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PATHOLOGY, DIAaNOSIS, AND TREATMENT:

TO WHICH IS ADDED

A COMPLETE DICTIONARY OF CANINE
"MATERIA MEDICA."

NEW AND REVISED EDITION.

BY

HUGH DALZIEL,

Author of "British Dogs," *' Diseases of Horses ," S^c.

London :
L. UPCOTT GILL, "THE BAZAAR" OFFICE, 170, STEAND, W.C.

1881.

LONDON :
PRINTED BY ALFRED BRADLEY, 170, STRAND, W.C.

THE LIBRARY

BRISHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

PROVO. UTAH

PEEFAOE.

The first edition of the " Diseases of Dogs " was written ten years ago,
and has been so well received by those for whom it was specially written as
to show that my endeavours to assist my co-philokuons have not been
entirely futile. Thus encouraged, I have essayed another edition, con-
siderably enlarged, and with some parts entirely re- written ; which altera-
tions and additions I trust may prove of practical value.

I ventured in my introductory remarks ten years ago to anticipate that
the rapidly increasing number and value of pure bred dogs kept would lead
veterinarians to pay more attention to canine pathology, and that these
gentlemen would be more generally consulted by the public, to the
exclusion of the old style of dog doctor, who, as a class, are as ignorant as
pretentious.

That anticipation has already, to a considerable extent, and will still
more largely be fulfilled in the immediate future ; and at that I rejoice,
for this little book, written by an amateur for amateurs, is not intended to
take the place of the veterinary surgeon when such aid is required and can
be had, but to assist in the treatment of the more simple ailments, and, in
more serious cases, to bridge over the time between the discovery of the
disease and the placing the patient in skilled hands, and preventing in the
interim the dangerous pranks of ignorance which so often in short space
effect evil that it is difiicult or impossible to undo.

On the other hand, it is hoped that the information given will, with the

aid of the common sense of the reader, enable him to treat ordinary diseases

a2

4 PREFACE.

successfully, and so keep down the doctor's bill. There is no need to run
to a veterinary surgeon with every trifling ailment, and all men worthy of
their profession dislike to be bothered with frivolous cases.

In preparing the present issue, I have consulted all the best authors on
the subjects dealt with, and have endeavoured to express the best opinions
free from technicalities, which purely professional writers are compelled to
adopt for sake of exactness and to escape prolixity ; and I have also
embodied the results of my own experience and observation, which, in
connection with dogs and dog diseases, has now been very considerable ;
and whilst sensible that the book may be charged with many defects, and
probably some errors, I yet venture to hope it will prove still more useful
to the dog owner than in its first form.

Hugh Dalziel.

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INTRODUCTORY.

It is said that every man forty years of age should be his own doctor,
and there is, I think, still more reason that every man who owns a dog,
even without having attained the age of forty, should be his own dog
doctor ; indeed, there is no one so well qualified as the master, for he best
knows the peculiarities of habit and temperament of his favourite, and is
therefore in the best position to administer to his ailments when " out
of sorts." Dog doctoriDg is, indeed, a simple matter, and may be success-
fully practised if a few fundamental facts are borne in mind and a few
ruling principles of action observed.

It should never be forgotten that health is the natural state, and that
when disease is present, in nine cases out of ten it is the master's fault ;
and before making the poor beast the receptacle for a lot of nasty physic,
it should be asked whether his treatment is governed by that wisdom
and care his devoted obedience and fidelity have a right to demand. The
young gentleman who practises on the wonderful self-sacrificing obedience
of Neptune, by repeatedly sending him into the water in cold weather to
swim after nothing, need not be astonished if he afterwards finds him
curled up in his kennel suffering the agonies of rheumatism ; and when
darling Fido so frightens his mistress with that low moan, succeeded by
that painful and prolonged howl, with his back arched, his feet tucked
in towards each other, and vainly trying every possible posture to escape
the pain, he is merely suffering the natural result of that last lump of
sugar. True, Fido may have had sugar frequently without suffering in this
way, but the last lump is the straw that breaks the camel's back ; and no
surprise need be felt if persistence in the kindly-meant but objection,
able practice induces repeated attacks of colic, ending in inflammation and
death.

I would particularly impress on all who own dogs — especially young
owners — that it is not only to their interest, but it is their duty to be true
masters, ruling with firmness and kindness, and providing for all the

D INTRODUCTORY.

wants of the animal in lodging, food, and exercise on principles of
common sense ; and it must be evident that thus only can health be main-
tained. If a dog have not proper food provided at proper times, but be
allowed to be the scavenger of the yard and the street, what wonder
if he become loathsome and diseased, a nuisance to his owner and every-
one else ? If, on the other hand, he be pampered, petted, and stuffed
with tit-bits and sweet cakes, he will lose all kindliness of disposition
(the great charm of a companion dog), and become a morose, peevish,
snappish misanthrope, that your friends may praise, but dare not pat ;
he will lose all beauty of form, all sprightliness and elasticity of action,
and become an unshapely, asthmatical lump of obesity, to whom the
slighest physical exertion is a trouble. Ladies, who are the great offenders
in this way, should remember that dogs are not valued — like prize pigs —
for their fatness, and that they are never so healthy and happy as when in
good working condition — that is, when they can take a good gallop with-
out puffing.

Dog" Doctors. — There are numerous varieties of the " dog doctor,"
mostly to be avoided. First, we have the advertising quack, whose pills or
potions work like magic, curing the most dangerous maladies in a few hours,
after all other remedial agents have failed ; next, we have that strange
compound of the stable, the rat pit, and the tap room, with a reputation
for "knowing all about dogs," to whose tender mercies some gentlemen
have the sublime simplicity to entrust their canine invalids. Again,
we have the gamekeeper dog doctor, the genuine article — generally shrewd,
intelligent, and observant, and who, having dogs constantly under his care,
has the best of opportunities for studying their peculiarities of tempera-
ment, &c., both in health and disease, and which render his opinion
always worthy of respect. His fault generally is a deep-rooted prejudice
in favour of tradition and an invulnerability to the idea of a new remedy,
forgetting, or not knowing, that the science of medicine has as surely
advanced as the science of fire-arms, and that new and improved remedies
as surely supersede the old as breechloaders have banished flint locks
from the field and the moors. Gamekeepers are not, however, the only
people who value a recipe handed down from their great grandmother with-
out reference to its adaptability to altered circumstances. Draughts of
medicine are not so palatable as champagne, nor the outward applications
we are obliged to use as agreeable as Eimmel's vinegar ; but I confess I
can see no reason why we should continue, in the case of mange, for instance,
to use filthy compounds of whale oil and brimstone, which even some of the
best writers still recommend, when we have a choice of remedies at least
less disagreeable and more efficacious. Last, but not least, of the *' dog
doctors " is the qualified veterinary surgeon, who, with limited exceptions,
is the only safo person to consult in serious and complicated cases, and
whose hand alone can be trusted in delicate surgical operations. From
the rapidly increasing number and value of pure bred dogs, I anticipate
the veterinarian will be more often consulted in future, and I look for a
large increase to our knowledge of dog diseases from this source.

INTRODUCTORY. 7

Exercise. — This has an important bearing on the dog's health. There
are few more naturally active animals than the dog, and it is unpardonable
barbarity to chain or shut him up in a kennel for weeks together. Never
chain a puppy if you wish him to grow into symmetrical form ; he will pull
himself out of all true shape. I have known people chain young dogs to
make them savage ; but they have been either foolish people or those of the
"Bill Sikes " type, and I hope I need make no further observation on
the brutal practice.

Feeding. — Full-grown dogs are never so well as when fully fed only
once a day at a regular hour in the morning. Their food should be
principally vegetable. I prefer as the staple food well-boiled oatmeal,
and with it thoroughly cleaned paunches, sound horseflesh, good pressed
buffalo beef (not the salt jerked beef), or other wholesome meat. This
should be also well boiled, the best plan of cooking being to boil the
meat first and add the meal to the boiling broth. Meat should be
given in the proportion of one part to four of meal, but dogs required
to do hard work need more meat, and that of the most nourishing
kind, say, one part by weight to two parts meal. "Where expense is
considered, equal parts of Indian meal (ground maize) and oatmeal
may be given, and there is a meal made from an Egyptian grain called
Dari, which makes a good and remarkably cheap food for dogs, the price
being about 12s. per cwt. After many years' trial on a great variety of
breeds, I am convinced that the meat fibrine biscuits, as a staple food,
cannot be excelled, nor have I ever found a single case of eczema caused by
them, as alleged by some. The great convenience of them, too, is much in
their favour. Whatever the staple food, a little boiled green vegetables,
such as cabbage, should occasionally be added, and changes of diet are some-
times desirable. All dogs require bones, but very large hard bones should
not be given to young dogs, as they are apt to break the teeth ; fish and bird
bones are also objectionable, as liable to produce choking. When no more
dogs are kept than can be fed with the scraps from the table, there is
nothing so good, provided the supply does not exceed the demand, and the
dog does not make his diet too rich by picking out the meat and leaving
the vegetables. Dogs should always have clean fresh water within their
reach ; this is most important. It is a common custom to put a lump of roll
sulphur in the water, which, like the proverbial chip in the porridge, does
neither good nor harm. If sulphur be required, the better plan is to give a
little of the sublimed or flowers of sulphur in the food ; in fact, nearly all
the dog cakes and dog meals manufactured contain a trifle of it, and are
improved by it.

Housing'.— After feeding, the most important element in securing sound
health in the dog is good lodgings. A cold, damp, or draughty kennel is
almost sure to produce rheumatism, kennel-lameness, chest-founder, liver
complaint, or some other dangerous ailment. A kennel should be warm,
dry, airy, thoroughly ventilated, and free from draught, and I also think
that not only should a dry spot, but, where possible, a more cheerful
aspect, be chosen than is generally the case. It seems almost superfluous

8 INTRODUCTORY.

to add that the most scnipulons cleanliness is an absolute necessity of
a healthy kennel, and that the frequent use of lime wash containing some
disinfectant is a great preventive of disease.

Having very briefly pointed out the course of treatment most likely to
secure immunity from disease, I will pass on to the more difficult but
not less needful task of showing how to distinguish and treat it when
it makes its appearance. I will endeavour to describe the symptoms
preceding and accompanying each disease, and to give the proper
treatment and remedies to be used under the various circumstances, in
language as plain and free from technicalities as possible, so as to be
of the most practical use to the dog fancier ; and, as some guarantee of
the value of the various recipes to be given, I may say they will embrace
the whole of those used in the get-up of " The Field Dog Medicine
Chest," now widely distributed through the kennels of the country, and
under the sanction and approval of the highest authorities on such matters.

My object being to assist those who, like myself, are dog fanciers, in
treating the diseases of dogs in a sensible manner, I will not attempt a
classification, but follow an alphabetical arrangement as at once the easiest
and most convenient, and, under the circumstances, the most practically
useful method.

H. D.

■ ^■» me4

DISEASES AND ACGIDENTS-

A.

Abortion. — Strictly speaking", abortion means the expulsion of the
foetus before it is sufficiently matured for independent life, but applied to
the lower animals it is generally used to mean premature parturition as
well. Abortion is comparatively rare in dogs, but premature whelping,
especially just a week or so before the pups are due, is by no means un-
common. The causes of abortion and premature parturition are various.
Alow diet, causing extreme poverty when the system requires extra support
for the growth of the unborn pups, and the secretion of milk for them
afterwards, is likely to cause it ; and, on the other hand, a plethoric state of
the body from over-feeding and want of exercise is also a likely cause, and
very severe exercise, jumping from a height or over fences, and, what ia
too common, blows or kicks on the abdomen. It may also be brought on
by drinking foul water, eating putrid food or anything likely to cause
inflammation of the bowels, violent diarrhoea, and consequent straining.
Young bitches bred from before the system is matured, and old worn-out
ones, are most likely to abort. An attempt was made in 1880, strongly
supported by the Rev. J. Gumming Macdona, to introduce rye bread, as
made in Germany, as a staple food for dogs in this country, on account of
its low price ; but it was shown to be not really cheap, and its general use
would be in the highest degree dangerous to bitches in whelp, from the fact
that rye is so generally infested with its parasite ergot, which has a direct
effect in producing expulsion of the foetus, especially in its advanced stage..
Preventive measures consist in general attention to health, both in regard
to the food and water given and the sanitary condition of the kennel, and
the permitting of regular, but not violent, exercise, and in selecting only
for breeding purposes bitches that are matured and in vigorous health.
When a bitch has had her pups before the full time she should not be again,
bred from until at least one period of aestrum has passed.

Abscess.— The formation of pus or matter in or among the tissues is
known as abscess ; it may be the result of a blow or other accident, or
caused by inflammation, local or general. After pupping it sometimes
happens that one of the teats gets damned up, and this gives rise to locaL

B

10 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

inflammatioE, ending in abscess. Wlien an abscess is forming there is
unusual heat of the parts, and at first a hard lump, which, as the matter
forms, becomes softer, and fluctuates under pressure of the hand. If the
matter form very slowly it will be advisable to hasten its formation
by hot fomentations, which, if used at all, it is important should be
used continuously for considerable time, afterwards covering the parts
to prevent reaction from the cold air ; or a stimulating liniment or mild
blister may be used, applied with a good deal of friction. A poultice is
useful if it can be kept to the part, and the cleanest and best will be a piece
of spongia piline — which can be had from any chemist — saturated with
warm water, and applied the waterproof side outwards. The abscess
is ripe for opening when the under part is soft and moves readily under
pressure of the finger. To open it take the lancet between finger and
thumb, and, plunging it well into the centre, make a clean cut downwards,
so as to ensure good drainage ; press the matter out, bathe with warm water
and keep clean — this will in most cases be done by the patient's tongue.
In cases where the abscess is deep seated, the practised surgeon should
alone use the knife. The diet throughout should be light and nutritious ;
in many cases no medicine will be required, but a mild purgative may be
given when the matter is forming, in which case a dose of the following is
recommended :

Mild Purge.— Take syrup of buckthorn, 3 parts ; ditto white poppies,
1 part; castor oil, 2 parts. Dose— a tablespoonful for a dog 161b. or
201b. weight. The bottle must be well shaken before the dose is measured.
One word in reference to the old formula I have prescribed as a mild
purge. There are various opinions as to the value of buckthorn. Some
writers say it is inert. From my own experience I believe it to be a valu-
able cooling aperient, and I find the above mixture the most generally useful
of all purgatives. I think buckthorn has got into undeserved disrepute
through the rubbish that has been too often sold for it by those who seem
to think "anything good enough for a dog." The best plan for dog
owners is to buy the buckthorn juice, as it keeps better than tiie syrup,
which they can make as wanted by dissolving two parts by weight of lump
sugar in one part of juice by the aid of a gentle heat.

As a rule dogs when convalescent recover quickly, but if after an
abscess the animal is much reduced and the appetite impaired, he should
have one of the following pills given twice a day :

Tonic Pills.— Take quinine, 12 grains ; sulphate of iron, 18 grains ;
extract of gentian, 24 grains ; powdered ginger, 18 grains ; make into twelve
pills. These will be found a most useful pill in debility after distemper
and other lowering diseases, and in all cases of emaciation and want of
blood, shown by the paleness of the gums, &c., and, to save repetition,
they will in future be referred to as the " tonic pills."

An abscess may form internally from a blow or wound, or in lung disease,
in which latter case the matter would be discharged by the nose, and also
coughed up, and in the uterus the discharge would be per vaginam ; and
other organs may be the seat of the disease, but none of these cases can

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 11

be well treated by the amateur, and should be entrusted to the veterinary
«urgeon .

Accidents.— See Bites, Burns, Choking, Dislocations, Frac-
tures, Scalds, Sprains, Wounds.

