each end, with a longitudinal crest along its back, 
consisting of a row of fleshy processes pointing backwards ; the 
lateral margin is broad, with many excisions, formed by fleshy 
points. The larva, before transforming, quits its food-plant and 
attaches itself to a stalk of grass, on which to undergo the pupa 
state. The pupa bears some resemblance to that of a Lepi- 
dopterous insect, the thorax bearing several horny processes. 


a = a 


* Osten Sacken says:—‘‘The long narrow linear horny lamella, which 
usually protrudes when the living insect opens its forceps, ends in three sharp 
points.” Speaking of the ovipositor of the female, he continues:—‘ It is 
rather large, the upper valves are lamelliform towards the tip, and the lower 
ones are curved in such a manner as to leave a considerable empty space 
between them and the upper ones.” 

+ If my new species is correctly placed here, the generic description must 
read, ‘‘four or five posterior cells.” 

t Schiner, in describing Cylindrotoma distinctissima, Mg., the commonest of 
the European species, infers that the forking of the anterior branch of the 4th 
vein is not always constant, so that specimens of this species nay have four or 
five posterior cells accordingly. In Needham’s figure of the wing of this 
species he shows the auxiliary vein very distinctly turning up into the costa, 
with an equally distinct subcostal cross-vein near its tip, uniting it to 
the Ist longitudinal vein near the tip of the latter. This is a mistaken 
interpretation. 


CYLINDROTOMA. 861 


The larva, according to Schiner, feeds on Stellaria nemorwm, 
Anemone nemorosa, and Alliwm wrsinum. It is also found on 
Viola. Zeller (‘Isis, 1842, p. 808) gives a good description 
of the larva; whilst Schellenburg, who figures it (‘Genres des 
Mouches’), may also be consulted on the same subject, although 
this author mistook the larva for that of a Pachyrhina. 

The larva of a Eurepean species of another genus (Phalacrocera 
veplicata, L.) lives upon aquatic plants growing beneath the surface 
ot the water. It is very hardy, as it has been known whilst in 
captivity to pass the winter in this state even though ice formed 
on the top of the water. In May it pupates and floats or 
descends below the surface at will by means of several pairs 
of hooks by which it traverses the stems of plants. De Geer 
(‘Insectes,’ vi, p. 351, pl. xx) may be consulted on the subject. 


256. Cylindrotoma quadricellula, Brun. (PI. VI, figs. 1, 2.) 


Cylindrotoma quadricellula, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 268 
(1911). 


¢. Head, viewed from above, oval ; blackish, bare above; frons 
short, much wider on vertex, where it is about one-fourth the 
width of the head. Face below antenne a little lighter ; palpi 
small, black. Scapal joints of antenne short, yellowish; the 
fourteen joints of the flagellum dark brown, very elongate, 
somewhat difficult to distinguish from one another, especially 
towards the tip, each joint being covered with very long thin 
verticillate hairs, quite irregularly arranged. The antenna is 
as long as the whole body. Thorax reddish brown, closely 
punctured round the edge of the dorsum, a little in front of 
and between the three dorsal, almost concolorous stripes, the 
configuration of which is distinct, although they show only a 
slightly darker shade of colour ; a narrow band, a little lighter a 
colour, just below the dorsum, is free of punctures, but the sides 
of the thorax, below this band, the scutellum, and the metanotum 
are all closely and conspicuously punctured. Abdomen linear, 
narrow, dark red-brown, a little blackish here and there, prac- 
tically bare; belly similar. Genitalia blackish, rather small ; 
a pair of slightly pubescent two-jointed claspers, with some 
internal organs, protected by an upper and lower plate. Legs: 
coxe brownish yellow, bare; remainder of legs similarly coloured, 
gradually becoming darker towards the tips, the tarsi being 
blackish. Wings grey. Auxiliary vein apparently turning down- 
wards into the Ist longitudinal vein at some little distance beyond 
the middle of the wing, and connected, just before its tip, by a 
short cross-vein with the costa. The Ist vein turns distinctly into 
the 2nd a little beyond the level of the anterior cross-vein, and 
a little way before its tip it is connected with the costa by a 
cross-vein, presumably the marginal cross-vein. The 2nd longi- 
tudinal, which begins some distance before the middle of the wing, 
gently arcuating, turns abruptly up (at the point where it meets 


362 TIPULID &. 


the anterior cross-vein, at a similar angle to that taken by the 
4th vein in Musca and Lucilia) until it meets the 1st vein ; thence 
running parallel to the costa and ending in it some little distance 
before the tip of the wing. The 83rd vein, which runs nearly 
straight to the exact tip of the wing, and the anterior cross-vein, 
originate together from the angle in the 2nd vein where the latter 
marks the end of the prefurca, this section being longer than the 
rest of the 2nd vein. Discal cell hexagonal, the lower half con- 
sisting of three sides, the cell twice as long as broad and about as 
long as the second and third posterior cells; anterior cross-vein 
shorter than proximal side of discal cell; posterior cross-vein just 
beyond middle of discal cell; 5th vein sharply angled at its juncture 
with the posterior cross-vein, whence it runs straight to the wing- 
margin; 6th and 7th veins nearly straight. The Ist, 2nd, and 
3rd veins near their tips are microscopically spinose. 

Length 6-63 millim. 

Described from three males in the Indian Museum from Kur- 
seong, taken by Dr. Annandale, 18.v.10 (type), 23. vi. 10, and 
6. vii. 08. 


Section ZLIIZNOBILNI. 


Eyes bare, separated by a comparatively narrow frons. Proboscis 
moderately long, elongate in at least one genus (Geranomyia) ; 
terminal lamellz linear, narrow. Palpi four-jointed, slender, cylin- 
drical. Antenne of 14 joints (sometimes apparently 15); scapal 
joints of the usual type in Limnopiin®; flagellum of oval or cylin- 
drical joints, more or less pectinate in Rhypidia. Genitalia of male 
consisting generally of a pair of two-jointed claspers, the Ist joint 
short, cylindrical or conical, the 2nd smaller, sometimes very much 
80, bearing, or consisting of, a horny hook, a bifid claw, or similar 
appendage. In the female the upper pair of valves may be shorter 
than the lower ones (Dicranomyia) or subequal in length; normal. 
Legs more or less slender, stouter in Limnobia, long ; tibiz without 
spurs at the tip; empodia indistinct or absent, ungues with teeth 
on the underside.* Wings moderately broad, sometimes elongate, 
with only one submarginal cell, four posterior cells, and the discal 
cell closed or open. Auxiliary vein ending about "the middle or 
before two-thirds of the wing’s length; subcostal cross-vein near 
its tip; submarginal cell longer than 1st posterior cell. The 2nd 
longitudinal vein usually begins a little before the end of the 
auxiliary vein, the subcostal cross-vein being therefore sometimes 


* As I have not studied this character myself, I quote Osten Sacken, who 
gave it much attention :—‘“The teeth on the underside of the ungues of the 
Limyoprna seem to be peculiar to this section. They must not be confounded 
with the more or less square or sharp projections on the underside at the very 
basis of the ungues, forming a part of the thickening which always exists there. 
The tooth in the LIMNoBINA, even when single, is distinct from this thickening, 
and placed before it.” Antocha was the only genus known to Osten Sacken 
outside of the Liwnosrini that possesses a form of this tooth. 


DICRANOMYIA. 363 


before and sometimes beyond the origin of the 2nd _ vein. 
Anterior cross-vein nearly always at some little distance beyond 
the origin of the 3rd vein; posterior cross-vein generally before 
the discal cell or at its base; 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly 
straight. 


Table of Genera of LiMNOBIINI, 


1. Eyes separated by a distinct frons in both 


SION eet er ed Re ental ds synth ole' ia aahells.a76/ aps 2. 
Kyes contiguous above and below antenne in 
| OLLIE ES tf coe a ORS ei Ie 5. 
2. Proboscis conspicuously prolonged; always [p. 387. 
NGM POM CHAT MCHOO art cctels soso cleriyad ees ses GERANOMYIA, Hal., 
iProboscis’shorter'than, head 2% 2. (00.4 ods... 3. 


3. Origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein normally 
situated, as also position of anterior cross- 
vein; the latter, with also the discal cell, 
always beyond (generally considerably hbe- 
yond) the middle of the wing; posterior 
cells of normal length Pita etes sce seein + 4, 
Origin of 3rd longitudinal vein, the position 
of the anterior cross-vein and discal cell all 
so proximal (about the middle of the wing) 
that all the posterior cells are exceedingly [p. 410. 
LOST ERS fey sc A ews ri fac pe ras marten eye ays) >, hc Lisnores, Westw., 
4, Auxiliary vein ending as a rule considerably 
beyond origin of 2nd longitudinal vein, 
generally about half-way between that 
point and the tip of the Ist longitudinal 


vein. Genitalia of male with the 2nd joint [p. 396. 
of the claspers forming a horny hook ...... Limnosi, Mg., 


Auxiliary vein ending as a rule nearly opposite 
to or only slightly beyond the origin of the 
2nd longitudinal vein. Genitalia of male 


with the second joint of the claspers gene- (Steph., p. 363. 
Pally late amd Hes yo ewes we oe Heke) «ca 4-<:6 DicRANOMYIA, 
5. Antenne with a pair of pendant conspicuous 
processes attached to each joint of the [Brun., p. 407. 
flagellum on the lower side .............. CrERATOSTEPHANUS, 
Penbennsey NON mialey | Sy276 ete ely fata Sold) sie 01 fase ATYPOPHTHALMUS, 


[Brun., p. 408. 


Genus DICRANOMYIA, Steph. 


Dicranomyia, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Ins. ii, p. 243 (1829). 
Stagona, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. vi, pl. lxv, fig. 7 (1830). 

? Glochina, Meigen, op. cit. p. 280. 

Numantia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3), ii, p. 470 (1854). 


GunoryPEL, Limnobia modesta, Mg.; designated by Coquillett, 
1910. 


Head: eyes large, glabrous, contiguous or subcontiguous below 
head, frons of moderate width. Proboscis subcylindrical, pro- 
jecting, not longer than the head; palpishort. Antenne 14-jointed, 
of moderate length, not reaching the root of the wing if bent 


364 TIPULID.E. 


backwards; scape with the 2nd joint usually, sometimes con- 
siderably, enlarged; flagellar joints subglobular, elliptical or short 
subeylindrical, pubescent, the longer verticels of hairs differing 
considerably in length according to the species, being sometimes 
quite inconspicuous. Zhorawv normal, the anterior part prolonged 
into a distinct though not conspicuous neck, the side view of the 
prothorax triangular or subtriangular. Abdomen normal, of 
moderate size,*linear, usually with parallel sides and soft short 
pubescence, which is often very inconspicuous or apparently 
confined chiefly to the sides and posterior borders of the segments ; 
the segments in some species very distinct, in others much less so. 
Genitalia of male consisting of a pair of movable fleshy lobes, 
oblong, often subreniform, each armed on the inside with a short 
curved horny appendage, something like a beak, called by Osten 
Sacken a ‘“ rostriform ” appendage, and often bearing on its convex 
side one or two stiff bristles. To the upperside of each of the 
lobes, another horny appendage, long, slender, attenuated, curved, 
is closely applied, and to these organs Osten Sacken gives the 
name of “ falciform” appendages, their point of attachment being 
the horny, posteriorly pointed, basal plate below. Most of the 
different parts of the male organ appear liable to considerable 
modification in different species. In the female, the ovipositor 
is generally noticeable by its comparatively small size. he upper 
valves are short, narrow, arcuate, pointed, the lower ones straight. 
Legs generally slender, in some species, especially those of larger 
size, less so; usually more slender and often much longer than in 
Limnobia ; the pubescence very inconspicuous, often microscopic. 
“ Most of the species have a distinct tooth on the underside of 
the ungues, near the base, sometimes followed by a smaller one ” 
(Osten Sacken). Wings somewhat elongate. Venation, though 
typical, showing considerable modifications within certain limits.* 
One submarginal and four posterior cells ; discal cell generally 
closed. Auxiliary vein ending in costa opposite, or at a little 
beyond base of, 2nd longitudinal vein, that is to say, never very 
much before or beyond the middle of the wing; in occasional 
species it ends a little before the origin of the 2nd vein, and in 
quite exceptional cases considerably beyond this point. Subcostal 
cross-vein placed in different species at different distances from 
the tip of the auxiliary vein, its position, however, being constant 
in the same species. The 1st longitudinal vein ends in the costa 
near the end of the nearly always present stigma, more or less 
beyond the inner end of the submarginal cell, sometimes ending 
as far distally as the middle of this cell.t The marginal cross- 
vein placed near tip of 1st vein, often more or less in a line with 
the upturned end of the latter, but also often quite distinctly 
appearing as a true cross-vein, a little anterior to the tip of the 


* Especially when the species of the whole world are considered. 
t+ Vide notes on venation, post. 


DICRANOMYIA. 365 


1st vem. The 2nd longitudinal vein begins in the middle of the 
wing, either at an eons angle or in a curve of varying sweep, 
gently bisinuate; its basal section (that is to say, that portion 
from its origin to the emergence of the 3rd vein, or the preefurea) 
straight or rather distinctly curved, varying from one-half to 
one-fourth the total length of the vein. The 3rd vein with the 
basal section of varying length, according to the species, but 
tolerably constant in each species ;* its course also varies con- 
siderably, sometimes gently bisinuate, in some species forming 
nearly a rectangle both at its origin from the 2nd and at its elbow ; 
in most species S parallel to the 2nd longitudinal vein or slightly 
diverging or pany oroie at the tip. Owing to the 3rd vein 
emerging from the 2nd at some distance beyond the base of the 
latter, the submarginal cell is always considerably shorter than 
the marginal cell, and nearly always longer than the Ist posterior 
cell. Anterior cross-vein always situated at the upper basal 
corner of the discal cell. Discal cell generally present,? generally 
more or less elongate, usually pentagonal, the distal side formed 
(as is the general rule in TrpuLip®) of two short veinlets forming 
the basal sides of the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, of which the 
3rd is generally a little longer than the 2nd. When the discal 
cell is absent, it is generally coalescent with the 2nd posterior 
cell. = The 4th vein, when the discal cell is open, has either the 
upper or the lower branch forked, in most cases the latter. 
Posterior cross-vein placed exactly at or a little before the base 
of the discal cell, but its position varies to an appreciable degree 
even in the same species. The Sth, 6th, and 7th longitudinal 
veins nearly straight, or slightly curved downwards at the tip. 

Range. Europe, North America, West and South Africa, the 
Orient, and Australasia. 

Notes on the venation.—The marginal cross-vein is generally in 
a line with the upturned tip of the 1st longitudinal vein, but in 
some species (the feature also adventitiously occurring in an 
otherwise normal species) it bends a little proximally at its upper 
end, thus making it appear as if the Ist vein itself turned down- 
wards at its tip into the 2nd vein, whilst being joined by a short 
cross-vein to the costa. 

There is a figure in Needham’s plates of an American species 
(D. immodesta, Os. Sac.) in which the 1st longitudinal is distinctly 
shown turning down into the 2nd at its end, no cross-vein being 
shown at all. This, it seems to me, may well be an error, as the 


* In D. fascipennis, Brun., it is as long as the basal section of the 2nd vein; 
in D. ornatipes, Brun., it is rather shorter than the auxiliary vein. 

t+ Absent in at least two North American species (D. immodesta, Os. Sac., 
and cinerea, Doane), also in some Oriental species (D. absens, Brun., kobusi, 
Meij., and ¢enelia, Meij.). 

t Osten Sacken mentions a North American species, D. pubipennis, which 
normally has the discal cell closed, but out of twenty specimens of it seen 
by him, five had it open, and in each case it coalesced with the 37d and not 
the 2nd posterior cell. 


366 TIPULID A, 


species is one of Osten Sacken’s own, and he would surely have 
mentioned the fact in his monograph, yet he does not do so, 
although referring to this particular species on another point. 
Needham also illustrates the wing of another somewhat abnormal 
species, D. cinerea, Doane. Neither subcostal nor marginal cross- 
vein is present; the 2nd vein is comparatively short, turning 
upward at its tip; the discal cell is open, coalescing with the 
3rd posterior cell, which is pointed proximally, the upper branch 
of the 4th longitudinal vein being forked. 

A still more abnormal venation is shown by D. whartoni, 
Needham, which this author refers doubtfully to Dicranomyia. 
The marginal cross-vein divides the marginal cell; the subcostal 
cross-vein is absent ; the discal cell is open, coalescing with the 
2nd posterior cell, of which latter (posterior) cells there are only 
three, through neither branch of the 4th longitudinal vein being 
forked; the posterior cross-vein is anterior to the base of the 
2nd posterior cell; the 7th vein very short, and the whole wing 
more elongate than in any species I have seen. 

Affinities of the genus Dicranomyia.—Very close to both Limnobia 
and Geranomyia. The latter genus is, of course, quite easily 
distinguished at once from both the others by its elongated pro- 
boscis, which is immediately conspicuous. Apart from this feature, 
however, the three genera have much in common, the present 
genus being especially akin to Limnobia, 

In the venation the most conspicuous difference is the position 
of the tip of the auxiliary vein, which in Dicranomyia ends in 
the costa nearly opposite the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, 
just beyond it or, iu a few cases, a little before it. In a Sew 
exceptional cases it is continued some distance beyond the origin 
of the 2nd vein; Osten Sacken mentions this regarding four 
North American species. In Zimnobia the auxiliary vein nearly 
always ends considerably beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein, generally about half-way between that point and the tip of 
the 1st vein.* 

The differences in the male genitalia consist rather of modi- 
fications of the same plan of structure than of fundamental 
differences of form. The claspers in Dicranomyia are large and 
fleshy, whilst in Zimnobia the second joint develops into a strong 
horny hook-shaped process. 

The relative position of the subcostal cross-vein and the tip of 
the auxiliary vein is somewhat different in the majority of species 
of both genera, for though the cross-vein is in both sometimes 
placed at the tip of the auxiliary vein, in Dicranomyia it is 
invariably situated between the 1st vein and the auxiliary vein, 
joining them together ; in Limnobia it is very often placed between 
the auxiliary vein and the costa, uniting those two veins, in which 


* Osten Sacken mentions only one. exception known to him in 1869, the 
European D. macrostigma, Schum. I have found it so in one Oriental species, 
which I am referring to Limmnobia, i. e., L. festiva. 


DICRANOMYIA. 367 


case the auxiliary vein ends in the 1st longitudinal and not in the 
costa as usual.* 

In Dicranomyia the marginal cross-vein is always at the tip of 
the Ist longitudinal, and generally in a straight line with it. 
In Limnobia it is often some distance before the tip, occurring in 
the middle of the stigma or even at its basal end, and when this 
occurs it is generally in the less typical species of the genus. 
In typical Dicranomyra the marginal cross-vein is close to the tip 
of the Ist longitudinal vein. 

The discal cell is often open (adventitiously or as a specific 
character) in Dicranomyia, but hardly ever so in Limnobia. 
A difference between these two genera is also noticeable in the 
larval stages, as the larve of Dicranomyia are aquatic or sub- 
aquatic, whereas at least some species ot Limnobia are known to 
breed in wood and fungi. 

Differential characters of minor importance may be found in 
the general facies, in Dicranomyia the legs being comparatively 
longer and more slender, in Limnobia generally shorter and 
stouter ; further, the coloration of the present genus is generally 
sombre, grey, blackish, and brownish, whereas in Limnobia there 
are numerous brightly coloured yellow and orange species, with 
conspicuous black marks, often on the wings as well as on the 
bodies. Some species of Dicranomyia have delicately marked 
wings. 

Life-history. The larva is aquatic or subaquatic, some of the 
species apparently preferring running water. Osten Sacken 
found the larva of one species (probably D. defuncta, Os. Sac., 
which, according to Aldrich, = simulans, Walk.) on the woodwork 
of a mill-dam, with a stream of water constantly passing over it ; 
in fact, that author frequently saw the flies themselves alight on 
stones and rocks over which a very thin sheet of water was running. 

Winnertz records rearing the Palearctic species D. dumetorum, 
Mg., from decaying beech-stumps (Linn. Entom. viii, p. 281). 

Lhe perfect insects are found in woods, especially near streams 
and small trickling miniature water-falls. They not infrequently 
occur in houses, often attracted by an artificial light at night. 


Table of Species. 


1. Ground-colour of wing marmorated by the 
presence of numerous very small pale grey 
spots, in addition to darker and more con- 
spicuous markings ...+.+...+-e++eees 2. 

Ground-colour of wing never marmorated. 3. 

2. Legs pale yellow ; tips of femora, especially 
fore pair, widely black; wings pale grey, 
with darker small spots, no larger spots [p. 369. 
ON COStAN. Ys sje e tie ss Cc + Sota marmoripennts, Sp. D., 


* Osten Sacken notes that this latter peculiarity, viz., the subcostal cross- 
yein being situated so as to unite the auxiliary vein and the costa, was not 
known to him to exist in any other genera of TrruLip#. 


368 TIPULID. 

Legs dark, tips of femora darker; wings 
dark grey, with small pale spots, including 
two larger yellowish grey triangular ones 
on the costa 


OO Ce anOy ec con rap atl ao ks 


Discal cell present 

4, Upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein 
forked ; discal cell coalescent with 2nd 
posterior cell 
Upper branch of 4th vein hot forked, nor 
lower branch either 

5. Femora yellow with broadly ‘black tips ; 


@ eal ele! an so u 6 eis ss elene siwiela « © 


CeO ate yi che ch) et) DC 


tibie white, with black rings; tarsi 
WHILE 5s curs. § a isue sae sats es ete eee 
Legs uniformly brownish yellow, no rings ; 
TO WRITS EARSIO NM Avene AEF akela ec thets RR AM 

6. Tarsi mainly snow-white, or hind pair only 
CinlOngrvente) > iss wb waits Selbie ee Serre 
Tarsi unicolorous, or at least never snow- 
WY ie: - aut wien, oiis issue rnamindelte seysteio lene 2 


7 (a). Tarsi all white (presumably), including 


metatarsus 
(0). Tarsi with at least the middle pair con- 
colorous with the brown femora and 
tibize 
(c). Metatarsi dark on basal third or half *. 


8. Thorax with dorsum wholly is shining 


DlgcKy saat traghekee cain a telays eats 
Thorax never deep shining black: if black, 
then dull; if shining, then not deep 
black, mostly yellowish, ’ brownish yellow 
or gre 
9 (a). Wing with three or five very distinct 
dark spots on costa 
(6). Wing without conspicuous dark spots 
on costa, but with sufficiently numerous 
distinct spots or marks to be obvious as a 
pattern 
(c). Wing barely marked at all, such marks 
faint, small, or not distinctly obvious 
Wing with five very conspicuous spots on 
costa included in a general pattern 
Wing with only three conspicuous spots, 
not so much a part of any general 
POCORN aoiarcioivynsays Wace Oe ae inmates s 
Femora without apical black ring; pos- 
terior cross-vein oe before discal 
cell 
Femora with distinct narrow apical black 
ring; posterior cross-vein 1n a line with 
discal cell 
. Two round small grey ‘spots in axillary 
cell 


whe) a) .e%8 fe (66) 6 /e/\0\ (6 se 5,0 Is 


Cece CO COUN Oat Pa mc eOuner hice Cay) Get ret 


10. 


iB\ 


Ce Ty 


demarcata, sp.u., p. 370. 


6. 


‘Oe 
tenella, Meij. (not 
Indian). 


kobust, Meij., p. 371. 


re 
absens, sp. n., p. 372. 


lad 


(. 


8. 
[p. 372. 


cunetformis, Mei . 


longivena, Edw., p. 374. 
saltans, Dol., p. 373. 

[p. 385. 
migrithorax, sp. D., 


[p. 376. 
pulchripennis, sp. 0., 


if 


ee 
lie 


[p. 3 


puncticosta, sp. n., 


Sraterna, sp. n., p. 378. 
[p. 3879. 
i sp. n., 
13. 


* That is if I have identified the species correctly, although Deleseualt says 


simply ‘tarsi snow-white.” 


DICRANOMYIA. 369 


13. Femora with subapical black ring; 3rd 
longitudinal vein originating at a right 
angle, not in a line with the anterior 
CLOGS VEIN Mel atals ahs nial'e salels sie a\ei)6,5,0 fis ornatipes, sp. 0., p. 380. 
Femora without subapical black ring ; 3rd 
longitudinal vein originating in an acute 


angle, some distance before anterior [p. 380. 

CTOSN-WOUUI Sip arin es kes enecla ls o's ele die ete ole subfascipennis, sp. N., 
14. Thorax light yellowish grey, with three [p. 381. 

distinct dorsal black stripes............ cmerascens, Sp. N., 


Thorax uniformly yellowish, or brownish 
yellow, no distinct dorsal black stripes... 15. 


15. Abdomen with conspicuous white bands [p. 382. 
GTI a ae sceticn apaiar olathe eneieyslene)n ce bia) ws... etnetoventris, sp. 0., 
Abdomen without bands on belly...... ey aoe 


stigma infuscated; species with dark 

brownish grey body and legs ........., sordida, sp. n., p. 382. 
(6). Base of 2nd vein and stigma and base 

of 3rd vein infuscated; delicate thin 

yellow-legged species, with pale iridescent 

cif nots cee RUN err ie rae iegae ere ce ee delicata, sp. n., p. 383. 
(ec). Infuscation confined to the stigma, and 

there faint; yellow, moderately robust 

SPECIES etette Fidelis cele hutsapeage tele ates: fortis, sp. n., p. 385. 
(d). Practically no stigma, wings clear; 

brownish yellow, moderately robust 


species ; auxiliary vein ending distinctly [p. 384. 
beyond origin of 2nd vein; veins distinct. flavobrunnea, sp. n., 
(2). Wines clears... 2... peeacecis eons a aaeAete simplex, sp. n., p. d84. 


The above seems to be the best table that can be drawn up in 
the present state of our knowledge, and must not be considered 
as a final differentiation of species, still less as a guide to their 
affinities. The order in which the descriptions are arranged is 
intended to represent the affinities as nearly as can be judged at 
present. It is highly probable that the total number of species 
occurring in the Indian Empire is double or treble that at present 
known. If the genus Thrypticomyia, Skuse, be admitted, the 
species in the above table from /obusi to saltans, inclusive, will 
come in it. 


257. Dicranomyia marmoripennis, sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 3.) 


3 2. Head dark grey, also proboscis; palpi blackish; antenne 
all yellow. Thoraw: dorsum entirely bright brownish orange, in 
which the outline of the usual three contiguous stripes and two 
large post-sutural spots can be traced. In the female the colour 
is much darker brown, the outline of the stripes being much 
fainter. Seutellum concolorous, or a little darker; metanotum 
pale yellow with a very broad dark brown median stripe ; sides of 
thorax pale yellow, the colour very sharply demarcated from that 
of the dorsum, at a level just above the wing-base; a wide, 


370 TIPULIDZ. 


deep black stripe along the middle of the whole length of the 
side, and below this a thin dark reddish brown line across the 
mesosternum and all the cox. Abdomen brown or reddish brown, 
with a little short pale pubescence. Belly similar. Genitalia 
of male yellowish brown, consisting of a dorsal plate, concolorous 
with the dorsum of the abdomen, a lower projecting flat narrow 
piece, a pair of large moderately pubescent claspers, and one or 
two inner pairs of organs not easily perceptible. Ovipositor of 
female brownish yellow, small, with a few golden yellow hairs. 
Legs uniformly yellow, with a broad black apical ring on all the 
femora and with the tips of the tibie black ; tarsi with the apical 
half of the anterior pairs and the whole of the hind pair black. 
Wings pale grey, with numerous faint, grey, minute spots and 
some darker spots. Auxiliary vein ending at about one-third of 
the distance between the origin of the 2nd vein and the tip of the 
1st ; the 2nd longitudinal vein originating ,at the middle of the 
wing, the prefurea distinctly less than half the length of the vein ; 
basal part of 3rd vein elbowed almost immediately, nearly as long 
as the prefurca, and four times as long as the 2nd and 3rd 
posterior cells ; anterior cross-vein at upper corner of discal cell ; 
posterior cross-vein a little before the discal cell. The whole 
surface of the wing is mottled with very small pale grey spots, 
in addition to which there are some darker brown marks and 
suffusions as follows:—Over origin of 2nd vein and tip of 
auxiliary vein; tip of Ist vein and the marginal cross-vein, which 
latter is situated near the tip of the former; base of 3rd vein, 
this being the largest mark, though actually of only moderate 
size. A very slight suffusion oecurs at the tip of the 2nd vein; 
over both cross-veins ; on upper part of outer side of discal cell, 
and at tip of 7th vein. Halteres yellow. 

Length, 6 4, Q 6 millim. 

Described from a type male and female from Kurseong, 5. ix. 09 
(Annandale), and other specimens from Bangali, Bengal, 14, x. 10 
(Annandale), Katihar, Bengal, 7-31. viii. 10 (Paiva) ; a specimen 
from Darjiling, 8. vill. 09 (Paiva), of uncertain sex, the abdomen 
being missing—all these being in the Indian Museum. Also 
from some in the Pusa collection from Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09 
(Howlett), and from Pusa. 


258. Dicranomyia demarcata, sp. nov. 


@. Head dark grey; antenne and palpi blackish. Thorax: 
dorsum very dark brown, the colour produced forwards in the 
centre as far as the anterior margin; two very narrow light grey 
lines, giving the dorsum, in front of the suture, the appearance 
of having three subcontiguous dark stripes of the usual pattern ; 
the depressions behind the suture with some greyish reflections. 
Sides of thorax moderately light grey, the colour sharply delineated 
from the dark dorsum; pleuree and lower part of the thorax 
blackish ; scutellum and metanotum brown or brownish yellow. 


DICRANOMYIA. 371 


Abdomen black, the hind margins of the segments well-defined, 
slightly thickened. Belly similar but somewhat pale at base, and 
the hind margins of the segments less prominent. Ovipositor 
brownish yellow, rather large, slightly pubescent. Legs dark 
brown, except the cox and the basal half or two-thirds of the 
femora, which are dirty brownish yellow, the tips nearly black, 
and distinctly though slightly incrassated. Wings dark grey, 
with very small pale grey spots and short streaks generally dis- 
tributed, the two largest of these spots being on the costa, 
approximately triangular in shape and with a distinct yellowish 
tinge ; the first is placed just before the origin of the 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein and has two small round dark grey spots in it 
touching the costa; the second is just before the blackish ill- 
defined stigma. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum, taken 
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, 15. iv. 11. 

A very distinct species from all other Oriental ones of the 
genus, the well-defined grey part of the sides of the thorax and 
the mottled wings distinguishing it at once. 


259. Dicranomyia kobusi, J/e7). 
Dicranomyia kobusi, Meijere, Bijd. Dierk. xvii, p. 91 (1904), 


3 2. Head yellowish; antenne brown, 14-jointed. Vhoraa 
rather prominent anteriorly, dorsum darker, sharply demarcated 
from the whitish sides; metanotum brownish, with some white 
reflections. Abdomen brown, posterior margins of segments often 
clearer, but lighter in other parts in some specimens ; belly gene- 
rally lighter. Genitalia apparently normal in both sexes, somewhat 
small. Legs: fore femora brownish yellow, broadly black at tips, 
posterior femora dark brown or blackish, middle pair distinctly 
yellowish towards tips ; all femora slightly and gradually thickened 
distally ; tibie white, with a moderately bread blackish band just 
beyond the middle and occasionally traces of a similar band near 
the base; tarsi wholly white. The white portions of the legs bear 
very short snow-white pubescence. Claws with the usual bump 
at base, entirely without teeth, pulvilli rudimentary. Wings long 
and narrow, almost clear, with small circular dark brown or black 
stigma. Discal cell absent, coalescing with 3rd posterior cell; the 
veins much more crowded towards the tip of the wing than in 
D, saltans, so that the are formed by the basal portions of the 
2nd and 38rd longitudinal veins together with the cross-veins, is 
situated at two-thirds the length of the wing. Halteres pale 
with black knobs. 

Length 4-5 millim. 

Re-described from six males and one male and female in cop. in 
the Indian Museum, from Kurseong, 20-25. vi.10 and 5. vii. 08 


(Annandale). 
2B 


372 : TIPULID®. 


Type 3 and 2 inthe Amsterdam Museum, from Java. 
It Thrypticomyia, Skuse, be a valid genus, which seems doubtful, 
the present species will fall into it. 


260. Dicranomyia absens, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 2.) 


2. Head grey; frons moderately wide, the sides parallel, grey, 
with a median irregular row of small black spots; eyes contiguous 
below. Proboscis yellow ; palpi blackish. Antennal scape blackish, 
flagellum yellowish brown or brown. Zhorax light grey, the 
dorsum mainly occupied by the usual three contiguous stripes of 
brownish grey, the median one attaining the anterior margin; 
two post-sutural large unicolorous spots, the post-sutural depres- 
sion greyish; sides of thorax yellowish, with greyish reflections 
here and there. Scutellum and metanotum more yellowish grey, 
dusted with light grey. Abdomen dark brown, with a little pale 
pubescence ; margins of segments slightly paler. Belly similar ; 
ovipositor reddish yellow. Legs yellowish; tips of tarsi a little 
blackish. Wangs clear, highly iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending 
just after the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which begins 
beyond the middle of the wing; the prefurca much shorter than 
the remaining portion; marginal cross-vein at tip of 1st longi- 
tudinal vein, much before the middle of the marginal cell; base 
of 3rd vein twice as long as anterior cross-vein. Discal cell open, 
coalescing with 2nd posterior cell ; 3rd posterior cell a little more 
than twice as long as wide; posterior cross-vein just before, just 
beyond, or in a Jine with the basal side of the discal cell; stigma 
pale blackish, oblong, just perceptible. 

Length 45 millim. 

Described from two females from Kurseong, 25.vil0, type 
(Annandale), and Darjiling, 5, viii. 09 (Paiva). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The want of fixity in the position of the posterior cross-vein is 
clearly shown in the two specimens of this species, in one of 
which it is just (but distinctly) beyond the base of the absent 
discal cell; in the other it is before this base in one wing of the 
specimen and exactly in a line with it in the other wing. 


261. Dicranomyia cuneiformis, Je). 
Dicranomyia cuneiformis, Meijere, Tijd. Entom. liv, p. 23, ¢ (1911). 


3 9. Head and antenne brown, palpi blackish brown. Thorax 
very short, dark brown, moderately shining, yellowish behind ; 
scutellum brown, shining ; sides brownish yellow. Abdomen very 
narrow, blackish brown; in female, over four times as long as 
thorax. Genitalia of male long and narrow; of female, mode- 
rately long, onion-shaped. Legs dark brown, femora brownish 
yellow towards base; metatarsus nearly as long as the tibia, 
basal half dark brown, remainder of tarsi whitish. Wings very 
narrow, of the same length as the abdomen (including ovipositor) ; 


DICRANOMYIA. 373 


the basal part extremely contracted, without vestige of alula or 
anal angle, increasing gradually in width to the widest point, this 
being beyond the middle of the wing. Stigma brownish, distinet 
but ill-defined. The 2nd longitudinal vein begins at fully four- 
fitths the length of the wing, the adjacent veins below it being 
more crowded distally than even in D. kobusi. Discal cell present, 
oblong, inner side nearly in a line with the cross-veins, the cell 
about as long as the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells. Halteres very 
long and slender, pale, clubs black. 

Length, 3 7, 2 6 millim. 

In the above description the characters of the male are adapted 
from Meijere, the female (previously unknown) being described 
from a single example of this sex in the Indian Museum from the 
Dawna Hills, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3. ili. 08 (Annandale). 

Type 3 in the Amsterdam Museum. 

Meijere only described the male from a single specimen from 
Java, but from the peculiar shape of the wing and the character- 
istic venation there can be no possible doubt as to the identity of 
the species. The difference in the wings of D. saltans and ewnei- 


formis is sufficiently striking when the two species are placed side 


by side. Besides being distinctly narrower in cunetformis, the 
2nd longitudinal vein originates beyond three-quarters the length 
of the wing, and (reckoning from the origin of the 4th longi- 
tudinal) the inner end of the discal cell is placed at four-fifths of 
the wing’s length, whilst in sadéans it occurs very distinctly before 
that distance. In Meijere’s species the veins from the 2nd longi- 
tudinal hindwards are much more removed to the tip of the wing 
than in saltans. 

It may be noted that both Doleschall and Meijere describe the 
tarsi of their respective species as snow-white. ‘his is indeed so, 
but the basal part of the metatarsus (varying from a third to a 
half) is dark, like the tibia. This is apparently an oversight, as 
it is not always easy to define the exact limits of each tarsal 
joint. 

Mr. Edwards refers this species also to Thrypticomyia, a genus 
in which the basal part of the wing is extremely narrowed, without 
any vestige of an anai angle. Personally I have my doubts of the 
validity of Thrypticomyia on account of intermediate forms. 


262. Dicranomyia saltans, Dol. 


Limnobia saltens, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 390, pl. ii, 
fig. 8 (1857). 

3 Q. Head obscure brownish yellow; proboscis and antennz 

a little clearer; palpi dark. Thorax brownish yellow, the posterior 
half distinctly lighter, including scutellum and metanotum. Abdo- 
men brownish yellow, brown or blackish; genitalia normal. Legs 
brown, a little yellowish on coxe and base of femora, the tips of 
the femora very slightly thickened ; basal half of metatarsi black, 
the remainder of the tarsi snow-white. Wings clear pale yellow, 

282 


374 TIPULIDA, 


quite colourless at base, and slightly but distinctly infuscated at 
tips ; an oval, rather large and distinct brown stigma at tip of 
2nd longitudinal vein. The 2nd longitudinal vein originates 
beyond middle of wing; the 3rd begins just before middle of 
2nd, so that the veins appear crowded towards the tip of the 
wing. Halteres pale with black knobs. 

Length 4 millim. 

Redescribed from four males and one female in the Indian 
Museum from Nedumangad, Travancore State, South India, 
14. xi.09 (Annandale). The species is also known from Java 
and the Philippines, and is most probably generally distributed 
throughout the East. 

Type. The location of this is unknown, and the probability is 
that it is entirely lost. ; 

It seems to me that the Limnobia apicalis of Wiedemann is 
probably identical with one of the more recently described species 
with white tarsi, or else with D. saltans, Dol. If so, the name 
will take precedence of all others. Mr. Edwards * calls the 
species saltens instead of saltans (the former being the name 
given by Doleschal}), and places it in Zhrypticomyia, Skuse, 
but the stability of this latter genus appears doubtful, and the 
emendation of Doleschall’s name seems legitimised by long usage. 


263. Dicranomyia longivena, Edw 


Thrypticomyia longivena, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (8) viii, 
p. 58 (1911). 


Q. “Ochracea, alis hyalinis, tarsis pedum posticorum albis; 
yena mediastinali post ortu preefureze in costa terminata. 

‘“ Head +: antenne brownish, slightly longer than thorax ; 14- 
jointed, last joint with the apical joint narrower, so that it has 
the appearance of being divided. Joints of flagellum strikingly 
pedicillate, the glabrous pedicels occupying from one-third to 
one-half the length of the joint, and being only one-quarter as 
broad as the broadest part; broad portion more or less conical, 
the apex of the cone being towards the base of the joint; these 
broad portions are provided with a verticel of fine hairs, three or 
four shorter bristles and one longer dorsal bristle, the hairs being 
two-thirds, the shorter bristles about one and a half and the longer 
about two and a half times as long as the breadth of the conical 
portion of the joint. Z’horav ochreous, mesonotum with a rather 
broad dark brown central stripe reaching back to the suture. 
Abdomen only slightly constricted at base, brown, apical segments 


* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii, p. 58 (1911). 

+ The order of placing the descriptions of the various parts of the body is 
slightly altered for the sake of uniformity with the remainder of the present 
work. 


DICRANOMYIA, one 


ochreous, venter ochreous. Legs rather dark brown, cox and 
femora towards base ochreous, posterior tarsi and apical fifth of 
tibie white, tarsi somewhat brownish-tinged at tip; middle tarsi 
brown like the femora and tibie. Posterior tarsi scarcely more 
than half, middle two-thirds, as long as their tibie. Anterior 
legs missing. Wings hyaline, with golden reflections, but less 
brilliant than in the other species of the genus; a distinct though 
rather diffused stigma. The wing has the typical cuneiform 
shape,* but there is a slight indication of an anal angle. Base 
of basal cells at one-quarter of wing-length, mediastinal 7 vein 
reaching costa much beyond origin of prefurea, about half-way 
between that and the apex of the 1st longitudinal vein. Sub- 
costal eross-vein close behind apex of mediastinal vein. Marginal 
cross-vein and tip of 1st longitudinal rather indistinct, forming 
an obtuse angle about the middle of the stigma. Discal cell sub- 
quadrate, great cross-vein about one-third of the way along its 
lower side. Halteres rather long, stalk ochreous-brown, knob 
dark brown. 

Length 4:5 millim., of wing 5 millim.” (Zdwards.) 

Described from a single female taken at Dondra, Ceylon, 
3.x11.07 (1. Bainbrigge Fletcher). 

Type in the British Museum. 

Mr. Edwards adds: “This species must apparently come in 
the genus Z'hrypticomyia, though, like 7’, saltens, it shows con- 
siderable divergence from the type, notably in the long mediastinal 
vein, the less elongated wings and the less constricted abdomen. 
Unfortunately we have no male.” 

A character by which this species may be easily distinguished 
from the others possessing white tarsi, is that only the hind pair 
(“ posterior,” Mr. Edwards terms it) are white, the middle pair 
being concolorous with the middle femora and tibie. The fore 
tarsi (missing in the type) may be brown or white ; more probably 
the former. 

This species is retained in Dicranomyia in the present work, as 
it seems better placed here. The wing shows a trace of an anal 
angle, which in my opinion suggests that other species exist of a 
sufficiently intermediate nature to break down this definition as 
a generic character. The absence of a supernumerary subcostal 
cross-vein also excludes the species from Z'hrypticomyra, Skuse. 
The relative lengths of the different veins in species of Dicrano- 
myia are very variable. Were it not that the typical species of 
Skuse’s genus is represented by six specimens the additional cross- 
vein might have been presumed to be accidental. 


* Edwards is of course referring to the genus Thrypticomyia, in which he 
places his species, and in which the cuneiform shape of the basal part of the 
wing is a generic character. 

+ Synonymous with auxiliary vein, 


376 TIPULID®. 


264. Dicranomyia pulchripennis, sp. nov. (PI. VI, fig. 8; 
Pl. Xa. 32. 


3 2. Head dark brownish grey, with rather long pale hairs ; 
much flattened behind vertex, produced posteriorly; frons simi- 
larly coloured, about one-fourth the width of the head (at the 
level of the vertex), widening a little below. Proboscis dark 
brownish grey, with minute gold pubescence; palpi blackish, 
sparsely hairy. Antennal scape dark brown, sparsely haired, 
2nd joint rounded, reddish yellow; flagellum yellow, the joints 
oval, becoming more elongated towards the tip, bearing a few 
hairs each. Vhoraw: neck long, dark grey, a blackish stripe on 
the dorsum, and blackish where it joins the distinctly produced 
prothorax. Dorsum of thorax light grey, mainly occupied by 
three contiguous black stripes, of the usual pattern; the outer 
ones abbreviated in front, with a faint trace of a greyish line 
dividing them from the median one; blackish behind the suture, 
the post-sutural depression rather widely grey. Scutellum and 
metanotum dark brownish grey, with whitish grey reflections 
seen from behind; sides of thorax dark grey, with lighter parts 
here and there. Abdomen blackish or dark brownish grey, with 
very short pale yellow pubescence. Belly similar. Genitalia of 
male reddish brown with yellow hairs ; an upper plate with a 
pointed bright reddish brown piece projecting from underneath ; 
a pair of large claspers, each joint large and fleshy, the second one 
ending in a smal] claw; a ventral plate with reddish yellow hairs 
on the posterior margin. Apparently there is a pair of smaller 
intermediate organs. Ovipositor of female large, somewhat com- 
plicated ; the upper valve bright brownish yellow, the lower one 
dark brown at the base, yellow at the tip. Legs: coxee blackish ; 
remainder of legs yellow ; femora with a distinct black ring at tip, 
tibie narrowly black at base and tip; tarsi black, except the basal 
half of metatarsus. Wings pale grey, with a fairly well-defined 
pattern of brown marks on the anterior portion and pale grey 
ones un the posterior. Auxiliary vein ending opposite the 2nd 
longitudinal vein, which begins beyond the middle of the wing ; 
marginal cross-vein distinctly beyond middle of marginal cell, and 
at tip of Ist longitudinal ; preefurca nearly half the length of 2nd 
vein; basal section of 3rd vein very oblique, double the length of 
the anterior cross-vein, which is half as long as the basal side of 
the discal cell; discal cell twice as long as broad, much wider 
distally, longer than 2nd _ posterior cell, equal (posteriorly) to 
ord posterior cell; posterior cross-vein some little distance 
anterior to discal cell ; the 7th vein rather sinuous, tip bent 
down rather sharply. The markings consist of a brown spot 
on the costa near the base, with a minute clear spot in the 
middle. Two nearly contiguous, sub-triangular spots follow, on 
the costa, extending into the 1st basal cell, each spot with a small 
clear space in it, this clear space placed on the costal margin. A 


DICRANOMYIA. 3th 


large apical brown spot of irregular shape, its inner edge nearly 
parallel to, but distinctly separated from, the 2nd triangular spot ; 
its lower edge running horizontally to the margin, just above the 
3rd longitudinal vein; an irregular diagonal clear streak near 
the centre of this apical brown spot, one end (of the clear streak) 
being near the base of the 2nd submarginal cell, the other end 
being nearly or wholly on the costa; this clear space sometimes 
broken up into two or more spots. On the hind margin of the 
wing there are three pale grey sub-triangular spots placed almost 
opposite the similar ones on the costa; also a fourth spot, situated 
on and beyond the tip of the 5th vein. The remainder of the 
posterior margin is also darker, and the cross-veins are in fusecated, 
as is also the 5th longitudinal vein throughout its length, whilst 
in some specimens the 4th longitudinal is also infuscated. Addi- 
tional small spots occur adventitiously in individuals, and the 
general pattern of the wing is subject to individual modifications. 
Halteres pale yellow, clubs black. 

Length 74-83 millim. 

Described from a good series of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum from Darjiling, 5-10. vili. 09 (Paiva); 26-27. v. 10, 
taken by me on wet bushes after rain, on the hillside; 4.ix. 09 
(Annandale); Mussoori, 18.vi.05 and 17. vii.05 (Brunette) ; 
Mussoori, x. 06, and Simla, x.08 (both in the Pusa collection) ; 
Bhowali, Kumaon district, 5700 ft., x. 09 (Jmms). 

Types in the Indian Museum, cotypes in my collection. 


265. Dicranomyia puncticosta, sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 7.) 


3 2. Head grey or yellowish grey, back of head with numerous 
long black hairs. Frons pale yellow, one-fifth the width of the 
head ; eyes very narrowly separated on the underside of the head. 
Proboscis brown, sometimes black at tip; palpi brown, Ist joint 
narrow, cylindrical, 2nd broad, sub-triangular, 3rd and 4th broader 
at tip than base, less wide than 2nd, subequal in length. Antennal 
scape brown; flagellum pale yellowish or brownish yellow, with 
verticels of not long hairs. Zhoraw: neck yellowish, with the 
dorsum more or less blackish. Mesonotum pale brownish yellow ; 
scutellum and metanotum, and pleure sometimes, a little paler. 
From the three examples present, the normal form would appear 
to possess a broad brown median stripe, which widens posteriorly, 
until behind the suture it occupies nearly all the dorsum, but its 
colour diminishes in intensity in that part. One example (ype) 
shows only a vestige of this median stripe, the whole thorax in 
this individual being pale yellowish. In the female the dorsal 
brown stripe is darker and carried uninterruptedly over the 
scutellum and metanotum; and there is also a distinct short dark 
brown lateral stripe on each side of the thorax. Abdomen 
yellowish, with a few pale hairs at the sides; emargination of 
segments a little brownish in male. Belly similar. Abdomen 
of female brown. Legs: coxe and femora yellowish, the latter 


378 TIPULID &, 


with the tips sometimes slightly blackish; tibie and_ tarsi 
brownish. Wings pale yellowish grey, highly iridescent. 
Auxiliary vein ending barely beyond tip of 2nd_ longitudinal, 
which begins at the “middle of the wing, the prefurca forming 
not quite half the length of the vein; basal section of 3rd vein 
very oblique, twice as long as the anterior cross-vein; marginal 
cell much longer and wider than the submarginal ; discal cell as 
long as or a little longer than 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, twice 
as long as broad; posterior cross-vein placed just before discal 
cell. The several distinct brown spots with which the wing is 
marked are placed as follows:—three on the costa, the 1st over 
the humeral cross-vein (sometimes faint), the 2nd over the base of 
the 2nd vein, the 8rd over the marginal cross-vein ; another over 
the origin of the 83rd vein. The basal and distal sides of the 
discal cell are infuseated, as are also both cross-veins, the 5th 
Jongitudinal vein throughout its length, the tips of the 6th and 
7th veins and, to a slight degree, the tips of some of the other 
veins. Halteres paie yellow. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from two males (type) and one female from Kur- 
seong, 4.1x. 09 keene) and an additional male and the 
type female from Darjiling, 8. vii. 09 (Paiva). 

Types 3 and @ in the Traian Museum. 

In spite of the differences in the markings on the thorax, 
I cannot but regard all three specimens as representing but one 
species. The second male example possessing no abdomen, there 
is no alternative but to make the one with the thorax nearly 
wholly yellow the type of the species. The wing-markings agree 
perfectly in all three examples, except that the basal costal spot is 
fainter in the type male. 


266. Dicranomyia fraterna, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 5.) 


9. Very near D. puneticosta, but differing in the following 
characters :— 

Head: the frons about one-sixth the width of the head, at 
its narrowest, and widening rapidly above and below the middle 
line. Thorac grey, with a yellowish tinge, and three distinct 
brown or brownish grey dorsal stripes (absent in one specimen), 
narrewly separated, the median one attaining the anterior margin; 
the brownish grey colour continued behind the suture, and the 
metanotum of the same shade. Scutellum dirty yellowish white. 
Abdominal segments darker brown, with a trace of lighter brown 
on the hind margins, especially towards the sides. Ovipositor 
reddish yellow. Legs differing from those of D. puncticosta by 
the distinctly black tips to the femora, the tibize being more 
yellowish. Wings clear, with very pale grey spots placed as 
follows :—Just below humeral cross-vein ; over tip of auxiliary 
vein, embracing base of 2nd vein; an intermediate costal spot 
between these two; a comparatively large one (but no darker) 


DICRANOMYIA. 379 


forming the stigma, square in shape, ending just beyond the 
marginal vein, and contiguous to a round one over the origin of 
the 3rd longitudinal. Basal and distal sides of diseal cell, with 
posterior cross-vein, just perceptibly infuscated. 

Length 5-6 millim. 

Described from three females from Darjiling, 5-8. viti.09 (Paiva). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Although so closely related to D. puncticosta, this form seems 
sufficiently characterized by the three distinct thoracic stripes 
(although absent in one individual), the black ring on all the 
femora, and the clear, not yellowish grey, wing, with a less 
number of markings. 


267. Dicranomyia fascipennis, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 9.) 


2. Head: frons narrow, with back of head dark grey. the 
latter with pale hairs; proboscis dark brown, palpi blackish ; 
antennz brownish yellow. Thorax dark yellowish grey, with a 
median, barely darker brownish stripe, ending at the suture. 
Scutellum and metanotum, also sides of thorax, yellowish brown. 
Abdomen dark brown, with very short sparse pale hairs. Legs 
uniformly brownish yellow. Wzengs clear. Auxiliary vein ending 
immediately before the base of the 2nd longitudinal, which begins 
just beyond the middle of the wing; the 1st longitudinal ending 
just before the middle of the marginal cell; marginal vein 
distinct, placed exactly at the bend in the Ist vein where it 
turns up to the costa, this section of it being very indistinct, 
making it appear as though the 1st vein turned downwards at its 
tip, meeting the 2nd vein; prefurca less than half as long as the 
remainder of the vein, tip of vein turned sharply upwards at tip ; 
basal section of 3rd vein two and a half times as long as the 
anterior cross-vein, which latter is as long as the basal side of 
the discal cell ; discal cell nearly oblong, slightly broader towards 
the tip, three times as long as broad, rather longer than the 2nd 
and 3rd posterior ceils ; posterior cross-vein in a line with base of 
discal cell. The markings of the wing consist of pale grey spots 
placed as follows :—At the base of the 4th vein; near the middle 
of the 4th vein, situated so as to be in the middle of both basal 
cells; at the base of the 2nd vein; on the marginal cross-vein, 
forming the stigma; and near the tip of the 7th vein. All the 
cross-veins are narrowly infuscated, as is also the tip of the 
2nd vein and base of the 3rd vein. Halteres whitish, clubs 
black, small. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from one female from Kurseong, 5. vu. 08 (Dr. 
Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The example is a female, and was perfect when identified as a 
new species, but before being described the apical segments of the 
abdomen were accidentally lost. 


380 TIPULID®. 


This species must be very near D. punctulata, Meij., from Java, 
and possibly identical with it, as the wing-markings agree pretty 
closely, so that the only points of difference in the descriptions 
appear to be the blackish brown antenne, the short side stripes 
on the thoracic dorsum, the yellow coxx, and the yellow base and 
the ring on each femur, in D. punctulata, Meijere’s specimen is 
slightly larger (4 millim.), and a male. 


268. Dicranomyia subfascipennis, sp. noy. (PI. VII, fig. 6.) 


3 9. Head brownish yellow or yellowish grey. Frons narrow, 
brownish yellow, eyes subcontiguous below, the dividing space 
grey. Proboscis, palpi and sides of thorax brownish “yellow. 
Thorax yellowish, with a slght brownish grey tinge on the 
dorsum ; traces of a median stripe (quite distinct in one specimen) 
of a slightly brownish colour, narrowly divided for some distance 
in front. Scutellum, metanotum and sides of thorax concolorous. 
Abdomen brownish yellow, with a little whitish yellow pubescence. 
Genitalia of male concolorous ; an upper and lower rather narrow 
plate, the lower one with a long narrow prolongation ; a pair of 
large two-jointed claspers, only slightly pubescent. Ovipositor 
normal, small, concolorous. Legs uniformly brownish yellow. 
Wings clear, iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending some little distance 
beyond base of 2nd vein, which begins bey ond middle of wing ; 
marginal cross-vein in middle of marginal cell; preefurca less than 
half the length of the 2nd vein ; basal portion of 3rd vein nearly 
twice the length of the anterior cross-vein ; discal cell twice as 
long as broad, a little longer than, or equal to, the 2nd and 3rd 
posterior cells; posterior cross-vein in a line with base of discal 
cell. Small, very pale brownish yellow infuscations are placed 
as follows :—Over the base of the 2nd vein; at base of 3rd vein ; 
on marginal cross-vein, and on tips of 6th and 7th veins, with 
traces of infuscation adventitiously here and there. Halteres 
brownish yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from three males and a female from Kurseong, 
4, vil. 08 (Dr. Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


269. Dicranomyia ornatipes, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 10.) 


3. Head yellowish grey. Proboscis and palpi brownish yellow 
or pale yellowish. rons very narrow, eyes contiguous below. 
Antennal scape yellow, yellowish brown, or bright reddish brown, 
both joints considerably lengthened ; flagellar joints elongate, 
brownish yellow, the verticel on each joint containing one very 
long hair, the apical joints being apparently destitute ot verticels, 
or, at least, of the isolated long hairs, Thorax yellowish, dorsum 
mainly brownish grey, the colour more or less in the form of 
three dusky contiguous stripes of the usual nature, and wholly 


DICRANOMYIA, 3881 


dusky behind the suture. Sides and metanotum brownish ; 
seutellum more or less yellow, wholly bright lemon-yellow in one 
example. Abdomen yellowish; the dorsum mainly brownish, 
except the posterior margins and sides ; some pale yellowish hairs 
at sides. Belly rather lighter. Genitalia yellowish brown, small, 
concealed, apparently normal. Legs pale yellowish; femora with 
a blackish apical and subapical ring; tarsi blackish towards the 
tips. Wings clear, iridescent. Auxiliary vein opposite origin of 
2nd longitudinal vein, which begins at the middle of the wing ; 
Ist longitudinal vein running nearly to the wing-tip, gradually 
coalescing with the costa, the marginal cross-vein, placed at 
three-fourths of the marginal cell, meeting the costa at or about 
the tip of the first longitudinal. In one specimen the marginal 
cross-vein is absent. Preefurea nearly half the whole length of 
the 2nd vein; basal portion of 3rd vein equally long as the 
anterior cross-vein, nearly in a Jine with it; basal side of discal 
cell very short, making the cell nearly triangular, half as long as 
the 2nd and 3rd pesterior cells; posterior cross-vein at some 
little distance before the discal cell; submarginal cell wider at 
tip than at base, Ist posterior cell narrower at tip than at. base. 
Small infuseations at base and tip of 2nd longitudinal vein, and 
at base of 5th; stigma pale blackish, the cross-vein faintly but 
perceptibly infuscated. Halteres pale yellow, clubs blackish. 

Length 23-3 millim. 

Described from three males taken by Dr. Annandale in the 
following localities :—Taikam (coastal region), Travancore, 5.x1. 08 
(type); Balighai, near Puri, Orissa, 24.x.08; and Dawna Hills, 
Lower Burma, 2000-38000 ft., 2-3. ii. 08. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


270. Dicranomyia cinerascens, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 11.) 


3 Q. Head yellowish grey; frons similarly coloured, one- 
fourth the width of the head. Proboscis and palpi moderately 
dark brown, pubescent. Antenne dark yellowish brown. Zhoraa: 
neck rather elongate, black above, yellowish grey below. Dorsum 
of thorax bright yellowish grey; a dark olive-brown median 
stripe from anterior margin to suture, and a broader similarly 
coloured but somewhat paler stripe of irregular width on each 
side of it, continued beyond the suture in the form of an 
ill-defined large spot. Sides of thorax, the scutellum and meta- 
notum light yellowish brown. Cigemen brown, a little yellow ish 
here and there, with pale pubescence at the sides; emarginations 
of segments distinct; belly similar. The genital organs of the 
male consist of an upper and lower plate, a pair of large claspers 
with w second pair of narrow appendages; in the female, the 
ovipositor is normal, blackish with yellow tips. Legs: coxe 
yellowish ; femora yellowish at base, the colour quickly darkening 
to dark brown, the remainder of the legs being also of this colour. 
Wings pale yellowish erey, glabrous, considerably iridescent. 


382 TIPULID &. 


Venation as in D, fortis. Stigma rather large, approximately 
square, ill-defined but distinct, pale brown; the infuscation 
extending over the base of the 3rd longitudinal vein, and con- 
tinued weakly along the cross-veins, the distal side of the diseal 
cell and the 5th longitudinal vein. Halteres brown. 

Length, 3 44, 2 42 millim. 

Described from a male from Darjiling, 8.iv.10 (type), and a 
female from Kurseong, 24. iii. LO (type), also from four males and 
one female in my own collection taken by me at Darijiling, 
10-20. x. 05. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

A good general resemblance to D. fortis is noticeable at first 
sight in this species, but the yellowish grey thorax with at least 
a distinct dark median stripe, the glassy wings and the dark 
brown legs will easily distinguish it. 

The type female is considerably more strongly built than the 
male, but the cotype female in my own collection is no larger 
than the males. 


271. Dicranomyia cinctiventris, sp. nov. 


2. Head blackish grey, antenne with the first few joints of 
the flagellum rather wider and shorter, those of the apical half 
gradually narrowing and lengthening. Thoraw yellowish brown, 
a little darker in the centre and just behind the suture, much 
lighter and more yellowish at the sides. Scutellum and meta- 
notum concolorous. Abdomen black; a prominent, moderately 
broad, well-defined whitish band on hind margin of each segment 
on the belly. Ovipositor rather short, reddish yellow. Legs dark 
brown; cox and base of femora a little yellowish. Wings pale 
grey, vitreous, highly iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending nearly 
half-way between the origins of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal 
veins; discal cell large, approximately quadrate, about equal in 
length to the 2nd and 8rd posterior cells; anterior cross-vein at 
inner corner of discal cell, posterior cross-vein immediately before 
that cell. Halteres blackish. 

Length 6 millim. 

Described from a unique specimen in the Indian Museum taken 
at Kurseong, 15. iv. 11 (Dr. Annandale). 

Very distinct from all other Oriental species by the conspicuous 
white bands on the belly. 


272. Dicranomyia sordida, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head moderately dark grey ; frons very narrow, the eyes 
nearly touching at its narrowest part; back of head similarly 
coloured, with yellow hairs. Proboscis dark brownish grey, 
shining ; palpi nearly black, a little pubescent. Antenne with 
1st scapal joint grey, 2nd scapal joint and all the flagellar joints 
brownish yellow; the hairs comparatively short. Z’horaw: neck 


DICRANOMYIA, 353 


and ground-colour yellowish grey; a brownish median stripe, 
also present on the neck, from the anterior margin to the suture ; 
the postsutural mesonotum darker brownish grey than the rest of 
the thorax; traces of a dark brownish mark or two on each side 
of the median stripe. Scutellum lighter brownish grey, hinder 
edge yellowish; metanotum brownish grey ; pleure with a slight 
bluish grey tinge. Abdomen brownish, with some pale hairs at the 
sides; belly similar. (The tip of the abdomen in the male example 
is broken off.) Ovipositor bright reddisk brown. Zegs unitormly 
yellowish brown. Wings clear. Auxihary vein opposite base of 
Qnd vein, which begins distinctly beyond the middle of the wing ; 
marginal cross-vein exactly at middle of marginal cell; prafurca 
less than half the length of the 2nd vein; basal portion of 3rd 
yein moderately long, oblique; anterior cross-vein extremely 
short; discal cell twice as long as broad, oblong, and equal to 
2nd and 3rd posterior cells in length; posterior cross-vein almost 
in a line with base of discal cell. Stigma brown, but small and 
ill-defined ; a trace of a small infuseation at the bases of the 2nd 
and 4th veins. Halteres narrow and small, whitish yellow. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from one male and two females taken as follows : 
Type male and a female, Kurseong, 4. 1x. 09 and 9.1x. 09 respec- 
tively (Annandale); type female, Darjiling, 7. vil. 09 (Paiva). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


273. Dicranomyia dehicata, sp. nov. 


3. Head: vertex, back of head, and the narrow frons, 
yellow, with a few hairs. Proboscis, palpi and antennze con- 
colorous, the latter very slightly brownish. In the female the 
whole head more brownish yellow. Zhoraa of male uniformly 
pale, shining brownish yellow ; scutellum. metanotum and sides 
concolorous. In female, brownish yellow, the dorsum light 
brownish grey, as are also the metanotum and pleure, the 
scutellum being brownish yellow. Abdomen of male yellowish, 
segments distinctly emarginated ; belly similar. Genitalia yel- 
lowish; a rather large square plate, bearing a few yellow bristly 
hairs; below this plate a small greenish grey palp-like organ 
projects; a pair of robust two-jointed claspers, the Ist joint 
yellowish, with black hairs, the 2nd more reddish, nearly bare, 
sponge-like. Legs wholly pale yellowish. Wangs clear, highly 
iridescent. Venation as in D. subfascipennis, except that the 
auxiliary vein ends just opposite the base of the 2nd vein; that 
the discal cell is more nearly square than oblong ; and that the 
posterior cross-vein is placed a little before the discal cell. Wing 
unmarked except for the pale blackish stigma, which suffusion is 
continued over the base of the 3rd vein; and there is a small 
slight suffusion on the base of the 2nd vein and on the marginal 
yein. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length, g 3, 2 4 millim. 


384 TIPULID®. 


Described from a single male and female taken at Darjiling, the 
me on 6, vill. 09, the female on 9. viii. 09 (Paiva). 
Types in the Indian Museum. 
Very near D. subfascipennis. The nearly clear wings and 
the slight differences in venation are almost the only specific 
characters. 


274. Dicranomyia flavobrunnea, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head yellowish grey; frons very narrow; proboscis, 
palpi and antenne brownish yellow, normally pubescent. Thorax 
brownish yellow, shining; dorsum with three darker brownish, 
not always obvious, stripes of the usual pattern, narrowly 
separated, the median stripe attaining the anterior margin ; ; 
shoulders rather lighter yellow, at least in the one male specimen ; 
the stripes sometimes hardly visible. Scutellum, metanotum and 
sides of thorax yellowish. Abdomen of male pale yellowish brown, 
with a little pale pubescence, hind margins and sides of segments 
narrowly and irregularly pale yellow ‘ish. Genitalia brownish 
yellow, considerably pubescent; consisting of an upper oblong 
plate, a lower plate with a very narrow ” chitinous yellow pro- 
longation ; and a pair of large claspers with apparently an inner 
pair of organs. In female, abdomen brown, with a little pale 
pubescence ; ; ovipositor yellow . Legs uniformly brownish yellow. 
Wings pale grey. Auxiliary vein ending just beyond the base of 
the 2nd longitudinal, which vein begins “absut the middle of the 
wing, the prefurca being nearly half the entire length; marginal 
cross-vein in middle of marginal cell; basal portion of 3rd vein 
rather long, three times longer than the anterior cross-vein, 
quitting the 2nd vein nearly at a right angle; discal cell approxi- 
mately square, about equal in length to the 2nd and 38rd posterior 
cells; posterior cross-vein in a line with the base of the discal 
cell. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 5-6 millim. 

Described from one male and five females taken in Calcutta, the 
type male and female on 18.xi.07, ‘at light,” the remaining 
females on 9. vi. 07, 6. xi. 07, and 20. x11. 07. 

Types and cotypes in the Indian Museum. 


275. Dicranomyia simplex, sp. nov. 


2. Head blackish grey ; antennz with elongate oval joints to 
the flagellum, slightly tinged with brownish yellow. Thorax 
mainly brownish yellow ; the usual three dorsal dark stripes, with 
two behind the suture, ill-defined but dark, giving a uniform dark 
appearance to the whole of the dorsum. Scutellum and meta- 
notum pale brownish yellow, with traces of a narrow median 
blackish line on the latter. Abdomen dark dirty brown, the hind 
margins of the segments narrowly pale; belly more or less pale. 


<i 


DICRANOMYIA. 385 


Genitalia concolorous, apparently normal. Zegs: coxw# and some 
part of the femora towards the base pale dirty yellow; the 
remainder obscurely brown. Wings grey. The auxiliary vein 
ending a little beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; 
the marginal cross-vein a little beyond the anterior cross-vein ; 
discal cell almost square, nearly as long as 2nd and 3rd posterior 
cells; posterior cross-vein just before inner end of discal cell. 
Halteres pale dirty yellow. 

Length 5 millm. 

Described from one female from Caleutta, 6.xi.10 (7. H. 
Gravely). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


276. Dicranomyia fortis, sp. nov.’ 


3. Head dark grey ; frons very wide, two-thirds the width of 
the head at the vertex, narrowing above the antennex to half this 
width ; eyes contiguous below for a short space. Proboscis dark 
brown, palpi blackish. Antenne brownish yellow. Thorax: 
scutellum, metanotum and sides of thorax uniformly bright pale 
brownish yellow, shining; neck a little blackish above. Abdomen 
brown or brownish yellow, a little lighter on the belly. ‘The 7th 
and 8th abdominal segments widened. Genitalia peculiarly con- 
structed ; a long upper somewhat convex plate, appearing almost 
as an additional narrow abdominal segment, bearing some strong 
yeliow bristly hairs, tapering to a blunt point, brownish yellow in 
colour ; below this a pair of elongated claspers as long as the 
upper plate ; the elongate-conical 1st joint blackish, shining ; the 
2nd joint forming a reddish yellow chitinous blade, without 
terminal hooks or claws; apparently no ventral plate. Legs 
yellowish, femora more or less dark brown or black at tips, often 
indistinctly so ; tips of tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey, 
considerably iridescent. Venation as in D. fraterna, except that 
the prefurea is nearly half the length of the 2nd longitudinal vein. 
Stigma pale blackish, sometimes barely perceptible. Halteres 
yellow, clubs blackish. 

Length 44-53 millim. 

Described from six males in the Indian Museum, five of them 
(including the type, 6. vii.09) taken by Mr. Paiva, 6-9. viii, 09, 
at Darjiling, the others taken at the same place by me, 9. viii. 09. 

The peculiar construction of the genitalia ought to make this 
species tolerably easy of recognition. 


277. Dicranomyia nigrithorax, sp. nov. 


3d. Head: eyes wide apart, the frons in one example (in the 
other the eyes are accidentally compressed) occupying more than 
half the width of the head ; vertex grey, frons whitish with silver 
reflections. Antenne 15-jomted; scape dark brown, 1st joint 


886 TIPULID A, 


long and wide, 2nd joint broad, rather large; flagellum dark 
yellowish brown, basal joints oval, gradually becoming elongated 
thirteen in number, with a few long hairs each. Proboscis and 

alpi blackish brown. Thoraw: the whole dorsum very dark 
blackish brown, very shining, with a little minute gold pubescence 
over the post-sutural depression and on the scutellum and 
metanotum. The anterior part of the dorsum and the shoulders 
also bear microscopic gold-grey dust. Sides of thorax brown 
shining. Abdomen dark brown, more or less shining ; posterior 
margins of segments broadly yellowish. Belly similar ; sides of 
abdomen with a little microscopic gold pubescence. Genitalia dark 
brown, a little yellowish here and. there ; an upper plate, ending 
in two narrow, widely separated palp-lke projections; a pair 
of large claspers, of which the 2nd joint appears confined to a 
long hook of moderate size ; a lower pair of smaller fleshy organs 
and a very long and narrow ventral plate, the tips yellowish. 
The whole genitalia moderately pubescent. Legs wholly dark 
brown; distinctly and closely pubescent. Wings pale yellowish 
grey, glassy, highly iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending just per- 
ceptibly beyond the base of 2nd longitudinal, of which the prefurca 
forms nearly half its entire length, the marginal cross-vein placed 
exactly at its middle, and joined to the tip of the 1st longitudinal ; 
basal section of 3rd vein three to four times as long as anterior 
cross-vein, which is placed at the corner of the discal cell; this 
latter being nearly rhomboidal, two-thirds as long as the 2nd and 
3rd posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein in an exact line with base 
of discal cell. An apparently spurious vein, resembling that of the 
SyRPHID.®, runs in front of the 4th longitudinal vein (in one wing 
being almost as distinct as a normal vein), turning up at its tip to 
meet the anterior cross-vein (in the second example this spurious 
vein is not present). Stigma distinct, of moderate size, pale dirty 
ee: terminating at marginal cross-vein. Halteres yellow, clubs 

Length 43 millim., 

Described from two males taken by me at Darjiling, 28. vi. 10 
(type) and 26.v. 10, the latter specimen having the abdomen 
missing. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The presence of fifteen joints to the antenne and the very wide 
frons rank this species as abnormal. It does not appear as though 
an antennal joint were missing, in which case the species might ie 
referred to the neighbourhood of Antocha. There are no spurs to 
the tibia and it has the appearance of a rather robust Dicranomyia 
with long legs. The presence of the spurious vein is, of course, 
only adventitious. 


~J 


GBRANOMYIA. 38 


Genns GERANOMYIA, Hal. 


Geranomyia, Haliday, Ent. Month. Mag. i, p. 154 (1833), 

Limnobiorhynchus, Westwood, Ann, Soc. Ent. France (1) iv, p. 683 
(1835). ; 

Aporosa, Macquart, in Webb and Berth. Hist. Nat. d’les Canaries, 
Entom. Dipt. p. 100 (1838). 

Plettusa, Phil., Verh, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv, p. 597 (1865). 


GaNoryrn, Geranomyia wnicolor, Hal.; by original designation. 


Head: proboscis conspicuously prolonged, longer than head and 
thorax together. The mouth parts “consist of a very long sub- 
cylindrical epistoma, a still Jonger lingua, which is slender and 
pointed, and a labium divided in two branches at the tip, ter- 
minated by slender flattened lobes; these branches are divergent 
and sometimes curled up in dried specimens.” (Osten Sacken.) 
The short palpi which, according to Curtis, are biarticulate, are 
inserted between about the middle of the proboscis and the 
anterior angles of the rostrum.* Eyes rounded or oval, approxi- 
mate -or divided by a tolerably wide frons. Antenne 14-jointed, 
submoniliform, the joints not pedicelled. Thorax and abdomen 
normal. Genitalia of the male like that of Dicranomyia; two 
fleshy movable lobes with horny appendages, and a horny ventral 
plate below them. Legs slender ; tibie without spurs, empodia 
indistinct or absent, ungues with teeth on underside. Wings 
elongate. One submarginal cell, four posterior cells, and the 
diseal cell normally closed. Venation practically identieal with 
that of Dicranomyia, except that the auxiliary vein is generally 
prolonged some little distance beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, 
much as in Limnobia; the range of variation in thé characters 
of the different veins and cells appears, at least in the Oriental 
species before me, to be less than in Dicranomyia. The auxiliary 
vein always ends distinctly beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, 
often as far beyond as half-way from that point to the tip of 
the Ist longitudinal vein ; the subcostal cross-vein placed near its 
tip, often very difficult to perceive ; marginal cross-vein oblique, 
generally at or beyond the middle of the marginal cell, near or at 
the tip of Ist longitudinal vein; discal cell pentagonal, squarish 
or seldom more than twice as long as broad; posterior cross- 
vein varying from a little before to a little beyond the base of the 
discal cell. 

Range. The genus has been recorded from every region in the 
globe except Africa, but a species is known from the island of 
Bourbon, off Mauritius. 

Life-history. Apparently unknown but probably similar to that 
of Dicranomyia and Limnobia. 

Geranomyia is represented in a fossil state by two specimens 


* For a splendid plate, giving anatomical particulars of this genus, see 
Curtis, Brit. Entom. p. 573. Walker, in his Insecta Britannica, Dipt. iii, 
pl. xxvii, fig. 6, reproduces Curtis's figures of the dissected proboscis. 

») CG 


388 VIPULID®: 


from the Eocene of Aix seen by Osten Sacken in the Marseilles 
Museum. 


Table of Species. 


1. Winesicleat sais. sons 0- eae ae genitalis, Brun., p. 388. 
Wings with marks or spots, at least one or 
two. above the SOMA. «. «ccs acme ies 2. 
2. Thorax yellow, with distinct small black 


SPOUS 6c vn-eus snes miele sivin slp sininieyepigmis = ot 3. 


present or absent...... eihstes aael” Bay cabenes ies 
3. Thorax with five black spots on dorsum,... flavicosta, sp. n., p. 889. 
Thorax with a circle of tensmall black spots [p. 390. 
arranged towards the edge of the dorsum. czetpunctata, sp. 0., 
4 A large mark like a ‘3’ upside down, on the 
side of the thorax ...... sy alae Cite ee Ape tridens, sp. n., p. 391. 
Woisch marl G.cosiccu «i ib cm eras miians 5. 
5, Wing spots confined to two (over the stigma, 
or the stigma and preefurca)......++..+ x, 1G, 
Wing spots more nUMETOUS .....+seeee ees fis 
©. Two spots over stigma; thorax brownish [p. 892. 
yellow; wings yellowish ..........++4+ vinaceobrunnea, Brun., 
One spot over stigma, one over preefurca ; 
thorax dark brownish black; wings fuscous. fletcheri, Kdw., p. 893. 


7. Costawith almost continuous fasciated brown 
spots, with smaller spots in the remainder [p. 893, 
OF FHS WINE cc niebie wis < pone hes Ot ce gore we pulchripennis, sp. 0., 
Costa with seven distinct brown spots, the 
apical one very small ...... sees eee PenGs 
8, The 5th longitudinal vein without a row o [p. 894. 
small spotS ....-ecee settee tees teens semistriata, Brun.,, 


The 5th longitudinal vein with such arow .  semzfasciata, Brun., 


[p. 895. 


278, Geranomyia genitalis, Brun. (PI. XI, fig. 7.) 


Geranomyia genitalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 275 (1911). 