Age, To Determine. — There is no certain indication of age to be relied
on, as in the case of horses and cattle. The first, or milk, teeth give place
to the permanent ones at about the age of six months, but in grown dogs
the teeth are not by any means a certain index, some dogs having them
white and entire until a considerable age, whilst in others, from disease,
they are covered with a yellow deposit whilst the animal is yet young ; and
in regard to the natural wear and tear that, of course, is governed by
accident, the kind of work the dog has been used to, and also to some
■extent the kind of food he has generally had. Bones, whilst an excellent
thing for dogs, and assisting to clean the teeth — it is a common saying
that a bone is the dog's tooth brush — yet large ones are apt to break and
lielp to wear away the teeth. Speaking generally, however, after the third
or fourth year the dog's teeth begin to show a deposit of tartar, yellow in
comparison with the beautiful white enamel of the perfect ones. Persons
•accustomed to have dogs constantly about them can generally give a pretty
shrewd guess as to age, but the most acute observers are often wide of the
mark, so much do individual animals differ in the indications of age they
offer to the eye. The approach of old age is evidenced by a staidness and
gravity of manner, disinclination to excessive exercise except at the call of
duty ; the eye loses its lustre, it slightly sinks, and around it grey hairs
appear, which gradually extend over the face ; in pugs I have observed the
black face turn grey at a very early age, and the more intense in colour
the mask the earlier this change appears to take place. The longevity of
the dog varies greatly. Blaine says he knew a mother and son in good
■health and vigorous at the ages of twenty and twenty-one, and Youatt
says the dog has been known to linger on till he reached his two and
twentieth year ; and occasionally cases are reported of a much greater
age, but I have never seen an instance supported by proof. A number of
correspondents favoured me with communications on this subject in The
Bazaar newspaper some time back, but only in one case could I feel
satisfied that the dog had reached the age of twenty years, and that was a
^og of no particular breed, and owned by a farmer near Guildford, and
the strong corroborative evidence in substantiation of the fact left no
room to doubt it. Dame Juliana Berners, authoress of the " Book of
Hunting," commonly called the " Boke of St. Albyn's," writing of the
greyhound, says :

When he is comyn to the nynthe yere
Have him to the tannere,
1^ For the best hoiinde that ever bytche had
At nynthe year he is full badde.

Many dogs, however, retain almost pristine vigour until long past that age,
but, as a rule, at fourteen or fifteen, if not at an earlier age, he becomes
offensive in smell, and in many other ways a nuisance.

b2

12 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena. — This is a loss of sight, partial or
entire, arising from one of several causes ; the optic nerve is palsied, whick
may have arisen from a blow^ near the eye. Exhaustion from suckling will
produce amaurosis, and bitches sometimes exhibit it during gestation ;.
excess of light is also a cause. The eye is unnaturally clear and glittering,
the pupil expanded and fixed, and that the dog is partially or entirely blind
is seen by his stepping high and with needless care when nothing is in his-
way and running against things that are. If when you feint a blow th»
eye does not move, total blindness may be assumed.

In treating for amaurosis, attend to the general health. If the cause
can be traced, remove it, and to assist cure a blister may be applied
behind the ear and discharge kept up for a time, strengthening food and
medicine being given. In case of blistering the dog's hind legs should be-
hobbled. It is always better, however, when such a delicate organ as
the eye is the seat of disease to consult a qualified veterinarian.

Antlirax. — This is specially a disease of cattle, known in the vernacular
as " black quarter," " black leg," " quarter ill," " joint ill," " hasty,"^
"puck," "shoot of blood," &c., from which young and particularly fast
thriving stock die without giving, in most cases, any premonitory
symptoms. Dogs partaking of the flesh of animals that have died of
anthrax suffer from blood poisoning, therefore owners of kennels should
be extremely careful that the carcases offered them for feeding purposes
are not of animals that have succumbed to this disease. Anthrax in dogs
affects the mouth, throat, and digestive organs, and produces intense
fever ; vomiting and purging take place, the matter ejected being mixed
with blood. In such cases give an oleaginous purge, and for a 301b.
or 401b. dog ten grains of chlorate of potash and a tablespoonful of
Mindererus' spirit and water every two hours ; or dissolve a drachm of
salicylic acid in a quart of hot water, and when cold give a tablespoonful
of the solution every half hour for four doses, then a dose every hour.
During convalescence give twice a day a pill of one grain each quinine-
and sulphate of iron and three grains of extract of gentian.

Anus, Polypus in the.— See Polypus.

Asthma is a common and distressing complaint, which is frequently the
roBult of indulgence in a too plentiful and too rich diet, combined with
luxurious idleness : hence we find its victims chiefly among lap dogs and
other house pets, they being specially liable to it when getting old. The
grossness of body which induces and fosters asthma also frequently causes
at the same time a kind of scurfy mange, making the coat look rough and
dirty, and giving it a harsh dry feel. Asthma is evidenced by distressing
paroxysms of coughing with considerable difficulty of breathing — these
symptoms occurring frequently. The first object is to relieve the animal
from these painful attacks, and this is best accomplished by the use of the
following medicine :

Anti-spasmodic Drops. — Take compound spirit of sulphuric ether, known
as Hoffman's anodyne, tincture of opium (laudanum), equal parts, mix.
and keep in a w^U-stoppered bottle in a cool place. The dose for a dog.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 13

■201b. to 301b. would be a small teaspoonful given in abont two table-
«poonfuIs of milk, gruel, or other liquid.

This will relieve, but not cure the patient, and to remove one at least
•of the predisposing causes, the dog must have frequent doses of a
brisk aperient ; eicher a dose every morning of the buckthorn and castor
oil mixture {Mild Purge) ^ or the third of an ordinary black draught, or,
what will be still better in many cases, a compound podophyllin pill every
night, the form for which will be found in a future page. In addition
to this treatment he should be induced or compelled to take such exercise
daily as will make him readily eat coarser food. His meals should be
given rather often, and in small quantities. If the disease has become
confirmed or chronic, the chance of complete cure is very remote ; but
the regular use of the following pills will have an astonishing effect in
counteracting the liability to severe paroxysms :

Cough Pills. — Take powdered ipecacuanha, 6 grains ; powdered opium,
6 grains ; compound squill pill, 24 grains ; powdered gum ammoniacum,
24 grains ; powdered liquorice, 24 grains ; powdered rhubarb, 12 grains.
Mix, and make into twenty-four pills ; dose for a 201b. to 301b. dog,
one pill night and morning. As these pills have been found to have
a wonderful effect in giving relief in all affections of the respiratory
organs, and will be wanted again, they will be referred to as the
"cough pills."

In some cases it may be requisite to apply a quick blister to the front
and sides of the chest, and strong liquid ammonia will be found an
efficient and cheap one. When severe fits of coughing, with difficulty of
breathing, occur, if the anti-spasmodic drops are not readily obtainable,
chlorodyne, which is kept in many houses as a family medicine, may be
given in the same way as the drops, the dose being from ten to twenty
drops.

Veterinarians distinguish between congestive and spasmodic asthma, but
for the purposes of the amateur it is better to deal with it as one disease,
Ihe difference being too nice for most non-professionals to discriminate ;
the main and readily distinguishable difference is the more constant exhibi-
tion of symptoms in the former, the breathing always being laboured, and
producing a wheezing sound, the spasmodic violently affecting the dog
at intervals.

Much relief is given to asthmatical dogs by confining them in a close
box kennel and filling it with the smoke of stramonium (thorn apple).
This may be done twice a day with advantage, and care should always be
taken with such patients not to subject them to any sudden great change
of temperature, whether from heat to cold or the reverse.

14 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

Balanitis.— Inflammation of the prepuce or mucous membrane of th&
glana penis, giving rise to discharge. See Penis, Discharge from.

Bites. — Although Dr. Watts was not strictly correct in saying that
"Doga delight to bark and hite," yet, unfortunately, some of them do,
although generally in self-defence, or at the call of supposed duty, and
whether the sufferer be one of his own species or not, it is well to attend
to it promptly. Wash the wound with tepid water, press out any blood,,
and pour in a little friars* balsam or compound tincture of myrrh. If a
dog has been bitten by a strange one, and there is any cause to suspect
it of being rabid, if the wound cannot bo immediately cauterised or
similarly dealt with, the bitten dog should be destroyed if of no great
value, or if valuable, isolated until the time has passed for any fear of
madness developing. See article Eabies.

Bladder, Inflammation of. — This is evidenced by great pain on the
application of pressure over the region of the bladder ; the urine is passed
in small quantities at frequent intervals, and evidently with considerable
pain. Inflammation of the bladder is frequently the result of a blow, but
it may be produced by prolonged exposure to cold and wet, and is not
unfrequently the result of the unwarrantable administration of can-
tharides, &c., by the ignorant. The treatment consists in first giving
a brisk purgative ; nothing in this case is better than half of an ordinary
black draught, but if this does not act it will be well to assist it with
clysters of lukewarm soap and water or thin gruel. When the bowels have
been freely opened give a dose of the "fever mixture" every six hours.

Fevei' Mixture. — Take powdered nitre, Idr. ; sweet spirit of nitre, ^oz. ;
Mindererus' spirit, l|oz. ; wine of antimony, Idr. ; water, 4oz. Mix— dose
for a dog 201b. to 301b. weight, one tablespoonful every four hours in a
little gruel.

The patient will experience relief if the parts are bathed continuously
with a warm infusion of poppy heads, or warm water alone, care being
taken that he is not afterwards exposed to cold. The dog's diet during
the existence of the disease should be light and nourishing. There is an
irritation of the bladder, which results in a constant discharge of fluid,
causing great trouble and annoyance, and which, especially in the case of
house pets, becomes loathsome. In such cases the dog's diet should be
considerably reduced, at least in quality ; he should have open air exercise
in good weather, a strong dose of podophyllin pills should be given,
and the fever mixture every six hours, the parts should be well bathed
with warm water, and from two to four leeches, according to the size of
the dog, applied; the bleeding afterwards being encouraged by hot
fomentations. The food should consist of strong mutton broth made with
Scotch or pearl barley, porridge, and milk, &c., but nothing of a heating
nature. If there is an inability to urinate, the bladder should be emptied
by moans of a catheter. When the dog is convalescent, to prevent the

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 15

disease becoming chronic, of which there is considerable danger, the
following drops must be given twice a day, either in the food or as a
drench, mixed with gruel or other liquid :

Cantharides Drops. — Take tincture of cantharides, tincture of iron,
tincture of henbane, of each Idr. ; dose for a 301b. to 501b. dog, fifteen to
twenty drops twice daily as directed. See also Penis, Dischakge from.

Blain. — This is a vesicular swelling of the tongue along the sides and
underneath. It comes on suddenly, is most frequent in spring and summer,
and appears to be epidemic — many cases occurring in the same neighbour-
hood at the same time ; it has not been shown to be contagious. Horses
and cattle are even more subject to it than dogs, and, although it is not a
fatal disease, it is a very troublesome one.

The symptoms appear without warning, and apparently without cause.
The first thing generally observed is a considerable increase of saliva,
which dribbles from the mouth. On examination the tongue will be
found raised up and considerably swollen, and, if the disease has lasted
any time, large livid vesicles, and at their base small ulcers, which ulti-
mately assume a gangrenous form, and discharge foetid matter tinged with
blood. Before this is noticed it will probably have been observed, in house
dogs or pets, that the breath is very fcBtid.

If observed in its early stage, give a dose of aperient medicine —
buckthorn and oil or black draught — every morning for four or five days.
If the vesicles are large make an incision with a lancet, and sponge
the tongue with tepid water, with one part of saturated solution of
chlorinated soda to ten parts of water; or a dessertspoonful of Condy'a
Fluid to a pint of water. If the ulcers assume a very unhealthy form
they may be touched with a point of caustic, but this requires great
care, or it will spread over the surrounding surface, causing great and
unnecessary pain. After the aperient medicine tonics should be given, for
a dog 301b. to 501b. weight one of the following pills twice a day : Pure
sulphate of iron, Idr. ; extract of camomile, l|dr. Mix, and divide into
twenty-four pills. Whilst blain exists the food should be entirely soft
— oatmeal porridge, broth thickened with stale bread, &c.

Blindness. — See Cataract, Ophthalmia, Amaurosis, or Gutta
Serena.

Blisters.— See general remarks in Canine Materia Metlica at the end
of this book.

Boils. — This term, being in common use, is well understood. Boils are
not very common on the dog ; when they appear a poultice of some kind
should, if practicable, be kept constantly applied, in order to bring the
boil quickly to a head, when it should be opened with a lancet, the matter
well squeezed out of it, the part well washed with tepid water, and then
dressed with the following ointment: Turner's Cerate (Ceratum calaminae),
loz. ; precipitated chalk and glycerine, and carbolic acid, each 2dr. ; mixed.
If bicarbonate of soda— dose, ten grains for a 301b. dog — be given three
times a day it will check the tendency to form boils.

Bones, Broken. — It can be ascertained that a bone of the leg is broken

16 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

by taking hold of the limb above the supposed f raoture and moving the
lower portion against it, when a grating or crackling of the broken ends
against each other will be felt or heard. The treatment consists in adjust-
ing the fractured parts to their natural form, and applying splints to keep
the parts set. Splints may be made of strips of gutta percha, softened in
warm water, and moulded to fit the limb, or pieces of thin wood may be
cut the required size, and well padded with wadding. The splints can be
kept in place by binding evenly with light calico bandages, which previous
to application have been smeared with the following preparation whilst
warm: Take Venice turpentine, Burgundy pitch equal parts; melt, and
Bmear over the bandage whilst hot. If much swelling occurs, it will be
necessary to slacken the bandages, and in most cases it will be requisite to
muzzle the dog, to prevent him tearing off the splints. Perfect rest will be
required, and the general health attended to. The time it will take for the
bones to unite is uncertain, but always tedious. An excellent and very
convenient description of splints for fractures is made by Mr. Linton,
Chemist, Princes-street, Edinburgh. In use it has to be first softened in
warm water, when it can be pressed around the fractured part, and made to
take its exact form ; it soon hardens, and is kept on until the bones
are again joined and consolidation of the tissues is complete. Only simple
fractures should the amateur attempt to deal with ; comminated fractures,
where the bone is broken into several pieces and compound fractures,
wherein the soft parts are torn and the ends of the broken bone exposed,
should be left to the veterinary surgeon. See also Fractuees.

Bowels, Obstruction of— Constipation or Costiveness. — Dogs
are peculiarly liable to costiveness, and, as Youatt states, "it is a disease
when it becomes habitual ;" but a very little care and attention on the part
of the owner easily prevents that. In the tendency to costiveness of
course individual animals differ, and should be treated accordingly.
Although bones are excellent and almost necessary to a dog's health, an
excess of them is to be avoided, as also of any kind of dry food, neither
should the dog be kept constantly to one kind of food ; indeed, want of
exercise and absence of necessary variety in the food are the principal
causes of constipation, which is therefore shown to be the result of
ignorance or neglect, and comes under the head of preventable diseases.
Whether looked upon as a disease in itself, or as a symptom and attendant
on other diseases, it is always troublesome and often becomes dangerous.
The faeces accumulate and get pressed into hardened lumps, the belly is
distended and hard, and colic pains occur, driving the dog almost frantic
and causing him to run about blindly, stumbling over different obstacles
that happen to be in his way, and to give utterance every now and then to
sharp howls of pain. As already stated, all this pain and misery the poor
beast has to suffer is in nearly every case the result of neglect of proper
rules which every dog owner should, in common justice to hi?, dog, be
acquainted with and observe. But the evil does not end even here, for
it is the too common practice, after having committed a mistake of omis-
sion, to rush into one of commission quite as great or greater — namelj'.

DISEASES A^"D ACCIDENTS. 17

the common practice in constipation of resorting to strong purgatives,
snch as Epsom salts, jalap, calomel, aloes, &c., the consequence of giving
which is to render the evil worse by forcing the faeces into still less
compass, whereby it becomes more impacted and hardened than before.
The proper course to follow is, when the dog is in great pain, administer a
dose of the "anti-spasmodic drops" (p. 12). Success in relievingthe patient
is best attained by mechanical means. Clysters of thin oatmeal gruel, or
soap and water, lukewarm, and containing about one ounce of castor oil in
each half pint, must be used continuously for some time, in fact, till the
desired object has been attained. This end will be greatly facilitated by
first introducing the finger oiled, or a small bone spoon, into the rectum,
and removing as much of the hard lumps of faeces as can be reached.
Assistance will also be given to the action of the clysters by gently press-
ing or kneading the belly at intervals with the hand. It is necessary that
everything should be done with the greatest gentleness ; boisterous conduct
and rough handling are likely to alarm the patient and cause him to do
himself irreparable injury. When the lower bowels have been emptied,
follow it up by giving the dog a strong dose of the podophyllin pills, and
try and induce him to lap some warm broth or gruel. The use of purga-
tives must not be resorted to to prevent a recurrence of the disease. The
system of management must be altered, the dog must have daily exercise,
the food must be varied, and embrace a portion of boiled green vegetables,
at least every second or third day. For a week or so after the attack rather
sloppy food should be given, such as well boiled porridge and milk, or broth,
and an occasional meal of boiled liver will act as a gentle laxative.

Obstruction from Foreign Bodies in the Intestines. — This is
another cause of obstruction in the bowels to which dogs are peculiarly
liable. Pieces of bone are swallowed of such size and substance that they
pass through the digestive organs very slightly diminished, and, getting into
the smaller intestines, cannot pass farther, so that faeces accumulate and
harden until, if not relieved, inflammation is set up ; sometimes stones are
swallowed and cause obstruction, a warning against the foolish practice of
throwing stones for dogs to fetch. In their eagerness they are apt to
swallow small ones, and, of course, there is the objection also that it
makes the dog hard-mouthed and spoils his teeth. Wool or rabbit fur
swallowed is likely to ball together with other matter and block the passage,
and a case recently came under my observation of a bull bitch suffering
from obstruction of the intestines from a ball of straw which she had
swallowed bit by bit, from having her meat, boiled paunch, thrown down to
her in pieces among her bedding.

Intussusception, that is, the slipping of one portion of intestines that
has been contracted by spasm, within another part retaining its natural
diameter, is another not uncommon cauee of obstruction; this is apt
to take place during spasmodic colic. Intussusception cannot be deter-
mined by symptoms, but is discovered on "post mortem examination ; the
obstruction consequent upon it sets up inflammation, ending in death.
Dogs should not be allowed to be costive more than two days without the

18 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

means for their relief already described being resorted to. It is always
safe and generally advisable in such cases to give a full dose of olive,
linseed, or castor oil, or a mixture of them.

Worms are another cause of obstruction in the intestines, especially
in pups ; round worms get coiled into balls, set up local irritation and
interfere with the natural action of the bowels. This source of obstruc-
tion will, however, be more fully treated in a future page when treating
of worms.

Bowels, Inflammation of. — The severity and very dangerous
character of this disease in the dog is such that perhaps the very best
advice that can be given to the amateur who finds hia valued dog attacked
by it is. Send for a qualified veterinary surgeon without delay. The owner
may however, be possessed of sufficient self-confidence as to wish to
try his own skill in treating the disease, or the animal may not be considered
of sufficient value to incur the expense of employing a professional man,
although there may be every desire to save the animal's life ; and if I can
help in any such commendable endeavour without encouraging useless and
ignorant experimenting at the cost of torture to the dog, I shall feel that
I have been of some little service. Whatever course is determined on,
whether home treatment or the calling in of professional aid, the decision
should not be taken till the symptoms have been carefully and minutely
observed, and the greatest attention must be paid to them, else there is
every fear of the amateur confounding it with and treating it as colic,
a disease which, although strongly resembling inflammation in some of its
symptoms, differs widely in others, and requires totally different treatment.
Colic, if neglected or if wrongly treated, may, and frequently does,
end in inflammation, but it is in itself a distinct ailment, and the same
remark equally applies to constipation or obstruction of the bowels.
As inflammation of the bowels or enteritis is one of the most fatal
diseases to which the dog is liable — frequently carrying him off verj'
quickly — no half measures will do for it ; but, having ascertained clearly
from the prevailing .symptoms that the disease is actually present, remedial
measures must be adopted with promptitude and energy. The main
causes of the disease are irregular or improper diet, or it may be
irritation caused by the dog having swallowed some hard indigestible
substance ; exposure to cold and wet may produce it, and it is sometimes
the result of ill-usage, such as a kick. Inflammation of the bowels may be
distinguished from colic in being more gradual in its approach, and is
always iishered in by general feverishness ; the nose is hot and dry, the
eyes red and inflamed, and the whole countenance is expressive of great
anxiety ; shivering fits occur, the belly is hard and distended, and the
surface hot to the touch ; the urine is generally scanty and high coloured.
As in colic, when standing, the back is arched, the feet are drawn in
towards each other, and the tail is tightly tucked between the legs, or the
dog may steal into a quiet corner, stretch his legs out before and behind,
and crouch with his belly on the ground, probably finding temporary relief
by bringing it in contact with the cold floor or ground ; the dog may, at

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 19

the same time, be observed to frequently turn an anxiona face towards his
flanks. Another safe and pretty certain way of distinguishing between
enteritis and simple obstruction or colic, is by pressing the hand along the
belly ; in the latter diseases, especially colic, the rubbing gives relief,
whereas in inflammation it evidently causes acute pain ; the cry of pain
given by the dog in this disease is shorter and sharper than the rather
prolonged howl in colic, but to distinguish by this symptom would require
finer discrimination than can be reasonably expected from the compara-
tively inexperienced, for whom I presume to write. I may here mention
the fact that enteritis is very commonly a complication of that " scourge
of the kennel," distemper, and this fact alone sufficiently shows the folly
of trusting to any single medicine, pill, powder, potion, or any so-called
specific whatever for the cure of that disease. The treatment proper in.
the disease under consideration consists in getting the bowels relieved
as speedily as possible by the mildest means that can be used, con-
stipation being generally present ; for this purpose the use of clysters
every fifteen minutes, as recommended in obstruction of the bowels,
should be resorted to, and the injections must be used gently and
with as little fuss and annoyance to the patient as possible. When the
clysters begin to take effect, the evacuation of the bowels should be
assisted by a dose of castor oil. From six to twelve leeches, according to
the size and strength of the dog, should be appled to the belly, and after
they have filled themselves the bleeding from the bites may be encouraged
by bathing the whole surrounding parts freely and continuously with warm
water. Many of the best writers on dogs recommend giving calomel and
opium combined, and it may appear presumptuous in me to offer a contrary
opinion; but experientia docet. I have given calomel to dogs in this
disease and many others, but I do not think I ever once gave it without
making the patient worse ; so I have long discarded it, in the firm belief that
it is not a medicine at all suited to the dog, and I am quite certain from my
own experience, and feel sure the best veterinarians will bear me out, that
the abusive use of calomel and other forms of mercury, given too often
in immense and poisonous doses to the dog, by country farriers and others
ignorant of its properties, and who work by the rule of thumb, is a not
infrequent cause of inflammation of the bowels. Instead of calomel, I
have in several cases used the following with excellent effect. Take true
James's powder, 3 grains ; powdered opium, | grain ; in one powder.
Give one every two hours till three are given ; large-sized dogs require
double that dose.

If happily the dog get over the attack, with signs of returning health
great weakness will be evident, and this must be met by good nursing
and a generous, but easily assimilated, diet. Beef tea, thickened with
bread, rice, &c., will answer well. The diet must be so varied as to keep
the bowels open without the use of medicine. When well on the road to
health, progress will be accelerated by giving the *' tonic pills " (p. 10)
twice a day, or the following may be substituted, which several of our
largest exhibitors constantly use and prefer to the pills.

20 THE DISEA.se S OF DOGS.

Concentrated Tonic Mixture. — Take concentrated decoction of yellow
bark, compound tincture of bark, loz. each; mix; dose, from half a tea-
spoonful to two teaspoonfuls, given twi^^.e a day in water. This mixture
is often used in preparing dogs for exhibition, and to render the coat fine
glossy, and brilliant ; there should be given with each dose of it from four
to eight drops of Fowler's Solution of Arsenic. This ia a wrinkle worth the
attention of would-be prize winners ; it should be given with regularity for
three or four weeks prior to the show.

Brain, Diseases of. — The bony covering of the brain is in the dog
very strong, still they are liable to accidents from falls on the head,
running full force against obstacles, as in coursing, which cause concussion
of the brain, and the same results from blows, accidental or designed*
The dog lies stunned and insensible, the breathing is slow and feeble, and
the pulse small and quick.

In treating the head should be examined to see if there is actual
fracture of the skull, and if there is bleeding it should be stopped by cold
applications. The case should be committed to aveterinary surgeon, who,
to prevent inflammation succeeding, will probably bleed locally : but when
the accident occurs, brandy, or other spirits at hand, should be rubbed
on the gums, and the body should be kept warm ; if a smelling bottle, or
ammonia in any form, is obtainable, it should be held to the nostrils.

Water on the Brain.— Mr. John Woodroffe Hill, F.E.C.V.S., Pro-
fessor of Veterinary Medicine Wilts and Hants Agricultural College, in his
exhaustive work on dog diseases, makes the following pertinent remarks,
which should be noted by all dog breeders, and especially by that class— by
no means a small one— who think they can successfully indulge their whims
in defiance of Nature's laws. Mr. Hill says : " Hydrocephalus, or water
on the brain, is by no means an infrequent canine affection. It is
invariably congenital, and is more particularly seen in high-bred dogs, and
especially where the in-and-in system of breeding has been adopted.
Several instances have come under my own observation attributable, in
my opinion, to the latter cause. In one or two cases absolute idiocy
existed, the animals performing absurd motions, and alike regardless of
petting or scolding. They were diminutive black-and-tan toys, and, if I
may be allowed the expression, ' bred to death ; ' destitute of hair on the
ears and skull, the latter unsightly and large, the eyes painfully prominent
and expressionless, the body deficient in symmetry, and the limbs distorted.
And some of the defects named were considered by the creatures' owners
as indications of the purity of the strain, and animals of this type are
kept, regardless of entreaties to destroy such insults to nature, for
purposes of breeding. Fortunately, however, nature rarely sanctions
issue from such parents."

In addition to those symptoms I have named, paralysis is very fre-
quently present, usually in the hind limbs, which, in locomotion, are
dragged after the animal. There is also often a great disposition to sleep,^
but it is generally disturbed by fitful starts and suppressed moans, and
the eyelids during that period are only partially closed.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 21

I have no remarks to ofer on the treatment of canine hydrocephalus »
beyond observing that the measures adopted in human practice— com-
pression, puncturing, and the various medicinal agents— might be tried ^
and possibly with success , in those cases where exceptional reasons for
saving animal life and removing the unnatural effects of the disease
existed.

Inflammation of the Brain.— The meninges, as the membranes en-
veloping the brain are called, are liable to inflammation. In this affection
there is great drowsiness, with sudden spasmodic movements of the-
muscles of the head and chest during sleep. The disease is often preceded
by fits. In this, as in other affections of the brain, there is a disposition
to walk in circles, and always to the one side, and the sight is so affected
that the poor dog runs against obstacles. This appears to me a not
infrequent complication in distemper.

TuRNsiDE. — This is by some supposed to arise from the presence of
hydatids in the brain. See article Titrnside.

Bronchitis- — Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, or windpipes which
convey air to the lungs, the upper portion of which is called the larynx,
covered with the epiglottis, the use of which is to prevent the passage of
particles of food into the windpipe. When the inflammation is confined to
the upper portion of the windpipe, or larynx, it is termed laryngitis. But
it is needless, in a book like this, to make too nice distinctions when the
symptoms and treatment are so similar.

Exposure to damp and cold ; being kennelled where foul and irritating
emanations are breathed ; neglect of common colds are the chief causes.
Slight inflammation of the larynx is also caused sometimes by excessive
barking, as at dog shows, and drovers' dogs may often be noticed to suffer
from it by their partial loss of voice and hoarse husky bark.

When the larger air pipes alone are affected, the dog suffers from a
short dry intermittent cough at first, which in a few days becomes more
frequent and moist, and mucous matter is discharged from the nose and
also coughed out ; but when the smaller branches are attacked, there ia
pretty constant wheezing, the cough is more severe, frothy matter, often
tinged with blood, is expectorated, the breath is hot, mouth and nose dry
and hot, the eyes red and inflamed, the tongue parched, and the pulse ia
small and considerably increased, the discharge from the nose becomes-
thick and copious, and the patient suffers from violent sneezing.

The patient should be placed in a tolerably warm room, where there
is a fire, if possible, and if a kettle with a long spout is kept boiling,
so that the steam is distributed through the apartment, it will prove
very beneficial to the dog. The fireplace will also ensure ventilation,,
which is always important. In the first instance give five grains of true
James's powder, and the bowels should be gently acted on by a mild
laxative and by food euch as broth or porridge with bits of boiled liverr
added. The following medicine, in the form of a thin electuary, should
then be given every three hours :

Electuary for Bronchitis and Sore Throat.— Take chlorate of potaahi

"22 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

3dr. ; wine of ipecacnanha, 3dr. ; tincture of opium, 2dr. ; powdered
liquorice root and powdered gum acacia, each ioz., and oxymel of squills,
loz. Mix, and give to a dog 401b. to GOlb. weight a teaspoonful every
ihree or four hours. See that the ingredients are well mixed before
giving the dose, as they will have a tendency to separate, and in giving the
medicine place it well back on the patient's tongue, and let it dissolve and
be swallowed gradually. It is sometimes advisable to blister the throat
and front of the chest, and in most cases a good rubbing with a strong
stimulative liniment will be of service. Vinegar and mustard may be used,
or the following : Spirits of turpentine, l^oz. ; oil of origanum, loz. ; tinc-
ture of cantharides, ^oz. ; spirit of hartshorn, loz. ; rape oil, 2oz. Mixed,

Bronchitis often assumes a chronic form, especially in old dogs, when
there is a constant husky cough, bringing on retching and discharge of
phlegm, and in such cases the breathing is short and thick and the animal
incapable of much exertion. Nothing can be done towards cure, but
alleviation may be given by administering, when it is unusually bad, a
little oxymel of squills and thick mucilage of acacia mixed in equal parts ;
a dessertspoonful to a tablespoonful may be given several times a day.

EroncliGcele. — An enlargement of the thyroid glands, that is, the
principal cartilage of the larynx. See Goitre.

Bruises. — When there is much swelling, bathe for an hour with warm
water, and having well dried the parts, rub in the following.

Liniment for Sprains, Bruises, <^c. — Take spirit of turpentine, liquid
ammonia (not the strongest, but the spirit of hartshorn of the shops),
laudanum, rape oil, equal parts ; mix to form liniment.

If the skin be broken, touch the wounds with tincture of benzoin
(friars' balsam), and rub the liniment all round, but not into the broken
skin.