3 9. Head blackish. Proboscis nearly as long as head and 
thorax together ; palpi placed at the middle, all black. Antenne 
black, jomts not very distinct. Zhorav light grey; dorsum 
mainly occupied by a large shining black spot, projecting broadly 
forwards to the anterior margin. The linear depression behind 
the suture wide, light grey, as are also the scutellum and the 
middle part of the metanotum, the sides of the latter, with the 
pleure, being shining dark brown; sides of thorax light grey. 
‘Abdomen: dorsum blackish, belly yellowish. Genitalia of male 
unusually formed; a small square brown upper plate with an 
underlying pointed piece; a large pair of complicated claspers, the 
first joint thick, hairy, brownish black, shining; the second of 
equal or greater length, rather larger, oval, of roughened, sponge- 
like appearance; the first joint bearing a small concolorous, hairy 
palp-like organ on the inner side, near the dorsum, below which 
is a slender yellow semi-transparent hook, and below which again 


GERANOMYIA. 389 


is a rather small, bifid, interior appendage. The whole organ 
lightly hairy, except the 2nd joint of the claspers, which is 
practically bare. In the female the ovipositor is normal, blackish, 
the terminal blades reddish yellow. Legs mainly brown ; Coxe, 
base of femora and basal half of tarsi yellowish. Wings pale 
yellowish grey, conspicuously iridescent; stigma oval, moderate- 
sized, brown, placed over marginal cross-vein. Auxiliary vein 
ending nearly half-way between the origin of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein and the marginal cross-vein ; the 2nd vein originating at the 
middle of the wing, the prefurca two-thirds as jong as the 
remainder; base of 3rd vein three or four times as long as 
anterior cross-vein; submarginal cell considerably longer than 
1st posterior cell; discal cell twice as long as broad, barely 
shorter than 2nd and 3rd posterior cells; posterior cross-vein 
immediately after base of discal cell. Halteres blackish brown. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from two males (including type) from Tenmalai, 
Western Ghats (western side), Travancore, 21. xi. 08 (Annandale) ; 
nine males (Pusa coll.) from Nongpoh, Assam, ix. 06; a type 
female and three other females from the latter locality taken 
during September also. 

Type ¢ inthe Indian Museum; 9 in the Pusa collection. 

The conspicuous shining black spot on the light grey thorax, 
and the unusually constructed male genitalia will render this 
species easily distinguishable. 


279. Geranomyia flavicosta, sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 2; Pl. XI, 
fig. 6.) 


9. Head wissing, except a very small portion of the neck, and 
the whole proboscis, which is yellow, with a black ring at the tip. 
Thorax bright brownish yellow; two less distinct brown spots in 
front of the shoulders, and, situated on the dorsum, are five very 
large and distinct dark brown, approximately oval spots, placed 
thus : 
and one on each side behind the suture. Sides, scutellum, and 
metanotum yellow. Abdomen missing, but writing from memory, 
it was wholly yellowish, concolorous with most of the rest of the 
body. Legs pale yellow; extreme tips of femora, tibie and tarsi 
black. Wings nearly clear; costal cell bright yellow, the colour 
extending to the tip of the wing on the costal vein itself; five 
black spots (the first three elongated) along the costa, the fourth 
situated at the tip of the 1st vein, and the fifth at the tip of the 
2nd vein. The prefurca narrowly suffused with dark brown, the 
colour continuing along all the veins to the tip of the 5th vein, 
which latter vein is itself narrowly suffused along its entire 
length ; tips of 6th and-7th veins narrowly suffused ; a pale brown 
streak of moderate width from the 1st posterior cell along the 
outer side of the discal cell, to the hind margin of wing. 

Length (from memory) about 5 millim, 


202 


390 TIPULID A. 


Described from an incomplete example taken by Dr. J. T. 
Jenkins on board a launch “ at light,” at Chandpal, Ganges delta, 
26. viii. 09. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

As a rule I do not care to describe a species from a single in- 
complete specimen, but in the present case the very conspicuous 
markings on both the thorax and the wing render the identification 
of the species very easy. 


280. Geranomyia circipunctata, sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 3; 
Pl. XI, fig. 3.) 


3 2. Head: occiput and head generally yellowish, the former 
sometimes with a few blackish spots. Proboscis a little brownish, 
comparatively short, being about one-and-a-half times as long as 
the head and neck together, distinctly stout and snout-like at the 
base, tapering gradually ; the basal half with numerous long hairs. 
Palpi inserted at the middle of the proboscis, quite short, black, 
two-jeinted. Antenne yellow, flagellum with the basal joints 
sometimes brownish; the joints nearly oval, close together, each 
with a eirclet of four comparatively short individual hairs, apart 
from the microscopic pubescence ; in some specimens the scape is 
brownish also. Eyes separated by a rather wide yellow frons. 
Neck bearing a few long hairs. Thoraw rather bright shining 
yellow, with the least tinge of brown; dorsum with a circle of 
conspicuous black or brown spots, the spots approximately oval 
and arranged as follows :—one on each side of the centre near the 
anterior margin, placed longitudinally ; three lateral ones on each 
side, rather larger and placed transversely, two being in front of 
and one behind the suture, this hinder one being more or less 
triangular ; on the mesonotum behind the suture is, on each side 
of the middle, a brown longitudinal spot almost in the nature of 
a streak, its edges being less well-defined than in the other spots. 
Scutellum normally yellow, in some examples more or less 
blackish ; metanotum yellow with two brownish marks, or wholly 
brownish. Abdomen of male varying from yellowish to yellowish 
brown, with a row of small black spots on each side, these being 
sometimes indistinct or absent; in some examples there are two 
black stripes extending the length of the last two segments. In 
female, lighter or darker chestnut-brown, belly similar, the side- 
spots less obvious. Genitalia concolorous in male, formed of a 
pair of conspicuous, fleshy, two-jointed hairy claspers, with two or 
three pairs of appendages, including a strong black hook or claw 
attached apparently to the inner side of each clasper at the end of 
the first joint; a ventral plate is present. In the female the ovi- 
positor normal, yellowish. Legs pale yellow, extreme tips of 
femora, tibize and tarsi blackish. Wangs very pale yellowish grey, 
with very small but distinct blackish infuscations distributed as 
follows :—at the base of the prefurca; on the 1st longitudinal 
vein, a little anterior to the vrevious svot; at tip of Ist vein; at 


GERANOMYIA,. 391 


base of 5th vein, with a less distinct one just above this latter spot. 
The cross-veins show a tendency to just perceptible suffusion. 
Halteres yellowish. 

Length 44-6 millim. 

Described from several of both sexes in the Indian Museum, 
which demonstrate its apparent general distribution in Lower 
Bengal, the series comprising specimens from Sonarpur, near 
Calcutta, 5.ii.10, ‘at light” in a railway carriage, taken by 
Dr. Annandale (type 3); Sorabkatti, 7. xii.09 (type 9) and 
14. xii. 09; Bosondhur, 21. viii.09; Chennia, 11. xi. 09; Sonadigee, 
6. xii. 09 ; and Bologhatta, 23. viii. 09, all these places being in the 
Ganges delta, the specimens having been taken “at light” on 
board a launch by Dr. J. T. Jenkins. Other examples in the 
Museum collection are from Port Canning, 6. xii. 07; Calcutta, 
18. ix.07; on board ship 10 miles off Masulipatain, Madras Coast, 
4-5. iv.08 (Paiva); and Puri, Orissa Coast, 12. xi. 10, in house 
(Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

The very conspicuous circle of spots on the thorax, together 
with the very delicately punctated wings, render this species very 
distinct even in the whole family of TrpuLrp™. 


281. Geranomyia tridens, sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 4; Pl. XI, 
figs. 4, 5.) 


3 9. Head: occiput dark grey, with a few isolated rather con- 
spicuous bristly hairs; back of head yellow ; neck brownish yellow, 
with a small dark transverse streak about the middle ; eyes nearly 
contiguous. Antenne dark brown; in male, the joints distinctly 
separated, elongated pear-shaped, the narrow apical part much 
attenuated, each joint with a circlet of four long bristles in 
addition to the ordinary short pubescence; in female, the joints 
much less distinct, scape broad, 1st joint sometimes with a trans- 
verse suture near base making it appear like two joints; flagellum 
with light grey pubescence. Proboscis of considerable length, as 
long as from the base of the antenna to the halteres, stout at the 
base only, brownish yellow or yellow; with a few long hairs on the 
basal half and very minute ones on the thin apical half; the small, 
brown two-jointed palpi situated at the tip of the basal part. 
Thorax yellowish, with very distinctive and conspicuous markings ; 
dorsum with a broad brown median stripe from anterior margin 
to the suture, somewhat indistinct about its middle; practically 
the whole of the dorsum behind the suture occupied by two very 
large dark brown shining spots divided by the usual wide yellowish 
depression ; on each shoulder a very dark blackish-brown moderate- 
sized spot, and posterior to this a large trident-shaped blackish- 
brown spot, the three prongs (approximately parallel) pointing 
backwards, the spot occupying the whole of the side of the thorax 
up tothe wing-base. Sides of thorax yellowish ; plure moderately 
shining brown; scutellum and metanotum shining dark brown, 


392 TIPULID2. 


except for a narrow yellow part at the base of each. Abdomen 
variable, considerably pubescent. In male normally dark brown, 
the posterior margins pale yellowish, this colour being variable in 
extent and intensity ; in one male the whole abdomen is practically 
yellowish, with a lateral brown stripe on each side of the dorsum. 
The abdomen in the female is generally still darker brown, 
roughened, the pale marginal bands very narrow or absent. 
Genitalia in both sexes brownish yellow. In the male the organs 
are complex and conspicuous, consisting of a large pair of claspers 
rather thickly covered with bristly hairs, with smaller inner organs 
attached ; an upper small plate in the shape of two pointed pieces, 
side by side, terminating in two sharp points ; and a very narrow 
ventral plate curved downwards at its tip. Legs light brownish 
yellow ; extreme tips of femora, tibie aud tarsi sometimes blackish. 
Wings pale grey; a pale blackish spot on the costa just beyond 
the humeral cross-vein, one just above the origin of the 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein and extending to it, also an intermediate one between 
these two spots; another spot over the tip of the marginal cross- 
vein extending downwards to the base of the 3rd vein; a similar 
spot at the tip of the 1st vein. All the cross-veins, with the tips 
of the 5th and 7th veins, faintly, narrowly, but distinctly suffused. 
Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 5-6 millim. 

Described from two males and four females in the Indian 
Museum, taken by Dr. J. T. Jenkins on board a launch, “at 
light,” in the Sunderbuns, Ganges delta; the type d from 
Sonadigee, Sunderbuns, 6. xii. 09, and the type 9 from Chennia, 
Sunderbuns, 11. x1. 09. 


282. Geranomyia vinaceobrunnea, Brun. 


Geranomyia vinaceobrunnea, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 274 
(1911). 


@. Head dark grey ; frons narrow, narrower on vertex, whitish 
grey. Proboscis black, a little longer than head and thorax 
together. Antennal scape yellowish, except tip of joint which is, 
with the flagellum, dark brown. Zhorawv mainly brownish yellow, 
with three dorsal claret-brown stripes, the outer ones short and 
quite united with the median one, which is moderately wide, 
attaining the anterior margin, and continuing narrowly on the 
brownish yellow neck; dorsum behind suture claret-brown. 
Scutellum yellow; metanotum grey ; sides of thorax yellowish, 
with light claret-coloured reflections just below the dorsum. 
Abdomen dark brown, with a few pale hairs; posterior margins of 
segments pale yellowish. Belly yellowish; ovipositor brownish 
yellow. Legs: coxe brownish yellow, with a trace of claret- 
coloured reflections ; remainder of legs yellowish, tips of femora 
scarcely darker. Wings pale yellowish grey, glassy, iridescent. 
Auxiliary vein ending nearly half-way between the base of the 


GERANOMYIA, 393 


2nd longitudinal and the marginal cross-vein, which latter is 
placed exactly at the tip of the Ist longitudinal, and just beyond 
the middle of the marginal cell; base of 3rd vein oblique, two 
and a half times the length of the anterior cross-vein ; discal cell 
twice as long as broad, as long as the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; 
posterior cross-vein barely beyond base of discal cell; veins on 
distal part of wing practically parallel. Stigma light brown, ill 
defined but distinct, situated over the marginal cross-vein. 
Halteres brownish yellow. 

Described from one female taken by Mr. Howlett at Simla, 
x Os, 

Type in the Pusa collection. 


283. Geranomyia fletcheri, /dw. 


Geranomyia fletcheri, Edwards, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (8) viii, 
p- 60 (July 1911). 


2. “ Fuscea, alis unicoloris subfuscis, rostro thorace vix longiore. 

Head, including rostrum and antenne, dark brownish black. 
Antennal joints cylindrical, one and a half times as long as broad. 
Rostrum shghtly longer than thorax ; palpi apparently two-jointed, 
placed just before middle of rostrum. Vhorax dark brownish 
black, with a small ochreous-brown spot on each side of the front 
margin of the mesonotum, and another above and behind the 
insertion of the wings. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs dark brown, 
coxe ochreous brown, femora somewhat lighter towards base. 
Wings uniformly fuscous-tinged, unspotted except for the stigma 
and a faint brown cloud at the base of the prefurea. Mediastinal 
vein reaching costa considerably beyond origin of preefurca, sub- 
costal cross-vein near its tip. Marginal cross-vein nearly three 
times as long as the upturned tip of the 1st longitudinal, with 
which it is nearly in a line. Second posterior cell with a 
rectangular base, third longer than second, its upper margin 
rounded towards the base. Great cross-vein at or just before the 
base of the discal cell. Halteres with the knob brown, the stem 
ochreous.” (Hdwards.) 

Length 5 millim. (excluding rostrum), of wing 6 millim. 

Described from a type and two other females taken by Mr. Bain- 
brigge Fletcher at Madulsima, Ceylon, 19. v.08 (type) and 
ZL. OF. 

Type in the British Museum. 


284. Geranomyia pulchripennis, sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 1.) 


2. Head: eyes nearly contiguous ; the narrow frons light grey 
with pale hairs ; back of head yellowish, with grey reflections and 
black hairs. Proboscis black, as long as the abdomen (exclusive 
of ovipositor); palpi black. Scapal joints of antenne large, the 
2nd much narrower and shorter; dark brown; flagellum dark 


394 TIPULID®, 


brown, with a little pale pubescence. Zhorav brownish yellow ; 
three reddish brown stripes, all reaching from the anterior to the 
posterior margin, the median one a little broader than the others. 
Shoulders depressed. Sides of thorax yellow, a median transverse 
brown line; a blackish indistinet mark with whitish dust in front 
of wing-base. Scutellum very small, yellow ; metanotum yellowish, 
broadly brown on each side. -dbdomen dark dirty yellowish brown ; 
emarginations of segments very distinct, as each segment is 
apparently slightly narrower at the base. Belly similar. Ovipositor 
brownish yellow, paler at tip. Legs uniformly pale yellow, barely, 
if at all, darker at tips of tarsi. Wings nearly clear, marked with 
brown spots; two larger ones, more or less square in shape, on 
basal half of costa, extending from costal margin to the 4th 
longitudinal vein ; two somewhat large elongated ones placed 
close together on the costa, exactly in the middle of the wing, and 
joined posteriorly at about the origin of the 2nd vein ; two large 
ones placed together at the distal extremity of the costa, reaching 
posteriorly as far as the 3rd vein, where they are united ; a small 
clear spot in the distal one of this pair of spots is placed just 
above the tip of the 8rd vein. Smaller spots of the same colour 
are placed as follows :—two on the basal part of the costa, one 
situated anterior to each of the two larger costal marks; a round 
spot at the bifurcation of the 2nd vein; a row of indistinct small 
ones along the upperside of the 5th vein; around the inner and 
outer sides of the discal cell; and around the posterior cross-vein, 
which is placed distinctly anterior to the discal cell; also at the 
tip of the 7th vein. Very small indistinct spots are apparently 
irregularly placed here and there, especially towards the posterior 
apical part of the wing. Costal cell yellow except where the 
brown spots occur. Halteres brownish. 

Length 4 millin. 

Described from a single female from Kurseong, 7. ix. 09 
(Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


285. Geranomyia semistriata, Brun. (PI. VII, fig. 17.) 


Geranomyia semistriata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 277 


(1911). 


Q. Head dark grey, frons narrow; back of head and neck 
blackish grey. Proboscis black, distinctly longer than head and 
thorax together; palpi black, inserted before the middle of the 
proboscis. Antenne brownish yellow, sometimes darker. Thoraa: 
dorsum brownish or light grey, dusted with grey ; three narrow 
reddish brown stripes: the median one from the anterior margin 
to about the middle of the dorsum; the outer ones beginning 
behind the shoulders and carried over the suture without interrup- 
tion to the posterior margin; an additional narrow intermediate 
stripe between them commencing behind the suture and continued 


GERANOMYIA. 395 


to the base of the scutellum ; a short narrow stripe on each side 
above and in front of the wing root. Prothorax brownish yellow 
in one specimen, edge of dorsum and sides of thorax (in type 
specimen) light grey ; pleure yellowish, with some grey reflections. 
Scutellum and metanotum cobealarona with dorsum of thorax, 
edge of former brownish yellow. Abdomen dark claret-brown, 
roughened ; belly yellowish; ovipositor large, robust, black, barely 
shining, terminal blades reddish yellow. Legs: coxe and femora 
brownish yellow, tips of femora slightly thickened and blackish ; 
tibie and tarsi brown. Wangs pale grey, with seven moderately 
dark brown spots on the costa placed approximately equidistantly ; 
the third enclosing the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein; these 
first three spots extending posteriorly barely to the 4th longi- 
tudinal vein ; the fourth spot terminates over the fork of the 2nd 
vein; the fifth (the largest, enclosing the marginal cross-vein) 
extends posteriorly to the 3rd vein; the seventh is very small, 
triangular, placed at the extreme tip of the 3rd vein, A narrow 
brown irregular line encloses the anterior and posterior cross- 
veins, with the basal side of the discal cell, and there is a small 
suffusion over the proximal side of the discal cell. The venation 
is normal; basal part of 3rd longitudinal vein long, the remainder 
of the vein, parallel to the 2nd; anterior cross-vein short; discal 
cell twice as long as wide ; posterior cross-vein distinctly but not 
greatly before the base of the discal cell. The 5th and 7th veins 
very narrowly suffused with brown. Halteres: stem pale yellow, 
knobs blackish brown, 

Length nearly 5 nillim. 

Described from two females from Paresnath, Western Bengal, 
4300-4500 ft., 15. iv. 09 (Annandale). 

Type and cotype in the Indian Museum. 


286. Geranomyia semifasciata, Brun. (Pl. VII, fig. 16.) 


Geranomyia semifasciata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 276 
(1911). 


2. Head light grey; frons very narrow ; proboscis black, as 
long as head and thorax together; antennze brownish yellow, 
flagellum darker than scape. Thorax: neck yellowish, a dorsal 
distinct dark brown stripe and a lateral less distinct one on each 
side. Dorsum of thorax yellowish, with a brownish tinge; three 
very narrow, ill-defined, but obvious, reddish brown stripes, well 
separated; the median one barely reaching the anterior margin ; 
behind the suture the space wholly occupied, except the wide 
greyish post-sutural depression, by two large brownish spots, the 
colour gradually merging in that of the Aide ; sides of dorsum 
with whitish reflections. Sides of thorax yellow; scutellum and 
metanotum brownish. Abdomen brownish yellow, posterior border 
of each segment blackish, the colour extending along the sides 
more or less; ovipositor yellowish. Legs pale yellowish, tips of 


396 TIPULID ©. 


femora a little blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey. Auxiliary 
vein ending mid-way between the base of the 2nd vein and the 
tip of the Ist; the 2nd beginning at the middle of the wing; the 
prefurca nearly as long as the rest of the vein, which is a little 
sinuous and curved upwards at tip; marginal cross-vein placed 
distinctly beyond the middle of the marginal cell; base of 3rd 
vein two and a half times as long as anterior cross-vein ; discal 
cell much broader distally, a little longer than double its average 
width, and a little longer than the 2nd and 83rd _ posterior cells ; 
posterior cross-vein in a line with the base of the discal cell, the 
anterior cross-vein in the same straight line. The markings of 
the wing are brown in colour, and are placed as follows :—three 
narrow streaks begin (anterior to the middle of the wing) on the 
costa, and extend posteriorly nearly to the middle of the wing, the 
first streak nearly basal; a fourth narrow costal streak begins at 
the tip of the auxiliary vein and extends to the base of the 3r d vein ; 
the next costal streak (the widest of all) is over the marginal cross- 
vein, and is clear cut, being suddenly reduced to half its width at 
the 2nd longitudinal vein, beyond which it is continued, termi- 
nating abruptly at the 3rd vein; the two remaining costal marks 
are a conical (reversed) and a triangular spot, both touching the 
3rd vein; the anterior cross-vein, the inner side of the discal cell, 
and the posterior cross-vein bear a small spot each, these spots 
being practically contiguous; the distal side of the discal cell is 
suffused with brown and the Ist posterior cell contains two 
lighter spots, the 2nd posterior cell containing one; the 2nd basal 
cell has three small spots; the tip of the 7th vein is suffused. 
Halteres brownish yellow, clubs black. 

Length 5; millim. 

Described from a single specimen taken by Mr, F. M. Howlett 
at Darjiling, 3—9. vi. 09. 

Type in the Pusa collection. 


Genus LIMNOBIA, Jy. 


Limnobia, Meigen, Syst. Besch. i, p. 116 (1818). 

LTimonia, Meigen, Tllig. Magaz. ii, p. 262 (1803) (nom. sine sp.). 
Numantia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (8), il, p. 470 (1854). 
Limnomyza, Rondani, Prod. Ital. Dipt. i. p. 185 (1856). 


Gunoryen: Tipula tripunctata, F.; according to, but not 
designated by, Coquillett (1910). 


Head much as in Dicranomyia. Proboscis and palpi rather 
larger and stouter. Antenne of fourteen joints, which sometimes 
appear as if fifteen in number, as the last joint often possesses a 
cylindrical prolongation, sometimes slightly clavate at the tip, 
which, even in living examples, looks like an additional joint. 
The individual joints of the antennz are generally more elongate 
than in Dicranomyia, especially towards the tip, and the verticels 

8 


LIMNOBIA. 397 


of hair are longer. Jhoraa and abdomen practically as in Dicrano- 
myta, although generally rather more robust in most of the species. 
Genitalia of male with a large fleshy 1st joint, the 2nd formed 
of a large horny hook ; intermediate additional organs are some- 
times present ; a ventral plate. Ovipositor of female much like 
that of Dicranomyia (vide ante). Legs stouter than in Dicranom yid, 
but sometimes of great length; tibie without terminal spurs, 
empodia indistinct or absent, ungues with several teeth below, 
giving them a pectinate appearance, Wings generally shorter and 
broader than in Dicranomyia ; one submarginal cell, four posterior 
cells, discal cell always closed.* 

Auxiliary vein ending some distance beyond origin of 2nd vein ; fF 
the marginal cross-vein, generally falling very near the middle of 
the marginal cell, is placed at the tip of the Ist longitudinal vein 
or a little way before it, generally surrounded by the stigma. In 
some species the appearance of the 1st vein gives the impression 
that it turns down at the tip into the 2nd vein, with a cross-vein 
between it and the costa, but in such cases the vein must be con- 
sidered to pursue its normal course, connected as usual with the 
2nd longitudinal by the normal marginal cross-vein; the same 
appearance occurs not infrequently in species of Dicranomyia (as 
noted under that genus). In general the venation in Limnobia is 
more uniformly consistent than in Dicranomyia; the basal section 
of the 8rd vein is more nearly of a uniform length t; the diseal 
cell is shorter than in Dicranomyia, more often approaching a 
square shape with one corner cut off ; the position of the posterior 
cross-vein varies from distinctly before the base of the discal cell 
(in festiva) to almost at its middle (longinervis). 

ftange. World-wide, nearly two hundred species being known. 

The chief characteristies which distinguish Limnobia from 
icranonyia are: (1) its generally more robust nature, larger size, 
and brighter colouring; (2) the position of the tip of the auxiliary 
vein, which ends much further distally than in Dicranomyia, in 
which it ends approximately opposite the origin of the 2nd vein; 
and (3) the different structure of the male genital organs, this 
latter character being naturally the most difficult one to observe in 
dried insects. 

Many of the species are of considerable size, some having legs 
of great length, as in the European species LZ. bifasciata, Schrk., 


* Personally, I have seen no species with an open discal cell, even in an 
accidental case, and Osten Sacken notes the same fact, yet of course it may 
occur sometimes adventitiously, if not specifically, 

+ The only exception among the Oriental species is festiva, Brun., in which 
it ends opposite the origin of the 2nd vein, but the whole appearance of the 
species is so Limnobia-like that it is, at least, provisionally, placed in this 
genus, The next nearest species of this nature is ¢imctinervis, Brun., in which 
the auxiliary vein ends at the middle of the prafurea, 

¢ At least in all the Oriental species, and such European ones as are 
available for comparison. 


398 TIPULID®. 


and guadrinotata, Mg. The markings of the body are more pro- 
nounced and conspicuous than in Dicranomyia, the species being 
generally yellow with black stripes, with bands and spots on the 
body, and often black rings on the legs, the wings being more 
brightly ornamented in those species possessing wing markings, 
though many species have quite clear wings. The colours in 
Dicranomyia are more obscure: greys, browns, blackish browns 
and more or less sombre colours generally predominating, and the 
Wings in this genus, though often ornamented prettily, have these 
patterns of a more delicate and less conspicuous nature. 

Osten Sacken divided the genus Limnobia tentatively into two 
groups, to which he refrained from giving names as they were not 
of sufficient taxonomic value to be regarded as more than con- 
venient subdivisions to facilitate recognition of species. It is not 
certain whether these groups are still sufficiently clearly differen- 
tiated, if the species of the whole world be considered, and in 
any case there are certainly intermediate species, even among the 
Oriental ones. 

The larger and more typical species of Limnobia, generally in- 
cluding most of the brightly coloured ones, as a rule have the 
marginal cross-vein near the tip of the Ist longitudinal vein.* 
The ovipositor in the females of this group is shorter, more curved, 
and much like that of Dicranomyia. Amongst the Oriental species 
trimaculata, indica and festiva belong here. 

The second group have the marginal cross-vein at some little 
distance before the tip of the 1st longitudinal, and more or less 
obscured by the stigma. ‘The female ovipositor in this group. is 
longer, more slender and more pointed than in the first group.T 

The venation, as previously observed, is much more consistent 
than in Dicranomyia, only L. festiva, Brun., departing from the 
generic character in having the tip of the auxiliary vein opposite 
or barely beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein. In a 
second species—tinctinervis, Brun.—the auxiliary vein ends oppo- 
site the middle of the prefurca ; in all other species it ends more 
distally than in these two. In longinervis, Brun., all the veins in 
the distal part of the wing are much lengthened, the submarginal 
cell and the 1st posterior cell beginning in the middle of the wing. 
All the other Oriental species depart very little from the typical 
venation. 

Life-history. The larva of Limnobia usually lives in decaying 
vegetable matter, especially in rotten wood and fungi. Stannius 
found the larva of Z. bifasciata, Schrk. (better known, perhaps, as 
wanthoptera, Mg.), in an Agaricus. It was wrapped in a sheath of 
earthy matter, rough on the outside, smooth and shining on the 


* The European species L. annulus, Mg., guadrinotata, Mg., and bifasciata, 
Schrk. (wanthoptera, Mg.), belong to this first group, as do also the North 
American species c2ctipes, Say, solitaria, Os. Sac., and triocellata, Os, Sac. 

t Amongst, European species L, /lavipes, Mg., nubeculosa, Mg., sylvicola, 
Schum., and xigropunctata, Schum., belong here. 


LIMNOBIA. 399 


inside, and it passed its transformations underground. Van Roser 
found the larva of Z. annulus in decaying wood ; it resembled an 
earthworm in size as well as colour, and lined its burrows with a 
kind of silken web. 

The imagos occur almost anywhere, many species being found 
occasionally in houses, though they prefer shaded spots in woods. 

Limnobia, as originally constituted by Meigen in 1818, included 
al the Limnozun#, with the exception of Hrioptera, Anisomera, 
Trichocera and Rhipidia. Macquart then reduced it to species 
with four posterior cells. Stephens in 1829 cut off a number of 
species which he formed into the genus Dicranomyia, although, 
subsequently to the creation of this genus, Zetterstedt, Walker 
and others still retained Limnobia in Meigen’s wide acceptation. 
Osten Sacken in 1859 restricted the genus to that section which 
he afterwards designated the Limyogina. In 1869, in his classic 
monograph of the North American species, he admits Linmobia, 
Dicranomyia, Geranomyia, Rhipidia and Trochobola as good genera. 


Table of Species. 


madculated’: (reece. ee sit toe . festiva, sp. n., p. 400. 


vein; wing marked or clear ........ 2 
2. Wing with distinct spots in addition to 
the suffusion around the stigma .... 3. 
Wing clear, or with at most the stigma 
darkened. 1. ieet tena. S6.. 6. 
3. Posterior cross-vein before the inner 
side:of the discal cell yy tie. fad... tinctinervis, sp. n., p. 401. 


Posterior cross-vein in a line with the 
inner side of the discal cell or a little 
more, Gistal 1.5. sept een 4, 

4, Costa with three very distinct dark 
brown spots, the wing being also 
otherwise marked, or at least the 
eross-veingsuffused: S592 92: 2.... 5. 

Costa unspotted, the only wing-marks 
being the stigma and one over the 
base of the 2nd Icngitudinal vein.... zndica, sp. n., p. 401. 

5. Yellow species; very distinct brown 
spots at base, at base of 2nd vein, at 
tip of Ist vein, at tip of wing and tip 
of 7th vein ; most of the veins slightly 
suffused! 3 3.32). cee eno 1... trimaculata, sp. n.; p. 402. 

Brown species; three dull but distinct 
brown spots on costa, closer together ; 
also at the base of the 2nd vein, tip 
of auxiliary vein and tip of Ist vein; 
cross-veins lightly suffused ........ donginervis, sp. n., p. 403. 


400 TIPULID A. 


[o) 


. Wing with stigma blackish ,......... 7% 
Wing wholly clear; posterior cross- 
vein situated at middle of discal cell. centralis, sp. n., p. 403. 
7. Tarsi, except metatarsi, snow-white ..  mivetpes, sp. n., p. 404. 
Tarsi never snow-white ian as; Oe 
8. Discal cell nearly as long as the 2nd or 


atd posterior cell) A Geiie se weet 2: 
Discal cell only half as long as the 2nd 
or ard posterior cell .......%:5. tee nigra, sp. n., p. 404. 


9, The 38rd posterior cell approximately 
oblong ; wing more or less vitreous ; 
sides of abdomen with arow of whitish 


SPOlS Sone Wrasse 6 oe ore ger eee vitripennts, sp. n., p. 405, 
The 3rd posterior cell triangular; wing 
clear; sides of abdomen without white 
SOUS Sh toate ateis tetanus) ane vals Ova ee . triangularis, sp. n., p. 406. 
« ? ) 


287. Limnobia festiva, sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 13.) 


3. Head mainly dark grey, lighter on frons; eyes nearly con- 
tiguous for a short space only; proboscis and palpi blackish ; 
antennal scape black, flagellum blackish ; neck rather robust, 
yellow, dorsum and sides black. Yhorax mainly bright chrome- 
yellow, lighter yellow on sides ; a dark brown median stripe from 
the neck to the scutellum, where it enlarges somewhat and fades 
away ; behind the suture two large, brown, slightly shining spots. 
Scutellum shining brownish, with grey reflections ; metanotum 
with a broad concolorous median brown stripe. Abdomen yellowish, 
a little soft pubescence at the sides ; posterior margins of segments 
distinctly blackish and the dorsum of each segment is a little 
blackish here and there. Belly yellowish, blackish towards apical 
half, margins of segments with well-defined border. Genitalia 
brown, with a few black hairs, apparently consisting of a pair of 
moderate-sized claspers and one or two pairs of smaller organs. 
Legs dark brown ; femora broadly black at tips, with a moderately 
wide subapical yellowish ring. Wings yellowish. Auxiliary vein 
ending opposite the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, as in 
Dicranomyia; the 2nd longitudinal vein originating distinctly 
beyond the middle of the wing; marginal cross-vein distinctly 
before tip of Ist vein; preefurca half as long as remainder of 2nd 
vein ; base of 3rd vein fully twice as long as anterior cross-vein ; 
discal cell distinctly longer than broad, nearly oblong, slightly 
wider distally than at base, distinctly shorter than 2nd and 3rd 
posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein distinctly before base of discal 
cell. A dark brown spot over the stigma, the prefurca darkened 
also, the colour of both spots united with one over the fork of the 
2nd vein. The following lighter brownish grey suffusions :—a 
square spot in the middle of the very broad anterior basal cell, 
which is more faintly duplicated in the posterior basal cell; the 
tip of the wing from the tip of the 2nd vein to the 8rd posterior 
cell, inclusive. Wings highly glassy and iridescent. Halteres 
blackish. 


LIMNOBIA, 401 


Length 7 millim. 

Described from a single male from Kurseong, taken in June, 
1910. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Although the auxiliary vein ends opposite the base of the 2nd 
vein as in Dicranomyia, there can be no doubt that this species is 
better placed in Limnobia, from its robustness, broader wings, and 
stouter legs. It has every appearance of the more compact bright 
yellow and black species of Zimnobia found in Europe. 


288. Limnobia tinctinervis, sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 12.) 


Q. Head blackish grey, back of head with some long hairs. 
Antennal scape and Ist flagellar joint blackish, remainder brownish 
yellow with whitish grey pubescence. Proboscis brownish yellow ; 
palpi blackish. Thoraw rather bright yellow ; two narrow median 
brown stripes joined by an intermediate dark grey stripe; these 
stripes reaching from the anterior margin to the suture only. 
Scutellum pale yellow ; metanotum brownish yellow, with a brown 
dorsal mark or stripe; sides of thorax yellowish. Abdomen 
brownish yellow, with a little light pubescence ; posterior margins 
of segments dark brown, Genitalia normal, brownish yellow. 
Legs uniformly brownish yellow; femora rather incrassated at 
tips, where they are slightly blackish. Wings nearly clear. 
Auxiliary vein ending at one-third of the distance between the 
origin of the 2nd vein and the tip of the Ist. Veins yellow, 
except where they are narrowly and shortly suffused with black. 
These suffusions are placed thus :—a rather long space beyond the 
base of the costal cell; the costal vein and 1st vein shortly, just 
above the base of the 2nd vein, which is also similarly darkened ; 
a blackish square spot over the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein 
enclosing the marginal cross-vein; both cross-veins; the two 
veinlets forming the distal side of the discal cell; fork of the 2nd 
vein; origin of 3rd vein ; tips of all the branches of the 4th vein, 
with the tips of the 5th, 6th and 7th veins. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 34 millim. 

Described from one specimen, Darjiling, 10. viii. 09 (Paiva). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


289. Limnobia indica, sp. noy. (Pl. VII, fig. 15; Pl. XI, fig. 1.) 


‘3d Q. Head mainly dark brown ; antenne pale yellow. Thorax: 
neck dark brown, with some stiff hairs. Dorsum yellowish, 
rather brighter in front of the suture, from which to the anterior 
border runs a narrow blackish stripe ; sides of thorax pale yellow, 
almost livid. Seutellum and upper part of metanotum with a 
blackish tinge. Abdomen yellowish, with the dorsum more or less 
occupied by a broad blackish stripe, which in the female sometimes 
fills the whole surface ; on the last two segments there is on each 
one a blackish mark on each side, towards the side margins. 


402 TIPULID®. 


Genitalia of male consisting mainly of a very large pair of hairy 
yellow fleshy bifid claspers, surmounted by a pair of small black- 
tipped hooks; a small palp-hke organ emerges from below the 
ultimate segment of the abdomen ; these organs are not enclosed 
by any protecting plates or sheaths. In the female the ovipositor 
consists of a rather larger upper conical piece, ending in two 
comparatively small sheaths, and below this a pair of shorter 
smaller organs, which also terminate in a pair of hard chitinous 
sheaths ; the upper piece bears a pair of peculiarly curved bristles. 
directed backwards. Legs dark brown, basal part of femora pale, 
and also broadly pale beyond the middle, leaving a moderately 
wide black ring at tip. Wings nearly clear; a brownish square 
stigma at tip of 1st longitudinal vein; base of prefurea very 
slightly suffused; veins black. Halteres with the stem pale, 
considerably pubescent ; knob black, bare. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from several specimens in thé Indian Museum from 
Calcutta (September to February), where it is not uncommon, 
and Katihar, Bengal, 7-31. viii. 10. I have seen it from Madhupur, 
Bengal, 13.x.09 (Paiva), and it is in the Pusa collection from 
Pusa, 18-20. ii. 08 (on moss) and ix. 07. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


290. Limnobia trimaculata, sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 16.) 


3 9. Head entirely blackish, back of head dark grey ; antennal 
scape black, flagellum pale yellow. Thorax: dorsum yellowish 
white, with a broad brown median stripe from the anterior 
margin, widening posteriorly until it reaches the suture, behind 
which are two large oval brown spots which reach the scutellum ; 
sides of thorax yellowish white. Scutellum and metanotum 
brown, the former with a narrow pale median line. Abdomen 
yellowish ; dorsum of each segment wholly dark brown, posterior 
border of segments in female narrowly pale. Genitalia of male 
pale yellow ; in the female the ovipositor is reddish yellow, with 
two shining small black spots on the lower side. Legs pale 
yellow; femora and tibia with brown tips; tarsi brownish. 
Wings nearly clear, veins brown; three distinct, but not large, 
round brown spots situated as follows :—the Ist at the base of the 
marginal cells, the 2nd on the origin of the prefurca, the 
3rd at the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein. Extreme tip of wing 
pale brown, cross-veins a little infuscated, as is also the tip of the 
7th vein; a tendency to slight infuscation at the tips of some of 
the other veins. Halteres pale yellow, knobs blackish brown. 

Length 64-74 millim. 

Described from several examples in the Indian Museum taken 
at Kurseong by Dr. Annandale, 3—5. vil. 08 and 18-29. vi. 09, when 
he foand it common amongst ferns and low herbage, often entering 
houses at night, attracted by a light. 


LIMNOBIA. 403 


291. Limnobia longinervis, sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 14.) 


2. Head: eyes nearly contiguous ; back of head on upper half 
brown, on lower half blackish grey. Proboscis brownish yellow ; 
palpi blackish. Antennal scape dark grey, flagellum blackish. 
Thorax brownish yellow; centre of dorsum oceupied by two 
contiguous concolorous stripes from anterior margin to suture. 
Secutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax concolorous, with 
lighter reflections here and there. Abdomen brownish yellow, the 
major part of the dorsum of each segment dark brown ; pubescence 
very short. Belly mainly yellowish, with indistinct blackish 
marks. Ovipositor compact, robust, apparently more complex 
than usual, terminal blades short. Legs brownish yellow ; femora 
becoming rather darker towards the tips, but the tips themselves 
broadly of the prevailing paler colour. Wings grey. Auxiliary 
vein ending half-way between the origin of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein and the tip of the 1st ; the 2nd vein originating some distance 
before the middle of the wing, the preefurca rather short ; the 3rd 
vein beginning just beyond the tip of the prefurca; the anterior 
cross-vein in a line with the basal side of the discal cell, which is 
about twice as long as broad ; all the fine veins running to the 
wing-border parallel ; posterior cross-vein just before middle of 
discal cell. There are two small pale grey suffusions over the 
base of the 2nd vein and the tip of the Ist, respectively ; a third, 
over the tip of the auxiliary vein is indistinctly continued along 
the fork of the 2nd vein, the base of the 3rd and the anterior 
cross-vein, whilst there is a trace of grey suffusion over the distal 
sides of the discal cell and over the posterior cross-vein. Halteres 
blackish. 

Length 9 millim. 

Described from a single perfect female from Kurseong, 5. ix. 09 
(Annandale), 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The peculiarity of this species is the length of the 2nd, 3rd, 
and 4th veins, due to the 2nd vein originating much nearer the 
base of the wing than is usual, thus giving the wing some 
resemblance at a casual glance to that of a Libnotes. 


292. Limnobia centralis, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head grey; frons very narrow, whitish grey, Proboscis 
and palpi dark brown, moderately pubescent. Antenne dark 
brownish yellow, the ultimate joint elongated, sometimes giving 
the appearance of the antenne being 15-jointed. Thorax varying 
from greyish brown to claret-brown; no obvious dorsal stripes. 
Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax concolorous, the 
scutellum a little yellowish. Abdomen blackish, a little pubescent 
at the sides. Genitalia concolorous, considerably pubescent ; an 
upper oblong moderate-sized plate, a small ventral one, a pair of 


large bifid claspers and a pair of pointed chitinous organs bearing 
2p 


404 TIPULID®. 


red hairs at their tips. Ovipositor yellowish. Legs yellowish, 
paler or darker; femora sometimes brown. Wings narrow, 
long, clear, iridescent, immaculate, without stigma. Auxiliary 
vein ending half-way between base of 2nd longitudinal and the 
marginal cross-vein, which latter is placed at nearly two-thirds of 
the length of the marginal cell; the 2nd vein beginning some 
distance before the middle of the wing; the prefurca being less 
than half as long as the remaining portion of the vein ; basal part 
of 3rd vein oblique, twice as long as anterior cross-vein ; discal 
cell more than twice as long as broad, upper and lower sides 
nearly parallel, the cell not so long as the 2nd and 3rd _ posterior 
cells ; posterior cross-vein almost exactly in the centre of the 
discal cell; seventh vein short; all the veins running to the 
distal margin of the wing parallel. Halteres dirty pale yellow, 
clubs blackish. 

Length 6-74 millim. 

Described from two males and two females from Kurseong, 
18-23. vi. 10 (Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

The position of the posterior cross-vein at the middle of the 
discal cell will differentiate this species from all other Oriental 
ones in the genus except L. nigra and L, longinervis, from each of 
which it is easily recognised by the entirely clear wings. 


293. Limnobia niveipes, sp. nov. 


Q. Head wholly black ; antenne wholly black, with very short 
pubescence. Thorax wholly dull black, with very few hairs. 
Traces of a very narrow white line between prothorax and anterior 
margin of dorsum. Seutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax 
wholly dull black. Abdomen wholly dull black, nearly bare 
(possibly rubbed). Ovipositor black, small, the tip yellowish. 
Legs black, except the tarsi, which (with the exception of the 
metatarsal joint) are snow-white. Wings dark grey. Auxiliary 
vein ending before half the distance between the origin of the 
2nd longitudinal vein and the tip of the Ist vein; venation as in 
L. indica, except that the posterior cross-vein is placed a little 
before the discal cell. Stigma oval, dark brown. Halteres 
blackish. 

Length 6 millim. | 

Described from one female taken by me at Darjiling, 28. v. 10, 
on the hillside. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This species is easily distinguished from all other eastern species 
by its snow-white tarsi. 


294. Limnobia nigra, sp. nov. 


39. Head blackish, with black hairs behind; eyes nearly 
contiguous ; proboscis and palpi black ; antenne somewhat robust, 


LIMNOBIA, 405 


joints very distinct, black, with grey pubescence. Thorax dull 
black, blackish brown, or blackish grey; dorsum barely darker, 
sutures barely lighter. Two widely separated rows of dorso- 
central stiff hairs. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax 
concolorous. Abdomen black, with a little very short golden grey 
pubescence at the sides, and here and there on dorsum and belly, 
the pubescence apparently sparser in the female. Belly dark 
brown. Legs: coxe black, remainder of legs (ineluding tro- 
chanters) brownish yellow; tips of tarsi blackish, Wings very 
pale yellowish grey, nearly clear, iridescent. Auxiliary vein 
ending above the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which latter 
originates before the middle of the wing, the preefurca being short, 
considerably curved, and much less than half as long as the 
remainder of the vein ; submarginal cell distinctly longer than the 
Ist posterior cell; base of 3rd vein in a line with anterior cross- 
vein and of about the same length; discal cell twice as long as 
broad, considerably shorter than the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; 
posterior cross-vein situated just beyond middle of discal cell ; the 
3rd vein and the veinlets of the 4th vein issuing from the discal 
cell are all lined with very short hairs. Stigma over marginal 
cross-vein (just beyond middle of marginal cell), small, brown, 
narrow but distinct, yet with ill-defined edges. Halteres yellowish, 
clubs blackish brown. 

Length 6 millim. 

Described from one male and two females taken at Pallode, 
20 miles N.E. of Trivandrum, Travancore, 15. xi, 08 (Annan- 
dale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

The length of the longitudinal veins in the distal half of the 
Wing approximates the wing of this species to that of L. lonyi- 
nervis. The hairy veins are a character of this species. 


295. Limnobia vitripennis, sp. Nov. 


2. Head yellowish brown, including proboscis, palpi,. and 
antennee, of which latter the scapal joints appear to be shortened 
(head somewhat damaged). Thora dark brownish yellow, dorsum 
distinctly darker brown ; pleure slightly shining. Abdomen 
blackish grey, margins of segments broadly yellowish on under- 
side. Ovipositor black, shining; valves reddish brown, short.. 
Legs brownish yellow; tibie a little darker. Wings pale grey,. 
somewhat narrow, distinctly vitreous and iridescent. Auxiliary 
vein ending at one-third of the distance between the origin of the: 
2nd longitudinal vein and the tip of the 1st; the 2nd vein 
originating at the middle of the wing, the prefurea nearly as long 
as the remaining portion; basal part of 3rd vein longer than 
anterior cross-vein; discal cell not much longer than broad; 
posterior cross-vein distinctly before the discal cell. A brownish 

2D2 


~ 


406 TIPULIDA. 


spot over the marginal vein, and a less distinct one at the tip of 
the 2nd vein. 

Length 5 millim. 

Deseribed from a female from Darjiling, taken by me on the 
hillside, 30. ix. 08. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Somewhat easy to distinguish by its glassy iridescent wings. 


296. Limnobia triangularis, sp. nov. 


2. Head: frons very wide, dark grey; antenne brownish 
yellow; proboscis yellowish, palpi darker. Z'horaw yellowish, 
with three light brown dorsal stripes of the usual pattern; the 
outer ones continued hindwards to the posterior margin, the 
median one running from the anterior margin to middle of the 
dorsum. Scutellum and metanotum brownish; sides of thorax 
yellowish, pleuree apparently not darker. Abdomen rather pale 
yellowish ; an indistinct narrow brown stripe on the posterior 
margins of most of the segments ; base of abdomen a little darker. 
Ovipositor moderate in size, yellow. Legs brownish yellow. 
Wings clear. Auxiliary vein continued nearly as far as the 
bifurcation of the 2nd vein ; the latter originating at some distance 
‘before the middle of the wing, the prefurea being much longer 
than the remaining portion ; marginal cross-vein indistinct, opposite 
-anterior cross-vein ; basal part of 3rd vein about equal to anterior 
cross-vein ; discal cell twice as long as bread, equal in length to 
the 2nd posterior cell; 3rd posterior cell triangular ; posterior 
eross-vein in a line with the base of the discal cell. Stigma 
distinet, pale blackish, indistinctly outlined ; the lst, 5th, and 7th 
veins somewhat pronounced. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from one specimen from Barogh, in the Simla hills, 
5000 ft., taken by Dr. Annandale, 10.v.10, at the edge of a 
small stream. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus CERATOSTEPHANUS, Brun. 
Ceratostephanus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 271 (1911). 


Gunoryen, Ceratostephanus antennatus, Brun.; by present 
designation. 

General appearance and structure identical with those of 
Limnobia, Mg.,and Dicranomyia, Steph. Venation as in Limnobia, 
except that the auxiliary vein, ending a little beyond the middle 
of the wing, is almost exactly opposite the origin of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein, with the subcostal cross-vein at its tip. 

Eyes closely touching on the upperside for the whole distance 
from the vertex, also contiguous on the underside. Proboscis of 


CERATOSTEPHANUS, 407 


moderate length. Palpi stout, rather long, 4-jointed, 1st joint the 
shortest. The second generic character of importance is the 
extraordinary appendages to the antenne. The ist scapal joiut 
is normal, moderately long, rather broader at the tip; the 2nd is 
large, wider, oval; both joints with stiff hairs. The flagellum 
consists of twelve elongate joints, each with a pair of diverging 
strong long bristly hairs on the upperside, situated a little 
beyond the base, and furnished on the underside at about the same 
place with a pair of large elongate conspicuous palp-like pubescent 
appendages. The legs are very thin and much lengthened. 
fiange. The genotype is the only species known. 

The peculiar formation of the antenne in this genus immediately 
distinguishes it from all others known from the East. There is 2 
resemblance in the antennal appendages to Westwood’s illustration 
of Ozodicera gracilis,* Westw., but that genus belongs to the 
subfamily TIPULIN®. ; 


297. Ceratostephanus antennatus, Brun. (Pl. XI, fig. 17.) 


Ceratostephanus antennatus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 272 


(1911). 


3. Head blackish at the back, with a few bristles. Owing to 
the construction of the eyes, which are absolutely contiguous from 
the vertex downwards, there is no frons, but a row of irregular- 
sized bristles set between the eyes shows the only line of demarca- 
tion between them. Proboscis brown; palpi dark brown, pubescent, 
Ist joint the shortest, the others comparatively long. Antenne 
with the Ist scapal joint elongate, broader at tip, 2nd enlarged 
considerably, oval, both with stiff hairs. The flagellum of twelve 
elongated cylindrical pale yellow joints, each with a pair of strong 
long diverging bristles on the upperside just beyond the base ; on 
the underside, at about the same place are two dark brown 
elongate palp-like processes, very conspicuous, pendant, and of 
considerable size, with whitish pubescence. Thorax brownish, 
darker on the dorsum ; scutellum and metanotum of similar colour. 
Abdomen brownish yellow, sides of abdomen and posterior margins 
of segments distinctly blackish; belly similar. Genitalia con- 
sisting of a pair of large linear fleshy claspers of two joints of 
equal length and size, below which is a horny narrow elongate 
style, apparently immovable. Legs brownish yellow; tips of 
femora and tarsi barely darker. Wings: venation as in typical 
Limnobia, except that the auxiliary vein ends just above the 
origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, with the subcostal cross-vein 
at its tip. Colour of wing almost clear, with very numerous very 
small pale grey spots and short streaks covering the surface; a 
very slightly darker grey, just sufficient to be perceptible, over 
the cross-veins, the origin of the 2nd vein, tip of 1st vein, tip of 


* Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1881, pl. xviii, fig. 8. 


408 TIPULID A. 


7th vein, and at two places on the costa, the first nearly basal, 
the second opposite the tip of the 7th vein ; in all the darker grey 
spots along the costa the 1st longitudinal vein is black; in the 
rest of the wing the veins are generally brownish, but here and 
there for a short distance they are sometimes pale yellow, some- 
times black. Halteres pale yellowish, clubs barely darker. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a single male from Simla, 24. iv. 07 (Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus ATYPOPHTHALMUS, Brun. 
Atypophthalmus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 275 (1911). 


GENOTYPE, <Atypophthalmus holopticus, Brun.; by present 
designation. 


Allied to Limnobia, Mg., from which it differs only in the 
eyes being absolutely contiguous in both sexes from the vertex to 
half-way to the base of the antenne ; they are also contiguous on 
the lower side in both sexes. There is a distinct neck; the 
proboscis is about half the height of the head; the male genitalia 
are large and conspicuous. 


298. Atypophthalmus holopticus, Brun. (Pl. XI, fig. 9.) 


Atypophthalmus holopticus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 273 
(1911). 


3 Q. Head: vertex and back of head yellowish grey, with long 
stiff hairs. Eyes contiguous above in both sexes for a considerable 
distance, below which is a very narrow short grey frons; they 
are also contiguous on the underside; the surface of the eyes is 
concave.* Proboscis, palpi, and antenne brownish yellow or pale 
brown, the joints subcylindrical, a little elongated ; the last joint 
attenuated, constricted towards the tip, making it appear almost 
like two joints. Zhorav: dorsum brownish yellow, with three 
brownish oval spots, the upper one taking the place of the usual 
median stripe, situated just m front of the suture, but only 
extending half-way to the anterior margin ; the other two spots 
placed behind the suture in the usual position. Scutellum of the 
same colour as these spots; sides of thorax and metanotum 
brownish yellow, the centre of the latter brownish, a lateral dark 
brown stripe across the pleurze. Abdomen of male blackish ; of female 
more dark brownish, shining. Belly of male with the basal part of 
the basal segments yellowish ; in the female, belly almost wholly 
yellowish. Genital organs of male large, conspicuous, and complex : 


* This may be accidental, or due to shrinking after death, but the specimens 
are in perfect condition otherwise, and show no trace of damage, moreover the 
feature indicated is present in both eyes of both specimens. 


ATYPOPHTHALMUS.—LIBNOTES, 409 


a large squarish brown dorsal plate, with the corners rounded and 
the bind margin emarginate, with stiff black hairs on its dorsum 
and long yellow hairs on the hind margin ; the large first joint of 
the claspers is irregularly shaped, longer than broad, narrower 
apically, where from an invaginated recess issue from each joint a 
strong black hook and a moderately long, cylindrical, yellowish 
appendage of softer texture, with a hairy tip; a very distinct 
inner pair of two-jointed claspers, the first joint approximately 
ovate, narrower at the tip, the 2nd joint evidently hard, horny, 
shining brown, in the shape of a long hook ; there is also a peculiar, 
large central piece, apparently fleshy, yellowish in colour, with an 
obtuse tip which reaches posteriorly not beyond the Ist joint of 
the inner pair of claspers ; this central piece enlarged below into 
a sort of cup-shaped cavity facing hindwards, and apparently 
attached to the root of the hypopygium immediately above the 
ventral V-shaped plate.* Ovipositor of the female apparently 
normal but somewhat large, especially the basal portion. Legs 
brownish yellow, tips of femora darker. Wangs pale grey ; venation 
practically normal. Auxiliary vein ending nearly half-way between 
the beginning of the 2nd vein and the tip of the Ist longitudinal] 
vein ; discal cell nearly square, about as long as the 2nd and 3rd 
posterior cells, its inner side in a direct line with the posterior 
cross-vein. Stigma distinct but ill-defined, blackish ; a faint small 
infuscation at the base of the 2nd vein. Halteres yellow ; clubs 
blackish. 

Length 43-5 millim. 

Described from a male and female taken by Dr. Annandale 
in Calcutta, the male (8.ix.10) in a spider’s web, the female 
(20. viii. 09) in the house, at night. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


Genus LIBNOTES, Westw. 
Libnotes, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 505. 


Genotypp, Libnotes thwaitesiana, Westw., by original 
designation. 


Head small, placed on a short neck, rounded, mainly occupied 
by the, eyes which are more or less contiguous above and below 
the antenne. Proboscis comparatively short: palpi short, 
4-jointed. Antenns comparatively short; slender, 14-jointed, 
the 2nd scapal joint very short; flagellar joints with a single 
long hair on the upperside only of each joint. Zhoraw compact, 
oval, without conspicuous hairs. Abdomen short, depressed, linear, 
about twice as long as the thorax. Genitalia small in male, short 
and pointed in female. Legs very long and thin, microscopically 


* This so-called ventral plate appears to be the sternum of the eighth 
segment. 


410 VIPULIDA. 


pubescent. Wings narrow, long, about one and a half times to 
twice the length of the abdomen. One marginal, one sub- 
marginal, and four posterior cells, and the discal cell always 
present ; auxiliary vein ending at the middle of the wing, the Ist 
longitudinal at a little further beyond still; the 2nd longitudinal 
beginning before the middle of the wing at a moderately wide 
angle, and shortly after its origin taking a sudden angular turn 
upwards, thence running in a gentle curve to the margin near the 
tip of the wing; the 3rd vein beginning just below the 2nd, and 
after the short basal part, running approximately parallel with 
that vein to the wing-tip or just below it; the anterior cross-vein 
in a line with the basal part of the 3rd vein and placed at the 
proximal corner of the discal cell, which is considerably elongate, 
three or four times as long as broad; the 4th vein has the upper 
branch forked at the middle of the discal cell, the lower branch 
simple, bisinuate, all the three branches being approximately 
parallel to the 2nd and 38rd veins; posterior cross-vein at about 
the middle of the discal cell; the 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal 
veins more or less straight ; subcostal cross-vein at tip of auxiliary 
vein ; marginal cross-vein always present and distinct, placed at 
about the tip of the 1st longitudinal, dividing the marginal cell 
into two more or less equal portions. 

Range. The genus is known only from the Orient and Australia 
except for a single species, L. paciloptera, Os. Sac., which extends 
from Sumatra to Japan. 

Owing to the peculiar venation of this genus dipterologists were 
puzzled for some time as to its correct place in the family ; but 
Osten Sacken pointed out that the wing represented what might 
be termed an exaggerated form of Limnobia, the same cells being 
present, but through the unusual approximation of the origin of 
the 2nd and 3rd veins, the anterior cross-vein and discal cell 
towards the base of the wing, the posterior cells are all greatly 
elongated, which gives the wing its characteristic appearance. 
Judging from the four or five species I have seen the venation 
appears remarkably constant. 


Table of Species. 


1. Wing clear; body wholly bright orange.. rufa, Meij., p. 414. 
Wing with distinct marks, body grey or 
Gull brownish! yellOw tie is0i6 esis 2s nieces 2. 
. Wing-marks on longitudinal veins of con- 
siderable length, though very narrow ., fuscinervis, sp. u., p. 411. 
Wing-marks on longitudinal veins reduced 
to (very small Sspotst ei) -!- = 0+ 0b <te 3. 
3. Surface of wing with a few very pale 
erey spots, sufficiently large to reach 
from one vein to another ............ notatinervis, 8p. 0., p. 412. 
Surface of wing without such pale grey 
SPOts xi ..iietet stele MMe tells)’ kis punctipennis, Meij.,p. 415. 


i) 


LIBNOTES. 411 


299. Libnotes fuscinervis, sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 5; Pl. XI, 
fig. 8.) 


3. Head: the distinct narrow frons and face, and the whole 
of the back part of the head bright yellow, with a very slight 
brownish tinge. Proboscis and palpi brownish. Antennal scape 
yellow; Ist joint long, cylindrical, 2nd short, broadly cup-shaped ; 
flagellum of twelve oval black joints, slightly pubescent. Thorax : 
neck pale fawn, sides light brown. Dorsum of thorax pale fawn, 
with a wide light brown median stripe from the anterior border 
to the suture, where it stops abruptly, being slightly subdivided, 
and with a spot on each side of it; a brown band from the root 
of the wing to anterior border of thorax ; the brown colour on 
the dorsum covering the whole of the thorax behind the suture, 
also that of the scutellum and metanotum, except for a broad 
yellowish fawn median stripe ending on the scutellar hind border ; 
sides of thorax yellowish grey with light brown marks. Abdomen 
light brownish yellow; posterior borders of segments a little 
lighter, distinct ; belly blackish with a pale median stripe. The 
genital organs of considerable complexity : a dorsal plate, wide at 
the base, narrowing to nearly half its width at about half its 
length, where it is also much depressed (giving the appearance of 
two doorsteps, the lower one much the narrower) ; a pair of thick 
claspers, of two joints of nearly equal length, approximately 
ovate but of somewhat irregular shape, the second of which 
appears to possess four slender appendages, a long and a shorter 
slightly curved tooth-like spine, a smaller two-jointed finger-lke 
piece, and a strong short curved black-tipped tooth-like spine ; 
the 1st joint of the claspers bearing at its base a short thumb-like 
piece towards its inner side ; a ventral plate, narrow, and slightly 
contracted just before its tip. The whole genital organ is 
brownish yellow and bears very few hairs. Legs brownish yellow, 
microscopically serrate; femora with a narrow ring just before 
the tip; tibia and tarsi blackish at extreme tips. Wings pale 
grey, fore border and anterior part at tip yellowish. Submarginal 
cell divided by a cross-vein just before the middle, a little before 
the marginal cross-vein which latter exactly divides the marginal 
cell; this feature has not been mentioned in connection with any 
other species. With this exception the venation agrees precisely 
with that of LZ. notata, Wulp (Tijd. Ent. xxi, pl. xii, fig. 5). The 
veins, for the greater part of their length, carry dark brown 
narrow suffusions, which (judging by the three examples before 
me) appear to be regular in their distribution although varying 
in intensity. The darkened portions are as follows :—the tips of 
both the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins ; all the cross-veins, 
and, for a short distance, the parts of the longitudinal veins con 
nected by them; the prefurca; the basal fourth and last fourth 
(except the extreme tip) of 2nd vein, also more or less of this 


412 TIPULID A. 


vein in he region of the cross-veins; the basal third of 3rd longi- 
tudinal vein; approximately the distal boundary of the discal 
cell; the distal half of the anterior branch of the 4th vein (after 
quitting the discal cell); very narrowly along the 5th vein; the 
posterior margin of wing more or less from the tip of the 5th vein 
to the wing-tip; the base and tip of 7th vein, and, in a less 
distinct manner, a spot or two about the wing-base. 

Length 10 millim. 

Described from a type male in the Indian Museum from Dar- 
jiling 9. viii.09 (Paiva), with a second from the same place, 
5. vii. 09, and a third taken there by me, 22. ix. 08. 

L. fuscinervis would come in Osten Sacken’s table of the 
Oriental species of Libnotes (Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 182) next 
to L. quadrifurca, Walk., from which it is distinguished by the 
cross-vein in the submarginal cell, and by the inner end of the 
2nd posterior cell being much nearer the base of the wing than 
that of the 8rd; also the dark marks in the wings are confined 
to the veins, showing no signs of forming rings, as in Walker’s 
species. 


300, Libnotes notatinervis, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 7.) 


2. Head and frons mainly blackish brown; eyes almost con- 
tiguous, leaving a dark brownish yellow interval, facets small. 
Antenne with only sparse short hairs. Neck rather bright reddish 
yellow, a little darker here and there. Yhorav with anterior 
part of dorsum and two large oval spots behind the suture dark 
brown, the spots separated by a rather wide yellowish white 
depression, joined to the scutellum, which is uniformly of the 
same colour. Sides dark yellowish brown; metanotum shining, 
very dark blackish brown. Abdomen brownish yellow, the major 
portion of each segment from the base blackish. | Ovipositor dark 
yellowish brown, with a little light pubescence, rather large. 
Legs yellow; a subapical, rather narrow, distinct but not deep, 
black ring on all the femora; tips of tarsi blackish. Wings: 
venation as in 4, notata, Wulp; clear, costal cell yellowish ; veins 
yellow, marked with pale grey round and oval spots, on which 
spots the veins become black and in some cases lightly infuseated. 
The more conspicuous of these spots are placed as follows :—at the 
base of the preefurca; a spot extending from the tip of the 
auxiliary vein to the 2nd longitudinal vein ; a spot encircling the 
tip of the 1st vein and the marginal cross-vein; an oval spot at 
the tip of the 2nd vein ; several, more or less united, along the basal 
half of the 3rd vein, one in the anterior basal cell; along the 
hind margin of the 4th posterior cell; the apical portion of the 
5th vein and the distal half of the 7th vein. Along the rest of 
the veins similar (possibly irregular) small grey spots are placed. 
Halteres yellowish brown. 

Length 8 millim, 


LIBNOTES. 413 


Described from a unique female in the Indian Museum taken 
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, Darjiling district, 5000 ft., 
6. ix. 09. 

Both this species and the following one, ZL. punctipennis, 
would be associated in Osten Sacken’s table with his own species, 
L. peeciloptera, and with Walker’s L. strigivena.* As only one 
specimen is present it is impossible to say how far the markings 
ot the wing are constant; but judging from my limited expe- 
rience in the other species, "the markings of any particular species 
appear to vary more in intensity than in pattern. 


301. Libnotes punctipennis, Meij. (Pl. VIII, fig. 6.) 
Lnbnotes punctipennis, Meijere, Tijd. Ent. liv, p. 35 (1911). 


3 2. Head with eyes nearly contiguous ; occiput and the 
very narrow interocular space yellowish grey, the former with a 
few pale yellow hairs. Proboscis and palpi blackish. Antennal 
scape biack, Ist joint shghtly incrassated towards the tip; flagel- 
lum yellow, the joints subglobular at the base, becoming much 
more elongated towards the tip.r Thorax rather elongated in 
front, the shoulders considerably depressed. Pale yellowish, with 
Ww hiteh reflections when viewed from certain directions ; with four 
brown stripes of moderate width on the dorsum: the median 
pair close together, and joined in front for some distance before 
reaching the anterior margin; outer stripes much abbreviated in 
front, and widely interrupted at the mesonotal suture, reappear- 
ing beyond it as a pair of elongated spots; the median stripes 
not going beyond the suture ; traces of a brownish mark behind 
each shoulder. Sides of avcniae pale yellowish, a narrow brown 
stripe along the side of the neck reaching to the base of the 
wing, and a brownish horizontal streak on the pleure ; scutellum 
pale yellowish, slightly brownish at sides ; metanotum brownish. 
Abdomen yellowish brown, with a little ‘pale pubescence ; Ist 
segment at sides broadly, remaining segments at sides narrowly, 
and part of the dorsum of some of the segments, dark brown ; 
belly more or less similar. Ovipositor rather conspicuous, 
yellowish brown. Legs brownish yellow; tips of femora elohely 
thickened, rather broadly dark brown; tips of tibiw just per- 
ceptibly darker ; tips of tarsi darker. Wings clear ; venation as 
in L, notata, Wulp ; ; the markings somewhat resembling those of 
L. notatinervis, the veins carrying numerous small pale grey spots, 
mostly circular or oval; veins yellow, except on the spots, when 
they become black. Slight blackish infuscations are placed as 
follows:—at the base of the prefurca; tip of Ist longitudinal, 


* Berl. Ent. Zeits, xxxi, p. 182 (1887). 
| The prolongation of the 12th joint of the flagellum ‘‘simulating a 15th 
joint” according to Osten Sacken, is very distinct, though quite short. 


414 x TIPULID®. 


including marginal cross-vein; tip of 2nd vein; tip of anterior 
branch of 4th; tips of 5th and 7th veins; base of 3rd vein, 
the spot extending over the anterior cross-vein ; and the posterior 
cross-vein. Halteres pale yellow, tips of knobs black. 

Length 8 millim. 

Redeseribed from two males and two females in the Indian 
Museum, from Darjiling, 6. viii. 09 (Paiva); Mazbat, Mangaldai 
district, Assam, 11-15.x.10 (Kemp); and Peradeniya, Ceylon, 
5. viii. 10 and 15. x. 09 (Green). There is a female in the Vienna 
Museum, also from Ceylon. 

Type S in the Amsterdam Museum. 

Meijere described only the male. The species varies con- 
siderably in size. 


302. Libnotes rufa, Jez). 
Libnotes rufa, Meijere, Tijd. Ent. liv, p. 39 (1911). 


3 2. Head bright orange-yellow ; proboscis and palpi brown ; 
antennee formed as in JL. fuscinervis, dark brown, except the 
brownish yellow scape. Zhorav and abdomen, with belly, bright 
orange-yellow; dorsum of abdomen with the faintest trace 
of a very narrow black line. Genitalia resembling those of 
L. fuscinervis, with a rather small, narrowly conical organ between 
the claspers and the ventral sheath. Zegs mainly pale orange- 
yellow ; fore femora black on distal three-fourths, posterior femora 
black towards tips ; tarsi black at tips. Wings clear grey ; costal 
cell, as far as the dark brown stigma, and base of wing 
orange-yellow in male, black or blackish in female; veins con- 
eolorous. Venation as in ZL. notata, Wulp. Halteres yellow; 
clubs black. 

Length 11 millim. 

Redescribed from specimens in the Indian Museum from 
Calcutta, 5. viii. 08 (Annandale), and Peradeniya, Ceylon, 13 and 
17. vii. 10 (Gravely); also from two in my own collection from 
Calcutta, taken by me. Mr. E. E. Green has also sent specimens 
for identification from Ceylon. 

Type @ in the Amsterdam Museum. 

In Osten Sacken’s table of Oriental species the present one 
would be separated from LZ. imponens, Walk. by the orange-yellow 
(not piceous) abdomen, the yellow veins and the absence of the 
long black stigma; but this latter character would not so easily 
distinguish the female. Meijere described only the female (from 
Java), but there can be little doubt, the male attributed here to 
his species is really the other sex, being quite identical in all 
respects except for the striking difference in the colour of the 
costal cell. In this species, in the specimens that have come 
before me at least, the Ist longitudinal vein seems to fade away 
at its tip instead of turning up as usual into the costa, and as the 


RHAMPHIDIINI. 415 


marginal cross-vein is quite distinct and meets the Ist longitudinal 
in a curve, the appearance is given of the 1st longitudinal distinctly 
turning down into the 2nd vein as in the T1PULIN«, 


Section RH AMPHIDIINI. 


Proboscis normally conspicuously produced,* sometimes short 
(Atarba). Antenne usually 16-jointed, in one genus (J'oworhina) 
only 12-jointed. The wings with one submarginal cell (none in 
Toworhina) and four posterior cells; the discal cell closed in all 
the Oriental genera except Orimarga. The auxiliary vein ends 
generally about the middle of the wing; it is longer in Antocha 
and Orimarga, but barely apparent in Gymnastes. The marginal 
cross-vyein is present in T'eucholabis, Gymnastes, and Orimarga, 
being placed about the middle of the marginal cell; it is feeble in 
Antocha; absent in Atarba, Toworhina, and Rhamphidia. Posterior 
eross-vein situated before the discal cell or before its middle ; in 
Orimarga placed very far back making the 4th posterior cell as long 
as the 2nd basal cell. The rest of the venation normally typical. 

This is somewhat of a heterogeneous group still, and was classed 
by Osten Sacken amongst his LrMNOBINA ANOMALA, which were 
admittedly the genera that would not naturally fit into any of the 
other divisions of the family. 


Table of Genera. 


1. Proboscis conspicuously prolonged, at least as 
tnAMPHIDIA, Mg., 


long as head ; no marginal cross-vein 
Proboscis shorter than head ; marginal cross- 
vein usually present .......--+++sseeee 


[p. 416. 
2 


2, No submarginal cell ..........00-eeeeees ToxoruHtna, Lw., 
A submarginal cell present .......-. Briain) hee [p. 420. 
S.. Dinca colm@isente cide ccinc <> die ocisiee ole» ats OrtmarGca, Os. Sac., 
Discal cell present ........-+ee eee reeeere 4, [p. 428, 
4. No submarginal cross-vein .......-+++0+- ATARBA, Os, Sac., 
A submarginal cross-vein normally present, [p. 484. 
though sometimes faint..........+.++5. 5. 
5, Submarginal cell as long as or very little 
longer than the 1st posterior cell........ 6. 
Submarginal cell much longer than Ist 
posterior Cell 1... .seeeeeeeseeereceres Antocua, Os. Sac., 


6, 


The 2nd posterior cell rectangular (approxi- 
mately) at base ; hind femora not clubbed. 
The 2nd posterior cell pointed at base ; hind 
femora distinctly clubbed towards tip.... 


p- 425. 
TEUCHOLABIS, Os. Sac., 
[p. 427. 
GYMNASTES, gen, Nov., 
[p. 432. 


ee — 


the proboscis is en 


* Tn one genus, Elephantomyia, Os. Sac., which is Oriental but not Indian, 


ormously prolonged to a length much greater than that of 


the body. It may be noted here that in this genus the antennx are apparently 


15-jointed, owing to t 


he coalescence of the two basal joints of the flagellum. 


416 TIPULID &. 


Genus RHAMPHIDIA, Vg. 


Rhamphidia, Meigen, Syst. Besch. vi, p. 281 (1830) ; Schiner, Fauna 
Austr, ii, p. 558 (1864) ; Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Am. iv, 
p- 103 (1869). 

Megarhina, St. Fargeau, Encycl. Méth., Ins. x, p. 585 (1825), 

Helius, St. Fargeau, op. cit. x, p. 831 (1825). 

Leptorhina, Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins. ii, p, 243 (1829). 


Genoryer, Limnobia longirostris, Mg.; by designation of West- 
wood (1840). 

Head: eyes separated above by a narrow front, nearly con- 
tiguous on underside of head. Proboscis elongate, longer than 
the head. but shorter than the head and thorax together, mode- 
rately stout, palpi situated at its tip; their first two joints 
very short, the 3rd but little longer, the 4th linear, slender, 
about as long as the first three taken together; when at rest, 
the tip of the preboscis, pointing backwards, reaches but very 
little behind the root of the 1st joint.* The antenne, if bent 
backwards, would not quite reach the root of the wings; 16- 
jointed, Ist scapal joint long, 2nd subglobular, both conspicuous ; 
flagellum somewhat incrassated at its base, the joints subcylin- 
drical, short, more elongated towards the tip, verticels moderately 
long. Thorax somewhat broad in front, prolonged into a short 
but distinct neck; thoracic suture deep. Abdomen normal. 
Genital organs of the male consisting of a basal plate, a pair of 
claspers ending in two horny hooks on each clasper. Ovipositor 
of female of the usual structure. Legs long, slender, finely 
pubescent ; tibiae withont spurs at tip; empodia indistinct, ungues 
smooth. Wings moderately long, broader or narrower in different 
species ; with one submarginal cell, four posterior cells, and a 
discal cell ; 2nd longitudinal vein not forked. The auxiliary vein 
ending opposite the inner end of the submarginal cell, sometimes 
in the costa, sometimes turned down at the tip into the Ist 
longitudinal at some distance anterior to the tip of the latter. 
Subcostal cross-vein, when present, at tip of auxiliary vein ; some- 
times obsolete; no marginal cross-vein; stigma present or 


* This is according to Osten Sacken, referring to the North American 
species 2. flavipes, as examined by him in a living specimen. He adds that 
Meigen’s illustration (Syst. Besch. vi, pl. lxv, fig. 8) gives a correct impression 
of the palpi, so presumably the characters are sufficiently definite to regard 
them as generic. 

+ Osten Sacken says “in some specimens the subcostal cross-yvein is obsolete ; 
in such eases the auxiliary vein ends in the Ist longitudinal and not in the 
costa.” Whether by the use of the word “specimens” and not species he intends 
to infer that this occurrence is adventitious, is not clear. In one of the two 
Orienta: species (2. ferruginea, Brun.), the auxiliary vein ends in the Ist 
longitudinal vein just beyond the proximal end of the submarginal cell, at a 
considerable distance beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, and some distance 
before the tip of the Ist vein. 


RHAMPHIDIA. 417 


absent ; the 2nd longitudinal vein beginning about the middle of 
the wing (somewhat before the middle in 2. ferruginea) ; preefurca 
longer than the remainder of the 2nd vein, but sometimes longer, 
sometimes shorter than the 3rd vein; the 3rd vein gently curved 
or straight ; the submarginal cell broader at the tip than at the 
base; * basal part of 3rd vein very short (almost punctiform 
in ferruginea). Occasionally the anterior cross-vein is absent, 
and when this is the case the submarginal cell is in direct 
contact with the discal cell.f Discal cell approximately oblong, 
or of irregular shape ; posterior cross-vein just beyond base 
of discal cell; the 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins gently 
curved. 

Range. Europe, West Indies, South America, Australia, and 
the East. 

This genus is very closely allied to Elephantomyia, Os. Sac., of 
which four species are known to exist in the Orient, although it 
does not appear to have been taken within the region covered 
by the present volume. ‘The principal difference is that in 
Elephantomyia the proboscis is very slender and enormously 
prolonged, to a length equal to that of the whole body; the 
palpi being extremely small and very easily overlooked, and 
placed near the tip of the proboscis. The venation is almost the 
same as in Rhamphidia, including the absence of the marginal 
cross-vein. 

Life-history.—The larva of one European species (2. longi- 
rostris, Mg.) lives in the stems of Rumea aquaticus according to 
Mr. Gereke, who believes that it lives under water.t 

Four species were recorded by Loew from Prussian amber 
(‘ Bernst. u. Bernst.-fauna’), but Osten Sacken noted that he had 
not seen them himself and that they might not belong to this 
genus in his acceptation of it. 

Two other names have been suggested to supplant the name 
Rhamphidia for this genus: Megarhina, St. Fargeau (1825), 
which in the index to the same volume he changed to 
Helius; while Stephens in 1829 proposed Leptorhina (in 
Curtis’s British Entomology) for the European species longi- 
rostris. Meigen described the genus under its present name in 
1830 (Syst. Besch. vi, p. 281), and it is very satisfactory to at least 
the author of the present work, to find that the wholesale icono- 


* In R. flavipes, Macq.,a North American species, very much broader, owing 
to the wide divergence of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins. 