Burns and Scalds. — Dogs allowed to run at large without their
owners' supervision encounter many dangers, and are apt to get into
mischief — I might say into hot water — and although owners may reason-
ably expect dogs to be punished when on trespass, that is no justification
for the cruel and malicious to scald or burn the poor beast, who is not
toi blame when, following his instinct, he seeks the slaughter-house.
■Of course, a burn or scald may be the result of pure accident, and
oftenest happens to that class technically termed " cinder worriers ; " but
I have known cases where the injury was maliciously inflicted, and it
should be a warning to owners to take proper care of their dogs, as a
severe burn or scald is sure to blemish for life. The best application to
either burns or scalds is the preparation known as Carron oil, which is
made by mixing equal parts of linseed oil and lime water. It should be
applied freely, and as soon after the accident as possible. As a useful
remedy it should be kept in every house, especially every country house,
as well as in the kennel, but in all cases the dog should be kept quiet,
receive plain food, and a mild aperient. A burn or scald, if severe, often
gives a violent shock to the system, and symptoms of illness arising from
it must be observed and treated according to circumstances. The Carron

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS, 23

oil is best applied direct to the wound alone, and then immediately thickly
covered with cotton wool to exclude the air from the bladders formed,
since they should, on removing the dressing, be pricked with a needle or
point of lancet, the skin smoothed down gently, and the dressing re-
applied, taking care no hairs or other irritating substances are left on the
sore places.

C.

Cancer. — This is a disease which cannot be safely treated except by
the professional man, and fortunately it is not of very frequent occur-
rence in the dog. The main thing for the dog owner is to be able to dis-
tinguish between cancer and other forms of tumour with which it is often
confounded, especially those occurring in the teats of the bitch. Mr.
Meyrick, in " House Dogs and Sporting Dogs," makes the following concise
remark, which will materially assist the amateur in deciding the question :
" Cancer can be distinguished from other forms of tumour by its adhering
to the skin, by its peculiar knotty feel, and by its undefined nature, unlike
the common tumour, of which the whole extent can be felt by the fingers.'*
I believe it is not until the cancer has grown considerably that it becomes
attached to the skin, but as I believe it to be an excellent general rule to
hand over all abscesses, tumours, &c., except of the most superficial
character, to the care of a qualified practitioner, and as the animal's life
may be prolonged, and much unnecessary pain avoided, by having the
cancer cut out in its early stage, I say do not wait for certainty, but on
suspicion consult the veterinary surgeon.

Cataract. — Cataract consists of an opacity of the ejeball in the form of
a whitish opaque spot, which gradually enlarges and generally ends in blind-
ness ; it may be the result of inflammation or of a wound or blow, but it
generally occurs in aged dogs, and is then an evidence of failing health,
and the probable breaking up of the system. I know of no cure for it, but
it may be warded off by paying extra attention to the general health, good
food of a kind easily assimilated, gentle exercise, good housing, and
particular attention to cleanliness, keeping the skin perfectly free from
scurf and dirt by good daily cleansing with a hard brush. The "tonic
pills "■ (p. 10) may be given with good effect.

Catarrh or Cold. — Dogs that live in freedom, although much exposed
to changes of temperature and weather, are not so liable to attacks of cold
as the more delicately reared, in whom a sudden change from the close
atmosphere of the room to the open air, or exposure to a drenching shower,
will almost certainly produce cold. The first symptoms are chilliness,
with shivering and evident languor, succeeded by a hot, dry nose,
with a thin discharge, which gradually thickens if the disease pro-
•ceed, hot skin, dulness about the eyes, with other evidences of fever.

24 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

according to the severity of the case. There is more or less dis-
charge from the nose, sometimes accompanied with sneezing ; and if
severe, and the bronchial tube be affected, a cough will be the result.
It is pretty well understood, when applied to ourselves, that a cold
uncared-for is most likely to lead to serious illness ; and it is no less
true of the dog. In puppies common cold may usher in distemper ; and in
older dogs, if unchecked and uncared for, it is likely to lead to bronchitis,
inflammation of the lungs, or other dangerous disease. It is, therefore,
very necessary to pay attention to the first appearance of a deviation from
health in this direction, mindful of the old proverb, " a stitch in time saves
nine." Some hardy animals will need no further care than an extra warm
bed and a warm supper ; others will require more attention. If, conjointly
with other symptoms mentioned, there be a scantiness of urine and costive
bowels, give a dose of aperient medicine, followed by a few doses of " fever
mixture" (p. 14). Unless the cold ha^ engendered some more dangerous
complaint, this treatment will be all that is required. If the cough be
severe, resort at once to the " cough pills " (p. 13), which invariably relieve.
See also under Cough.

CoRTZA is the name given to common cold when confined to the nose and
eyes ; this is known by running at the nose and watery eyes, and I have
found the following plan quickly cure it : — Take a large sponge, wring it
out of warm water, sprinkle it over freely with vinegar of squills, and hold
it to the dog's nose so that he has to inhale the fumes.
Chest, Dropsy of— This is a result of pleurisy, which proves fatal.
Chest-founder. See Kennel-lameness.

Choking*. — This accident is not uncommon with greedy animals that
bolt their food ; a bone, a piece of gristly meat, or other hard substance, is
bolted, and sticks fast in its passage to the stomach. I always adopt the
plan of reserving bones until after the dogs have fed, for if given with the
other food they are at once picked out, and the smaller ones are, when the
dog is hungry, apt to be swallowed unmasticated, and produce choking.

Treatment. — Frequently by manipulating the throat outside with the
fingers the obstruction can be worked down the gullet, or if it can be felt
in the upper part of the throat, it may be removed by the throat forceps,
which most veterinary surgeons keep by them. Hill recommends, when
the substance is too low for extraction, and manipulating with the fingers
externally fails, to endeavour gently to force it down with a piece of
bent whalebone, having a piece of sponge tied to the end of it, and dipped
in oil. In using this extra care must be taken that the sponge is so firmly
attached to the whalebone that it cannot slip off, for if swallowed it might
effectually block up one of the smaller intestines ; therefore cut nicks in
the whalebone, into which tie the piece of sponge. As soreness, if not
actual laceration, is almost sure to be caused, the dog should for some
days after be confined to soft food.

Chorea. — This most distressing complaint arises from some derange-
ment of the nervous system, and generally exists as a sequence of dis-
temper, when it is known among kennel men as " the twitch." Chorea or

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 25

St. Vitus' s Dance may, however, arise from other causes producing a dis-
turbing- effect on the nervous system, such as a severe injury or blow on
the head, the irritation caused by worms, or long continued impaired
digestion. By far th,e most common cause, however, is distemper, the brain
receiving some injury in that variety of the disease known as " Head
Distemper." The symptom indicating chorea is a peculiar involuntary
convulsive twitching of the muscles. These spasmodic movements or
jerkings may be either partial or general, but usually partial. One or
both hind legs are affected, or the twitching extends to the muscles of
the fore legs, neck, and shoulders, in which case the head is bobbed up
and down in a silly helpless manner. Sometimes the eyelids and muscles
of the face are affected, but whatever part of the body is attacked the
peculiar twitching or jerking is always unmistakeable. When the hind
quarters are the seat of the disease the dog will sometimes suddenly
drop one of the limbs from the hip joint, apparently from sudden
loss of power or command over the guiding muscles. The weakness is
strongly shown when the dog attempts to jump on to a chair or the
lap, which he fails to do, and generally falls helplessly on his side
"all of a heap." There are very few dogs severely afflicted with chorea
that ever get completely cured. When the attack is but slight the dog
may live for years, and prove a useful animal, as, except in severe cases, it
does not seem greatly to impair the general health. The constant twitching
is, however, so annoying a sight to most people, that few would care ta
keep, a dog thus afflicted. Although dogs carefully and properly treated in
distemper are less likely to suffer from this disease, yet it will occasionally
occur in the best managed kennels, and so I must proceed to consider its
treatment. The first thing to be done is to attend to the general health,
and especially to see that the bowels are in a properly regulated state ; and
it is better, if their action requires correction, to endeavour to accomplish
that object by a careful regulation of diet, rather than by a resort to
physic ; indeed, all through chorea the food must be of a nature easily
digested, and given with regularity if any course of medicinal treatment
is to be successful. The remedies recommended in chorea are arsenic,
sulphate of zinc, nitrate of silver, and nux vomica and its preparations.
Arsenic I do not recommend, but either of the following may be tried,
and it is sometimes found that using them alternately has a more
beneficial result than a perseverance with one remedy only. Pills may
be made thus :

Sulphate of Zinc Pills. — Take sulphate of zinc, 24 grains ; extract of
gentian, 18 grains; powdered gum acacia, 18 grains ; make into twelve pills.
Dose for a dog 301b. to 401b. weight — one pill twice a day.

Nitrate of Silver Pills.— Teike nitrate of silver, 3 grains ; bread, 2 drachms ;
make into twenty-four pills. Dose for a dog 301b. to 401b. weight — one
pill twice a day given at the times of feeding.

The following pills I have found very successful, and can strongly
recommend them, although, of course, they are not infallible. As the
ingredients require very great accuracy in weighing, and very careful

c

26 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

mixingf, the amateur must not attempt the making of them, which must
be left to a properly qualified dispensing chemist, and the box contain-
ing the pills should be kept strictly in the master's possession, for fear of
accidents :

Pills for Chorea. — Take strychnine, 1 grain ; quinine, 18 grains ; extract
of belladonna, 6 grains ; extract of gentian, 1 drachm ; Barbadoes aloes, 1
drachm ; mix very carefully and divide into thirty-six pills. Dose for a
dog 301b. to 401b. weight — one pill twice a day with his food.

It is necessary in chorea to continue the use of these remedies for a con.
eiderable time — at least a month in most cases — to produce any satisfactory
result, or even to give them a fair trial ; and, as before said, the dog must
be carefully fed, well lodged, and properly exercised when he has sufficient
power to use his limbs, and in the case of dogs reared in towns, a change
to the country for some weeks would be beneficial. Galvanism has been
recommended for chorea ; I have not seen it tried, but should think it well
worth a trial.

Claws, Inflammation at the roots of.— Dogs used to the chase, or
hunting in scrubby heather, or running much over hard, uneven roads,
suffer from sore toes ; the parts around the roots of the claws are swollen,
inflamed, and tender, making the dog lame, and, indeed, almost unable to
get about ; there is redness between the toes, and sweating or thin serous
discharge therefrom.

Such cases are often very difl&cult to cure. First give a dose of aperient
medicine, and keep the dog up, giving him plenty of soft bedding, and
keep him on a light diet ; foment the part night and morning with warm
water, and bathe freely with this lotion : Take calomel, 2 scruples ; lime
water, 12oz ; mix— shake the bottle well when using it, which should be
done four or five times a day. If the foregoing fails try this other lotion :
Take Goulard's Extract of Lead, 2 drachms ; tincture of arnica, ^oz. ;
distilled water, a pint; mix, and apply freely four or five times a day.
If the case is a very bad one wrap the foot in a piece of lint saturated
with the lotion, and pull over it a chamois leather boot, which the
dog can be prevented from gnawing and pulling off by use of the
cradle.

Claws, overgrown. — Lap dogs and house pets that have little or no
exercise out of doors, where they can dig and scrape the ground, and so
wear the claws down, suffer from over-grow bh of them. The nail curls
round, and, if not cut in time, it grows into the sole of the foot, causing
soreness and lameness. The ends of the claws should be cut off by a pair
of sharp strong nippers, not too much at once in cases that have been
neglected, but by gradually reducing it to its normal length by cutting a
little oft' every ten days or so. If the sole has been penetrated, it will
most likely fester, and should be freely bathed in warm water, poulticed,
and the ointment prescribed on page 15 afterwards applied. To prevent
the dog from tearing the poultices off, the cradle described under the head
of " Appliances " at the end of the book should be used.

To prevent the nuisance of overgrown claws, it is only necessary to

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 27

treat dogs in a rational manner by allowing them the amount of exercise
they naturally seek when in health.

Clysters. — See Materia Medica.

Cold.— See Catarrh and Cough.

Colic— Nearly all domestic animals are subject to attacks of colic, or
gripes, as it is more frequently termed, especially when the horse is the
subject of the disease. In the dog, puppies are especially liable to it, but
it attacks dogs of all ages, and, if not promptly attended to and properly
treated, is very liable to end in inflammation of the bowels — a most
dangerous disease, which, in some of its features, though happily not its
dangerous ones, colic resembles. One very important point of distinction
is, that whereas inflammation comes on gradually, and feverishness, with
hot dry nose, &c., always exist as premonitory symptoms, colic comes on
suddenly, and a dog eating well and seemingly in perfect health is seized
with spasm of the coat of the bowels, causing such pain that he gives
voice to a low moan, which is afterwards changed to a prolonged howl, as
the paroxysms of pain increase in frequency and severity. In colic, too,
the nose and mouth are cool, and there is no offensive breath. As in
inflammation, the attitude is peculiar and unmistakable ; the back being
arched, the feet drawn in towards each other, and the tail tightly tucked
between his legs ; in colic, the belly is sometimes distended considerably
with gas, and is then known as flatulent colic. It is a disease of frequent
occurrence in dogs, and the exciting causes are various : exposure to wet
and cold ; getting dogs, especially house dogs, to swim in cold inclement
weather, are common causes ; the presence of worms in the intestines also
produces colic. But the most common cause is undoubtedly the giving of
improper food : sugar and other sweet things are likely to produce it ;
puppies just after weaning are very liable to it, especially if they have small
lumps of meat, or other solid food thrown to them, which they cannot
well chew, but greedily bolt ; or having a portion of one meal left in the
dish till the next meal is added is very likely to produce it, because the
stale portion undergoes fermentation, that is, becomes sour, and the
fermentation is carried on in the stomach. Colic is sure to yield to prompt
and proper measures, and the treatment is simple and safe. As soon as
observed, give the sufferer a dose of the " anti-spasmodic drops," given
on page 12. It must be given diluted with thin gruel, milk, or water, and
if immediate relief does not follow, administer a double quantity, as a
clyster in gruel, or the dose may be repeated in half an hour. In ^'flatu-
lent colic," known by the distended belly sounding like a drum when
tapped with the end of the finger, from ten to thirty drops of spirit of
sal volatile may be advantageously added to the dose of "anti- spasmodic
drops," or the following draught may be given, and repeated in an hour if
the dog is not relieved : Carbonate of soda, 20 grains ; aromatic spirit of
ammonia, 30 drops ; essence of ginger, 5 drops ; laudanum, 15 drops ; and
peppermint water, 2 tablespoonfuls. That is a dose for a medium sized
dog, such as a pointer or a greyhound. After the attack has subsided,
give the dog a gentle aperient, such as the "mild purge" (page 10), and

c2

28 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

keep on a laxative diet, and do not let the dog have violent exercise for a
day or so. Endeavour to discover the cause of the attack and avoid a
repetition. Lead poisoning produces a peculiar form of colic, and dogs
should not have water to drink that has been collected in leaden cisterns,
or carried through leaden pipes, until it has been boiled.

Constipation.— See Bowels, Obstruction of.

Costiveness.— See Bowels, Obstruction of.

Cough. — Cough, strictly speaking, is a symptom of disease rather than
a disease in ibself, but it is in very many cases to non-professional obserra-
tion the most distinct sign that something is wrong ; indeed, so markedly
is this the case that we speak of a person having a bad cough as the
ailment from which he suffers, rather than the symptom of that ailment
and hence we have innumerable specific remedies, as cough mixtures,
cough lozenges, cough pills, &c. Our dogs we treat in the same way,
taking the sign for the substance, the smoke for the fire, and fortunately
without much practical harm, for, generally speaking, the medicine that
will ease a cough is acting favourably on the disease of which the cough
is an evidence. To decide what particular disease is indicated by the
cough, the concomitant symptoms and circumstances, as described under
the special diseases, which are usually preceded or accompanied by cough,
must be taken into account, and the special treatment called for in each
case followed. Coughs vary as much in character as do the diseases of
which they are in many cases the most pronounced indication. Thus, in
common cold the cough is slight and humid ; in bronchitis, hard, dry, and
frequent ; and in inflammation of the lungs and pleurisy, short and sup-
pressed, doubtless from the great pain caused by the effort. When the
throat is sore, the cough is hoarse and generally accompanied by more or
less difficulty in swallowing ; in asthma, the cough may be described as
wheezy, and is often followed by vomiting. Cough in distemper has a
peculiar husky hollow sound. Cough may be produced by a bit of bone or
other substance sticking in the throat and causing irritation, in which case
the cough is the natural effort to get relief, and ceases with the removal
of the irritating cause. As cough is almost invariably connected with
some derangement of the respiratory organs or air passages, its warning
should never be neglected, and an early resort to the use of the "cough
pills" (page 13) will be sure to relieve, will frequently cure, and can
under no circumstances, do any harm. There are, of course, many other
excellent remedies for cough.

Cough Mixture. — One part paregoric elixir, with three parts of the syrup
or oxymel of squills, a teaspoonful being an average dose.

Some persons recommend and use friars' balsam, the dose being from ten
to twenty drops, given on lump sugar; but it is useless multiplying
remedies. It may be broadly stated, that anything suitable for the master's
cough will suit the dog's.

Cramp. — This term is often used by sportsmen to denote spasm from
whatever cause, but cramp of the limbs from exposure to great cold and
wet often occurs, and it will quickly yield to brisk rubbing and warmth.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 29

If nothing else is handy, rub with a little spirit and water or a rough dry
cloth. Dogs used in hunting or retrieving from water — especially if the
shooting is done from a punt — are very liable to it, and in such cases a
good brisk liniment, such as the following, should be carried in the boat :

Brisk Stimulating Liniment. — Compound camphor liniment, 3 oz. ; olive
oU, spirit of turpentine, and spirit of hartshorn, of each, 1 oz. ; mixed.
The hind quarters are most often affected.

Crooked Limbs.— See Eickets.

Cropping'.— See Ears, CROPPiNa and Eounding.

Cuts, Wounds, Tears. — In the chapter of accidents to which the dog
is liable, his wonderful litheness and activity often bring him off scath-
less where a clumsier animal would suffer, and, considering the innumer-
able small dangers to which he is exposed in the ardour of the chase, &c.,
it is wonderful that injuries are not more frequent. Cuts or tears received
under these or similar circumstances, are, perhaps, the most common;
they are alike in character, and require similar treatment. In these cases
the first thing to be seen to is to stop the bleeding', which can generally be
done by simple pressure with the fingers, or by a few folds of lint
firmly pressed against the cut; these means will be successful, except when
a considerable artery has been severed, when a ligature will be the radical
cure. After the bleeding is partially or entirely stopped, the next thing
is to remove all foreign bodies which may be present, such as dirt, glass,
thorns, splinters, &c. ; but in doing this avoid the use of very cold or hot
water : use it about blood heat, to avoid an ugly gaping wound, which
would be followed by as ugly a scar. Where the cut or wound is super-
ficial, nothine* further will be needed than cleansing, pressure of the parts
together, and dressing with friars' balsam or tincture of myrrh, applied
with a small brush or feather ; as the spirit with which these tinctures are
made evaporates, it leaves on the wound a protective covering of gum. In
cases where the lips of the wound do not meet it will be necessary to draw
them together with a few stitches, which is most conveniently done with a
slightly curved suture needle, and a silk thread, which should be waxed
with bees' wax to prevent absorption of fluids and its acting as a aeton.
The sewing of wounds is a very easy affair. Pass the needle through the
skin on one side the wound from the outside inward, and then through
the corresponding part of the opposite lip of the wound, from the inside
outward ; draw the lips of the wound gently together, and tie the silk in a
double knot, and cut the ends off close ; and this must be done to each
stitch. When the cut or tear is long it is better for the operator to use a
pair of light cross-forceps to hold the corresponding lips of the wound
together in advance of where he is sewing. They are most useful, as
by their help a neater job can be made ; they can be bought from any
surgical instrument maker. As a rule the stitches should be about half an
inch apart, and must in aU cases be cut from each other. The dog should
afterwards be muzzled, or a light bandage kept on to prevent him nibbling
the threads with his teeth or undoing the stitches with his tongue. The
wound will heal by adhesion or by granulation, in which case matter will

30 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

form, and then great attention must be paid to keeping the parts clean,
and to prevent the putrefaction of the exuded matter. Constant washing-
away of all accumulated discharge, and sponging freely with the following-
will be needed, or at least beneficial :

Antiseptic Lotion. — Take pure carbolic acid, ^ioz. ; glycerine, 2oz. ; water,
to make a quart.

In slight cuts on the legs and feet it wiU simply be necessary to wash,
well and apply friars' balsam, but if so severe as to require bandaging,
apply under the bandage a piece of lint, saturated with a mixture of
friars' balsam and camphorated oil.

Deafness. — A very considerable number of dogs suffer from deafness.
In many the disease is congenital, but I do not know that it is hereditary ;
and I am quite at a loss to explain why congenital deafness is so much
oftener seen in white dogs, or those with a preponderance of white, than,
any other colour. Bulldogs, bull terriers, and white English terriers seem
to be peculiarly liable to this defect. I know of no treatment for con-
genital deafness likely to be of any use except when it is caused by a
morbid growth capable of being removed. Among the causes producing^
deafness the absurd fashion of cropping is a common one, the operation
setting up inflammation, which extends to the internal organ ; blows
are another cause, and so is tugging at the ear — a most brutal mode of
punishing a dog ; the lodgment of water in the ear may also cause it.
In the latter case, pouring in a little pure oil of sweet almonds may
give relief, and in other cases the treatment recommended for internal
canker may be beneficially followed, and, in addition, apply a blister
behind the ears. Cooling aperient medicine must be given, and a light
diet with green vegetables adopted whilst the dog is under treatment.
Dogs born deaf seem to have their other senses quickened ; they are
generally remarkably sharp at interpreting signs given by the master,,
and anyone rearing a deaf dog should adopt a system of signs and keep
to them.

Dentition.— See Teeth.

Destruction of Dogs. — It is often necessary to destroy dogs that
have become so crippled or injured as to make cure at the best very
doubtful, and in most litters of puppies there are some so puny or so
wanting in the characteristics of its breed that they ought not to be
reared. In the latter case it is most humane to destroy such as are not
wanted as soon after they are born as possible ; but even when a rndsaU
liance has taken place, one, at least, of the puppies should be left with the
dam, unless one or more foster pups of pure blood can be substituted.
In destroying young puppies there is no more convenient or less painful

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 31

method than drowning, and for grown up dogs a teaspoonful of Scheele'a
prussic acid causes instantaneous death. In giving it, the mouth of the
dog should be held open and upwards, and the acid poured well back on
the tongue. The very greatest care is necessary in dealing with an article
of such potency ; it would be highly dangerous to life if any of it were
spilled over a cut or wound.

Dew Claws. — Darwin describes these as "accidental monstrosities,"
yet a general opinion pervades what I may call " the fancy " that dew claws
are the peculiar inheritance of a few breeds of dogs, and from this false
idea possession or non-possession of these now utterly useless, clumsy,
and ugly appendages has been set up as a test of purity or impurity of
breeding in specimens of the varieties of which they are wrongly ascribed
as being the peculiar property.

As a matter of fact, dew claws occasionally appear in all breeds, but
most often naturally in those varieties nearest to the primitive race from
which all have sprung, for I look on dew claws as an effort of Nature to
continue an old habit, and that in them we see an abortive attempt to
produce and continue a member which altered circumstances of life render
no longer necessary to the animal.

The two breeds — speaking, of course, of our own domesticated varieties —
in which dew claws are oftenest developed and seen in most pronounced
form are the St. Bernard, and the colley or sheep dog, the latter approach-
ing nearer in form to wild species than any other ; and, indeed, it has been
by some naturalists supposed to be the origin of all our varieties, and
consequently nearest to the original parent stock of the whole genus canis^
As is well known, our present breed of St. Bernards has a strong infusion
of the Pyrenean sheepdog, from which, if the above theory is correct,
they most probably have inherited the dew claw, which is seen in them
oftener and more fully developed than in any other dog. That it is a
special provision of Nature to prevent these dogs from sinking in the
snow when engaged in their work is a proposition which appears to me
too monstrously absurd for any sane man to consider for sixty seconds
and afterwards put it gravely forward as his opinion. Let those who have
thoughtlessly accepted the proposition consider the weight of a St.
Bernard, and the resisting power of a dew claw, never exceeding half an
inch square, and which is so flexible that with your little finger you may
bend it up flat against the leg. It would be just as reasonable for a man
to expect to keep himself from sinking in the snow by the aid of the point
of his walking stick.

I look upon these superfluous growths as excrescences, which it is folly
to preserve. The attempt is a feeble effort to restore to life a dead member,
which, having done its duty, has been by Nature thrown aside like other
worn-out implements ; and as there must be an amount of force, more or
less, spent in producing it, it would be wiser to endeavour to work with
Nature rather than against her, and so direct that misspent energy to the
further development of points of real importance.
The term dew claw is now (in "the fancy") restricted to the fifth toe

32 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

above the hind feet, on the inner side, but this is incorrect. Blaine says
the dew claw is attached to a rudiment, more or less deyeloped, of an
additamentary phalange or toe situated on the inner side, one to each foot,
distinct from and considerably above the other toes.

These additional toes are frequently unattached to any corresponding
metacarpal or metatarsal bone, having only a ligamentary union, so that
the term is equally applicable to the extra toe often seen on the fore leg ;
and, as they are neither useful nor ornamental, I would in all cases have
them removed. Another reason for their removal is that in furze, heather,
or long tough grass the dew claws get caught, and awkward tears are the
result, causing bleeding, pain, and lameness.

They should be removed when the pups are with the dam, and this can
be easily done with a pair of strong scissors. If left till the dog is older,
they are liable to bleed a good deal, and the pain, of course, is greater ; in
such case, the wound produced by the excision should be at once well
saturated with friars' balsam. If it is thought well to remove the nail
only, that can be done by pulling it out with a pair of nippers.

Diabetes.— Diabetes is an increased abnormal flow of urine caused by
derangement of some of the assimilative organs ; when long established
it produces great emaciation and weakness. The treatment consists in
giving first a few doses of a mild purgative, and the '* podophyllin pills"
are the most suitable under the circumstances; if the excessive flow of
urine continues after this treatment, resort must be had to opium, iodine,
alum, oak bark, or its preparations, &c. The following bolus is an
excellent remedy in such cases, as I have proved by experience :

Astringent Bolus for Diahetes. — Take gallic acid, 1 drachm ; powdered
alum, 1 drachm ; powdered opium, 12 grains ; gum sufiicient to form a
mass ; divide into twenty -four pills ; dose, one or two twice a day, according
to the size of the dog.

Where the animal is weak and the appetite dull and impaired, 1 grain of
quinine may be added to each pill, or the " tonic pills " (p. 10) may be given
in conjunction with the astringent bolus.

Diarrhoea and Dysentery. — Diarrhoea is of very frequent occurrence
in dogs, and more particularly in young puppies and in old and overfed
dogs. It generally exists as a result of indigestion, brought on by im-
proper feeding. The practice of leaving stale food from one meal to
another is a common source of this disease. Diarrhoea may be classed as
acute and chronic. In the acute form there is much looseness of the
bowels, frequently accompanied or preceded by copious vomiting of acrid
offensive matter ; the evacuations are loose, watery, and offensive. If not
checked, it soon produces excessive weakness, and, especially in puppies,
is the cause of great mortality. In the chronic state the disease is slower
in its progress and longer in its duration. It may be set up by a diseased
liver and excess of bile, or it may be the result of inflammation of the
bowels. A by no means uncommon cause is the abuse of calomel and other
mercurials, these being " specifics" with many persons for all dog diseases.
Diarrhoea often finishes up the work of distemper, and this is so in

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 33

most cases where, as too frequently happens, mercurials have been relied
on as a cure for that disease. Worms are also a common cause of diarrhoea,
and when these exist the nature of the discharge is variable, frequent and
small in quantity, sometimes lumpy, followed by gelatinous glary
matter, and often frothy and covered with small air bubbles. When
worms appear to be the cause, means should be taken to expel them as
directed later on. Exhalations from accumulations of filth, and especially
in lowlying, damp, and badly drained and badly ventilated kennels, are
also a cause of diarrhoea, and one which never should exist. (See sani-
tary measures as preventives of disease in Introduction.) In treating
diarrhoea it is often of considerable advantage to give a mild purge to
remove the irritating cause. Castor oil is very suitable ; and, if there
is evidence of much pain attending the disease, a dose of laudanum,
from twenty to thirty drops, may be added. As a remedy in diarrhoea
I know nothing equal to the following mixture, which very rarely fails
to check it if the patient at the same time receives proper attention in
other respects :

Astringent Anodyne Mixtvre for Diarrhoea. — Take prepared chalk, 3
drachms ; aromatic confection (powder), 2 drachms ; powdered gum acacia,
1 drachm ; (laudanum) tincture of opium, loz. ; oil of cassia, 6 or 8 drops ;
tincture of catechu, 3 drachms ; spirit of sal volatile, 2 drachms ; water
suflBcient to make 8oz. The powders must be rubbed very fine in a
mortar, the oil of cassia with them ; the water must be gradually added,
rubbing well to form a smooth mixture. The tincture added in the bottle.
Of this mixture the dose will be from a half to two teaspoontuls for
puppies, and from one to two tablepoonfuls for full grown dogs, given
every three or four hours, as long as the purging continues. The bottle
must be well shaken before measuring the dose.

For convenience of form the following may, under some circumstances,
be preferred, as it keeps well and is in less compass :

Astringent Anodyne Drops. — Take spirit of camphor, 2 drachms ; lauda-
num, ^oz. ; spirit of sal volatile, 2 drachms ; tincture of catechu, loz., mix.
Dose, from twenty drops to a teaspoonCul in water every three or four
hours, if required.

The diet must be very carefully regulated all through the disease ; such
light and easily-digested food as well-boiled oatmeal, rice, or arrowroot
should be given, with milk or beef tea, and if the patient refuses to feed a
little should be given with a spoon or a drencher every two or three hours ;
when the dog is very weak, add a little port wine to the food ; instead of
plain water, give rice or barley water to drink. In the case of bitches
suckling, the diet must be changed, a dose of castor oil given, and the
"astringent anodyne mixture" in small doses, or an injection may be
administered.

Injection for Diarrhoea. — A quarter of a pint of gruel with 2 drachms of
tincture of catechu, and 1 drachm of laudanum.

It is most important that rigorous cleanliness be observed, all discharges
being removed, the animal kept clean by sponging with lukewarm water if

34 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

necessary, and disinfectants should be sprinkled abont ; the patient shonld
also be kept warm and left as quiet and undisturbed as possible.

Dysentery may be described as diarrhoea in its most aggravated form —
there is generally feverishness prcjsnt, considerable pain, and the
evacuations are often black in colour and very offensive, and followed by
discharge of a gelatinous-like substance mixed Tvith blood. The loss of
strength is very rapid, and the dog must be supported by drenching with
beef tea and a little port wine in it, the medicines and general treat-
ment being the same as in diarrhoea. In one case of this kind, in a
retriever, I gave two doses of twenty drops of chlorodyne with very good
effect.