+ This occurs in the European 2. longirostris, Wied., and the North American 
R. flavipes, Macq. 'The almost punctiform nature of the junction of the 
3rd vein with the 2nd in R. ferruginea foreshadows the disappearance of the 
anterior cross-vein altogether, as happens in the two non-Oriental species noted 
here. 

t Verh. Ver. naturw. Unterhaltung, Hamburg, vi (1880). 


418 TIPULIDA, 
. 
clastic overthrowing of names established in some cases for nearly 


a century, indulged in by some present day writers, has spared 
a well-known genus here and there. 


Table of Species. 


1. Larger species, 63 millim, ............ ferruginosa, sp. n., p. 418. 
Smaller species, 4 millim. ............ 2. 

2. Pale yellow species ......:..-.-.++++: unicolor, sp. n., p. 419. 
Darker species 1 ..---2-- veers seer eee inconspicua, sp. n., p. 419. 


303. Rhamphidia ferruginosa, sp.nov. (PI. VIII, fig.8; Pl. XI, 
fig. 11.) 


3. Head, with neck, brownish yellow, slightly pubescent ; 
eyes nearly contiguous. Proboscis brownish yellow ; palpi darker, 
comparatively narrow. Antenne brownish yellow, with a row of 
bristly hairs on the 2nd seapal joint, which 
is rather large, and with normal pubes- 
cence on the flagellum. Zhorax: dorsum 
and sides, scutellum and metanotum 
ferruginous brown, nearly bare, mode- 
rately shining ; traces of a very narrow 
bright yellow line below the margin of 
Fig. 41.—Rhamphidia fer- Saag a Arcee ese coe 

ruginosa, Brun., lateral ? pate yellow punes 
Howtotiende cence; belly ferruginous. Genitalia 
yellowish brown, only a large pair of 
claspers terminating in black hooks being perceptible. Legs 
yellowish brown. Wings clear. The Ist longitudinal vein ending 
gradually in the costa at about two-thirds the length of the wing ; 
auxiliary vein lying very close to the 1st vein, and only perceptible 
towards its tip, it being nearly as long as the Ist longitudinal ; 
prefurea nearly straight, the remainder of the vein taking a wide 
sweep upward, distinctly curved, a little longer than the pre- 
furea, ending some distance beyond the tip of the Ist vein; the 
3rd vein originating at the tip of the prefurca, its basal portion 
almost punctiform ; anterior cross-vein moderately long; discal 
cell oblong, the three veinlets issuing equidistantly from it, nearly ” 
straight, approximately parallel; posterior cross-vein at base of 
discal cell. Halteres pale, knob brown. 

Length 64 millim. 

Described from one specimen from the base of the Dawna 
Hills, Lower Burma, 2. 111.08 (Annandale). 


RHAMPHIDIA. 419 


Type in the Indian Museum. 

Osten Sacken (Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 104) notes the 
varying position of the 3rd vein in some European and North 
American species, on account of which the anterior cross-vein is 
at times obliterated. Such a species (2?. flavipes, Macq.) is figured 
by Needham. 


304, Rhamphidia unicolor, sp. nov. 


3. Head with the eyes approximate, leaving a distinct yellowish- 
grey, moderately narrow frons. Proboscis light brownish yellow, 
with golden yellow pubescence ; palpi concolorous, with similar 
pubescence, Antennal scape brownish yellow, nearly bare, joints 
elongate ; flagellum blackish, with grey pubescence, the joints 
gradually becoming attenuated. Neck long, pale whitish yellow. 
Thorax pale shining yellow, with a shght trace of a narrow median 
darker line ; sides concolorous, less shining. Abdomen pale yellow 
with whitish pubescence ; belly of similar colour, as are also the 
inconspicuous and apparently normal genitalia. Legs wholly pale 
yellow, barely darker towards the tips of the tarsi. Wings pale 
yellow, veins deeper yellow. Venation differing from that of the 
previous species by the greater length of the basal portion of the 
érd longitudinal vein, the anterior cross-vein being about as long 
as in R. ferruginosa; the discal cell shorter, and more nearly 
square. Halteres yellowish white. 

Length + rillim. 

Described from a single specimen from Darjiling, 8. viii. 09 
(Pawa). 

Type in the Indian Museum. : 

In the slightly different length of the basal portion of the 3rd 
‘ongitudinal vein, we see in this species an approach towards the 
extinction of the anterior cross-vein referred to by Osten Sacken as 
characteristic of certain European and North American species. 


305, Rhamphidia inconspicua, sp. nov. 


gd. Head blackish grey; frons apparently about one-fifth the 
width of the head (the eyes being crushed inwards). Proboscis 
about as long as the head, dark brownish yellow, the black palpi, 
which are rather small, situated at its tip. Basal joint of 
flagellum ovate, the remainder long and_ slender, very in- 
distinctly separated. Vhoraxv: upper surface wholly moderately 
light yellowish brown, the sides dirty yellowish. Abdomen 
dirty yellowish, pubescent. Genitalia dirty brownish yellow, 
large, apparently normal. Zegs dark brownish yellow, lighter 
on the coxe and at the base of the femora. Wings nearly 
clear, The auxiliary vein ending in the 1st longitudinal at two- 
thirds the length of the wing, the subcostal cross-vein being 

245 


420 TIPULID®. 


absent ; the 1st longitudinal vein ending at a little beyond three- 
fourths the length of the wing; the 2nd longitudinal originating 
about the middle of the wing (the prefurea barely half its entire 
length) taking a sudden bend upwards at the origin of the 3rd 
vein, which latter is in a straight line with the priefurc ca, and ending 
at the wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein distinct, moderately long, 
placed at the corner of the discal cell; 1st posterior cell with 
approximately parallel sides; discal cell almost oblong, shorter 
than the 2nd and 8rd posterior cells, of which the former is much 
the narrower, the latter widening at the wing-margin; posterior 
cross-vein in a line with inner side of discal cell; Sth, 6th, and 
7th longitudinal veins almost straight; no marginal cross-vein. 
Halteres yellowish. 

Length + millim. 

Described from a single male from Kurseong, 16.iv. 11 (Annan- 
dale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The form of venation shown in this species, 7. e., the absence of 
the subcostal cross-vein and the ending of the auxiliary vein in 
the 1st longitudinal, is distinctly noted by Osten Sacken in his 
monograph of the North American TipuLIp® BREVIPALPI. The 
absence of the marginal cross-vein is a generic character. The 
abnormal slenderness of the last few juints of the antenne is 
very striking. 


Genus TOXORHINA, Zw. 


Toxorhina, Loew, Linn, Entom. v, p. 400 (1851). 


Limnobiorhynchus, Westwood, Ann, Soc. Ent. France, (1) iv, p. 683 
(1835). 


GernoryPL, Tovorhina fragilis, Loew ; by designation of Osten 
Sacken, after a controversy. Loew originally described three 
fossil species, presumably more or less inadequately, and subse- 
quently the existing species, 7’. fragilis. 


Head: eyes slightly emarginate ; frons narrow or very narrow. 
Proboscis slender, linear, practically bare, about one and a half 
times as long as the head and thorax together; the palpi are 
situated at its tip, very minute, their joints almost coalescent. 
Antenne 12-jointed, hardly longer than the head; the Ist scapal 
joint very short, shorter in male than in female, the 2nd joint 
longer and much stouter, obconical ; the Lst joint ‘of the flagellum 
incrassate, possibly formed by the coalescence of two or three 
others, more or less rounded in male, more elongate, subconical in 
female, the remaining joints filiform; the two apical joints in the 
male elongate, slender, and longer than the preceding ones, this 
difference not being so accentuated in the female; the inter- 
mediate joints cylindrical, the basal ones, after the 1st flagellar 


TOXORHINA, 42] 


joint, sometimes broader than long; the scape with a few short 
bristles, the flagellum practically bare, the apical joints with a few 
long bristly hairs on the upperside.* Yhoraw rather long, and 
“remarkable for the great and unusual development of the 
mesosternum, in consequence of which the fore coxe are at a 
considerable distance from the intermediate ones; the collare 
is entirely concealed under the projecting gibbosity of the meso- 
notum ; on the underside the prothorax is extended into a long 
narrow cylindrical neck, to which the head is fastened; the 
metathorax is also much developed, rather long and horizontal ” 
(Osten Sacken). Abdomen normal. Genitalia of the male some- 
thing like that of Rhamphidia, consisting of a pair of claspers, 
each clasper bearing two horny appendages. Ovipositor of female 
long, slender, with almost straight valves. Legs long, slender, 
microscopically pubescent ; tibixe without spurs; empodia imper- 
ceptible; ‘the last joint of the tarsus in the male shows on the 
underside at the base, the excision characterizing the male sex in 
many genera” (Osten Sacken). Wings narrow, especially at the base; 
no submarginal cell, no marginal cross-vein, a discal cell (normally) 
and four posterior cells; auxiliary vein running close to the Ist 
longitudinal vein and ending in the costa nearly opposite the begin- 
ning of the 2nd vein, the subcostal cross-vein placed near its tip : + 
the Ist longitudinal vein short, entering the costa about the middle 
of the wing, a little beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, and, instead 
of running parallel to it and turning up more or less abruptly 
to meet it, as is the case in most genera of the Lrmnoprina, 
it gradually converges towards the costa, eventually being merged 
in it, the costa, just beyond the junction of the two veins, being 
thus thickened ; the 2nd longitudinal vein not forked, and therefore 
there is no submarginal cell; the 1st posterior cell alongside of 
the marginal cell throughout its length ; the 2nd vein beginning 
just beyond the middle of the wing, and gently bisinuate, the 
prefurca forming nearly half its total length; anterior cross- 
vein of moderate length, joining the end of the prefurca to 
the middle of the discal cell (when latter is present); the 3rd 
longitudinal vein absent; 4th longitudinal connected with 
the 1st vein at their extreme bases by a distinct cross-vein ; 
discal cell present or absent,t when present square, shorter 
than the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells; posterior cross-vein 


* Osten Sacken says that only the last two joints bear these isolated long 
hairs (referring to two North-American species, 7. magna and mulichris); but 
in the present Oriental species some of the other joimts are equally furnished 
with these characteristic hairs, 

+ Needham’s figure of Toxorhina shows no subcostal cross-vein. 

{ This is an alteration from Loew's definition, to enable my species 
T. incerta to be included in the genus, 


25 2 


429 TIPULIDZ, 


at base of discal cell or before it;* posterior branch of 4th 
vein widely forked a little beyond the anterior cross-vein ; the 
Sth vein rather distinctly curved downwards at its union with 
the posterior cross-vein, or the whole vein gently curved ; 6th vein 
with the peculiar character of running closely alongside of the 5th 
for nearly half its length, and then ‘bre eaking away suddenly and 
running straight to the margin of the wing; 7th vein nearly 
straight. 

Range. The three previously recorded living species come from 
Porto Rico and North America. 

The affinities of this genus are with Rhamphidia and Elephanto- 
myia, as demonstrated by the elongate proboscis and the absence. 
of the marginal cross-vein. Toworhina, by its venation, which is 
different from that of any other genus in the family, is easily 
recognised from either. 

Osten Sacken, after his very ample description of this genus in 
his monograph of the North American species, enters at some 
length on the question of whether the generic name should stand 
for the single living species known to Loew (fragilis, from Porto 
Rico), described in 1851, or for three fossil species described by 
him (Loew) from amber in 1850, for which no generic description 
was given. 


506. Toxorhina, mcerta, sp. nov. (PI. Vill, fig. 9, POE 
fig. 12.) 


Q. Head moderately dark grey, including the underside ; 
width of occiput one- third that of head, bares but with some 
black hairs on back of head near neck. Scapal Ist joint sub- 
eylindrical, 2nd joint robust, larger, obconical; Ist flagellar joint 
much enlarged, narrower at tip, nearly as broad at base as 2nd 
scapal joint, remainder of flagellum narrow, cylindrical; the 
number of joints is not quite obvious: apparently there are 
nine in addition to the enlarged basal joint; the last four joints 
have one or two long isolated hairs on each; the whole antennze 
brownish yellow. Proboscis over 2 mm. in length, black, shining, 
bare; no palpi obvious. Yhorav wholly dark blackish brown, 
including scutellum and metanotum; pleure similar, barely 
shining. Abdomen black, dull, belly concolorous. Genitalia very 
large and conspicuous, basal joints of ovipositor very robust, 
the terminal blades long; reddish brown. Wings pale grey. 
Auxiliary vein ending in costa just beyond origin of 2nd longi- 


* In Toxorhina mulichris, Os, Sac., from North America, this cross-vein is at 
the pointed base of the 2nd posterior cell, with which cell the discal is 
coalescent. 

+ This is in accordance with Osten Sacken’s statement that there are 
ten flagellar joints. 


TOXORHINA.—ORIMARGA. 423 


tudinal vein; Ist vein ending in costa a little beyond auxiliary 
yein;* the 2nd vein simple, gently bisinuate, ending exactly 
at tip of wing; no 38rd vein; anterior cross-vein moderately 
long, equal in length to the basal side of the discal cell, which 
in one wing is open and coalescent with the 3rd_ posterior cell, 
but closed in the other by a cross-vein placed just before the 
fork of the posterior branch of the 4th vein; lower branch ot 
Ath vein forked widely near tip ; posterior cross-vein immediately 
before proximal side of discal cell. Halteres black. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from one female from Kurseong, 27. vi. 10 (Annan- 
dale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

‘hough the discal cell is open and there is no mention of this 
being the case in any of the three living species of the genus, there 
can be no possible doubt of the present form being a Toxorhina in 
the fullest sense. In every other way the venation agrees with 
Osten Sacken’s plate and description. The gradual absorption 
the costa of the lst longitudinal vein, the entire absence of the 
3rd vein (in itself a character of quite exceptional occurrence), 
are very strong generic characters. Moreover, the enormously 
prolonged rostrum ; the absence, so far as I am aware, of palpi 
(Osten Sacken says they are very minute, with coalescent joints) ; 
the enlarged mesosternum, causing a considerably larger distance 
than usual between the fore and middle coxe; and the peculiar 
form of the antenne, agreeing exactly with Osten Sacken’s 
description, all combine to make this species a Toxorhina with 
practical certainty. 


Genus ORIMARGA, Os. Sac. 


Orimarga, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 120 (1869). 
Ningius, Wallengren, Entom. Tidsk, ii, p. 188 (1881). 
» Spyloptera, Rondani, Prod. Dipt. Ital. i, p. 181 (1856). 


Genoryen, Limnobia alpina, Zett.; according to, but not 
selected by, Coquillet (1910). 


Head: eyes large, glabrous, frons rather narrow. Proboscis 
projecting, cylindrical, much shorter than the head. Antenne 
16-jointed, the joints shortly oval. Thorax rather convex and 
elongated in front, forming a neck ; mesosternum long. Abdomen 
elongate, narrow. Genitalia of male composed of a pair ot 
claspers, with slender horny claw-shaped second joint ; lower plate 
elongate. In the female a small slender pointed pair of valves. 


* T cannot perceive any subcostal cross-vein in my species, but it is 
impossible to say for certain that it is not present. 


424 TIPULID 2. 


Legs long, slender, apparently glabrous, microscopically pubescent ; 

tibie not spurred at tip ; empodia distinct. Wings somewhat 
narrow and elongate, with one submarginal and four posterior 
cells, and an open discal cell coalescing with the 2nd posterior 
cell; posterior cross-vein near the middle of the wing ; the 
auxiliary vein ending in the costa a little before the inner end of 
the submarginal cell, and some distance beyond the origin of the 
2nd longitudinal vein; the tip of this vein (auxiliary) ‘thickened, 
running “obliquely into the costa and strengthening it; the Ist 
longitudinal ending some distance beyond ‘hes tip of ine auxiliary, 
joining the costa some little distance before the tip of the wing ; 
the 2nd vein beginning about the middle of the wing, quitting the 
Ist at a sharp angle, thence turning suddenly and running nearly 
straight to the margin, the preefurea forming nearly or quite half 
the length of the vein; marginal cross-vein just beyond the 
middle of the marginal cell; the 3rd vein starting at an angle, 
running nearly parallel to the 2nd vein; the anterior cross-yein 
situated soon after the origin of the 3rd vein, a little behind the 
marginal eross-vein, joining the upper branch of the 4th vein soon 
after its origin ; the lower branch of the 4th vein forked, the 
discal cell open, coalescing with the 2nd posterior cell; posterior 
cross-vein placed near the middle of the wing just beyond the 
origin of the 3rd vein, thus much shortening the 2nd _ basal cell 
and correspondingly ereatly lengthening the Sth posterior cell, 
which is twice as long as the ond posterior and nearly three times 
as long as the 3rd ; she 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight, 
the two former closely approximate for the first third of their 
length. 

Range. Kurope, Australia, and India. 

Orimarga has affinities with Dicranoptycha, from which it is 
easily distinguished by the unusual position of the posterior cross- 
vein and the absence of the discal cell, which in Dicranoptycha is 
present. Osten Sacken sees affinities with Toxorhina in the 
oblong thorax, which is narrow when seen from above; in the 
somewhat elongate neck; and in the extra development of the 
mesosternum. 


308. Orimarga peregrina, sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 11.) 


3. Head: eyes rather wide apart. Proboscis bright reddish 
brown on basal half, dark brown on apical half; palpi black. 
Antenne with Ist joint of scape long, bright reddish brown, 2nd 
large, rounded, blackish; flagellum yellowish brown, with a little 
light grey pubescence. Thorac yellowish, dorsum mainly brownish, 
the colour more or less in the form of the usual broad median 
dorsal anterior stripe, contiguous, or nearly so, with the shorter 
outer broader stripes, which latter are continued beyond the 


ORIMARGA.—ANTOCHA. 495 


suture, nearly to the posterior margin. Scutellum pale yellowish, 
metanotum brownish. Abdomen brownish yellow, sides narrowly 
black. Belly similar. Genitalia brownish yellow, of moderate 
size, pubescent, consisting of a large fleshy subconical 1st joint 
and a 2nd much shorter, slender, hook-like joint with long stiff 
black hairs on its underside. Legs: coxe pale yellowish, re- 
mainder of legs brown. Wings clear, very delicately iridescent. 
Auxiliary vein ending just beyond half the distance between the 
origin of the 2nd vein and the marginal cross-vein ; the 2nd vein 
beginning just before the middle of the wing, the preefurea being 
two-fifths of the length of the vein; marginal cross-vein exactly 
in middle of marginal cell, half-way between the tips of the 
auxiliary and Ist veins ; the 3rd vein originating a little before 
the marginal cross-vein, the basal portion distinctly elbowed ; 
anterior cross-vein opposite marginal cross-vein, equal in length 
to the basal side of the discal cell, which is open, coalescing with 
the 2nd posterior cell; posterior branch of the 4th vein forked 
much before half its length, making the 38rd posterior cell nearly 
elongate triangular ; posterior cross-vein in middle of wing, just 
beyond origin of 2nd vein, thus making the 4th posterior cell 
extraordinarily long. Halteres dirty white. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a single male taken at Kurseong, Darjiling 
district, 29. vi. 10 (Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

A second species of this genus has just been acquired by the 
Indian Museum, collected by Mr. Beebe recently in Borneo. 


Genus ANTOCHA, Os, Suc. 


Antocha, Osten Sacken, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 219. 
Taphrophila, Rondani, Prod. Dipt. Ital. i, p. 185 (1856). 
Orimargula, Mikan, Wien. Ent. Zeitg. ii, p. 198 (1883). 


Gunoryrer. According to Coquillett (1910) the species selected 
as type is saxicola, Os. Sac., one of the original two ; but according 
to Kertész’s Catalogue of Diptera the name of the species should 
be opalizans, Os. Sac., with saxicola as a synonym. 


Head: eyes separated above by a narrow frons, below almost 
contiguous. Proboscis cylindrical, moderately projecting ; palpi 
slender, rather prolonged, Ist joint elongate, 2nd and 3rd shorter, 
3rd somewhat elongate. Antenne if bent backwards would not 
reach the root of the wing; sixteen-jointed; Ist scapal joint 
short ; flagellar joints subglobular, apical joint rather elongate, 
the flagellum bearing moderately short has on the upperside and 
somewhat close pubescence on the underside ; no distinct verticels. 
Thorax prolonged anteriorly, though not conspicuously, the suture 


426 TIPULIDA. 


distinct. Abdomen normal. Genitalia of male consisting of the usual 
claspers, the 2nd claw-like horny joint very small. Legs rather 
shorter than usual, moderately stout; tibize without spurs at the 
tip ; empodia indistinet, ungues very small with teeth on the under- 
side at the base. Wings fairly broad, iridescent, anal lobe of wing 
approximately rectangular. One submarginal cell, a discal cell, 
and four posterior cells; auxiliary vein approximating very closely 
to the Ist longitudinal vein, not easily distinguished, ultimately 
coalescing with it, the united veins gradually merging in the costa, 
which is thickened at and beyond their junction, this taking place 
near the tip of the wing; subcostal cross-vein absent ; marginal 
cross-vein feeble ; the 2nd longitudinal vein not forked, beginning 
much before the middle of the wing at a very acute angle, and at 
the origin of the 3rd vein, it is, in some species, angled again, the 
remaining part being as long as the prefurca; the 3rd vein as 
long as, or a little longer than the apical half of the 2nd vein, 
gently bisinuate ; anterior cross-vein placed at the middle of the 
discal cell or at its proximal upper corner, opposite the marginal 
cross-vein ; discal cell approximately rhomboidal or of irregular 
shape (pentagonal in opalizans, Os. Sac., of North America), a 
little less in length than the 2nd and 3rd _ posterior cells, though 
this proportion probably varies with the species; posterior cross- 
vein situated at the base of or distinctly before the base of the 
discal cell; the 5th vein absolutely straight, the 6th and 7th 
practically so. Stigma elongate, not very sharply defined. The 
wings are said to have a milky white tinge, but this is not very 
apparent in the two Oriental species at present known. 
Range. India, Europe, Canada, United States. 
The two Indian species may be separated thus :— 


Posterior cross-vein distinctly anterior to 

discal cell ; thorax with three stripes.... «indica, sp. n. 
Posterior cross-vein at basal corner of discal 

cell; thorax with one median stripe only. wnzlineata, sp. n. 


308. Antocha indica, sp.nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 12.) 


3 2. Head yellowish, occiput dark grey ; proboscis and palpi 
brown with a few bristly hairs; eyes well separated. Antenne 
blackish, rather thickly pale pubescent, joints oval, distinct ; 1st 
scapal joint yellowish, 2nd very short, black. Thora yellowish ; 
the usual three dark stripes nearly contiguous; sides of thorax 
yellowish; secutellum and metanotum brownish grey, lightly 
dusted. Abdomen brownish yellow, one example (the type) 
showing a dark line towards each side. Genitalia of moderate 
size, yellow. Legs yellow or brownish yellow. Wings colourless ; 
veins yellowish, costa yellow, no stigma; marginal cross-vein 
invisible in one example; anterior cross-vein just before middle of 


ANTOCHA.—TEUCHOLABIS. 427 


discal cell ; posterior cross-vein distinctly anterior to discal cell ; 
veins on diseal part of wings with minute hairs. 

Length 4-5 millim. 

Described from seven males in the Indian Museum from :— 
Kurseong, 9. ix. 09 (type) and 16.iv.11; Phagu, 12. v.09, and 
Theog, Simla Hills, 2. v. 07 (all taken by Dr. Annandale), and two 
females, Kurseong, 16.iv.11 (type), and Mangaldai district, 
Assam-Bhutan Frontier, 26. x11. 10 (Aemp). 


309, Antocha unilineata, sp. nov. 


2. Head dark ; antennz brownish yellow, flagellar joints oval. 
Thorax brownish yellow, dorsum barely darker ; a median narrow 
distinct blackish line from the anterior margin to the suture; 
scutellum and metanotum concolorous. Abdomen darker than the 
thorax, otherwise apparently concolorous. Ovipositor yellowish, 
normal. Legs pale yellow, tips of femora and the tarsi wholly, 
darker. Wings very pale yellowish grey ; stigma very indistinct, 
hardly perceptible. Anterior cross-vein opposite marginal cross- 
vein; discal cell almost exactly equal to the 2nd posterior cell ; 
3rd posterior cell pointed at base; posterior cross-vein at inner 
corner of discal cell. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length barely 4 millim. 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from 
Mundali, Dehra Dun district, 9000 ft., 10. v. 10. 


Genus TEUCHOLABIS, Os. Sae. 


Teucholabis, Osten Sacken, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 222 ; 
id., Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 129, pl. i, fig. 12, and ae ‘St 
fig. 9 (1869) ; id., Berlin. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 188, notes. 


GervotryPn, Teucholabis compleva, Os. Sac., the original species. 


Head: eyes separated by a distinct frons above, nearly con- 
tiguous below. Palpi short, inserted at the tip of the short 
cylindrical proboscis, last joint very short. Antenne of sixteen 
joints, of moderate length ; if bent backwards they would not 
quite reach the base of the wing; scapal joints normal; flagellum 
with oblong or rounded, well-separated joints, the verticels of 
which are a little longer than the pubescence. Thoraw somewhat 
gibbous; neck conspicuously elongated, but shorter than the head. 
Abdomen of moderate size, robust. Genitalia of male con- 
siderably hairy, their structure not easily seen in dried specimens ; 
consisting of two oblong lobes, somewhat resembling those of 
Dicranomyia, bearing large, horny appendages on the underside ; 
a ventral plate is present, drawn out posteriorly to a narrow 
point. In the female the ovipositor is of moderate size, slender, 
arcuated. Legs moderate in length, distinctly robust, closely and 


428 TIPULIDE, 


conspicuously pubescent; ungues apparently smooth, empodia 
small but very distinct. Wings comparatively short and broad, 
very clear except in the parts ornamented by brown bands; veins 
very distinct ; stigma generally short and rounded, or indistinct. 
One submarginal cell, four posterior cells, and a discal cell; 
auxiliary vein ending about the middle of the wing, a little before 
the tip of the Ist longitudinal; the 2nd longitudinal vein begins 
considerably before the middle of the wing, the prefurca generally 
curved, sometimes nearly straight, about equal in length to or 
much shorter than the rest of the vein; marginal cross-vein 
placed at about the middle of the marginal cell, uniting it with 
the Ist longitudinal vein near the tip of the latter; marginal 
cross-vein, base of submarginal cell and anterior cross-vein often 
more or less in a line, less so in the Oriental species; the 3rd 
vein gently curved; discal cell elongate, broader distally than 
proximally ; posterior cross-vein near the base of the discal cell, 
approximately opposite the anterior cross-vein, and placed a little 
forward or backward, according to the species ; the 5th and 6th 
veins straight or nearly so, the latter sometimes slightly bisinuate, 
7th gently curved. 

Range. India, Ceylon, United States, Mexico, West Indies, 
Brazil, and Australia. 

The species of this genus have a facies peculiarly their own, 
and amongst a general collection of Tirunrpm can easily be 
recognised, once the genus is understood. ‘heir well-set, robust 
appearance, subgibbous thorax, long neck, comparatively short, 
robust hairy legs, very clear wings (in the hyaline parts), short 
auxiliary and Ist longitudinal veins, with the general distinctness 
of all the veins, characterise them as a well-defined, homogeneous 


group. 
Table of Species, 


1. Femora without distinct rmgs....... evoke eee 
Femora with one or with two distinct 
pale yellow subapical rings .......... 3. 


2. Thorax ferruginous red, with three stripes 
(the outer ones often indistinct, some- 
times all three absent) ; wings brownish 
grey with two ill-defined, subhyaline 
PBUCHE A remit Owes 50 ea Pane, 5 Senestrata, Os. Sac.,p. 429. 
Thorax (except the orange front) wholly 


two large central, subhyaiine patches... cnsignis, sp. n., p. 430. 
5. Thorax brownish yellow; femora with 
two subapical pale rings; species 6 mm. 
Gs ee nals he go no et biannulata, sp. n., p. 430. 
Thorax shining blue-black; femora with 
one pale subapical ring ; species 3} mm, 


Jonge: 3b. ee MEI fc aks ek cyanea, Kdw., p. 431. 


THUCHOLABIS. 429 


310. Teucholabis fenestrata, Os. Suc. CPRAVIL, fis. 145 Pl a5 
fig. 10.) 


Teucholabis fenestrata, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 188, 
3 2 (1887). 


* Dark brown, thorax ferruginous red, shining, striped with black; 
wings brownish, subhyaline on the proximal balf. Length 5-6 1m. 

“ Head, antenne and palpi biack, front shining. Thorax 
ferruginous red, shining, with black stripes; the intermediate 
stops before the collar, the lateral ones sometimes are indistinct ; 
hind part of metanotum, and sides of pectus blackish. Abdomen, 
including the male genitals, dark brown; ovipositor reddish 
vellow ; halteres brown; legs, including coxe, dark brown or 
black, hairy, rather stout. Wings tinged with brown, except a 
large subhyaline space on the proximal half, between the Ist vein 
and the hind margin ; this hyaline space does not quite reach the 
central cross-veins ; and it touches the hind margin only between 
the root and the anal angle; a second, much smalier, hyaline spot, 
ill-defined in outline, on the distal half of the wing, between the 
2nd and 4th veins, usually covering the cross-veins at the end of 
the discal cell 

“© Hab. Ceylon ; a male and a female in Mr. Bigot’s collection ; 
also specimens in the Museum at Leiden. 

“ Undoubtedly a Zeuwcholabis, although of a somewhat different 
type than 7’. bicolor, The distal cell is comparatively smaller 
here, and much shorter than the 2nd posterior cell, while in 
7’. bicolor it is a little longer ; the collare is a little less developed ; 
the Ist longitudinal vein extends a little beyond the marginal 
cross-vein ; and the slight enlargement of the costal cell, near that 
cross-vein, which exists in the typical species, is not visible here.” 
(Osten Sacken.) 


From an examination of a good series of males and one or two 
females in the Indian Museum, the following notes may be 
appended to Osten Sacken’s s description. 

The dorsum of the thorax is more often wholly ferruginous 
than otherwise, a distinct stripe, much less three, being apparently 
the exception, although there are not infrequently indistinct 
brown suffusions in parts. The legs are sometimes dark yellowish 
brown, the coxw occasionally reddish yellow, and the subhyaline 
spaces in the wings are mostly indistinct or absent. 

The Indian Museum has it from Kurseong, 3. vii. 08 (Ainnan- 
dale); Naini Tal, 14-17.iv.07; Khasi Hills, Assam ; Mazbat, 
Mangaldai district, Assam, 11-15. x.10 (Kemp); Peradeniya, 
Ceylon, 26. vii. 10 (Gravely), one of the very few females seen by 
me. It is in the Pusa collection from Darjiling, 3-9. vi. 09 
(Howlett), and the Khasi Hills; whilst it figures in Mr. Green’s 
collection from Ceylon, where it is common, the males hovering in 
small clusters under trees overhanging roads. 


. 


430 TIPULID®. 


311. Teucholabis insignis, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 13.) 


3. Head elongated; the very wide trons, the nasas and the 
palpi, shining black, with a few scattered hairs; eyes nearly 
contiguous below, The Ist joint of the antennal scape is cylin- 
drical, cup-shaped at tip; 2nd subglobose; 1st joint of the 
apparently only 12-jointed flagellum robuster than the rest, which 
are oval, black, with some long hairs, Vhoraa: neck and whole 
anterior part of thorax bright orange-yellow with some long black 
hairs ; remainder of dorsum, the scutellum, metanotum and sides, 
wholly brilliant shining dark blue, with scattered soft black hairs ; 
a dark reddish streak below, between the posterior pairs of coxz. 
Abdomen wholly very dark shining blackish blue, with soft whitish 
pubescence. Genitalia concolorous, pubescent. Legs wholly deep 
black (except the orange-red fore coxe and trochanters), closely 
but thickly pubescent. Wings brownish, with two subhyaline 
patches occupying the greater part of the discal surface, divided 
by an irregular cross- -band, which begins round the marginal 
cross-vein and extends posteriorly nearly to the hind border of the 
wing. Venation as in Osten Sacken’s Monograph of the North 
American Tipulidae, pl. i, fig. 12. Halteres dark blackish brown. 

Length 7 millim. 

Described from a unique male in the Indian Museum collection 
taken by Dr. Annandale, 22.x1.08, at Tenmalai, Travancore 
State, South India. A very pronounced and handsome species. 


312. Teucholabis biannulata, sp. nov. 


3. Head: eyes very nearly contiguous; frons, occiput and 
head generally, dark brown; neck brownish yellow, bare, shining. 
Scape brownish yellow, the 2nd (yellowish) joint short; flagellum 
dark brown, with some long hairs on upperside only. Proboscis 
and palpi dark brown. Thoraw dark brownish yellow, shining, 
with two distinet dorso-central rows of short. black hairs ; sides 
of dorsum, a median stripe, and two large spots occupying’ the 
whole surface behind the suture (except the intermediate pale 
whitish depression), a darker brown; sides of thorax moderately 
dark brown, shining. NScutellum very shining, blackish grey ; 
metanotum yellowish, with a faint median dark line. Abdomen 
mainly dark brownish yellow, with traces of a thin dorsal black 
line; with thin black pubescence. Beily lighter yellowish, the 
whole abdomen appearmg liable to vary in places. Genitalia 
conspicuous, brownish yellow, considerably pubescent ; a dorsal 
and a ventral short broad plate; a large pair of claspers with 
what seems like a thumb-like organ attached to each ; each clasper 
also furnished at the tip with two large black hooks. Legs black, 
microscopically pubescent; base of femora (more broadly so in 
fore pair) yellow, also a subapical moderately broad ring and an 
apical narrow ring, yellow. Wings moderately dark grey; costal 
cell yellow. Black marks placed as follows :—one spreading over 


TEUCHOLABIS. 431 


the base of the basal cells, the colour continued forward into the 
Ist basal cell, leaving a small clear spot; a square spot over base 
of prefurca and extending across the middle of the Ist basal cell 
almost to the 4th vein; an irregular long spot beginning on the 
costa above the tip of the Ist vein and marginal cross-vein, 
extending downwards to the distal end of the Ist basal cell; a 
small, very dark spot over subcostal vein. Pale blackish irregular 
markings over tip of wing, over the cross-veins and distributed 
over hinder part of wing. Halteres yellowish, clubs black. 

Length 6 millim. 

Described from a perfect male from Kurseong, 26. vi. 10 
(Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Easily recognised by its tesselated wing-markings. 


313, Teucholabis cyanea, Hdw. 


Teucholabis cyanea, Edwards, Ann, Mag. Nat, Hist. (8) viii, p. 61 
(July 1911). 


3 2. Cyanea, abdomine purpureo-cyaneo; pedibus luteis, 
femoribus apice nigris incrassatis ; alis fasciis 4 fuscis. 

‘“‘ Head shining dark purple, almost metallic, slightly hairy on 
vertex. Antenne with the scape ochreous, the flagellum fuscous, 
clothed with a rather dense pubescence ; joints ovate-cylindrical, 
about twice as long as broad. Zhoraw shining blue-black, sub- 
metallic ; mesopleur dull whitish. Abdomen with the Ist segment 
and the base and sides of the 2nd shining blue-black, the remainder 
of the dorsum purplish brown, somewhat shining, venter brown. 
Legs: cox, trochanters, and basal 2 of femora ochreous, apical 
fourth of femora brownish or purplish black, preceded by a pale 
ochreous ring; the apices of all the femora are thickened, those 
of the hind legs to the greatest extent. Tibiz and tarsi of the 
fore and hind legs greyish ochreous, darker towards the tips. 
Hind tibiz with the basal two-thirds ochreous, apical third 
blackish and somewhat thickened. Hind tarsi blackish except for 
basal half of metatarsus, which is ochreous. Wings hyaline, 
iridescent, with four brown cross-bands, which are darker towards 
the costa; the first of these is at the base of the basal cells, the 
second is mainly before, but includes the origin of the prefurca ; 
the first extends only half-way across the wing and is connected 
with the second by a longitudinal brown patch occupying the 
space between the 5th and 7th veins; the third and broadest 
band includes the cross-veins, lying mainly beyond them ; it is 
broadest in the middle of the wings, and extends to the apex of 
the discal cell; the fourth band occupies the whole of the apex 
of the wing. The prefurca arises about the middle of the wing, 
and is obtusely angulated near its base. Marginal cross-vein 
considerably beyond the fork of the radial vein, and near the 
termination of the subcostal. Small cress-vein almost in a line 
with base of submarginal cell, situated at the base of the discal 


43 TIPULID®. 


cell. First posterior cell very slightly contracted at apex. Discal 
cell very narrow, tapering almost toa point at the base. Sixth 
vein slightly sinuous. Wing margin indented at the terminations 
of the 6th and 7th longitudinal veins. Great cross-vein a little 
beyond the base of the discal cell. Halteres black, apical half of 
knob white.” * (Hdwards.) 

Length 3% millim. 

Described from a single male from Madulsima, Ceylon, 19. v.08 
(7. Bainbrigge Fletcher) and a single female from Bentota, Ceylon, 
13. vi. 90 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). 

Types in the British Museum. 

The author adds: “ The uniform blue-black colour of the dorsum 
of the thorax will distinguish this species from any other in the 
genus. It is the smallest species, except for 7’. polita.” 


Genus GYMNASTES, Brun. 
Gymnastes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 281 (1911). 


Grnorypr, Gymnastes violaceus, Brun.; by present designation. 

Head set closely on the thorax, without any neck. Eyes 
rounded, bare, widely separated above by a very broad frons, 
separated on underside by a moderately wide, parallel, rather 
convex space. Proboscis stout but very short; palpi four-jointed, 
narrow, cylindrical, normal length. Antenne of sixteen joints ; 
the 1st seapal joint rather short, cylindrical, 2nd much narrowed, 
about the same length; flagellar joints cylindro-ovate, the 1st 
longer than the rest, about equal to the 2nd scapal joint. Z'horaw 
moderately arched; collare rather enlarged and distinct, suture 
distinct, post-sutural depression not very pronounced ; scutellum 
small. Abdomen linear, of only seven obvious segments. Genitalia 
normal. Legs moderately long and slender; anterior femora 
slightly enlarged towards the tip, hind femora longer than the 
others and very considerably enlarged at the tip, having the 
appearance of ‘Indian clubs”; metatarsus more than half the 
length of the tibia, the other joints short; tibia without spurs at 
the tip, but the hairs are considerably stronger about the tip of the 
tibia. Wings elongated, narrowed at base and slightly curved 
inwards near the basal part of the costa. One submarginal cell, 
four posterior cells and a discal cell ; auxiliary vein barely apparent, 
so closely approximate to the Ist longitudinal vein that it is only 
visible just before the middle of the latter vein, where that vein 
takes a sudden V-shaped bend downwards, forming a ‘ kink” ; 
the lst vein sinuous towards its tip, ending beyond the middle of 
the wing ; 2nd longitudinal vein beginning just before the middle 
of the wing, running nearly straight to the margin; the marginal 
cross-vein a short distance from the tip of the Ist vein ; the 2nd 
vein unforked; the 3rd vein originating just before the marginal 


* The order of description of the parts of the body is slightly altered from 
that of Mr, Edwards to preserve uniformity with the rest of this work. 


GYMNASTES. 433 


cross-veit, its basal section short, the rest of the vein straight ; 
anterior cross-vein nearly in a line with the basal section of the 
3rd vein, situated at the base of the discal cell, the 1st posterior 
cell having approximately parallel sides; the 4th vein emerging 
from the 5th at some considerable distance from its base, forming 
a right angle, and in contact with the “kink” in the Ist longi- 
tudinal vein immediately above ; upper branch of 4th vein forked 
immediately on quitting the discal cell, the two veinlets springing 
simultaneously and diverging, making the 2nd posterior cell 
pointed at its basal end; discal cell quadrangular, very narrow, 
slightly broader at the tip; lower branch of 4th vein forming, 
with its basal section, a gentle curve; posterior cross-vein 
situated at the base of the discal cell, making the 4th posterior cell 
nearly as long as the 2nd basal cell ; the 5th vein gently curved at 
the tip, the 6th nearly straight, the 7th nearly straight, moderately 
short, the wing-margin a little emarginate where the vein ends. 


314. Gymnastes violaceus, Brun, (PI. VIII, fig. 10.) 
Gymnastes violaceus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 282 (Dec. 1911). 


3. Head: frons brilliantly shining violet-blue, with an isolated 
hair here and there ; face below antenne blackish, dull. Proboscis 


Fig. 42.—Gymuastes violaceus, Brun, 


yellowish, palpi brownish. Antenne brownish yellow, becoming 
a little darker brown towards the tips; with close yellowish white 
pubescence on the flagellum, the scape bearing only a few short 
bristly hairs. Z'horaa: brilliantly shining violet-blue, an irregular 
row of dorso-central short yellowish hairs; scutellum blackish 


434 TIPULID ©. 


grey, dull. Abdomen brilliant, shining violet-blue, with traces of 
pale yellow, very short hairs on the posterior margins of the 
segments, and more distinct, similar hairs at the sides of the 
abdomen. Belly similar, Genitalia moderately large, consisting 
of a basal pair of cylindro-ovate large fleshy claspers, with a second 
joint consisting of a long narrow horny slightly curved appendage. 
Legs yellowish ; a subapical broad dark brown ring on the femora 
and tibiz, both bands darker and broader on the hind pair of legs ; 
tarsi black except the yellowish basal half to all the metatarsi. 
Wings: venation in accordance with the generic characters ; 
nearly clear, with four cross-bands, moderately blackish, all 
beginning on the costa; the first two narrow, beginning respectively 
over the “kink” in the Ist longitudinal vein (in front of the origin 
of the 4th vein), and the origin of the 2nd vein, both continuing 
posteriorly as far as the 7th vein, where they meet, the 7th vein 
being clouded anteriorly ; the third band is the widest and begins 
on the costa widely on each side of the marginal cross-vein, 
continuing posteriorly, embracing the cross-veins and the whoie 
of the discal cell, to the posterior margin of the wing, where it 
becomes fainter ; the fourth band is apical, fairly wide, its proximal 
edge a straight line, cutting the 1st posterior cell at two-thirds its 
length from the base. Halteres with narrow black stem, the 
clubs with conspicuous chaik-white tips. 

Length 24-23 millim. 

Described from three males taken at Kandy, 22. v.10 (type), 
and Peradeniya, 15. vil. 10 (Green & Gravely). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

A very distinct and conspicuous species belonging toa peculiarly 
distinctive genus.* 


Genus ATARBA, Os. Suc. 
Atarba, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Am. iv, p. 127 , pl. i, fig. 13 
1869). 
pe se Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales (2) iv, p. 796: 
(1890). 
Genoryen, Atarba picticornis, Os. Sac., the original species. 
Head: eyes glabrous, front rather narrow, proboscis but little 
projecting ; palpi rather long, especially the last joint. Antenne 
16-jointed, rather long, re eaching bey ond the base of the abdomen, 
if bent backwards ; Ist scapal joint short, not much longer than 
the 2nd ; joints of the flagellum elongated, cylindrical, gradually 
decreasing in length, clothed with a fine pubescence; a single 
somew hat longer hair is perceptible on each segment, above the 
pubescence ; the antenne of the female are but little shorter than 
those of the male. Vhorax: neck short, the head rather closely 


* This description was written some time before I had read the description of 
Teucholabis cyanea, Kdw., with which my species is perhaps synonymous, though 
this is not certain, In any case the genus Gymnastes appears to be a sound one, 
being based on the absence of an eck and on the conspicuously clubbed femora. 


ATARBA. 435 


set on the thorax; thoracic suture distinct. Abdomen normal, 
Genital organs of the male large and hairy ; the basal pieces leave 
an open interval between them, even when the claspers are folded 
together; the ends of the claw-shaped appendages are distinctly 
bifid, showing that they consist of two closely approximated 
horny pieces; a short stump takes the place of the ventral plate, 
one of the specimens having a “ long curved aculeus ” projecting 
on the underside. Legs moderately long, comparatively stout, 
finely pubescent; ungues smooth, empodia distinct: tibize pro- 
bably without spurs at the tip.* Wings with one submarginal 
cell, four posterior cells anda discal cell; no marginal cross-vein ; 
tip of auxiliary vein and origin of 2nd longitudinal vein at a 
little beyond the middle of the wing; prefurca short, curved, 
barely one-third as long as remainder of wing; the 3rd vein with 
a short basal portion, which is approximately in a line with the 
proximal side of the discal cell and the posterior cross-vein ; discal 
cell approximately square, half the length of the 2nd and 3rd 
posterior cells; 5th vein only slightly bent at its junction with 
the posterior cross-vein ; 6th and 7th veins nearly straight. 
Range. India, Australia, United States, West Indies. 


315. Atarba flava, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 15.) 


3 2. Head and all its appendages pale buff-yellow, sometimes 
a little ochraceous. Frons one-fourth the width of the head, very 
slightly narrower towards antenne ; eyes barely contiguous on 
underside ; vertex and back of head with long yellow hairs, which 
are present on the frons also. Proboscis robust, of moderate length, 
palpi a little darker, both with yellow hairs. Thorax wholly 
concolorous, dorsum elevated; some long yellow hairs on the 
shoulders and towards the margins. Abdomen concolorous, rather 
liberally covered with long pale yellow hairs; margins of segments 
with a trace of a brownish tinge. Ovipositor brownish yellow. 
Legs concolorous, with rather thick pale yellow pubescence ; tips 
of femora narrowly, tips of tibia more narrowly, and tips of 
each tarsal joint almost imperceptibly black. Wangs yellow ; veins 
yellow, distinct. Auxiliary vein ending at some distance beyond 
the origin of the 2nd longitudinal, which originates just before the 
middle of the wing, the prefurca being nearly as long as the 
remaining portion; the subcostal cross-vein placed half-way 
between the origin of the 2nd vein and the tip of the auxiliary ; 
the 1st longitudinal vein ending about opposite the distal side 
of the discal cell; basal section of 3rd vein longer than anterior 
cross-vein, which is placed at an angle of 45° with the corner of 
the discal cell; this latter a little longer than broad, about half 


pee eS Se nn 


* Osten Sacken in his description of this genus left the question of the 
presence or absence cf spurs at the tip of the tibia unsettled, as in the 
specimens before him, the feet were absent, but he notes a recollection of 
having seen spurs on the middle tibia before they were broken off. 

2 


436 TIPULID©. 


as long as the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells; posterior cross-vein 
placed just before the middle of the discal cell; «all the veins 
running to the distal margin of the wing, approximately parallel 
Halteres pale yellow, clubs barely darker at tips. 

Length 4-5 millim. 

Described from four males and one female in the Indian 
Museum from Darjiling, where it evidently is to be found on the 
hillsides each autumn. The dates are: type male 28. v. 10, type 
female 26. v.10, two other males 22.ix.08 and 1. x. 08, all these 
being captured by me; the remaining male taken by Mr. Paiva 
at the same place, 9. viii. 09. 

Types and cotypes in the Indian Museum. 

This is evidently an Atarba, the discrepancies from the three 
North American species of w hich figures are accessible being very 
small. Moreover, slight differences in the venation of these 
three species, A. puella, Will., pleuralis, Will., and picticornis, 
O.S., are apparent. With Osten Sacken’s generic description 
this species entirely agrees, and it only varies in venation from 
Needham’s figure of picticornis by the posterior cross-vein being 
placed nearly at the middle of the discal cell instead of in a line 
with its basal side. 

In picticornis, too, the auxiliary vein reaches some short distance 
beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal, and the veins running 
to the distal wing-margin are practically parallel, or only very 
slightly divergent, “poth these characters s coinciding with those of 
flava. In the other two North American species mentioned, the 
2nd vein curves distinctly upward, especially in plewralis, whilst 
the 3rd vein very distinctly curves downward making the sub- 
marginal cell very widely open on the wing-margin; whereas in 
both flava and picticornis both veins are almost exactly equidistant 
from each other and from the Ist longitudinal and anterior branch 
of the 4th longitudinal respectively. 


Section HRIOPTERINI. 


Eyes bare, separated above by a more or less wide frons, 
contiguous or approximate on ‘the underside. Antenne 16- 
jointed. Tibize without apical spurs, empodia distinct, ungues 
smooth on the underside. 

Wings with two submarginal cells; four, sometimes five, 
posterior cells; discal cell closed or open (very variable in some 
genera, often in the same species). In many genera the veins 
are distinctly pubescent (to a varying extent in some genera, 
such as Erioptera, according to the “species) ; in others the 
surface of the wings, as w ell as of the veins, is covered with 
hairs. 

The subcostal cross-vein is sometimes placed at a considerable 
distance anterior to the tip of the auxiliary vein (Zrioptera, 


fond 


ERIOPTERINI. 437 


Lthypholophus), sometimes not much before it or near its tip 
(Gonomyia, Empeda, Gnophomyia, Symplecta). This difference 
occurs in unquestionably closely allied genera. For instance, it 
is quite a long distance before the tip of the auxiliary vein in 
Paracladura, Brun., and Claduroides, Brun., yet only a little 
before the tip in Cladura, Os. Sac. This very distinct differ- 
ence of position of the subcostal cross-vein in undoubtedly allied 
genera indicates that the importance of this character has been 
overestimated by some authors. 

The 2nd longitudinal vein presents a peculiarity in one group 
of genera, by the upper branch being almost upright, thus having 
much the appearance of a cross-vein ; in fact, some of the older 
authors regarded it as such. This is the principal character of 
the Gonomyia group, which includes, besides Gonomyia, Empeda, 
Monogoma, and two new genera constructed by me out of the latter, 
Paramongoma and Mongoméoides. An intermediate genus, Gno- 
phomyia, with the upper branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein not 
upright, but more or less parallel with the lower one, may be 
regarded as joining the Gonomyia group to the Hrioptera group, 
as some authors consider; or as forming a link between the | 
Gonomyia group and the section Limnopureist, my own opinion 
inclining towards this latter view. 

Altogether this section is rather a mixed one, and although it 
may be considered as intermediate between the Limnoprint and 
the LimnopHinini, it may, speaking more narrowly, still be 
regarded mainly as a collection of groups. 

These groups (referring to the Oriental genera only) may be 
considered to be three in number. One, the Cladura group, is 
characterised by the presence of five pesterior cells, by which the 
genera may be easily differentiated from all others. They are 
Cladura, Paracladura and Claduroides, with a rather aberrant 
genus Conosia, Wulp, which, however, undoubtedly belongs here 
by virtue of its five posterior cells. The second group is formed 
of the genera surrounding Hrioptera, including Rhypholophus, Kol., 
Molophilus, Curt., and Mesocyphona, Os. Sac. The most con- 
spicuous character of this group is the presence of stiff hairs 
along at least the posterior portions of all the veins; whilst one 
genus (Ithypholophus) has the membrane of the wing also closely 
pubescent. 

The remaining group centres round Gonomyia, and is promi- 
nently distinguished by the upright or nearly upright position of 
the anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein, which appears 
almost as a cross-vein, thus making the Ist submarginal cell only 
about half as long as the 2nd. The genera comprised form a 
tolerably compact group ; they are, Gonomyia, Empeda, Monogoma, 
and my two new genera constructed from it, with the addition of 
two rather aberrant genera, which, however, undoubtedly belong 
here, namely, Lechria, Skuse, previously only known by one 
species from Australia, and the equally abnormal genus Styrinyo- 
myta, Lw., which till 1887 was known from a fossil species only. 

22 


438 TIPULID 2. 


In that year Osten Sacken mentions an undescribed recent 
species in the Stockholm Museum from Caffraria. 

These two genera, though distinctly abnormal, are eminently 
related to Gonomyia and its allies by the position of the anterior 
branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein and also by irregularities 
concerning the 3rd longitudinal vein and the anterior cross-vein.* 
Gonomyta, in certain species, foreshadows these irregularities, 
including that of the absence of the anterior cross-vein, for it 
comprises species possessing either one or two submarginal cells, 
and exhibits a variation of venation which makes it suitable as a 
central genus around which to arrange the others. This variability 
also is suflicient to prevent its dismemberment, since all the 
species show suflicient resemblances to retain them under one 
genus, 

I retain Gnophomyia, Os. Sac., and Symplecta, Mg., together, 
in accordance with recent Catalogues, but it has often occurred 
to me that Gnophomyia, with its greater degree of “ parallelism ” 
in the veins, and its posterior cross-vein near the middle of the 
discal cell, was in some way a connecting link between Gonomyia 
and the LimnopHixint, whilst Symplecta, by its general appearance 
and its posterior cross-vein before the discal cell, reminds one 
rather strongly of the LimNoprnt, although its place in this 
section cannot, of course, be questioned. 


Table of Genera of ER1OPTERINI, 


1. Four posterior cells (three only in 
POPWMNONGOMG) Gens vse ce ens sss 5 2. 
Five posterior'cells * 5... .05 60. e nes 15. 

. Wings distinctly hairy, even if only 

along the veins; often very con- 


bo 


spicuously so ......, Puaiieieeisiersce pra tues 
Wings practically (hare ysis... see's 2% 6. 
3. Wings closely pubescent over the [p. 440. 


whole surface as well as on the veins. RuHypHOLopHUS, Kol., 

Wings pubescent along the veins only . 4. 
4. The 35rd longitudinal vein emerging 

from the lower branch of the 2nd, 

thus making the Ist submarginal 

cell longer than the 2nd,......... .. Motopnitus, Curt., p. 443. 
The 3rd longitudinal vein emerging as 

usual from the preefurea, thus making 

the Ist submarginal cell shorter than 


thie Zag a ait eee os ee 8 os So es 5. 
5. Posterior branch of 4th longitudinal 
vein forked = 387 stee Gite see 6 « = 1s 52 .. Irroprera, Mg.,, p. 445. 
Anterior branch of 4th longitudinal [p. 458. 
vein forked: \.-0s seer Beets. oi tvie is MrsocypuHona, Os. Sac., 


more than half aslong asthe 2nd .. 7, 
The 1st submarginal cell long, much 
more than half the length of the 2nd. 13. 


* This question is fully dealt with in the notes under Gonomyia (p. 468). 


ERIOPTERINI, 439 
7. Venation abnormal, only one sub- 
marginal cell,* the veins in the 


anterior part of the wing distorted 
somewhat from their usual positions . 
Venation normal (except Lechria) ; the 
veins in the anterior part of the wing 
bearing their usual relations to one 
another 
8. Marginal cross-vein Bbaented tam bi.uta 
Marginal cross-vein present 
9. The Ist longitudinal vein turned down 
into the 2nd, meeting it where it forks; 
discal cell in the middle of the wing, 
the anterior cross-vein in the middle 
of the discal cell . 
The Ist longitudinal vein ending as 
usual in the costa, clear of the 2nd ; 
discal cell wholly beyond the middle 
of the wing, the anterior cross-vein at 
its upper basal corner . 
Anterior cross-vein absent . 
Anterior cross-vein pr esent. . Nive selene nayions 
Discal CoWbpresent! vaio cscs ose s 
Discal cell absent. Three posterior 
cells; anal cell closed 
. Four posterior cells, anal cell closed . 
Three posterior cells, anal cell open .. 
. The 7th longitudinal vein straight 
The 7th longitudinal vein 
spicuously bisinuate 
Body slender; legs slender, minutely 
pubescent ‘jin normal manner ; 
abdomen not narrowed at base .. 
Body compact, robust (rather  re- 
sembling Teucholabis); legs con- 
spicuously though shortly hairy; 
abdomen narrowed at base ........ 
Anterior cross-vein placed at the 
beginning of, or over the middle of, 
the discal cell; in the absence of 
the discal cell, at the base of the 3rd 
posteriomeell 5.0.1. seo. 
Anterior cross-yein distinetly bey ond 
the:distal cell cues. ws stone oie 
Subcostal cross-vein near tip 
auxiliary vein. Discal cell present, 
proximal end rectangular ; antennal 
scape long, normal; flagellum of 14 
oval joints. . Nc Peseta eateries sce 
Subcostal cross-vein ver y far before tip 
of auxiliary vein, near middle of 
WALT py hash eetidian ie als cae ease hele eid, 5,60 


ee ee 


ee 


10. 


eee eee 


Le 


con- 


@) elke v ¢) 6 


16. 


of 


STYRINGoMy1A, Lw., p. 459, 


LeEcuriA, Skuse, p. 465. 


Me 


Gonomyta, Meg., 


ele 
Emwprpa, Os. 8 
112. 


p- 468. 
Sac., p. 475, 
[p. 481. 
Moneomioipes, Brun., 
Moneoma, Westw., p. "476, 
PARAMONGOMA, Brun., 
14, [p. 484. 
Sympriecra, Mg., p. 485. 


GNOPHOMYIA, Os. Sac., 
[p. 487. 


DasyMALLomytA, Brun., 
[p. 494. 


16, 


Conosr1a, Wulp, p. 496. 


CLADURA, Os. Sac., p. 499. 


* In spite of Styringomyia having only one submarginal cell, its natural 
affinity is here, with strong resemblances to Hrioptera, Gonomyta and the 


curious Australian genus Lechria, Skuse. 


440 , - TIPULIDA. 


17 


. The 1st longitudinal vein ending near 
tip of wing; discal cell present, its 
proximal oa rectangular; antennal 
scape very short; flagellum of 15 
very elongate joints . a ieee 5 ence PARACLADURA, brun., 
The Ist longitudinal vein 1 ending at a [p. 502. 
considerable distance from tip of 
wing ; discal cell absent, its proximal 
end ‘pointed ; antennal scape normal ; [p. 505. 
flagellum of 13 oval joints ........ CLADUROIDES, Brun., 


Genus RHYPHOLOPHUS, Aol. (PI. XI, fig. 20.) 


Rhypholophus, Kolenati, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv, p. 895 (1860). 
Ilisomya, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 180 (1856). 

Ormosia, Rondani, 1. ¢. 

Dasyptera, Schiner, Wien. Ent. Monats. vii, p. 221 (1863). 


GENOTYPE, Lthypholophus phryganopterus, Kol. 


This genus is closely allied to Hrioptera, the principal differential 
character being that the wings are pubescent over the whole 
surface, pactentl of only along the veins, as is the case in all the 
other genera of the Hrioptera group found in the East. There 
are two submarginal cells, féur posterior cells, and a discal cell, 
which is open or closed. The antennz are of sixteen joints, and 
are of considerable length in the males of some species,* the joints 
being much elongated, strongly pedicelled and pubescent. A 
discal cell is present or absent; when the cell is absent it is 
generally the anterior branch of the 4th longitudinal vein that is 
forked, the cell being then coalescent with the 3rd posterior cell. + 
The wing is, generally speaking, slightly broader than in Erioptera, 
and the veins diverge from each other rather more distinctly, so 
that they do not present the peculiar effect of parallelism so 
conspicuous in Hrioptera. The 7th longitudinal vein is normally 
straight, or slightly arcuate, bending downwards or more or less 
abruptly curved downwards in its middle, presenting its concavity 
towards the 6th vein. Occasionally ¢ it runs comparatively near 
to the 6th vein in its basal part, but never so pronouncedly so as 
mm the typical Hrioptere. 

Range. The previously recorded species occur in Europe and 
North America, extending into the Arctic Regions, several species 
coming from Greenland and Alaska. 


* This does not occur in the Oriental species. 

+ These species were placed in the genus, Dasyptera, formed for their reception 
by Schiner, but our more extended acquaintance with the Diptera has proved 
that the presence or absence of a discal cell is seldom of generic value unless 
accompanied by other constant characters. It is not always the anterior 
branch of the 4th vein which is forked, when the discal cell is absent, as in 
at least one North American species (J?. holotrichus, Os. Sac.) the posterior 
branch bears the fork. 

} R. nigripilus, Os. Sac., from North America. 


RHYPHOLOPHUS. 441 


The two Indian species may be recognised as follows :— 
Femora with a single apical pale band 

of golden yellow hairs; wings with 

black hairs arranged in four more or 

less obvious broad bands .......... geniculatus, sp. Nov. 
Femora with two pale bands, one apical, 

one subapical ; wings without any 

obvious bands of black hairs ...... .. pulcher, sp. nov. 


316. Rhypholophus geniculatus, sp. nov. 


¢. Head: vertex and frons very broad, covered with short 
golden yellow hairs ; eyes deeply emarginate; palpi dark brown, 
considerably pubescent. Antennal scape pale yellow; flagellar 
joints elongate oval, rather thickly pubescent, with pale brownish 
yellow hairs, brown, tips pale yellowish white, the joints becoming 
longer and narrower towards the tips of the antenne. TZ'horaw 
yellowish, indistinctly darker along the middle, and where the 
usual shorter dorsal stripes oecur; darker also behind the suture ; 
a-small shining elongate black spot in a small depression on each 
side of the middle, a little before half-way between the anterior 
margin and the suture. Thorax pubescent, with short yellow 
hairs, and a dorso-central stripe of irregularly placed longer 
thicker yellow hairs along each side of the middle, well separated. 
Scutellum with yellowish hairs. Abdomen black, with compara- 
tively thick yellow pubescence. Genitalia large, black, the 
lst joint of the claspers oval, the remaining appendages 
apparently small. Legs: anterior legs dark brown or biack, 
with short pnbescence, which in certain lights appears golden’ 
yellow; a moderately broad band of very short golden yellow 
hair at tips of femora, extending in some cases to the base 
of the tibie; tips of tibia with a very narrow similar band ; 
the hind tibiw changing rapidly before the middle to yellowish, 
with short distinct yellow pubescence, and the whole of the hind 
tarsi yellowish, with concolorous pubescence. Wings very pale 
yellowish grey, rather thickly covered with short black hairs, 
with which are intermixed, in places, short golden yellow ones, 
there being no distinct stigma, but the yellow hairs are especially 
prominent in that part of the wing. The black hairs are arranged 
so that they form four more or less distinct, though not well- 
defined, bands of about equal width, with a rather narrow interval 
between each; the first band basal, the fourth apical, the second 
ending distinctly before the cross-veins, at which latter spot the 
tnird begins ; the yellow hairs more numerous between the bands 
of black hairs. Halteres yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from four males from Kurseong, 16. iv. 11 (Annan- 
dale). 

Type (and other examples) in the Indian Museum. 


‘ 


442 TIPULID®. 


317. Rhypholophus pulcher, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 16.) 


2. Head flattened, elongate ; eyes very emarginate; vertex, 
back of head and frons (the latter forming one-third the 
width of the head) blackish grey, with long ‘ragged brownish 
yellow hairs. Proboscis moderately long, “brow nish yellow ; 
palpi dark brown, very pubescent. Antenne brownish yellow, 
pubescent ; scape normal; flagellum of fourteen oval joints, 
the base of euch joint black.  Thoraw: neck short, brownish 
yellow. Dorsum of thorax rather dark brown, with three nearly 
contiguous brown stripes, barely darker than the eround- colour ; : 
a narrow pale lemon-yellow collare below the edge oe the ensiin. 
Above the neck and below the collare, rather copious long brownish 
yellow hairs ; two well-separated dorso-central longitudinal bands 
of short yellow hairs, amongst which some long bristly yellow 
hairs stand out distinctly ; these two rows begin on the anterior 
margin and converge at the suture, continuing over it to the 
posterior margin; and from the suture a branch row on each 
side, of both long and short hairs intermixed, runs to each posterior 
corner of the dorsum. Scutellum broad, brown, metanotum dark 
brown, both with a few short yellow hairs. Abdomen dark brown, 
belly similar. both sides with yellow hairs. Ovipositor con- 
spicuous, bright brownish yellow, basal portion large and shining, 
pubescent ; the lower pair of valves shorter, both pairs very 
shining brownish yellow. Legs brownish yellow, trochanters 
nearly as long as the coxe; the femora become brown on the 
apical half and bear two pale rings, one apical, the other sub- 
apical; tips of tibie and the tarsi darker; legs pubescent. 
Wings: the auxiliary vein ending about opposite the fork of the 
2nd longitudinal vein, the 1st vein ending some way beyond this 
point ; the 2nd vein beginning at about one-third of the wing, 
forking before half its length, the branches nearly parallel 
distinctly curved upwards at their tips, the marginal cross- 
vein placed exactly at the fork ; the 3rd vein originating a little 
before the fork of the 2nd, its basal part moderately long, longer 
than the anterior cross-vein, the remaining portion running 
straight to the wing-tip; upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein 
parallel to the 3rd until the tip when it suddenly bends down- 
wards, forked at half its length, the veinlet forming a sharp 
rectangle, thence being parallel to the upper branch; Ist 
posterior cell nearly as long as 2nd submarginal cell ; lower 
branch of 4th vein originating just before anterior cross-vein, 
emerging at an angle from the stem, thence running straight to 
the hind margin of the wing ; posterior cross-vein slightly: sinuate, 
a little before the fork of the 4th vein; 5th and 6th veins gently 
curved, 7th distinctly bisinuate.* Ground-colour of wing very pale 
grey, the whole membrane as well as the veins thickly pubescent 
with short black and yellow hairs intermixed more or less in 


* Resembling that of Symplecta, except that the tip is not so abruptly 
curved into the hind margin. 


MOLOPHILUS. 443 


patches ; the black hairs are the thicker on the veins and at the base 
of the 2nd vein, of the 3rd vein, at the fork of the 2nd vein, over 
the stigmatic portion of the Ist vein, over the posterior cross- 
vein, over the lower veinlet of the upper branch of the 4th vein, in 
the middle of the axillary cell and towards the tip of the costa. 

Length 3% millim, 

Described from the type female taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Phagu, Simla district, 9000 feet, 11.v.09, and an additional 
female taken by the same gentleman at Naini Tal, Kumaon 
district, 6400 ft., x. 1906. 

Type and second specimen in the Indian Museum. 


Genus MOLOPHILUS, Curt. 


Molophilus, Curtis, Brit. Entom. p. 444 (1853). 
Erioptera, Schiner (nee Meigen), Wien. Ent, Monats. vii, p. 221 
(1863). 
Gunoryee, Erioptera atra, Mg. (brevipennis, Curt.). 


Molophilus possesses the general characters of Hrioptera, to 
which it is intimately akin, and from which the principal separative 
character is the peculiar but very distinctive one of the 3rd longi- 
tudinal vein issuing from the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein, instead of from the prefurca of that vein, as is usually the 
case in the Erioprnrini. This causes the 1st submarginal cell 
to be distinctly, though not greatly, longer than the 2nd. The 
4th longitudinal vein forks much sooner than in Hrioptera, much 
before the anterior cross-vein, the posterior cross-vein being just 
beyond the fork of the 4th vein. This causes the 2nd posterior 
cell (as the discal cell is always absent, so far as I am aware) to 
be;much longer than the Ist or the 3rd cell. Marginal cross-vein 
just beyond the fork of the 2nd vein; basal section of 3rd vein, 
and the anterior cross-vein in a line. Posterior branch of the 
4th longitudinal forked, the branches long and nearly parallel. 
The 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight, the latter long, but 
without any tendency to approach the 6th nor running parallel 
to the hind margin of the wing, as is characteristic of the typical 
Oriental species of Hrioptera. 

Range. Europe, North America, and Australia, in addition to 
the forms herein described. 

This genus was founded by Curtis for what he described as 
M. brevipennis, Curt., but which subsequently was found to be 
synonymous with Hrioptera atra, Mg.* Although Osten Sacken 
disagrees with the generic value of the characters 7 attributed to 


* Osten Sacken (Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. p. 148) distinctly calls attention 
to the fact that the synonymy adopted by European authcerities must have 
been based on a comparison with the types, because Curtis’s description and 
that of Z. atra, Mg., would not lead an independent worker to the opinion of 
their identity. 

t These were, the small size of the wing, the modified shape of the thorax 
and abdomen, and the large male genitalia. 


444 TIPULIDZ. 


Molophilus by Curtis, he acquiesces in the retention of the name 
for the group of species to which Z. atra belongs, and this view 
is adopted in recent catalogues. 


Table of Species. 


Flagellar joints of antenne short, ovate ....  dconspicua, sp. 0. 
Flagellar joints of antennz much elongated. assamensis, sp. Nn. 


318. Molophilus inconspicua, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head: vertex, frons and back of head grey, with pale 
hairs; the vertex narrowing rapidly into the frons, the width 
between the eyes above the antennze about one-third that of the 
head, but at vertex nearly one-half. Proboscis and palpi dark 
brown. Scapal joints of antenne subequal in width, 1st joint the 
longer, brownish yellow ; flagellum of fourteen shortly oval joints, 
varying from pale yellowish to brownish, with short pubescence. 
Thorav brownish yellow, shining, no distinct stripes, but in some 
examples the parts of the dorsum usually occupied by the three 
normal stripes and the dark spots behind the suture are rather 
more brownish. ‘Two widely separated .rows of dorso-central 
bristly hairs, running from inside the shoulders to the posterior 
corners ; some further bristles are present, above the wings, on 
the scutellum, irregularly placed, and on the pleure, which latter 
are in some specimens a little darker. Scutellum and sides of 
thorax brownish yellow; metanotum blackish brown. Abdomen: 
dorsum brown, belly generally yellowish, with rather numerous 
brownish yellow hairs on both sides. Gentahn of male large and 
conspicuous, brownish yellow, with long brownish yellow hairs ; 
a dorsal conspicuous oblong plate, the usual pair of claspers, 
the basal joint of which is thick and conical, the 2nd bearing 
a narrow horny hook with a black tip; there is also an addi- 
tional pair of slender black-tipped organs, and an inner pair of 
claspers. In the female the sexual organ consists of two pairs 
of yellow-haired, brownish yellow elongate valves, the lower pair 
shorter, and slightly twisted round to the side, being also set 
rather further back; the terminal points of both pairs long. Legs 
pale brownish yellow, tips of tarsi darker. Wings pale grey. 
Auxiliary vein ending well beyond the middle of the wing, the 1st 
longitudinal ending half-way between tip of auxiliary and tip of 
wing; subcostal vein some distance before tip of auxiliary, between 
origin of 2nd vein and marginal cross-vein ; the 2nd vein beginning 
distinctly before one-third of the wing, prefurea nearly straight, 
nearly as long as the two branches, which fork just before the 
marginal cross-vein, running parallel to the border; the 3rd vein 
originating opposite the marginal cross-vein, its basal section very 
short, thence running perfectly straight to the wing-tip ; anterior 
cross-vein short ; the 4th vein forking in the middle of the wing, 
some distance before the anterior cross-vein, the upper branch 


MOLOPHILUS.—ERIOPLERA. A45 


single, straight, the lower one forked just beyond the anterior 
cross-vein ; all the veins on distal part of wing approximately 
parallel ; posterior cross-vein placed just after forking of fourth 
vein, in the middle of the wing; the 5th, 6th and 7th veins 
nearly straight. All the veins with a thick row of hairs. Halteres 
yellowish, clubs darker. 

Length 13-2 millim. 

Described from several examples of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum, from Simla, 7000 ft., 12. v.08 (Annandale); Kurseong, 
4-6, vii. 98, 18-20. vi. 10 (type 3); Maddathorai, 16. xi. 08 (type 
2), and Tenmalai, 22. xi. 08, Travancore, South India, all taken 
by Dr. Annandale. 


319. Molophilus assamensis, sp. nov. 


¢. Head: occiput, proboscis and palpi yellowish, the latter a 
ttle darker. Antenne of considerable size and length; scapal 
joints very short, rounded; flagellum of fourteen very elongated 
joints, with long pubescence on each side of every joint except at 
the base and the tip; the whole antenne brownish yellow. Thorax 
uniformly brownish yellow, with some long yellow hairs on each 
side. Scutellum, metanotum and sides of thorax concolorous. 
Abdomen brownish; traces of yellow here and there, especially 
towards the tip, last segment yellowish; the whoie abdomen 
rather freely covered with black and yellowish hairs. Genital 
organs large and conspicuous, brownish yellow, very pubescent ; 
consisting of a pair of large claspers, and below these a pair of 
black, very attenuated, hard, slightly curved, hook-like processes ; 
also two smaller pairs of sub-filamentous appendages. Legs uni- 
formly yellow, with close yellow pubescence. Wings pale grey, 
thickly set with long blackish hairs along all the veins and on the 
borders of the wing. Venation as in .V. inconspicua. Halteres 
yellowish, knob darker. 

Length 24 millim. 

Described from a unique specimen from Sylhet, $.1.06 
(Lt.-Col, Hail). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus ERIOPTERA, J/g. 


Erioptera, Meigen, Mlig. Mag. ii, p. 262 (1803). : 
Chemalida, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 180 (1856). 
Limnea, Rondani, loc. cit., i, p. 180 (1856). 

Limnoica, Rondani, loc. cit., Corrigenda, p. 11 (1861). 

? Octavia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) ii, p. 475 (1804). 


Gunoryee, Erioptera lutea, Mg.; by designation of Coquillett 
(1910). 


Head: frons distinctly broad, varying from about one-fourth 
to one-half the width of the head; eyes glabrous, contiguous or 


446 TIPULID®. 


subcontiguous beneath. Proboscis short, stout ; palpi eompara- 
tively short, the middle joints rather stouter. Antenne generally 
rather short, * of sixteen joints; the Ist scapal joint varies in length 
but is nearly always wider at the tip; the 2nd is considerably 
enlarged, much the widest of all, rounded, subeylindrical or ovate, 
occasionally of irregular shape; 1st joint of the flagellum often 
onion-shaped, and often much larger than the remaining flagellar 
joints, which are oval, more or less, becoming considerably elon- 
gated towards the tip of the antenna, the whole flagellum closely 
pubescent, each joint bearing a verticel of long hairs. Thorax 
somewhat high and convex, produced forwards conically into a 
short blunt neck, which is inconspicuous in some species. Two 
well-separated rows of dorso-central stiff hairs, which, beyond the 
suture, generally diverge towards the posterior corners of the 
dorsum.t ‘Thoracic suture distinct, and the post-sutural depres- 
sion rather well marked. Abdomen linear, of moderate size, often 
transparent, when the internal organs can be rather easily seen. 
Genitalia of male consisting of a large fleshy basal joint which is 
usually ovate or subcylindrical, and to which is appended some- 
times a single horny hook or bifid claw, sometimes a second joint, 
much smaller, bearing a terminal hard piece of some kind. Dif- 
ferent intermediate small organs appear to be present in some of 
the species, but they are not easily examined in dried specimens.+ 
The ovipositor in the female differs in length considerably ; the 
upper pair of valves long, slightly curved upwards, the lower pair 
set further back at their base, generally much shorter, and straight, 
both pairs enlarged, in some species to a considerable extent, at 
the base ; two small horny projections are placed at the base of 
the upper pair of valves.§ Legs slender, of moderate length 
or rather short, pubescent, often very conspicuously hairy ; the 
middle pair generally shorter than the others; tibie without 
apical spurs, empodia distinct, ungues smooth on the inner side ; 
the last joint of the tarsus is said to project somewhat over the 
ungues. Wings rather broad, tip rounded; veins pubescent, 

especially towards the apical half of the wing, but the hairs 
much more conspicuous in some species than in others. ‘Two 

submarginal cells and four posterior cells, the discal cell open 
or closed; the veins mainly parallel on the outer side of the 
wing ; the auxiliary vein ending beyond the middle of the wing, 


* Osten Sacken observes that some species have the antenn in the female 
long enough to reach to the base of the abdomen, but there are no species with 
such long antennz in the Hast. 

+ The cheetotaxy (if such it can be called, when referring to stiff hairs 
instead of bristles and spines) has not been observed closely as the above 
description appears to apply to all the species, in a greater or less degree, of 
this and its allied genera. 

¢ Osten Sacken figures one North American species (Z. armata, Os. Sac.) 
in which the large basal joint is terminated by three horny teeth united at 
thei bases. 

§ According to Osten Sacken ; but I have not searched for them myself. 


ERIOPTERA. 447 


sometimes at nearly three-fourths its length ; the Ist longitudinal 
vein ending some distance beyond the tip of the auxiliary ; the 
2nd vein beginning some distance before the middle of the wing, 
at an acute angle, the first part of the prefurca (that is, up to the 
origin of the 3rd vein) much longer, often double as long, as the 
remainder (up to the fork); the vein forks soon after the origin 
of the 3rd vein, the branches more or less paraliel, the marginal 
cross-vein situated just after the fork; the 3rd vein emerging at 
a wide angle, the basal section of about the same length as the 
anterior cross-vein; the 4th longitudinal forking at or almost 
immediately before, the anterior cross-vein ; the anterior branch 
simple, the posterior branch forked soon after quitting the cross- 
vein, the veinlets sometimes parallel, sometimes diverging, their 
tips having a tendency to turn upward slightly ; posterior cross- 
vein lying from a little before to a little after the forking of the 
2nd vein; the 5th and 6th veins nearly straight, the 7th running 
for a considerable distance close to and parallel with the 6th, and, 
after turning down to the margin, running (more or less sinuously ) 
parallel with the hind edge of the wing. This character is not 
invariable, as in some species it is nearly straight, in others, 
although approximate in its basal half to the 6th, it afterwards 
turns straight down to the wing margin without running along- 
side of the latter. 

Range. Europe, North Africa, North and South America, West 
Indies, Java, India and Australia. 

In his Monograph (p. 146) Osten Sacken goes very fully into 
the question of the synonymy of Hrioptera and the closely allied 
genera Rhypholophus, Kol., Molophilus, Curt., Acyphona, Os. Sac., 
and Mesocyphona, Os. Sac. He seems to have had grave doubts 
about admitting to generic rank any of these subsidiary genera 
except Molophilus. Referring to the genus Hrioptera, which he 
divided into the following subgenera, Hrioptera, Acyphona, Hoplo- 
labis, Mesocyphona and Molophilus, he says: ‘If I have retained 
them in the position of groups or subgenera it is because, in my 
opinion, the characters which all these species possess in common, 
constitute between them a link of affinity more important than the 
structural differences which some of them show”.* In his later 
work on the genera of Tiputtp® he adheres to this view, with 
the exception of finally accepting Molophilus as distinct, owing to 
the peculiar origin of the 3rd longitudinal vein from the posterior 
branch of the 2nd vein instead of from the prefurca, as in most 
ERIOPTERINI. 

Erioptera, as I understand it, is now retained for species in 
which the 4th longitudinal vein has its posterior branch forked, 
the discal cell open, coalescent with the 2nd posterior cell, and 
the 7th vein often (though not in all cases) with the peculiar 
character of running alongside the 6th for some distance, and 


* The italics are mine.—-E. B. 


448: TIPULID®©. 


then after turning more or less suddenly downwards towards the 
hind margin of the wing, running approximately alongside of that 
iso, although the apical half of the 7th vein itself in such cases 
is sinuate or bisinuate. 

Mesocyphona ditters mainly by the anterior branch of the 4th 
longitudinal vein being forked instead of the posterior one, so 
that the discal cell, being absent as such, is coalescent with the 
3rd posterior cell. The 7th vein appears to be straight, the only 
species other than my new one, UW. nigripes, with which 1 have 
the means of comparison, being J. caloptera, Os. Sac., of which 
Needham gives a figure. 

Acyphona and Hoplolabis, not being Oriental, may be passed 
over with the remark that the closing of the discal cell, fore- 
shortening the 2nd posterior cell, is the only generic character of 
the former, whilst the appendix in the diseal cell in addition to 
the position of the posterior cross-vein (some distance before the 
discal cell) are the characters of the latter. Of course, either or 
both these forms, whether they are to be considered good genera 
or not, may easily occur in the East. Acyphona occurs in Central 
Europe, Hoplolabis in the United States. 

Molophilus is quite a good genus by virtue of the unusual origin 
of the 3rd vein, coupled with the extension proximally of both 
the 2nd posterior cell and the posterior cross-vein. 

Rhypholophus is again easily separated from all the above 
genera by the membrane of the wings being hairy in addition to 
the veins. 

In Erioptera, sensu stricto, some variation of importance in the 
course of the 7th vein is recorded above, and those species in 
which this vein assumes its peculiar and unusual course may be 
regarded as the typical ones of the genus in the East. In the 
degree of pubescence of the veins, much difference is seen, some 
species appearing at once as hairy-winged, whereas in others the 
wings appear at first sight practically bare. 


Table of Species. 


1. Wing with distinct spots composed of 


small patches of black hairs ........ punctipennis, sp. n., p. 449. 
Wing without such marks .......... 2. 


2: Posterior cross-vein at some little 
distance before fork of 4th longi- 


tudinal vein ...... 30> Deo .. ferrugined, sp. n., p. 450. 
Posterior cross-vein immediately before, 
or actually at, fork of 4th vein.,.... 5. 


Posterior cross-vein half-way between 
fork of 4th longitudinal vein and fork 
ofits lower braichtm iene... el. distans, sp. n., p. 451. 


* Although technically MW. nigripes falls into Mesocyphona, 1 cannot help 
thinking its affinities are not with MW. caloptera and M. parva, Os. Sac., as its 
general facies seems quite different from that of these two species. 


ERIOPTERA. 449 


3. The 7th longitudinal vein not closely 
approximate to 6th at its base ...... 0 4. 
The 7th longitudinal vein closely ap- 


proximate to Gth at its base ..... nets 
4. Dark grey, grey-legged species; wings 2 
nearly clear, veins distinct.......... brevior, sp. n., p. 452. 


Yellowish, yellow-lezged species; wings 
distinctly yellowish, much more pub- 
escent, veins much less distinct ....  certa, sp. n., p. 452, 
5. Origin of 2nd and 5rd longitudinal veins, 
with anterior cross-vein, always be- 
OMG MIMICS OFAN 6s os ia. othe ola ays 6. 
Origin of 2nd and 35rd veins, with 
anterior cross-vein, distinctly before 


PAGO WMG sccc cod ass «tus oes es parallela, sp. n., p. 453. 
6. Grey species, at least the body........ fe 
Yellowish species, at least the body .. &. 
7. Brownish grey species, 4-5 mm. long; 
wings practically clear ..... Sepak orventalis, sp. n., p. 453. 
Yellowish species, 8 mm. long; a very 
slight suffusion along the cross-veins.. subtincta, sp. n., p. 455. 
8. Halteres all yellow ....... REE amish: Java, sp. u., p. 455, 
Halteres with yellow stem and blackish 
[20s eee eee bicihdcbe nea sae 3 
9. Larger species, 5 mm. long .......... grandior, sp. 0., p. 456, 
Smaller species, 23-53 mm. long...... 10. 
10. Genitalia extra large and more complex 
in male, larger than usual in female.. genitalis, sp. n., p. 456. 
Genitalia normal in male and female... Aalterata, sp. n., p. 457. 


320. Erioptera punctipennis, sp. nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 17.) 


2. Head light brownish yellow; frons one-fourth the width of 
the head, very convex, clothed with long thick bright yellow hairs. 
Proboscis and palpi dark brown. Antennal scape dark brown, 
ist joint moderately long, 2nd large, distinctly wider ; flagellum 
of fourteen brownish yellow verticillate joints. Zhorax: dorsum 
rather bright shining light brownish yellow; no stripes, but with the 
configuration of the usual pattern slightly delineated by somewhat 
darker but ill-defined emarginations ; a sharp line of demarcation 
between the dorsum and the sides of the thorax, which latter are 
pale yellowish, with a brown lateral median irregular stripe. Two 
well-separated rows of dorso-central black bristly hairs of different 
sizes, irregularly placed, from the anterior margin to the posterior 
corners. Scutellum and metanotum brownish yellow, bare. Abdo- 
men dark brown; segments distinct, with some pale yellow hairs 
at the sides. Belly similar. Ovipositor very large and con- 
spicuous, shining brownish yellow, with long brownish yellow 
hairs ; the basal part enlarged, normal in shape ; the lower part 
of the organ, including the valves, is set rather further back, and 
it is only about two-thirds the length of the upper portion, 
being in addition twisted round to the side. Legs yellowish, with 
bright golden yellow microscopic pubescence ; tips of all the joints 


450 TIPULID®. 


almost imperceptibly black. Wings yellowish, with numerous 
dark brown marks ; pubescent along the veins, the hairs normally 
yellow, especially along the bright yellow costa, but the hairs 
are black here and there, forming the dark wing-spots. The 
auxiliary vein and the Ist longitudinal lie so near the costa as 
to be hardly visible; the 2nd longitudinal vein beginning at one- 
third the length of the wing, forking beyond the middle, the 
upper branch forming a rectangle at its origin, both branches 
running parallel with the margin of the wing; the very short 
marginal cross-vein placed at the angle in the upper branch; the 
3rd longitudinal vein beginning near the middle of the wing, its 
basal section in a line with the anterior cross-vein, which itself 
joins the pointed basal end of the 2nd posterior cell; the 3rd 
vein and the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal exactly 
parallel; the lower branch of the 4th vein forked just before 
its middle; posterior cross-vein situated just beyond the middle 
of the wing, in a line with the anterior cross-vein; the 5th, 6th 
and 7th veins practically straight. The wing-markings are com- 
posed of small patches of black hairs, and are distributed in the 
following manner :—five small spots on the costa, a 6th being at 
the tip of the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein; also one 
at the tip of all the veins posterior to, but not including, the 3rd 
vein; an elongated spot over the cross-veins and one each over 
the fork of the 2nd vein, and that of the 4th vein; the 3rd vein, 
for some distance in its middle, bears black hairs ; similar black 
hair-spots occur here and there with apparently more or less 
irregularity. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 23 millim. 

Described from two females taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Kurseong, 26-27. vi. 10. 

Type and second specimen both in the Indian Museum. 

Rather easily distinguished from all other species by the black 
hair-spots giving the wing a spotted appearance. 


321. Erioptera ferruginea, sp. nov. 


3g. Head: vertex and upper part of back of head shining light 
reddish or ferruginous brown; frons, which is rather narrow— 
less than a third of the width of the head—and lower part of 
head behind the eyes, yellow; post-ocular orbit silvery white. 
Antennal scape and base of flagellum yellowish; remainder of 
flagellum brown. Proboscis yellow, palpi brownish. Thoraw light 
ferruginous brown, very shining; dorsum with a narrow black 
line in the centre, very attenuated towards the anterior margin, 
which it barely reaches; it also does not continue posteriorly 
beyond the suture. Some bristly hairs on the dorsum give the 
appearance of the usual two well-separated rows of dorso-central 
ones. Scutellum and sides concolorous or a little lighter ; metano- 
tum not shining. Abdomen bright yellowish, almost ferruginous 


ERIOPTERA. 451 


brown, with pale yellow hairs at the sides; segments considerably 
emarginate ; belly similar. Genitalia brownish yellow; a large 
basal stout subovate pubescent joint, with moderately long bifid 
yellow claws at the tip. Legs yellow, tibiz a little tinged with 
brown. Wings nearly clear, pubescence on the veins very incon- 
spicuous. Venation nearly normal; lower branch of the 4th 
longitudinal vein forked widely at half its length; posterior 
cross-vein at some distance before the fork of the 4th vein; the 
7th vein short, turning down to the margin of the wing imme- 
diately after quitting the proximity of the 6th vein. Halteres 
yellow, clubs black. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a single male taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Pallode, near Trivandrum, Travancore State, South India, 
15. xi. 08. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This species resembles /. halterata in general appearance, 
especially in the black-clubbed halteres. It is, however, easily 
distinguished by several apparently good characters: by the 
inconspicuous pubescence of the veins ; the ferruginous shining 
thorax, lightly though distinctly striped with black; the different 
position of the posterior cross-vein ; the short 7th vein turning 
down somewhat sharply to the margin instead of running parallel 
with it for a considerable distance, as in FE, halterata. Also the 
fork of the lower branch of the 4th vein is different, lying beyond 
the middle of the vein, and being widely open, with the veinlets 
quite straight. 


322. Erioptera distans, sp. nov. 


3. Head dark grey ; frons very broad, three-fourths the width 
of the head, and with long black hairs. Proboscis, palpi, and 
antenne brownish yellow; flagellar joints oval, moderately large 
and long, distinctly elongate towards the tip. TYhorav: dorsum 
wholly blackish, a little greyish below the shoulders and in front ; 
sides dark grey, with a little grey dusting. Abdomen: the Ist 
segment pale dirty yellow, the remainder black. Genitalia some- 
what concealed by a pair of large blackish curved plates; yellowish, 
two-jointed, hairy, with two small filamentous appendages and an 
upper pair of small brownish yellow subconical organs. Legs 
brown, with much longer pubescence than usual, especially on 
the femora. Wings pale grey; pubescence very inconspicuous 
but distinctly present. The auxiliary vein ending opposite the 
beginning of the 3rd vein; the subcostal cross-vein at a little 
before the tip of the auxiliary vein; the 1st longitudinal vein at 
its tip, indistinct, where the wing is a little darkened, as through 
the beginning of a stigma; remainder of venation normal; the 
lower branch of 4th longitudinal vein forking rather early ; the 
posterior cross-vein half-way between the fork of the 4th vein 

26 


452 TIPULID®. 


and the fork of its lower branch; the 6th vein nearly parallel 
with the 5th throughout its length ; the 7th short, barely curved, 
running straight to the wing-margin, without any tendency to 
approximate to the 6th. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male taken by Dr. Annandale at 
Kurseong, 26. vi. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


323. Erioptera brevior, sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 2.) 


3 9. Head mainly grey, the frons forming one-third of the 
width of the head. Proboscis yellowish ; palpi brown, pubescent. 
Antenne brownish yellow, normally pubescent. Zhorax brownish 
grey, tinged with yellowish towards the sides. Two well-separated 
rows of dorso-central bristly hairs. Scutellum concolorous, 
metanotum darker. Abdomen brown, reddish brown or brownish 
yellow, with short pale pubescence. Genitalia of the male con- 
colorous, very pubescent, the Ist joint large, oblongo-cylindrical, 
the 2nd joint represented by a long bifid black claw. Ovipositor 
of the female with the dorsal side of the basal portion blackish, 
the upper pair of valves curved, the lower pair straight. Legs 
brownish yellow, tarsi darker. Wings yellowish, pubescence of the 
veins rather inconspicuous. The auxiliary vein ending in the 
middle of the wing, the 1st longitudinal at three-fourths of the 
wing; the 2nd longitudinal vein beginning a little before the 
middle of the wing, the prefurca being nearly two-thirds- the 
length of the vein ; the marginal cross-vein placed at some distance 
before the rather widely open fork; the 3rd vein originating at 
the middle of the przefurca, its basal section distinct, nearly as long 
as the anterior cross-vein; the 3rd vein and the upper branch of 
the 4th longitudinal are parallel ; the basal end of the 2nd posterior 
cell pointed; the lower branch of the 4th longitudinal forked at 
one-third of its length, making the 3rd posterior cell elengate- 
triangular; posterior cross-vein placed immediately before the 
branching of the 4th vein; the 5th, 6th and 7th veins nearly 
straight. Halteres pale lemon-yellow. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from two males and two females. The type male and 
female taken by Mr. Paiva at Darjiling, 11. viii. 09 and 5.viii.09, 
respectively. An additional male and female from Kurseong, 
7.ix. 09, taken by Dr. Annandale. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


324, Erioptera incerta, sp. nov. 


3. Very like 2. flava, but apparently quite distinct. The head 
is dark grey, not yellowish, the vertex much broader than in 
E. flava ; the flagellum of the antenne is much longer and stronger, 


ERIOPLERA. 453 


the colour of the thorax and abdomen is darker and more brownish 
especially the abdomen, and the pale yellow hairs are more 
numerous ; the thoracic dorsum has two distinct rows of long 
yellow dorso-central hairs. The genitalia are a little more 
elongate. The wing has the 7th vein not approximate to the 6th 
near the base, but in length it is equal to that of Z. flava. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from a single male taken by Mr. Paiva at Darjiling, 
5. vill. 09. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


326, Evioptera parallela, sp. nov. 


2. Head yellowish grey; frons one-fourth the width of the 
head, with a few hairs. Proboscis and palpi brownish yellow. 
Antenne rather long; Ist scapal joint rather short, 2nd large, 
1st flagellar joint oval, as are the rest, but slightly larger. Thorax 
dirty brownish yellow, pubescence inconspicuous. Abdomen 
blackish. Ovipositor rather small, dark brownish yellow, shining, 
the terminal blades short, yellowish. Legs brownish, the coxe 
brownish yellow. Wangs pale grey, veins all distinctly pubescent. 
The 2nd longitudinal vein beginning at one-fourth of the wing, 
forking just bevond the middle; the 3rd vein originating just 
before the middle of the wing; the anterior cross-vein barely 
beyond the middle; the 4th vein forking immediately before the 
anterior cross-vein, the posterior cross-vein placed immediately 
before the fork ; the lower branch of the 4th vein forking early ; 
all these veins practically parallel, and from their extra length, due 
to the cross-veins being so near the middle of the wing, the 
appearance of parallelism is striking; the 7th vein running ex- 
ceedingly close to the 6th vein at the base (the 5th and 6th veins 
are stronger than usual, and distinctly united at their bases), and 
afterwards running nearly parallel with the wing-margin, at some 
distance from it, whilst still remaining more or less parallel to the 
6th vein; the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins all seem rather closer 
together in this species than in others. Halteres rather large, 
with narrow yellow stems and black clubs. 

Length about 3 millim. 

Described from a single female from Kurseong, June 1910. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Since describing this species the abdomen has become detached 
and lost. No other specimen has been seen. 


326. Erioptera orientalis, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head: vertex, back of head, and the very broad frons 
(the latter much elevated and measuring four-fifths the width of 
the head—possibly sometimes less than this) moderately dark grey, 


with long and short black hairs. The frons by its elevation affords 
262 


454 _ TIPULIDZ. 


the peculiar appearance of the vertex being drawn forward, as it 
were, into a pointed flap, which hangs down between the eyes ; 
the sides of the trons, near the eyes, being bent inwards ; the 
occiput, near the eye-margins, is whitish. Proboscis yellow, with 
large yellow labélla at tip; palpi dark brown. Antennal scape 
with the Ist joint long, cylindrical, yellowish; 2nd broader and 
shorter, rounded, a little greyish; the flagellum with lighter 
brownish yellow, elongate, oval joints ; distinctly pubescent, with 
hairs of different leneths and a verticel of a few much longer 
hairs on each joint. horas dull greyish brown ; a little yellowish 
about the pleurz, on the shoulders and on the broad post-sutural 
depression ; no distinct dorsal stripes, but there is in some speci- 
mens an ill-defined indication of them. Scutellum and meta- 
notum more or less concolorous, the whole posterior part of the 
thorax generally more yellowish than the anterior half. Abdomen 
brownish or brownish yellow, hind margins and sides of segments 
often blackish. Some soft yellow hairs over dorsum and sides. 
Genitalia of the male consisting of a pair of elongated cylindrical 
claspers, of one joint only, with a small black terminal hook which 
appears to represent all there is of the second joint. Ovipositor 
ot female brownish yellow, normal in shape, small. Legs brownish 
yellow, trochanters nearly as long as the cox, femora with a 
blackish subapical ring. Wings yellowish grey. The auxiliary 
vein lying very close to the Ist longitudinal and ending in the 
costa opposite the marginal cross-vein, the 1st vein ending half-way 
between the marginal cross-yein and the tip of the wing; the 2nd 
longitudinal vein beginning much before the middle of the wing, 
at a comparatively small angle, and forking just before the 
marginal cross-vein, the branches being parallel and the prefurca 
being half the length of the vein ; the 3rd vein originating a little 
before the fork of the 2nd, forming a distinct angle at its bend, 
thence running parallel with the lower branch of the 2nd vein 
straight to the wing-tip; anterior cross-vein moderately long, in a 
line with the basal section of the 3rd vein; the 4th vein forking 
almost exactly by the anterior cross-vein, thus forming a short 
basal side to the 2nd posterior cell (the discal cell being absent) ; 
the upper branch of the 4th vein straight, simple, nearly parallel 
with the 83rd vein, the 1st posterior cell being shghtly narrow at the 
tip; the lower branch widely forked at half its length; the 
posterior cross-vein placed just before the fork of the 4th vein ; 
the 5th and 6th veins nearly straight; the 7th, after quitting the 
6tl, takes a moderately wide curve and, towards the tip, again 
turns downwards to the margin. The hairs on all the veins very 
small and quite inconspicuous. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 4-5 millim. 

Described from three males and six females in the Indian 

iseum from Darjiling, 5. vill. 09, including type male (Paiva), 
also type female and other specimens (Annandale); Kurseong, 
4—9.ix.09; and Shanghai, South China, &. v. 26 (Brunettz). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


ERIOPTBERA. 455 


327. Erioptera subtincta, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head yellowish; frons about one-third the width of the 
head, with some bristles. Proboscis yellowish ; palpi dark brown. 
Antenne brownish yellow, the scapal joints of considerable size, 
comparatively, especially the 2nd; the basal flagellar joint is also 
much larger than the others. In the female the colour of the 
flagellum is darker brown. Thorav almost uniformly brownish 
yellow, with apparently two somewhat irregular rows of dorso- 
central small bristly hairs. Scutellum more or less uniform in 
colour, metanotum darker; the pleure as well as the metanotum 
with more or less of a light violet tinge, when viewed from certain 
directions, and with a little white dusting. Abdomen brownish 
yellow, with pale hairs; darker in the female. (Genitalia of 
male small and inconspicuous, yellowish. Ovipositor of female 
yellowish, rather larger at the base, the terminal valves yellow. 
Legs: cox and femora yellow, tibiz and tarsi brownish yellow. 
Wings yellowish, venation normal, veins distinctly pubescent. A 
very slight and narrow suffusion over the cross-veins from the 
marginal cross-vein to the end of the posterior cross-vein, also 
very slightly but distinctly over the base of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein. I'he 7th vein bisinuate on its apical half. Halteres yellowish, 
clubs black. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male and female from Darjiling. 5. vii. 09 
(Paiva). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


328. Erioptera flava, sp. nov. 


3 Q. Head yellowish or brownish yellow ; frons one-third the 
width of the head, with stiff black hairs. Proboscis short and 
thick, brownish yellow ; palpi dark brown. Antennal scape very 
large, brownish yellow; flagellum thin, short, paler yellow, 1st 
joint rather larger than the rest; the joints with very short 
pubescence and verticels. Z’horax wholly brownish yellow; some 
few stiff hairs more or less arranged in two rows. Scutellum, 
metanotum and sides concolorous. Abdomen yellowish, with pale 
yellow hair at the sides; belly similar. Genitalia moderately 
large, yellowish, with long bristly hairs ; a large ovate basal joint, 
with a black hook at the end, is all that is visible. Legs wholly 
yellowish; tips of tarsi blackish. Wings pale yellowish grey ; 
venation normal, pubescence distinct. The 7th vein long, nearly 
as long as the 6th, running close alongside the 6th on its basal 
portion and nearly parallel with the hind margin on its apical 
portion. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 23-33 millim. 

Described from three males and one female. The type male 
taken at Madhupur, Bengal, 17.x. 09, “at light” (Paiva); the 
other two males at Bologhatta, near Khulna, Ganges delta on 


456 TIPULID®. 


board a launch “at light,” 28. viii. 09 (Dr. J. 7. Jenkins); the 
female taken “at light” in Caleutta, 12. ix. 07 (Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

The single female present, which I take to be that of this 
species, is rather larger than the males, the abdomen is a little 
darker, the antenne distinctly longer; the genital organs are 
normal and yellowish. 


329. Erioptera grandior, sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 18.) 


9. Head yellowish, with numerous bristly black hairs ; frons 
nearly half the width of the head. Proboscis short, thick, brownish 
yellow; palpi blackish, the 4th joint long, apparently narrowed 
somewhat in the middle, giving the appearance of a 5th joint. 
Antenne brownish yellow, the scapal joints rather large, the 
flagellar joints oval, but becoming gradually much more elongated 
towards the tips. Zhoraw: anterior part rather large, but no 
apparent neck. Ground-colour of thorax light brownish yellow, 
the dorsum being only slightly darker; a narrow black streak on 
the prothorax. Two rows of dorso-central bristly hairs, com- 
paratively small in size, as in most of the other species. Scutellum 
and the rather large metanotum concolorous ; pleurz with a little 
white dusting. Abdomen yellowish, the segments distinctly 
emarginate, with rather dense, moderately long, soft pale yellow 
hairs. A narrow black line towards the sides of the segments. 
Ovipositor brownish yellow, somewhat swollen at the base, the 
upper pair of valves curved, jong, the lower pair shorter -and 
straight. Legs wholly brownish yellow, tarsi practically no darker. 
Wings pale yellow, venation normal, veins distinctly pubescent. 
The 7th longitudinal vein very distinctly bisinuate after quitting 
its proximity to the 6th. Halteres yellowish, clubs black. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single female from Simla, 10. y. 09 (Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


330. Erioptera genitalis, sp. nov. 


6 G. Head: vertex very broad, yellowish grey with numerous 
yellow hairs, narrowing to a very narrow frons. Proboscis and 
palpi dark brown; antenne brownish vellow.  Zhorax light 
brownish yellow, pale yellowish grey at the margins and on the 
shoulders. ‘Two widely separated rows of yellow bristly hairs on 
the dorsum. Abdomen dark brown, more or less marked with 
yellow, and rather thickly pubescent, with bright yellow hairs. 
Genitalia extraordinarily large and very complex in the male; 
a comparatively small dorsal hairy plate; the first joint of the 
claspers large and thick, bearing dense yellow pubescence and 
having three obtuse ends, pointing respectively above, below, and 
behind; from the lower end, which is invaginated, forming a 


ERIOPTERA. 457 


small cup, projects the 2nd joint, which is moderately long, 
cylindrical, yellow, with a slightly arcuated short black hook; 
between the claspers or perhaps issuing from their inner side, are 
four yellow tentacles (two to each clasper), apparently flexible, 
one pair of which bears black hooked tips. Ovipositor of the 
female large, yellow. Legs brownish yellow, sometimes quite 
bright yellow on femora and tibie. Wings practically clear, 
highly iridescent ; venation normal, the veins thickly clothed with 
yellow hairs. Halteres very narrow and thin, stem pale yellow, 
knobs black. 

Length 23-3 millim. 

Described from three males and one female from Bhowali, 
5700 feet, Kumaon (A. D. Imms); the type and two other males 
taken ‘at light,” 27. vi. 10; the type female, 12. vi. 10. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


331. Erioptera halterata, sp. nov. 


3 2. Head: frons yellowish grey or yellowish, from one-third 
to one-fourth the width of the head. Proboscis brownish yellow ; 
palpi blackish. Antenne brownish yellow, normal in length, 
shape and pubescence, sometimes the apical half of the flagellum 
a little darker. Zhoraa wholly yellowish, the dorsum almost 
imperceptibly darker, with two irregular rows of dorso-central 
bristly hairs. Scutellum and sides of thorax yellowish, metanotum 
sometimes a little brownish. Abdomen brownish yellow, with 
rather numerous pale yellow hairs at the sides. In some specimens 
there is a blackish streak towards the sides; in others the narrow 
internal organs can be readily seen showing black and twisted 
through the transparent integument. Belly similar. Genitalia 
ot male brownish yellow, pubescent ; 1st joint large, subcylin- 
drical; 2nd joint short, with a long bifid claw. Ovipositor 
brownish yellow, normal, only moderately enlarged at the base ; 
terminal blades long, slightly curved. Legs pale yellow, tarsi 
generally no darker, but in some specimens almost imperceptibly 
so towards the tips. Wings yellow, pubescence of veins distinct, 
venation nearly normal; the posterior branch of the 4th longitu- 
dinal vein forks early, the veinlets both gently bisinuate (which is a 
slight deviation from their usual course in this genus) and approxi- 
mately in the same direction; the 7th vein, after quitting its 
proximity to the 6th, runs practically parallel, though gently 
bisinuate, with the hind margin of the wing. Halteres yellow, 
the clubs quite black. 

Length 23-33 millim. 

Described from a type male taken by me “ at light” at Darjiling, 
20. ix.08; a type female from the same place taken by Mr. Paiva, 
6-11. viii. 09; and other specimens of both sexes of the same 
locality and dates. 


458 TIPULID®. 


Types in the Indian Museum. " 

A male in the above collection, also taken by me at Darjiling, 
1.x.08, has the dorsum of the thorax darker, with the margin 
rather paler yellow. There is a black spot on the frons and the 
abdomen is dark brown; nevertheless, it would be unwise, at 
present, to regard it as distinct. 


Genus MESOCYPHONA, Os. Sac. 


Mesocyphona, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 152 
(1869). 


Genotype, LErioptera caloptera, Say, by present designation, 
being the first of the two species placed by Osten Sacken in the 
genus at its installation. 


The author separates this genus (which he always regarded as 
a subgenus only) from Hrioptera as follows :—‘‘ The anterior branch 
of the 4th longitudinal vein is forked; in other words, when the 
discal cell is open it coalesces with the 3rd posterior cell ; when 
the discal cell is closed, the inner ends of the 2nd and 3rd 
posterior cells are nearly in a line.” 

The 7th longitudinal vein is straight, and not approximate to 
the 6th towards the base, nor more or less parallel with the hind 
margin of the wing in its apical section, as is the case in the 
typical Oriental species of Hrioptera. In commenting upon the 
two North American species on which he founds the genus,* 
Osten Sacken notes their further resemblance in the position of 
the two brown stripes on the thorax and in the dark bands on 
the whitish femora. These characters, however, do not occur in 
the new species, MJ. nigripes, here added to the genus. (See 
footnote, p. 448.) 


332. Mesocyphona nigripes, sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 1.) 


3. Head moderately dark grey; frons forming one-third the 
width of the head at a little above the antenne, but rapidly 
widening towards the vertex, where it forms half the width of 
the head ; colour grey, with rather long stiff black hairs ; back of 
head dark grey, with moderately long black hairs. Proboscis 
brownish yellow; palpi blackish, comparatively large. Antenne 
with the 1st scapal joint long, cylindrical, the 2nd subcylindrical, 
both blackish ; the flagellar joints oval towards the base, the middle 
and apical ones considerably elongated, each with a verticel of very 
long hairs in addition to the short ordinary pubescence. Thorax 
very arched, making the height, seen in profile, much greater than 
usual. Dorsum black, narrowly edged with yellow, this colour 


* M, caloptera, Say, and M. parva, Os. Sac. 


MESOCYPHONA.—STYRINGO MYIA. 459 


extending a little on to the shoulders. Scutellum more or less 
yellowish; metanotum black. Sides of thorax almost wholly black. 
Abdomen blackish, roughened, with very sparse short pale hairs ; 
belly black. Genitalia very small, black, consisting, so far as can be 
seen, of an upper and a lower pair of fleshy subcylindrical one- 
jointed claspers, no terminal hooks being evident; moderately 
pubescent. Legs black, shortly pubescent. Wings pale grey, veins 
biack, pubescence on the veins distinct but not conspicuous. ‘The 
auxiliary vein ending much beyond the base of the 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein, nearly opposite the base of the 3rd vein; the 2nd 
vein beginning before the middle of the wing, forking beyond 
half its length, the lower branch nearly twice as long as the 
upper one; the 1st longitudinal vein ending beyond the fork of 
the 2nd vein; the 3rd vein beginning at two-thirds of the length 
of the prefurca, its basal section being half as long as the 
anterior cross-vein, running to the tip of the wing ; the 4th vein 
has its anterior branch forked at one-third of its length, the 
branches nearly parallel, so that the 1st posterior cell has its sides 
also approximately parallel ; the 3rd posterior cell with a distinct 
basal side, the posterior cross-vein in a line with it; the 5th and 
6th veins nearly straight; the 7th not approximated to the 6th 
at any portion of its length, and gently arcuate. Halteres dirty 
yellowish white. 

Length 45 millim. 

Described from two males from Kurseong, 7-9. ix. 09 (Annan- 
dale), and Ghoom, 7500 ft., 19.1x. 08. 

Type and other specimens in the Indian Museum. 


Genus STYRINGOMYIA, Zw. 


Styringomyia, Loew, Dipt. Beitr. I, in “ Zu der offentlichen Prufung 
der Schuler d. Konigl. Fried. Wilh. Gymn. zu Posen,” p. 6 
(1845). 


Gernotyes, S. venusta, Lw.; by original designation. Though 
this is a fossil species, it is actually the original type of the genus. 
Further extinet species in amber, from Caffraria, were described 
by Osten Sacken but not named. 


Head: eyes separated above by a broad frons, nearly contiguous 
below. Proboscis short; palpi four-jointed, the joints more or 
less of equal length, generally the 1st joint the shortest and the 
last the longest. Antenne rather long, 16-jointed ; scape with 
1st joint elongate, cylindrical, the 2nd broader and much shorter ; 
the flagellum of fourteen oval joints, gradually diminishing in size 
to the tip. Thorax oval, moderately arched ; prothorax conically 
produced into a normal short neck. Abdomen long (sometimes 
three times the length of the thorax), linear, composed of only 
seven segments, a short basal one and six others about equal in 


460 TIPULID®. 


Jength. Genital organs of male prominent and complex; a large 
pair of thick fleshy claspers with some appendages, and a secondary 
pair of claspers. In the female the genital organs are also large 
and rather more complex than usual. Legs comparatively short 
and stout, rather conspicuously hairy; tibize without apical spurs; 
empodia distinct. Wings: auviliary vein absent, probably united 
with the basal part of Ist longitudinal vein w here the latter is 
slightly thickened and takes a sharp bend downwards, afterwards 
ending in the costa before the middle of the wing; 2nd vein 
emerging from towards tip of Ist and forming a wide sweep, or 
the apical part is turned up rather suddenly to the costa, ending 
in it about half-way between the tip of the Ist vein and the wing- 
tip; 3rd vein originating at two-thirds the length of the 2nd and, 
atter the usual bend, running straight to above the wing-tip ; 
anterior cross-vein of moderate length, in a line with the basal 
section of the 3rd; discal cell approximately oblong, twice as long 
as broad; upper branch of 4th vein forked at or immediately 
beyond discal cell, the veinlets diverging, lower branch simple ; 
posterior cross-vein at middle of discal cell; 5th, 6th and 7th 
veins all long and nearly straight. Through the absence of the 
auxiliary vein there is a cell less than usual in the anterior part 
of the wing, those present being the costal, marginal, and sub- 
marginal (one only) with four posterior cells. 

Range. Hawaii, Java, India, Ceylon, and Tropical Africa. 
Fossil species in amber from Zanzibar and Caffraria. 

The genus was described by Loew in 1845 from a apache in 
amber, aad was for many years considered an extinct genus. - The 
late Baron Osten Sacken, in his Monograph of the North 
American TIPULIDZ BREVIPALPI (p. 102), describes a second 
species (without naming it) from a piece of copal from Zanzibar. 
He figures a wing, copied from Loew’s figure, and characterises 
the genus, adding from Loew's original description such details 
as were not distinctly visible in his own species. He suggested, 
but did not assume, the relationship of the genus to Zoworhina. 
Later on (1887) the same author, in his historical *‘ Studies on 
Tipulide,” 11 (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xxxiii, p. 185), records the exis- 
tence of recently captured specimens from Caffraria taken by 
Wahlberg, in the collection of the Stockholm Museum. Needham 
(New York State Museum, Bulletin 124, pl. xxvi, fig. 6) repro- 
duces an enlarged figure of Osten § Sacken’s copy of Loew's wing. 
Prof. Kertész in his exhaustive catalogue of the Diptera of the 
World, now in progress of publication, does not mention the genus, 
from which I presume that the Caffraria specimens were not 
named. Loew’s original species was S. venusta, Q. 

Incidentally it may be noted that there exists another genus 
with a very similar name—Steringomyia, Pokorny—erected in 
1889 (Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxix, p. 568) for a single 
species from the Alps, allied to the genus of Muscipm, Cynomyia, 
Rob. Desy. 


STYRINGOMYIA. 461 


De Meijere places the genus in the Rrampurprins, but it seems 
to me much more nearly related to the Gonomyia group, with 
Mongoma, Lechria, and the closer allies of Gonomyia. 


Table of Species. 


Wings with small pale grey infuseations on 


the cross-veins and elsewhere ........-- ceylonica, Edw., p. 461. 
Wings quite clear. 
Brown species, wings pale grey......--- obscura, Brun., p. 463. 


Yellowish species, wings pale yellow .... flava, Brun., p. 464. 


333. Styringomyia ceylonica, dw. (PWS tes as) Pl OSE, 
fig. 18.) 


Styringomyia ceylonica, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii, 
p. 62 (July 1911) ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 298 (1911). 


¢ 2. Head and the rather short blunt proboscis, yellowish ; the 
wide frons bearing several long strong bristly hairs. Eyes black, 
almost: contiguous below the head, for a short space. Antenne 
yellowish, with somewhat sparse, moderately long hairs; scape 
brown, Ist joint elongate, 2nd wider at tip ; flagellum of fourteen 
oval joints, narrowing in size towards tip. Palpi yellowish, with 
some hairs, 4-jointed, each of about the same length, the Ist rather 
the shortest, the 4th slightly the longest, with a blackish tip which 
is sometimes bent at a right angle; 2nd broadest and widening 
towards tip, which is black. Thorax: neck moderately long, with 
strong stiff black hairs on upperside. Thorax brownish on upper 
haif, yellowish below, with two irregular rows of short bristly hairs, 
separated by a rather wide median space. Some stiff hairs on the 
sides, a long one on each posterior callus and two in each humeral 
region. Scutellum and metanotum brown, bare. Abdomen about 
three times as long as the thorax, linear, consisting of the usual 
short basal segment, and six other longer ones of about equal length, 
moderately pubescent. Variable in colour ; in male mainly dirty 
yellow with posterior borders of segments a little blackish, or with 
an indistinct dorsal stripe ; in female dark brown. Genital organs 
of male prominent and highly complicated, consisting of two large 
basal segments (wider than the terminal abdominal segment), the 
2nd pointed posteriorly above ; this latter segment bearing a pair 
of large subchitinous claspers of which the upper arm is bluntly 
conical, terminating in a black sharp elongated point ; the lower 
arm being attenuated, elongated, nearly transparent, apparently 
flexible and terminating in a very long black filamentous bristle; 
below this upper pair of large claspers 1s a second, much smaller 
pair, the upper arm of each being bifid and stout, the lower arm 
longer, comparatively thin, and ending in a small expansion 
bearing four blunt strong teeth, there being two small black 


462 TIPULID”®. 


spines at the middle of this lower arm ; between this lower pair 
of claspers is a small bristly organ, apparently the penis, and 
below all the organs is a rather large ventral plate. In the female 
the genitalia are also large and complicated, consisting ofa pair of 
nearly perpendicular sheaths, terminating in filamentous points, 
and enclosing two internal lamella and two bristly fleshy organs, 
the whole being supported below by a ventral plate which 
possesses a small appendage towards the tip, below. In both sexes 
the genital organs are conspicuous and large, generally concolorous 
or a little lighter in colour than the abdomen. Legs mainly 
yellow, with black rings, pubescent; coxe rather strong; tro- 
chanters rather well developed, half as long as the coxe: fore 
cox with some strong bristly hairs on the upperside: all coxe with 
scattered short hairs; fore temora with a few long hairs (longer 
than the general pubescence) : middle femora with an irregular row 
of short bristly hairs on upper and anterior sides, including several 
rather longer ones placed near together towards the tip of the 
anterior side: hind femora with four rows (one on each side, also 
above and below) of long soft hairs: all the femora distinctly 
broader at tip than at base ; fore tibe with a row of five or six long 
equidistant bristly hairs on the front side, and a row on the outer 
side: middle tibia with a row of five or six bristly hairs on hinder 
side, and a row of five or six on outer side: hind tibie with a row of 
ten or twelve stronger stiff hairs on hinder side, and a row of five or 
six stiff long hairs on outer side, in addition to rows of longer, soft 
hairs, which are also in addition to the general pubescence. All the 
tarsi with some longer hairs; hind metatarsus, which is as long 
as the rest of the tarsus, with a row of five or six pairs of diverging 
bristly hairs on outer side; 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal joints with some 
longer hairs in sets of from two to four, on outer sides; claws 
black. In coloration, all the femora have two blackish rings on the 
apical half, the tips also being narrowly black; the tibia have a 
narrow ring in the middle and a rather broad one at the tip; all 
the tarsal joints are black-tipped; all these rings on the legs 
being variable in width and still more so in intensity. Wings 
clear grey; considerably iridescent ; costa very shortly bristly, 
quite bare at base; posterior margin of wing with soft short 
hairs, longest at base of wing and shortest towards tip of wing. 
ist longitudinal vein with a row of distinct, rather long bristly hairs 
throughout its entire length, deflected suddenly downwards near 
its base, shortly afterwards merged in the costa, just after the 
origin of the 2nd longitudinal, which, distinctly before half the 
distance from its origin to the wing-tip, turns up almost at right 
angles to the costa; the 3rd longitudinal springing from the 
small cross-vein, nearly straight; the upper branch of the 4th 
vein forked, the two prongs slightly divergent near base and at 
tip ; discal cell rhomboidal, twice as long as broad, rather broader 
at apical end; posterior cross-vein exactly below middle of discal 
cell; the 5th and 6th longitudinal veins nearly straight, 7th 


STYRINGOMYIA. 463 


bristly at the base, rather more than half as long as the 6th, 
sharply curved near its tip towards the border. A slight brownish 
suffusion over the anterior cross-vein, the outer side of the discal 
cell, and the posterior cross-vein. Halteres dirty yellow ; knobs 
blackish. 

Length 3-6 millim. 

Originally described by Mr. Edwards from a single male from 
Weligama, Ceylon, 9.11.08 (7. Bainbrigge Fletcher); here redescribed 
from a pair in the Indian Museum taken in cop. at Sukhwani, 
Nepal, 15.-16. ii. 08 ; a pair im cop. from Puri, Orissa, 10. xi. 10 
(Annandale) ; a pair wi cop. taken at light 30. vii. 10 (Gravely) ; 
a pair taken at Sukna, Darjiling district, 500 ft., 1. vil. 08 (Annan- 
dale); and from other specimens. 

Type 3d in the British Museum. 

The above description was written some months before the 
publication of Mr. Edwards’ S. ceylonica, under the assumption 
that it was a new species, having been drawn up from a 
series of more than a dozen specimens representing both sexes. 
The species shows considerable variation, and a form which 
I had intended to describe as a variety has the wings more 
yellowish, the veins paler and the tip of each one very slightly 
but distinctly darkened at the wing-margin, In the Indian 
Museum are one male and three females from Sukna, 500 ft., 
1. vii. 08, Puri, Orissa, 22.x.08 (both Annandale), and Calcutta, 
9. xii. 07. 1 took it at first for a.‘ plains” variety of my 
supposed new species, but intermediate individuals connect it 
with the typical form. Dr. Annandale says it rests with its 
anterior legs stretched out flat in front and its hind legs behind. 

The precise mathematical distinctions appertaining to the 
bands on the legs, as given by Mr. Edwards do not hold good, as 
they exhibit considerable variation. The ‘‘bristly hairs” men- 
tioned in the above description are sometimes (especially those 
on the neck, shoulders and pleure) sufficiently strong to be 
termed real bristles. 


334. Styringomyia obscura, Brun. 
Styringomyia obscura, Brunetti, Ree. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 800 (1911). 


g. Head: frons brownish yellow, antennal scape dark brown ; 
flagellum (of fourteen oval joints) yellowish, pubescent ; palpi dark 
brown, pubescent ; proboscis brown ; back of head light reddish 
brown, with some bristly hairs. Thorax: neck (with strong 
bristles), dorsum of thorax, scutellum and metanotum uniformly 
dark brown; traces, on hinder part of dorsum, of a pale median 
line, extending over the scutellum and metanotum. Two rows of 
dorsal bristles as in S. ceylonica, and a few bristly hairs above and 
in front of the wings. Sides and lower part of thorax brownish 
yellow. Abdomen moderately dark brown, minutely pubescent, 


464 TIPULID A. 


blackish towards tip, emargination of segments black ; belly con- 
colorous. Genital organs conspicuous and large, consisting of 
a rather large upper part, with two small terminal lamelle bearing 
long hairs; a pair of large fleshy claspers and a pubescent ventral 
plate, bilobed at tip. Legs (middle pair wanting): coxe and 
trochanters reddish yellow, with some black hairs on anterior 
pairs, and yellow hairs on hind pair. emora (fore pair distinctly 
bat uot greatly, thickened tow ards the tip) yellow; apical 
fourth black, and with a black ring in the middle which is very 
wide on the fore pair and moderately wide on the hind pair. 
Tibiz blackish brown, pale at extreme base. Fore tarsi blackish 
brown, hind pair yellowish white, claws black, apart from the 
minute pubescence of the whole legs. The only stiff hairs are a 
row of weak ones on the outside of the hind tibia, and on the 
lower side of the hind tarsi; a few stiffer hairs on fore tibie. 
Wings grey, unmarked; venation as in S. ceytonica, but the veins 
dark brown and much more distinct. Halteres black, stem 
brownish yellow. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from 
Thamaspur, Nepal, base of Himalayas, 18-20. 11. 08. 


Styringomyia flava, Brun. 
Styringomyia flava, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 801 (1911). 


3. Whole body mainly pale dirty yellow. Head: 1st joint of 
scape dark brown on underside; flagellum of fourteen joints, 
more elongated than in the other species. Yhoraw: astrong long 
spiny bristly hair just above the wing, four small dorso-central ones 
arranged in a curve, two long ones on the scutellum and a large 
one on each shoulder; also a “strong one a little below each wing ; 
pleure with some minute stiff hairs. Abdomen with rather longer 
soft pubescence ; posterior margins of abdominal segments with 
a moderately wide brown band, ‘interrupted i in the middle. Geni- 
talia concolorous, conspicuous ; & pair of large pubescent fleshy 
claspers, each bearing at its end a long, filamentous semitrans- 
parent tentacle and three strong black spines; on the inside of 
each clasper is a slightly prominent comb-like organ and also 
possibly a pair of lamella ; above, and almost between these large 
claspers a smaller fleshy projecting pubescent organ ; below all, an 
onion-shaped ventral plate, which, as well as the whole genitalia, 
is covered with long bristly hairs. Legs pale yellow, minutely 
pubescent, especially on the tibie ; coxee with stiff hairs ; femora 
with a faint trace of the two apical black rings as in S. ceylonica, 
fore pair barely enlarged at tip, with a row on upper and under- 
sides of longer, stiff hairs : posterior femora with rows of stiff 
hairs, mainly on upper ond outer sides, but with a tendency to 
general distribution, especially on hind pair. Fore tibize with 
some bristly hairs on front side and a double row of more numerous 


LECHRIA. 465 


ones on outer side; posterior tibize with bristles on outer and 
hinder sides. Tarsi with a few bristly hairs below. Wings dis- 
tinetly pale yellow, very iridescent, quite unmarked; venation 
exactly as in S. ceylonica, and the costa with a distinct fringe of 
short bristly pale hairs, which are nearly absent at the base, both 
on front and hind margins. Halteres pale dirty yellow. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single male taken at light, 22.xi. 08, at 
Tenmalai, Travancore State, South India (Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus LECHRIA, Skuse. 
Lechria, Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) iv, p. 830 (1890). 

GunotyPs, L. singularis, Skuse ; by original designation. 

“Two submarginal cells, the first very short, sub-triangular ; 
four posterior cells ; no marginal cross-vein, but inner marginal 
cell closed by first longitudinal vein, which ends at inner end of 
first submarginal cell; small cross-vein situated some distance 
before inner end of second submarginal cell; prefurca 
originating beyond the middle of the wing; discal cell closed, 
elongated, its inner half cuneate, and its inner end situated 
before origin of preefurea ; wings glabrous. Antenne 16-jointed, 
short. Feet long, slender ; tibize with spurs; ungues small, 
smooth ; empodia. indistinct. Male forceps with two horny 
appendages ; ; an outer linear one, and a longer somewhat hooked 
inner appendage ; also five long, horny, needle-like processes of 
the internal apparatus. Rostrum nearly half the length of the 
head; palpi of moderate jiength, the first joint apparently 
slightly the longest, the last three rather thicker, equal. The 
antenne little longer (if any) than the head; joints of scapus 
somewhat thick, subcylindrical, the first rather longer than the 
second; flagellar joints subcylindrical, with very short hairs. 
Eyes contiguous above, and almost so on the underside. 
Collare inconspicuous. Legs clothed with only a microscopic 
pubescence. Wings very cuneiformly narrowed towards the base, 
with only a slight anal angle; covered with microscopic dots, 
visible only under a high power; the veins at apical end of wings 
densely beset with minute hairs; stigma narrow, elongate, 
enveloping terminal portion of first longitudinal vein. The tip 
of auxiliary vein is opposite the end of the prefurca and the 
small cross-vein; the subcostal cross-vein at its tip; prefurca 
very short, originating at an angle; the first longitudinal gently 
arcuated into the second longitudinal, joining at the base of its 
fork ; the first submarginal cell is very short ; the anterior branch 
of the second longitudinal fork about half the length of the 
posterior, the latter converges towards the tip of the third 


466 TIPULID 2. 


longitudinal, and is equal in length to the petiole ; second sub- 
marginal cell also with a short petiole; the small cross-vein 
situated a little beyond middle of discal cell; the latter closed, 
elongaied, its inner half cuneiformly narrowed, and its inner end 
a little before the origin of prefurca; the great cross-vein a short 
distance beyond inner end of discal cell ; fourth longitudinal vein 
originating in fifth longitudinal at a little before one-third the 
length of the wing, joined at its base to first longitudinal by a 
short cross-vein; fifth, sixth, and seventh longitudinal veins 
straight. 

“The most striking peculiarities in the venation are, the course 
of the first longitudinal which terminates in the second, the 
absence of the marginal cross-vein, the first and second sub- 
marginal cells being both petiolate, the position of the small 
cross-vein, and lastly the shape and position of the discal cell. 

. “This genus seems undoubtedly related to Gonomyia.’ 
(Skuse.) 

Range. Australia and India. 

The prefurca (that is, the basal section of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein from its origin to its fork) is shown in Skuse’s own plate as 
beginning just before the middle of the wing and not after it, as 
he says in his description of the genus. It originates in my new 
species at the same spot as in L. singularts, Skuse. 

The auxiliary vein ends at the middle of the wing; the Ist 
longitudinal vein extends to about three-fourths of the wing and 
turns down, meeting the 2nd longitudinal at (singularis) or just 
beyond (bengalensis) its fork, thus dividing the marginal cell- into 
two parts. The 2nd vein begins a little before the middle of the 
wing atarather wide angle, turning up rather angularly before 
the middle of the prefurca, and forking ata little beyond its 
entire length (bengalensis) or at two-thirds of its length (singu- 
laris), the branches diverging at their tips. The upper submargina! 
cell is subtriangular (singularis) or elongate-conical (bengalensis). 
The 3rd vein originates at the angle in the preefurca and is nearly 
straight, ending at about the wing-tip or just below it; the 
anterior cross-vein placed distinctly before the origin of the 8rd, 
of ordinary length, and over the middle of the discal cell, which 
latter is elongate, about three times as long as broad, rather 
irregular in shape with its inner end pointed. The 4th vein has 
the upper branch forked, the lower prong with a rectangular basal 
section which forms half the distal side of the discal cell, the 
discal cross-vein forming the remaining half. The lower branch 
of the 4th vein simple, slightly sinuous in both the known species; 
the 5th, 6th and 7th veins nearly straight. Posterior cross-vein 
just beyond base of discal cell (singularis) or a little before its 
middle (bengalensis). Anal angle of wing somewhat rounded. 


? 


LECHRIA, 467 


336. Lechria bengalensis, Brun. (PI. LX, fig. 4.) 
Lechria bengalensis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, vi, p. 301 (1911). 


3 9. Head blackish grey; frons rather broad and flat, with 
short sparse hairs; proboscis yellowish, palpi dark. Antenne 
black ; 1st jomt of scape long, 2nd short, botn broader than the 
14-jointed flagellum, which has traces of white at the tip of each 
joint and at the base of the 1st joint. WZhoraa yellowish, well 
arched, mesonotal suture deep, posterior to which the colour of 
the dorsum is pale livid brown, as is the scutellum ; metanotum, 
blackish grey. Sides of thorax yellowish, pleure a little dusted 
with white. Abdomen moderately dark yellowish grey, with short 
yellow hairs; belly concojorous, genitalia in both sexes small, 
brownish yellow. Legs brownish yellow, thin and long; femora 
with some stiff black hairs at the tip which, if viewed from 
certain directions, give almost the appearance of two black spines ; 
tibia unspurred. Wings clear yellowish grey, veins distinct. 
Auxiliary vein ending just beyond middie of wing, the subcostal 
cross-vein at its tip; the Ist longitudinal ending in the 2nd at 
the point where this latter vein forks; the 2nd vein originating 
at or just beyond the middle of the wing, at a sharp angle and 
turning at one-fifth of its length suddenly upward, forking 
beyond its middle, where it meets the tip of the Ist vein, the 
upper branch shorter than the lower one; the 3rd vein issuing 
from the 2nd at the angle in the prefurca, the anterior cross-vein 
placed just before this point; the latter of moderate length, 
placed over the middle of the discal cell, which is in the middle 
of the wing, three times as long as broad, the proximal end 
pointed, emitting three nearly parallel veins to the wing-margin ; 
posterior cross-vein near base of discal cell; 5th, 6th, and 7th 
veins nearly straight. 

Length 4 moillim. 

Described from a male and three females dated respectively Pusa, 
15. vill. 08 (type 3); Caleutta, 19. vil. 07 (type Q ) and 18. vi. 09; 
Bangalore, 3000 ft., 12.x.10 (Annandale); Pusa, 16. vii. 10. 
Dr. Annandale has found it on tree-trunks in gardens. 

Type 3 in Pusa collection, 2 in Indian Museum. 

The venation of this genus is distinctly abnormal, the only 
previously known species, LZ. singularis, Skuse,* comiag from 
Australia. The 1st longitudinal vein ends in the 2nd at the 
point where the latter forks widely, thus giving the appearance of 
two long veins crossing one another at an angle of 45°, the point 
of contact in singularis being punctiform, In my species the 
point of contact appears almost as a small cross-vein. 


* With the exception of L. lucida, Meij., recently described from Jaya; 
Tijd. Ent. liv, p. 538 (1911). 
20 


468 TIPULID ©. 


Prof. Kertész places Lechria in the Ertoprerint, near Gonomyia, 
to one species of which, G. incompleta, Brun., it bears a 
remarkable resemblance in this part of the wing, and to which 
genus, L. bengalensis, as a species at any rate, is eminently akin. 

The only other possible interpretation of the wing, as figured 
by Needham, would be to consider the 1st vein as angled towards 
the tip and continuing to the wing-margin, meeting at the angle 
the 2nd vein, which in this case would be simple, not forked, thus 
making only one submarginal cell, which in its turn would 
necessitate the genus, theoretically at least, being removed to 
another section of this subfamily ; but its position near Gonomyza 
seems hardly questionable. 


Genus GONOMYTA, Vg. 


Fonomyia, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. i, p. 146 (1818). 
Taphrosia, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 182 (1856). 
Goniomyta, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 177 (1869). 


GrnotryPn,Limnobia teneHa, Me. (according to Coquillett, 1910). 


Head: Eyes separated by a frons about one-third to one-fifth 
the width of the head. Palpi and proboscis both short, joints of 
the former subequal. Antenne of sixteen joints; if bent back- 
wards they would not quite reach the root of the wings; scape 
normal, flagellum with the joints subcylindrical or oval, verti- 
cillate. Thorax oval, moderately arched, only slightly narrowed 
anteriorly ; neck not very pronounced. Abdomen linear, more or 
less flattened, sometimes slightly broader about the middle in the 
female. Genitalia of mate consisting of the usual pair of bi- 
jointed claspers of various shapes, according to the species, to 
which smaller appendages are attached.* Legs long, slender, 
slightly or almost microscopically pubescent ; tibiz without spurs, 
empodia generally distinct, occasionally wanting. Wings varying 
in length, and, to a Jess extent, in width and general shape, 
usually more or less glabrous, but in some species a very short 
but distinct pubescence is discernible. Venation peculiar. 
Normally two submarginal cells, but in some species only one. 
Auxiliary vein ending opposite beginning of 2nd _ longitudinal 


* Describing a North-American species, Osten Sacken says of the male 
organs “ more simple than that of the two species I have figured (b/anda and 
cognatella), There are two lateral, elongated, subeylindrical (digitiform) lobes, 
converging, but not lapping over each other in repose ; immediately above and 
parallel to them is a single long horny style, the tip of which reaches beyond 
the tip of the lobes; below the lobes, some small black horny organs are per- 
ceptible.” 

+ This .genus may be regarded as the centre one of a small group of genera 
possessing the character of the peculiar forking of the 2nd longitudinal vein 
making the short upper branch appear almost or quite like a cross-vein. These 
genera are Empeda, Mongoma, Mongomivides, and Paramongoma. 


GONOMYIA. 469 


vein, a little before or beyond it, the subcostal cross-vein placed at 
its tip or near it; the 2nd vein beginning about the middle of the 
wing, arcuated, sometimes considerably so, or nearly straight, 
sometimes simple, but generally widely though shortly forked.* 
The 1st submarginal cell very short, more or less triangular, 
owing to the anterior branch of the 2nd vein being so much 
shorter than usual, and so obliquely placed as to appear almost 
like a cross-vein, this appearance being more conspicuous in some 
species than in others ; its petiole long, and its inner end generally 
beyond the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein, or nearly opposite it ; 
yet in the commonest Oriental species it is considerably anterior 
to this tip; marginal cross-vein absent; the 3rd vein with a very 
short or quite moderately long basal section, varying with the 
species, remaining portion nearly or quite straight ; anterior cross- 
vein varying in length, placed a little forward or backward, 
generally in a line with the base of the 3rd vein and the proximal 
side of the discal cell. Discal cell open or closed; when open, it 
coalesces with the 3rd posterior cell, which proves it is the 
anterior branch of the 4th vein that is forked ; four posterior cells: 
the Ist equal in length to, or shorter than, the 2nd submarginal 
cell, varying in width with the species: the 2nd petiolate when 
the discal cell is open, the petiole about as long as the cell; when 
the diseal cell is closed, the 2nd and 3rd cells subequal, approxi- 
mately normal in shape. Posterior cross-vein at some distance 
before the proximal side of the discal cell, or in a line with it; 
the 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins nearly straight. 

ange. Europe, Kirghis Desert, Central Africa, North America, 
Brazil, the Orient, and Australia. 

In characterizing the genus Gonomyia, Mg., in his ‘ Monograph 
of Norih American Trputrp®,’ Osten Sacken described the genus 
as possessing two submarginal cells, noting, however, two examples 
in which the anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein being 
absent, the Ist submarginal cell was obliterated ; and he expressed 
his opinion that if other species occurred with this character, a 
new genus might be founded on them. He, however, retained 
the form provisionally in Gonomyia, emending in a footnote 
(p. 178) his definition of the genus to warrant the inclusion of 
species with one submarginal cell only. 

In studying the question of the nomenclature of the veins in 
the Gonomyva group, it will be seen that in this genus the 2nd 
longitudinal vein may (in the case of my two species G. incompleta 
and G. flavomarginata) be considered to be forked as usual, but 
the 3rd vein would, under this theory, be absent, and the anomaly 
of the anterior cross-vein joining the 2nd and 4th veins, instead of 
the 3rd and 4th as usual, would be seen. 


* In a North-American species (G. blanda, O. S.) it even forms a rectangle 
at its base, with an appendix. 
2H 2 


ATO TIPULID A. 


Of course, a different interpretation might be offered, namely,. 
to consider the 2nd vein as being forked and the 8rd vein present, . 
what I recognise as the anterior cross-vein being considered its. 
basal section; in this case the 2nd vein would end at the tip of 
the wing, the anterior cross-vein being obliterated, and the 3rd! 
vein forming the whole upperside of the discal cell. But this. 
interpretation would only cause more confusion in the identifi- 
cation of the ramifications of the 4th vein. 

A close study of the venation of Gonomyia, especially of the 
4th longitudinal vein with its branches, convinces me that the 
delineation of the veins as admitted in this work is correct. This. 
is proved by such species as C. prowima and aperta, in which the 
2nd longitudinal vein is forked, whilst the 8rd vein and the 
anterior cross-vein are both present. In support of this may be 
quoted Osten Sacken’s remarks in his elaborate ‘ Monograph on 
the North-American TivuLip”®’: “ whenever the discal cell is. 
open, it coalesces with the 3rd posterior cell, and thus it becomes 
apparent that it is the anterior branch of the 4th longitudinal 
vein which is forked”; to which he adds a footnote, “ Exceptions 
are merely individual: thus I have seen a specimen of G. sub- 
cinerea, the diseal cell of which was coalescent with the 2nd 
posterior cell.” 

Individual variation in this genus, it may be remarked, 
rather common. Moreover, Osten Sacken (Ul. ¢. p. 178), nie 
that the anterior branch of the 2nd vein was occasionally very 
faint, and whilst his work was in the press, he discovered a new 
species, G. manca, in which the 2nd longitudinal vein was simple,* 
and he suggested that a new genus might reasonably be created 
for it. Nevertheless, I refrain from doing so at present, as it 1s 
evident that the genus Gonomyia forms a tolerably well circum- 
scribed group of species, which it would be undesirable to dis- 
member for each modification of venation. 


Table of Species. 


1. The 2nd longitudinal vein not forked ; 
discal cell present ..... Beaty: elie. crs ahs 
The 2nd longitudinal vein shortly but 
distinctly forked; discal cell present 
or absent. ;. 20 samen sic es 6 3, 
. Posterior cross-vein at base of discal 
cell; Ist posterior cell much narrowed 
at tip; margin of thoracic dorsum 
y) ‘CONCOLOLOUSme ER eeen ens ee es ill tncompleta, sp. n., p. 471. 
Posterior cross-vein distinctly before 
base of discal cell; Ist posterior cell 
barely narrowed at tip; margin of 
thoracic dorsum yellowish ........ Jlavomarginata, sp. n., p. 472 


* Exactly as in my two new species G. éncompleta and flavomarginata. 


GONOMYIA, A471 


8. Discal cell present, oblong, emitting 
three straight equidistant veinlets.. afinis, sp. n., p. 472, 
Discal cell absent; base of 3rd pos- 
terior cell more or less pointed ; an- 
terior branch of 4th longitudinal vein 


forked ae 6 © ceo BOL CH Tere 4, 
4. Posterior cross-vein at base of discal 
Ceara ce hae ciety oss wien ah aperta, sp. n., p. 473. 


Posterior cross-vein much before base 
of discal cell; anterior branch of 
“nd longitudinal vein sometimes in- 
distinct, appearing almost like a 
marginal cross-vein ............+. proxima, sp. n., p. 474. 


‘337. Gonomyia incompleta, sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 5; Pl. xt, 
fig, 19.) 


3 2. Head: occiput blackish grey; frons and proboscis yel- 
lowish ; palpi blackish; antennz blackish, rather thickly pubescent ; 
eyes black, facets large. Zhoraa yellowish, dorsum a little tinged 
with chestnut-brown, sometimes taking the form of the three usual 
Tipulid stripes, the outer ones being distinctly interrupted at the 
suture, behind which they each enlarge into a spot of considerable 
size ; the thoracic sutures light coloured, the anterior lower part 
of the neck pale yellow. Scutellum yellowish, traces of a darker 
triangular mark at base; metanotum brown, just perceptibly 
dusted with grey. Dorsum of thorax sometimes with traces of 
light dust; the sides yellowish or brownish yellow ; pleurze con- 
colorous or tinged with brown, generally more or less dusted with 
grey. Abdomen yellowish, the dorsum with a greater or less 
admixture of brown; belly generally lighter. The whole abdomen 
with light pale pubescence. Legs uniformly pale yellow. Wings 
very pale grey, somewhat iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending in 
the costa at about the middle of the wing; the subcostal cross- 
vein placed immediately before its tip; the 1st longitudinal vein 
ending at three-fourths the length of the wing, often becoming 
faint at the tip, being approximately parallel with the costa; the 
2nd longitudinal vein originating just before one-third of the 
distance between the tip of the subcostal vein and the tip of the 
Ist, taking, at half its length, a sudden turn upwards, and ending 
in the costa some little distance beyond the tip of the Ist vein ; 
the 3rd vein originating at the angle of the 2nd, its stem or base 
being very short, the rest of the vein taking a very slight curve 
downwards, and ending just above the wing-tip; anterior cross- 
vein of very unusual length, curved, its convexity towards the 
base of the wing, its lower end reaching the upper inner corner of 
the discal cell. This cell is pentagonal, approximately triangular, 
its inner side yery short, its two distal sides about equal in length, 
and its anterior and posterior sides about equal to one another ; 
the three veinlets issug from it are equidistant at their origin, 
the outer ones greatly diverging; the 4th posterior cell has 


472 TIPULIDA, 


almost parallel sides. The fifth vein is very gently curved, the 
6th slightly sinuous, the 7th nearly straight, curved downwards 
towards the tip; the 1st posterior cell is about twice as wide at its 
base as at its tip. Halteres yellowish. 

Length 35 millim. 

Described from a long series of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum in excellent preservation. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


338. Gonomyia flavomarginata, sp. nov. (PI. LX, fig. 6.) 


3 2. Head: in male bright orange, in female orange or orange- 
yellow, with a dark brown median stripe. Proboscis and palpi 
very dark brown. Antennal scape brownish yellow; flagellum 
blackish brown in male with long scattered hairs, in female with 
white pubescence. Zhorav: dorsum blackish, dull; a bright 
lemon-yellow line just below the dorsum, passing in front from 
wing-root to wing-root; sides of thorax reddish yellow or yellow, 
with a more or less distinct median transverse violet-brown stripe, 
which is, in at least one specimen, absent. Pleure, especially the 
sternopleure, which are large and shining, violet-brown. Abdomen 
dark brown, emargination of segments distinct; Ist segment 
sometimes black, with a little light pubescence; belly yellow. 
Genital organs of male conspicuous, yellow, with a pair of black 
palp-like processes. Ovipositor of moderate size, yellow. Leys 
brownish yellow, tibize and tarsi darker. Wings pale grey, rather 
vitreous and moderately iridescent. Venation considerably like 
that of G. incompleta; auxiliary vein not attaining middle of 
wing; 3rd longitudinal vein with a much longer base than in that 
species, and originating before the middle of the 2nd vein ; anterior 
cross-vein shorter than in G. incompleta, so that there is not so 
great a difference in width between the basal and distal ends of 
the 1st posterior cell as there isin incompleta. Halteres yellowish, 
dorsum of clubs blackish. 

Length 2-3 millim. 

Described from three males and seven females in the Indian 
Museum: Kurseong, 20. vi. 10 (type male), 18 and 22. vi. 10, two 
other males; 6.ix.09 (type female), and two other females, 
20. vi. 10; all taken by Dr. Annandale; and one female from 
Darjiling, 7. vii. 09 (Jenkins). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

In most specimens the very distinct orange colour of the upper 
and back part of the head makes this species easily distinguishable, 
but the length of the base of the 3rd vein, which is a distinct 
specific character, appears to be slightly variable. 


339. Gonomyia affinis, sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 7.) 


3 2. Head: dark grey. Proboscis yellowish, palpi black. 
Antenne dark yellowish brown or dark brown, rather shortly and 


GONOMYIA. 473 


moderately pubescent. Zhoraa: dorsum dark brownish grey, the 
colour almost taking the form of three longitudinal contiguous 
stripes; mesonotal suture pale yellowish, as is also the longi- 
tudinal depression on the post-sutural part of the dorsum ; side 
margins below the level of the dorsum pale yellowish white, but 
not so distinctly continued round in front as in G. flavomarginata ; 
sides of thorax yellowish, especially posteriorly, microscopically 
dusted with bluish-black. Scutellum bright lemon-yellow, with a 
small dusky triangle at base. Abdomen dark brown, emarginations 
of segments moderately diséinct, with pale hairs, which are 
more conspicuous at the sides; belly more yellowish ; ovipositor 
yellowish. Legs brownish yellow, cox and base of femora paler. 
Wings clear, moderately glabrous. Auxiliary vein ending a little 
further beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein than in 
the previous two species ; 2nd vein forked, the upper branch 
Lisinuate, the lower one nearly straight ; base of 3rd vein (placed 
at the angle of the 2nd) almost punctiform, running straight to 
immediately above the wing-tip and almost parallel with the 
upper branch of the 4th; the 1st posterior cell bemg, however, 
distinctly though not greatly wider at the base than at the tip; 
anterior cross-vein straight, shorter than in the two previous 
species ; discal cell pentagonal, the three veinlets straight, the 
outer ones diverging. Stigma distinctly present, pale blackish, 
elongated, but without sharp delineation. Halteres pale dirty 
yellow. 

Length 23-33 millim. 

Described from one male and several females in the Indian 
Museum; type male from Kurseong, 13-16. vil. 07, type female 
from Darjiling, 5. viii. 09 (Paiva); other females from Darjiling, 
9, viii. 09 (Jenkins), Kurseong, 25-28. iii. 10, on window, 5-7. vii. 08, 
and 22. vi. 10 (all Annandale). 

The last specimen mentioned has the posterior cross-vein near 
the middle of the discal cell. 


340. Gonomyia aperta, sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 3.) 


¢. Head mainly yellowish, neck dark. Proboscis and palpi 
blackish ; antennal scape yellowish; flagellum blackish, with pale 
pubescence. Zhoraw: dorsum and dorsum of scutellum medinm 
grey with a slight brownish tinge, lighter along the sutures; sides 
in front of wing whitish grey, posteriorly yellowish, with a trace 
of whitish dust; sternopleure brownish. Edge of scutellum and 
the metanotum yellowish. Abdomen yellowish, a little black at 
base and tip. Genitalia conspicuous, brownish yellow, consisting 
apparently of a pair of large claspers, a ventral elongated piece 
and two pairs of filamentous appendages, the upper ones being 
much the shorter. Zegs yellowish, darker towards the tips. 
Wings pale yellowish grey, nearly clear, distinctly glabrous. 
Stigma distinct but ill-defined, pale blackish. Auxiliary vein ending 
at the origin of the 2nd longitudinal; lower branch of fork ot 


474 TIPULIDE 


2nd vein twice as long as its upper branch; base of 3rd vein 
short, vein nearly straight ; anterior cross-veir rather long, nearly 
straight ; discal cell incomplete, coalescing with 3rd posterior cell; 
upper branch of 4th vein rather widely forked. Halteres yellow. 

Length 23 millim. 

Described from a unique male from Katihar, Purneah district, 
29-31. x11. 09 (Paiva). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Although only a single specimen is present, there is no doubt 
that it forms a distinct species, as proved by the venation, its 
only ally being G. prowima, from which the position of the 
posterior cross-vein easily distinguishes iv. 


341. Gonomyia proxima, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 9.) 


3 2- Head dark grey or blackish. Proboscis and palpi dark 
brown or black, antenne light to dark brown; the latter robust, 
with three or four long hairs on each joint in addition to the short 
black pubescence. Thoraa: neck black ; dorsum moderately dark 
erev or brownish, the sutures a little lighter; sides yellowish, 
with a more or less distinct dark lateral stripe ; pleure apparently 
not darker. Scutellum concolorous with thorax ; metanotum a 
little darker. Abdomen brown, darker in female, with a little pale 
pubescence; genitalia in both sexes of moderate size, yellowish. 
Legs yellowish, darker towards tips, closely pubescent, more so than 
in any of the other Oriental species. Wings pale grey ; venation 
considerably like that of G. aperta, yet distinctly forming a different 
species. Stigma as in aperta. Auxiliary vein extending to rather 
beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein; basal portion of 
3rd vein much longer than in aperta, the latter vein distinctly 
curving downwards towards the tip; posterior cross-vein placed 
much before the inner side of the discal cell, which is incomplete, 
coalescing with the 3rd posterior cell. Halteres blackish. 

Length 4-6 millim. 

Described from a male and female taken 7m cop. by Mr. B. L. 
Chaudhuri, of the Indian Museum, at Chotajulla, Rajmahal, 
Bengal, 14.11.10. Also from a damaged specimen which I refer 
to this species, from Tirvani, base of Nepalese Himalayas, 27. xii. 09, 
sent by Mr. B. Warren; a female from Rajshahi, Eastern Bengal, 
1-6. 11.07 (Annandale), and one from Noalpur, base of Nepalese 
Himalayas, 15, 11. 08. 

Types in the Indian Museum, also most of the other specimens 
referred to; cotype ¢ in the Pusa collection. 


EMPEDA. 475 


Genus EMPEDA, Os. Sac. 


Empeda, Osten Sacken, Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 155 (1869). 
Tlisophila, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 180 (1856). 


Gavoryen, ZL. stigmatica, Os. Sac. ; by original designation. 


Closely allied to Gonomyia, Mg., but differing from it in the 
following particulars :—- 

Marginal cross-vein present, but, owing to the shortness of the 
anterior branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein, it is not this branch, 
but the petiole of the Ist submarginal cell whicii the marginal 
cross-vein connects with the Ist vein. ‘The cross-vein is thus 
placed between the origin of the 3rd vein andthe fork of the 2nd, 
nearer to the former than the latter. The auxiliary vein is longer, 
extending distinctly beyond the base of the 2ud vein for some 
distance, instead of ending about opposite that point, as in 
Gonomyia. When the discal cell is open it coalesces with the 
2nd posterior cell, not the 3rd, showing that it is the posterior 
branch of the 4th vein that is forked, and not the anterior one, as 
is the case in the preceding genus. The male genitalia are of 
different construction.* 

Range. Europe, North America, Greenland, Java, and India. 

Although closely allied to Gonomyia, this genus should not be 
difficult of identification, the most conspicuous characters being 
its longer auxiliary vein, the presence of the marginal cross- 
vein, and the forking of the posterior, not anterior, branch of the 
4th vein. 


342. Empeda inconspicua, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 10.) 


32. Head: occiput light grey. Proboscis and palpi dark 
yellowish brown. Seapal joints of antenne large, black ; flagellum 
dark, the joints narrow and elongated, practically bare except for 
a single hair on each side of each joint. Thoraw: dorsum dark 
mouse-grey, sometimes tinged with brown; a pale yellow line is in 
some specimens rather conspicuous just below the grey colour of 
the dorsum; sides of thorax brownish yellow: pleure a little 
bluish, with microscopic grey dust. Scutellum rather bright 
yellow, dorsum more or less darker : metanotum blackish. Abdo- 
men: dorsum dark brown, a little paler on the belly ; short 
sparse gold hairs dorsally and ventrally. Genitalia of the male 
large and conspicuous, yellow, hairy, consisting of a pair of two- 
jointed claspers and, apparently, two pairs of considerably smaller 
ones. Ovipositor of the female normal, of moderate size, brownish 
yellow. Legs brownish yellow, darker towards tips ; Coxe com- 
paratively shorter than usual, the trochanters being longer than 
usual, nearly as long as the coxe. Wings clear, iridesceut- 


* According to Osten Sacken, who, however, never critically examined’ them 
in a living specimen, they are of more simple structure than in Gonomyia. 


476 TIPULID &. 


Auxiliary vein ending some distance beyond origin of 2nd vein: 
2nd vein forked just before half its length ; marginal cross-vein 
joining the 1st to the 2nd vein some distance before the forking 
of the latter, and not much beyond the origin of the 3rd, the base 
of which is short, the vein running parallel w vith the lower branch of 
the 2nd vein ; anterior cross-vein moderately long; Ist posterior 
cell with parallel sides. Discal cell absent ; lower branch of 
4th vein forked early, the veinlets diverging rather widely ; the 
5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight, the latter rather widely 
diverging from the 6th. Halteres yellow. 

Length 2-3 millim. 

Described from four males and four females in the Indian 
Museum ; some taken at Darjiling, 7000 ft., 25-29. v. 10, by me in 
grass on the hillside in shady places ; others taken at the same place, 
6-8. vili.09, by Mr. Paiva, and two females from Kurseong, 
22-96. vi. 10 (Annandale), and one male from Darjiling, 3-9, vi. U9 
(Howlett). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


Genus MONGOMA, Westw. 
Monyoma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1881, p. 564. 