Diphtheria. — Dogs, it is held by some veterinarians, are liable to thia
alarming and fatal disease, and a ease is on record where the disease was
communicated to a dog that had the remains of food given to it that had
been partaken of by a child suffering from diphtheria. I have no advice to
offer as to treatment in such cases. The slightest suspicion of diphtheria
suggests isolation and redoubled attention to sanitary measures, and the
immediate calling in of a veterinary surgeon. It seems reasonable that if
man can communicate this disease to the dog, on the other hand the dog
may be a medium for carry ing the contagion from place to place ; and it
has often occurred to me that great danger lurks in the practice of allowing
practically masterless dogs to prowl about the streets, picking up their
living in the gutters and from refuse heaps. May they not in this way
carry to their homes the contagion of many virulent diseases P
Disinfection. — See Disinfectants in Materia Medica.
Dislocations. — Displacement of the joints are not uncommon, the hip
being most often dislocated, but it also occurs with the shoulder, knee,
stifle, elbow, and the toes. Some dislocations are accompanied by fracture,
adding greatly to the difficulty of treatment ; and even in simple disloca-
tions the reduction of them should be intrusted to a veterinary surgeon,
whose knowledge of anatomy and experience in operations of the kind
would enable him to perform it more readily, and with the least possible
pain to the dog ; indeed, dogs under such operations have now, as a rule
anaesthetics administered. Where professional aid cannot be obtained, the
person proposing to reduce the luxation should first examine and determine
in what direction the bene is parted from its socket ; for instance, in dis-
location of the hip, the head of the thigh bone is generally carried upwards
and backwards, so much so that the direction is apparent to the eye, as
the injured side is thereby made higher, and it can be also readily felt. The
assistant should hold the dog round the loins steady in one position,
whilst the operator, taking hold of the dislocated limb above the stifle
joint, must retract the thigh bone downwards and forwards. The same
principle must guide similar operations for the reduction of dislocation of
other joints; audit will be e"vident that rest will be needed, and violent
exercise canrot be safely allowed for some tmie. There is always a dis-
position to repetition of dislocation.
Distemper. — Although distemper is certainly the malady of dogs— so

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 35

much so that when i first discovered in France, from which country we
imnorted it, it was and is still so named,— yet it has always appeared to me
that the name distemper is unhappily chosen as being too diffuse for correct
application to a disease marked by such varying- phases. The term is used
very loosely by people in general; and if a horse has the " strangles," a,
pig the "measles," or the cattle are suffering, no matter from what —
foot and mouth disease, pleuro-pneumonia, or rinderpest — this con-
venient word is forced into service, and made to do duty for all. Dis-
temper is also known as the '* dog-ill"; the Scotch term for it, " snifters,"
is to a certain extent better, as graphically conveying to the mind one
important feature of the disease, namely, the snif ting noise — haK cough,
half sneeze — made by the dog in his efforts to get rid of the matter which
accumulates in the nostrils in distemper; but that term is too limited to
adequately describe a disease which has been well called "the scourge of
the kennel," and which assumes so many forms and complications that it
has been well c ailed the Protean malady.

The exact date when this disease first appeared in England is not certain,
but probably it was introduced about the beginning cf the last century, or
the end of the seventeenth. Gervase Markham, who, early in the seventeenth
century, wrote copiously about dogs, horses, and their diseases, does not
mention it by name, or describe it ; and Nicholas Cox, in " The Gentleman's
Eecreations," published 1677, is also silent about it, although he refers to
madness, swelling in the throat, mange, formica, &c., the last being what
we now call canker of the ear. That the disease was recognised on the
continent before it was in this country is evident from the fact that it is
referred to by French writers of sporting books at a period earlier than
any of our own writers have noticed it, and, considering how contagious it
is, the presumption is that it was brought from France through imported
dogs. However that may be, it is now a firmly established disease among
us, and one that up to the present time has not received the amount of
scientific attention its importance deserves. Nearly every gamekeeper and
kennelman believes himself possessed of an unfailing cure for ib ; but those
who know most of its versatile character and dangerous complications,
are the most cautious in prognosticating a cure, and the most careful in
watching the altering symptoms, and varying their treatment to meet the
individual case.

Distemper, when first observed, appeared as an occasional epidemic ; and
no doubt, it still, to a considerable extent, sustains that character, raging
in certain districts, whilst other parts of the country are comparatively
free ; and at different places, and in different seasons, on© particular
kind of distemper prevails ; that is, the liver may be most affected,
causing the yellows, or the brain, producing fits, or the most general
feature of the disease may be diarrhoea of a severe and fatal kind. But I
do not think it is now so markedly epidemic as formerly; in fact, it
may be said to be perennial, always existing more or less all over the
country, and this is, I think, to be accounted for, by the vastly increased
intercourse between dogs from great distances brought together by the

36 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

numerous shows held. It is well known that distemper breaks out in
numbers of kennels after some shows, especially those that are prolonged,
and where puppy classes are encouraged ; in fact, each one of these may be
described as a centre from which disease is disseminated to all quarters ;
and the spreading of distemper is plso now well provided for by the
immense traffic in dogs, these animals by hundreds, if not thousands,
changing hands every week, being sent to and fro between all parts of the
country, and often in railway dog boxes constructed apparently so as best
to insure the healthy occupant becoming infected with the ailment of his
diseased predecessor, and that end further secured by the filthy state in
which the boxes are usually kept.

" Stonehenge," in his earlier works, considered that he had proved the
similarity of the distemper of dogs to the typhus fever in man, but he
does not appear to take that view in his later publishisd books, and the
leading men in the vetericary profession consider there is no identity
between the two diseases, and it appears quite certain that typhoid fever
cannot be communicated to man by a dog suffering from distemper, and
dogs in houses where typhoid fever prevails appear to be quite proof
against the contagion of tl at disease. I would, however, suggest for
consideration whether dogs may not be the medium for carrying the
subtile germs of typhoid and other diseases between man and man, for if
so, a more stringent control over them by the police and sanitary authori-
ties than exists seems called for.

There is no doubt that young dogs— those in their puppyhood, that
is to say, under twelve months old — in the majority of breeds, are most
subject to distemper ; but the disease attacks at all ages occasionally, so
that we have well-marked and generally fatal cases at a few weeks old,
and instances of severe attack at quite a mature age.

Although, as a general rule, one attack seems to give immunity from
a subsequent one, yet there are many instances of dogs suffering a second
time, and Blame says even a third time, and gives an instance of a dog
that succumbed to a third attack, the three having been divided by
considerable intervals ; and Professor Hill holds that a second attack
only occurs from direct contagion. A good many instances have come
under my own observation confirmatory of this view, and it is the
more necessary to notice it because the popular belief is that a dog
never has distemper more than once.

It is a very common opinion that ce:. ^ain breeds of dogs are peculiarly
liable to this disease. Some think setters, and others spaniels, some
one and some another breed, but it is not the special inheritance of
any one or two varieties, the whole domesticated race of dogs suffering
from it more or less. I am often asked such questions as. Are St. Bernards
specially liable to distemper? but the answer must be, all experienced
breeders and rearers of dogs will agree, that it is not a question of
variety, but of strain and constitution , as these are affected by a more
or less artificial life and a forced and unnatural system of breeding. It is
the highly bred dog, not the mongrel, that is apt to suffer most severely ;

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 37

and this would be far more manifest were it not for the contrast in care and
attention, in housing, feeding", &c., between the two. No doubt, in-and-in
breeding, and breeding for certain artificial or fancy points, generation
after generation, weakens the constitution, and makes dogs more likely
to be attacked by, and to succumb to, distemper ; and in all cases
the weakest in the litter is the most likely to be the victim— the
dainty-feeding pup, the pot-bellied, and the rickety are the sort
that most frequently die, of whatever breed they may be.

There is a very common opinion among doggy men and others who,
although loving a dog, cannot be so called, that it is an absolute necessity
of dog life that each animal should suffer from this disease. But it is not
BO ; many never pass through the trying ordeal. Still it is quite a wise
thing to inquire before buying a young dog whether it has been " through
distemper." This, like many other diseases, may be averted by attention
and obedience to the laws of health, which wiU be further referred to
under preventives.

Causes of Distemper. — These may be said to divide themselves into
the immediate and remote, the evident and the obscure ; but then it
must never be forgotten that "the eye sees only that which it brings
with it the power of seeing"; and a cause self-evident to the veterinary
pathologist would by no means be apparent to the casual observer. The
disease has now been so long established in our kennels that there
appears to be an hereditary tendency in some strains to it; but this
predisposition must be encouraged by some generating cause, although
so slight that it would not affect another in which the disease was not
inherent. Badly drained and ill- ventilated kennels, and especially if added
to these conditions there is want of thorough cleanliness, are the natural
homes of distemper. Exposure to damp and cold, bad or injudicious
ceding, whether poor food, or excess of it, alike tend to develop it,
as it often follows on common colds and derangement of the digestive
and other organs, the immediate result of such treatment. Contagion is,
however, the great cause, although, from the fact of one puppy in a
litter quite isolated from its fellows and all other dogs having it, it
appears to originate spontaneously sometimes.

What the special contagion of distemper is has not been determined ;
but we know that there are dogs whose bodies appear proof against it,
yet the majority brought into contact with diseased dogs, and having to
breathe the effluvia given off by them, yield to its poison, whilst the
morbid secretion, from sores or from the nose, &c., of a distempered dog
rarely fails to communicate the malady to any healthy dog that comes into
contact with it. Teething has been held to be a cause, but, although
the slight feverishness set up by the change of the milk teeth to the
permanent ones may somewhat predispose a dog to it, teething is not a
direct producing cause ; and probably the belief has sprung up because
the age at which the change of the teeth takes place is also when the
pups are peculiarly liable to this complaint. Worms have also been
supposed to cause distemper, but it appears to be a mere coincidence

38 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

in pnppyhood, that both exist together, and when they do the puppy
generally has a hard time of it.

Preventives of Distemper. — There is nospscific preventive ; and the
aim of the breeder should ba to have pups fortified ag ainst its attacks by a
robust constitution. This is to be attained by breeding only from healthy
parents, of proper age, and not too close consanguinity. From the birth
mother and pups should be well fed and nourished, and kept under condi-
tions of proper temperature, fresh air, and light, with sunshine in the
runs if possible, thorough cleanliness, and good drainage, with plenty of
exercise. The dog being a carnivorous animal, more or less of meat seems
almost a necessity of health to him, but in the artificial life he is consigned
to, much less than his inclinations would dictate is required, and excessive
feeding would be more likely to induce distemper than to prevent it.

Vaccination has been advocated as a preventive of distemper, but has
been proved worthless. The disease is very different from smallpox in
man, so that it was not to be expected that the vaccine matter would
produce, in a mild form, the disease it was to stren gthen the constitution
against a virulent attack of, and experiment has proved this. Inocula-
tion, by transferring some of the matter discharged — as the matter from
the nose of a distempered dog to a healthy one, will readily produce the
disease ; but as a well-oared-for pup stands a good chance of escaping it
altogether, or having it in a mild form only, it seems a pity to bring it
on. This is sometimes done, however, where a lot are being reared, to
save trouble by having them all down with the malady at one time.

General Symptoms. — The symptoms in distemper present very con-
siderable variation, according to the particular local complications which
are developed, and they are also dependent on the severity of the attack,
and the rapidity with which the disease progresses. As a rule, the first
observable symptoms are great lassitude and dulness shown in the eyes,
in a disinclination to play or exercise, in a decided preference for warmth,
the dog creeping into the warmest corner or crouching before the fire,
and in the general languor that appears to benumb the dog's energies
like the incubus of a nightmare ; so that the hitherto lively dog, instead of
jumping with delight at his master's call, merely replies with a spiritless
wag of the tail and a dismal woe-begona look . Loss of appetite is an
invariable symptom,'and feverishness succeeds, shown by the hot, dry nose ;
alternate fits of heat and shivering; considerable thirst is frequently
present, the bowels are generally deranged, sometimes relaxed, sometimes
constipated, the urine is scanty and high coloured, and the coat generally
rough and staring; retching and vomiting often occur, a thin watery-
discharge from the nose and eyes sets in, accompanied by a scarlet hue of
the membranes, and the eyes appear unusually sensitive to light. A short
dry husky cough and snifting or sneezing occurs, especially when the
animal is brought int3 the open air. The discharge from eyes and nose
(sometimes the first sign of the disease observed by the owner) gradually
becomes more purulent, sticking in the nostrils and glueing the eyelids
together, especially in the morning, causing the dog much annoyance in

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 39

that way, but still more by obstructing respiration, when the constant
efforts made by the dog to clear the nostrils produces that peculiar noise
which gives the disease the name of " snifters." In many cases the eye is
seriously affected. A small white speck may be observed, which gradually
widens and deepens until an ulcer is formed ; and although the eye may
protrude, and the whole appearance give the impression that the si ght is
lost, jet as the disease subsides the eye gradually returns to its natural
condition. The symptoms are not in every case so clearly marked, and the
disease may have gone on for a few days, or a week, unnoticed, or it may
have been mistaken for common cold. There is, however, one invariable
and unmistakable feature of distemper, which distinguishes it from any
of the diseases with which it might otherwise be confounded, and that is
the very rapid loss of flesh and strength which takes place — a strong fat
dog being in many cases reduced in a week or so to a mere skeleton,
scarcely able to move about. Such are the general symptoms of an ordinary
attack of distemper in its earlier stages, some or all of which may be
observed in a more or less marked degree. In a mild attack, and even in
severer ones, with proper treatment, these untoward conditions gradually
abate, and restoration to health takes place. On the other hand, even with
the best of care and the most judicious treatment, there are cases in which
dangerous complications of disease in the head, chest, or bowels arise,
requiring the utmost attention, prompt measures, and skilful manage-
ment.

Simple Distemper.— In mild attacks, or what may be called '' simple
distemper," hygienic measures, good nursing, and careful dieting "are often
all-sufficient to see the patient through. It is often, however, of benefit,
even in the mildest attacks, to give a mild dose of aperient medicine, and
when the matter from the eyes and nose is at all thick and sticky, I have
known great relief given by holding the head over wet hot bran or some
other such substance, on the top of which has been sprinked a couple
of tablespoonf uIb of vinegar of squills, or more for a large dog. The dog
should be made to inhale the fumes for some minutes, and it may be used
twice a day.

When it is feared the disease is likely to assume a more serious aspect, it
is often beneficial to empty the stomach by means of an emetic. For a
pup, say of six months old, of a middle-sized breed, such as a pointer, half
a wineglassful of ipecacuanha wine may be given, or a teaspoonf al of salt
and mustard in a teacupful of lukewarm water.

Head Distemper. — When the head is the seat of the local disease in
distemper, it is generally ushered in by what is known as a " distemper
fit," and is a sure sign of inflammation of the brain or its membranes ;
this is alao shown by the greatly increased heat of the whole head, and the
bloodshot appearance of the eye, which in such cases is painfully sensi-
tive to light. If the inflammation be not reduced a succession of fits
generally follows, in one of which the dog dies. In cases where the head
is affected, in conjunction with general treatment prescribed, local applica-
tions must be resortei to to relieve the patient. These consist in keeping

40 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

the whole head constantly wetted with cold spring or iced water, a cooling
lotion, or in the prompt application of a blister to the back of the head, or
the insertion of a seton in the back of the neck. The following is a useful
form for cooling lotion :

Concentrated Cooling Lotion. — Take powdered sal ammoniac, 4oz. ; boiling
water, half a pint ; strong acetic acid, half a pint ; methylated spirit, 4oz.
Dissolve as much as possible of the sal ammoniac in the boiling water by
rubbing in a mortar, and the residue with the acetic acid, adding the spirit
to the stock bottle when the solution is cold. In using this a large wine-
glassful must be mixed with a pint of cold water, and it is important it
should be unremittingly applied to the head by a cloth for several hours,
care being taken to keep it out of the eyes. I believe in most cases the
patient and continuous use of this lotion will render the painful applica-
tion of the blister or the seton unnecessary.

The use of the seton needle when determined on is simple. Pass the
tape through the eye of the needle, take with the left hand a loose fold of
skin, lift it up and pass the needle through it, drawing one end of the tape
after; tie the ends of the tape together, and the operation is completed.
When quicker and severer counter irritation is desired, it is necessary to
smear the tape with mild blister ointment or some other irritant.

When fits are frequent or severe, 6grs. to lOgrs. of bromide of potassium
given to a dog of 401b. to 601b. will often give relief ; but it is seldom the
dog recovers from attacks of this nature.

Chest Distemper. — In all cases the respiratory organs are more or less
affected, and the disease seems t :> extend to all the mucous membranes ;
and when the more important organs of respiration ; the lungs or pleura-
bronchial tube, &c. — are attacked, it is generally called chest distemper.
In these cases the breaching is quicker and becomes pjinful, the cough is
deeper in aoand, harsher, and evidently more painful, and the pulse is
raised very much from the normal 90 to from 110 to 120. The dog
should in this case be made warm, and have a comfortable bed, but not
stifled with clothing or by the atmosphere of an un ventilated room, for pure
fresh air is an absolute necessity to recovery. If the throat is sore, which
the hoarse husky bark will show, relief may be given by the electuary
prescribed fov Bronchitis, and blistering the throat. Large hot poultices to
the sides, frequently changed so as to keep up the heat, prove beneficial,
and the general treatment afterwards alluded to, and that prescribed
under bronchitis, pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs.

Abdominal Distemper. — When the bowels are the subject of serious
attack, that is, if violent diarrhoea or dysentery supervene, or if "the
yellows " make their appearance — for, as already stated, slight derange-
ment is almost invariable — it may, in many cases, be put down to
mismanagement, a id the gross abuse of emetics or calomel, or other
powerful drugs. When these have been resorted to, as is too often the case,
by poor people ignorant of their nature and pioperties, and given by the
rule of thumb, the poor dog's case is indeed perilous, for in the midst of
the battle with the most dangerous and insidious enemy to oanine life,

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 41

another foe appears to finish up the work of death already well begun. In
such cases, violent diarrhoea — the evacuations consisting of a thin watery
matter, undigested food, or black pitchy fa3ces mixed with blood — generally
comes on when the disease has lasted a week or ten days, and, unless
checked by proper treatment in its earlier stages, almost invariably proves
fatal. The best treatment in such cases has been given under Diaerhcea
AND Dysentery, If the dog has been constipated previous to the attack
of distemper, and no heed taken of his condition, it is very likely to result
in an attack of the *' Yellows." This condition is denoted by the yellow
appearance of the eyes, gums, lips, &c., and in severe cases of the whole
skin, more particularly observable on the inner surface of the ears, inside
the thighs, and on the belly ; the urine is strongly tinged with yellow, and
the discharge from the bowels is of a pale yellow or clay colour. This most
dangerous complication of distemper is very frequently the result of giving
violent emetics, which are much resorted to by so-called dog doctors. The
treatment is given under the head Jaundice.

Pustular Eruption in Distemper. — The skin in distemper, especially
inside the thighs, on the chest, and on the belly, is often covered with a
pustular eruption, discharging a thin mattery substance often tinged with
blood, and this forms into scabs. As the pustules break, the exuded matter
should be carefully wiped off with a soft rag or sponge, dipped in tepid
water containing a small quantity of Condy's Disinfecting Fluid. This
eruption of pimples is often a favourable sign, but, on the other hand, it
appears at a stage of the disease when the dog has become greatly
weakened; and, whilst giving the distemper mixture to aid in throwing out
this poison from the system, the patient should also have tonics and as
much strengthening food as the stomach will bear. This phase of the
disease is most often seen when the liver and bowels have been attacked.

Sequels of Distemper. — Occasionally during the attack of distemper,
but generally as a sequel to it, either paralysis or chorea, called *' the
twitches " or " the trembles," appear. Those require special treatment,
and are referred to under those heads.

Having attempted as plainly as possible to describe the various symptoms
of this disease, and the complications which often attend it, I will now
endeavour to point out what I consider, and what experience has taught
me, to be the proper and most successful treatment. To enumerate the
popular cures for this disease would occupy much space for little profit.
Mercury, in one form or another, figures largely in the list, particularly
calomel and Ethiop's mineral— the former a very dangerous drug, and the
cause of great mortality among dogs ; the latter an almost inert prepara-
tion. Emetics, too, are widely popular and grossly abused ; but nearly
every locality has its own specific. In addition, we have those wonderful
nostrums, that were never known to fail, that are palmed on and purchased
by a too credulous public. It should not be necessary to tell anyone who
has watched the progress of this disease in his own dog, that an infallible
specific for distemper, with its varied and dangerous forms, is not likely to
be speedily met with.

D

42 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

The dog owner who has puppies growing up should always be on the
look-out for distemper, and, on its first pymptoms, address himself to its
treatment, for in this, as other things, a stitch in time saves nine. As the
disease appears the dog must be taken in hand, and his (somfort seen to.
In many cases a mild emetic of salt and mustard, ipecacuanha wine, or
antimonial wine may be given, for these are often beneficial when judi-
ciously used, although detrimental when abused, as emetics often are.
The bowels as well as the stomach should be emptied , and for this purpose
we must be guided in our choice of drugs by the constitutional strength,
age, and general state of the dog. For very delicate animals a laxative of
olive oil, linseed oil, or castor oil answers best, and stronger ones may
have castor oil, syrup of buckthorn, and syrup of poppies mixed ; but
when the dog is strong enough, as is the case with many breeds, I have
found nothing so suitable as the following pills :

Compound Podophyllin Pills. — Take podophyllin 6gr. , compound extract
of colocynth 30gr., powdered rhubarb 48gr. , extract of henbane 36gr. ; mix
and divide into twenty. four pills. The dose for a puppy is from one-half to
two pills, according to age and size, and it is advisable to give the
dog a little warm broth after the pill to assist in its action.

As soon as the bowels have been freely acted on, begin with the following
mixture, giving a dose of it regularly every four or six hours as long as
any feverish or inflammatory symptoms exist :

Distem'per Mixture. — Take chlorate of potash, 2dr. ; Mindererus' spirit,
loz. ; sweet spirit of nitre, 2dr. ; tincture of henbane, 2dr. ; water, 2|oz.
Dissolve the potash in the water, and add the other ingredients. The dose
will range from a teaspoonf ul to a tablespoonful, according to size and age,
and it should be given in some additional water.

Taken in its earlier stages, and the above instructions followed, the
poison in the blood, which is the essence of distemper, is by these means
neutralised aud destroyed, and in most cases the dangerous complications
of disease in the brain, lungs, or bowels prevented. No remedy, however,
will do away with the necessity for unremitting care and attention on
the part of the attendant— in fact, good, sensible management and nursing
are more than half the battle. The patient should be in a warm, dry, and
well-ventilated place where plenty of fresh air is admitted without draught ;
a bed of hay is very suitable under these circumstances, as being warm
and soft and easily changed without disturbing the patient, much rest
being very essential. The most scrupulous cleanliness is of the utmost
importance, and must be strictly attended to ; all discharges should be at
once removed, and the extremities and any sores or out-breakings on the
body, belly, or thighs lightly sponged with warm water containing a
little of Condy's Fluid or other disinfectant; the place where the dog is
lodged should also be kept sweet by the use of disinfectants.

The water given to drink should be first boiled and allowed to get cold ;
water drawn from leaden pipps should be specially avoided ; the diet must
be light and nourishing, and the dog drenched with liquid food if he refuse
to eat. Well boiled oatmeal and milk, or strong beef tea, or, if the dog be

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 4'j

purged, boiled wheaten fiour, or arrowroot with milk and port wine, form
suitable diet, as it must be made a first object to keep up the strength of the
dog, and by such means as these and the use of the "distemper mixture,"
as given below, success is pretty certain. Much solid food is not advisable,
and, indeed, a distemper patient will seldom take it ; but it is absolutely
necessary to keep up the strength. I have found great benefit from
giving pups at short intervals small quantities of chopped up raw lean
meat, beef or mutton, and when very low indeed a little weak brandy
and water, followed by the meat, or Brand's Solid Extract of Meat given
^s a pill will rouse the patient and induce him to take more food, by which
his strength is kept up. Tonics may also be given, alternately with the dis"
temper mixture, where the appetite is gone and there is great weakness.

Simple Tonic. — Disulphate of quinine, 12gr3. ; tincture of gentian and
syrup of orange, each 6drs. ; diluted sulphuric acid, 10 drops, mixed, and
a teaspoonful given to pups of medium-sized breeds, and double to
larger ones.

In the pustular stage, when the belly, &c., breaks out in pimples, the
tonic will be specially useful ; and when the head is affected, and fits
come on or are threatened, or there is twitching of the limbs, or any signs
of a tendency to chorea, add the following to the distemper mixture :

Mixture for Chorea or Distemper. — Tincture of aconite, 24 drops; solu-
tion of strychnine (British Pharraacopaeia strength) 16 drops, the latter
gradually increased until three times the dose is given ; this a chemist
-will regulate in dispensing the prescription.

Even after the more violent symptoms have abated, and the disease
appears to have passed off, it is still necessary to use caution. Many a
valuable dog has been lost by taking him out to exercise too soon after
distemper, a very slight exertion sometimes causing a relapse, which in
many cases proves fatal, the whole strength of the dog having been wasted
in contending with the first attack. The owner, therefore, must not be in
a hurry, patience and nourishing diet, with the daily use of the " tonic
pills " (p. 10), which should now be had recourse to, will bring their own
reward. The increase in the food should be gradual, and, in addition to
the tonic pills, cod liver oil is of great benefit in restoring the dog to
health and strength ; but any special weakness (and such are of ten inherited
from distemper) must be specially dealt with.

Dropsy. — This is an unnatural accumulation of water in different parts
of the body, as in water on the brain, dropsy of the chest, dropsy of the
skin, and dropsy of the belly ; and it is the latter kind of dropsy that the
dog is most liable to. Dropsy is generally, if not always, the result of
«ome other debilitating disease, and especially of inflammatory disorders ;
but it may also ba brought on by unsuitable diet, by the abuse of drastic
purgatives ; and a new danger of dropsy has sprung up with our shows,
where dogs are too often kept on their benches to the suppression of the
discharge of the excretions, which is a recognised cause of inducing dropsy.
Dropsy of the belly need not in the bitch be mistaken for pregnancy, for
in the latter the teats enlarge with the belly, and it is altogether firmer,

D 2

44 THE DISEASES OF DOSS.

and does not droop until just before whelping, whereas in dropsy it is more
pendulous and baggy, and the back is arched, and the water moves under
pressure readily ; the dropsical animal, too, is generally poor in flesh and'
harsh in coat. The medicines principally employed in dropsy are iodine,
iron, and other mineral tonics, with digitalis and diuretics ; but no amateur
should attempt treatment of it, but place the patient under the care of a
qualified veterinarian .

Dysentery.— This is a far more dangerous disease than diarrhoea, which,
when protracted, sometimes causes it. The discharges in dysentery are
immediately caused by inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the
intestines, and are distinguished from diarrhoea by containing no foecal
matter except occasionally when it is voided in lumps ; but the ordinary
evacuations in dysentery, although they vary in appearance, are gene-
rally slimy looking and composed of mucous mixed with blood, and in
the advanced stages of the disease pus is discharged and shreds of the
mucous membrane, very offensive in character. The disease is very
weakening, causes great pain and straining, and is very difiicult to manage >
it often occurs in protracted oases of distemper, and carries off the patient.

In treating dysentery the " anodyne mixture " (p, 33) should be tried in
the first instance alone, and if ineffectual one of the following pills for
a dog of 601b. to 801b. every four hours may be tried with good results :

Pills for Dysentery. — Take of tannic acid 2 scruples, and pure sulphate
of copper Idr., powdered opium 20grs., mixed, and divide into twenty
pills ; or if a liquid medicine should be preferred the following will answer :
Take of pure sulphate of copper 48grs., dissolve in 2oz. of cinnamon water;
add ^oz. of tincture of catechu, ^oz. of laudanum, 6drs. of aromatic spirit
of ammonia, and make up to 12oz. with cinnamon water. Dose for an
801b. dog two tablespoonfuls every four hours. Clysters of starch, with
Idr. of laudanum in each, are often very beneficial, and one may be thrown
up every four or five hours.

The patient should have perfect rest, all evacuations should be instantly
removed, and the place where the patient is (which should be warm, but
airy) kept sweet with disinfectants. The food should consist of pearl
barley, rice, arrowroot, or wheaten flour, boiled in milk, varied with strong
beef tea slightly thickened with stale bread or plain biscuit.

Dyspepsia. — See Indigestion.

E.

Ear, Canker of. — This disease is usually divided into "internal
canker" and "external canker." Canker is a term of very general appli-
cation to many obstinate corroding or heating humours ; it is equally applied
to a disease of the foot of the horse, to that disease of the feet of cattle

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 45

sometimes called " foul," and also to the disease more generally known as
" foot-rot " in sheep ; but, so far as I am aware, the term is not applied to
any disease of the foot of the dog, although the irritation produced by hard
running on rough ground sometimes causes cankerous sores on the feet,
which require the same treatment and yield to the same remedies as canker
of the ear. Internal canker consists of inflammation of the lining mem>
brane of the passage to the ear, which runs on to ulceration and sup-
puration, and when of long standing a blackish offensive discharge takes
place and accumulates in the passage, and on examination the interior of
the ear will be found to be red and inflamed. The dog thus suffering
may be observed frequently scratching his ear with his paw, holding his
head on one side and giving it a violent shake, as though to empty some-
thing out of the ear ; and the pain and irritation arising from the disease
causes him to rub and shake his head constantly and violently, whereby
the flaps of the ears get bruised, ulcerations form, and the tips become
obstinately sore, the inflammation existing in the interior lining mem-
brane extends itself to the outside, through the constant shaking and
scratching, and external canker is also established. It is not an uncom-
mon belief that canker of the ear is confined to water dogs. This error
arises, no doubt, from the fact that dogs such as water spaniels and
others of that class, from their exposure, are most likely to get water
lodged in the ears, the shaking and pawing to get rid of which frequently
sets up the inflammation, ending in canker. The tears and scratches
received from briars and thorns in working close coverts, if not attended
to, may set up canker of the ear. All dogs are, however, liable to the
disease, although the cause may not in all cases be so easily traced. The
insinuation of wet and dirt, and the accumulation of hardened wax in the
air-passage, are no doubt the prevailing causes, and are especially likely
to produce baneful results where a bad system of kennel management
CO- exists. But in the interests of my canine friends I would ask whether
there is not another frequent and needless cause P — whether those sports-
men (?) do not often produce it who, instead of correcting their dogs by the
legitimate means of the voice and the whip, resort to another method, much
to be condemned in my opinion, and certainly not approved by the poor
brute

Whose ear undergoes
Such horrid tugs at membrane and gristle.
For being as deaf as a post to a whistle ?

"Lugging" a dog is as cruel as kicking him; neither is a fit mode of
punishment, and the former is very likely to produce canker. It is a very
common mistake with a certain class of "dog doctors," against
whom I took the liberty of warning my readers, to assume that the out-
ward and visible signs in canker constitute the disease, and who adopt
a course of treatment which would doubtless prove a radical cure if they
were right in their suppositions, namely, cutting the poor beast's ears
off ; unfortunately, in addition to the cruelty, this course, as may well be
supposed, only aggravates the disease. "External canker" generally

46 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

exists as a consequence and concomitant of inflammation, ulceration,
or suppuration of the internal passage. There is a kind of mangy affec-
tion of the ears which is altogether different, but which may easily be
confounded with it ; in these cases the edges of the ears become dry, hot,
and scaly, and the hair falls off", but this is really mange, and must be so
treated. There are cases where the whole of the external ear becomes
swollen and tender, and the flap thickened and filled with fluid between
the skin and the cartilage or gristle ; in such cases the best plan is, after
bathirg the ears well, to cut them with a lancet, press out the bloody
matter, and having again well washed and softly dried the ears, let theiO'
be touched with the " leid liniment " given below. In the general treat-
ment of canker of the exr the first thing is to remove any exciting cause
that may exist, such as dirt, hardened cerumen (wax), &c., and this can
be best done by carefully washing, and, if need be, syringing the ears
with lukewarm water ; and, in the case of hardened wax, pouring in
a few drops of almond or olive oil. The bathing will in itself assuage
tbe pain and irritation, and all the parts that can be got at should
be afterwards carefully dried with a soft cloth. There are many appli-
cations recommended for canker of the ear, and endless nostrums adver-
tised to cure it in a single day ; all, or nearly all, are preparations of
lead, zinc, or silver.