Gunoryen, WM. fragillima, Westw.; by original designation. 
Head rather small; proboscis short, palpi small and short, 
4-jointed. Antenne slender, 16- jointed, pubescent, reaching (if 
bent backwards) just bey ond the root of the wings ; scape with 
the Ist joint elongate or oval, the 2nd very short, of about equal 
width ; the flagellar joints elongate oval, approximately equal.* 
Thorax oval, a little compressed anteriorly, neck short. Abdomen 
elongate, slender, linear, sides approximately parallel in the male 
and slightly broader beyond the middle in the female. Genitalia 
small and inconspicuous. Legs extremely long and slender, three 

four times the length of the body; front femora with two 
small spines above near the base projecting outwards; tibie with 
apical spurs ; ungues acutely elongated, rather curved ‘and a little 
dilated near the base ; empodia ‘absent. Wings with two sub- 
marginal cells, four posterior cells, a discal cell, anal cell closed ; 
anterior cross-vein absent. Auxiliary vein ending distinctly 
beyond middle of wing; the Ist longitudinal vein ending only 


* Westwood’s description of the antennz runs ‘ Ist joint broadly oval, 2nd 
very short indeed, 3rd, 4th, and 5th about equal in length to the Ist and 
thicker than the remainder, 6th and rest very slender and nearly equal.” It. 
is, however, inadvisable to regard such minute differences as of generic value, 
since the joints are found to show some degree of variation in many species in 
this family. In my new species M. pallidiventris, the 2nd scapal joint is 
nearly half as long as the Ist, in M. ¢enera all the flagellar joints are about 
equal, except the first, which is slightly longer, a character present in many 
species of T'rpuLIp a, 


MONGOMA, AT, 


a little beyond the tip of the auxiliary ; the 2nd longitudinal vein 
beginning at the first third of the wing, the prefurca being two- 
thirds the length of the vein, the fork very wide, the upper branch 
approximately at an angle of 45°, the lower branch ending just 
above or below the wing-tip; marginal cross-vein very distinct, 
oblique, leaning backwards, joining the Ist vein just before its 
tip, and the 2nd vein just before it forks; the 3rd vein appearing 
almost asa continuation of the first section of the 2nd vein, that 
is to say, it emerges at the first third of the 2nd vein, losing itself 
in the 4th longitudinal vein at the upper basal corner of the 
discal cell; the anterior cross-vein is therefore absent. Upper and 
lower branches of the 4th longitudinal both forked, the veinlets 
parallel (pennipes) or gently diverging (fragillima). The Ist 
posterior cell is absent, through the absence of the anterior cross- 
vein, the uppermost of these cells is therefore the 2nd, which, 
with the 4th, is pointed at the base (fragillima), or approxi- 
mately rectangular (pennipes). Discal cell longer than broad, 
hexagonal ; posterior cross-vein at or just before the base of the 
discal cell, short; 5th vein bent suddenly downwards at its junc- 
tion with the posterior cross-vein, until it meets the 6th vein 
(which is nearly straight) before its tip, closing the anal cell; 
7th vein very short, gently curved.* 

Range. As restricted by me, the genus occurs in Tropical Africa, 
Madagascar, Borneo, Philippine Islands, India and Ceylon. 

Mr. Edwards resurrects Bigot’s genus Zrentepohlia to take the 
place of Mongoma, but this genus cannot stand, being insufficiently 
characterised ; in fact, its simple inclusion in a table with such 
incongruous material as Diva (a separate family), Ptychoptera, and 
Dolichopeza (the latter appearing a second time as Apetlesis), both 
representing totally different subfamilies; with such genera as 
Anisomera, Ula, Erioptera (as Octavia), each belonging to a dif- 
ferent section of Limnopimn”, and finally with ‘“ Ligonevra” 
(=Lygoneura, Mg., belonging to the Mycrropui1ip#!), is most 
certainly no characterisation whatever. Moreover, the, nomi- 
nation of a type species in itself does not, in my opinion, 
constitute a generic diagnosis. 

As WM. fragillimna, Westw., was the original type of Mongoma, 
Westw., that species must of course remain the type of the 
restricted Mongoma. Two other Oriental species belong here 
also, tenera, Os. Sac., and pennipes, Os. Sac., the former from 
the Philippines and India, the latter from Borneo, India, and 
Ceylon. 

Out of the material previously comprised in Westwood’s genus 
Mongoma, I established recently + two additional genera, Pura- 
mongoma and Mongomioides, based on well-defined and apparently 


‘ 
* Westwood does not mention the 7th vein in his description, though it is 
clearly shown in the plate. 
+ Vide Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 291 et seg., for full discussion of the three 
genera in detail. 


aS 
478 TIPULIDE. 


constant differences in venation. Paramongoma need not here be 
discussed, since the only Oriental species is the P. albitarsis of 
Doleschall, described many years ago from Java and apparently 
never recognised since. 

The other two may be easily separated as follows :— 


Four posterior cells; * discal cell present ...... Mongoma, Westw. 
Three posterior cells; discal cell absent ...... Mongomioides, Brun. 


Mongoma (sensu lato) is highly interesting as presenting one of 
the most conspicuous variations from the normal type of venation 
inthis family. Previous to describing the genus Prof. Westwood 
wrote to Osten Sacken for his opinion, and the latter’s reply is 
indicative of its abnormality in his words: ‘The systematic posi- 
tion of this species (IZ. fragillima) is very puzzling....” He 
pointed out that the apparent resemblance between its venation 
and that of Paratropeza, Sch.,t was only superficial and that it was 
certainly a new genus. 

Westwood’s figure of the original species, 1. fragillima, from 
Central Africa, is excellent, and clearly portrays the distinctive 
features of the genus; the long auxiliary vein ending only just 
before the tip of the Ist longitudinal; the wide forking of the 
2nd vein, which, with the marginal vein, gives a first impression 
of the marginal cell being divided by two cross-veins into three 
portions; the merging of the 3rd longitudinal vein in the 4th, at 
the upper basal corner of the discal cell, thereby causing the 
absence of the anterior cross-vein; the abrupt curve downwards of 
the end of the 5th vein, closing, in most cases (speaking sensu 
lato), the anal cell; the shortening of the two basal cells and the 
very short 7th vein,—all characteristic features of this singular 
genus.$ 

Eyen Osten Sacken, than whom no better authority on TrepuLIp& 


* As regards the names of the posterior cells, if must be remembered that, 
as the anterior cross-vein is wanting, the first posterior cell is absent, and that 
the uppermost of the posterior cells, whether four or only three be present, is, 
strictly speaking, the second and not the first. This view is confirmed by 
Williston. 

+ For description of Paratropeza see Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi, p. 952 
(1866). 

+ This view is in accord with Williston’s opinion (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1896, 
p. 292), but I only recently saw this author’s paper, long after I had studied 
the question personally. 

§ Of course, if the short vein joining the 2nd vein with the discal cell (or 
the corresponding part of the 4th vein when the discal cell is absent) be con- 
sidered the anterior cross-vein instead of the 3rd longitudinal vein, it follows 
that there would be only one submarginal cell in any of the three genera 
concerned, and the cell exterior to the anterior cross-vein will become the 
Ist posterior cell. This would give Mongoma five posterior cells, and Mongo- 
mioides and Paramongoma four posterior cells each. In support of this 
suggestion it may be urged that the 3rd vein is not known elsewhere to ter- 
minate in the interior of the wing. Personally I know of no case where it 
does so, but it must be remembered that excessive abnormalities are not rare 


MONGOMA. 479 


is known, recognised the difficulty in allotting to the veins their 
correct names (Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxvi, p. 90), and in describing 
his first new species in the genus, MV. tenera, from the Philippine 
Islands, he says in a footnote (referring to the words “the presence 
of the two cross-veins inside the marginal cell” used in the text): 
‘“* J call them cross-veins merely for shortness’ sake, because one 
of fhem may also be considered as a branch of the 2nd vein.” 
He spoke of the genus as representing ‘a form of venation which 
is of very rare occurrence among Diptera, and we must suspend 
our judgment on this point * until we have an opportunity of 
seeing the insect from Java described by Doleschall.”’ 

At this time he was accepting three species as congeneric, 
fragillima, Westw., allitarsis, Dol. (which latter it is evident from 
the above quotation he had never seen), and his new species fenera. 
In pointing out the difference of Doleschall’s species in having 
only three posterior cells instead of four, as in fragillima and 
tenera, it is obvious that he was guided by Doleschall’s figure 
alone. The Dutch author’s remark ‘‘ two marginal cells ” does not 
help in the question of terminology. 


Table of Species. 


Middle tibize with conspicuously thickened 
tips through the presence of short snow- 
Wihilte JMmbeseemels 2.2. se gee kh ie see pennipes, Os. Sac., p. 479. 
Middle tibize without such adornment. 
Legs mainly yellowish ; femora whitish 


rahi ELIS Soper ign Ee ae ee ar tenera, Os. Sac., p. 480. 
Legs mainly blackish ; femora pale at 
DATS S\0 lc, Cahcue Ce greene OR ate aoa Re ee palldiventris, sp. n., 481. 


343. Mongoma pennipes, Os. Sac. (PI. IX, fig. 14; Ph. XI, 
fig. 13.) 


Mongoma pennipes, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 204 
(1887). 


3 2. Body bright brownish yellow or yellowish, very much like 
Mongomiordes trentepohlii, but the proboscis, palpi, and antenne are 
yellowish, the latter more or less darker. hora: in some speci- 
mens three shining rather brownish thoracic stripes are distinctly 
visible, the side ones much abbreviated in front, but continued 
beyond the suture ; in other specimens the whole thoracic dorsum 


is almost unicolorous. Abdomen with a little pale pubescence, 


in Trputipa#., It may also be urged in analogy that in Sciara,a very extensive. 
and dominant genus of Mycerropnitips, the anterior cross-vein invariably 
takes a longitudinal position. To my thinking, however, the vein has every 
appearance of the 3rd longitudinal vein by its imanner of origin, its superior 
length to the usual anterior cross-vein, and the cell concerned has much more- 
the appearance of a submarginal cell than of that of the 1st posterior cell. 


* J,e., the correct identification of the veins. 


A80 TIPULIDE. 


concolorous to the tip. Genitalia of both sexes small. Legs 
pale brownish yellow, the tibize becoming blackish on. the apical 
half, but the actual tips are broadly snow-white, and the middle 
pair have the snow-white portion thickened, much longer in 
extent, and with a fringe of snow-white hairs on each side; tarsi 
snow-white. Wings clear; halteres pale yellow. 

Length 7-8 millim. 

Redescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum, with localities as follows :—Calcutta, 22.11. 10 (at light), 
96. 11.07, 28.v.07, 29. vi. 09, 28, vii. 07 to 29. vii. 07, 26-30. 
ix. 07; Sukna, 500 ft., L. vii. 08; the specimens mostly collected 
by Dr. Annandale; Peradeniya, Ceylon, 12-16. vii. 10 (Green), 
and 16. ix. 09, at light. 

Type 3 in the Berlin Museum. 

Apparently by no means an uncommon species in Calcutta 
throughout a considerable part of the year. 

The conspicuous snow-white thickening of the tips of the middle 
tibiz easily differentiates this species from all others in this 
group. It was originally described from the single type male 
now in the Berlin Museum, taken at Tumbong Hiong, Borneo. 
Apparently the female has not been noted before. 


344. Mongoma tenera, Os. Sac. 
Mongoma tenera, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxvi, p. 89 (1882). 


3g 9. Head small, blackish or dark brown; proboscis short, 
yellowish ; palpi dark brown; eyes separated by a narrow frons. 
Antenne dark brown, with a little pale pubescence, if “ bent 
backwards, they would reach a little beyond the root of the wings; 
joints of the flagellum long, of nearly equal length, except the 
first, which is a little longer; short-verticillate ” (Osten Sacken). 
Thorax light brown or reddish brown, paler at the sides. Pro- 
thorax well developed, prolonged into a short neck. Abdomen 
darker brown, with pale pubescence, the tip blackish; belly yel- 
lowish. Genital organs of both sexes small, black. Legs: coxe 
very pale brownish yellow; femora brown, extreme tips whitish ; 
tibia very pale brownish yellow, becoming whitish towards tips ; 
tarsi wholly white. Wings clear or very pale greyish; halteres 
brown. 

Length 34-5 millim, 

Redescribed from two males and a female in the Indian Museum, 
the former bearing labels, Sukna, North Bengal, 1. vin. 08, and 
Nedumangad, South India, 14. xi. 09, and the single female, Sukna, 
1. vii. 08, all taken by Dr. Annandale. 

Type. The location is uncertain ; originally in Osten Sacken’s 
own collection. 

Osten Sacken’s original description is incorporated with the 
present redescription. 

In the three examples herein described, there is a slight variation 
from the original description of the species, as the base of the 
3rd posterior cell is distinctly more proximal than that of the 


MONGOMA.—MONGOMIOIDES. 481 


2nd, and is pointed (as it isin JZ. fragillima, Westw., from Africa). 
The bases of these two cells should be in a line according to the 
author of the species. Again, in two of the present specimens 
the posterior cross-vein is in a line with the base of the discal 
cell, and occurs a little before it in the third, but this character is 
known to be variable in the family, and there is little reason 
to doubt the identity of the present form with Osten Sacken’s 
species. 


345. Mongoma pallidiventris, sp. nov. 


9. Head black; back of head conical, with bristly hairs ; eyes 
contiguous above. Proboscis conical, elongated, bilobed, hairy; palpi 
yellowish brown. Antennal scape yellow, Ist joint cylindrical, 
rather long, 2nd half as long, wider at tip; flagellum of fourteen 
equal elongated dark brown joints; the whole antenne minutely 
pubescent, each joint bearing a few long hairs. Neck shortly 
conical, with a single transverse row of strong hairs. Thoraa: 
dorsum dark mahogany-brown with a black middle stripe in front 
of the suture; the post-sutural mesonotum divided by a wide 
post-sutural yellowish depression; sides of thorax wholly yel- 
lowish, also the scutellum, which is sometimes tinged with brown, 
bearing a few hairs; dorsuin of metanotum dark brown, quite 
bare. An irregular row of hairs on each side of the thoracic 
dorsum, extending nearly to the suture; behind the suture a row 
of longer bristly hairs on each side, also two fan-shaped sets of 
hairs below the root of each wing. Abdomen brown, shortly 
pubescent; blacker at base, and more or less on posterior borders 
of segments ; tips yellowish. Belly uniformly livid yellow. Ovi- 
positor yellow, rather long, slightly curved, apparently encased at 
will in a sheath-like arrangement on the ventral side of the last 
segment. Legs black, minutely pubescent; cox and trochanters 
livid yellow; femora pale at base, with a few long hairs at tip, 
hind pair with minute serrulation below at base ; tibiz whitish at 
tips ; tarsi whitish. Wangs clear, veins distinct, black; stigma 
indistinetly brownish; discal cell present ; venation as in J. pen- 
nipes, Os. Sac. Halteres brown. 

Length 5-6 millim. 

Described from four females (including type) in the Indian 
Museum from Pallode, 20 miles N.E. of Trivandrum, Travancore, 
S. India. 15. x1. 08 (Annandale). 


MONGOMIOIDES, Brun. 
Mongomvoides, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 296 (1911). 
Trentepohlia, Bigot, Ann, Soc. Ent. France, (3) ii, p. 473 (1854). 
Gavoryen, Limnobia trentepohlii, Wied. ; by present designation. 
Differs from Mongoma by possessing only three posterior 
cells instead of four, and by the discal cell being absent. It 
agrees with Mongoma in the presence of the 3rd longitudinal vein, 
and in the anal cell being closed at a greater or less distance 
before the border. 


482 TIPULID A. 


The marginal cross-vein (in the four species known to me) is 
more distal than in Monyoma; and the Ist section of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein (.¢. that portion up to the origin of the 8rd 
vein) is shorter than in Mongoma, being not longer than one-third 
the length of that vein. Upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein 
nearly straight, or gently curved ; posterior cross-vein distinctly 
but not much before the fork of the 4th longitudinal vein. (‘This 
may be found a variable character, when additional species are 
discovered.) Remainder of venation and all other characters as 
in Mongoma.* 

Range. Sumatra, India, and Ceylon. 

Bigot’s genus /rentepohlia is synonymous with Mongomiordes, but 
was hopelessly uncharacterised (vide p.447), and it is to be regretted 
that Dr. Enderlein has attempted to revive it. But for Bigot’s 
mention of IV. irentepohlii as the type species, it would never have 
been identified. 


Table of Species. 
Wing-tip distinctly though sometimes 
faintly plackish:*. cee ty isetsie 8 trentepohlti, Wied. 
Wings pale grey, with lighter spaces ... marmorata, sp. 0. 
Whangsitleat (on states. 52+ - nigroapicalis, sp. 1. 


346. Mongomioides trentepohlii, Wied. (Pl. IX, fig. 13.) 


Limnobia trentepohlii, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 551, pl. vid, 
fig, 12 (1828). 

3 @. Body wholly yellowish, occasionally a little tinged-with 
brownish, especially on the abdomen, the tip of which is generally 
blackish. Head greyish, with black hairs, Antenne and palpi 
more or less dusky, especially the former, which often has the tip 
of the Ist joint blackish, and sometimes wholly so. Thorax 
slightly shining, with the merest trace of a dusky median stripe. 
Abdomen with short, very pale hairs. Legs wholly concolorous. 
Wings clear, veins distinct tip of wing blackish, especially along 
the end of the 2nd longitudinal vein with its upper branch ; the 
cross-veins in the middle of the wing are also more or less suffused ; 
the darkening of the wing-tip is distinctly variable, both in extent 
and intensity. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 5-6 millim. 

Redescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum from the following localities -—Kushlea, Bengal, 7-8. x. 
09 (Jenkins); Bhogaon, 2.x.08, and Katihar, Purneah, 1—24. 
ix. 10, 2-12.x.07 (Paiva); Shamnagar, E. Bengal, 25. viii. 07 
(Caunter); Port Canning, 9.x.08; Puri, Orissa Coast, 23-26. x. 
08, and 13. xi. 10, at light in railway carriage (Annandale) ; Maz- 
pat, 11-15. x.10 (Kemp); Shasthancottah, Travancore, 8. xi. 08 ; 


* Por a full discussion as to the interpretation of the veins and cells, see 
Ree. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 291 e¢ seg., where my line of reasoning is given in full, 
with corroborative opinions of various authorities. 


MONGOMIOIDES, 483 


Rangoon, 25.11.08 (all Annandale) ; Sylhet, 5.11.05 (Lt.-Col. 
Hall). 

Types originally in Dr. Trentepohl’s and Wiedemann’s collec- 
tions, presumably now in the Vienna Museum. 

This species is likely to prove to have an extensive distribution 
in the East, and is probably fairly common in Bengal and the 
south-eastern parts of India. The clouded wing-tip makes it easily 
recognisable from all other species in this group. 


347. Mongomioides marmorata, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 11.) 


2. Head black ; eyes contiguous, face black ; proboscis, antenna, 
and palpi yellowish ; back of head with few hairs. Thoraa yel- 
lowish, practically bare; dorsum more orange, with traces of a 
median dark line on anterior part. Scutellum and metanotum 
apparently concolorous (damaged by pin). Abdomen yellowish 
brown, dorsum with a tendency to dark marks; minutely pubescent. 
Genitalia very large, yellow, hairy ; consisting of upper and lower 
halves, the lower terminating in a sheath, the upper in a two- 
bladed, rather short, stiff ovipositor. Zegs uniformly pale yellow. 
Wings pale grey, with lighter spaces; the fore border shows four 
such, of which the first reaches to the posterior border at the end 
of the 7th vein; the second extends to the basal part of the mar- 
ginal cell; the third reaches the submarginal cell; and the fourth, 
a smaller one, is towards the end of the wing; the base of the 
wing and the 8rd posterior cell are also nearly clear. Venation 
as in trentepohlii, Wied. Halteres brown, stem pale yellow. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a unique specimen, Calcutta, 28. xi.07, in the 
Indian Museum collection. 


348. Mongomioides nigroapicalis, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 12.) 


$. Head blackish grey; back of head brownish yellow. Pro- 
boscis brownish yellow ; palpi comparatively long and stout, dark 
brown, nearly black, pubescent. Antenne brownish yellow, 
scapal joints large, remainder oval, pubescent. JZhorax: neck 
rather long, blackish. Dorsum and sides uniformly brownish 
yellow ; a narrow median black stripe on dorsum; posterior part 
of dorsum, scutellum and metanotum (apparently *) rather darker. 
Abdomen brownish yellow. Legs: coxe and femora moderately 
bright yellow, rather broadly black at the tips; tibie very pale 
yellowish white, very narrowly black at the tips; tips of tarsi 
blackish. Wangs elongate, practically clear, unmarked. Auxiliary 
vein ending at middle of wing, the 1st longitudinal a little 
beyond ; the 2nd longitudinal beginning before the middle of 
the wing, rather widely bisinuate, forked at a little beyond its 
middle, the upper branch short and nearly perpendicular, as 


* Specimen damaged in this part. 
21 


484 TIPULIDA. 


usual; the lower branch ending just above the wing-tip; the 
short, upright marginal cross-vein joined to the 1st vem, where 
it turns suddenly upward at its tip into the costa; prefurca 
divided into about three equal sections, the origin of the 3rd vein 
being at the end of the first section, the marginal cross-vein at the 
end of the second; the 3rd vein emerging at a rather wide angle, 
in a line with the basal section of the prefurca and for about as 
long as that section, afterwards merged in the 4th longitudinal 
vein at the upper basal corner of the 2nd posterior cell ; upper 
branch of 4th vein forked at one-third of its length, the veinlets 
parallel; the 4th vein forking a little beyond the origin of the 
3rd vein; the basal side of the 2nd posterior cell rectangular ; 
the lower branch of the 4th vein nearly in a line with the basal 
section, the whole vein describing a gentle curve ; posterior cross- 
vein situated just before fork of 4th vein, joing the 5th vein 
(which is much fore-shortened) at the point where it suddenly 
bends down and joins the 6th, thus closing the anal cell; the 
short terminal portion of the 5th vein practically in a line with 
the posterior cross-vein; the 6th vein quite straight, the 7th very 
short, only one-third as long as the 6th, curved suddenly into the 
margin of the wing. Halteres pale. 

Length 4 millim. 

Described from a type-specimen from Lucknow, 5. iii. 11, two 
others with the same data, and one from Peradeniya, Ceylon, v.09. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus PARAMONGOMA, Brun. 


Paramongoma, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 295 (1911). 
Mongomella, Enderlein, Zool, Jahr. xxxii, p. 61 (1912). 


Gervoryen, Cylindrotoma albitarsis, Dol.; by present designation. 


This genus differs from Mongoma, Westw., also in the venation 
only ; principally by the punctiform contact of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein with the discal cell, thus obliterating the 3rd vein. The 
discal cell emits only three veins, for arguing from analogy and 
comparing the wing with that of Mongoma, it should be the anterior 
branch of the 4th longitudinal vein that is forked, thus making 
only three posterior cells, of which the 1st and 2nd are of equal 
length, and with pointed bases. The anal cell is open somewhat 
narrowly but distinctly. 

Range. Java. 

The only Eastern species that at present is referable to this 
genus is P. albitarsis, Dol. (Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 391, pl. iv, 
fig. 1), which has not yet been found in British India, being 
originally described from Java, and apparently not having been 
seen since. 

Doleschall’s figure is rather carelessly drawn, as the 1st longi- 
tudinal vein is shown emerging from the auxiliary vein near its 
tip; the 2nd vein is straight after the bend, which takes place at 


PARAMONGOMA.—-SYMPLECTA. 485 


the exact corner of the discal cell, there being neither 3rd longi- 
tudinal vein nor anterior cross-vein. There are only three posterior 
cells, of which the first two are subequal, with obtuse-pointed 
bases; the posterior cross-vein is a little beyond the base of the 
discal cell, which is about twice as long as broad. ‘The anal cell 
is open; apart from this, the 5th and 6th veins bear the same 
relation to each other as in Mongoma. The 7th vein is not 
shown, perhaps owing to the full insect being illustrated, with 
the wings rather close to the body; in this position the 7th vein 
would be easily obscured by the proximity of the wing to the 
abdomen. 

As P, albitarsis, Dol., will probably be found to occur in South 
India or Ceylon, and has been made the type of a new genus, it is. 
advisable to append a briet description of it. 

The species is greyish brown in colour, with -short pubes- 
cence ; head globular: eyes large, black, kidney-shaped ; proboscis 
moderately long. Flagellum of antennz of fourteen subequal 
cylindrical joints becoming smaller towards the tip of the antenne. 
Abdomen narrow, tip pointed and black. Legs very long, tarsi 
snow-white. Doleschall speaks of only two posterior cells, but 
this is only due to a different method of naming them. Found 
on warm damp days dancing in the air. I have not seen the 
species myself. 

But for the difference in venation it must be very like Mongoma 
pennipes, Os. Sac., but the conspicuously thickened tips of the 
white middle tarsi will at once distinguish the latter species. 

Mongomella, End., is an absolute synonym of Paramongoma. 


Genus SYMPLECTA, Mg. 
Symplecta, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. vi, p. 282 (1830). 


Helobia, St. Fargeau, Encyl. Méth., Ins. x, p- 585 (1825). 
Idioneura, Philippi, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv, p. 615 (1865). 


Symplectomorpha, Mik, Wien. Ent. Zeit. v, p. 318 (1886). 


Gunoryps, Limnobia hybrida, Mg. (a synonym of punetipennis, 
Mg.); by designation of Westwood (Intr. Class. Ins. ii, Synops. 
p- 128). 

Head: eyes separated above bya broad frons, nearly contiguous 
below. Proboscis and palpi moderately short. Antenne 16- 
jointed, moderately long or somewhat short; if bent backwards 
they would not reach the root of the wings; scape with Ist joint 
cylindrical, 2nd shorter and rather broader, both stout ; flagellar 
joints, especially the basal ones, short, oblong or subcylindrical, with 
moderate verticels. Thorax and abdomen normal. Male genitalia 
consisting of two elongate subcylindrical basal pieces with two 
blunt horny appendages attached to each of them. Ovipositor 
of female curved, upper valves pointed, the lower ones short. 
Legs rather long, pubescent, in some species conspicuously so; 
femora in some species distinctly, though moderately, incrassated 
at tip; middle pair of legs rather shorter than the others; tibie 

212 


486 TIPULID®. 


without spurs, ungues small, empodia distinct. Wings glabrous, 
also the veins. Two submarginal cells, four posterior cells, and a 
discal cell. Auxiliary vein long, ending some distance before the 
tip of the 1st longitudinal ; 2nd vein beginning before the middle 
of the wing and some distance anterior to the subcostal cross-vein, 
forking about opposite the tip of the auxiliary vein, the sub- 
marginal cross-vein being opposite the latter point; the preefurca 
a little less than half the full length of the vein; the 3rd vein 
originating just before the fork of the 2nd vein, close to the 
anterior cross-vein, which is at the pointed proximal corner of 
the discal cell; the latter being subtriangular and as long as, or 
slightly shorter than, the 2nd and 38rd posterior cells; posterior 
cross-vein distinctly before the fork of the 4th longitudinal ; 
5th and 6th veins nearly straight; 7th vein conspicuously 
bisinuate. 

Range. Himalayas, Persia, Europe, and North America. 

Near T'rimicra, Os. Sac., but that genus differs from Symplecta 
‘by the last joints of the antenne being suddenly and conspicuously 
reduced in size; moreover, in Trimicra the 2nd longitudinal vein 
issues from the 1st at an acute angle, not in a gentle curve; and 
the 7th vein is straight. The basal part of the male genitalia is 
more thickened in Z’rimiecra. 

Helobia, St. Farg. (1825), antedates Symplecta and is synonymous 
with it, but has not been adopted, the reason not being known to 
the present author. It does not appear to be preoccupied. 


349. Symplecta punctipennis, Wy. (PI. IX, fig, 15.) 


Limnobia punctipennis, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. i, p. 147, pl. vy, 
figs. 2, 3, 7 (1818). 


3 9. Head blackish grey, shortly pubescent: frons moderately 
broad, blackish grey. Proboscis yellowish, palpi blackish. 
Antenne dark blackish brown, with a little light pubescence. 
Thorax somewhat elevated; dorsum rather restricted. blackish 
grey, with a blacker dorsal line from the anterior margin, dis- 
appearing gradually before the suture, the space on each side of 
this line and the sutures narrowly lighter grey ; sides of dorsum 
narrowly yellow; sides of thorax blackish grey, with a narrow 
yellow line above the hinder pleure. Scutellum and posterior 
eorners of mesonotum yellow, the former a little darker at the 
base; metanotum blackish, basal corners minutely yellow. 
Abdomen dark blackish grey, with a little pale pubescence ; 
posterior margins of segments normally yellowish white on both 
dorsum and belly in both sexes, but sometimes indistinct or 
absent. Genitalia of male moderate in size, reddish brown, the 
claspers bearing some smaller appendages; upper and lower 
plates short, nearly as broad as the last abdominal segment. 
Ovipositor normal, of moderate size, brownish yellow. Legs 
blackish or blackish brown; tips of femora slightly but quite 
distinctly enlarged. Wangs nearly clear, with very small, blackish 
infuscations placed as follows:—just below the base of the pre- 


GNOPHOMYIA, 487 


furea; on the Ist longitudinal vein (very small) a little beyond 
the previously mentioned spot; at the tip of the Ist vein; and a 
small one at the base of the wing between the 4th and 5th longi- 
tudinal veins; also narrowly over all the cross-veins. Halteres 
rather robust, stem yellow, clubs black. 

Length 34-4 millim. 

Redescribed from several of both sexes in the Indian Museum, 
taken as follows: Darjiling, 22-30. ix. 08, captured by me, as 
well as one (20.ix.08) taken there “at light”; Darjiling, 5-6. 
vill. 09 (Paiva), and Matiana, Simla district, 8000 feet. 28-30. 
iv. 07 (Annandale). The species occurs also throughout Europe. 

Type. The location of this is unknown to me, unless it be in 
the Meigen collection at Paris. 


Genus GNOPHOMYIA, Os. Sac. 
Gnophomyia, Osten Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad, p. 223 
(1859), 
Furina, Jaennicke, Abhandl. Senck. Ges. vi, p-. 318 (1867). 


GENOTYPE, G. tristissima, Os. Sac., his second species ; by 
designation of Coquillett (1910). 


Head: eyes glabrous, nearly contiguous below, but separated 
above by a broad convex frons. Proboscis short ; palpi moderate 
in size, terminal joint longer. Antenne 16-jointed, reaching 
backwards to the root of the wing in both sexes; Ist scapal joint 
long and cylindrical, 2nd always much shorter, of varying width 
according to the species; flagellum of elongate subcylindrical 
joints, shorter in some species and more globose, the length of the 
verticillate hairs varying with the species. Thorax prolonged 
anteriorly, or shorter, according to the species; suture distinct. 
Abdomen normally elongate, linear, subcylindrical. Genitalia of 
male consisting of claspers, in which the first joint is much more 
slender than in G'onomyia, the 2nd (horny) joint being in some 
species almost linear and pointed; a second pair of horny appen- 
dages below the first, shorter and stouter. In the female the 
ovipositor is peculiarly formed, the upper valves being incrassated 
and arcuate on the lower side towards the base, the lower pair 
being very short, about half the length of the upper ones, the 
whole ovipositor having thus rather an unusual appearance. 
Legs long and slender, microscopically pubescent ; tibie without 
spurs; empodia distinct; middle pair of legs rather shorter than 
the others. Wings normally glabrous.* Two submarginal cells, 
four posterior cells ; discal cell open or closed. The auxiliary 
vein ending at a good distance beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, 
with the subcostal cross-vein a little more or less distant from its 
tip. The 2nd longitudinal begins about the middle of the wing, 
forming a moderate angle, the prefurea, which often turns abruptly 
upward just beyond its middle, generally about half the length of 
I enna a nena ena TT 


* In at least one foreign species (G. Zuctwosa, from North America) micro- 
Scopic pubescence occurs towards the tip of the wing. 


488 * TIPULID A. 


the vein but sometimes much shorter; the marginal cross-vein near 
the inner end of the 1st submarginal cell, or at about the middle 
of it, occasionally exactly at the fork of the 2nd vein, and, in rare 
cases, absent altogether;* the 3rd vein generally originating 
from the angle in the prefurca, being almost (apparently) a con- 
tinuation of the basal section of the prefurca, and curved down- 
wards towards its tip; 7 the anterior cross-vein immediately 
beyond the origin of the 3rd vein, moderately long, joining the upper 
basal corner of the discal cell, which latter is oblong, with pointed 
ends, the posterior cross-vein being situated before the middle 
of it; the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins gently curved towards their tips. 

Range, Europe, South and East Africa, Australia, New Zealand, 
North and South America and the Orient. 


Table of Species. 


1. Wings wholly unmarked, of normal 
length ; antenne not 15-jointed ...... 2. 
Wings with several conspicuous brown 
marks, considerably longer than the 
abdomen ; antenne 15-jointed ...... .. longipennis, sp. n., p. 489, 
2. Marginal cross-vein present{ .......... 3. 
Marginal cross-vein absent; anterior 
branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked, 
posterior branch simple ; discal cell open, 
coalescent with 3rd posterior cell ; 
posterior cross-vein at base of srd 
posterior cell; a dark blackish species 
with distinct black veins in the wing .. migra, sp. n., p. 494. 
3. Marginal cross-vein exactly at the foot of 
the 2nd longitudinal vein (or even very 
slightly before it); genital organs of 
inale very large and conspicuous; antennee 
TS-jointed...3 seem seks rat ove a ahs wee. genitalis, sp. n., p. 490. 


* The marginal cross-vein is very inconstant, even in the same species, 
both as regards its exact position and its presence or absence, as Osten Sacken 
mentions a German species of which many specimens were seen by him without 
it, although normally it should have been present in that species. In this 
species, too, the abdomen is more clubbed at the tip, and the genitalia are of 
different construction. He also possessed another species, from Italy, in 
which there was no marginal vein at all, and the discal cell was open, being 
coalescent with the 3rd posterior cell. This species he thought might be 
Erioptera lateralis, Mcq., but it is to be noted that in Prof. Kertész’s recent 
«Catalogue of Diptera’ dateralis is referred to Gonomyia. It is, of course, 
possible that Osten Sacken’s identification of the species was erroneous. 

The fact that the marginal vein is occasionally absent in this genus may be 
considered likely to cause confusion between it and Gonomyta, the species 
having considerable resemblance to one another, but in the present genus the 
branches of the 2nd longitudinal vein (which is always forked) are much too 
approximately parallel to be readily confounded with the very widely opened 
fork of Gonomyia. 

{+ Exceptions occur; for instance, in G. flavomarginata, Brun., a compara- 
tively long basal rectangular section is present. 

t This cross-vein is occasionally absent, but no better or more reliable 
distinctive character is available. Such exceptions must be allowed for in 
<letermining specimens, 


GNOPHOMYIA, 489 


Marginal cross-vein distinctly beyond the 
fork of the 2nd vein, either at a moder- 
ately short distance beyond, or very 
considerabiy beyond it; antenne not 
DSR[OUMbSC Re atte lacs delete = 5 Rats x wood 4, 

4, Marginal cross-vein a little, but distinctly, 
beyond the fork of the 2nd vein; pre- 
furca about half the length of the vein, 
originating normally at an acute angle or 
in a gentle curve; discal cell present .. 5, 

Marginal cross-vein at middle of upper 
branch of 2nd longitudinal vein ; pree- 
furea less than half the length of the 
2nd vein, arising abruptly in a distinctly 
imgvnin lieve | Grated (ee eg keto gee ree me 6. 

5. Anterior branch of 4th longitudinal vein 
forked ; a pale yellow slender species 
PWwAtPyellow: WINGER. fs ccc- es cos. wee furcata, sp. n., p. 491. 

Anterior branch of 4th vein simple; 
robust black species with distinct black 


VAST] ghoNa a Oo ae er ee strenud, sp. n., p. 492. 
6. Both branches of 4th longitudinal vein 
OTIS ape cette a eter arte oP Kecyacel fc) 2.26 lu50. Guahove < aperta, sp. n., p. 492. 
Upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein 
BIEN DO ee ert eee chy oe key Gre 62 0g) 4, v6 eve tncompleta, sp. n., p. 498. 


350. Gnophomyia longipennis, sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 17.) 


2. Head brownish grey ; proboscis and palpi dark. Antenne 
brownish yellow, 15-jointed; scapal joints normal, 1st sub- 
cylindrical, long, 2nd much shorter, barely wider; Ist flagellar 
joint elongated, much narrowed at base, followed by eleven 
subequal oval joints and along thin apical one. Z'horax: dorsum 
brown, with the usual three dark stripes indistinctly defined ; 
the posterior part of the thorax, scutellum, and metanotum more 
reddish brown, also the sides. Abdomen dull brownish yellow, 
blackish towards tip, and with a blackish lateral stripe; belly 
brownish yellow. Ovipositor rather shortened, reddish yellow. 
Legs uniformly brownish yellow, tarsi barely darker. Wings very 
pale grey, much longer than the abdomen, highly iridescent, with 
pale brown marks. Auxiliary vein long; subcostal cross-vein some 
distance before the beginning of the 2nd longitudinal, which origi- 
nates at the middle of the wing in a strong curve, the prefurca 
much less than half the length of the vein, the forks of which are 
nearly parallel; the distinct marginal cross-vein placed at the 
middle of the upper branch; the 3rd longitudinal vein bent sharply 
at aright angle near its base, thence running straight to the wing- 
tip; both branches of the 4th vein forked, rather widely, the front 
branch beyond and the hinder branch before its middle ; discal cell 
open, coalescent with 8rd posterior cell, the base of which is pointed ; 
posterior cross-vein beyond the base of the 8rd posterior cell ; 
5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight. The wing-markings are 


490 TIPULIDA, 


pale brown and consist of a long, moderately dark brown stigma 
filling the marginal cell from the marginal cross-vein, proximally ; 
the suffusion spreads over all the cross-veins, rather paling in 
intensity, till it reaches and embraces the posterior cross-vein ; 
two quite round spots on the costa, over the subcostal cross-vein 
and the base of the 2nd vein; a round spot at the tip of the Ist 
submarginal cell, embracing the tip of the anterior branch of 
the 2nd vein; and the tips of all the veins except the 3rd and 
the 6th. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single perfect female from Dhakuri, Kumaon 
district, 8900 feet (A. D. Jmms). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

A striking abnormality in this species, which is a very con- 
spicuous and pretty one, is the 15-jointed antenna. I refrain 
from establishing a new genus on the strength of this feature 
alone. 


351. Gnophomyia genitalis, sp. nov. (Pl. IX, fig. 16.) 


3 9. Head: vertex and frons ash-grey, the latter one-fourth 
the width of the head in the male, more than a third inthe 
female. Antenne light brown, 13-jointed ; scapal joints normal ; 
1st joint of the flagellum very long and as wide as the 2nd scapal 
joint, flattened; the remaining flagellar joints oval, verticillate 
and closely pubescent, the last one (the eleventh) with thicker 
pubescence and three stiff hairs at tip. Zhoraw wholly light 
brownish grey, including scutellum, metanotum and the sides. 
Abdomen light brownish grey, with pale grey pubescence. 
Genitalia of male very large and conspicuous; the Ist joint of the 
claspers long, cylindro-ovate, grey, highly pubescent ; the 2nd 
joint bifid, composed of a long, slightly smuate, shining brown, 
narrow, hook-tipped piece, and a rather shorter and softer, broader 
palp-like piece; a small dorsal grey plate, with long reddish 
yellow hairs on the hind margin. Ovipositor normal, brownish 
yellow. Legs brown, coxee yellowish; all the legs yellowish in 
the female. Wangs very pale grey. Auxiliary vein ending at a 
little beyond the middle of the wing ; subcostal cross-vein exactly 
at its tip, both lying very close to the costa; the 1st longitudinal 
vein ending some distance beyond; the 2nd vein beginning betore 
the middle of the wing, divided by the origin of the 3rd vein and 
the fork of the 2nd into three about equal lengths, the prefurca 
thus being two-thirds the length of the vein, the branches of the 
fork gently diverging; marginal cross-vein exactly at, or very 
slightly before, the fork of the 2nd vein; the 3rd vein beginning 
at the end of the Ist third of the 2nd vein; discal cell much 
narrower at base; anterior branch of the 4th vein forked shortly 
but widely near the tip; posterior cross-vein near the middle of 


GNOPHOMYIA. 491 


the discal vein; the 5th, 6th, and 7th veins nearly straight, all 
gently curved at the tip. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single male and female taken at Bhowali, 
Kumaon district, 5700 feet, 27. vi. 10 (A. D. Imms). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


352. Gnophomyia furcata, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 18.) 


3 2. Head: occiput blackish grey. Proboscis and palpi dark 
brown. Antenne yellowish brown, the colour varying in intensity, 
with sparse pale pubescence. Neck yellowish brown. Thoraa 
light yellowish brown, shining, dorsum with a few pale hairs ; 
sides of thorax more or less shining yellowish brown. Scutellum 
and metanotum shining yellowish brown. Abdomen brownish 
yellow, with some pale pubescence; rather darker brown in 
female. Belly lighter. Genitalia of both sexes yellowish. Legs 
pale yellowish, tarsi darker. Wings practically clear, slightly 
iridescent; stigma very indistinct, yellowish grey. Auxiliary 
vein ending considerably beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal, 
the subcostal cross-vein being towards the tip of the former; the 
2nd vein forked much soouer than in Gonomyia, the branches 
diverging, the posterior one slightly the longer, the anterior one 
joined (at about one-third of its length) to the 1st longitudinal 
(near the tip of the latter) by the marginal vein, which in some 
specimens is indistinct ; the 3rd longitudinal with a short basal 
portion, the rest being straight and parallel to the vein above it ; 
anterior cross-vein moderately long; discal cell closed, sub- 
triangular, its inner side very short ; anterior branch of 4th vein 
widely forked beyond half its length; 5th, 6th and 7th veins 
nearly straight, with the exception of the small downward curve 
of each towards its tip; 1st posterior cell twice as wide at base 
as at tip. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 3-3} millim. 

Described from several specimens of each sex in the Indian 
Museum, from Darjiling, 7000 ft., 5-10. viii. 09 (Paiva). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

In the forking of the anterior branch of the 4th vein this 
species differs from others in this genus, so far as I am aware, 
yet it undoubtedly belongs here. I refrain from establishing a 
new genus on this character alone, in view of the variable nature 
of the venation in the closely allied genus Gonomyia, and the 
tendency to specific and adventitious variation in allied genera. 
Besides, Osten Sacken in describing his two North American 
species, G. luctuosa and tristissima, notes a difference of venation 
in them. The wing of the present species differs somewhat from 
Osten Sacken’s plate (Monog. N. Am. Dipt. iv, pl. ii, fig. 5) as in 
that (@. tristissima) the marginal vein occurs at the fork of the 
2nd vein, the contact of the 3rd longitudinal vein with the 2nd is 


492 TIPULID. 


almost punctiform, and the anterior branch of the 4th vein is not 
forked. In the event of other species being discovered showing 


consistency in these variations, anew genus might well be founded 
for them. 


353. Gnophomyia strenua, sp. nov. (PI. IX, fig. 19.) 


Q. Head blackish grey; frons wide, widening towards vertex, 
yellowish grey at the sides, the middle part broadly black, and 
somewhat convex. Antenne rather dark brownish yellow ; joints 
of flagellum considerably elongate, with pale microscopic pubes- 
cence, and brown hairs of greater length. Proboscis stout, dark 
shining brown, pubescent; palpi nearly black, pubescent. Thoraw: 
dorsum very dark brown, barely shining; shoulders narrowly 
yellowish, witha brown streak ; suture and post-sutura! depression 
narrowly greyish. Scutellum and metanotum lighter brown and 
more shining; sides of thorax blackish brown, more or less shining. 
Abdomen dark brown, with sparse pale pubescence; belly similar. 
Ovipositor of the same colour, tip yellow. Legs pale yellowish ; 
tips of femora and tibie, and the tarsi towards the apical part, 
blackish. Wings yellowish grey, wholly unmarked. Auxiliary 
vein ending opposite the marginal vein; the 2nd longitudinal 
vein beginning at some distance before the middle of the wing ; 
the prefurca less in length than the remainder of the vein, 
distinctly elbowed at the origin of the 3rd vein, which is not bent 
at its base, springing in a straight line from the tip of the junction 
of the anterior cross-vein with the 2nd vein; the 2nd vein forking 
soon after the elbow ; marginal vein situated very soon after the 
fork, joining the Ist vein some distance before the tip of the 
latter; the 3rd vein almost wholly straight ; anterior cross-vein 
twice the length of the proximal side of the discal cell, which is 
somewhat elongate, much broader distally, the posterior cross-vein 
being situated a little before its middle; the two branches of the 
2nd vein, the 3rd vein, and the upper branch of the 4th vein, 
approximately parallel; the 5th and 6th veins nearly straight, 
7th gently bisinuate. Halteres black. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single female from Kurseong, 5. ix. 09 
(Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


354. Gnophomyia aperta, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 1.) 


3. Head light grey; frons moderately broad, the middle part 
blackish ; vertex with stiff bristly yellow hairs; back of head 
light grey. The Jst scapal joint with bluish grey dusting, 2nd 
rather large, yellowish; flagellum much narrower than scape, 
blackish brown; pubescence sparse. Proboscis and palpi dark 
brown. Thorav moderately dark ash-grey; the three usual 
stripes are present, brown, the median one reaching from the 
anterior margin nearly to the suture, being narrowly bifid behind ; 


GNOPHOMYIA. 493 


the side stripes short, pointed in front; rest of dorsum con- 
colorous, grey, with two indistinct brownish spots behind the 
suture. Scutellum grey ; metanotum and sides of thorax grey. 
Abdomen light brownish grey, barely pubescent; belly similar. 
Genitalia small, blackish. Zegs uniformly pale brown; coxe 
darker at base, slightly dusted with bluish grey. Wings clear, 
very iridescent. Auxiliary vein ending towards the tip of the 
1st vein; the 2nd vein beginning just beyond the middle of the 
wing; prefurca only half as long as the lower branch, the 
urd vein springing from an angle in it, just beyond its middle ; 
marginal vein situated in middle of upper branch of 2nd vein, 
joined to tip of 1st vein; basal portion of 3rd vein nearly as long 
as the anterior cross-vein ; discal cell absent; upper branch of 
4th vein forked near its tip; lower branch springing simultaneously 
with the upper from the end of the anterior cross-vein, and 
forking before half its length ; posterior cross-vein just beyond the 
bifurcation of the 4th vein. Halteres very long, thin, yellow. 

Length 3% millim. 

Described from a single specimen, Darjiling, 8. vill. 09 (Pavva). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


355. Gnophomyia incompleta, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 2.) 

¢. Head grey ; proboscis and palpi brown, pubescent ; antennal 
scape brownish yellow, flagellum dark brown. Thorax light 
grey; the three usual stripes distinctly present, but not con- 
spicuous, slightly darker grey; the dorsum behind the suture also 
of the same shade. Scutellum and metanotum whitish grey, 
especially when viewed from behind; sides of thorax dark grey with 
aslight brownish tinge. Abdomen blackish grey ; segments distinct, 
nearly bare; belly similar. Genitalia sinall, concealed. Legs: 
coxe and basal part of femora brownish yellow, the colour quickly 
darkening towards the tips of the femora to blackish, the rest 
of the legs being of the latter colour. Wings clear, iridescent. 
Auxiliary vein ending before the beginning of the 2nd longitudinal, 
which begins distinctly beyond the middle of the wing, the pre- 
furca taking a considerable downward curve, and the 3rd vein 
issuing from its lowest point; the 2nd vein forking soon after ; 
the whole prefurca nearly as long as the lower branch of the 2nd 
vein; the marginal cross-vein placed at two-thirds of the length 
of the marginal cell, uniting with the absolute tip of the Ist 
longitudinal; the 3rd vein with no distinct basal section and 
parallel with the upper branch of the 4th vein; the anterior 
cross-vein moderately long, joining the 4th vein at its fork; 
discal cell open; lower branch of 4th vein forked at half its 
length, the posterior cross-vein just beyond that fork. Stigma 
light brown, small, oval, placed around the tip of the Ist vein. 
Halteres blackish. 

Length 33 millim. 

Described from one male from Kurseong, 7.ix. 09 (Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


A94 TIPULID®. 


306. Gnophomyia nigra, sp. nov. (Pl. X, fig. 3.) 


9. Head: the broad vertex and frons (with long bristly hairs), 
the proboscis and palpi, and the antenne, all dark brownish 
yellow; the 2nd scapal joint barely wider than the flagellar 
joints. Zhorav blackish, the lateral margins of the dorsum and 
the posterior corners narrowly yellowish; sides blackish. Scu- 
tellum with a little reddish brown towards the edge, metanotum 
blackish. Abdomen rather short and stout, dark brown, wrinkled, 
with pale brown pubescence; belly similar. Ovipositor small, 
consisting of two conical thick grey pubescent pieces. Legs dark 
brown, femora a little yellowish towards the base. Wings 
yellowish grey, veins black and very distinct. Auxiliary vein 
ending at middle of wing; 1st longitudinal vein ending a little 
way beyond it; the 2nd vein beginning before the middle of the 
wing, the prefurea gently curved, forming half the length of the 
vein, which forks rather widely ; no marginal cross-vein ; the 3rd 
longitudinal vein beginning a little before the fork of the 2nd at 
a rectangle, in a line with, and about as long as, the anterior 
cross-vein ; discal cell absent, being coalescent w vith 3rd posterior 
cell ; anterior branch of 4th vein forked before one-third of its 
length ; posterior cross-vein in a line with the base of the 3rd 
posterior cell; the 5th and 6th veins nearly straight, the 7th 
gently curved. Halteres blackish. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a type female from the Bhim Tal, 4500 feet, 
Kumaon, 22-27.ix.06 (Annandale); and one from the Nilgiri 
Hills, 3000 ft., iv. 10 (Andr ewes). 

Type and second specimen in the Indian Museum. 

I do not hesitate to include this species in Gnophomyia, in spite 
of the absent marginal cross-vein, the presence of which is 
regarded as a generic character, because its whole appearance 
is that of this genus, the species both in general “ facies” and in 
the distinct black veins closely resembling G. strenua; because the 
forking of the 2nd longitudinal vein is that of Gnophomyia (1. e., 
the branches gently diverging or nearly parallel), and not that of 
Gonomyia in which the branches very widely diverge ; and because 
Osten Sacken has already drawn attention (Monog. N. Amer. Tip. 
p- 173) to an undescribed species from Germany and a single 
example of another species from Italy, both seen by him, and in 
both of which the marginal cross-vein was absent. It seems 
therefore likely that this character is also as plastic as many 
others in the ER1opreRINI. 


Genus DASYMALLOMYIA, Brun. 
Dasymallomyia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 804 (1911). 
Ganoryrs, D. signata, Brun.; by original designation. 


Head, thorax and abdomen of the normal Eriopterinid type, 
with light conspicuous hairs on thorax and abdomen. Eyes 


DASYMALLOMYIA. 495 


separated above by a hairy frons, less than one-third the width of 
the head, contiguous below fora short space. Antenne missing, 
except the scape, which is normal but rather less in size, and the 
three basal joints of the flagellum, which also have every appear- 
ance of normality, being rounded and yverticillate. Abdomen 
narrowed at base, widened beyond the middle; genitalia of 
moderate size, normal. Legs conspicuously pubescent throughout 
with moderately long hairs. Wings moderately broad, anal angle 
rounded. but distinct; two submarginal cells, four posterior cells ; 
discal cell open, being coalescent with the 3rd posterior cell. 
Auxiliary vein lying close to Ist longitudinal, ending at about the 
middle of the wing, the 1st longitudinal ending a little beyond ; 
the 2nd longitudinal beginning at one-third of the wing, forked ; 
marginal cross-vein just before tip of Ist vein; the 3rd vein 
beginning a little before the fork of the 2nd; the 4th forking 
close to the anterior cross-vein, both branches forked ; posterior 
cross-vein just beyond fork of 4th vein ; 3rd posterior cell pointed 
at base, 6th and 7th veins slightly sinuous. 

Range. Darjiling district. 

Although this genus stands out as quite distinct from others, it 
is difficult to define its peculiar characters. Perhaps the robust- 
vess of the body (affording some general resemblance to Veucho- 
labis), the narrowed abdomen near the base, and especially the 
somewhat shortened, thickened, very hairy legs, are the best 
distinguishing features from Gnophomyia, Os. Sac., which seems 
to be its nearest Eastern ally. 


357. Dasymallomyia signata, Brun. (PI. X, fig. 4.) 
Dasymallomyia signata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 304 (1911), 


Q. Head: frons forming one-fourth the width of the head, 
erey, with some long, rather shaggy yellow hairs; back of head 
similar. Proboscis brownish yellow, short, rather stump-like ; 
palpi normal, elongate, four-jointed, pubescent. Antenne with 
apparertly two scapal joints nearly alike, rather short, slightly 
wider at the tip, the flagellar joints oval (only three are remaining, 
the rest being broken off); scape dari, flagellum brownish yellow. 
Thorav: dorsum yellowish; a moderately broad, very shining 
black stripe in the middle from the anterior margin to the suture, 
slightly narrowed in front; a short, very shining, black stripe on 
each side of the median one, with an isolated black spot in front 
of it near the shoulders; behind the suture, near the dorsal 
margin on each side is a very black shining triangular spot, and 
on the dorsum (behind the suture) a pair of normal wide blackish 
stripes reaching to the scutellum, which latter is small and yellow, 
with the base a little blackish. Sides of thorax with a pinkish 
tinge ; some short yellow hair on the pleure and near the wing- 
roots; metanotum blackish. Prothorax moderately large, produced 
into a short stout neck. Abdomen black, roughened; posterior 


496 TIPULID®. 


margins of segments narrowly pale yellowish; belly similar. 
Ovipositor brownish yellow, enlarged at the base, the lower pair 
of valves much shorter than the upper ones, straight, and set a 
little further back. Legs: coxee and trochanters both somewhat 
small; legs comparatively robust, yellow, with rather long close 
pubestence ; the femora a little indrassated at the tip, and bearing 
a subapical blackish not very well-defined ring ; tips of tibize and 
tarsal joints narrowly blackish. Wings nearly clear, very iri- 
descent, with a faint yellow ish appearance caused by ‘the yellow 
veins ; the “ cross-veins ” rather black. Auxiliary vein lying close 
to the 1st longitudinal vein, ending at about the middle of the 
wing, the Ist longitudinal ending a little beyond; the 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein beginning at one-third of the wing, and forking at 
about half its length, just below the tip of the lst vein, with ‘the 
marginal cross-vein just before the tip of the latter ; the 3rd 
longitudinal vein originating a little before the fork of the 2nd, 
at a right angle, thence forming nearly another right angle before 
proceeding almost straight to the border, parallel with the veins in 
front of and behind it ; basal section of 3rd vein fairly long, 
nearly in a line with the anterior cross-vein, which is of about the 
same length; the 4th vein forking close to the anterior cross- 
vein, the upper branch forking at about its middle, the branches 
parallel ; the lower branch of the 4th vein simpie, parallel with 
the 5th; posterior cross-vein just beyond fork of 4th vein; 3rd 
posterior cell pointed at base ; 6th and 7th veins slightly sinuous. 
A small indistinct stigma over the tip of the 1st vein. 

Length 74 millim. tD tip of ovipositor, 

Described from a single female in the Indian Museum from 
Kurseong, 7. ix.09 (D. F. Lynch). 


Genus CONOSIA, Wulp. 
Conosia, Wulp, Tijd. Entom, xxiii, p. 159, pl. x, figs. 5-7 (1880). 


Grnoryen, Limnobia irrorata, Wied.; by original designation. 

Head relatively very small, very flat and broad.  Oceiput 
ereatly produced backward in an obtuse form, the vertical hump 
continued backward also, well defined, to the jie limit of the 
head, the occiput being practically in a plane with the vertex. 
Eyes oval, contiguous below for a considerable distance, widely 
separated above in both sexes by a broad frons which is longi- 
tudinally conspicuously humped. Antenne barely longer than 
the head; the 1st scapal joint long, thick, cylindrical, the 2nd 
broader and shorter, both robust ; fl: agellum of twelve joints, with 
the Ist joint stout at the base, the remainder very filiform, 
pubescent. Proboscis short; palpi short, four-jointed. Thorax : 
anterior part of dorsum conspicuously produced forward over the 
prothorax and head in a conical obtuse form ; transverse suture 
rather less distinct than usual. Scutellum small, metanotum well 
developed. Abdomen long, cylindrical, four times as long as the 


CONOSIA, 497 


thorax; tip obtuse in male, pointed in female. Genitalia of male 
small and inconspicuous. Legs long and slender, microscopically 
pubescent. Wings very much shorter than the abdomen, com- 
paratively broad, bare of pubescence. Two submarginal, five 
posterior cells, and a discal cell; anterior cross-vein distinetly 
beyond the discal cell; auxiliary vein ending beyond middle of 
wing, the Ist longitudinal ending just beyond it; 2nd vein 
beginning before middle of wing, forking at about half its length, 
the marginal cross-vein just beyond the fork; the 3rd vein begins 
at the fork of the 2nd, gently bisinuate; the 4th vein with upper 
branch forked well beyond the discal cell, the lower branch forked 
at distal end of that cell, which latter is pentagonal ; anterior 
cross-vein distinctly beyond discal cell, posterior cross-vein before 
its middle, oblique; 5th, 6th and 7th longitudinal veins nearly 
straight ; anal angle of wing somewhat rounded. 

Range. The Orient, China, Japan, and Australia. 

The most pertinent characters of this genus, which possesses 
but a single widely distributed species, are the conical production 
of the thoracic dorsum over the head, and the position of the 
anterior cross-vein distinctly beyond the discal cell. 


358. Conosia irrorata, Wied. (Pl. X, fig. 5.) 


Limnobia trrorata, Wiedemann, Ausser. Zweifl. i, p. 574 (1828). 

Limnobia substituta, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p-. 39 (1848). 

Linmophila crux, Doleschall, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind, xiv, p. 388, 
pl. iv, fig. 3 (1857). 


3 2. Head: eyes well separated above, contiguous below for a 
short distance; from vertex to back of head rather bright 
yellowish grey. Proboscis and palpi brownish yellow or brown, 


Fig. 43.— Conosia irrorata, Wied., lateral view of head and thorax. 


both short. The 1st scapal joint of antenne cylindrical, elongated, 
with some stiff hairs, 2nd joint short, but of good size, rounded, 
with very few hairs; the Ist flagellar joint obconical, with micro- 
scopic grey pubescence, smaller than 2nd scapal joint but much 
larger than the other flagellar joints, the basal ones of which in 
the male are shortly cylindrical, the remainder elongated, all with 
a few very long hairs each, the shorter pubescence being more 
pronounced on the basal joints. In the female all the flagellar 
joints after the Ist are uniformly shortly cylindrical, all bearing 


498 VIPULLD A. 


short pubescence. Thorax of male from yellowish grey to rather 
dark brownish yellow; a rather broad brown median line, with a 
row of about nine or ten small dark brown spots on each side of 
it; a narrow median line is present on the concolorous scutellum, 
which is furnished with moderately long golden yellow hairs on 
the posterior margin; posterior corners of dorsum with a few 
similar yellow hairs and a few are placed in front of the scu- 
tellum ; a less distinct grey stripe on each side of the median one, 
beginning some distance behind the shoulder and interrupted at 
the suture, behind which it takes the form of a spot anda pointed 
elongated stripe which attains the posterior margin ; on the rest 
of the dorsum and towards and on the sides (which are con- 
colorous) are small spots and marks irregularly placed; metanotum 
rather more grey than yellow, with traces of a dark median line. 
In the female, on each side of the narrow median thoracic stripe 
is a close series of irregularly placed small brown spots, two or 
three abreast, reaching from the anterior margin to the suture; 
there is also a patch of similar spots towards each side, in front 
of the wing. Abdomen yellowish or brownish yellow, the segments 
clearly emarginated, with short yellow hairs at the sides; a narrow 
black stripe often runs along each side of the dorsum; belly 
yellowish. Genitalia of male consisting of an upper plate, a pair 
of thick brown ee marked with small brown spots and 
bearing golden-yellow hairs, terminating each in a bifid yellow 
claw ; there is also a pair of internal spine-like yellow organs. 
In the female the abdomen is darker brown, the ovipositor reddish 
yellow. Legs uniformly yellow, with distinct yellow pubescence ; 
claws black. Wings yellowish grey. Auxiliary vein ending a little 
before tip of 1st longitudinal vein, both being distinctly beyond 
the middle of the wing; the 2nd vein originates much before 
middle of wing, forking in a peculiar manner just below tip of 
lst vein; the upper branch apparently springs at a right angle 
from the lower one (which latter is in a straight line with the 
prefurea), thus having the appearance of a cross-vein, then turns 
suddenly outward, running parallel with the lower branch ; pree- 
furca longer than upper branch, but distinctly shorter than lower 
one ; marginal cross-vein very oblique, uniting the 1st vein (at a 
little before its tip) with the angle made by the upper branch of 
the 2nd vein; basal portion of 8rd vein obliquely placed, straight 
in itself, appearing almost as a cross-vein, nearly twice as long as 
anterior cross-velin, which latter is also very abnormally placed, 

being distinctly beyond the discal cell; discal cell cylindro- conical ; 

anterior branch of 4th vein forked half-w ay between the discal 
cell and wing-margin, the branches parallel, as are all the veins, 

practically, with the exception of the branches of the 2nd vein, 

which distinctly diverge at their extremities; discal cell rather 
more than half as long | as the 3rd and 4th posterior cells, both of 
which are equal in length ; ; posterior cross-vein placed at the first 
third of the discal cell. In colouring the anterior margin of the 
wing is more or less broadly brown, but the pattern varies in detail; 


CONOSIA.- CLADURBA, 499: 


in some specimens the costal cell is nearly clear, but occupied 
throughout its entire length with brown spots, some confluent,. 
especially in the neighbourhood of the stigma, beyond which the 
costal part of the wing is mainly brown or brownish; the wing 
is brownish down to the 2nd longitudinal vein; the whole of the 
veins in the clear part of the wing bearing a row of minute dark 
brown spots, which in some examples are considerably fainter 
than in others; the brownish colour extending from the costal 
cellis generally somewhat enlarged over the base of the 2nd vein’ 
and below the stigma, and the cross-veins are sometimes suffused 
with grey. In some individuals the tips of the veins on the’ 
posterior margin of the wing are slightly infuscated, the 7th having 
often a distinct dark grey spot of moderate size at its tip. 

Length 5-12 millim., without ovipositor. 

Redescribed from a considerable number of both sexes in the 
Indian Museum, the Pusa collection and my own, from Calcutta, 
Darjiling, and other parts of India, Assam, Rangoon, and from 
Java. The species extends throughout the whole of the Orient, 
occurring also in China, Japan, and Australia. 

Type presumably in Westermann’s collection in the Vienna 
Museum. 

In one specimen in the Indian Museum collection there is a’ 
supernumerary cross-vein in the 2nd basal cell, a little before 
the posterior cross-vein. This is probably the most widely 
distributed species of the family in the Hast. 


Genus CLADURA, Os. Sac. 
Cladura, Osten Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1859, p. 229 


GENOTYPE, Cladura flavoferruginea, Os. Sac.; by original’ 
designation. 


Head: eyes separated above by a moderately broad, distinctly 
convex frons; nearly contiguous below. Proboscis short ; palpi 
short, last joint robust. Antenne 16-jointed, just reaching the - 
root of the wings; scape with 1st joint subcylindrical, of moderate 
length, 2nd joint shorter and broader; flagellar joints subcylindrieal, 
slightly incrassated at base, verticels of moderate length. Thorax 
and neck normal. Abdomen with ‘“ the upperside of the ultimate 
segment horny, convex, having a rounded excision between two 
projecting points on its posterior margin” (Osten Sacken). The 
male genital organs consist of a long cylindrical basal joint, 
the terminal appendages being very small and filiform. © The 
female ovipositor has flattened, rather broad valves. Legs of 
considerable or of moderate length, pubescent; tibie without 
spurs; empodia distinct, ungues smooth on the underside. Wings 
somewhat narrow and rather long, elabrous: veins on apical part 
of wing bearing a distinct though short pubescence. ‘Two sub- 

216 


500 TIPULIDE. 


marginal cells, five posterior cells, and a discal cell. Auxiliary 
vein ending at some distance beyond the middle of the wing, at, 
or a little beyond, the inner end of the 1st submarginal cell; the 
latter cell shorter than the 2nd submarginal, its petiole about 
equal to the length from the fork to the (sometimes indistinct) 
marginal cross-vein, which is placed beyond the middle of the 
marginal cell or just at the fork; subcostal cross-vein shortly 
before the tip of the auxiliary vein, joining the 1st longitudinal, 
which ends some distance beyond the auxiliary vein; the 2nd vein 
begins distinctly before the middle of the wing, the well arcuated 
prefurea about equal in length to the lower branch; an additional 
cross-vyein (in at least one North American species) occasionally 
found in the 2nd submarginal cell; 3rd vein originating rather 
sharply from the 2nd just anterior to the fork, practically straight, 
its base, the anterior cross-vein, and the basal side of the discal 
cell more or less in aline; discal cell pentagonal, broader distally, 
its basal end rectangular, its distal sides forming an angle. ‘The 
pentagonal shape of the discal cell plainly shows that it is the 
forking of the posterior branch of the 4th vein which forms one of 
its sides” (Osten Sacken). Five posterior cells, of which the Ist is 
subequal to the 2nd submarginal in length, the 2nd varies in 
shape with the species, the 3rd and 4th are subequal, the 5th 
normal; posterior cross-vein a little before or after the base of 
the discal cell; the 5th, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins nearly 
straight. 

Range. Previously known only from North America. 

The characters which distinguish this genus from the allied 
genera, Paracladura and Claduroides, may best be shown by the 
following table :— 


A. Subcostal cross-vein placed near the tip of 
the auxiliary vein. Discal cell present, 
its proximal end rectangular. Antennal 
scape long, normal; flagellum of fourteen 
oval joints. The 7th longitudinal vein 
POUL ee terete istered ins hs o's «© woo aitelp CiapuRA, Os. Sac.* 

AA. Subcostal cross-vein placed very far before 
the tip of the auxiliary vein, just after the 
origin of the 2nd vein, near the middle 
of the wing. 

B. The 1st longitudinal vein nearly as long 
as the anterior branch of the 2nd vein, 
ending close to it near the wing-tip. 
Marginal cross-vein placed soon after 
the fork of the 2nd vein, at a consider- 
able distance from the tip of the Ist vein. 


* See my “ Revis. Orient. Tirutme” (Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 285) with 
regard to Cladoneura, a fossil genus figured by Needham, which appears to 
have been the immediate ancestor of this group of genera. 


CLADURA. 501 


Discal cell present, its proximal end 
pointed. Antennal scape very short, 
the joints almost annular; flagellum of 
fifteen very elongate joints. The 7th 
longitudinal vein less than half the 
length of the 6th, turning sharply into 
CHO MALSINE AL ITA! . 5.0.0.5 Sees ek ves PARACLADURA, Brun. 
BB. The Ist longitudinal vein ends (turning 
sharply up to the costa) just beyond the 
tip of the auxiliary vein and some dis- 
tance from the tip of the anterior 
branch of the 2nd vein, also a con- 
siderable distance from the wing-tip. 
Marginal cross-vein at the tip of the 
Ist longitudinal vein. Discal cell 
absent, coalescent with the 2nd posterior 
cell, the proximal end of which is 
pointed. Antennal scape normal (long), 
flagellum of thirteen oval joints. The. 
7th longitudinal vein normal, as in 
MEME Re at sa HOD pial ielisaaiwal sda CLADUROIDES, Brun. 


359. Cladura flavescens, Brun. (Pl. X, fig. 6.) 
Cladura flavescens, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 284 (1911). 


3 2. Head: frons broad, more than one-third the width of 
the head, vertex convex, both brownish yellow; back of head 
concolorous, with long stiff brown hairs. Proboscis brownish 
yellow, palpi a little darker. Antennal scape brownish yellow; 
Ist scapal joint moderately long and stout, subcylindrical, 2nd 
joint shorter and broader; flagellum of fourteen oval joints, 
gradually diminishing in breadth but increasing in length as the 
tip of the antenne is reached ; with minute whitish pubescence, 
each joint having a single verticel of apparently three or four 
iong hairs. Zhoraa elongate and rather convex above, produced 
forward into a distinct, but short, stout neck. Brownish yellow, 
shining, unmarked; some black hairs on the posterior part of 
dorsum above the wings. Scutellum and metanotum concolorous, 
the former with a few hairs; sides of thorax brownish yellow. 
Abdomen of male yellowish brown, with sparse pale yellow hairs ; 
in female dark brown on dorsum, yellowish on belly. Genitalia 
of male brownish yellow (not easily seen, as the claspers in the 
singie male are tightly closed), apparently consisting ef the 
normal pair of claspers, of which only the thick subconical basal 
joint can be seen. In the female the ovipositor is brownish 
yellow, rather long, conically produced at the base, to which are 
attached two pairs of nearly straight, elongate valves, the lower 
pair being much shorter and twisted round somewhat to the side. 
Legs uniformly brownish yellow, slightly darker towards the tips 
of the tarsi. Wings pale yellowish grey, moderately iridescent, 

2K2 


502 TIPULID#&. 


unmarked. Auxiliary vein ending at some distance beyond the 
middle of tle wing, the subcostal cross-vein placed shortly before 
its tip, connecting it with the Ist longitudinal, which latter ends 
a little before half the distance between the tip of the auxiliary 
vein and the tip of the wing; the 2nd vein begins distinctly 
before the middle of the wing, well arcuated, forking before the 
tip of the Ist vein; ‘the prefurca fully as long as the lower 
branch ; the marginal cross-vein, which is not very distinct, but 
obviously present, placed just at the fork of the 2nd vein, the 
upper branch of which is a good deal shorter than the lower one ; 
3rd vein originating at right angles from a little anterior to the 
fork of the 2nd, its basal part short (shorter than the anterior 
cross-vein), thence running straight to just below the wing-tip , 
anterior cross-vein and base of discal cell practically in a line 
with the basal part of the 3rd vein; discal cell pentagonal, much 
broader distally, its proximal side somewhat oblique, about as 
long as the 4th posterior cell; anterior branch of 4th vein forked 
near tip, making five posterior cells, of which the Ist is of the 
same length as the 2nd submarginal, the 2nd is triangular, the 3rd 
and 4th subequal, the 5th normal, the posterior cross-vein being 
situated a little before the middle of the discal cell; the 5th, 6th, 
and 7th longitudinal veins nearly straight. Halteres pale brownish 
yellow. 

Length 3-3} millim. 

Described from a single specimen of each sex taken, respectively, 
. vill. 09 and 6. viii. 09. at Darjiling (Paiva). 

Types in the Indian Museum. . 

The wing agrees exactly with that of the North American 
species C. indivisa, Os. Sac., except that the marginal cross-vein 
in my species is a little more proximal and the 2nd posterior 
cell is triangular, instead of what may be described as attenu- 
ated bell-shaped, as in indivisa. Incidentally this figure shows. 
no subcostal cross-vein, which, however, is distinctly present in 
C. flavescens, placed, as stated by Osten Sacien, near the tip of 
the auxiliary vein. 


a ( 


Genus PARACLADURA Brun. (PI. X, figs. 9, 10.) 
Paracladura, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 286 (1911). 


Gunorypn, Paracladura gracilis, Brun. ; by original designation. 


Two submarginal cells, five posterior cells, a discal cell. 

Differing from Cladura in the face being distinctly though not 
conspicuously gibbous. The antenne are of a totally different 
construction altogether ; the scapal joints both being very short,. 
subglobular, no longer than broad, whilst the flagellum is composed 
of fifteen joints, a very unusual number throughout the family 


PARACLADURA. 503 


Tirunips. All the joints are very elongated, minutely pubescent. 
~The whole antenna if bent backwards would reach the basal 
segments of the abdomen. The venation affords several very 
marked differential characters. The subcostal cross-vein is situated 
a long distance before the tip of the auxiliary vein, only a short 
distance beyond the base of the 2nd longitudinal. The auxiliary 
vein ends gradually in the costa at about two-thirds the length of 
the wing. The Ist longitudinal vein is very long, following the 
line of the costa nearly to the tip of the upper branch of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein, and parallel to that section of that vein; thus 
ending much nearer the tip of the wing than is usually the case. 
The subcostal cross-vein is placed near the middle of the wing, 
joining the auxiliary vein to the Ist longitudinal, not very far 
beyond the beginning of the 2nd vein. The 2nd vein commences 
almost before the first third of the wing, at a moderate angle, 
forking just opposite the tip of the auxiliary vein, the branches 
practically parallel; the praturca longer than the lower branch, 
which itself is rather longer than the upper one. Marginal 
cross-vein just beyond the fork, and a little beyond the tip of the 
auxiliary vein. The 3rd vein originates a little before the fork 
of the 2nd vein in an almost punctiform manner, meeting the 
anterior cross-vein at the same point. The 3rd longitudinal vein 
runs straight to immediately below the wing-tip. Anterior cross- 
vein of moderate length, meeting the discal cell before its middle, 
which cell is pointed at its proximal end. Upper branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein forked at half that portion of it lying beyond 
the discal cell, the veinlets nearly parallel. Lower branch of 4th 
vein acutely forked in the discal cell, the posterior cross-vein 
situated just beyond the fork. The 5th longitudinal vein bent at 
its union with the cross-vein; 6th vein nearly straight. The 7th 
longitudinal vein remarkably short, much less than half the length 
of the 6th vein, its tip bent sharply to the wing-margin. 
Range. India. 
The two Indian species may be separated easily as follows :— 


WW eel crantte recs tiparsias fein s Sekai oie ela ss gracilis, Brun. 
Wings with an infuscated band across the middle.. elegans, Brun, 


360. Paracladura gracilis, Brun. 
Paracladura gracilis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, vi, p. 287 (1911). 


¢ 2. Head: eyes separated above by a frons wider than one- 
third the width of the head; face above antenne distinctly 
gibbous. Proboscis rather long, narrow, pale yellow, a little 
hairy; palpi with Ist joint pale yellow, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th black. 
Antennal scape pale yellow, slightly pubescent, joints very short, 
almost annuliform; flagellum of fifteen very elongate joints, 
closely but shortly pubescent, with one or two longer hairs at the 


504 TIPULIDA. 


tip of each. Zhorax considerably gibbous, uniformly pale yellow, 
quite bare. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax con- 
colorous. Abdomen brownish yellow, with a few pale hairs at the 
sides ; segments in the male towards the tip of the abdomen, both 
above and on belly, with more or less distinct blackish irregular 
marks. Genitalia of male rather longer than usual, especially the 
second joint, which is nearly as long as the first, the latter being 
less robust than usual, the second equally fleshy, subcylindrical, 
pointed, both bearing numerous soft hairs; some further append- 
ages are visible below the claspers, also a large ventral V-shaped 
dark brown plate; the upper plate is also dark coloured, narrow. 
The female has a pair of moderately long lateral valves, blackish 
at the tip; below these, a pair of pale yellow, soft, hairy, short 
conical appendages, with apparently a pair of small claspers. 
Legs uniformly very pale yellow. Wings: venation in accordance 
with the generic description; very pale yellowish, unmarked, 
veins yellow ; halteres yellowish, knobs a little dusky. 

Length 24 millim. 

Described from a single specimen of each sex taken by me at 
Darjiling, 28 and 29. v. 10. 


Types in the Indian Museum. 


361. Paracladura elegans, Brun. 


Paracladura elegans, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 288 (1911). 


9. Head rather bright yellow; frons fully one-third the width 
of the head ; face above antenne gibbous; on the vertex a blackish 
streak joining the upper angle of the eyes. Proboscis yellowish ; 
palpi blackish, pubescent, basal half of Ist joint yellowish. Scapal 
joints of antennz very short, pale yellowish, with a few hairs ; 
flagellum blackish brown, closely and shortly pubescent. Thorax 
almost wholly brownish yellow ; a trace of a dusky median stripe. 
Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax concolorous. Abdomen 
brown, hind margin of the distinctly emarginated segments very 
pale yellow, with pale hairs at the sides; belly similar. Ovi- 
positor of moderate size, resembling that of P. gracilis. Legs pale 
brownish yellow. Wings: venation in accordance with the generic 
description, the 7th longitudinal vein being only one-third as long 
as the 6th. Colour pale yellow, veins yellow, apical part of wing 
with slight pubescence. A narrow blackish infuscation runs from 
the costa, beginning just beyond the tip of the auxiliary vein and 
passing over the marginal vein, the fork of the 2nd, the base of 
the 3rd, and the anterior cross-vein; the infuscation, here shortly 
interrupted, is resumed on the posterior cross-vein and along the 
last section of the 5th longitudinal vein to the wing-margin. 
Halteres yellowish, clubs dusky. 

Length 2-3 millim. 


CLADUROIDES. 505 


Described from two females taken by me at Darjiling, 26 and 
29. v. 10. 

Type (and second specimen) in the Indian Museum. 

Whilst exhibiting all the generic characters, this species is 
easily distinguished from the previous one by the light but very 
distinct infuscation running across the middle of the wing. 


Genus CLADUROIDES, Brun. 
Claduroides, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 288 (1911). 


Gernoryee, Claduroides fascipennis, Brun.; by original design- 
ation. 


Two submarginal cells, five posterior cells, discal cell open. 

Antenne practically normal in the scape, which consists of the 
usual elongate cylindrical 1st joint and a shorter broader 2nd joint, 
but the flagellum shows a distinct peculiarity in possessing the 
unusual number of thirteen joints, oval and well separated, with 
minute pubescence and with verticels. Face above antenne 
prominent as in Paracladura. Thorax equally gibbous as in that 
genus. In venation the present genus is also distinctly character- 
istic. The Ist longitudinal vein is shorter than in Cladura, the 
marginal cross-vein being at its exact tip, where it turns up into 
the costa somewhat abruptly. The subcostal cross-vein is at 
one-third the iength of the wing, as in Paracladura, situated at a 
great distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein, anda considerable 
distance before the origin of the 2nd vein, which takes place in 
the middle of the wing. Discal cell open, pointed at proximal 
end, coalescent with 3rd posterior cell; anterior branch of 4th 
vein forked acutely and widely near its tip, the 2nd posterior cell 
being triangular, not elongate bell-shaped; posterior cross-vein 
situated just beyond the proximal end of the 2nd posterior cell ; 
the posterior branch of the 4th vein similarly forked as in Cladura ; 
the 7th longitudinal vein normal, as in Cladura. 

Range. India. 

Only two species are Indian, and they may be distinguished 
thus :— 


Wings with several small infuscations........ Fasctpennis, Brun. 
Wings clear except for an indistinct stigma .. sordida, Brun. 


362. Claduroides fascipennis, Brun. (PI. X, figs. 7, 8.) 
Claduroides fascipennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, vi. p. 289 (1911). 


3 2. Head grey; frons one-fourth the width of the head, 
considerably convex. Proboscis brown, palpi blackish. Antenne 
dark brown; Ist scapal joint subcylindrical, wider at tip, 2nd 
shorter, elongate oval, narrower at base; flagellum of thirteen 


506 . TIPULIDE 


oval joints, the 1st the longest, all very distinctly separated, with 
close pubescence and each with a verticel of longer hairs. Thorax 
distinctly gibbous and high; the short neck placed at the lowest 
point of the underside (seen best in profile). Thorax, including 
dorsum, scutellum, metanotum and sides, mainly dark grey, the 
dorsum in one specimen with a moderately wide blackish brown 
stripe from anterior margin to suture; a blackish brown smaller 
mark on each shoulder connected by a very thin line on the 
anterior margin; two small stripes in front of the suture, with 
two spots behina it, irregularly shaped, of the usual nature, 
occupying most of the post-sutural dorsum. Scutellum somewhat 
produced and thickened; metanotum a little brownish. Abdomen 
dark blackish brown, emargination of segments distinct, with 
some pale hairs at the sides; belly similar. Genitalia of male 
blackish brown, a little pubescent, composed of an ‘upper plate, 
a pair of claspers, with a second pair of appendages below. The 
female ovipositor barely thickened at the base, terminal valves 
reddish brown. Legs brownish yellow, tarsi darker; cox slightly 
dusted with brownish grey. Wings: venation in accordance with 
generic description. Pale grey; a small pale blackish brown spot 
on the costa, near the subcostal cross-vein ; another over the base 
of the 2nd vein; a large oblong stigmatic spot, ending at the 
marginal cross-vein, proximally continued along the cross-veins 
narrowly but uninterruptedly to the 5th longitudinal vein, along 
which the colour rurs to the hind margin of the wing; tips of all 
the veins (except the 5rd and 6th) and the bases of the forks of 
both branches of the 4th longitudinal, slightly infuseated. ‘Hal- 
teres teagtee 

Length, , @ 53 millim. 

Desuribed oe three males and two females in the Indian 
Museum with the following data: Darjiling, 9. vii. 09, type male 
and female taken by Mr. Paiva, and an additional male and female 
taken by Dr. Annandale at Phagu, 12. v.09, and Kurseong, 
7. 1x. 09, respectively. 


363. Claduroides sordida, Brun. 
Claduroides sordida, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 290 (1911). 


3 9. Head dark grey, with scattered hairs. Proboscis brownish 
y see ; palpi dark brown. Antenne brownish yellow; Ist scapal 
joint cylindrical, moderately long, 2nd shorter and broader as 
usual; flagellum of thirteen oval joints, diminishing in size towards 
the tip, the 1st being distinctly but not conspicuously larger than 
the rest. Thorax dark grey, with no obvious marks on ‘dorsum, 
though the impression is given that in some specimens there may 
be indistinct stripes. Scutellum and metanotum similarly coloured ; 
sides of thorax with a very slight brownish tinge. Abdomen dar k 
brown. Genitalia of male consisting of a pair of rather large 


————— 


AMALOPINI. 507 


brownish yellow claspers, with small narrow horny appendages 
towards the tips, and a narrow dorsal plate. Ovipositor of female 
as in preceding species. - Legs brownish yellow, darker towards 
tips of tarsi. Wangs: venation in accordance with the generic 
description. Pale grey, iridescent ; an elongate blackish stigma 
is indistinctly but obviously present over the tip of the Ist 
longitudinal vein, ending rather sharply at the marginal cross-vein. 
Halteres brownish. 

Length 4-5 millim. 

Described from two males and one female. The type male and 
female, taken respectively at Simla, 10.v.09, and Kurseong, 
4.ix.09, by Dr. Annandale; an additional male from Simla, 
12. v. 09. 

Type male and female (also additional male) in the Indian 


Museum. 


Section AMALOPINI. 
Pedictine, Kertész, Catal. Dipt. ii (1892). 


Hyes pubescent ; frons generally with a more or less prominent 
gibbosity, which is often much less conspicuous in dried specimens. 
Antenne normally either 16-jointed, or 13-jointed ; in one non- 
Oriental genus (Ula) the unusual number of 17 joints is found. 
Wings with two submarginal cells, and four or five posterior cells ; 
discal cell open or closed. Subcostal cross-vein ending at a 
considerable distance anterior to the tip of the auxiliary vein and 
also before the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein.* Penultimate 
posterior cell nearly always pointed at the base (except in Ula). 
Tibi with spurs at the tip, often minute.t 

This section of the Tipunipm BREvIPALPI forms a small compact 
group distinguished by the pubescent eyes and the frontal 
gibbosity. 

Osten Sacken suggested the division of this section into two 
natural groups, but apart from the character of the difference in 
number of the antennal joints, the dividing line between them is 


* Except in Trichocera, which is here removed to this Section from the 
Limynorutirnt, its affinities to that Section being, to my thinking, much less 
than to the Amanorinr. In this genus the subcostal cross-vein occurs a little 
way beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, but before the riddle of 
the wing. 

+ Personally I have often been unable to discern any spurs at all, and it 
seems to me that they are more often completely absent than Osten Sacken 
(who placed considerable reliance on this character as one of the primary 
means of classification) suspected. At any rate, when they are so microscopic 
that an ordinary observer with an ordinary microscope fails to perceive them, 
they are very unsafe characters on which to separate sections or subfamilies. 


508 TIPULID ®. 


rather frail and subject to slight modifications which would render 
it almost valueless. 

The characters of the first group were :—antenne of 16 joints ; 
the 2nd submarginal cell never longer than, but generally a very 
little shorter than the 1st posterior cell; the prefurca rather 
elongate; the palpi rather more elongate than in the next group. 
This group contained only Amalopis, Hal., and Pedicia, Latr. 
This second genus is not Oriental, but it contains a widespread 
European species, P. rivosa, L., which may easily extend to 
Western or Northern India. 

The second group was characterised by a 13-jointed antenna ; 
the 2nd submarginal cell never being shorter than the 1st posterior 
cell, but generally a little longer, and the prefurea very short ; 
the palpi rather shorter than in the first group. 


Table of Genera. 


1. Antenne filamentous, 16-jointed, joints 
almost inseparable at tip; 7th longi- 
tudinal vein much shortened, incurved 
SIMOMSIY AUtDi tems rkenois ls ast dines TricHocEeRA, Mg., p. 508. 
Antenne normally nematocerous, the 
exact number of joints being easily 
counted; 7th longitudinal vein neither 
shortened nor incurved at tip ........ 2. 


2, Anterior cross-vein connecting the 2nd 
longitudinal vein (either its priefurca 
or the lower branch) not with the 38rd 
vein as usual, but with the 4th longi- 
tudinal.* Antenne of sixteen joints . AMaALopis, Hal., p. 513. 
Anterior cross vein connecting 5rd and 
4th longitudinal veins as usual...... 5. [p. 517. 
S) Antenne LO-jOMmbed as 62s co» meio ec AMALOPINA, gen, NOV., 
Antenne 18-jointed fT ............eee RHAPHIDOLABIS, Os. Sac., 
[p. 517. 


Genus TRICHOCERA, J/g. 


Trichocera, Meigen, Lig. Mag. ii, p. 262 (1803). 
? Petaurista, Meigen (1800), sine sp. 


Grnotypn, Zipula hiemalis, De Geer (teste Coquillett, 1910). 


Head: eyes large, convex, pubescent, separated above by a 
broad or very broad frons, contiguous or subcontiguous on under- 
side, flattened; two distinct ocelli on each side of a gibbosity just 
above the antenns. Proboscis short; palpi elongate, especially 
the last joint, which is narrowed at its middle, sometimes 
appearing as two joints. Antenne 16-jointed, longer than the 


* In other words, the 38rd longitudinal vein emerges from the 2nd beyond 
the anterior cross-vein, instead of before it as usual. 

+ In the two new species referred here to this genus there are fifteen very 
distinct joints, 


TRICHOCERA, 509 


head and thorax together, very slender; scapal joints very short ; 
the flagellum of cylindrical joints, fourteen in number, becoming 
very attenuated towards the tip, the joints being almost indistin- 
guishable.* Thoraw moderately oval and convex, suture distinct, 
post-sutural longitudinal depression very wide and _ shallow. 
Abdomen normal, linear. Genital organs of male consisting of a 
basal subcylindrical joint and a second movable elongate fleshy 
cylindrical joint. Ovipositor of female peculiar, owing to the 
convex side of the arcuated valves being uppermost, the concave 
side being below.t Legs slender, practically bare; tibize with 
spurs at the tips, empodia distinct. Wings moderate in size, 
comparatively broad. Two submarginal cells and five posterior 
cells; discal cell present, generally pointed at the proximal end ; 
subcostal cross-vein before the middle of the wing, but a little 
way after the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein; the marginal 
cross-vein just after the fork of the 2nd vein, of which the 
prefurea forms about half its entire length ; emergence of 3rd 
vein from the 2nd sometimes rectangular, sometimes almost 
punctiform. Anterior branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked, 
posterior cross-vein situated near the end of the discal cell. The 
7th vein very short, curved suddenly into the margin of the wing 
at its tip; Ist posterior cell with nearly parallel sides, 4th 
posterior cell sometimes pointed at the proximal end, normally 
rectangular. 

Range. Europe, Asia Minor, the Orient, North America, 
Auckland Is. 

After considerable deliberation I venture to remove this genus 
from the LimnopHinint to the AMALOPINI, to which section | am 
convinced it is much more closely allied: (1) by the pubescent 
eyes, a peculiar character of the AMALOpINI only ; (2) by the con- 
spicuous frontal gibbosity, also almost peculiar to this section ; 
(3) by the position of the subcostal cross-vein, which in this 
section is normally before the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein, 
whereas, although in the present genus it is situated a little 
beyond the origin of the 2nd vein, it is still nearer its technical 
position than it would be in LimNopuinint, where it is always 
situated at or near the tip of the long auxiliary vein. Tinally, 
the general appearance of T'richocera appears to me more akin 
to Amalopis than to any other genus; the broader wings, the 
often pointed shape of the bases of both the discal cell and 
the penultimate posterior cell in some of the species, being also 
points in common, 


* Most authors have either quoted the number of joints of the antennss 
incorrectly, or left the number doubtful. 

t+ Osten Sacken says of this organ: ‘‘ The ovipositor of the female is distin- 
guished from all the ovipositors of the ‘TipuLip® by being reversed,” and 
observes that it is strange that no previous author had noticed that fact. 
Moreover, the pubescence of the eyes, a very distinguishing character, con- 
sidering that the eyes in most Tipunip” are bare, was also overlooked by 
various authors for many years after its announcement by Meigen. 


510 TIPULID®. 


By placing Trichocera here it loses much of the abnormality 
attributed to it by Osten Sacken. 

Life-history. The larve live in fungi, according to Bremi, or in 
rotting vegetables, according to Walker. 


Table of Species. 


Wings marked with pale grey spots, only 
a little darker than the exceedingly 
pale grey ground-colour. 

The. darker grey spots arranged more or 


legshntiocellartform: ses ee. ocellata, W1k., p. 510. 

The darker grey spots not arranged in 
ocean FOR. Sik debs vie sles punctipennis, sp. n., p. 511. 

Wings absolutely clear of markings of any 
kind. 

The 4th posterior cell pointed at its 
BASU OR ete mites eha cities) e650 flava, sp. n., p. 512. 

The 4th posterior cell rectang ular at its 
RESRINGMG PE nee eS LB. ws cs See montana, sp. 0., p. 015. 


364. Trichocera ocellata, Walk. 


Trichocera ocellata, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. v, p. 433 (1856). 


Q. Head dark grey ; the closely pubescent eyes separated by a 
broad dark grey frons of about one-third the width of the head, 
with some pale hairs. Proboscis brown; palpi dark brown. 
Antenne moderately dark brown, with close pale pubescence. 
Thorax cinereous grey, darker grey on dorsum, with a pair of very 
narrowly separated median dark brown lines attaining the anterior 
margin. Abdomen brown, with short pale yellow pubescence, the 
segments well emarginated ; the ovipositor brownish yellow, 
normal. Legs brow nish yellow, femora brownish towards tips but 
extreme tips pale; tips of tarsi darker. Wings very pale grey ; 
venation normal. Very numerous small pale grey elongate spots 
placed irregularly but mostly perpendicularly between the veins ; 
rather large pale grey spots over the origin of the 2nd vein over the 
marginal cross-vein , including the fork of the 2nd vein on the origin 
of the 3rd vein, including the anterior cross-vein ; and one spot 
spreading over the two submarginal cells towards their tips ; the 
spots in the axillary cell along the hind margin of the wing are 
also much larger. Halteres long, pale yellow; clubs black. 

Length 5 millim. 

Redescribed from a single female from Theog, Simla Hills, 
2. v.07 (Annandale), in the Indian Museum. 

T ype in the British Museum, in indifferent condition, although 
the wing-markings are sulliciently well preserved for comparison 
to be possible. 

This is probably the Z’richocera ocellata of Walker, although he 


TRICHOCERA. oll 


speaks of the grey spots in the wings forming parts of circles, 
presumably after the fashion of the markings in the Tabanid genus 
Hematopota. The rest of his short description would apply very 
well. The present description is based on the individual specimen 
herein referred to, no part of Walker’s description being incor- 
porated ; so that in the event of my identification being incorrect, 
all that will be required will be to provide a new name for the 
species described here. 


365. Trichocera punctipennis, sp. nov. (Pl. X, fig. 13.) 


3 2. Head: vertex, frons, back of head and proboscis dark 
grey or cinereous grey; frons from one-half to one-third the 
width of the head ; eyes contiguous below, flattened. Palpi dark 
brown, considerably elongated. Antennal scape reddish brown 
or brownish yellow, flagellum brownish yellow or dirty black, 
very attenuated towards tip. Thoraa cinereous grey or dark grey, 
dorsum darker grey, normally with a median pair of narrow 
well-defined and rather widely separated dark brown lines 
attaining the anterior margin; a shorter dark brown narrow 
stripe on each side; a small dark grey spot near the tips of the 
median stripes, on the outer side. In some specimens no distinet 
dorsal stripes are visible, in some the dorsum is rather darker 
grey, the colour carried forward as a wide median stripe to the 
anterior margin; in these cases the dorsum behind the suture is 
darker grey, the median post-sutural depression and dorsum of 
scutellum greyish, the edges of the scutellum pale, the metanotum 
darker. Sides of thorax more or less yellowish grey. Abdomen 
dark brown, with rather numerous pale hairs, posterior margins 
of segments more or less broadly yellowish ; belly similar. Genital 
organs of male brown, elongate, with a pair of slender yellawish 
flexible appendages. In the female the ovipositor is small, 
normal. Legs brownish yellow, with a pale blackish subapical 
ring on the femora; tips of tarsi darker. Wings very pale grey, 
with pale grey or brownish grey spots. Auxiliary vein ending at 
or just before three-fourths of the length of the wing, exactly 
opposite the marginal cross-vein ; the Ist longitudinal vein ending 
a short distance beyond, half-way between the marginal cross- 
vein and the tip of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein; the 2nd 
vein begins at a little before the middle of the wing, nearly at a 
right angle, the prefurca being rather more than half the whole 
length of the wing, the fork occurring just before the marginal 
cross-vein, the branches parallel; the 3rd vein begins beyond the 
middle of the prefurea, at a right angle, running parallel with 
the 2nd vein; anterior cross-veim nearly in a line with the basal 
section of the third vein, and of about the same length; discal 
cell actually pentagonal, but approximately triangular; upper 
branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked before thé middle (after 


ale TIPULID&. 


quitting the discal cell), the veinlets nearly parallel, slightly 
diverging towards the tips; a veinlet issues from the middle of 
the outer side of the discal cell nearly parallel with the lower 
branch of the 4th vein, all the vein endings of which are approxi- 
mately equidistant ; posterior cross-vein placed towards the end 
of the discal cell; 5th vein rather sharply bent, 7th vein greatly 
curved, very short. The wing-markings are slightly brownish 
grey or pale grey ; all the cross-veins narrowly suffused, and pale 
grey spots are distributed as follows :—at the tip of the marginal 
cell; a distinetly oblong spot in both submarginal cells, beyond 
the middle; a smaller spot in the middle of all the posterior cells, 
from the 1st (in which it is usually oblong) to the 5th, but in 
some specimens one or more of these spots may be wanting; a 
spot over the origin of the 2nd vein, another over its fork, and 
two in the anal cell (one basal, one median); the spots, especially 
the smaller enes, are sometimes reduced in size, sometimes 
absent. Halteres yellow, stem long, clubs black. 

Length 4-5 millim. 

Described from several examples of both sexes taken by 
Dr. Annandale at Simla, 23-25. iv. 07, where he found it tolerably 
common. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


366. Trichocera flava, sp. nov. 


@. Head wholly pale yellow, except flagellum of antennz 
which is pale brown ; the joints very elongated and indistinctly 
separated towards the tip, where they are by no means lessened 
in length. Eyes shortly and densely pubescent ; vertex and the 
broad frons very convex, produced forward, forming a large cavity 
below, from which protrude the antenne. Zhoraw pale yellow, 
with a narrow distinct but not well-defined blackish stripe. Front 
of mesothorax rather elevated and foreshortened, whilst the 
anterior corners or shoulders are depressed and somewhat enlarged. 
Abdomen uniformly pale brownish yellow, with pale yellow 
pubescence ; belly similar. Ovipositor pale yellow, short, partly 
withdrawn. Legs wholly pale yellow, tips of tarsi barely darker. 
Wings uniformly very pale but distinctly yellow, wholly unmarked, 
veins yellow. Venation normal; the 1st longitudinal vein very 
long, reaching nearly to the tip of the upper branch of the 2nd 
vein; all the veins with bristles of moderate length, but not very 
thickly placed; the 4th posterior cell pointed at its inner end, 
with the posterior cross-vein just after the base of the cell. 

Length 3 willim. 

Described from a single female taken by me at Darjiling, 
28. v. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


TRICHOCHRA.—AMALOPIS. oles 


367. Trichocera montana, sp. nov. 


3. Head brownish yellow; vertex and the broad frons very 
convex, as in JZ’. flava; eyes shortly and densely pubescent. 
Proboscis and palpi brownish, antenne brownish yellow. Thoraa 
brownish yellow, the dorsum brown. Abdomen brownish yellow, 
with a little pale pubescence, the tip darker. Genitalia large, 
brownish, hairy, the only easily visible parts being the large basal 
joint of the claspers, and the oval, brownish yellow, moderate- 
sized second joint.* Legs brownish yellow, tarsi darker. Wings 
clear. Venation nearly as in 7’. flava; veins yellow, 1st longi- 
tudinal vein not so long proportionately as in flava; branches of 
the 2nd vein rather wider apart ; the 4th posterior cell rectangular 
at the base, with which the posterior cross-vein is in an exact 
line. All the veins minutely spinose, as in flava, but the bristles 
are shorter and more perpendicular. Halteres brownish yellow. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a single male from Badrinath, 10,200 ft., 
Garhwal district, 27. v. 10 (A. D. mms). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus AMALOPIS, /a/. 


Tricyphona, Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., Dipt. p. 851 (1838), 
Amalopis, Haliday, in Walker’s Ins. Brit., Dipt. iii, p. xv (1856). 
Bophrosia, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 183 (1856). 

Crunobia, Kolenati, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv, p. 391 (1860), 

? Nasiterna, Wallengren, Entom. Tidsky. ii, p. 179 (1881), 


Gernoryee, Limnobia occulta, Mg. (teste Coquillett, 1910). 


Head: frons moderately wide, with a small but perceptible 
gibbosity above the antenne; the eyes pubescent, narrowly 
separated below. Proboscis short, with large hairy labella; palpi 
comparatively long, 4th joint longer than the 38rd but generally 
shorter than the 2nd and 3rd together. Antenne 16-jointed, 
short, a little longer than the head; scape normal; the flagellum, 
which is sometimes incrassated at base, has the joints often almost 
coalescent, tapering and slender towards the tip; in some species 
the joints are well separated, without any incrassation at base; 
the upperside of the antennz with longer verticillate hairs, the 
lower side with close short pubescence. Thoraa normal, neck 
moderate, suture distinct. Abdomen rather long, sometimes 
narrow at base, and more or less club-shaped towards the tip. 
Male genitalia with the first stout conical joint of the claspers 
of a coriaceous nature, the second joint bearing a bifid horny 


* The tip of the abdomen is bent over the back, and the genitalia twisted 
round, so that it is very difficult to make out the structure. 


514 TIPULID A, 


appendage, also a blunt fleshy lobe of moderate size; a pair of 
interior small horny appendages are present. The ovipositor of 
the female normal, moderately long, rather broad, consisting of a 
nearly straight pair of valves. Legs moderately stout; tibie with 
spurs, which are sometimes not very distinct ; empodia distinct, 
ungues smooth. Wings moderately broad, tips rounded, in some 
species slightly broader in the female; with two submarginal 
cells, five posterior cells, and the discal cell open or closed ; tip 
of auxiliary vein at a long distance beyond the beginning of the 
2nd longitudinal vein, and distinctly beyond the middle of the 
wing ; subcostal cross-vein before the beginning of the 2nd vein, 
which originates at or immediately before the middle of the wing ; 
the 1st longitudinal vein ends about or before half-way between 
the tip of the auxiliary and the tip of the wing, the marginal 
cross-vein being at or very near this tip;* the preefurca originates ° 
either at an angle or in a gentle curve, and is as nearly as long as, 
or in some species, distinctly shorter than, the upper branch of 
the 2nd vein, the lower branch of which is parallel to the 3rd 
vein. ‘The relations between the two branches of the 2nd vein, 
the 3rd vein, and the anterior cross-vein, are very peculiar in this 
genus, and deserve particular attention. The small cross-vein 
(=anterior cross-vein) always connects the 4th longitudinal vein 
with the 2nd vein or the posterior branch of that vein; never 
with the 3rd vein, as is almost universally the case among the 
Diptera ; in other words, the 3rd vein in the genus Am«lopis (at 
least, in all the instances observed by me) always issues from the 
2nd, beyond the small cross-vein” (Osten Sacken).r The 1st 
submarginal cell is in some species longer, and in others shorter, 
than the 2nd. The discal cell is present or absent ; when present 
it is either four-sided, kite-shaped, pointed or nearly so at the 
base, or else it is pentagonal; but sometimes it is six-sided, 
generally elongate; the anterior cross-vein in a line with its 
upper basal corner; the posterior cross-vein placed at or just 
beyond its base. When the discal cell is closed, the 2nd 
posterior cell is usually petiolate, that is to say, the anterior 
branch of the 4th longitudinal vein in such cases is forked, 
generally near its tip. In some species~ the 4th posterior cell 
has its base ina line with the proximal side of the discal cell. 
The 5th, 6th, 7th veins straight, or nearly so, the Sth slightly 
curved at the junction with the posterior cross-vein. 

Range. Europe, North America and Australia, to which is now 
added India. 


* In Amalopis inconstans, Os. Sac., a North American species, it is placed 
before the wniddle of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein. 

| The position of the anterior cross-vein referred to above, is the same as 
in Ptychoptera and Bittacomorpha, in the subfamily Prycnoprerin©. 

t A, occulta, Mg., gmundensis, Egg., opaca, Egg., from Europe, and at least 
one North American species, 4. vernalis, Os. Sac. 


AMALOPIS, Sey 


This genus is allied to Pedieia, Latr., Dicranota, Zett., Rhaphi- 
dolabis, Os. Sac., Plectromyia, Os. Sae., and Ula, Hal. 

A correspondence carried on between Osten Sacken (Berl. Ent. 
Zeits. xxxi and xlii) and Bergroth (Wien. Ent. Zeit. vii and 
xvii) as to the question of priority and suitability between 
Amalopis, Hal., and Zrieyphona, Zett., resulted in the former 
name being permanently retained.* Osten Sacken pointed out: 
that “the almost absolute rules of priority recognised for specific 
names are not equally applicable to the generic ones. Zetterstedt’s 
definition of Zrtcyphona is not applicable to Amatlopis, as it is 
principally based upon the absence of the discal cell, a character 
of mere casual importance.” Haliday, in 1856 (in Walker’s 
Insecta Britannica, Diptera, vol. i), noted the pubescent eyes, 
the frontal tubercle and the absence of the discal cell, to which 
Osten Sacken added (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859) the 
position of the subcostal cross-vein, and upon these characters 
founded his group AMALOPINA,. 

Variation in the venation in this genus appears to be common; 
the discal cell being very inconstant in the same species, whilst in 
some European and North American species f the second basal 
cell is divided by a supernumerary cross-vein. 


Table of Species. 


Wing wholly clear; discal cell closed .......... glabripennis, sp. n. 
Wing with cross-veins and tips of longitudinal 
veins a little infuscated .................. elegans, sp. n, 


368. Amalopis glabripennis, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 12.) 


3. Head: eyes contiguous below; frons very broad, mode- 
rately dark grey, as are also the neck and the back of the head. 
Antenne dark brown, rather pubescent; palpi dark brown. 
Thorax grey, with three dorsal stripes; the median one broad, 
attaining the anterior margin; the outer ones short, pointed in 
front, and (except for the narrow pale suture) joined to the 
single postsutural oval spot on each side; sides of thorax 
yellowish, with some grey on the underside. Scutellum and 
metanotum yellowish grey; the former a little brownish on 
dorsum. Abdomen dark brown, blackish towards tip, with pale 
pubescence at the sides; belly yellowish on basal two-thirds. 
Genitalia blackish, consisting mainly of a pair of rather large 
black pointed claspers, with dark brown hairs, also a small 


* See also Osten Sacken’s notes (Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 224) on the 
synonymy of this genus, with special reference to Tricyphona, Zett., Bophrosia, 
Rond., and Nasiterna, Wallg. 

+ A. varinervis, Zett., and A. hyperborea, Os. Sac., respectively. 

2 1 


516 TIPULID”. 


blackish ventral plate. Legs: cox pale yellow, fore pair black, 
slightly thickened towards tip; posterior femora brownish 
yellow; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow with blackish tips. 
Wings clear, very iridescent ; venation normal, discal cell closed, 
veins yellow; stigma represented by only a very siight brownish 
yellow darkening. Halteres rather long-stemmed, yellowish and 
distinetly pubescent throughout. 

Length 5-54 millim, 

Described from two males taken by me, 1. x. 08, at Darjiling. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


369. Amalopis elegans, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 11.) 


3 9. Head: antenne and palpi yellowish, with barely a tinge 
of brown; occiput with a few short golden hairs; eyes widely 
separated. Thorax pale yellowish, with white dusting; three 
dorsal pale brown stripes, the median one double, uot quite 
attaining the anterior margin and terminating indistinctly before 
the suture; outer ones shorter; mesonotum behind suture 
slightly tinged with brownish; sides of thorax dirty yellowish, 
ipleure a little dark. Scutellum pale whitish yellow ; metanotum 
‘rather elongate, a little darkened. In the female the thoracic 
‘stripes are less distinct. Abdomen of male darker, of female 
‘lighter, brown, in both sexes with distinct yellow pubescence at 
‘the sides; belly concolorous. Grenitalia of both sexes brownish 
‘yellow, moderate in size, apparently normal. Legs very pale 
yellow, extreme tips of all the joints a little blackish ; femora 
with a little pubescence on the underside. Wings very pale 
grey. Venation normal, but the posterior cross-vein placed at 
the basal corner of the discal cell, the latter being four-sided and 
‘kite-shaped; all the veins, except on the basal half of the wing, 
very narrowly infuscated, just sufficient to be distinctly per- 
ceptible; at the prafurea, the cross-veins, tip of the auxiliary 
and of the upper branch of the 2nd longitudinal vein, the 
darkening is slightly more noticeable; stigma, limited by the 
tip of the auxiliary vein and the marginal vein, pale brownish 
yellow, the tip of the marginal cell being slightly more hyaline 
than the rest of the wing. Halteres blackish. 

Length 33-4 millim. 

Described from two males and a female all taken at Kurseong 
by Dr. Annandale, the type male on 28. vi. 10, the type female 
20. vi. 10, the other male 18. vi.10. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


AMALOPINA,—RHAPHIDOLABIS. 5L7 


Genus AMALOPINA, gen. nov. 


This genus agrees with Amalopis except for the position of the 
anterior cross-vein, which unites the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal 
veins, as usual in Diptera, and not the Ynd and 4th as in 
Amalopis. This is the chief generic difference. Other characters, 
which may or may not be constant in subsequently discovered 
species, are the open discal cell coalescent with the 3rd posterior 
cell, and the presence of a supernumerary cross-vein across the 
middle of the 2nd submarginal cell. There is only one species. 


370. Amalopina elegantula, sp. nov. 


¢. Head: anterne yellowish; palpi rather large, dark brown. 
(Remainder of head discoloured by some liquid, but apparently it 
is yellowish.) Thoraw pale yellowish ; a single brown, moderately 
wide, distinct median stripe from anterior margin to suture, where 
it vanishes ; and an outer stripe on each side commencing behind 
the suture, and continued posteriorly to the metanotum ; sides 
of thorax pale yellowish. Abdomen brownish, posterior margins 
of segments darker; belly similar. Genitalia brownish yellow, 
moderate in size, slightly pubescent, two-jointed, terminating in 
hooks. Legs very pale yellow, tarsi whitish; middle femora dark 
brown (fore legs missing). Wings nearly clear. The 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein forking soon after the origin of the 3rd vein; the 
2nd submarginal cell with a supernumerary crogs-vein (situated 
in one wing of the type specimen distinctly before the middle, and 
in the other wing exactly at the middle) in a line with the mar- 
ginal cross-vein ; discal cell open, coalescent with 3rd posterior 
cell, 2nd posterior cell petiolate ; posterior cross-vein just beyond 
base of discal cell; the base of the discal cell made up of two 
short veins forming the bases of the actual forking of the 4th 
longitudinal vein. Halteres pale yellowish white. 

Length 2% millim. 

Described from a single male taken by me at Darjiling, 
26. v. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

I would not have described so imperfect a specimen but that 
its characters seem to render the species easy of recognition. 


Genus RHAPHIDOLABIS, Os. Sac. 


Rhaphidolabis, Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. 1865, p. 225 ; 
Monog. Dipt. N. Am. iy, p. 284 (1869). 


GeNnotyPE, Lthaphidolabis tenwipes, Os. Sac., by original de- 
signation. 


Head: eyes distinctly pubescent, approximate on underside of 
head; frons rather broad ; a small bump over the antennz, which 
becomes much reduced in size in dried specimens. Proboscis 

242 


518 os TIPULID &, 


short palpi short, 1st joint somewhat attenuated, the other 
three joints stouter. Antenne with the unusual number of 
thirteen joints; * if bent backwards they would barely reach the 
dorsum of the thorax; the joints of the flagellum oblong; 
antenne of the male with dense delicate pubescence, the 
alternate joints with short verticels. Thorav with the anterior 
part produced into a short neck, moderately broad; the dorsum 
moderately arched, the suture distinct. Abdomen elongate. 
Genitalia of male club-shaped, consisting of the usual large basal 
pair of claspers surmounted by horny terminal appendages ; one 
pair of these appendages is elongate needle-shaped,f? conspicuous 
in, at least, living specimens, apparently shrivelling up in dried 
ones. The female ovipositor has the upper valves rather long, 
broad, arcuated and blunt; the lower ones being shorter and 
moderately broad. Legs long and slender; tibie with minute 
spurs; empodia distinct, ungues very minute. Wings rather 
elongate or moderately broad; two submarginal cells and five 
posterior cells; the discal cell closed or open. The auxiliary 
vein ending at about three-fourths the length of the wing, the 
1st longitudinal vein a little beyond; the subcostal cross-vein at 
about one-third of the wing; the 2nd longitudinal vein begins in 
a curve, about the middle of the wing, the prefurca from one- 
third to one-half the length of the vein, the branches approxi- 
mately paraliel; the 3rd vein issuing either from towards the end 
of the preefurca or from the beginning of the lower branch ; the 
anterior cross-vein nearly or quite in a line with the basal section 
of it, joining the 4th vein at or very near its forking; upper 
branch of 4th vein practically in a straight line with the basal 
section, forked near its tip; the lower branch forked before its 
middle, the proximal end of the 8rd posterior cell pointed; the 
posterior cross-vein Just beyond the tork of the 4th vein; the 
dth, 6th, and 7th longitudinal veins nearly straight. 

Range. The only three species previously known are from 
North America. 

Only two Indian species are referable to Rhaphidolabis, and 
there seems no reasonable doubt that they belong to this genus 
as the venation and other characters agree, though each has dis- 
tinctly 15-jointed antenne, whereas Osten Sacken specifies 13 as 
the normal number. The generic diagnosis may advisably be 
altered to embrace 15-jointed species. 

The two species may be distinguished as follows :— 


Wings wholly unmarked -./........... aw ees « Ondted, Epi N. 
Wings with several small blackish infuscations . fascipennis, sp. n. 


* This is on the authority of Osten Sacken, referring to R. tenuipes, Os. 
Sac., of which he examined a living specimen. 

+ From which the generic name is derived, meaning “ needle-forceps.” 

{ These may easily be overlooked, according to Osten Sacken ; personally 
I have not been able to detect any. 


RHAPHIDOLABIS, 519 


371. Rhapidolabis indica, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 15.) 


3 2. Head: vertex and the rather long neck cinereous to ash- 
grey; underside of head yellowish; eyes shortly and sparsely 
pubescent. Proboscis yellowish, palpi brownish grey. Antenne 
15-jointed, light brown or brownish yellow, shortly verticillate 
and minutely pubescent; Ist scapal joint elongate, cylindrical, 
2nd cup-shaped; Ist flagellar joint elongate, thea remaining joints 
oval, tapering. Thorax “light grey or cinereous grey; shoulders 
yellowish; a dorsal blackish stripe, broadening in front, with 
traces of a median dividing pale line, the stripe reaching the 
suture only; on each side the usual shorter stripe; these 
stripes hardly visible in at least one specimen. Scutellum 
light grey, scutellar ridge a rather prominent yellowish liga- 
ment on each side uniting it to the thorax; metanotum d. rk 
grey ; sides of thorax darker grey. Abdomen dark blackish grey 
or yellowish grey, the hind margins of the segments well marked, 
yellowish ; belly similar; sparse greyish hair on both surfaces of 
the abdarien Genitalia yellowish, elongated. Legs brownish 
yellow, minutely pubescent, femora a little darker ; tibiae with no 
trace of spurs at the tip; tips of tarsi black. Wings very pale 
grey, unmarked. Venation normal, stigma rather faint. Halteres 
orey. 

Length 33-42 millim. 

Described from a male and female from the Simla hills, the 
male taken at Theog, 8000 feet, 27. iv. 07, the female at Matiana, 
8000 feet, 28-30. iv. 07, both captured by Dr. Annandale. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

Rhaphidolabis, as created by Osten Sacken, should have only 
thirteen joints to the antenne, whereas both these specimens have 
fifteen very distinct and obviously separated joints. Whether sub- 
sequent species added to the genus vary from the orthodox number 
of antennal joints I do not know, as, so far as I am aware, ouly 
one species has been added to the two original ones established 
by Osten Sacken, all three species being North American. How- 
ever, the pubescent eyes and the exact agreement in venation, in 
addition to an agreement in all other generic characters, tempt 
me to leave both species here, at least temporarily, in preference 
to establishing a new genus on the number of joints in the 
antenne alone. 


372. Rhaphidolabis fascipennis, sp. nov. (PI. X, fig. 14.) 


Q. Head light grey; eyes contiguous below. Antenne 15- 
jointed, scape light grey; flagellum black, with short greyish 
pubescence. Proboscis yellowish; palpi dark brown. Thorax 
dark blackish grey, with a well-defined median black stripe, and 
two very short outer ones, the latter pointed in front; a post- 
sutural, nearly oval spot on each side. Sides of thorax, scutellum 


520 TIPULID®. 


and metanotum, blackish grey. Abdomen uniformly dull blackish 
grey, with very minute grey pubescence; margins of segments 
very narrowly pale. Belly concolorous, with margins of segments 
also very narrowly pale. Legs dull yellowish brown, tarsi darker. 
Wings nearly clear; a pale blackish spot in middle of costa, on 
origin of preefurca, at tip of upper fork of 2nd longitudinal vein, 
and a streak along the cross-veins from the stigma to the 5th 
vein, which itself is slightly infuscated ; a spot at the tip of the 
7th vein, and the tips of most of the veins, except the 6th, 
slightly infuscated ; stigma black, distinct, oblong, large. Halteres 
whitish, 

Length 53 millim. 

Described from a slightly damaged specimen in the Indian 
Museum collection taken by me at light, 20. ix. 08, at Darjiling. 


Section LIMNOPHILINI, 


Trichocerine, Kertész, Catal. Dipt. ii. p. 218 (1902). 


Eyes bare, frons narrow. Proboscis short or very short, often 
broader than long ; terminal lamelle thick and broad. Antenne 
16-jointed, joints sometimes very elongate. 

Genital organs of male represented normally (Limnophila, sensu 
stricto) by an elongated basal joint with a pair of hooks or claws 
at the tip, a dorsal plate of varying shape, and inner appendages ; 
whilst in some of the other genera or subgenera two distinct 
joints, in addition to a thick claw-like tip, are apparent in the 
claspers, which vary yet again in other genera.* In the female 
the ovipositor is-simple, the valves approximately equal. 

Legs long and slender; tibiw with spurs; empodia distinct, 
ungues smooth. 

Wings with two submarginal cells, normally five (but sometimes 
only four), posterior cells ; discal cell nearly always present, rarely 
absent. Marginal cross-vein present, its exact position varying, 
being placed sometimes just beyond the fork of the 2nd longi- 
tudinal vein, sometimes near the tip of the 1st longitudinal, or 
at any intermediate distance according to the species. Marginal 
cell varying considerably in length, as the 2nd longitudinal vein 
arises from considerably before, to a little after, the middle of the 
wing. Subcostal cross-vein generally at tip of auxiliary vein ; 


_ * The varying characters of the groups of Limnophila, admitted by Osten 
Sacken as subgenera only, are fully enunciated by him in his ‘Monograph of 
the North American Treviip 2.’ 


LIMNOPHILA. PAL 


upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein usually forked ; 6th vein 
nearly straight, 7th moderately long; posterior cross-vein 
generally near the middle of the discal cell, never before the 
cell. 


Table of Genera. 


No cross-vein in either 2nd submarginal 

origndibasneelliss mane< sid. ss LiMNOPHILA, Macq., p. 521. 
A cross-vein in one or the other of the 

cells mentioned. 


Supplementary cross-vein in 2nd sub- [p. 524. 
PARE IAT ACE coe abil <niey © 3g Ze an DicRANOPHRAGMA, Os. Sac., 
Supplementary cross-vein in 2nd basal 
Bou y saary secu. e 3% ere Pk ee EpueEta, Sch., p. 525. 


Genus LIMNOPHILA, Macq. 


Linmophila, Macquart, Suit. 4 Buff., Dipt. i, p. 95 (1834). 
Limnomya, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. iv, Corrigenda, p. ii (1861). 
Pilaria, Sintensis, Sitzgsb. Naturf. Ges. Dorpat, vili, p. 898 (1888). 


GrnotyesE. Coquillett (‘Type species of Amer. Dipt.’ 1910) 
sets up Limnobia ferruginea, Mg., as the type of the genus, but 
he adopts the generic name Phylidorea, Big., possibly because 
Limnophila is apparently preoccupied in Mollusca by Menke in 
1828, although the Kertész Catalogue still retains it. Coquillett 
makes Limnophila, Macq., the same as Pecilostola, Sch., of which 
latter Limnobia pictipennis, Mg.,is the type; but Macquart’s name 
has stood for too many years to be altered now. 


Head: eyes bare. Proboscis short, almost transverse; palpi 
4-jointed. Antenne 16-jointed, the joints varying in length with 
the species ; in some species filiform, much longer in the male 
than in the female, and also of a different structure; in some 
species as long as the whole body, in others of equal length in 
both sexes. Z'horaa normal, the neck more prominent in some 
species. Abdomen normal. Genitalia of male comparatively long, 
1st joint fleshy, 2nd consisting mainly of a pair of short strong 
hooks in some species, and a narrow, short (quite small in 
relation to the 1st joint), less horny hook in others. Wings com- 
paratively broad, tip moderately rounded, clear or marked. ‘T'wo 
submarginal cells, generally five (occasionally only four) posterior 
cells; discal cell closed; auxiliary vein ending about opposite the 
base of the 2nd submarginal cell; subcostal cross-vein beyond 
origin of 2nd vein, near tip of auxiliary vein; marginal cross- 
vein technically present, more or less oblique, but in some 
species practically invisible; origin of 2nd longitudinal vein a 
little before or after the middle of the wing; the prefurea 
(generally beginning in a curve) varying in length from barely 
one-third to almost one-half the total length of the 2nd 


522 . TIPULID2. 


vein; the 2nd vein forking soon after the origin of the 3rd, 
the submarginal cross-vein placed soon after the fork, but 
the relative spot at which it joins the 1st vein is variable, owing 
to the varying length of the Ist vein in different species; the 
3rd vein always* with a short basal section; anterior cross-vein 
at the upper proximal corner of the discal cell which is five- or 
six-sided, not often more than twice as long as broad; the 2nd 
submarginal cell and the 1st posterior cell subequal, or the latter 
slightly shorter ; anterior branch of the 4th vein forked or not ; 
posterior cross-vein generally beyond the base of the discal cell, 
sometimes as far distant as the middle of that cell; the 5th, 6th 
and 7th veins comparatively straight, the latter sometimes a little 
sinuate, all turned down somewhat at tip. 

Range. Probably world-wide, though none seem to have been 
recorded from Africa. 

The difficulty,in fact, the impossibility of breaking up this 
genus into subdivisions has been fully dilated on by Osten 
Sacken.f The difference in length of the antenne in the sexes 
of some species, as compared with their uniform length in both 
sexes in other species, has no systematic value, as it would 
separate obviously closely allied species. 

The number of the posterior cells is a character of at most 
specific importance, open to adventitious variation; the presence 
of the additional cross-vein in the 2nd basal cell is accordingly 
to be regarded as of doubtful generic value.t The venation 
varies to some extent, often in specimens of the same species, 
especially in the position of the posterior cross-vein and the 
relative length of the petioles of the 1st submarginal cell and of 
the 2nd posterior cells. When the discal cell in isolated indi- 
viduals is adventitiously open, the anterior branch of the 4th vein 
bears a double fork, similar to that of Dolichopeza, the posterior 
branch not being forked at all. 

Life-history. The larval stages are passed in rotting wood, or 
in growing plants, according to the species, the metamorphoses 
of several European species having been observed. Perris describes 
those of L. dispar, Mg., § as occurring in the dry stems of Angelica 
sylvestris, through which the larve drive longitudinal furrows. 
The larva is cylindrical, shining livid grey in colour, with a horny 
black head; its structure closely resembles that of the typical 
Tipulid Jarve. L. punctata, Mg., is noted by Scheffer || as living 


* Tn all the species I have seen. 

+ Monog. Dipt. N. Amer. iv, p. 197. 

{ The recent Palearctic Catalogue, however, admits Jdioptera, Macq., 
Dactylolabis, Os, Sac., Ephelia, Sch., and Pacilostola, Sch., as good genera. 
All the new species described herein appear to belong to Limnophila in a strict 
sense. 

§ Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1849, p. 331, pl. vii, fig. 5. 

|| Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1873, 1878, 1886. 


LIMNOPHILA, §23 


in decayed beech wood; Beling’s work may also be consulted 
on the early stages of species of this genus. 

Limnophila appears to be a genus of ancient origin, as several 
species are recorded from Prussian amber, some of them under 
other generic names. 


Table of Species. 


Larger species, 5 millim.; sides of thorax not 


“dusted with (ve =o UAE OO a Oe Erno pallidicoxva, sp. n. 
Smaller species, 34 millim. ; ; sides of thorax dusted 
WUGIVOLCY Es bas coe 8% ein a een eee cus simplea, sp. 1. 


373. Limnophila pallidicoxa, sp. nov. 


2. Head cinereous grey, more yellowish below; back of head 
dark grey, with some short hairs; frons nearly one-third the 
width of the head, at the nearest approach of the eyes, which 
latter are approximated on the underside. Antennal scape with 
the Ist joint dark grey, 2nd black; flagellum with Ist joint 
yellow, rest dark brown, each joint distinctly pubescent and with 
a verticel of about four long hairs placed around the centre of the 
joint. Palpi blackish. Thorax cinereous grey, wholly bare: the 
usual three fuscous stripes, narrow, and not very well marked ; 
post-sutural callosities chiefly fuscous on dorsum ; ; sides of thorax 
pale bluish cinereous, bare. Scutellum and metanotum bare 
cinereous grey, with a very indistinct median darker line on 
both. Abdomen dark brown, shortly pubescent, with very narrow 
black edges and a thin black dorsal stripe, all more or less indis- 
tinct. Belly lighter, posterior edges of segments pale. Ovipositor 
shining dark brown, with Jong light brown shining ends. Legs: 
coxve and trochanters yellowish, both with the tips narrowly black ; 
femora, tibie and tarsi yellowish brown, minutely pubescent; tips 
of tarsi darker. Wings yellowish grey; venation normal; stigma 
consisting of a slight yellow ish brown suffusion at tip of ist longi- 
tudinal vein. Halteres yellowish, clubs brown 

Length 5 willim. 

Described from specimens from Kurseong, 4. vil. 08 (Annandale), 
26. ii. 10 (Gravely), and Bhowali, Kumaon, 14. vi. 10, at light 
(/inms). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


374. Limnophila simplex, sp. nov. 


9. Head: the large flat vertex and rather narrow frons hght 
grey ; back of head darker, with some long pale hairs. Proboscis 
short, broad, rounded at tip, brown; palpi blackish. Antenne 
brownish yellow; basal joint of flagellum apparently considerably 
flattened, broad. Zhorav light greyish brown, with grey dusting 


524. TIPULID®. 


posteriorly and at the sides, and also on the scutellum and meta- 
notum. Abdomen brown, with pale hairs; belly similar. Ovi- 
positor with the basal part dark grey, the blades brownish yellow, 
the two pairs of valves of equal length. Legs uniformly yellowish 
brown. Wings clear, moderately iridescent. Venation tolerably 
normal; auxiliary vein ending opposite the fork of the 2nd vein, 
which forks rather widely at half its length, the marginal cross- 
vein, which is very faint, placed at the fork ; the 3rd longitudinal 
nearly straight, its basal section very short, the anterior cross-vein 
moderately long ; upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein forked at 
half its length after quitting discal cell, the veinlets diverging ; 
discal cell twice as long as broad, the posterior cross-vein situated 
just before the middle. Halteres dirty yellow. 

Length 3% millim. 

Described from one female from Bhowali, Kumaon, 5700 feet, 
29. vi. 10 (A. D. Imms). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


Genus DICRANOPHRAGMA, Os. Sac. 


Dicranophragma, Osten Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, 
p. 240. 


Gunotypr, D. fuscovaria, Os. Sac. (North America); by original 
designation. 


This genus differs from Limnophila only by the presence of a 
cross-vein in the 2nd submarginal cell. When erected by its 
author it was regarded as a subgenus only, but most authors to- 
day give it generic rank. 


375. Dicranophragma pulchripennis, sp. nov. 


3. Head: frons narrow, yellow, as is also the vertex and back 
of head. Antennz shining yellowish brown, shortly pubescent ; 
scapal joints large. Proboscis rather short, brown; palpi blackish ; 
both moderately pubescent. Thoraav: neck and dorsum of dark 
ground-colour, with close greyish yellow microscopic pubescence. 
Scutellum and metanotum similar. A few short hairs towards 
wing-bases, on post-sutural callosities and on posterior part of 
scutellum. Abdomen brownish yellow to blackish, dull, slightly 
hairy; a blackish lime on each side of the dorsum, and the 
posterior margins of segments slightly pale; belly similarly 
marked. Genitalia of male brownish yellow; apparently con- 
sisting of a large upper and a lower hairy plate, between which is 
a pair of elongated claspers, ending in sharp points. Legs uni- 
formly pale yellow, distinctly but shortly pubescent throughout ; 
femora sometimes with a narrow indistinct black ring just before 


DICRANOPHRAGMA.—EPHELIA. 2D 


the tip; coxe shining brown, nearly bare; tibise with distinct, 
soft pubescence ; tips of tarsi black, Wangs clear, with brown 
marks ; a stripe on the marginal cross-vein from the costa to the 
5th longitudinal vein; a stripe from the costa to the 4th vein, 
just before the middle of the wing; a stripe, narrowing hind- 
wards, from the costa diagonally to the inner side of the discai 
cell, with a small spot on the costa just in front of it, and a 
shorter stripe beyond the longer one, and joined to it by a narrow 
costal band; a Y-shaped spot on costa near tip, the stem of the 
latter reaching the 3rd longitudinal vein; a very small apical spot, 
and a smail spot at tip of each vein on the posterior margin of 
the wing, with a larger, longer one behind the 7th !ongitudinal 
vein. The cross-veins are narrowly clouded, as are most of the 
veins on the posterior half of the distal part of the wing. 
Halteres yellowish. 

Length 3 millim. 

Described from a type male from Kurseong, 4-9. ix. 09 (Annan- 
dale), a type female from Darjiling, 8-11. viii. 09 (Paiva), and 
other specimens of both sexes from the same localities, with one 
from Kurseong, 27. vi. 10 (Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


Genus EPHELIA, Sch. 


Llacophila, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod. i, p. 182 (1856). 
Lphelia, Schiner, Wien. Ent. Monats. vii, p. 222 (1863). 
? Nasiterna, Wallengren, Ent. Tidskr, ii, p. 179 (1881). 


Gunoryrn, Limnobia marmorata, Mg., the first of the two species 
placed in his genus by Schiner; by present designation. 


This genus differs from Limnophila only by the presence of a 
supernumerary cross-vein in the second basal cell ; and a different 
structure of the male genitalia, of which the outer horny appendages 
are stout, blunt, and bifid at the tip. The antenne are short 
in both sexes, the wings comparatively broad and spotted with 
darker marks. The male genitalia have the terminal (second) 
joint of the claspers bifid; in the female the ovipositor is long, 
slender, and gently curved as usual. 

ftange. Europe only (except for the two new species now 
introduced). 

A genus of limited extent, built on a rather slender character, 
unless the male genitalia prove to be consistently different from 
those of Limnophila in all the species. ; 

The two Indian species are immediately recognised by their 
difference in size :— 


Lengthy, 45 malay) iteie «es ves veils Sascipennis, sp. 1. 
Teme thy mailing 7. neraein ey <a «+ a assert ornata, sp. N. 


525 TIPULID A. 


376. Ephelia fascipennis, sp. nov. (Pl. X, fig. 16.) 


3. Head: vertex, frons, and back of head light ash-grey, with 
scattered yellow hairs ; frons a little more than one-third of the 
width of the head. Antennal scape brownish yellow, Ist joint 
moderately long, 2nd nearly globular; flagellum pale yellow, the 
basal half of each joint black, the 1st flagellar joint yellow; all 
the joints with verticillate hairs and close yellow pubescence. 
Thorax considerably arched and elongate, produced forward into a 
stout conical neck. Dorsum brownish grey, with some indistinct 
darker marks and spots ; sides brownish yellow. Abdomen brownish 
yellow; sides with a blackish stripe, and posterior margins of 
segments more or less black. Genitalia consisting of a bi-jointed 
pair of claspers, protected by a dorsal concolorous plate, the Ist 
joint of the claspers moderately stout, the 2nd joint narrower. 
Legs: coxve brownish yellow, with black marks ; ; femora yellowish, 
with a broad light brown apical ring; tibiee and tarsi yellowish, 
tips of tarsi a ‘little darker ; ; all the legs distinctly and shortly 
hairy. Wings nearly clear, with some bright brown marks on the 
costa and a number of pale grey spots scattered over the rest of 
the surface. Auxiliary vein ending some distance beyond the 
middle of the wing, the Ist longitudinal vein ending some distance 
beyond that, the subcostal placed at very nearly the tip of the 
auxiliary vein; the 1st longitudinal vein very uneven in its course 
towards its tip; the 2nd vein begins at a right angle distinctly 
before the middle of the wing, forking just ‘at its “middle, the 
branches diverging, the upper one much shorter; the 3rd vein 
begins a little before the fork of the 2nd, at a right angle, the 
basal section being about as long as the anterior cross-veiln, W ‘hich 
is almost in a line with it; all the veins in this part of the wing 
practically parallel, except that the 1st posterior cell is narrower 
at its tip, through the forking (at half its length) of the upper 
branch of the 4th vein; discal cell much wider at the tip than at 
the base, the basal su rather short, joining the anterior cross- 
vein; veinlets of the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein 
practically parallel, all the vein endings of the 4th vein approx- 
imately equidistant ; posterior cross-vein placed just beyond the 
base of the discal cell; the supplementary cross-vein in the 5th 
posterior cell placed at its middle, some little distance beyond the 
origin of the 2nd vein; the 5th and 6th veins gently curved, the 
7th gently bisinuate. The wing-markings may be described as 
cunsisting principally of five brown spots on the costa; the first 
three squarish, the Ist nearly basal, the 3rd enclosing the base of 
the 2nd vein; the 4th and 5th are the two largest (the latter 
apical) and have a central clear space in each, very narrow in the 
4th, much larger in the 5th; the first three of these brown costal 
spots terminate posteriorly about the 4th longitudinal vein; the 


_EPHELIA. 527 


4th is pointed posteriorly, just reaching the 4th vein; the 5th 
spreads irregularly, gradually breaking up into small spots over 
the tips of the 4th vein. Al] the cross-veins are rather broadly 
and distinetly suffused with brown; the spot over the supple- 
mentary vein in the 5th posterior cell being continued broadly to 
the hind margin of the wing; that over the posterior cross-vein 
continued in a bifurcate manner to the margin of the wing; the 
intervening clear parts of the wing covered with very numerous 
quite small brownish grey or pale grey spots and _ streaks. 
Halteres yellow, clubs black. 

Length 43 millim. 

Described from a single male from Kurseong, 13. viii. 09 
(Paiva). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


377. Ephelia ornata, sp. nov. 


2. Head: vertex rather bright yellowish brown in front, with 
pale hairs, becoming blackish grey posteriorly, with a dark median 
line. Scapal joints of antenne dark brown, Ist flagellar joint pale 
yellowish white, the remaining joints dark brown with rather long 
verticillate hairs. Proboscis and palpi brownish yellow. Thorav : 
ground-colour of dorsum brownish yellow, the margin on the 
anterior half dark brown, the colour spreading upwards over the 
shoulders in the form of two stripes, with an intermediate trian- 
gular spot in the middle of the anterior margin; and also forming 
a rather large oval spot on each side in front of the root of the 
wing; in front of the suture is a transverse row of four nearly 
contiguous dark brown spots extending the whole width of the 
thorax, the median two oval, the outer two more or less circular : 
an indistinct brownish spot on each side behind the suture. 
Scutellum brownish, metanotum brownish yellow ; sides of thorax 
dark brown, with some grey reflections here and there. Abdomen 
rather dark brownish yellow, with very short pale pubescence; a 
black side-stripe, on which is placed a whitish spot on the side of 
each segment © Ovipositor large, yellowish, with yellowish hairs ; 
the valves reddish yellow, subequal in length, the lower pair some- 
what twisted round. Legs brownish yellow, coxe brown, with 
darker marks here and there on the underside; a very faint 
indication of a subapical brownish ring on the femora. Wings 
pale grey. Auxiliary vein ending distinctly beyond the middle of 
the wing ; subcostal cross-vein placed at its tip; 1st longitudinal 
ending a little beyond; the 2nd longitudinal vein begins at a 
rectangle (with a short appendix) just before the middle of the 
wing, forking before the tip of the Ist vein, the branches parallel 
nearly to their tips; the 8rd longitudinal vein originating a little 
before the fork of the 2nd, its basal section distinet but short, with 


528 TIPULID. 


the anterior cross-vein in a line with it, as is also the base of the 
discal cell, which latter is longer than broad; the 2nd posterior 
cell with a petiole two-thirds as long as the cell; the 3rd and 4th 
posterior cells subequal, the posterior cross-vein placed a little 
after the base of the discal cell;.the 5th and 6th longitudinal 
veins straight, the 7th gently smuous. The wing-markings, which 
are of a dark grey or brownish grey colour, are rather difficult to 
describe satistactorily.* A complete circle of narrow marks is 
formed near the middle of the wing, constructed as follows :—an 
oblong spot in the costal cell immediately above the base of the 
2nd vein, two perpendicular marks in the marginal cell and Ist 
basal cell respectively, and a semicircular mark (with the convexity 
hindwards) of rather greater width in the 2nd basal cell, the inner 
upper end of which is joined to the costal spot first described by a 
narrow band across the Ist basal cell; all these marks together 
form approximately the circle referred to ; a spot in the costal cell 
near the base, and one in the anal cell below it, joined on the 
distal side by a semicircular narrow band, thus forming about 
three-fourths of another circle nearer the base of the wing; below 
the first circle is a large, contiguous, round spot which reaches 
the hind margin of the wing, with two smaller spots nearer the 
base and also on the hind margin; a large irregularly shaped 
spot spreading over the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein, the 
origin of the 3rd vein and the anterior cross-vein ; an elongate 
one at the tip of the Ist posterior cell, and the tips of the veins 
infuscated ; two narrow parallel marks in the anal cell just 
below the posterior cross-vein, and some similar small spots 
variously distributed about the remainder of the wing. Halteres 
blackish. 

Length 9 millim. 

Described from a single perfect female from Bhowali, Kumaon, 
27. vi. 10 (A. D. Imms). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


* There being only a single specimen it is impossible to judge whether the 
markings as afforded by this example are constant or not. 


ANISOMERINI. 529 


Section ANIJSOMERINI. 


The chief distinguishing characteristic of this Section lies in the 
antennee which are abnormal in the number of joints, containing 
generally six in the male, and generally ten (not more) in the 
female.* In the male the antenne are sometimes no longer 
than in the female; in other species, otherwise closely allied, the 
antenne in the male attain a length twice that of the body, whilst 
in the female they are no longer than usual. This fact indicates 
that differences in the relative lengths of the antenne in the sexes 
have only a specific, and not a generic, value. This variability is 
present in at least three genera, including the two principal ones, 
Anisomera (which is not Oriental) and Eriocera. + 

‘wo submarginal cells are normally present, rarely one only 
(Cladulipes, a nou-Oriental genus); normally there are four or five 
posterior cells, sometimes three only ; + discal cell closed or open ; 
subcostal cross-vein near the tip of the auxiliary vein, beyond the 
origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein. 

Tibi with spurs at the tip; empodia distinct ; ungues generally 
smooth. 

Genitalia of male consisting of a pair of elongated, subeylindrical 
basal pieces, each bearing two appendages, one of which is claw- 
shaped and horny, the other being coriaceous and blunt. Ovipositor 
in Anisomera rather peculiarly constructed, the valves being short 
and blunt, the upper ones considerably shorter than the lower 
ones; in the other genera the ovipositor normally constructed. $ 

This Section is rather closely allied to the Limnopuinrt, the 
resemblance between the venation in Hriocera and Limnophila 
being considerable. In the male genital organs there is also much 
resemblance between the two genera. 


* The exact number of joints in the female antenna is not easy to determine 
in dried specimens, but Osten Sacken counted ten joints on living female 
specimens of Anisomera and Penthoptera. 

| Eriocera in addition to being represented by about fifty Oriental species, 
appears to be extensively distributed throughout the tropical regions of the 
globe, nearly thirty species being recorded from the equatorial regions of 
the New World, besides numerous others from tropical latitudes in other 
countries. 

t There are three only in the two non-Oriental genera Anisomera and 
Cladulipes. 

§ Occasional exceptions are known, as Osten Sacken speaks of a North- 
American species of Hriocera with an ovipositor constructed like that of 
Anisomera. 


530 _ TIPULIDA. 


Genus ERIOCERA, Macq. 


Caloptera, Guérin, Voy. de la Coq., Zool. Ins. pl. xx (1880). 
Evanioptera, Guérin, 1. c., Zool. ii, p. 2 (1880). 
Eriocera, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, 1, p. 74 (1888). 
Pterocosmus, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 78 (1848). 
Oligomera, Doleschall, Natuurk. Tijds. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 887 (1857). 
Physecrania, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent, France, (3) vii, p. 128 (1859). 
Arrhenica, Osten Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philad. p. 242 
(1859). 


Gunorypn, Limnobia nigra, Wied.; according to Coquillett, 
and apparently by Macquart’s designation. 


Head: eyes widely separated above by a broad frons which has 
often a more or less conspicuous gibbosity, which is sometimes 
bituberculate, the swelling placed behind the antenne; the eyes 
widely separated below. Proboscis short and broad, sometimes 
not easily seen, the terminal labella sometimes very large and con- 
spicuous. Palpi moderately long, sometimes as long as the head ; 
Ist and 2nd joints elongate, 3rd shorter, 4th longest of all, 
the relative lengths varyiug in the different species. There are 
two types of antenne in the male, in which sex there are only six 
joints, whilst in the female there are ten. In the males of some 
species (Z. longicornis, Walk., of North America, for example) the 
antenne are over twice the full length of the body, but in any 
ease much longer than in the female of the same species. In the 
second type, the male antenna is practically no longer than that 
of the female. The antenne of the elongated type vary much 
according to the species, not only in their actual and relative 
lengths as compared with the females, but also in their structure 
and in the nature of their pubescence. The Ist scapal joint is 
(in the male antennee of the elongated type) subcylindrical, rather 
stout, the 2nd joint being very short, annular; the flagellum 
filiform, gradually attenuated towards the tip, the 1st joint being 
about as long as the thorax, the 2nd a little longer, the 3rd about 
equal to the first two taken together, the 4th being still longer 
than the 3rd; the flagellar joints beset on the underside, at more 
or less regular intervals, with strong spine-like bristles, which 
eradually become less bristly and more hair-like towards the tip 
of the antenne; the upperside of the flagellum glabrous in some 
species. in others with even pubescence like that on the under- 
side, some additional longer irregular hairs appearing towards 
the tip of the antenne. The male antenne of the shorter type 
would, if bent backwards, just reach the root of the wing; they 
are rather coarsely hairy, without verticels ; the scape is of the 
normal form, and in the flagellum the first joint is the longest. 
Tn the female the antenne appear to have a general resemblance 
to those of the male of the short type, namely a subcylindrical 
basal joint to the scape, followed by a shorter second joint, the 
Ist joint of the flagellum being the longest in the whole antenna. 


ERIOCERA. ao! 


In dried specimens the joints, by shrinking somewhat, are not at 
all easily distinguished. Vhorav: neck very short and narrow, 
the head closely applied to the thorax, which is elongate, normally 
arched, the suture distinct. Abdomen of the male linear, long, 
occasionally very long (£. elongatissima, Brun.), cylindrical, in 
some cases almost subclavate. In the female generally widened 
a little beyond the middle, the tip conical. Genitalia of the male 
consisting of a pair of fleshy claspers, bearing two small terminal 
pieces, one horny and hook-like, the other obtuse, apparently 
softer. Some species have a pair of bifid hooks, which Osten 
Sacken, referring to 4. spinosa of North America, calls a clutching 
apparatus. Ventral plate narrow, pointed. In the female the 
ovipositor takes the normal form of two elongate, pointed, rather 
narrow, nearly straight upper valves, and a pair of shorter lower 
ones. Legs long, comparatively stout, pubescent; the anterior 
pairs of femora shorter in some species ;* tibize without spurs ; 
empodia distinct. Some species have a small projecting tooth 
at the extreme base of the ungues below, not easily visible. 
Wings sometimes of normal shape and size, in some species 
considerably elongated, generally brownish or blackish in colour, 
with or without hyaline or whitish spots and marks. Two sub- 
marginal cells, generally four but sometimes five posterior cells, 
and a discal cell. The auxiliary vein ending about opposite the 
beginning of the 2nd submarginal cell, the subcostal cross-vein 
near the tip of the auxiliary or at a short distance before this tip. 
Marginal cross-vein a little before the tip of the 1st longitudinal 
vein; its relative position to the inner end of the 1st submarginal 
cell depends on the length of the latter, the anterior cross-vein 
being situated sometimes at the proximal end of the cell, and 
sometimes beyond this point; prefurea long, straight, arcuate at 
base only ; inner end of Ist submarginal cell pointed, its petiole 
varying in length, sometimes shorter than the posterior cross- 
vein, sometimes considerably longer; anterior cross-vein placed 
generally beyond the base of the 2nd submarginal cell, thus 
making the Ist posterior cell in such species shorter than the 
2nd submarginal ; discal cell approximately square, normally pen- 
tagonal, but six-sided in species in which the posterior cross-vein 
is anterior to the end of the discal cell, in addition to the lower 
branch of the 4th longitudinal vein being a little bent, sufficiently 
to form a slight angle; the 5th vein gently angled at junction 
with cross-vein ; the 6th and 7th veins straight. 

Range. The entire tropical regions of the earth, apparently, 
extending to China and Japan in the case of two species, and also 
to North America in the case of several! species. 


* Osten Sacken speaks of a North-American species in which the anterior 
femora were but little more than half the length of the hind ones. 


2M 


532 


bo 


“J 


9. 


10, 


. Entire abdomen, 


. Wings pale brown, with 


2. Leneth 28-380 millim. 


5. Wings clear erystallate 


}. Five posterior cells 


TIPULIDA. © 


Table of Species. 


Thorax red (deep reddish brown in 
badia) 
Thorax black (brownish grey in 
bicolor, dark brown in fenwis) .... 
or at least the 
ground-colour, black (bluish grey 
bands in humberti)...... ae 
Abdomen mainly reddish yellow, 
orange or ferruginous (reddish 
brown in badia) 


. The 2nd posterior cell closed on the 


wing margin 
The Ind posterior cell always open . 
Length 15-20 milliny............. 
Length 7-10 millim. 
Thorax unstriped 
Thorax with three blackish brown 

stripes 
No clear spot in Ist basal cell 
A clear spot in this cell . 


eee ee tome ee 
6 CROC oy a) SNES ot ce 


is fee) wis) (eis) sire 


a broad 
brown median cross-band 
Wings subhyaline, with a median 


ss eeee 


cross-band of bluish opalescent spots. 


Wings greyish with opalescent spots. 
Wines dark brown 
Abdomen mainly blackish or brown- 
ish, at all events the ground-colour 
never pale 
Abdomen mainly yellowish or testa- 
ceous (half yellowish and_ half 
blackish in bicolor and semilimpida ; 
two or three basal segments yellow 
in albonotata) 
Abdomen without bands.......... 
Abdomen mainly black, but with 
pale bands (shining plumbeous in 
plumbicincta and flavipes) 
First two abdominal 
orange-yellow 
Abdomen wholly black or blackish . 


352. eS OA Geos 


seoments 


Meisih@/ceWelieie) (p.(@) = fe (0 e's, (0: 1° 


Length 10-16 millim. 


. Legs mainly brownish yellow 


Legs mainly blackish, 


: Legs black ; antennee wholly black . 


Leas bluish black; antennze with an 
ochreous tinge 


Wings blackish or brownish ...... 
Four posterior cells 
Length.25-28 millim. .......... 
Length 20 millim, 


<LUlsseVierekvingi/e <eu8) ec. \6 19 


» 


oa 


ctenophoroides, Edw., p. 538: 
4. 
5. 


scutellata, Kdw., p. 534. 
rufithorax, sp. n., p. 534. 


Senestrata, Brun., p. 535, 


humberti, Os, Sac., p. 536. 


meleagris, Os. Sac., p. 587. 
pachyrrhina, Os. Sac., p. 537. 
badia, Brun., p. 538. 


10. 


HG). 


rufibasis, Brun., p. 538. 
12. 
tenuis, sp. D., p. 539 

» 

LD Fy 
greent, Brun., p. 539, 
14, 


aterrima, sp. u., p. 540. 


Susca, Edw., p. 541. 


erystalloptera, Os. Sac., p. 541. 
16. 

plumbieincta, Brun., p. 541. 
Wi 
elongatissima, sp. 
18. 


n., p. 542. 


PRIOCERA. 535 


18. Wings distinctly bright yellow at 
CW ee, Ce ion one ee nepalensis, Westw., p. 543. 
Wings not yellow at the base .... flavipes, sp. n., p. 544. 
19. Length 6-12 millim, .....:...... 20. 


Length 17-24 millim......... a 

20. Thorax with three black bands .... bicolor, Macq,, p. 545. 
Phoraxunmarked) (oaeim. 2.40. 0. semilimpida, Brun., p. 546 

21. Fronswithtwoconspicuous tubercles tuberculifera, Kdw., p. 547. 
Frons without obvious tubercles .. 22. 

22. Basal half ofabdomenlemon-yellow. albonotata, Lw., p. 547, 
Abdomen, brownish’: ;. 62.6066... testacea, sp. n., p. 548, 


The descriptions of the species follow in the order in which they 
appear in the above table merely for the sake of convenience. 

The genus is evidently an extensive one in the East and many 
more species must remain to be discovered, so that any attempt at 
an arrangement according to affinities would be premature. 


378. Eriocera ctenophoroides, Ldw. 
Erwcera ctenophoroides, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii, 
p. 64 (July 1911). 

“Head black, with a black pubescence, Antenne 8-jointed in 
both sexes, but the last four joints indistinctly separated ; scape 
dark fuscous, flagellum ochreous brown. Palpi blackish. horas 
entirely brick-red, velvety in appearance, except for a line round 
and just below the mesonotum, which is shining and translucent. 
Post-alar calli and protuberance below root of wing with tufts of 
black hairs. Abdomen deep black, except the 1st segment and the 
ovipositor which are reddish; for the most part brilliantly shining, 
but there are apical velvety bands on segments 2 to 6, these are 
broadest on segments 2 to 4, and broader in the female than in 
the male. Venter entirely dull. The abdomen is much broader 
in the middle. Zegs uniformly dark brown, except for the red 
cox ; densely covered with somewhat accumbent black pubes- 
cence; stouter and shorter than usual in Lriocera, giving the 
insect a very Ctenophora-like appearance, which is heightened by 
the form and colour of the abdomen. Wéngs dark brown, lighter 
towards the anal margin and in the centre of some of the cells: 
a small, long and narrow, more or less crescent-shaped spot in 
the outer marginal cell, a very small triangular spot in the Ist 
submarginal, and a large semicircular spot in the outer portion of 
the 2nd submarginal and Ist posterior, white, all reaching the 
wing-margin. 

“There are some very interesting features in the neuration; 
the uppermost of the three veins proceeding from the discal cell 
is curved downwards, in the type male to such an extent that 
the 2nd posterior cell is completely closed at its apex; in the type 
female the small cross-vein is absent, the 1st basal cell being 
open. I have not met with either of these variations in any other 
Tipulid. Halteres brown, knob somewhat darker, stalk hairy. 

“Variety. One female has the thorax entirely velvet-black and 


the legs darker. 
22 


534 TIPULID®. 


“This species is allied to E. selene, Os. Sac., and £. albo- 
notata, Lw. From the former it differs in its larger size and in 
the absence of the central lunule of the wings.” (Hdwards.) 

Length 16 millim. (without ovipositor); of wing 15 millim. ; 
of legs 27-28 millim. 

Described from a type male from Kandy, 19. v. 92, a type 
female from Kottawa, Ceylon, 29. iv. 92, and another female 
from Pallamadulla, Ceylon, 17. vi. 92 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). 

Types in the British Museum. 


379. Eriocera scutellata, Lidw. 


Eriocera scutellata, Edwards, Aun, Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii, p. 65 
(July 1911). 

“Head orange, darker brown behind the eyes, dark-haired. 
Front with two prominent tubercles. Scape of antenne dark 
brown, flagellum ochreous, blackish towards the tips. Thorax 
ferruginous orange; mesonotum with three longitudinal black- 
brown stripes; the median one is narrowed behind and extends 
almost back to the suture, where it is seen to be double; the 
Jateral stripes broaden out behind the suture and extend as far 
as the scutellum. Scutellum orange-yellow. Metanotum dark 
brown. Abdomen: in male deep orange, Ist segment brown, 
segments 2 to 4 with black lateral borders, segments 5 to 7 
all black except for a narrow apical orange border; in female 
lighter orange with a black lateral line. Legs: femora ochreous 
with blackish tips; tibize and tarsi blackish, tibia more ochreous 
towards the base. Wengs a uniform ochreous brown. In the 
female the discal cell of one wing is open. Halteres brownish.” 
( Edwards.) 

Length, g 18 millim., 9 15 millim.; wing, ¢ 24 millim., 
® 16 millim. 

Described from a single male and female from Pundaluoya, 
Ceylon, taken September 1892 and October 1897 respectively 
(EL. E. Green). 

Types in the British Museum. 

Mr. Edwards says:—‘‘ There is little doubt that the two 
specimens belong to the same species, though they differ in the 
colour of the abdomen and the length of the wing.” 


380. Eriocera rufithorax, sp. noy. 


Head blackish grey, very shortly pubescent ; frons nearly one- 
third width of head, narrower towards antenne. Proboscis and 
the robust palpi black, shortly pubescent. Antennal scape very 
dark brown, 2nd joimt one-fourth as long as the Ist; flagellum 
brownish yellow, pubescent; the whole length of the antenne 
about equal to that of the thorax from the projecting mesonotum 
to the tip of the scutellum. Thoraw, including scutellum and 
metanotum, wholly bright reddish orange. Neck very short, 


ERIOCERA, 535 


dirty orange colour. Abdomen black, with a steely lustre when 
viewed from behind; posterior margins of segments with a velvet- 
black border. Belly dull black, bases of segments steely, Genital 
organs of male rather small, dark brown, shortly pubescent, an 
upper narrow plate, a normal pair of claspers, with some inter- 
mediate appendages. Ovipositor normal, blackish, terminal valves 
reddish yellow. Legs: cox bright reddish orange ; remainder of 
the legs brownish yellow, with distinct close black pubescence ; 
tips of femora and tibie narrowly black; tarsi darker. Wings 
dark brown. Auxiliary vein ending opposite the base of the 
1st submarginal cell; the 2nd longitudinal vein begins much 
before the middle of the wing, the prefurca forming nearly half 
the length of the vein; the vein forking opposite the anterior 
cross-vein, the branches diverging rather widely ; the 2nd mar- 
ginal cell is thus considerably longer than the Ist, and widens 
considerably towards the tip; the marginal cross-vein situated 
beyond two-thirds of the marginal cell and beyond the forking of 
the 2nd vein; basal section of the 3rd vein nearly in a line with 
the preefurea, two and a half times as long as the anterior cross- 
vein; discal cell nearly rhomboidal, equal to the 2nd and 3rd 
posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein placed nearly at the tip of the 
discal cell. A clear elongate spot in the marginal cell between 
the marginal cross-vein and the costa; a very minute clear spot 
in the Ist submarginal cell near the margin, and a semicircular 
larger clear spot on the wing-margin, spreading over the 2nd 
submarginal and Ist posterior cells, Halteres black. 

Length 17 millim. 

Described from a single male sent me by Mr. EH. E. Green, 
taken at Kandy, October 1907, and one male and two females 
collected by the same gentleman, August 1906 and September 
1902. 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

Very near Z. plecioides, Walk.; but that author does not, in his 
“description” of one and a half lines, mention the steely lustre 
of the abdomen (which he characterises as deep black, the wings 
being also blackish in his species). the yellowish legs, or the 
clear spots in the wings. It seems therefore justifiable to con- 
clude that the present species is not identical with his. Walker 
describes E. plecioides from Singapore. 


381. Eriocera fenestrata, Brun. (PI. X1, figs. 14, 15.) 
Eriocera fenestrata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 812 (1911). 


Head: frons broad, flat, dull black with sparse hairs; ocellar 
triangle small; proboscis, antenne and palpi dark brown, TZ'horaa: 
dorsum orange-red, not shining, the colour at the sides sharply 
ending on a level with the wing-roots, but gradually becoming 
bright orange on scutellum and metanotum ; pleure semitranslucid 
brown, slightly tinged with orange. Abdomen with the basal half 
of each segment sublucid leaden grey, shining, posterior half dead 


536 TIPULIDA. 


black ; gradually widening from the base to the 6th segment, 
which is the widest, thence sharply narrowing. Ovipositor some- 
what robust, dark brown, practically bare, the long terminal 
points shining red-brown. Legs wholly very dark mahogany 
brown, nearly black. Wings brown on anterior half, the colour 
gradually fading away posteriorly to the grey hind margin; a 
small, roughly crescent-shaped, hyaline spot across the Ist basal 
cell, entering the cell above and below, and situated close to the 
origin of the 3rd vein. Four posterior cells ; discal cell 5-sided, 
the veinlets from its outer upper side almost parallel; anterior 
cross-vein opposite fork of 2nd vein; posterior cross-vein at lower 
corner of discal cell; upper branch of 2nd longitudinal vein 
forking just before its middle. Halteres black. 

Length 20 millim. 

Described from a type male in the Vienna Museum from Central 
Tonkin and a single female (type) in the Pusa collection, taken in 
April 1905 in the Khasi Hills, Assam, at 1000 to 3000 feet 
altitude, 


382. Eriocera humberti, Os. Sac. 


Eriocera humberti, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 221 
(1887). 


*®. Wings brownish, with two broad hyaline bluish-opalescent 
cross-bands ; thorax red; abdomen velvet-black with grey cross- 
bands. Length 9-10 mm. (without ovipositor). 

‘Head and Ist joint of antenne ferruginous red; Ane rest 
of the antenne brown. Thorax ferruginous red with a faint 
darker stripe in the middle; scutellum and metathorax blackish. 
Halteres black. Abdomen velvet-black ; each segment, beginning 
with the 2nd, with a bluish grey plumbeous cross-band at the 
deg tie last segment ferruginous red ; ovipositor reddish brown. 

Legs (only the right hind leg is left) brownish red; tibiae and 
tarsi darker. Wings pale brownish at the extreme base ; ; a broad 
brown cross-band in the middle; it occupies, on the anterior 
margin, the interval between the origin of the 2nd vein and the 
tip of the auxiliary; on the posterior, between the tips of the 
6th and 7th veins; the last quarter of the wing is pale brown. 
The two hyaline spaces (or cross-bands) thus remaining between 
the brown portions of the wing have a beautiful bluish opalescence; 
four posterior cells. 

“* Hab, Ceylon (Pundel Oya Valley, 3800-3900 ft. alt., 26. xi. 
to 27. xii. 1859, Mr. Alois Humbert, from Geneva). 

“A single female in the Museum at Geneva. 

“The tip of the auxiliary vein a little anterior to the proximal 
end of the 2nd submarginal cell; the 1st submarginal cell and the 
Ist posterior cell are of equal length; the great cross-vein at the 
very base of the discal cell.” (Osten Sacken.) 

This must be a very striking species, but I have not seen it. 


PRIOCERA. bor 


‘383. Eriocera meleagris, Os. Sac. 


Eriocera meleagris, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxi, p. 221 
(1887). 


* ©. Thorax orange-red, with black stripes; wings subhyaline, 
with a cross-band formed by four opalescent spots; two similar 
spots near the basis. Length 7-8 mm. (without the ovipositor). 

* %. Head reddish brown, more brown on the vertex ; antenne 
and palpi brown. ‘Thorax yellowish orange; the usual dorsal 
stripes well defined, brownish black, with narrow orange lines 
between them; a black stripe on each side between the root 
of the wings and the humerus. Halteres black. Abdomen 
black, last segment orange; the colour of the abdomen is 
somewhat obliterated, perhaps by mould or moisture; I believe 
there are plumbeous cross-bands at the base of the segments. 
Legs (including cox) brown. Wings subhyaline, with a slight 
yellowish tinge; four bluish opalescent spots form a cross-band in 
the middle; the first about the middle of the inner marginal cell, 
the second and third at the end of the two basal cells; the fourth 
in the 4th posterior cell; two similar spots near the base of the 
‘wings (one in the proximal end of the 1st basal cell, the second in 
the proximal end of the spurious cell); four posterior cells. 

“« Hab. Ceylon (between N. Ellia and Gampola, Dec. 13 and 14, 
1859, A. Humbert). 

“ Museum in Geneva. A single female. 

“The tip of the auxiliary vein is slightly anterior to the 
proximal end of the 2nd submarginal cell; the lst submarginal 
cell is a trifle shorter than the Ist posterior cell; the great cross- 
vein is a trifle before the discal cell.” (Osten Sacken.) 

No specimen has appeared before me that | could refer to this 
‘species. 


384. Eriocera pachyrrhina, Os. Sac. 


Eriocera pachyrrhina, Osten Sacken, Beri. int. Zeits. xxxi, p. 222 
(1887). 


“ ¢ ©. Yellowish orange ; hind borders of abdominal segments 
black, or brownish; wings subhyaline, with a slight bluish 
opalescence. Length, d, about 6 mm.; 2, 7-8 mm. (without 
ovipositor). 

“Yellowish orange; antenne, except the scapus, brown. 
Halteres with a brown knob; abdomen with rather narrow 
black or brown hind borders of the segments; the segment 
preceding the genitals is almost altogether black or brown. 
Legs brownish yellow, ends of tibize and the tarsi darker. Wings 
subhyaline, with a slight yellowish tinge and a bluish opalescence ; 
four posterior cells. 

‘Hab. Ceylon (Kaduganawa, Oct. 8, Mr. A. Humbert) ; 
3 and 2, found in copula. 


538 TIPULIDZ. 


‘** Museum in Geneva. 

‘The tip of the auxiliary vein is nearly on the same line with 
the proximal end of the 2nd submarginal cell; the 1st sub- 
marginal cell is a little shorter than the Ist posterior cell; the 
great cross-vein a little anterior to the middle of the diseal cell.” 
(Osten Sacken.) 

I have seen no specimen of this species. 


385. Eriocera hadia, Brun. 
Eriocera badia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind, Mus. vi, p. 810 (1911). 


Q. Head wholly blackish grey, vertex, underside of head, and 
proboscis with black hairs. Antennal scape blackish grey; flagellum 
pale yellow, short, of eight distinct joints. Palpi a little greyish 
white at the emargination of the joints onthe underside. T'horaw 
rather deep reddish brown, with traces of four somewhat darker 
stripes. Scutellum and metanotum on the upper part a little lighter. 
Sides of thorax darker and more brownish. Abdomen reddish 
brown, a little yellowish towards the sides of some of the segments ; 
2nd and 3rd segments wholly yellow on dorsum, with very narrow 
black hind margins ; base of each of the rest of the segments with 
a shining black “band. (The abdomen has the appearance of being 
rather stretched longitudinally, and possibly a considerable part of 
these basal black bands would be invisible normally.) Ovipositor 
reddish brown, of moderate size. Legs: cox dark brown, pub- 
escent ; trochanters brownish yellow; femora and tibize yellow 
with Nese tips; tarsi yellowish, blackish towards the tips. 
Wings moderately dark brown ; four posterior cells. A minute 
white spot or two near the tips of the marginal and Ist submarginal 
cells, and a small one lying across the tips of the 2nd submarginal 
and Ist posterior cells. Halteres pale brownish grey. 

Length 18 millim. 

Described from a single female from Peradeniya, Ceylon, taken 
by Dr. Uzel, 25. xii. 01. 

Type in the Vienna Museum. 


386. Eriocera rufibasis, Brun. 
Lriocera rufibasis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 510 (1911). 


9. Head, antenne, proboscis, papi, all dark blackish grey. 
Thorax wholly deep velvet-black. Abdomen w holly deep velvet- 
black, except the first two sepmenita which are orange-yellow. 
Belly similar to dorsum. Ovipositor black, the valves shining 
brownish yellow. Legs dark brown, femora, tibie and tarsal 
joints blacker. Wings brown, darker anteriorly, clearer on hind 
margin; four posterior cells. Clear spots are placed as follows :— 

a rather lar ge one extending over the apical part of both basal 
cells; two smaller round spots, one over the base of the 2nd longi- 


ERIOCERA. 539 


tudinal vein, the other above the fork of the 2nd vein; one at the 
tip of the marginal cell ; two small ones (possibly in some specimens 
united) in the Ist submarginal cell; a larger one extending over 
the 2nd submarginal cell and Ist posterior cell, all these latter 
spots placed on the border. All the posterior celis are somewhat 
clear, as is also the wing to some extent behind the 5th longitudinal 
vein. Halteres small, black. 

Length 16 millim. 

Described from a single female in the Vienna Museum from 
Tandong, 4000 ft., Tenasserim, May (’ruhstorfer). 


387. Eriocera tenuis, sp. nov. 


3. Head blackish; the 1st seapal joint of the antenne dark 
grey, the remainder black. Vhorav dark mahogany-brown, with 
three blackish dorsal stripes of the usual pattern, and with blackish 
marks here and there. Pleure slightly dusted with grey, and 
traces of grey dust onthe anterior margin of the thorax and else- 
where. Scutellum and metanotum reddish brown. Abdomen: 
1st segment and base of 2nd light reddish brown; remainder of 
2nd, the whole of the 3rd and 4th, and the greater part of the 5th 
pale yellow; remainder of abdomen blackish, the centre of the 
6th segment dark brown; the 5th segment widening towards the 
tip, the 6th considerably wider, the remaining segments diminishing 
rapidly in width. Legs: cox blackish brown, dusted with grey ; 
femora yellowish brown, rather broadly blackish at tip ; tibie and 
tarsi darker brown, the latter black towards the tips. Wings 
coffee-brown : a very small white spot on the margin of the wing 
extending from the tip of the lower branch of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein to the 3rd vein. Four posterior cells. Halteres brownish 
black. 

Length 31 millim. 

Described from a single type male from the Nilgiri Hills, South 
India, 3500 ft., April 1910 (4. ZL. Andrewes). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 


388. Eriocera greenli, Brui. 
Eriocera greenti, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 515 (1911). 


Q. Head dark grey, with black hairs. Frons broad, but very 
short, of uniform width, one-third the width of the head, Pro- 
boscis dark brown, with two peculiar large, pale yellow, flattened, 
two-jointed labella at the tip. Palpi dark blackish brown. 
Antennal scape blackish, with stiff black hairs, the tip of the 
1st joint with a circlet of stronger ones; 2nd joint short ; 
flagellum brownish yellow, becoming brown at the tip, covered 
with irregularly placed black hairs. Zhorax: dorsum very dark 
rich velvet-brown, with a few isolated short black hairs on the 
anterior part; two short blackish stripes towards the sides; no 


5AO TIPULID &. 


trace of a median stripe. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides con- 
colorous, all bare of pubescence ; the region round the root of the 
wing blackish. Abdomen rich dene brown ; extreme base of Ist 
segment with a slightly yellowish grey tinge ; ; base of 2nd and 3rd 
segments and posterior margins narrowly of remaining segments 
blackish. The abdomen bare except for a few short pale hairs on 
the hind margins of some of the apical segments. Ovipositor 
conical, blackish, dull, bare, terminal blades reddish yellow. Legs: 
coxe rich dark brown; ; trochanters bright, lighter reddish 
brown; femora and tibie bright brownish yellow, tips of both 
black, tarsi darker; all the legs with fine black pubescence. 
Wings wholly dark brown, a little darker on the costa near 
the base, and a little lighter in the anal and axillary cells; a 
small white spot near the tip of the marginal cell, and a still 
smaller similar one in the 1st submarginal cell; a larger (but still 
small) marginal white spot extending transversely over the tip of 
the 3rd vein. Venation as in £. semilimpida, except that the 
upper branch of the 4th vein not being forked, there are only four 
posterior cells. Halteres all black. 

Length 16 millim. 

Described from a_ single specimen from Kandy, 24. xi. 09 
(HE. E. Green). 

Type i the Indian Museum. 

This species has some general resemblance to at least three 
others, namely, 4. albonotata, Lw., from which the all-brown 
abdomen separates it, and LH. 1 ~ufithoras and FE, fenestrata, Brun., 
from which it may be distinguished by its brown thorax and 
yellow legs. Three specimens (of which two are in very poor 
condition) in the Vienna Museum, from Ceylon and Java, are 
probably referable to this species. 


389. Eriocera aterrima, sp. nov. 


2. Whole body deep black, not at all shining, minutely 
pubescent ; abdomen nearly bare. 

Head: a single rather large conical protuberance on the frons 
immediately above base of antennee, which latter are of similar 
shape to those of HL. plumbicincta, minutely pubescent, wholly 
black, the tips very shghtly clubbed. Legs wholly black, very 
shortly and closely pubescent. Wings with four posterior cells, 
entirely blackish ; anal margin barely a little clearer. Halteres 
black. Ovipositor small, black. 

Length 11 millim. 

Described from a perfect unique specimen in the Indian Museum 
from Maddathorai, Travancore State, 18.x1.08 (Annandale). 

This must be near Edwards’ #. fusca, described from Ceylon, 
but the absence of both a bluish tinge to the legs and an ochraceous 
tinge to the antenne, with other minor differences, make it appear 
as a distinct species. 


BPRIOCERA. 541 


390. Eriocera fusca, Hdw. 
Eriocera fusca, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vill, p. 66 
(July 1911). 

3 9. “ Head, thorax, and abdomen nearly uniform dingy 
fuscous. Front rather produced, but not bituberculated. Legs 
dark fuscous, with submetallic bluish reflections in some lights. 
Wings uniform fuscous. Neuration, as usual in this genus, 
is rather variable; in the type male there is a supernumerary 
cross-vein in the 2nd posterior cell, which in the right wing is 
bifurcated, so that the left wing has two discal cells and the right 
wing three. The antenne are tinged with ochreous, and there 
are indications of two paler stripes on the thorax alternating with 
three dark ones.” (Hdwards.) 

Length 10-13 millim.; of wing 8-11 millim. 

Described from a type male and female, with two other males, 
from Pundaluoya, Ceylon, April 1889 (2. E. Green), 

Type in the British Museum. 

_ Mr. Edwards says :—‘ This species seems to be most closely 

allied to H. morosa, Os. Sac., from which it differs (judging from 
Osten Sacken’s description) in the less intense black colour, in the 
bluish reflections on the legs, and in the shape of the discal cell ; 
the 3rd posterior cell is here, as usual, longer than the 2nd.” 


391. Eriocera crystalloptera, Os. Sac. 


Eviocera crystalloptera, Osten Sacken, Berl. Ent, Zeits. xxxi, 
p. 222 (1887). 

“ 3. Velvet-black, frontal tubercle and humeral callosities 
reddish; antennze brown; abdominal segments, beginning with 
the 3rd, with broad shining steel-blue cross-bands, occupying 
nearly the whole basal half of the segments. Wings of a 
crystalline clearness, with black veins. Legs brown. Length 
about 6 millim. 

“* Hab. Rambodde, Ceylon (Nietner); Berlin Museum. 

‘A single imperfect male specimen.” (Osten Sacken.) 

I have seen no specimen of this species. 


392. Eriocera plumbicincta, Brun. (Pl. XI, fig. 16.) 
Eriocera plumbicincta, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus.. vi, p. 311 (1911). 


3. Head: frons and back of head deep velvet-black, with a 
little black pubescence ; frons with a cone-like projection above 
each antenna; eyes black, bare. First joint of scape long, 
cylindrical, black; 2nd very short, globular, yellowish ; flagellum 
yellowish, with short black hairs, of five very elongated joints of 
diminishing length, the last one black. Palpi black, pubescent, 
2nd joint the widest, Ist and 4th the longest. Thorax deep 
velvet-black, with short black pubescence; a slight dark reddish 
tinge above the neck. Scutellum deep black. Dorsum of meta- 


542 TIPULID®. 


notum bright reddish orange, bare. Abdomen deep velvet-black ; 
on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments a broad shining lead- 
coloured band extending round the whole segment and covering 
it with the exception of a posterior marginal band of a width of 
one-fifth of the segment; 6th segment wholly deep black ; 
7th, basa! half occupied by a similar leaden band, apical half 
black ; seen from behind, there is a silver sheen on the sides 
of the segments. Genitalia conspicuous, bright orange-red, 
protected below by a blackish plate. Whole abdomen nearly 
bare. Legs: cox black, pubescent; femora and tibie orange- 
yellow (the latter rather darker), both with black tips; tarsi 
dark brown; all the legs minutely pubescent. Wings brown, 
darker in the centre ; costal border to just beyond the Ist longi- 
tudinal vein distinctly orange-yellow, the colour ending at tip of 
the auxiliary vein; wing grey from just in front of the 6th vein 
to posterior margin; a good-sized white spot (approximately 
oval) placed obliquely across the basal cells, towards the distal 
ends, but quite clear of the discal cell; a smaller circular white 
spot just above, and a little in front of, the larger one, situated 
just beyond the middle of the marginal cell, and a white oval spot 
at apex of wing, just covering the tips of the two marginal cells. 
Five posterior cells. Halteres black. 

Length 13 millim. 

Described from one male in the Indian Museum (type) from 
Ukhrul, Manipur, captured by the Rev. W. Pettigrew, viii. 08 ; 
and a cotype (in the Pusa collection) taken by Mr. F. M. Howlett 
at Darjiling, 3-9, vi. 09. 


393. Eriocera elongatissima, sp. nov. 


3. Head blackish, blackish grey behind; with sparse hairs; 
frons a little prominent over the antenne; eyes black. Scape 
black, cylindrical; 1st joint with a few hairs, 2nd very short, 
bare; flagellum of five very elongate pubescent joints. Palpi 
dark brown. Proboscis and underside of head brown. Thoraa: 
scutellum and metanotum chestnut-brown, light at the sides, and 
with a very slight pinkish grey reflection on the shoulders and 
pleuree when viewed from certain directions ; three blackish in- 
dentations, placed in triangular form, one behind the wings, 
one at the base of the side of the metanotum, and the third 
in front of the latter. Abdomen bright chestnut-brown, nearly 
ferruginous, darker towards tip; bare. The 1st segment very 
short; basal two-thirds of 5th and basal half of 6th almost 
golden yellow, the remainder of these segments blackish; a 
narrow black side stripe to the abdomen. Genitalia composed of 
a pair of dark brown claspers, bearing some short hairs, and 
a jointed tip. Legs brown; tips of femora and tibie black ; 
tibie a little lighter brown. Wings uniformly rather dark 
brown; extreme tip whitish, extending narrowly over only the 
tips of the two submarginal and lst posterior cells. Four 
posterior cells. Halteres dark brown. 


ERIOCERA. 543 


Length 25-28 millim. 

Described from two males in the Indian Museum, one from 
Trivandrum, Travancore State, June 1893, and the other from 
some part of South India, taken June 1893. 

The great length of this species makes it easily recognisable. 


394. Eriocera nepalensis, Westw. 


Caloptera nepalensis, Westwood, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, iv, p. 681 
(1835); id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881. p. 379. 
? Pterocosmus velutinus, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p.79 (1848). 

3 9. Head blackish grey, with black hairs; vertex con- 
siderably prominent ; back of head velvet-black, with black hairs. 
Antenne and palpi blackish, shortly pubescent. Thorax velvet- 
black, with very short brown hairs; scutellum, metanotum, and 
sides of thorax concolorous. Adomen velvet-black. In male, 1st 
segment short, black ; 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th elongate, the basal 
third of each occupied by a dull steel-coloured band, the middle 
third by a whitish or bluish grey band, sometimes more or less 
distinctly divided by a narrow black line into two bands; the 
hinder third velvet-black; remainder of abdomen velvet-black. 
Genitalia dull steel colour. In the female the steel bands are not 
obvious ; the basal half or two-thirds of the 2nd segment has a 
whitish or bluish grey band; a similar band, generally broadly 
interrupted in the middle, on the basal half of the 4th segment, 
and an entire similar band on the base of the 5th; the rest of 
the abdomen velvet-black. Ovipositor bright reddish orange. 
The markings of both sexes are liable to a little variation, the 
grey and the steel bands in the male at times taking a sort of 
intermediate shade. One male in the Indian Museum has the 
abdomen almost wholly black; one of the females in the Vienna 
Museum has the 3rd segment with a whitish grey longitudinal 
streak. Legs wholly black; coxe with a little very soft hair. 
Wings moderately dark brown ; bright orange-yellow at the base 
up toa little beyend the humeral cross-vein; and with a clear 
transverse somewhat narrow streak from the Ist longitudinal 
vein, reaching barely or quite to the hind margin, where it 
narrows ; this band being situated so that its distal margin is very 
close to (sometimes a little beyond) the origin of the 3rd vein, the 
discal cell and the posterior cross-vein. The 2nd longitudinal 
vein forks at about half its length: the anterior cross-vein is at 
or just before the middle of the discal cell, and opposite the fork 
of the 2nd vein; the posterior cross-vein more or less in a line 
with it. Halteres blackish. 

Length, 3 18-25 millim., 2 15-18 millim., excel. ovipositor 
3 millim. 

Redescribed from a male and female in cop. from Nagarkot, 
Nepal (the male only 16 mm. long), five other males and seven 
other females, all in the Indian Museum; two females from 
Assam, in the Vienna Museum ; and two females from the Khasi 
hills, Assam, 3000 to 5000 feet, 15. v. 05, in the Pusa collection. 


544 TIPULID &. 


The Indian Museum localities are as follows :—Kurseong, Dar- 
jiling district, 15. vin, 09 (Paiva), 8-9. ix. 09 (Annandale); Naini 
Tal, v. & vi. 1903; Bhim Tal, 4500 feet, 19-22. ix.06; Dharam- 
pur, Bengal, and Simla, 5000 feet, 6-8. v.07 (both Annandale) ; 
Shillong (La Touche); Soondrijal and Nagarkot, Nepal.* 

Type i the Hope Collection at the Oxford University Museum. 

There seems hardly any doubt that /. velutina, Walk., is an 
absolute synonym of this species, the description applying exactly, 
except that Walker speaks of a brown transverse mark on the 
already brown wings, which seems obviously an error for clear or 
opalescent. As a matter of fact I had already identified the 
Indian Museum specimens and others as velutina before I received 
the Vienna specimens, where the same species was given as 
nepalensis. Westwood’s description is of course far too short for 
anything like accurate identification, but takes priority of Walker’s. 

Walker notes that the male is longer than the female. This is 
further corroboration of identity as the reverse is usually the case 
in TIPULID. 


395. Eriocera flavipes, sp. nov. 


3. Head dark grey, with stiff black hairs on frons, vertex and 
back of head; frons nearly one-third the width of the head, its 
sides parallel. Proboscis and palpi dark grey, nearly black, 
considerably pubescent. The Ist scapal joint of antenne dark 
brown, 2nd small, yellowish brown; flagellum yellow, last joint 
black. Zhorav: dorsum soft dark grey, covered rather thickly 
with soft, moderately long, dark brown hairs; three median 
narrow black stripes from the anterior margin, converging but not 
uniting at the suture; an additional short stripe outside each 
outer stripe, beginning at its middle and ending at the suture. 
Thorax behind the suture, scutellum, metanotum and sides of 
thorax blackish grey, all with soft dark brown hairs except the 
metanotum. Abdomen dull black, with soft brown hairs; base of 
each segment with a dull leaden band, not noticeable at first 
sight, except that of the 5th segment which fills the whole dorsum 
and is of a bright shining lead-colour, with a narrow median 
black stripe that widens somewhat on the posterior border. Belly 
all dull black, underside of Ist segment dark brown. Genitalia 
dark brown, pubescent; a pair of two-jointed claspers (the 2nd 
joint forming a black horny hook) and a small upper piece are all 
the parts that are visible. Leys: coxe black; femora and tibie- 
and the first three tarsal joints yellow, except the tips of each, 
which, with the last two joints of the tarsi, are black. All the 
legs distinctly and rather closely pubescent. Wings dark brown, 
costal part a little yellowish, and the area posterior to the 5th 
longitudinal vein a little less dark ; an elongate oval clear streak 
across the middle of the wing from the 1st longitudinal vein to 


* Assuming the identity of ZH. velutina, Walk., with FE. nepalensis, Westw., 
it figures in the British Museum from Nepal, Assam, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, 
Kangra Valley, Darjiling, Simla, and Chin Fu San in West China. 


HRIOCERA, 545 


the 6th, and just proximad of the 2nd submarginal and discal 
cells. Venation normal; four posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein 
beyond the middle of the discal cell. Halteres black. 

Length 12 millim. 

Described from one male from Kurseong, 9.ix.09 (Annandale). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

A distinct and rather handsome species considerably resembling 
my #. plumbicincta owing to the silvery leaden abdominal bands, the- 
yellow legs and the size. It is, however, at once distinguished by 
the dark genitalia, and more readily still by the presence of only 
four posterior cells. 


396. Eriocera bicolor, Macq. 
Limnophila bicolor, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i. p. 66, pl. vii, fig. 2 
(1838). 
ELvvocera bicolor, van der Wulp, Mid.-Sum., Dipt. p. 11, pl. i, figs. 5 
(1892). 

“Head grey. Proboseis brownish; palpi blackish; 1st joint 
narrowed, the remainder moderately thickened. Antenne: 1st 
joint rather long, brownish, the 2nd cyathiform (the remainder 
missing). Thorax brownish grey, with three black almost 
contiguous stripes ; a small round black spot in front of these 
stripes. Abdomen: the first three segments yellowish orange, 
the rest black; ovipositor yellowish, elongate. Legs: femora 
yellowish, with ash-grey dusting (remainder missing). Halteres 
brown. Wings: the two marginal cells divided by a cross-vein ; 
the two submarginal [cells] divided by a longitudinal vein; the 
outer one shorter than the inner one; the 2nd posterior cell 
rather small, with a long petiole ; base of wing, the front margin, 
and a wide transverse band behind the discal cell, yellow; the 
remainder brown. 

“From Bengal (Messrs. Diard and Duvancel), Paris Museum.” 
(Macquart.) 

Van der Wulp, in the Mid-Sumatra Expedition Results, notes 
this species, recording two females from Koetoer, Sumatra, taken 
in June. His specimensare 14 to 17 millim. in length, Macquart’s 
example being only 10 millim. However, this would not preclude the 
two forms being identical. Van der Wulp’s coloured plate of the 
wing shows the species to be allied in this respect to Z. nepalensis, 
Westw., the brown of the wing being lighter in colour.* The. 
venation is very similar, except that the anterior and posterior 
cross-veins are not so nearly ina line, and both lie distinctly before 
the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein. There are, moreover, five 
posterior cells. The transverse stripe is twice as broad, is broader 
on the hind margin, and is yellow and not white. The centres of 
most of the cells are a little paler, a character I have not seen in 
E. nepalensis. Macquart’s reference to the division of the two 
marginal and two submarginal cells is not clear. The subcostal 


6- 


I 


* Possibly due to the fading of the colours, which occurs in some species. 


546 TIPULIDE. 


cross-vein divides the marginal cell into an inner and outer cell, 
the latter the longer one of the two; but even this cross-vein 
is absent in van der Wulp’s coloured figure. The two submarginal 
cells are naturally separated by the lower branch of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein, the upper cell being the shorter. The petiole 
of the 2nd posterior cell is much shorter than the cell. 


397. Eriocera semilimpida, Brun. (Pl. X, fig. 17.) 
Eriocera semilimpida Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vi, p. 311 (1911). 


3. Head wholly black, vertical protuberance with some black 
hairs; antenne black, shortly pubescent; palpi nearly black. 
Thorax shining black, with some dark brown hairs about the sides ; 
mesonotal suture deeply cut ; greyish reflections behind and below 
base of wing; scutellum shining black, with soft black hairs ; 
metanotum shining black. Abdomen: 1st segment livid on basal 
half, remainder black ; next four segments reddish orange, hind 
borders a little darker, that of 5th blackish; rest of abdomen 
black, including the genitalia, which are of moderate size, the only 
obvious parts being a tolerably large pair of claspers. Belly 
mainly as dorsum, Ist segment all black, 2nd black except at 
base. .Legs wholly black, shortly pubescent. Wings dark grey, 
slightly tinged with yellowish ; costal cell, 5th longitudinal vein, 
and distal part of wing from about the inner side of discal cell, 
rather dark brown, the colour extending not quite so far 
proximally into the marginal and 5th posterior cells; hind basal 
corner of wing more or less brown. Inner cross-vein placed soon 
after origin of 3rd vein, and before fork of 2nd; branches of 2nd 
rather close together, fork of upper branch occurring before one- 
fourth the length of that branch; discal cell 6-sided ; upper 
branch of 4th vein forked near tip, making five posterior cells; 
the three veinlets from the discal cell equidistant; outer cross- 
vein just beyond middle of discal cell. Halteres black. 

Length 12 millim. . 

Described from one male in the Pusa collection, taken in the 
Khasi Hills, ix. 1906, and a second specimen from Nongpoh, 
Assam, vi. 06. 

Type and second example in the Pusa collection. 

This species bears close general resemblance to ZH. bicolor, 
Macq., but there are several quite good points of difference 
between them. In £. semilimpida the head is black, not 
ereyish; the thorax shining black unmarked, not brownish 
grey with three black bands and some small spots; the basal 
segment of the abdomen is black, not orange; the coxe 
black, not tawny ; the costa dark brown throughout its length, 
not clear on the whole proximal half, as distinctly mentioned by 
Macquart and illustrated in his plate; and the whole proximal 
two-thirds of the wing (apart from the costa) in.my species is 
pale grey, whereas in &, bicolor the whole wing is brown, with a 
broad clear median band, and a narrower one at the base. The 
venation is identical in the two species. 


ERIOCERA, 54 


“I 


598. Eriocera tuberculifera, Hdw. 


Eriocera tuberculifera, Edwards, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii, 
p- 66 (July 1911). 

Q. “ Head orange yellow. Front with a pair of very prominent 
tubercles just above the antennz, and above these with a smaller 
median tubercle. Antenne with the basal half ochreous yellow, 
the apical half dark fuscous. Thoraa fuscous brown; mesonotum 
yellow in front, the yellow colour not extending as far back as the 
suture. Abdomen orange ochreous, with a dark lateral line. Legs 
uniform ochreous. Wings uniform ochreous brown, very like 
those of the preceding species.” * (Hdwards.) 

Length 14-17 millim. (without ovipositor) ; of wing 14-17 millim. 

Described from two females at Pundaluoya, Ceylon (£. E. Green), 
taken in Nov. 1888 (type) and July 1889. 

Type in the British Museum. 


399. Eriocera albonotata, Zw. 


Limnolia albonotata, Loew, in Peters’ Naturwiss. Reise nach 
Mozambique, Zool. v (Insecten) (1862), 


3 Q. “Head black; rostrum, palpi, and antennal scapus 
brown ; flagellum yellowish; thorax black or deep brown (in the 
female specimen); halteres brown. Legs brownish yellow ; coxe 
black ; tip of femora, extreme tip of tibiee and the tarsi (especially 
at the tips of the joints) brown. Abdomen: 1st segment black or 
brown; the two (@) or three (¢) following segments yellow, 
with a more or less black line along the lateral edge of the 
segments; the rest black; in the female the ovipositor and the 
segment bearing it are ferruginous. Wings of a rather uniform 
brown, slightly paler in the axillary and spurious cells; (in the 
male specimen the centre of nearly all the cells is a little paler); 
a small white drop near the margin of the wing, between the tips 
of the Ist and 2nd veins; a similar drop, but much smaller, 
between the tips of the two branches of the second vein; an 
almost semicircular spot, just below the apex of the wing; on the 
margin at the distal ends of the second submarginal and of the 
first posterior cells; four posterior cells. 

* Length 19-20 millim. 

‘Hab. Ceylon: 3; Peradeniya, Oct. 10 (Mr. A. Humbert) ; 
Q, Cannia, near Trincomalie, July 30. Two specimens, ¢ 9, 
Museum of Geneva. 

“Two specimens from Ceylon in the Berlin Museum (Nietner) 
agree with the above description exactly, except that the abdomen 
is of a uniform colour, deep black in one specimen, brown in the 
other ; I suppose it is merely a variety.” (Osten Sacken.) 

From a male and female in the Indian Museum the following 
notes are drawn up :— 


* FH. scutellata, Edwards. 
2N 


048 TIPULID &. 


Length 17 millim. (+3 mm. ovipositor in female). Head blackish 
grey, trons forming one-third the width of the head, moderately 
prominent ; palpi black. Antennal scape black, 2nd joint very 
short, flagellum reddish yellow each of the first two joints about 
as long as the Ist scapal joint, the four remaining joints shorter. 
Thorax wholly deep black. Abdomen mainly black, flattened, 
considerably widened towards, but not actually at, ae tip; 2nd 
and 3rd segments (gd ¢ ) bright lemon-vellow, Ath yellow, with 
narrow posterior black border (3) or mainly yellowish about its 
dorsum (2); rest of dorsum black, except that in the male the 
base of the 5th segment is a little yellowish ; a very narrow black 
line along the sides of the two yellow segments, which are also 
wholly yellow on the underside; rest of belly black. Ovipositor 
black at base, rest reddish yellow ; upper valves much the longer. 
Legs with coxe black, femora and tibie brownish yellow, both 
with a very narrow black apical ring; tarsi black. Wings dark 
brown; a small semicircular white spot over tip of 3rd vein; a 
much smaller one towards tips of both marginal and 1st sub- 
marginal cells, the latter one very minute. Posterior cross-vein 
nearly at the end of the discal cell in one wing and exactly in a 
line with its base in the other. 

The two specimens from Maskeliva, Ceylon (2. H. Green), 


400. Eriocera testacea, sp. nov. 


2. This species, although differing from £. tenuis in general 
appearance, is dificult to differentiate in detail from it, and as it 
was taken in the same locality and month by the same collector, 
it may possibly be the female of that species. The antennal 
flagellum is pale yellow ; the thorax is black, more dusted with 
grey at the sides; the scutellam and metanotum grey. The Ist 
abdominal segment is black, the remainder brownish, the tip 
blackish, the ovipositor reddish brown. ‘The legs as in E. tenuis, 
but paler yellow. The wings colfee-brown ; the venation identical, 
but no apical white spot, and the centres of most of the cells on 
the posterior half of the wing are rather clearer. 

Length 24 millim. to tip of ovipositor. 

One female in the Indian Museum from the Nilgiri Hills, 

1910 (H. L. Andrewes). 


vs Vrs) ee 7 


RHYPHIDE. 549 


. 


Family RHYPHID. 


Flies of moderate size, or small, with an appearance partaking 
of that of the Trputip®, as well as of the MycreropHinips”. 
Head hemispherical, eyes rounded, contiguous in male and wide 
apart in female (in Léyphus); in one genus * the frons is wide in 
both the sexes. Ocelli present. Proboscis moderately prominent 
(Rhyphus) or hardly at all prominent (Olbiogaster) ; labella small. 
Palpi 4-jointed, rather long (Athyphus), or short (Olbcogaster). 
Antenne about as long as ‘the thor ax, 16-jointed, the two basal 
joints differentiated ; the flagellum in Zthyphus composed of com- 
pact annular or cylindrical joints placed rather closely together. 
whilst in Olbiogaster, a Mexican genus, the flagellar joints in the 
male are filiform. Zhorax without transverse suture, oval, arched ; 
scutellum transverse, moderate in size ; metanotum well developed. 
Abdomen flattened, cylindrical, seven-segmented ; genital organs 
hardly prominent. Zegs moderately long and slender; tibie 
without terminal spurs, or the hind pair sometimes with minute 
ones; pulvilli absent, empodium pulvillitorm. Wings compara- 
tively large and broad, folded over the abdomen, when in repose ; 
in most species they are faintly marmorated or marked with pale 
grey and darker brown spots and short bands. Auxiliary vein 
present ; 2nd longitudinal vein simple, discal cell always present ; 
4th vein with both its upper and lower branches forked; 5th, 6th 
and 7th veins distinct, long, the latter moderately abbreviated. 

The family is represented i in Europe, North and South America, 
West Africa, the Orient, Tasmania and New Zealand. 

The RuypHip®, as compared with the other families of 
NEMATOCERA, except many TrpuLiIp®, are distinguished by the 
presence of the discal celi in the wings; the Trpunrp#, in which 
it is normally and generally present, being the only other family 
in this suborder possessing it. In addition the present family 
has a pecaliar venation, which in some respects appears as if it 
were related to that of the Leprip®, amongst the Brachycara. 
The resemblance is further heightened by an apparent affinity 
between the antennz of Rhyphus and those of one or two genera 
of Luprip®, Xylophagus for example; but the student may at 
once distinguish between the two by the shape of the anal cell, 
which in RUYPHIDa is wider towards the posterior margin, whereas 
in Lyprip# it is much narrowed distally or actually closed. 


* Olbiogaster, Os. Sac., a non-Oriental genus, to which is allied a very 
‘similar one, Lobogaster; these three genera comprising the whole of the 
Ruyrnip2. 

2N 2 


550 RHYPHID2®. 


Genus RHYPHUS, Latr. 


Sylvicola, Harris, Expos. Engl. Ins. p. 104 (1776). 
Anisopus, Meigen, Ilig. Mag. ii, p. 264 (1803). 
Rhyphus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. xiv, p. 291 (1804). 


Gunotyex, Tipula fenestralis, Scop. 

Head nearly hemispherical. Eyes large, bare, nearly round ; 
contiguous in the male, widely separated in the female. Ocelli 
distinctly present. Proboscis moderately prominent, with small 
labella; palpi rather long, four-jointed, the 2nd joint the longest 
and broadest. Antennz about as long as the thorax, 16-jointed ; 
the two basal or scapal joints differentiated ; those of the flagellum 
cylindrical, moderately short, placed rather closely together, 
shortly pubescent. Thoraw arched, oval, with but little pubescence. 
Seutellum semicircular, short and broad; metanotum well de- 
veloped. Abdomen somewhat flattened, subcylindrical, of seven 
segments. Genitalia hardly prominent. Legs slender but com- 
paratively long, nearly bare, unspined ; tibise without apical spurs, 
or at most the hind pair with very small ones; metatarsus 
lengthened, empodia pad-like, pulvilli absent. Wings compara- 
tively large and broad, folded over the abdomen in repose. 
Auxiliary vein ending about the middle of the wing; the 1st and 
2nd longitudinal veins both ending at short distances beyond, all 
terminating in the costa, the 1st nearly parallel to the auxiliary, 
the 2nd trisinuate, originating some distance before the middle of 
the wing (in 2. maculipennis, Wulp, only very shortly before the 
middle); the 3rd vein emerges from the 2nd at a little beyond 
the base, being gently bisinuate or nearly straight and ending at 
or before the tip of the wing; anterior cross-vein very short but 
distinct, always above the middle of the discal cell; the 4th vein 
with both branches forked, the upper one at the outer corner of 
the diseal cell, the lower branch at or before the middle of that 
cell, which latter is six-sided; the cell twice or three times as 
long as wide, the four endings of the 4th longitudinal vein gently 
divergent or parallel; the 5th vein sinuate beyond the posterior 
eross-vein which is always placed just beyond the fork of the lower 
branch of the 4th vein; 6th vein gently curved or nearly straight ; 
7th rather short, nearly straight. 

Life-history. The works of Réaumur,* Latreille and Dufour T 
may be consulted on this subject, and especially that of the more 
recent writer Perris,t who describes the larva and pupa of 
R. fenestralis, Scop. 

The larva lives in decomposing damp vegetable matter and is 
about 10 millim. long (Dufour said 14 to 15), apodal, cylindrical, 
smooth and shining dirty white in colour. It isof thirteen segments, 


* Mémoires pour serv. 4 l’hist. des insectes (1734-42). 
+ Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) vii, p. 195, pl. vii, pt. 3, figs. 1-7 (1849). 
t Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4) x, p. 190, pl. ii, figs. 54-61 (1870). 


RHYPHUS. ao 


sccording to Dufour, but Perris illustrates fifteen, those three 
following the head being regarded as thoracic segments. ‘These 
latter are ornamented by four elongated black marks on each, 
longitudinally placed (Perris does not show them). The head is 
bluntly oval, horny, ferruginous, possessing on each side a thick 
blunt projection bearing a minute one-joited antenna. A pair 
of two-jointed elongate palpi, a middle lip-like piece below the 
somewhat projecting centre of the anterior border of the head, and 
a pair of small palp-like organs outside of the palp, complete 
the head appendages. ‘Two small black eye-spots on the dorsum 
of the head. 

The larva emerges from its food-bed to pupate, fixing itself to 
something for the purpose. The pupa is 1U millim. long, bare, 
obvolute, elongate subeylindrical, reddish in colour, with rows ot 
short bristles around the segments. A broad thoracic portion, 
of which the anterior third is depressed, forming the head, which 
is flattened considerably and bears below a radiating circle of stiff 
hairs. <A large ear-like projection on each side of the thoracic 
section. Dufour gives good figures of the pupa. 

The perfect insects are found generally distributed, one species, 
Rh. fenestralis, being fairly common, though rarely abundant, on 
the windows in houses in Europe and North America. Other 
species are sylvan and perform aerial dances under trees by the 
side of roads in woody regions. 

No less than six species of Rhyphus from the East have come 
before me, including tle only one previously recorded (22. maculi- 
pennis, Wulp); a European species, 2. punctatus, F., about the 
identification of which there can be little doubt ; and also a variety 
of the common Huropean fenestralis, Scop. 

All these forms are rather easily separated by the following 
characters :— 


Table of Species. 


1. Antenne conspicuously vari-coloured. 2. 
Antennze wholly, black ©. ...7.,.....:. 5+. 3. 
2. Subapical clear spot in wing (at tip of 
2nd longitudinal vein} elongated, 
and entirety Clear Fs ee ws vin oes maculipennis, Wulp, p. 552. 
The above spot nearly circular, and 
enclosing a distinct round dark spot. pulchricornis, Brun., p. 553. 
3. Thorax bluish ash-grey with chocolate- 


Cefa} fo Fi s00 fine | se ee a er 4, 
Thorax yellow, or brownish yellow, 
with reddish brown stripes ........ 5. 


4. Wing more deeply and extensively 

marked; distinct blackish spot at 
tip, whole distal margin more or { Brun., p. 554, 
less light blackish grey .......... fenestralis, Scop., var. indicus, 

Wing much less deeply marked, and 

quite clear on distal portion, beyond 

the cross-veins ; no apical spot what- 


Gye RHYPHIDZ. 


5, Costa darker, towards tip of wing 
showing distinctly a quite clear 
square ‘spot, only descending to the 
ord longitudinal vein, with a smaller 
contiguous spot below; a distinct, 
narrow brown streak beyond pos- 
terior cross-vein ; distal part of wing 
below 5rd longitudinal nearly clear, 
with posterior veins very ‘lightly 
SUTRUS OG iets ott arte IN EA 6 Fok jose o 10 distinctus, Brun., p. 556. 

Costa much lighter, showing towards 
tip of wing only one, much less clear, 
oval spot, always descending below 
srd longitudinal vein, without any 
second spot adjacent; no brown 
streak outside posterior cross-vein; 
distal part of wing below 3rd. longi- 
tudinal very slightly darker grey, 
and this towards the margin only, 
the posterior veins not individually 
LUI ATISTOIOR eas Sin) 6 a. a divisus, Brun., p. 557. 


401. Rhyphus maculipennis, Wulp. (Pl. XII, fig. 1.) 


Rhyphus maculipennis, van der Wulp, Notes ars Mus. vii, p. 14 
(1885); id., Tijd. Ent. xxviii, p. 87, pl. iv, fig. 9, and op, cit, 
XXXVIll, p. 41, pl. ii, fig. 8. 


3 2. Head brownish yellow; ocellar triangle dark brown; a 
narrow line extending from it nearly to the base of the antennee. 
Frons with a few black hairs on vertex, and pale yellow hairs 
below; a small brown spot on the face between the base of the 
antenne and the eye-margin. Antenne vari-coloured; scape 
and basal half of flagellum brownish yellow, more or less marked 
with brown, at least on the upperside; 7th and 8th joints 
blackish, 9th and 10th pale yellowish white, 11th to 14th black, 
apical joint yellowish. Proboscis dark brown; palpi brownish 
yellow. Thorax yellowish with some pale yellow hairs and with 
three dark brown stripes of the usual pattern, the median one 
attaining the anterior margin ; an indistinct and irregular narrow 
brown streak along the edge of the dorsum. Scutellum brownish. 
Abdomen pale yellowish, with a black posterior border to each 
segment, narrow on the Ist and 2nd, half the width of the 3rd 
segment and nearly filling the dorsum of each of the remaining 
segments : a little pale ‘pubescence on the abdomen. Belly 
practically the same as the upperside. Legs yellowish; tips of 
femorasand tibie, and the major part of the tarsi brown or 
brownish. Wings pale grey, beset with very small but distinct 
short hairs; three moderately wide brown bands from the cesta, 
the first ending at the discal cell, the third apical, the second 
intermediate between the two; the second and third fading away 
at about the same distance from the costa as the first ; costal cell 
a little yellowish, as is also the base of the 1st basal cell ; ; a short 


RHYPHUS,. 553 


brown band across the middle of this cell; the borders of the 
discal cell and the 5th longitudinal vein narrowly suffused with 
brown. The veins appear generally liable to a slight suffusion, 
and the hinder part of the wing is a little darker grey distally. 
Halteres yellowish with brown tips. 

Length 33 millim. 

Described from a female in the Indian Museum collection, 
dated 30, vii. 10 (no locality given, but probably Assam), and one 
in my own collection from Peradeniya, Ceylon, xii. 07; in the 
former specimen both the hind legs are missing. 

The wing agrees perfectly with van der Wulp’s plate. The 
antenne and abdomen in his type specimen were injured and he 
described the male only. Of the antenne, the first three joints 
(not two, as he says*) are yellow, joints 4 to 8 yellow with 
brownish marks, or wholly brownish, 9 and 10 quite black, 11 
and 12 yellowish white, 13 to 16 quite black, the 16th with a short 
white style. The two basal abdominal segments are mainly dirty 
yellow, with black posterior borders, the remainder being brownish 
yellow with broadly black borders; the apical segments wholly 
blackish. Belly similar. The palpi are black. Wulp described 
his male from Java. 


402. Rhyphus pulchricornis, Brun. (Pl. XII, fig. 2.) 
Rhyphus pulchricornis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 260 (1911). 


Q. Head: frons fully one-third width of head, reddish yellow, 
bare; vertex with a few hairs; ocellar triangle small, black, 
isolated. Antennz long, 16-jointed, variegated, the joints mostly 
reddish yellow and black, with a short white style and two or 
three bristles at the apex; joints 1, 2, 3 reddish yellow; 4, 5 
quite black ; 6, 7, 8 reddish yellow; 9, 10 black; 11, 12 brownish 
yellow; 13 to 16 black; the appearance of the antenna sug- 
gesting that it is liable to variation. Palpi bright reddish yellow, 
with a few bristles; proboscis very short, yellow. Thoraw yel- 
lowish, with three wide, dark, soft reddish-brown stripes; sides 
yellow, with black streaks ; some bristles on the dorsum. Scutel- 
lum yellow, with a few bristles. Abdomen brownish yellow, blackish 
towards tip, posterior borders of basal segments widely black. 
Belly apparently concolorous. Legs brownish yellow, minutely 
pubescent; tips of the femora, of the tibie, and of the tarsal 
joints blackish. Wings pale grey; anterior border a little yel- 
Jowish on the basal half ; posterior border pale blackish, shghtly 
deeper at tip; a dark irregular band from the costa, reaching to 
the discal cell, and another, of about equal width, placed between 
the first and the infuscated wing-tip ; the clear space immediately 
adjoining the infuscated wing-tip encloses a pale blackish oblong 
spot placed lengthwise on the costa; outer side of the discal cell 
with a black suffusion ; a black round spot in the 1st basal cell ; 


* Quite possibly a variable character. 


554 RHYPHID#®. 


posterior cross-vein and the anal vein narrowly suffused with 
black. Halteres pale yellowish brown. 

Length 34 millim. 

Described from a specimen in good condition in the Indian 
Museum collection, from Siliguri, 18-20, vii. 07. 

This species is very near £2. maculipennis, Wulp, but I believe 
it is quite distinct, differing in the wing marks and in the wholly 
yellowish hind femora, these joints in Wulp’s species having a 
black ring in the middle. The palpi, too, in Wulp’s species are 
blackish, and the thorax is described as yellow with black stripes. 


403. Rhyphus fenestralis, Scop. var. indicus, Brun. (Pl. XII, 
fig. 4.) 


Rhyphus fenestralis, var. indicus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, 

p. 261 (1911). 
References to typical form. 

Tipula fenestralis, Scopoli, Entom. Carn. p. 322 (1763). 

Sylvicola brevis, Harris, Expos. Engl. Ins. p. 104, pl. xxxi, fig. 3 
(1776). 

Anisopus nebulosus, Meigen, Klass. i, p. 103, Q (1804). 

Rhyphus fenestralis, Schiner, Fauna Austr., Dipt. ii, p. 495 (1864).* 


3 Q. Head dusted with light grey. yes in male quite con- 
tiguous for a considerable distance, in female separated by a frons 
about one-fourth to one-fifth the width of the head ; ocelli placed 
on a small protuberance ; proboscis and palpi blackish brown. 
Antenne black. Zhoraw pale bluish ash-grey, varying to yellowish 
grey, with three chocolate-coloured stripes of the usual pattern, 
the median one attaining the anterior margin; sides of thorax 
concolorous, with a more or less distinct brownish line from 
the base of the wing to below the shoulder. Seutellum yellowish, 
more or less dusted with grey ; metanotum dusted with grey or 
bluish grey. Abdomen dark brown, with pale yellow pubescence, 
posterior borders of segments narrowly yellowish, often the whole 
abdomen blackish, but in most specimens the basal segment quite 
pale. Belly yellowish. Legs yellow, posterior femora and tibiz 
narrowly black at tips, hind femora otten with a broad brownish 
more or less distinct band in the middle; tarsi blackish towards 
tips. Wangs nearly clear; stigma dark brown (or black in life), 
enciosed vy the turned-up tip of the 2nd longitudinal vein; the 
apical (more correctly, subapical) spot encloses the 3rd vein just 
before its tip, and above this vein the spot reaches the wing- 
border, but below the vein the spot ends abruptly a little way 
before the wing-border.t The wing is dark brown, narrowly 


* For full references to this frequently described species, see Katalog. Dipt. 
i, p. 305. 

t+ In some specimens the spot is roughly triangular, as in typical fenestralis, 
which serves to prove that the present form is more likely to be a variety only 
than a distinct species. 


RHYPHUS. 5de 


infuscated over the 2nd longitudinal vein just beyond the preefurea, 
on the base of the 3rd vein, on the anterior and posterior cross- 
veins, and on the outer side of the discal cell; whilst very pale 
brownish infuscations of larger extent occur below the stigma, 
contiguous to it, more or less over the middle porticns of the 
longitudinal veins from the 4th, more conspicuous on the two 
upper branches of this vein, and on the two branches of the 5th. 
Halteres pale yellowish. 

Length 4—5 willim. 

Described from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum from Simla, 7000 ft., 24.1v.07 and 10. v. 09, and Matiana, 
Simla district, 8000 ft., 28-30.iv.07 (both Annandale); Darji- 
ling, 5-9. villi. 09 (Paiva); Kurseong, xi.1910 (D’Abrew); also 
from Ukhrul, Manipur, Assam, 6400 ft. (Pettigrew). 

The main difference in this variety, which I am almost inclined 
to rank as a separate species,* from typical fenestralis is the colour 
of the thorax, with its stripes, and the wing-markings. The apical 
wing-spot in fenestralis (typical) (Pl. XII, fig. 3) is brownish, its 
inner sides forming a right angle, and at the edge of the wing the 
spot extends distinctly below the 3rd longitudinal vein; whereas 
in indicus (in life) it is much blacker,r the edge is much more 
clearly cut, and the distal half of the spot does not extend below 
the 3rd longitudinal vein, although above this vein it reaches the 
wing-tip as usual, so that the inner sides of this spot do not 
form a right angle, but are irregular. 


404. Rhyphus punctatus, /. (Pl. XU, fig. 5.) 


? Musca nigricans, Linnzeus, Fauna Suec. ed. ii, p. 553 (1761). 
Rhagio punctatus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii, p. 333 (1787). 
Musca bilineata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. v, p. 2866 (1792). 
Anisopus nebulosus, Meigen, Klass. i, p. 103, pl. vi, fig. 5, ¢ (1804). 
Scrara punctata, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 59 (1805). 
Rhyphus marginatus, Say, Jour. Acad. Sci. Philad. iii, p. 27 (1822), 
and Compl. Wiit. ii, p. 50 (1859); Weidemann, Auss. Zweifl. 
i, p. 82 (1828). 
Rhyphus punctatus, Schiner, Faun, Austr., Dipt. ii, p. 495 (1864). 
3 2. Head: vertex blackish grey, with a few bristles. Pro- 
boseis and palpi blackish brown. Antenne black, extreme tips of 
scapal joints slightly whitish. Z'horaa moderately light grey, 
with pale hairs; the usual three dorsal dark stripes, the outer 
ones considerably shorter, the median one attaining the anterior 
margin; the hinder part below the dorsum yellowish; scutellum 
grey. Abdomen moderately dark brown, with rather numerous 
yellow hairs; hind margins of segments pale yellowish. Belly 


* The comparison was made between the set of Indian examples mentioned, 
about twenty in number, and a number of European female specimens in the 
Indian Museum, and my own collection from England, Wales, Scotland, and 
Austria. ‘ 

t The colour fades to brown in specimens a year or more old, and perhaps 
this is the case with most species of Rhyphus. 


556 RHYPHID®. 


similarly marked; the lateral edges of the segments with a 
narrow yellow stripe. Wings pale grey, nearly clear; stigma 
dark brown, distinct, a slight brownish streak below it; a small 
deep blackish-brown longitudinal streak below the auxiliary vein, 
near its tip, the colour continued in diminishing intensity across 
the tip of the 1st basal cell; a brownish spot at about the middle 
of the 1st basal cell; the “ cross-veins ” are a little darkened and 
thickened. Halteres pale yellow. 

Length 4 millim. 

Redescribed from specimens in the Indian Museum, which in- 
clude three females from Kurseong, 9-26. ix. 09 (Lynch, Annan- 
dale); also from a male and female from Burley in Wharfdale, 
England, vii. 1900, and a female from Morningside, near Edin- 
burgh, 19. ix. 94 (P. H. Grimshaw). 

The species is moderately common throughout Europe, and 
occurs also in North America (Virginia), where it is said to have 
been bred from cow-dung.* 

Type. The location of this is unknown to me. 


405. Rhyphus distinctus, Brun. (Pl. XU, fig. 6.) 
Rhyphus distinctus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 262 (1911). 


3 9. Head: eyes absolutely contiguous in male from the con- 
spicuously raised ocellar triangle, which occupies the whole vertex, 
almost to the base of the autenne; underside of head blackish 
erey. rons in female one-fourth the width of the head, and, 
with vertex and face, whitish grey; underside of head somewhat 
yellowish. Antenne wholly black, with a little short grey 
pubescence, tips of both scapal joints sometimes narrowly brown- 
ish yellow ; palpi black. Back of head with some soft long hairs ; 
proboscis yellowish. Thoraxv brownish yellow, with three mode- 
rately broad, somewhat reddish brown stripes, the outer ones 
extending from just below the anterior margin nearly to the 
posterior one; the middle stripe extends from the anterior mar ein 
nearly to the scutellum, tapering gradually, often narrowly divided 
in front; there is also a small unicolorous transverse mark just 
below each shoulder. A dorso-central row of stiff hairs, gradually 
diminishing in length, extends from the posterior margin forwards, 
thence curving towards and over the humeral sw allings - ; a lateral 
row of six or seven long stiff hairs above each wing ,and some post- 
alar ones. Seutellum brownish yellow, witha beaad median brown 
band, and the extreme edges brown; metanotum shining dark 
brown. Abdomen dark reddish brown, with a moderate amount 
of soft short yellow hair; hind margins ‘of segments more or less 
narrowly yellowish, sometimes the posterior corners also; basal 
segment sometimes lighter coloured. Belly vellowish, with more 
or less dark markings; genitalia inconspicuous. Legs light brown- 
ish yellow ; tarsi dark; extreme tips of posterior femora black ; 


* Howard, Canad. Ent. xxxiii, p. 43. 


RHYPHUS. 557 


there is generally a more or less distinct broad irregular blackish 
band occupying about the middle third of the hind femora, and 
the hind tibiz are more or less blackish for some distance at both 
base and tips; legs minutely pubescent. Wangs very pale grey, 
with brownish markings; the cross-veins rather deeply but nar- 
rowly brown, whilst moderately dark brownish markings occur as 
follows :—a square mark in the middle of the upper basal cell; a 
well-defined brown streak from the middle of the costa, narrowing 
eradually, passing between the above-mentioned square mark and 
the anterior cross-vein, crossing the base of the discal cell and 
continuing narrowly along the 5th longitudinal vein; a broader, 
also well-defined, stripe from the costa (narrowing hindwards) 
passing clear of the posterior. cross-vein, terminating at the 
upper fork of the lower branch of the 4th longitudinal. The tip 
of the wing down to the 8rd longitudinal vein is brown, leaving 
in front of it a distinct square-shaped, quite clear spot, touching 
the costa and contiguous to the previously described stripe. It 
may be described differently by saying that the whole of the costa 
is brownish, deepening towards the tip, with a quite clear square 
spot placed just touching the tip of the 2nd longitudinal vein, 
extending from the costa to the 3rd longitudinal. The distal part 
of the wing, from below the 3rd longitudinal down to a little 
beyond the lowest branch of the 4th, is light brownish grey, 
leaving a clearer streak across the Ist, : 2nd, and 3rd posterior cells, 
just before their centres and nila below, but a little previous 
to, the clear square costal spot. Nearly below this latter spot, 
but a little beyond it, yet just touching it in the Ist posterior 
cell, is a nearly upright, oblong, quite ‘clear spot, on the outer 
side of which the brown colour is distinctly deeper for a very 
small space. The 6th longitudinal vein is very narrowly and not 
deeply suffused. Halteres. yellowish. 

Length 3-4 millim. 

Described from a number of both sexes from Darjiling, 7000 ft., 
5-8. vin. 09 (Paiva), and a female from Kurseong, 2000 ft. below 
Darjiling, 4.1x. 09 (Annandale). I have also seen a specimen from 
Kowpati, Mangaldai, Assam, 12. xii. 10 (Kemp). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


406. Rhyphus divisus, Brun. (Pl. XII, fig. 7.) 
Rhyphus divisus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iv, p. 268 (1911). 


3 2. This species considerably resembles £. distinctus, but 
differs in some minor characters, and very essentially in the wing 
markings. The row of stiff hairs behind the eyes and across the 
vertex is stronger ; the basal abdominal segments in the male are 
more yellowish on their posterior borders, and the middle line on 
the thoracic dorsum is very distinctly divided ; the blackish band 
on the hind femora is confined to the male, whereas in 2. distinetus 
it is sometimes present, though indistinctly, in the female. The 
wing markings are entirely different: on a pale grey ground- 


558 RHYPUID R. 


colour, the cross-veins are deeply but narrowly infuscated, as is 
also the 5th longitudinal vein; the proximal two-thirds of the 
marginal cell is rather deeply blackish, with a slightly paler spot ina 
line with the posterior cross-vein; the distal part of the wing is light 
blackish grey, much deeper at tip just above the 3rd longitudinal 
vein and a little below it, leaving a nearly clear oval spot touching 
the costa, at the tip of the 2nd longitudinal and extending down- 
wards into the 1st posterior cell ; a second, much fainter and more 
irregular clear spot occurs just beyond the posterior cross-vein ; 
the prefurca appears slightly obliterated about its middle. 
Halteres yellow. 

Length 33-5 millim. 

Described from a good series of both sexes in the Indian 
Museum from the following localities :—Darjiling, 7000 ft., 5-12. 
vil. 09 (Jenkins and Paiva, common); Kurseong, 10-26. ix. 09 
(Lynch); Gangtok, Sikkim State, 9.ix.09; also two pairs taken 
wm cop., Darjiling, 5. viii. 09, and Gangtok, 6150 ft., 8.ix.09. An 
apparently immature specimen from Phagu, Simla hills, 12. vy. 09 
(Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

A male and two females, taken at Darjiling in company with 
the others, have the thoracic markings almost obliterated, and the 


Fig. 44.—Rhyphus divisus, Brun., ¢. 


clear parts of the wing more extended, but they apparently belong 


to the same species. 

Of the three species (2. fenestralis, distinetus, and divisus) taken 
by Mr. Paiva at Darjiling in August 1909, he says that some 
were taken on windows and others along the roads of the town, 
where they were hovering in small swarms under the shade of 
the trees, but it would be impossible to say now whether all 
the species occurred in both habitats or not, as at the time of 
collecting identification was impracticable. 


APPENDIX 


Family MYCETOPHILID. 


Subfamily CEROPLATIN &. 


Isoneuromyia rufescens, sp. nov. 


Q@. Very near J. annandalei, Brun. 

This species differs in the following characters: (1) the antenne 
are wholly black, not reddish brown, being a little shorter and 
their tips less pointed ; (2) the palpi (except the brownish yellow 
1st joint) are black, not wholly light brownish yellow; (3) the 
underside of the head is black with very little white tomentum or 
dust, instead of (as in J. annandalet) brownish yellow with 
conspicuous snow-white dust below the antenne for a considerable 
space ; (4) there is much less yellow about the shoulders ; (5) the 
basal half of the anterior femora is black ; (6) the abdomen, after 
the two basal segments, is reddish brown, not black, with only 
traces of pale basal bands on the segments, except on the 2nd 
segment, where the band is tolerably obvious. 

Described from one female in the Indian Museum from Simla 
7000 ft., 20. vii. 11 (Annandale). 

Possibly a variety of I. annandalei, but I think distinct. 


Subfamily MYCETOPHILIN &. 


Genus EURYSCHALIS, gen. nov. 


Gernotypr, Luryschalis spectralis, sp. Nov. 


Near Celosia, Winn., and Phronia, Winn. 

Head rounded, flattened in front, not placed low on the thorax. 
Eyes oval, emarginate at base of antennz ; three ocelli, arranged 
in the form of a flattened triangle, equidistant from one another, 
the outer ones at some distance from the eye margins. Palpi 


560 APPENDIX. 


incurved, four-jointed, cylindrical, slender, the joints approximately 
equal in length. Antenne with very short scapal joints, bead-lke ; 
flagellum long, of fourteen cylindrical pubescent joints, the first one 
distinctly the longest. Thorax highly arched, ovate, with 
moderately strong bristles towards the margins of the dorsum ; 
scutellum small, semicircular; metanotum high. Abdomen six- 
segmented, slender, linear, flattened; genitalia large and prominent. 
Legs long and slender; fore tibize without sete ; posterior tibiz 
with two rows of weak, short, but distinct sete; all tibia with two 
apical spurs of unequal length. Wings reaching to about the tip 
ot the abdomen, oval, normal. Auxiliary vein eee ending in 
costa approximately opposite origin of 3rd vein; Ist longitudinal 
vein long and straight, ending at about two-thirds of the wing ; 
3rd vein beginning near middle of wing at a sharp rectangle, 
thence running straight to the wing-margin, which it reaches 
before the wing-tip and a little before the termination of the costa ; 
anterior cross-vein rather long and oblique; 4th longitudinal vein 
forking a little after origin ‘of 3rd vein, the branches gently 
diverging ; 5th vein forking beyond fork of 4th vein, the peaches 
very widely diverging ; 6th and 7th veins incomplete, not reaching 
more than half-way to the wing-margin, the former close to and 
parallel with the 5th vein, the latter close to and parallel with the 
anal lobe of the wing. 


Euryschalis spectralis, sp. nov. 


g. Head and palpi moderately dark dusky brown, the occiput 
with stiff pale yellow hairs. Antennal scape yellow, the flagellum 
with the two or three basal joints yellowish, the remainder dusky 
brown with whitish grey pubescence. Zhoraw yellowish, with 
three dark brown dorsal stripes of the usual pattern, the median 
one only reaching the anterior margin, and composed of two stripes 
closely attached. Two dorso-central rows ot pale yellow hairs, 
situated between the dorsal stripes, whilst a 3rd row of microscopic 
setie is placed along the middle of the median stripe; strong bristles 
placed laterally on the thoracic margins and two or three bristles 
occur below each shoulder ; three are placed on each hind corner 
of the dorsum, the middle one at the extreme corner, and two 
strong bristles are on the hind margin of the scutellum, which is 
yellow ish, with some smaller ones; metanotum yellow ish, hind 
surface brown. Abdomen yellowish, but dark brown about the 
basal half of each segment, the w hole of the 6th segment brown 
above ; belly more or less similar to upperside. Genitalia large and 
conspicuous, yellowish ; a very large pointed dorsal plate ending 
in a black, apparently horny tip, and a par of large two-jointed 
claspers, the basal joint approximately ovate, the 2nd much smaller, 
more cylindrical but nearly as long; some inner appendages are 
apparent, and the whole of the genital organs are pubescent. 
Legs brownish yellow, knees and tarsi blackish ; sete in accordance 
with the generic characters. Wings pale yellowish grey; an 


_APPENDIX. 561 


indistinct narrow linear infuscation giving the appearance of an 
additional vein, between the 3rd vein and upper branch of the 4th, 
between the two branches of the 4th, and between the lower 
branch of the 4th and the 5th vein ; the apical half of the 5th vein 
before the fork and the whole of its lower branch very narrowly 
but distinctly tinged with dark brown. Halteres yellowish. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from 
Kurseong, 16.iv. 11 (Annandale). 


Family BIBIONID. 


Bibio flavohirta, sp. nov. 


3. Head black ; eyes sparsely and shortly hairy ; back of head 
and underside with black pubescence. Antenne missing, except 
the black scape; palpi black, hairy. Thorax black; dorsum 
shining, with moderately dense dark brown hairs; scutellum similar, 
metanotum bare; sides of thorax with yellowish hairs. Abdomen 
black, rather dull, with rather long and dense yellow hairs on 
dorsum and sides; sparsely hairy on belly except towards tip. 
Genitalia black, normal. Legs shining dark brown with short 
black hairs except on the cox, where the hair is yellow; knees 
pale. Wings grey, anterior part a little darker: costal cell with 
a slight yellowish tinge; stigma distinct, dark brown, oval, of 
moderate size. Veins on posterior half of wing pale yellowish ; 
basal sections of 3rd vein equal in length to the anterior cross-vein. 
Halteres dark brown, with a few pale hairs. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from the 
Darjiling district (Lynch). 


Family SIMULIIDZ. 


Simulium striatum, Brun. 
Simulium striatum, Brunetti, Spol. Zeyl. viii, p. 90 (1912). 


d. Head: frons shining leaden grey, with a few pale hairs, 
face of similar colour; back of head light grey with sparse short 
pale hairs. Antenne blackish, with light grey pubescence, the 
basal segments distinctly yellowish for some little distance, the 


562 APPENDIX. 


whole antenn appearing in certain lights tinged with reddish 
yellow. Proboscis shining reddish yellow, with large oval grey 
hairy labella placed at the base. Palpi long, slender, blackish, the 
1st joint not much thickened. Thorax: dorsum ash-grey, with 
scattered short bright yellow hairs, and three moderately narrow 
black stripes beginning just behind the anterior margin but not 
continued to the posterior one. Viewed from a low angle in 
front the dorsum appears blackish, with four ash-grey stripes of 
which the two outer ones are constricted in the middle on their 
outer edges. Sides of thorax blackish grey, with ash-grey reflec- 
tions on the pleure. Abdomen dull black (apparently denuded 
of pubescence). Legs: coxe and femora yellowish or brownish 
yellow, the latter more or less brown towards the tips, especially 
on the posterior legs. Fore tibie dark brown; posterior tibie 
pale yellowish on basal half, brownish or dark brown on apical 
half, the proportions being variable. ore tarsi black, the meta- 
tarsus, 2nd and 8rd joints large ; middle tarsi brownish yellow at 
the base, the joints very narrowly black-tipped, the last two or 
three joints wholly black, with no undue dilatation of any of the 
joints; hind metatarsus considerably incrassated, pale whitish 
yellow, with black tip, the next joint pale, narrowly black-tipped, 
the remainder black, the joints, except the apical one, dilated. 
Wings colourless, venation normal ; halteres lemon-yellow. 

Length 2 millim. 

Described from five specimens taken by Mr. E. E. Green and 
Mr. Gravely at Peradeniya, 1500-1600 ft., Ceylon, vii. 1911 (type), 
xii. 10 and 2. vi. 10. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

In one specimen the frons is of equal width throughout, in the 
others of triangular form, broad at the vertex and narrowing 
gradually to just above the antenne. This is the case with the 
other species previously described by me, and it may be a question 
of shrinkage, the eyes in most females being much sunken in dried 
specimens. The striped thorax will distinguish this species at 
once from all other Oriental ones. 


Family TIPULID. 


Subfamily TIPULINZ. 


Genus CTENACROSCELIS, Lind. 


Ctenacroscelis, Enderlein, Zool. Jahr. xxxii, p. 1 (1912). 


GxENoTyPE, Ctenacroscelis dohrnianus, End. 
Head: antenne of only twelve joints, the 12th not shortened 
nor club-like, and not bearing at the tip any minute 13th joint. 


APPENDIX, | 563 


Clypeus conically produced as in Zipula. Leys: all the femora 
bear, on the upperside, towards the tip, a transverse row of 
distinct strong comb-like equidistant deep black spines. Wings: 
the Ist longitudinal vein ending in the 2nd longitudinal vein just 
before the latter forks, and not in its short upper branch as in 
Lipula ; the usual small cross-vein (costal cross-vein) between the 
costa and the Ist longitudinal vein (near its tip), present; the 2nd 
longitudinal vein (following its whole course from its base to the 
tip of the lower branch) is conspicuously trisinuate, the lowest 
part of the lower branch being closely approximate to the middle 
of the 3rd vein; the 7th vein much shorter than in Tipula, but 
attaining the wing-margin. Venation otherwise as in Tipula, 

Range. Sumatra, Darjiling. 

The spined femora afford a very clear distinction fron Vipula. 

It has seemed advisable to redescribe this genus, partly because 
Dr. Enderlein adopts the (to me) objectionable Comstock-Needham 
system of venation ; and also because he has mistaken the tip of 
the Ist longitudinal vein for a continuation of the small cross-vein 
connecting that vein with the costa. The Ist longitudinal vein in 
Treutiy® turns down into the 2nd vein, meeting this latter 
usually just beyond the fork, near the base of its upper branch, as 
explicitly stated by Osten Sacken in his Monograph of the North 
American TIPULIDE BREVIPALPI (p. 290). Moreover, Dr. Enderlein 
speaks of the discal cell being “ petiolate,” an expression which 
seems misleading, unless he refers to the petiole of the 2nd 
posterior cell. 


Ctenacroscelis sikkimensis, Mind. 
Ctenacroscelis sikkimensis, Enderlein, Zool. Jahr. xxxii, p. 4 (1912). 


3. * Head clear brownish yellow ; frons more ochraceous, witha 
median impressed line ; the elongate proboscis nearly twice as long 
as the rest of the head. Palpi brown; antenn 12-jointed, clear 
brownish yellow, the first two joints [=the scape] ochraceous, the 
inner side of each scapal joint curved, the outer side straight. 
Antenne 43 millim. long, the head 5 millim. long. Thoraa clear 
ochraceous yellow ; dorsum on anterior half, except at the sides, 
dark greyish brown, with three indistinct yellowish stripes ; at the 
sides of the prothorax a narrow brownish stripe towards the base 
of each wing. Metapleura with a brown spot anteriorly ; pro- 
thorax wholly ochreous. Scutellum very flat, clear. Metanotum 
clear brownish yellow, with a greyish tinge. Abdomen greyish 
brown above, with a median yellowish stripe; belly pale brownish 
yellow. Legs clear brownish yellow, tips of femora brown ; claws 
black, rather strong, with a moderately thick tooth at the base; 
all the other basal joints * somewhat emarginate on underside. 
Wings grey brownish, costal cella little darker ; the space between 


* Presumably exclusive of the ultimate joint. 
20 


564 APPENDIX. 


cu. 1 and cu. 2 [=5th posterior cell] tinged with brown; on 
the pterostigma [stigma] an elongate oval, sharply defined, clear 
brown spot; veins yellowish brown. The veinlet dividing the 4th 
and 5th posterior cells infuscated, together with the discal cell to 
a somewhat greater length than in C. dohrnianus. °° Membrane bare, 
with only a trace of reddish or greyish lustre. 

“ Length of body 303 mm., of wing 37 mm., of fore femur 21 mm., 
of fore tibia 23 mm., of fore tarsus about 34 mm., of hind femur 
242 mm., of hind tibia 244 mm., of hind tarsus 373 mm. 

“Sikkim: Darjeeling, one ¢ (/olle).” (Hnderlein.) 

Type in the Stettin Zoological Museum. 


Dolichopeza postica, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head dark brown to blackish, more or less yellowish 
above and below the antennze, and sometimes the lower part of 
the head yellowish also. Proboscis, palpi, and antenne blackish 
brown, the latter normal, of thirteen joints, the last one very 
minute and not always obvious. Zhorax: dorsum deep black, 
with three shining dark brown stripes of the usual Tipulid pattern, 
nearly contiguous; the median one occupying the.whole anterior 
margin, barely narrowing at the suture; the outer, much shorter 
stripes also reach the suture. These stripes are in some specimens 
nearly black, in others rich shining dark brown. Behind the 
suture the dorsum is concolorous brown, with the sutural depres- 
sions blackish ; the scutellum and metanotum are also concolorous; 
sides of thorax blackish brown. Abdomen blackish, minutely 
pubescent above; belly similar. Genitalia large, dark brown, 
pubescent ; a pair of claspers with a very large basal joint and a 
slender finger-like second joint ; there are also two pairs of slender 
inner hairy yellowish organs. Ovipositor of female normal, smali, 
brownish yellow. Legs wholly moderately dark brown, micro- 
scopically pubescent; tips of femora and tibie blackish. Wings 
dark grey; stigma distinct, oval, blackish brown. The hinder 
branch of the upper branch of the 4th longitudinal vein is forked ; 
the 3rd posterior cell about two and a half times as long as its 
petiole ; posterior cross-vein in a line with origin of 2nd vein. 
Halteres black. 

Length 5-7 millim. 

Described from four males and two females, including the type 
mole and female in cop., from Ghumti, Darjiling district, 6000 ft., 
vil. 1911 (. Hl. Gravely). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

The peculiarity of this species is that instead of the anterior 
veinlet, it is the Ainder veinlet of the antericr branch of the 4th 
vein which is forked. This differentiates it from the other 
Oriental species, D. orientalis, obscura, and infuscata; also from 
D, sylvicola, Curt., of Europe, and at least D. longifurca, Skuse, 
and varipes, Skuse, from Australia. As, however, the rest of the 
venation agrees, and the antenne are peculiarly typical of Doli- 
chopeza, it is impossible to separate it generically. 


APPENDIX. 565 


Dolichopeza infuscata, sp. noy. 


3. Head yellow, with short stiff black hairs towards the sides 
of both frons and occiput. Proboscis yellowish, dark brown at 
tip, palpi dark brown. Scapal joint of antenne pale yellow, with 
a few slender stiff black hairs; flagellum dark brown, of eleven 
joints, the last one very small; pubescence short, whitish, each 
joint with about four long stiff black hairs on upperside. Thoraa: 
brownish yellow, with three not very distinct darker stripes ; 
pleure a little darker ; scutellum and metanotum dusky. Addo- 
men brownish yellow, posterior half (approximately) of segments 
blackish, apical segment and genital organs wholly blackish and 
pubescent. Belly mainly yellowish. Zegs: coxe and femora 
yellowish, blackish towards tips; tibia and tarsi blackish. Wings 
grey. Upper veinlet of anterior branch of 4th longitudinal vein 
forked just before half its length; 4th vein forking immediately 
before the anterior cross-vein ; the 2nd longitudinal vein beginning 
much before the origin of the 3rd vein, the basal part of which is 
in a line with the anterior cross-vein ; posterior cross-vein placed 
at a distance about midway between the origin of the 2nd vein 
and the anterior cross-vein. Stigma brown, oval, at the distal 
end of the inner marginal cell; small but distinct dark suffusions 
over the origin of the 2nd vein, the basal part of the 3rd vein, 
and both the anterior and the posterior cross-veins. Halteres 
dirty black. 

Length 74 millim. 

Described from one male from the Nilgiri Hills, 6000 ft., v. 1911 
(1. L. Andrevwes). 

Lupe in the Indian Museum. 

The four Indian species of Dolichopeza may now be separated 
thus :— 


Anterior branch of upper branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein forked. 


Wings unmarked except for the | orientalis, Brun., p- 304, 
Sle ieee ple Pay See: ON Oa ag me obscura, Brun., p. 355. 
Wings with infuscations on the cross- 
NEMEC Tete tas Rone ts eat ass infuscata, Brun., p. 565. 
Posterior branch of upper branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein forked ........ posticata, Brun., p. 564, 


Subfamily LIMNOBIINA. 


Dicranomyia subtessellata, sp. nov. 


3 2. Wholly blackish grey, the dorsum of the abdominal 
segments with the exception of the sides and posterior borders, 


a little dirty yellowish, the belly also somewhat of the same shade. 
202 


566 APPENDIX, 


Genitalia in both sexes small, reddish yellow. Legs pale brownish 
yellow, femora a little lighter, the tips a little irregularly obscured. 
Wings nearly clear, with a ground-work of very small and ex- 
tremely pale grey spots, mainly circular or roughly quadrate, and 
more or less arranged in longitudinal rows; a few darker spots 
along the costa, a rather larger blackish darkening over the 
marginal cross-vein, contiguous to a small ill-defined stigma, and 
weak, but obvious, slight infuscations over the forks of the veins, 
the “cross” veins (speaking broadly), and the tips of most of 
the veins in the distal part of the wing. Halteres small, pale 
yellow. 

Length 53 millim. 

Described from a unique pair from Pattipola, Ceylon, 6000 ft., 
14. x. 11 (Annandale). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 

This species is distinguished from D. marmortpennis, Brun., by 
the entirely dark sides of the thorax, instead of the conspicuous 
whitish grey sides with a broad dark lateral stripe, as in that 
species. 


Dicranomyia bicinctipes, sp. nov. 


3g. Head brownish yellow, antenns and palpi dark brown. 
Thorax rather more arched than usual, brownish yellow, with a 
pale median line from about the middle of the dorsum, carried 
continuously across the scutellum to the rear of the meta- 
notum. Sides and underside of thorax pale whitish yellow, a 
brown stripe between and across the anterior coxe. Abdomen 
dark brown, the posterior part of many of the segments paler. 
Belly wholly whitish yellow; genitalia brown, apparently of 
normal structure. Legs pale brownish yellow, tips of femora and 
two narrow rings on the tibie, black; these rings situated just 
before the first and second thirds respectively ; tarsi snow-white ; 
tibie becoming white towards and at their tips. Wings cuneiform, 
pale grey, iridescent. Auxiliary vein endingabout half-way between 
the origins of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins ; stigma large, 
oval, black, well defined; discal cell absent ; upper branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein forked at one-third of its length, the veinlets 
parallel ; posterior cross-vein in a line with the base of the 3rd 
posterior cell; the endings of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th longitudinal 
veins approximately parallel. Halteres dirty yellow, tips darker. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from three males in the Indian Museum from 
«Thingannyinaung to Sukli,” Dawna Hills, 900-2100 ft., 
23-27. xi. 11 (Gravely). 

his species belongs to what may be termed the saltans group ; 
those with cuneiform wings and snow-white tarsi, the Zhrypti- 
comyia of Skuse. 


APPENDIX. 567 


Dicranomyia columbina, sp. nov. 


@. Head: eyes almost contiguous; occiput and frons grey, 
antenne also; palpi more or less blackish.  Zhoraw brownish 
grey, apparently variable in shade; a wide median stripe from 
anterior margin, of varying intensity; two shorter adjacent but 
not contiguous side stripes, of less distinctness, and a large more 
or less dark oval ‘Spot on each side behind the transverse ‘suture ; ; 
the depressions in the dorsum pale yellowish. Abdomen blackish 
or dark brown, ovipositor reddish yellow. Legs brownish yellow ; 
femora and tibia barely darkened towards the tips, knees pale, 
tips of tarsi darker. Wangs very pale grey ; subcostal cell a little 
yellowish; the 1st longitudinal vein yellowish, with four very 
narrow but distinct black marks, placed approximately equl- 
distantly : : the first over the hamnall cross-vein, the fourth over the 
origin of the 2nd vein; there is a fifth, at the tip of the auxiliary 
vein, the base of the 3rd vein also being just perceptibly ae 
cated. Venation normal ; halteres brow nish yellow. 

Length 55 millim. 

sees from three females from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 

2. vii. 10 (type), 7.1.10 and 3. x. 10 (. E. Green). 

ae in the Indian Museum. 

This species is closely allied to D. subfascipennis, Brun., and 
punctulata, Mei}. 


Dicranomyia approximata, sp. nov. 


Q. Head: dark grey, antennz brownish yellow, palpi blackish. 
Thorax : dorsum rather bright shining yellowish, bare; scutellum 
and metanotum concolorous ; sides. pale yellowish. Abdomen 
moderately dark brown, practically bare, emarginations of 
segments a little darker ; belly pale yellowish. Ovipositor large, 
basal part pale yellowish, upper pair of valves brown, lower pair 
black at base, tips reddish yellow. Legs long ; femora brownish 
yellow, with blackish tips; tibie and tarsi darker brown. Wi ings 
pale yellowish grey, vitreous ; stigma distinctly brownish, of 
moderate size, but not sharpiy defined. Auxiliary vein ending a 
little beyond origin of 2nd longitudinal vein. Venation normal ; 
halteres small and slender, black. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from a single male in the Indian Museum from 
Ghumti, Darjiling district, 4000 ft., vii. 1911 (F. H. Gravely). 

This species comes near D. cinerascens, Brun., being dis- 
tinguished by the entirely yellow (not grey) ‘thorax : ” by the more 
yellowish femora; and by the auxiliary vein ending distinctly 
some little distance beyond the origin of the 2nd longitudinal 
vein, whilst in cinerascens it ends exactly opposite the origin of the 
2nd vein. There is also no suspicion of the slightest infuscation 
over any of the veins, whereas’ in cinerascens there is often a 
tendency to this. 


568 APPDNDIX, 


Dicranomyia innocens, sp. nov. 


3 9. Head: occiput and the moderately narrow frons light 
erey, with some stiff black hairs. Antenne normal, moderately 
dark brown; palpi dark. YVhoraa dark brownish, mainly covered 
with microscopic yellowish hairs. Scutellum brownish yellow, 
metanotum blackish, both with microscopic yellowish hairs as on 
dorsum and sides of thorax. Abdomen blackish, the dorsum of 
many of the segments with a tendency to paleness in their centres ; 
some whitish hairs towards sides; belly similar to dorsum in male, 
pale on basal half in female. Genitalia (¢ 2) normal, brownish 
yellow. Legs: coxee and about the first fourth of the fore femora, 
and the basal half of the posterior femora, brownish yellow, the 
remainder of the legs dark brown. Wangs clear grey. The 2nd 
longitudinal vein begins a little, but distinctly, beyond the tip of 
the cits y vein, and is Perak ate; 2nd and 3rd posterior cells 
subequal and each about as long as the oblong discal cell; posterior 
cross-vein at base of or distinctly before base of discal cell. 
Marginal cross-vein so slightly infuscated as to be almost 
imperceptible. Halteres: stems brownish yellow, knobs blackish. 

Length 4—5 millim. 

Described from four males and a single female from Almora, 
Kumaon, 18-25. vi. 11 (Paiva). 

Types in the Indian Museum. 


Gonomyia antica, sp. nov. 


¢. Head almost wholly dark grey, varying to yellowish. 
Thorax dark grey, brownish grey or bluish grey, or of some 
intermediate shade, the lower margin of the dorsum often very 
narrowly pale yellowish. Abdomen brown or blackish brown, 
with yellow hairs; belly yellowish. Genitalia large, furnished 
with a pair of large black shining bifid claws. Legs wholly 
yellowish, tips of tarsi blackish. Wings very pale erey, iridescent. 
The 2nd longitudinal vein begins distinctly before middle of wing, 
in a rather large curve; forked at about half its length after 
origin of 3rd vein; the marginal cross-vein a little beyond the 
origin of the 3rd vein, joining the Ist longitudinal some distance 
before its tip; 3rd vein normal, its basal section nearly in a line 
with the anterior cross-vein, which is rather short; the Ist 
posterior cell with nearly parallel sides; upper branch of 4th 
longitudinal vein simple, straight, practically in a line with basal 
part of same vein; the lower branch w idely forked at about one- 
third of its length; diseal cell open, coalescent with the 2nd posterior 
cell; posterior cross-vein, long, at base of 2nd posterior cell or 
nearly so; 5th, 6th, and 7th yeins normal. Anal angle of wing 
well develoyed. Halteres yellow. 

Length 23 millim. 


APPENDIX. 569 


Described from a series of twelve males from Ghumti, 4000 ft., 
Darjiling district, vil. 1911 (Ff. H. Gravely). 


Type in the auton Museum. 
In my table of species G. antica will be separated from 


(/, aperta and prowima taken together by the lower branch of the 
4th longitudinal vein being forked instead of the upper one. 


Mongomioides albogeniculata, sp. nov. 


3g. Head brownish yellow, as are also the antenne and palpi. 
Thorax and abdomen brown, the latter the darker, being in one 
specimen nearly blackish ; the posterior margins of the secments 
faintly pale in one specimen. Sides of thorax yellowish white ; 
underside of abdomen yellowish, sometimes whiter towards the 
base. Scutellum and metanotum brownish yellow. Legs mainly 
dark brown; coxe and base of femora whitish yellow, tips of 
femora and bases of tibize rather broadly snow-white; apical part 
of tibiee (about one-third to one-half), and all the tarsi snow-white. 
Wings pale grey, unmarked; halteres blackish. 

Length 5 millim. 

Described from two males in the Indian Museum, labelled 
“3rd Camp to Misty Hollow,” Dawna Hills, 400-2400 ft., 
22-30. xi. 11 (Gravely). 

The clear wings separate this species from both J. trentepohlia, 
Wied., and marmorata, Brun., whilst from M. nigroapicals, the 
only other species with clear wings, it is distinguished at once by 
the snow-white knees. 


Limnophila multipunctata, sp. nov. 


Head: occiput and frons almost greenish grey, with a few stiff 
black hairs; proboscis and palpi dark brown. Scapal joints of 
antenne large, dark brown; flagellum yellowish, normally 
pubescent. Thorax grey, anterior part more yellowish; sides 
pale blackish grey; scutellum and metanotum more or less con- 
colorous with dorsum of thorax ; a narrow median dark line, not 
very pronounced, from about the transverse suture, carried con- 
tinuously over the scutellum and metanotum. Abdomen dark 
brown above, with a little pale pubescence; belly similar. Legs 
pale yellow, with comparatively long, paie yellowish white, soft 
hairs ; a subapical rather narrow brownish ring on femora; tips 
of tibiz barely darker. Wings pale grey; a row of very small 
brown spots on each side of each vein, the spots often contiguous 
for a short distance or those on opposite sides of a vein joined 
together in pairs; a row of very small dark brown spots along 
the costa, and a distinct small black spot at the tips of the 
auxiliary and Ist longitudinal veins and at both ends of the 2nd 
longitudinal vein ; stigma brown, oval, surrounded by the brownish 


570 APPENDIX. 


suffusion which extends rather indistinctly and (apparently) irre- 
eularly along the “ central cross-veins ” to the hind border of the- 
wing, by way of the posterior cross-vein and the apical section of 
the 5th longitudinal vein. Anterior cross-vein a little before the 
middle of the discal cell, the posterior cross-vein exactly at the 
middle ; the 3rd longitudinal vein begins a short distance before 
the fork of the 2nd, its basal section being in a line with the 
anterior cross-vein; the petiole of the 2nd posterior cell distinctly 
shorter than the cell; the 3rd and 4th posterior cells nearly twice 
as long as the discal cell; all the veins on distal part of wing 
approximately parallel and equidistant. Halteres brown. 

Length 6 millim. 

Described from a single specimen from the Nilgiri Hills, 
6000 ft., v. 1911 (A. L. Andrewes). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

The sex is uncertain, owing to the tip of the abdomen being 
broken off. This species is easily known from the other two by 
the conspicuously marked wings. 


Limnophila honesta, sp. nov. 


2. Head wholly moderately dark grey, with some black hairs 
above ; antennze and palpi brownish yellow. The head is rather 
elongate behind, and placed on a distinct neck. Thorax mode- 
rately dark grey, with three rather indistinct brownish stripes, 
the median one attaining the anterior margin; a black spot placed 
in a small pit-like depression behind the shoulders; sides of thorax 
lighter yellowish. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum of thorax ; 
mesonotum darker, Abdomen moderately dark brown, with very 
sparsely scattered short pale hairs. Belly yellowish; ovipositor 
brownish yellow. Legs brownish yellow; coxe and femora 
towards base lighter, tarsi darker. Wings pale grey. Anterior 
branch of 4th longitudinal vein simple, so that. there are only four 
posterior cells ; marginal cross-vein a little before the fork of the 
2nd longitudinal vein ; posterior cross-vein a little beyond base of 
discal cell. nearly opposite the anterior cross-vein ; 2nd and 3rd 
posterior cells subequal, about one and a half times as long as the 
oblong discal cell. 

Length 6 millim. 

Described from one female from Almora, 5500 ft., Kumaon, 
5. vil. 11 (Parva), 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This species is easily recognised from all other Indian ones by 
possessing only four instead of five posterior cells. 


Eriocera cingulata, sp. nov. 


3. Head blackish grey, the subconical protuberance on the 
frons apparently bisected in front, and with a little grey sheen 
below. The 1st scapal joint of the antenne long, black, the 2nd 


APPENDIX. os 1 


annular, with yellowish tip; flagellum of apparently only five 
yellowish joints; palpi black. Vhorax all black, except the 
dorsum, which is rich dark reddish brown, with a little sparse 
short dark hair. Scutellum, metanotum, and sides of thorax 
black. Abdomen dull black; basal half or two-thirds of shining 
lead-colonr, much resembling 2. plumbicincta, Brun. Genitalia 
bright reddish orange. Legs: coxe black, femora yellowish 
except for the narrowly black tips; remainder of legs dark brown, 
tips of joints just perceptibly black. Legs apparently bare, owing 
to the microscopic nature of the pubescence. Wings black, 
axillary and spurious cells dark grey ; a roughly oblong clear spot, 
with a distal triangular projection about its middle, placed 
transversely at about three-fourths of the length of the basal cells, 
extending across both of them; a small circular white spot at 
about two-thirds the length of the inner marginal cell; a very 
small apical white spot extending over the tips of both of the 
submarginal cells and the 1st posterior cell. Five posterior celis ; 
the uppermost branch of the 4th vein forked ; anterior cross-vein 
just before the middle of the discal cell; posterior cross-vein at 
middle of discal cell. Halteres black. 

Length 12 millim. 

Described from a unique male from Ghumti, 4000 ft., Darjiling 
district, vii. 1911 (2. H. Gravely). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

This species will come in my table between the two groups 
containing (1) rufithorax, Brun., fenestrata, Brun., and scutellata, 
Edw. ; and (2) humberti, Os. Sac., and meleagris, Os. Sac. These 
groups are distinguished for the sake of convenience hy the 
relative lengths of the species, the first being those of 15 to 20 
millim. in length, the second those of 7 to 10 millim. long. 
E. cingulata, being 12 millim. in length, is intermediate, but may 
be distinguished from all these, except EL. fenestrata, by the dorsum 
only of the thorax being red instead of the whole thorax. From 
fenestrata it is separated by having five, not four, posterior cells, 
and by the presence of a small clear apical spot on the wing. 


Eriocera nigerrima, sp. noy. 


2. Head wholly blackish grey. Antenne black, with seven joints 
to the flagelluin; palpi black, the joints rather thick and strongly 
pubescent. Frons with a moderate-sized subvertical hump, and a 
transverse protuberance below it. Zhoraw dark grey, with three 
black contiguous stripes of which the median one attains the front 
margin ; shoulders moderately dark grey; collare distinct. Dark 
grey pubescence about the shoulders, and a row of black hairs ov. 
each side of the median stripe. Scutellum and metanotum black ; 
pleuree moderately dark greyish, with black and grey hairs. 
Abdomen black above, almost dull and almost bare, unmarked ; 


belly similar. Ovipositor bright reddish orange. Legs.all black, 


OTe APPENDIX. 


with microscopic pubescence. Wings dark brown, axillary and 
spurious cells a little paler; a clear, irregularly oval spot lying 
across the basal cells towards their tips, its upper corner just 
encroaching on the inner marginal cell. Four posterior cells ; 
anterior and posterior cross-veins placed just before the middle of 
the discal cell. Halteres black. 

Length 12 millim. 

Described from a single female from Ghumti, 4000 ft., Darjiling 
district, vil. 1911 (Gravely). 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

In my table of species 2. nigervima will be separated from 
E. aterrima by the clear oval spot in the middle of the wings. 


Eriocera triangularis, sp. nov. 


3. Head black, with black hairs, the frontal hump fairly con- 
spicuous. Antenne with six flagellar joints, black, pubescent. 
Thorav wholly black, with black pubescence; a little greyish below 
the shoulders and about the sutures. Scutellum and metanotum 
wholly black; pleur dark grey. Abdomen black, the 2nd to the 
5th segments ochraceous yellow, with a triangular black mark on 
the posterior border of each, the apex reaching to the middle of 
the segment, from which it is carried anteriorly in a dorsal line or 
in the form of a row of two or three spots; the 6th segment a 
little yellow on each side at the base; the yellow segments bearing 
a very narrow lateral black line. Genitalia black. Legs wholly 
black. Wangs wholly coffee-brown, the axillary cell barely lighter. 
Four posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein beyond the middle of the 
discal cell. Halteres black. 

Length 2) millim. 

Described from two males in the Indian Museum from the 
Nilgiri Hills, 6000 ft., v.1911 (A. ZL. Andrewes). 

In my table of species of Hriocera, this species will come with 
E. albonotata, Lw., and testacea, Brun., being distinguished from 
them by the wholly black legs. 


LABELLING DIPTERA. aia 


On LABELLING DIPreRA FOR THE CABINET. 


Labelling specimens for the cabinet is a very important matter, 
since a precisely dated and localised collection of well-preserved 
uniformly mounted insects is of much superior value to one in 
which the localities given are vague or indefinite. The widest 
record that should be allowed in a standard collection is the month 
of capture, county (or province, ete.), with an abbreviation of the 
country, such as “June, Sussex, Engl.,” or ‘“ vii, Orissa, India.” 
Care must be taken in making abbreviations to avoid confusion ; 
for instance, Middlesex and Surrey are counties in Jamaica as 
well as in England, and there are scores of towns bearing well- 
known English names in Canada, the United States, Australia 
and elsewhere. Moreover, each of the American States has 
its definitely accepted abbreviation and these must be adopted 
without change. The student should always label specimens so 
that if they ultimately find their way into a general collection of 
Diptera there may be no ambiguity as to their origin. 

The more complete the data the more scientific value has the 
collection, but little exception can be taken to the first and last 
day only being given of a short period, as ‘3-10. vill. 07,” 
“1st week. viii. 09.” I have been accustomed, when not more 
than three days collecting has to be labelled, to date all the 
specimens for the middle day, because a single day can make 
no material difference in the appearance of a species, and if the 
specimens be numerous the saving of time is worth more than 
the minute precision. 

It is desirable that the date should be written in the logical 
sequence of day, month and year; and if the month is indicated 
by figures, which is the more preferable method, it is of importance 
that Roman numerals should be used for it (the day and year 
being in Arabic), in order to prevent any possible confusion 
between the day and the month. 

Printed labels are always to be preferred to written ones; they 
are more legible, do not fade so quickly, and are usually more 
compact, but the date may be written in by hand if more con- 
venient, care being taken to write clearly. Additional information 
is always welcome, such as “on sunny bushes,” ‘salt marsh,” 
“‘sea shore,” ete., or still more precise details peculiar to the 
species, as, “in aerial dances under trees at sunset,” ‘on under- 
side oak leaves at dusk”; or if the species is especially partial to 
a certain kind of plant, the name of the latter may advantageously 
be added. 

Again, collectors’ names should invariably be written sideways 
to the rest of the data, so that they may be recognised as such. 
The collector’s name, if the latter be well established, is a valuable 
asset in the opinion of most entomologists. 


574 LABELLING DIPTERA, 


Specimens named by specialists should be so labelled, the 
customary contraction being “‘ det. Kertész,” “ det. F. W. Theob.” 
and so on; and on the same label should be written the name 
of the species, and, if confirmed by the specialist, other data such 
as sex, type, co-type, etc. A separate label should be used for 
“ Jones coll.,” ‘‘ Brown coll.,” ete. 

Regard must be had to the size and nature of the labels. White 
stiff paper only should be employed, a variety of colours to designate 
zoological distribution destroying the general effect of a collection, 
and they should be cut as small as conveniently possible, according 
to the size of the insect, and should always be attached face 
uppermost so that the information can be read without removing 
the specimen. In the case of copious details, two or more labels 
must be employed; large, unwieldly labels must be avoided, and 
especially folded labels, except in very special instances. The 
uppermost label should bear the date and locality, with the 
collector’s name placed sideways ; further details, if provided, on 

a second label, the name of the species on a third, and (if desired) 
the name of the collection on a fourth; but space must be left 
beneath the lowermost label to enable the forceps to grasp the 
pin. All the labels should be placed so as to be read from the 
right-hand side of the insect. 

It is hardly necessary to add that any system of numbers only 
or hieroglyphics, bearing reference to a catalogue for details, is 
entirely out of the question, as the catalogue once lost, the 
collection loses a great part of its value. 

In arranging specimens in the cabinet, divide a drawer of 
16 or 18 inches square into five or six vertical columns by means 
of pencilled lines and then place in each column the males to the 
left and the females to the right, two or three of each side by side 
in a horizontal row, following with successive rows till the series 
of that species is exhausted, under which place the specific name, 
with its author. Generic names are placed at the top of each 
column. The plan of thus dividing the sexes greatly facilitates 
reference. 

Some preservative is necessary to prevent mites and mould 
from ruining one’s collection, and in temperate climates camphor 
or naphthaline keeps away the former and a little carbolic acid or 
creosote on cotton wool prevents the latter. In tropical climates 
a collection of Diptera is extremely liable to mould during the 
long rainy season and requires constant attention. 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


All names printed in italics are synonyms. 
When more than one reference is given, the page on which the description 


oceurs is indicated by thickened numerals. 


abdominalis (Bibio), 
W2. 

absens (Dicranomyia), 
372. 

Acanthocnemis, 176. 

Acrodierania, 92. 

aflinis (Gonomyia), 472. 

affinis (Platyura), 62. 

agarici (Mycetophila), 
113. 

albipennis (Tipula), 179. 

albitarsis (Cylindro- 
toma), 484. 

albogeniculata (Mongo- 
mioides), 569. 

albohumeralis (Para- 
brunettia), 254. 

albolateralis (Rhymosia), 
104. 

albonigra (Psychoda), 
228. 

albonotata (Eriocera), 
547. 

albonotata (Limnobia), 
547. 

albonotata (Psychoda), 
204. 

albopicta (Psycheda), 
231. 

Allactoneura, 88. 

Allodia, 107. 

alpina (Limnobia), 423. 

alternata (Macrocera), 
52. 

Amalopina, 517. 

Amaxoprnt, 507, 

Amalopis, 513. 

AntsomERInt, 529. 

Anisopus, 550. 

annandalei (Isoneuro- 


myia), 67. 


annandalei (Pericoma), 
237. 

annulicornis (Rhymosia), 
105. 

Anomala, 90. 

Anomalomyia, 90. 

Anomaloptera, 297. 

antennatus (Cerato- 
stephanus), 406, 407. 

antica (Gonomyia), 568. 

Antocha, 425. 

Apeilesis, 353. 

aperta (Gnophomyia), 
492. 

aperta (Gonomyia), 473. 

apicalis (Gnoriste), 82. 

apicalis (Psychoda), 223, 

apicipennis (Platyura), 


Apistomyia, 153. 

Aporosa, 387. 

appendicula (Pericoma), 
238. 

approximata (Dicrano- 
myila), O67. 

approximatus (Bibio), 
173. 

arcuata (Leia), 99. 

argenteopunctata (Para- 
brunettia), 254. 

argenteopunctata (Psy- 
choda), 254. 

argentipes(Phlebotomus), 
207. 

Arrhenica, 530. 

assamensis (Molophilus), 
445. 

Asthenia, 155. 

Atarba, 434. 

aterrima (Hriocera), 540. 

atra (Hrioptera), 445, 


atra (Plecia), 165. 

Atractocera, 182. 

atrata (Tipula), 288. 

atricauda (Acrodicrania), 
92. 

atrisquamis (Parabru- 
nettia), 253. 

atrisquamis (Psychoda), 
253. 

atritarsis (Ptychoptera), 
285. 

Atypophthalmus, 408. 

aureohirtum (Simulium), 
194. 


babu 
206. 

badia (Hriocera), 538. 

basalis (Mycomyia), 73. 

basilinea (Hxechia), 113. 

bella (Hammatorhina), 
152: 

bella (Pericoma), 240. 

bengalensis (Lechria), 
467. 

bengalensis 
229. 

biannulata (Teucholabis), 
430. 

Bibio, 166. 

Brsionrw®, 157, 561. 

Brsronin®, 160. 

bicinetipes (Dicrano- 
myia), 566. 

bicolor (Eriocera), 545. 

bicolor (Leia), 100. 

bicolor (Limnophila), 
545, 

bicolor (Sciophila), 70. 

bifasciata (Dixa), 264. 


(Phlebotomus), 


(Psychoda), 


576 


bifascipennis (Myco- 
myia), 72. 

bilineata (Musca), 555. 

binotata (Mycetophila), 
118. 

bistriata (Dixa), 264. 

Blepharicera, 155. 

Blepharocera, 155. 

Brrenarocerips, 148. 

bombayensis (Pachy- 
rhina), 351. 

Bophrosia, 518. 

Brachycampta, 107. 

Bracuycera, 41. 

Brachydicrania, 112. 

brevior (Erioptera), 452. 

brevirostris (Gnoriste), 
83. 

brevis (Sylvicola), 554. 

Brunettia, 248. 

brunnea (Macrocera), 53. 

brunnescens (Scatopse), 
180. 

brunnicosta (Tipula), 
332. 


Caloptera, 580. 

caloptera (Hrioptera), 
458. 

centralis (Limnobia), 
403. 

Ceratostephanus, 406. 

Crroruatin®, 55, 559, 

Ceroplatus, 56. 

Cerotelion, 56. 

ceylonica (Styringoinyia), 
461. 

Chemalida, 445. 

chrysophila (Ctenophora), 
295. 

chrysophila (Psellio- 
phora), 295. 

chrysopila (Ctenophora), 
25! 

cincta (Allactoneura), 
88. 

cinetiventris (Dicrano- 
myia), 382. 

cinctiventris (Myceto- 
phila), 115. 

cinctoterminalis (‘Tipula), 
338. 

Cinerascens (Dicrano- 
mnyia), d8l. 

cingulata (Eriocera), 570. 

circipunctata (Gerano- 
myia), 390. 

Cladura. 499. 

Claduroides, 505, 

Clastobasis, 94. 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Cnepheophila, 70. 

collaris (Delopsis), 119. 

colombaczensis (Rhagio), 
182. 

columbina  (Dicrano- 
myila), 967. 

compacta (Sciara), 141. 

complexa (Teucholabis), 
427. 

concolorithorax (Pachy- 
rhina), 346. 

Conosia, 496. 

consimilis (Pachyrhina), 
346. 

contaminata (Tipula), 
279. 

continuata (Tipula), 528. 

Crapitula, 162. 

erocata (Tipula), 339. 

Crunobia, 513. 

crux (Limnophila), 497. 

crystalloptera (Eriocera), 
541. 

Ctenacroscelis, 562. 

Ctenoceria, 279. 

Ctenophora, 288. 

Crenornorint, 287. 

ctenophoroides (Erio- 
cera), 535. 

cuneiformis (Dicrano- 
myla), 373. 

curvilinea (Mycetophila), 
116. 

curvilinea (AMLycomyia), 
Lc 

eyanea (Teucholabis), 
451. 

Cycrtorruarna, 39. 

Cylindrotoma, 359. 

Cyrinproromint, 398. 

Cyniphes, 199. 


Dasymallomyia, 494. 

Dasyptera, 440. 

decora (Psychoda), 226. 

defectus (Bibio), 176. 

delicata (Dicranomyia), 
383. 

Delopsis, 118. 

demareata (Dicrano- 
myia), 370. 

demarcata (Pachyrhina), 
odd. 

demarcata (Tipula), 
395. 

Dicranomyia, 363. 

Dicranophragma, 524. 

Dilophus, 176. 

Diplonema, 248. 

discalis (Bibio), 174. 


distans (Hrioptera), 
451. 

distans (Psychoda), 250. 
distincta (Paleoana- 
clinia), 85. 

distincta (Psychoda), 
Ion 


distincta (Ptychoptera), 
281. 

distinctissima (Lim- 
nobia), 359. 

distinctus (Rhyphus), 
556. 

distinguenda (Sciara), 
127. 

diversipes (Sciara), 151. 

dives (Tipula), 306. 

divisa (Tipula), 337. 

divisus (Rhyphus), 557 

Dixa, 258. 

Dixip#, 257. 

dohrnianus (Ctenacro- 
scelis), 562. 

doleschalli (Pachyrhina) 
348. 

Dolichopeza, 353. 

Doutcnorezint, 353. 

dorsalis (Plecia), 163. 

dorsopunectata (Pachy- 
rhina), 350. 

dubiosa (Polylepta), 


79. 


Elacophila, 525. 

elegans (Amalopis), 
516. 

elegans (Apistomyia), 
153. 

elegans (Macrocera), 
D4. 

elegans (Paracladura), 
504. 

elegans (Tipula), 323. 


-elegantula (Amalopina), 


517. 
elegantula (Tipula), 
359. 


elongatissima (Eriocera),. 


542. 
Empeda, 475. 
Empheria, 70. 
Kphelia, 525. 
Eriocera, 5380. 
Erioptera, 443, 445. 
Eriorrerint, 436. 
Huperttenus, 162. 
Euryschalis, 559. 
evanescens  (Sciara), 
147. 
Evanioptera, 530. 


> 


. 


exacta (Sciara), 152. 
Exechia, 112. 


fasciata (Asthenia), 155. 

tasciata (Pachyrhina), 
348. 

fasciata (Platyura), 58. 

fasciata (Rhymosia), 
102. 

fasciata (Trichoptera), 
234. 

fascipennis (Cladu- 
roides), 505. 

fascipennis (Dicrano- 
myia), 379. 

fascipennis (Ephelia), 
526. 

fascipennis (Leia), 96. 

fascipennis (Rhaphido- 
labis), 519. 


fascipennis (Sciara), 
156. 

fascipes (Rhymosia), 
106 


febrilis (Tipula), 176. 

Fenestralis (Rhyphus), 
5d4. 

fenestralis (Tipula), 550, 
554. 

fenestralis var. indicus 
(Rhyphus), 554. 

fenestrata (Hriocera), 
535. 

fenestrata (Teucholabis), 
429: 

ferruginea (Acrodi- 
erania), 93. 

ferruginea (Hrioptera), 
450. 

ferruginea (Limnobia), 
52. 

ferruginea (Macrocera), 
Int). 

ferruginea (Mycomyia), 
(es 

ferruginosa (Rham- 
phidia), 418. 

festiva (Limnobia), 
400. 

flammiventris (Sciara), 
129. 

flava (Atarba), 435. 

flava (Hrioptera), 455. 

flava (Styringomyia), 
464. 

flava (Tipula), 308. 

flava (Trichocera), 512. 

flavescens (Cladura), 
AOL. 

flavescens (Tipula), 354. 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 


flavicollis (Parabru- 
nettia), 256. 
flavicollis (Sciara), 154. 
flavicosta (Geranomyia), 
389. 
flavicosta (Macrocera), 
53. 
flavipennis 
118. 
flavipes (Hriocera), 544. 
flavipleura (Sciara), 146. 
flaviseta (Sciara), 144. 
flavithorax (Mycomyia), 
17. 
flaviventris (Mycomyia), 
(PF 
flaviventris 
62. 
flavobrunnea (Dicrano- 
myia), 384. 
flavobrunnea (Leia), 99. 
flavofemorata (Sciara), 
150. 


(Delopsis), 


(Platyura), 


flavoferruginea(Cladura), | 


499. 
flavohirta (Bibio), 561. 
flavohirta (Palzeoana- 
clinia), 86. 
flavolimbata (Rbymosia), 
103. 
flayomarginata (Gonom- 
yia), 472. 
flavomarginata 
ura), 66. 
Flebotomus, 199. 
fletcheri (Geranomyia), 
393. 
fortis 
384. 
fragilis (Toxorhina), 420. 
fragillima (Mongoma), 
476. 
fratercula (Sciara), 152. 
fraterna (Dicranomyia), 
378. 
fulvescens (Sciara), 138. 
fulvicollis (Hirtea), 163. 
fulvicollis (Plecia), 165. 
fulvipennis (Tipuia), 329. 


(Platy- 


(Dicranomyia), 


fulvohirta (Psychoda), 
233. 
fulvolateralis (Tipula), 
304. 


fuinifasciata (Tipula), 
308. 
fumipennis 
305. 
fumipes (Platyura), 66. 
funerea (Platyura), 65. 
Fungivora, 113. 
fungorum (Tipula), 112. 


(Tipula), 


577 


fureata 
491. 

Furina, 487. 

fusea (Erviocera), 541. 

fuscinervis (Libnotes), 
411. 

fuscinervis (Tipula), 312. 

fuscitibia (Bibio), 175. 

fuseovaria  (Diecrano- 
pbragma), 524. 


(Gnophomyia), 


gamma (Pachyrhina), 
347. 
Geneja, 49. 


geniculata (Psyeheda), 
2297. 
geniculatus (Rhypholo- 


phus), 441. 


genitalis (Hrioptera), 
456. 
genitalis (Geranomyia), 
388. 
genitalis (Gnophomyia), 
490. 
genitalis (Rhymosia), 
104. 


Geranomyia, 387. 

gilvipes (Pericoma), 246. 

glabripennis (Amalopis), 
515. 

Glaphyroptera, 96. 

Glochina, 368. 

Gnophomyia, 487. 

Gnoriste, 82. 

Goniomyia, 468. 

Gonomyia, 468. 

gracilis (Paracladura), 
502, 503. 

gracilis (Tipula), 538. 

gracillima (Tipula), 302. 

grancior  (Hrioptera), 
456. 

grandis (Platyura), 60. 

gratiosus (Dilophus), 178. 

greenil (Kriocera), 539. 

Greenomyia, 87. 


griseifrons (Simulium) 
190. 

griseipennis (Tipula), 
) 


griseolateralis (Myceto- 
phila), 116. 


grisescens (Simulium), 
188. 
griseus (Phlebotomus), 
ale 
guttata  (Mycetophila), 
91 


Gymnastes, 432. 


578 


Hemasson, 199. 

halterata (rioptera), 
457. 

Hammatorhina, 152. 

Hebotomus, 199. 

HHelius, 416. 

Helobia, 485. 

hiemalis (Tipula), 608. 


himalayensis (Myceto- 
phila), 117. 

himalayensis (Phleboto- 
mus), 204, 

himalayensis  (‘Tipula), 
315. 


hirta (Sciophila), 68. 
Hirtea, 166. 

hirtilineata (Sciara), 142. 
hirtipennis (Psychoda), 


227. 


holoptiens (Atypophthal- 
mus), 408. 


honesta (Limnophila), 
570. 

hortulana (Tipula), 166. 

hortulanoides — (Bibio), 
169. 

humberti (Eriocera), 536. 

humeralis (Rhymosia), 
106. 


hyalinus (Hirtea), 174. 
hybrida (Limnobia), 485. 


TIdionewra, 485. 
ignicollis (Plecia), 161. 
Tlisomya, 440. 

Tlisophila, 475. 
immaculipennis (Psellio- 
phora), 294. 

impostor (Sciara), 140. 
impunetata (Pericoma), 
247. 
incerta 
93. 
incerta (Erioptera), 452. 
incerta (Polylepta), 79. 
incerta (Toxorhina), 422. 
incompleta (Gnopho- 
myia), 493. 
incompleta (Gonomyia), 
471. 
inconspicua 
475. 
inconspicua (Macrocera), 
54, 
inconspieua “(Rhamphi- 
dia), 419. 
inconspicua (Sciara), 142, 
inconspicuus (Molophi- 
lus), 444. 


(Acrodicrania), 


(Em peda), 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 


indefinita 
ae 
76. 


indica 


(Mycomyia), 
(Anomalomyia), 


indica (Antocha), 426. 

indica (Blepharocera), 
156. 

indiea (Limnobia), 401. 

indica (Myecomyia), 76. 

indica (Odontopoda), 90. 

indica (Plecia), 165. 

indica (Rhaphidolabis), 
519. 

indica (Sciara), 150. 

indicum (Simulium), 191, 

indistincta (Platyura), 
65. 

infuscata (Dolichopeza), 
565. 

innocens (Dicranomyia), 
568. 

insignis (Leia), 101. 

insignis (Teucholabis), 
430. 

interrupta (Tipula), 327. 

irrorata (Conosia), 496, 
497. 

irrorata (Limnobia), 497. 

Tsoneuromyia, 66. 


japonica  (Penthetria), 
161. 
javensis (Pachyrhina), 


348. 
jJavensis (Tipula), 348. 
johannis (Bibio), 174. 
Jjohannis (Hirtea), 374. 
Johannis ( Tipula), 174. 


kobusi (Dicranomyia), 
Syl 

kowarzii (Macrobra- 
chius), 108. 


lacteitarsis (Pericoma), 
245, 

lacteitarsis var. gilvipes 
(Pericoma), 246. 

leta (Ctenophora), 291. 

lata (Pselliopbora), 291. 

leta (Tipula), 291. 

leta vay. trilineata (Psel- 
liophora), 291. 

Lasiosoma, 68. 

latelineata (Sciara), 139. 

laticornis (Platyura), 56. 

Lechria, 465. 

Leia, 96. 


Leiponeura, 434. 

Lejomya, 96. 

Lejosoma, 96. 

Leptina, 353. 

Leptomorphus, 84. 

Leptorhina, 416. 

Libnotes, 409, 

Limnea, 445. 

Limnobia, 396. 

Linyosuns, 356, 565. 

Limnosiint, 362. 

Limnobiorhynchus, 387, 
420. 

Limnoica, 445. 

Limnomya, 521. 

Limnomyza, 396. 

Limnopbila, 521. 

Limnopninint, 520. 

Limonia, 396. 

lineatus (Cerotelion) 
(Vipula), 56. 

longicheta  (Para- 
brunettia), 256. 

longicornis (Tipula), 49. 

longicosta (Macro- 
brachius), LO9. 

longifurcata (Platyura), 
65. 

longinervis (Limnobia), 


longinervis (Sciara), 133. 
longipennis (Gnopho- 
myia), 489. 
longipennis (Sciara), 143. 
longirostris (Limnobia), 


416. 

longitudinalis (Sciara), 
145. 

longivena (Dicranomyia), 
374. 

longivena (Thrypti- 
comyia), 374. 

lugens (Mycetophila), 
107. 


lutea (Hrioptera), 445. 
luteiventris (Sciara), 129. 


Macrobrachius, 108. 
Macroceera, 49. 
Macrocerin, 49, 


Macroura, 49. 

maculata (Dixa), 258. 

maculipennis (Dixa), 
263. 

maculipennis (Myceto- 


phila), 98. 
maculipennis(Psychoda), 
223. 


maculipennis (Rhyphus), 
552. 


majestica (‘Tipula), 303. 

major (Phlebotomus), 
210. 

major var. grisea (Phle- 
botomus), 210. 

malabaricus (Phleboto- 
mus), 214, 

marginata (Mycomyia), 
70. 

marginata 
62. 

marginatus( Phlebotomus), 
207. 

marginatus 
D900. 

margininotata(Pericoma), 
240. 

murginiontata var. lac- 
tettarsis (Pericoiu}, 
245. 

marmorata (Limnobia), 
525. 

marmorata (Mongo- 
mioides), 483. 


(Platyura), 


(Rhyphus), 


marmoratipennis — (‘Ti- 
pula), 319. 
marmoripennis (Dicra- 


nomyia), 369. 
Megurhina, 416. 
melanuspis (Penthetria), 

161. 
melanaspis (Pleciomyia), 

LoL. 
melanomera 

330. 
meleagris (Eriocera), 537. 
Mesocyphona, 458. 
metatarsale (Simulium), 

189. 
metatarsalis (Pericoma), 

245. 
metatarsalis (Simulium), 

189. 
minutus (Heimasson), 211, 
minutus  (Hebotomus), 

206. 
minutus (Phlebotomus), 

206. 
mixta (Pericoma), 244. 
modesta (Limnobia), 363. 
molestus (Cyniphes), 211. 
Molobrus, 120. 
Molophilus, 443. 
Mongoma, 476. 
Mongomella, 484. 
Mongomioides, 481. 
montana (Dixa), 262. 
montana (Trichocera), 

513. 
motschulskii. (Crapitula), 

161. 


(Tipula), 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


multipunctata (Limno- 
phila), 569. 


* munda (Tipula), 336. 


Mycetina, 113. 
Mycetophila, 113. 


Mycerropninips, 44, 
Dd9. 

Mycerormum®, 80, 
559. 


Mycomya, 70. 
Mycomyia, 70. 
Mycozetea, 113. 


Nasiterna, 5138, 525. 

nebulosus (Anisopus), 54, 
555, 

Nemarocera, 40. 

Neoempheria, 70. 

Neoglaphyroptera, 96. 

nepatensis (Caloptera), 
543. 

nepalensis (Eriocera), 
545, 

nigerrima (Eriocera), 
571. 

nigra 
494. 

nigra (Leia), 101. 

nigra (Limnobia), 404, 
530. 

nigricans 


(Gnophomyia), 


(Musca), 


nigricoxa (Greenomyia), 
37. 

nigripennis (Psychoda), 
pw) 

nigripennis (Sciara), 
131. 

nigripes (Mesocyphona), 
458. 

nigrithorax (Dicrano- 
myia), 384. 

nigroapicalis (Mongo- 
mioides), 483. 

nigroapicalis (Tipula), 
328. 

nigrofasciata (Allodia), 
108. 

nigronitida (Scatopse), 
181. 

nigrotibialis (Tipula), 
324. 

Ningius, 423. 

nitidithorax (Sciara), 
145. 

niveiapicalis (Sciara), 
143. 

niveipes 
404. 

notata (Tipula), 179. 


(Limnobia), 


579 


notatinervis (Libnotes), 
412. 

9-notata (Parabrunettia), 
255. 


Numantia, 368, 396. 


obscura (Dolichopeza), 
335. 

obscura (Plecia), 166. 

obscura (Styringomyia), 
463. 

obseuripennis 
170. 

oceulta (Limnobia), 515. 

ocellata  (Lrichocera), 
510. 

ochrilineata (Dixa), 261. 

ochripes (Tipula), 334. 

Octavia, 445. 

octosegmentata (Platy- 
ura), 64. 

Odontopoda, 89. 

oleracea (Tipula), 297. 

Oligomera, 530. 

opalizans (Antocha), 
425. 

opposita (Sciara), 127. 

orbicularis (Psychoda), 
Zoe 

Oreomyza, 297. 

Orfelia, 58. 

orientalis (Dolichopeza), 
3o4. 

orientalis 
453. 

orientalis (Sciara), 135. 

Orimarga, 428. 

Orimargula, 425. 

Ormosia, 440. 

ornata (Ephelia), 527. 

ornata (Macrocera), 51. 

ornatipes (Dicranomyia), 
380. 

ornatithorax 
3a, 

ornatus (Leptomorphus), 
8). 

Orrmorrmarua, 39, 40. 


(Bibio), 


(Erioptera), 


(Tipula), 


Pachyrhina, 839. 

pachyrrhina (Eriocera), 
537. 

Paleoanaclinia, 85. 

pallescens (Sciara), 137. 


pallidicoxa — (Limno- 
phila), 523. 
pallidiventris (Mon- 


coma), 481. 
papatasii (Bibio), 199, 
211. 
2P 


580 


papatasii (Flebotomus), 
» 


papatasti (Hebotomus), 
Ole 

papatasi1 (Phlebotomus), 
211. 


Parabrunettia. 251, 
Paracladura, 502. 
parallela (Erioptera), 


parallela (Sciara), 147. 
Paramongoma, 48+. 
Parexechia, 112. 
patricia (Tipula), 313. 
Pediciine, 507. 
pennipes (Mongoma), 
479. 
peregrina (Orimarga), 
424, 
Pericoma, 254. 
perniciosus (Phlehotomus), 
210. 
perturbans (Phlebo- 
tomus), 205. 
Petaurista, 508. 
phalenoides (Tipula), 
218. 
Phalenula, 218. 
Puiesoromin», 199. 
Phlebotomus, 199, 
Phronia, 110. 
phryganopterus (Rhy- 
pholophus), 440. 
Physecrania, 530, 
picticornis (Atarba), 
434, 
Pilaria, 521, 
Planatella, 120. 
Planetes, 120. 
Platyura, 58. 
Plecia, 162. 
Pleciomyia, 160. 
Plettusa, 387. 
pleurinotata 
rhina), 345. 
plumbicincta (Eriocera), 
541, 
Polylepta, 78. 
pomone ( Tipula), 174. 
postica (Dolichopeza), 
564. 
precox (Hirtea), 174. 
princeps (Tipula), 306. 
Proanaclinia, 89. 
proxima (Gonomyia), 
AT4. 
proxima (Pericoma), 
245. 
proximus (Bibio), 171. 
Pselliophora, 290. 
Psychoda, 218. 


(Pachy- 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 


Psycuopip», 196. 

Psycnopin#, 217. 

Pterocosmus, 530. 

Ptychoptera, 279. 

Prycnoprrrina, 278. 

pulcher (Rhypholophus), 
44, 


pulcherrima (Tipula), 
310 


pulchricornis (Rhyphus), 
553. 

pulechripennis (Dicrano- 
myia), 376. 

pulechripennis (Dicrano- 

~ phragma), 524. 

pulchripennis (Gerano- 
myia), 398. 

Pullata, 166. 

punctata (Sciara), 555. 

punctatus (Rhagio), 
555. 

punctatus (Rbyphus), 
559. 

puncticornis 
rhina), 342. 

puncticosta (Dicrano- 
myia), 377. 

punctipennis (Hrioptera), 
449, 

punctipennis (Libnotes), 

Vv. 

punctipennis (Limnobia), 
486. 

punctipennis 
plecta), 486. 

punctipennis (Tricho- 
cera), O11. 

pyri (Hirtea), 174. 

pyri (Tipula), 174. 


(Pachy- 


(Sym- 


quadricellula (Cylindro- 
toma), 561. 

quadrifasciata (Myceto- 
phila), 115. 

quadrinotata (Tipula), 
330. 

quadripunctatus (Cero- 
platus), 57, 

quadrisetosa (Sciara), 
37. 

quasimarmoratipennis 


(Tipula), 320. 


radicum (Sciara), 139. 

reposita (Tipula), 315. 

reptans (Simulium), 
182. 

Rhamphidia, 416. 

Ruampnipint, 415. 


Rhaphidolabis, 517. 
Rhinoplecia, 162. 
Rhymosia, 102. | 
Ruypsip”, 549. 

Rhypholophus, 440. 

Rhyphus, 550. 

robusta (Tipula), 319. 

ruta (Libnotes), 414. 

rufescens (Isoneuromyia), 


559. 

rufibasis (Eriocera), 
538. 

rufibasis (Simulium), 
190. 

ruficornis (Platyura), 


64. 
ruficoxa (Sciara), 146. 
rufifemur (Bibio), 175. 
rufipes (Hirtea), 174. 


rufithorax (Hriocera), 
534. 

rufithorax (Sclara), 128. 

rufithorax (Simulium), 
187. 

rufoabdominalis (Sciara), 
129. 


rustica (Phronia), 110. 


saltans 
373. 

saltens (Limnobia), 3738. 

saxicola (Antocha), 425. 

sayi (Odontopoda), 89. 

Scathopse. 179. 

Seatopse, 179. 

Scarorstn&, 179. 

Seiara, 120. 

Scrarine, 119. 

Sciobia, 70. 

Sciophila, 68. 

Scrorutim®, 68. 


(Dicranomyia), 


scutellata (Hriocera), 
534. 

segmenticornis (Sciara), 
141. 

semlfasciata (Gerano- 
myila), 395. 
semifumata (Phronia), 
WaT 

semilimpida (Hriocera), 
546, 

semistriata (Gerano- 


myia), 394. 
senile (Simulium), 191. 
senilis (Simulium), 191. 
serraticornis (Psellio- 
phora), 296, 
serricornis (Pachyrhina), 
d41. 
serricornis (Tipula), 309. 


setilineata (Sciara), 158. 
sexsetosa (Sciara), 137. 
Siagona, 363. 
signata (Dasymallomyia), 
494, 495, 
sikkimensis 
scelis), 563. 
simplex (Dicranomyia), 
384. 
simplex 
nae 


(Ctenacro- 


(Limnophila), 
4 . 
simplex (Phronia), 111. 
Simulia, 182. 
SruuLtup®, 182, 561. 
Simulium, 182. 
singularis (Lechria), 465. 
sordida (Claduroides), 
506. 
sordida (Dicranomyia), 
382. 
spathulata 
S44. 
spathulata (Leia), 101. 
spectralis (Euryschalis), 
559, 560. 
spinicornis 
238. 
splendens (Tipula), 314. 
Spyloptera, 423. 
squaminervis (Pericoma), 
237. 
squamipennis (Parabru- 
nettia), 252. 
squamipennis (Psychoda), 
252, 


(Gnoriste), 


(Pericoma), 


stigmatica (Hmpeda), 
475, 
strenua (Gnophomyia), 
492. 
striatipennis (Tipula), 
325. 
striatum  (Simulium), 


561, 
Styringomyia, 459. 
subfascipennis (Dicrano- 


myia), 380. 


substituta (Limnobia), 
497. 

subtessellata (Dicrano- 
myia), 565. 

subtineta  (Hrioptera), 
455. 


subtineta (Tipula), 326. 

subvarians (Plecia), 163. 

suffusa  (Mycetophila), 
ie 

suffusinervis (Platyura), 
60. 

superstes 


(Brunettia), 
249. 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

superstes  (Diplonema), 
249. 

Sylvicola, 500. 

sylvicola (Dolichopeza), 
353. 


Symplecta, 485. 
Symplectomor pha, 485. 


Taniptera, 238. 

Taphrophila, 4295. 

Taphrosia, 468. 

tauprobanes (Ctenophora), 
293. 

taprobanes(Pselliophora), 
293. 

tenella (Limnobia), 468. 

tenera (Mongoma), 480. 

tenuipes (Rhaphidolabis), 
517. 

tenuipes (Tipula), 333. 

tenuis (Eriocera), 539. 

tergorata (Plecia), 164. 

tessellatipennis (Tipula), 
317. 

testacea (Hriocera), 548. 

Teucholabis, 427. 

thoracica (Penthetria), 
165. 

thwaitesiana (Libnotes), 
409. 

tibialis 
282. 

tinctinervis (Limnobia), 
401. 

tinctipennis (Mycomyia), 
(ise 

Tinearia, 218. 

Tipula, 297. 

Tieutip©®, 265, 562. 

Treunine, 284, 562. 

Tievuint, 297. 

oxorhina, 420. 

transversa (Psychoda), 


0 
a= 


(Ptychoptera), 


travancorica (Brunettia), 
253. 

Trentepohtia, 481. 

trentepohlii (Limnobia), 
461; 482. 


trentepohlii (Mongomi- 
oides, 482. 
triangularis (Hriocera), 
O72. 


triangularis (Limnobia), 
406. 

Trichocera, 508. 

Trichocerine, 520. 

Trichoptera, 218. 

Tricyphona, 513. 


Soll! 


tridens 
oul. 

trifasciata (Leia), 98. 

trifasciata (Sciara), 126. 

trilineata (Apistomyia), 
154. 

trilineata (Mycomyia), 75. 

trilineata (Sciara), 126. 

trimaculata (Limuobia), 
402. 

tripunctata (Tipula), 396. 

tristissima (Gnopho- 
myia), 487. 

tryonii (Clastobasis), 94. 

tuberculifera (Hriocera), 
547. 


(Geranomyia), 


undulata (Polylepta), 78. 


unicolor (Geranomyia), 
Bor 
387. 
unicolor (Pericoma), 247. 
unicolor (Rhamphidia), 
419. 


unilineata (Antocha), 427. 


velutinus 
043. 
venusta (Platyura), 63. 
venusta (Styringomyia), 
459. 
venusta (Tipula), 302. 
viearia (Dipula), 332. 
vicina (Platyura), 63. 
vinaceobrunnea (Gerano- 
myia), 392. 
violaceus (Gymnastes), 
452, 433. 
vitripennis 
405. 
vittata (Psychoda), 233. 
vittigera (Clastobasis), 
95. 


(Pterocosmus), 


(Limnobia), 


walkeri (Leptomor phus), 
84. 

walkeri (Tipula), 329. 

winthemi Glophyra- 
ptera), 97. 

winthemi (Leia), 97. 


xanthomelana (Cteno- 


phora), 289. 


zeylanicus(Phlebotom us), 
215. 


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PLATE I. 
MycrroPHILipz. 


Fig. 1. Macrocera ornata, sp. n., p. 51. “ 

- alternata, sp. n., p. d2. 

# flavicosta, sp. n., p. 53. 
elegans, Sp. n., p. 54. 
brunnea, sp. N., p. 03. 

. Ceroplatus quadripunctatus, sp. 0., p. O77. 


TSAR WL 


. Platyura grandis, sp. n., p. 60. 
+ apicipennis, sp. 0., p. 61. 


i suffusinervis, sp. n., p. 60. 


cS CO 
. . 


10. Setophila bicolor, sp. n., p. 70. 

11. Mycomyia tinetipennis, sp. n., p. 74. 
12. 
13: a basalis, sp. n., p. 73. 
14. Polylepta, Winn., p. 78. 

15. Gnoriste, Mg., p. 82. 

16. Odontopoda, Aldr., p. 89. 

17. Allactoneura cincta, Meij., p. 88. 


Bs ferruginea, sp. n., p. 74. 


NEMATOCERA Part I. PLATE I. 


EB. Wilson lith. 


D. Bagchi del. 


MYCETOPHILIDA. 


Aiba bh f | 
bay if, ae 


bag : 


oo [ 


ae. 


i 

_ 

i 

any bal 

>. 

Uy ; ‘ 
ae 

i 


{ ? - j 


hee? ‘ ; ; + th 
' {, lea . f hI , a 
| ; [ wo ie 2 ate i A LG ¢ i , . ie . ig 
ag i let mad AD) yi a? a ‘ ts : Poy j ; ’ | f 

; . ‘4 

« 


; ve ’ te 
, me ia’ an oy ALO une 


Fig. 


ce ed 
ewds Fo 


"id; 
#16. 
S17: 


PLATE. if. 


MYcETOPHILID &. 


. Leptomorphus, Curt., p. 84. 
. Leia winthemi, Lehm., p. 97. 


» arcuata, sp. n., p. 99. 
3 ugra, sp. n., p. LOL 


. Clastobasis, Skuse, p. 94. 

. Anomalomyia, Hutt., p. 90. 

. Paleoanaclinia, Meun., p. 85. 

. Greenomyia nigricoxa, sp. n., p. 87. 

. Phronia, Winn., p. 110. 

. Rhymosia annulicornis, sp. n., p. 105. 

. Allodia nigrofasciata, sp. n., p. 108. 

. Exechia basilinea, sp. n., p. 1138. 

. Mycetophila quadrifasciata, sp. n., p. 115. 


” curvilinea, sp. n., p. 116. 
Sciara, Mg., p. 120 


* Three typical forms of venation in Scrara. 


NEMATOCERA. Part |. PLATE ll. 


D. Bagchi del. E.Wilson lith. 
MYCETOPHILIDA. 


re . 


POATE. IU, 


MyYcrroPHitip®. 


Fig. 1. Macrocera ornata, sp. n., 3 genitalia, dorsal view; p. 51. : 
2. Ceroplatus quadripunctatus, sp. n., abdomen, dorsal view ; 
[p. 57. 
3. Platyura marginata, sp.n., 3 genitalia; p. 62. 
4. »  apicipennis, sp. n., dorsal view of head; p. 61. 
5. Isoneuromyia annandalei, sp. n., p. 67. 


6. Mycomyia bifascipennis, sp. n., 3 genitalia, side view ; 
[pews 


7. Gnoriste brevirostris, sp. u., head, front view ; p. 83. 
8. » spathulata, sp. n., head, side view ; p. 84. 7 
9. Greenomyia nigricova, sp. n., 3 genitalia, dorsal view ; 
Ite law A 
LP: 87. 
10. Phronia semifwmata, sp. n., + dorsal view ; 
[p. alae 
11. Macrobrachius longicosta, sp. n., Ke side view ; 
[p. 109. 
12. Rhymosia fascipes, sp. n., -, dorsal view ; 
[p. 106. 
13. . annulicornis, sp. D., 5 side view ; 
[p. 105. 
14. = - antenna ; p. 105. 


15. Sciara rufithorar, Wulp, ¢ genitalia, dorsal view; p. 128. 


PLATE Ill. 


NEMATOCERA. Part I. 


E.Wilson lith. 


D.Bagchi del. 


MYCETOPHILIDA. 


Ries 1), 


OO Oot OD Or —& & WS 


ee 
ant oN HS S 


PLATE IV. 


PsycHCDID &. 


Brunettia superstes, Ann., p. 249. 


. Parabrunettia atrisquamis, Brun., p. 253. 

. Brunettia superstes, Ann., front view of head; p. 249. 

. Pericoma spinicornis, Brun., base of antenna; p. 238. 

. Phlebotomus argentipes, Ann. & Brun., g genitalia; p. 207, 
. Psychoda bengalensis, Brun., antenna; p. 229. 

. Phlebotomus major, Ann., 3 genitalia; p. 210. 

. Psychoda bengalensis, Brun., 5 genitalia; p. 229. 

. Brunettia superstes, Ann., antenna; p. 249. 

. Phiebotomus himalayensis, Ann., ¢ genitalia; p. 204. 


5: perturbans, Meij., 5 genitalia; p. 205. 
Psychoda distincta, Brun., wing ; p. 225. 


a5 3 antenna, 


. Phlebotomus zeylanicus, Ann., ¢ genitalia; p. 215. 
. Pericoma spinicornis, Brun., wing ; p. 238. 
» Psychoda ngripennis, Brun., flagellum ; p. 232. 


NEMATOCERA. Part I. PEATE 


D.Bagchi del. E.Wilson lith. 


PSYCHODIDA. 


PLATE VY. 


TIPULID#. 


Fig. 1. Ptychoptera distincta, Brun., p. 281. 


to 


. Pselliophora leta, F., var., p. 291. 

“5 ae ete Walk., p. 293. 
Naess pedata, Wied. (Java), p. 302. 
», Sp. near venusta, Walk., p. 302. 
»  fumipennis, Brun., p. 305. 
fumifasciata, Brun., p. 308. 
»  pulcherrima, sp. n., p. 310. 


we OO 


co OO ND 


»  fuscinervis, sp. n., p. 312. 
10. ,, . splendens, sp. n., p. 314. 


ll. ,, = Aamalayensis, Brun., p. 315. 
*12.—,, ~— tessellatipennis, sp. n., p. 317. 

13. 4, marmoratipennis, sp. n., p. 319. 

14. ,, = quasimarmoratipennis, sp. n., p. 320. 

15. ,, =~ griseipennis, sp. n., p. 321. 


16. 4, _~— striatipennis, sp. n., p. 325. 
17. 4, ~— elegantula, sp. n., p. 339. 
18. Pachyrhina, Macq., p. 339. 

19. Dolichopeza orientalis, sp. n., p. 354. 


* The reference in the text is erroneously given as fig. 13. 


~ 


NEMATOCERA. Part |. PLATE V. 


D.Bagchi del. E.Wilson lith. 
TIPUBIDZ.. 


’ ide 
Pari fy! 
Ay 7 eh 


ae) a7 * 


ri 

ahy (é 
- 
As 

; 


Fig. 


—" 


i po 
wnt 


Perel eas Oe SDN GSAS 


PLATE VI. 


TIPULID2. 


Ptychoptera tibialis, Brun., abdomen ; p. 282. 
9 » 6 genitalia, dorsal view. 
» » + side view. 
” ” hind leg. 


hind leg. 


99 ” 


. Pselliophora immaculipennis, Brun., p. 294. 


op Ey. antenna. 


leta, F., antenna; p. 291. 
taprobanes, Walk., genitalia; p. 293. 


99 


» ” e posterior view. 
. Tipula pulcherrima, sp. n., thorax, dorsal view; p. 310. 


$ genitalia, side view. 


> ” 


ornatithorax, Brun., thorax; p. 331. 


i An a side view. 


atritarsis, Brun., body, side view; p. 283. 


fulvolateralis, Brun., 3 genitalia, side view ; p. 304. 
himalayensis, Brun., “ dorsal view; p. 315. 


subtincta, sp. ., r side view; p. 326. 


PEATE Mis 


NEMATOCERA. Part l. 


E.Wilson lith. 


D. Bagehi del. 


TPE TD E: 


PLATE -YII. 


TIPULID. 


Fig. 1. Cylindrotoma quadricellula, Brun., wing; p. 361. 


2. 4% a » antenna. 
3. Dicranomyia marmoripennis, sp. n., p. 369. 
ba “a absens, sp. n., p. 372. 
5 ce fraterna, sp. n., p. 378. 
6. = subfascipennis, sp. n., p. 380. 
i a puncticosta, sp. n., p. 377. 
8 » pulchripennis, sp. n., p. 376. 
9. "A fascipennis, sp. n., p. 379. 
10. - ornatipes, sp. n., p. 380. 
ble ¥ cinerascens, sp. 1., p. 381. 


12. Limnobia tinctinervis, sp. n., p. 401. 
13. = festiva, sp. n., p. 400. 
14. a longinervis, sp. n., p. 403. 
15. “S indica, sp. n., p. 401. 


16. 4 trimaculata, sp. n., p. 402. i 
17. Geranonyia semifasciata, Brun., p. 395. 
18. i semistriata, Brun., p. 394. 


* The reference in the text is erroneously given as fig. 2. 


NEMATOCERA. Part I. PLATE Vil. 


E. Wilson lith. 


D. Bagchi del. 


TIPULIDA 


Fig. 


ee ee 
ONanrwWNwNH © 


© OMT SD Oe Ww bE 


PLATE VIII. 


TIPULIDA. 


. Geranomyia pulchripennis, sp. n., p. 393. 


flavicosta, sp. n., p. 389. 
circipunctata, sp. n., p. 390. 


” 
99 


tridens, sp. n., p. 891. 


29 


. Libnotes fuscrnervis, sp. n., p. 411. 


punctipennis, Meij., p. 413. 


39 


notatinervis, sp. n., p. 412. 


9 


. Rhamphidia ferruginosa, sp. n., p. 418. 
. Toxorhina incerta, sp. n., p. 422. 

. Gymnastes violaceus, Brun., p. 433. 

. Orimarga peregrina, sp. n., p. 424. 

. Antocha indica, sp. n., p. 426. 

. Teucholabis insignis, sp. n., p. 430. 


fenestrata, Os. Sac., p. 429. 


9 


. Atarba flava, sp. n., p. 435. 
. Rhypholophus pulcher, sp. n., p. 442. 
. Erioptera punctipennis, sp. n., p. 449. 


grandior, sp. n., p. 456. 


”? 


NEMATOCERA. Part I. PLATE Vill. 


D. Bagem del. E.Wilson lith. 
stale N |) DAS. 


ip ‘if Ades 1 ii 


q = a) ea Dye 


\ 


i a a 


SS) ha 


PLATE IX. 


TIPULIDA. 


. Mesocyphona nigripes, sp. n., p. 458. 


13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
Pie 
18. 
19. 


. Erioptera brevior, sp. n., p. 452 

. Styringomyia ceylonica, Edw., p 461. 
. Lechria bengalensis, Brun., p. 467. 

. Gonomyia tmcompleta, sp. n., p. 471. 


flavomarginata, sp. n., p. 472. 
affinis, sp. n., p. 472. 

aperta, sp. n., p. 473. 
prowima, sp. n., p. 474. 


. Empeda inconspicua, sp. n., p. 475. 
. Mongomioides marmorata, sp. n., p. 483. 


nigroapicalts, sp. n., p. 483. 
~ trentepohlu, Wied., p. 482. 
Mongoma pennipes, Os. Sac., p. 479. 


9 


Symplecta punctipennis, Me., p. 486. 
Gnophomyia genitalis, sp. n., p. 490. 
36 longipennis, sp. n., p. 489. 


furcata, sp. n., p. 491. 


79 


strenua, sp. n., p- 492. 


97 


NEMATOCERA. Part |. PLATE IX. 


D. Bagchi del. E. Wilson lith. 


> WIP UEDA. 


Oe a oe 


ae} 


ies) } 
a wll, 


a 
ae 
— 


CHINA MP WON 


a 
WIA TKR WHE SO 


PLATE X. 


TIPULIDZ. 


. Gnophomyia aperta, sp. n., p. 492. 


ns incompleta, sp. n., p. 493. 
7 nigra, sp. n., p. 494. 


. Dasymallomyia signata, sp. n., p. 495. 

. Conosia irrorata, Wied., p. 497. 

. Cladura flavescens, Brun., p. 501. 

. Claduroides fascipennis, Brun., wing ; p. 505. 


‘i 33 antenna. 


. Paracadura, Brun., wing ; p. 502. 


’ 
aS » antenna. 


. Amalopis elegans, sp. n., p. 516. 


a glabripennis, sp. n., p. 515. 


. Trichocera punctipennis, sp. n., p. O11. 
. Rhaphidolabis fascipennis, sp. n., p. 519. 


, indica, sp. n., p. 519. 


. Ephelia fascipennis, sp. n., p. 526. 
. Eriocera semilimpida, sp. n., p. 546. 


“a ~ a 
‘ 


PLATE X. 


NEMATOCERA. Part I. 


E.Wilson lith. 


D. Bagchi del. 


TIPULIDZ.. 


ae ere Beara, git ois 
Ps a 
i] As : 
ye 

Vs i) va Sea a pe aa 


tee) 


a ° 
A Pan & i 7 
a 4 vb : : : 
; ie vy ATT) PU) PPA igi tl 4’ 
i" rh i t 
f = v Se See J 
4 corr Ol. aiilpe  aearh) 


1 - 
I | A ial | 
¥ mt " 4 oi . 
Ps ieee A HAE KO. os: 
¥ A : , 
Be a 
~~ J ‘ 

Pe he PSU , a8 of , 

* as 7 7 - / 1 

( roe a0 A 4 s Luciing nm 


» “= i - 
= A | ‘ 7. fy 4 
Pd 
- ’ ‘ i 
. 
g +) s 
as 7 
im my, 
z é : : 
‘ ; : tz 


a 
aT - 

4 : oo 
rhe ‘ i, i ¥ 


12: 


. Mongoma pennipes, Os. Sac., d genitalia, side view; p. 479. 


PLATE XI. 


TIPULID®. 


. Iimnobia indica, sp. n., 3 genitalia, side view ; p. 401. 
. Dicranomyia pulchripennis, sp. n., 3d genitalia, side view ; 


[p. 376. 


Geranomyia circipunctata, sp. n., thorax, dorsum; p. 390. 
5 tridens, sp. n., thorax, dorsum; p. 391. 
5 ts MA Ps side view. 
i. flavicosta, sp. n., thorax, dorsum ; p. 389. 
™ gentalis, Brun., 3 genitalia, side view ; p. 388. 


. Libnotes fuscinervis, sp. n., d genitalia, dorsal view: p. 411. 
. Atypophthalmus holopticus, Brun., ¢ genitalia, dorsal view ; 


[p. 408. 


. Teucholabis fenestrata, Os. Sac., 5 genitalia, side view ; 


[p. 429. 


. Rhamphidia ferruginosa, sp. n., d genitalia, side view ; 


[p. 418. 
Toworhina incerta, sp. n., Q genitalia, side view ; p. 422. 


. Eriocera fenestrata, Brun., part of wing; p. 535. 


3 ms » abdomen, dorsal view. 
»  plumbieincta, Brun., abdomen, side view; p. 541. 


. Ceratostephanus antennatus, Brun., antenna’; p. 407. 
. Styringomyia ceylonica, Edw., $ genitalia, dorsal view ; 


[p. 461. 


. Gonomyra incompleta, sp. n., ¢ genitalia, side view ; 


[p. 471. 


. Lthypholophus, Kol., antenna; p. 440. 


PLATE XI. 


NEMATOCERA Part I. 


E.Wilson lith, 


D. Bagchi del. 


TIP ORL DAE: 


aug - 


a . ae ce 


PLATE XII. 


Fig. 1. Rhyphus maculipennis, Wulp, p. 552. 


2. 5 pulchricornis, Brun., p. 553. [p. 855. 
3. 2 fenestralis, Scop., typical form, tip of wing ; 

4, 3 » var. indicus, Brun., tip of wing; p. 504. 
.. = punctatus, ., p. 55d. 

6. x distinctus, Brun., p. 556. 

ie as diisus, Brun., p. 557. 


8. Diva ochrilineata, Brun., p. 261. 
9. ,, montana, Brun., p. 262. 
10. ,, + maculipennis, Brun., p. 263. 
11. Pleciomyva melanaspis, Wied., p. 161. 
12. Plecia fulvicollis, F., p. 163. 
13. 4, are, Brun., p. 165. 
*14. Pleciomyia melanaspis, Wied., antenna; p. 161. 
15. Plecia fulvicollis, F., antenna; p. 163. 
TL6. |, aire, bran. $5 p. 165. 
17. 4, tergorata, Rond., ,, p. 164. 
+18. Blepharocera, Macq., head ; p. 155. 
ly! :; larva. 


* The apical joint should be considerably more elongate in the figure. 

t There are 8 annular joints in the flagellum, not 7, as shown in the figure. 

{ These two ficures are reproduced from the ‘ Genera Insectorum,’ Fase. 56, 
BLuritAROCERID2, by Prof. V. L. Kellogg. 


= 
= 
< 
=! 
Oo 
D 
— 
@ 
jail 
< 
jaa 
LJ 
O 
e 
< 
= 
uJ 
Zz 
ae —! 
OT eanaeen ey 
EEE 


E.Wilson lith. 


D.Bagchi del. 


DIXIDA .RAYPHIDA, ETC. 


Fauna of British India. 


In the “FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA” Series 
Mr. E. Brunetti’s work on the Nematocerous Dipterg 
(excluding the Chironomidwand the Culicid) is now published, 
and this will be foilowed by a volume on the Jchnewmonider 
by Mr. Claude Morley. 


The remaining volumes which the Editor, Dr. A. EK. 
Shipley, with the assistance of Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, and 
with the sanction of the Secretary of State for India, has 


arranged for in this Series are :— 


Volumes on the Orthoptera (Acridiide and Locustide) 
by Mr. W. F. Kirby: on Butterflies (Lycenide and Hes- 
perude) by Mr. H. H. Druce: on the Curculionidae by Mr. 
G. A. K. Marshall: on the Longicorn Beetles by Mr. U. J. 
Gahan : on the Helicide by Lieut.-Colonel H. H. Godwin- 
Austin: on the Ivodide and Argaside by Mr. C. Warburton : 
on Leeches by Mr. W. A. Harding: on the Meloide by 
Professor Creighton Wellman: on the Brachyurous Crus- 
tacea by Lieut.-Colonel A. Alcock, M.D.: on the Uniontdw 
by Mr. H. B, Preston: and a final volume on the Rhynchota 
by Mr. W. L. Distant. : 


October 1912. 


UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT VOLUME. 


The Fauna of British India, 


including Ceylon and Burma. 


Mammalia. By W. T. BuanFrorp, F.RS. Numerous illustrations. £1. 
Fishes: Vols. I. & Il. By F. Day, C.L.E., LL.D. . Ey £1 each. 
Birds: Vols. I. & Il. By E. W. Oatzs, F.Z.8. s » | Vol, TC 21 vers 
Vols. II. & IV. By W.T. Buanrorp, F.R.S8. _., » | IL-[V.16s. each. 
Reptilia and Batrachia. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S. ,, 3 Cie 
Moths: Vols. l.-IV. By Sir G. F. Hampson, Barr. _,, - £1 each. 
Hymenoptera: Vols. I. & Il. By Lt.-Col.C.T. Bineuam. ,, - £1 each. 
and 5 plates. 

Arachnida. By R. I. Pocock. Numerous illustrations: 10s. 
Rhynchota: Vols. 1.-V. By W. L. Disranr ) Vols. L-IV. £1 
y ORS ee aaa ; ? ” ) each. Vol.V.10s. 


Butterflies: Vols. I. & II. By Lt.-Col. C. T. Bineuam. £1 each. 


Nd ” 
and 20 plates. 
Coleoptera: Vol. I. (Cerambycide). By C.J.GAnan. Numerous illustrations. 10s. 
Vol. IL. (Chrysomelide). By M. Jacosy. 6 Hs £). 
and 2 plates, 
(Lamellicornia). Vol. 1. By G. J. Arrow. Numerous illustrations 
and 2 plates. 10s. 


Mollusca (Zestacellide and Zonitide). By the late W. T. BuanForD, F.RS., 
and Lt.-Col. H. H. Gopwin-AustTEN, F.R.S. Numerous illustrations. 10s. 


Dermaptera (Earwies). By M. Burr, D.Se., M.A., &e. 55 $5 
and 10 plates. 10s. 


Freshwater Sponges, &c. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc. Numerous illustrations 
and 5 plates. 10s. 


Coleoptera ((ien. Introd., and Cicmdelide and Pausside). By W. W. FowtEr, 
M.A., D.Sc., &e. Numerous illustrations. £1. 


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