Silver and Zinc Lotions. — A solution of nitrate of eilver is recommended
by many ; the strength should be from four to six grains to one ounce
of water ; or a sulphate of zinc lotion may be made as follows : Take sul-
phate of zinc 12 grains, wine of opium 1 drachm; water sufficient to
make l^oz. lotion.

I prefer the following preparation to anything I have tried :

Lead Liniment. — Take Goulard's extract of lead loz., glycerine and
carbolic acid ^oz., finest olive oil 4|oz. Mix the two first-named, and add
the oil gently, rubbing together in a mortar. The bottle must be well
shaken before the liniment is used.

All of these preparations are used in a similar manner, namely, by placing
the dog's head flat on a form, or on the knee of the person who holds
him, and then pouring a little into the ear passage, holding the dog in the
same position for a minute or two, until the liquid finds its way into the
seat of the disease. The preparation should also be applied freely to all
the external sores. If there be no dark and offensive discharge from the
ear, the carbolic acid and glycerine may be omitted from the lead liniment ;
and I may here observe that I mean that article to be of the strength
ordered in the British Pharmacopaeia, viz., one part pure carbolic acid in
five parts pure glycerine. If any of the sores outside look "angry,"
scrape with a knife a little blue-stone into fine powder and dust them with
it ; or, after bathing and drying nicely, touch them with a point of lunar
caustic. It will be of advantage, in treating canker of the ear, to give the
dog a purgative, and in many severe and stubborn cases the administration
of the " fever mixture " (p. 14) for a few days after the purgative will be of
great benefit. The diet must be light, and consist partly of boiled green

BISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 47

vegetables. Many of the very best writers on dog diseases recommend a
cap to be worn by tbe dog in canker of the ear to prevent the flapping and
consequent irritation nnd injury to the tips of the ear from the violent
shaking of the head, but eo far as rnj experience goes, I am of opinion that
it does more harm than good. It is manifest the cap cannot allay the
irritation arising from the internal sores, neither does it prevent the dog
from shaking his head, rubbing his ears aga'nst adjacent objects, and
scratching them with his paws ; on the contrary, I think it is obvious that
the unusual covering to his head and confinement to his ears is likely to
increase the irritation and excitement, and so hinder the process of cure.
But those who wish to try a cap can readily make one with a piece of calico
of sufficient length to reach round the dog's head, having two pieces of
tape running through a hem at each side lengthwise, wherewith to draw
the cap tight round the dog's neck behind the ears, and again just above
the eyes, tieing them underneath.

The following treatment of canker in the ear is taken from the Veterinary
Journal, Sept., 1875 : " In the ' Eecueil de Medecine Veterinaire,' Cocuht
recommends as a very successful method of dealing with these auricular
chancres the application of some blistering ointment or liqui^i over the
external surface of the ear. The preparation he employed was tincture of
eantharides 4jdr., tincture of galls Idr. This was applied once pvery two
days, and by its influence the intolerable itching which accompanies the
disease was allaj^ed, and a smart but inconvenient pain substituted. The
animal no longer shakes its head nor scratches the ears with its paws, and
the chancres soon disappear."

Har, Polypus in the. — This is, in my experience, of rare occurrence.
It should be excised by a veterinary surgeon.

Ears, Cropping- and Koundingf of. — Eounding is adopted in most
kennels of hounds, although the practice is by no means universal, some
hunting men contending that it is unnecessary. The object of it is to
prevent the ears getting torn in pressing through briars, whins, <fcc., in
coverts and thick hedges. The quantity of flap removed varies according
to the whim of the operator; mar y have the ears shorn to an extent
uncalled for by the avowed object, and with the effect of giving the dogs a
very ugly appearance. Cropping, which fashion prescribes for certain
unfortunate breeds of terriers, has no justification offered for it except
the taste (?) of the admirer of the effects of this cruel and useless
operation. It is said cropped terriers look sharper and handsomer than
those with the ears left on, but the absurdity of this appears when we
remember that it is not applied to Dandie Dinmont, Bedlington, or fox
terriers. It is cruel, not only in the pain the operation causes, but far
more so in exposing one of the most delicate organs to the effects of cold^
wet, sand, and dirt, by removing the part Nature intended as a protection.
What would be thought of a fashion that demanded that the eyelid or
the haw should be removed, with the re?ult that the dog could not clean
his eye from matter blown into it ? Cropping, by exposing the internal
parts of the ear to the weather and to the intrusion of particles of sand,

48 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

Ac., produces canker, inflammation, and deafness, and cannot be too
strongly condemned. When it is resorted to, humanity suggests that the
dog should be placed under the influeace of an aenesthetic, and the edges
of the ear should be at once saturated with tincture of matico or other
styptic.

Ear, Swelled Flap of. — When the flap of the ear presents a dropsical
appearance, and it is seen, on pressure, that liquid exists between the
integuments, it should be scored with a lancet, the* liquid pressed out,
the flap bathed freely with lukewarm water, and afterwards dressed three
or four times a day with Goulard's Lead Water, at] the same time a dose of
purgative medicine will generally be required.

Earth, as a Disinfectant. — See Disinfectants in Canine Materia j
Medica.

Ear, Wax Hardening* in the. — In this case warm water injections
are often useful, and after using them the ear should be carefully dried^
the dog's head laid flat on one side, and a little oil of sweet almonde
poured into the cavity. This should be don3 daily J. until the wax is
softened and discharged.

Eczema, Blotch, Surfeit, Red Mange. — In the previous edition oJ
** The Diseases of Dogs" I treated of eczema under the head of mangCj
because it is usual to class it as mange, except by professional men, and 1
see no reason to change the original arrangement further than to introduce
the term in its sequence, and to mention here the broad distinguishing
characteristics which separate it from what is called true mange.

Eczema differs from mange in being non-contagious ; it is constitutional
and not caueed by parasites, as are the forms of mange known as scarcoptic
and follicular. It may be either general or local, and consists of an
eruption of very minute vescicles ; these discharge an acrid fluid, and
often run together. The skin has a scarlet appearance, and frequently
becomes completely denuded of hair. It will be found further described,
and treatment given, under Mange.

Emasculation. — This is sometimes resorted to, but in my opinion is a
practice to be condemned; it makes the dog lazy, listless, and good-for-
nothing ; causes him to lay on fat in such a manner as to induce disease.
It has been claimed for it that it is a preventive of canine madness, but
the opinion of the highest authorities, fortified by statistics, shows this
opinion to be baseless, although it is easy to understand how the idea
would take root in the mind of a superficial observer. The law which at
present allows an owner to let a bitch in season wander at lar?© is an
offence against decency, and leads to no end of dog fights ; and as under
the influence of rabies dogs are unusually salacious, should one be in
the neighbourhood, he is even more likely than at another time to spread
the disease, because of the congregation of dogs under excitement.

The operation is not one which should be attempted by amateurs, and it
is not therefore needful to enter into particulars here, but those who wish
for information on the point will find it in Professor Law's *' Farmer's
Veterinary Adviser."

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 49

Enteritis. — See Bowels, Inflammation of.

Entozoa, Internal Parasites. — See Worms.

Epilepsy. — Most of our domestic animals are subject to this, and
among the stock owners in general it is called the "falling sickness."
Dogs are peculiarly liable to it. It is characterised by sudden loss of
sensation and a violent convulsive action of the muscles, both of the
body and limbs, and often champing of the jaws, and emission of froth
from the mouth, which, as the tongue is apt to get cut by the involuntary
action of the jaws, not in'requently gets tinged with blood, and this addt*
to the fears of those ignorant of the nature of the disease, and from
unfounded alarm that the dog may be mad, many a poor animal is
destroyed. Epilepsy will be found more fully dealt with under Fits.

Eyeball, Frotrusion of. — It sometimes occurs in fighting that the
eyeball is forced out of its socket, and the lid, contracting, prevents its
return. I cannot recommend the amateur to attempt to return the eyeball
to its place, but the veterinary surgeon should be sent for, and in the
meantime a small stream of lukewarm water should be kept running on to
the part to keep the muscles relaxed as much as possible, to facilitate the
necessary operations in returning the eyeball to its place.

Eye, Diseases of. — Accidents to the eye are not uncommon, such as
scratches by a cat, or injuries from a blow or in fighting. In such cases,
the first thing to do is to bathe with warm water for half an hour or so to
reduce the swelling and inflammation which follow, and if the injury is
great a veterinary surgeon should be allowed to deal with it, but other-
wise the constant application of a lotion of one drachm of Goulard's
Extract of Lead, half an ounce of wine of opium, and half a pint of dis-
tilled water, two or three times a day, will probably be sufficient. See
Amaurosis, Cataract, Ophthalmia, and Haw^, enlargement of.

Cloudiness and White Specks. — These follow inflammation, and
seem to be dependent also on general health. Ulcers also sometimes form
and leave a round whitish spot.

This should be treated by applying with a feather or camel's hair pencil
a solution of nitrate of Eilver, three to six grains, dissolved in an ounce
of distilled water, twice a day, and in giving the dog tonics, such as the
pills prescribed on page 10.

Eyelashes Turned in. — This occasionally occurs, and a very singular
instance came under my notice two years ago of an Irish setter, the pro-
perty of a lady in Dublin. The dog was brought to the Alexandra Palace
show, where I was asked to examine it. The eyelash grew right across
the pupil, interfering both with the dog's comfort and his vision. It had
been excised by an eminent oculist, but persisted in growing again exactly
as before. I asked Mr. Hunting, F.K.C.V.S., who acts as veterinarian for
the Kennel Club, to look at it, and he prescribed excision and cauterisation
of the part from which the hair sprung. I believe the case was new even
to his experience. In ordinary cases simply snipping with the scissors
proves a cure.

Eyelids, Warts on.— See Warts.

50 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

Eyes, Watery or Weeping", appear to be inherited by some pet
breeds, such as the Blenheim spaniel and the Maltese terrier particularly.
Strong astringents in these cases do harm, and induce inflammation, but
bathing Bimply with cold water constantly will sometimes effect some good-
The principal thing, however, is to attend to the general health.

Fatness, Excessive. — A certain amount of fat is a sign of health, and
therefore desirable ; it is the store of fuel that nature does not immediately
require to keep the machinery of life going, and which she thriftily lays up
to meet future exigencies, but an excess of fat constitutes a morbid and
diseased state of the body. Some dogs are prone to put on fat even when
on a comparatively meagre diet, and certain breeds are predisposed to
obesity ; this is specially the case with pugs and most varieties of spaniels.

The causes are confinement and want of exercise, together with over-
abundance of food, or of a quality too rich in fat-producing materials.

The castrating of dogs and spaying of bitches also causes accumulations
of adipose matter by taking from the dog one of the secreting organs, and
all dogs refused sexual connection are apt to become excessively obese.

The effect of excessive fat is to set up some skin disease, with discharge
therefrom, as a means of ridding the system of the superfluous matter;
or the fat will accumulate round the vital organs, interferiug with the
animal's respiration, making the breathing la'^oured, wheezy, and asth-
matical, very painful to the sufferer, who blows and pants on the slightest
extra exertion, and most disagreeable to the owner. In dogs not a lowed
to breed, fat accumulates round the kidneys and the ovaries of bitches ;
the heart also becomes surrounded with fat, and what is called fatty
degeneration ensues, which may c^-use sudden death.

The treatment consists in altering tho diet. Give gradually poorer food,
and less of it, and at the same titne increase the exercise, so that the
consumption of fat may for the time being exceed the supply taken in the
food. In some cases, however, the predisposition or acquired habit of
body is too strong for these measures, in which case a brisk purgative may
be given twice a week, and, in addition, a dog 301b. to 401b. weight should
have two grains of iodide of potassium twice a day, given in water just
after meals. Bitches should occasionally be allowed to breed and rear one
or more puppies.

Feet, Sore — Dogs that travel much on hard dry roads, as Dalmatians
often do, and sporting dogs hunting over rough ground, short stubble, or
stumpy heather, are apt to get the spongy elastic pads of the feet contused
and worn thin. The treatment depends on the extent of the injury ; if

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 51

merely tender and slightly inflamed, bathe with cold water and afterwards
apply freely the following :

Lotion for Sore Feet. — Tincture of arnica and tincture of maiico, of each
ioz. ; tincture of opium, Icz. ; acetic acid, ^oz. ; water, enough to fill a
wine bottle.

If the case is severe, first apply a poultice of half bran and half boiled
turnips. Sometimes the inflammation is great, and the feet become
swollen, hot, and painful, so that the dog cannot stand, and the general
health suffers. Feverishness and loss of appetite reduce his strength,
matter forms in the feet, or„' the sole sloughs off. In such cases linseed
meal should be added to the other ingredients of the poultice, and a little
olive oil poured over [its'"' surface. The dog should lave a mild aperient
and a dose of fever mixture (p. 14) three or four times a day, and be kept on
a light diet. It may be necessary, for the more speedy relief of the dog, to
let the matter out with the lancet, and in all respects these cases should be
treated as ulcers. Dogs long confined should not be at once run much on
hard roads or worked on rough ground, but their feet gradually hardened
by daily increased exercise.

Fistula in Anus. — This is not urcommon in pampered, overfed dogs.
It is partial or complete. Usually it presents itself as an opening at the
side of the anus, and extending inwards np to the gut, when, of course, it
can be seen ; but in other cases there is no external opening. The causes
are constipation, when the hardened faeces abrade the surface in its
expulsion; or neglected piles, resulting in ulceration; or fistula of the
anus may arise from & wound inflicted on the part. The symptoms of
internal fistula are the dog dragging himself along the ground, but that is
also done when worms exist in the intestines ; but in fistula the voided
matter is very offensive, and often covered or marked with blood and
matter. The treatment should be left to the veterinary surgeon, who will
lay the sinus open and apply rtmedies to set up healthy action and close
it up.

Fits. — Fits are of common occurrence, especially in puppies — for-
tunately those that are of a dangerous and fatal character are the-
most rare ; they often cause needless alarm, but the dog suffeiirg from
a fit of whatever kind is not an object to be frightened at, but to be com-
miserated and helped, and this requires freedom from a fear for which
there is no just reason. Fits are of mary kinds, and may be classified as
apoplectic fits, distemper fits, epileptic fits, fits from teething, fits from
worms, and suckling fits, and other causes of excitement are known to
produce them, even high notes of music, to which some dogs show a
strong objection.

Apoplectic Fits are caused by pressure on the brain from distended
blood vessels or the effusion of blood. The subjects of attack are generally
those dogs that are kept in idleness and overfed, and the attack may be the
immediate result of the animal overloading the stomach with food difficult
of digestion. The symptoms are loud and laboured breathing ; the dog
lies motionless on his side in a state of insensibility — there is no frothing

-52 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

at the month or champing of the jaws, but the eye is always fixed and
bloodshot. Such cases are usually fatal, and death is frequently instan-
taneous ; prompt bleeding is the most likely means of saving the patient ;
and then, as soon as suffijiently recovered, a strong purge should be given
or clysters administered. Should these means prove successful it will be
necessary to use extreme care to prevent a recurrence of the fit. The dog's
-diet must be carefully regulated, sufficient healthful exercise allowed,
or compelled, if need be, and occasional doses of cooling medicine
-given.

Distemper Fits are caused by inflammation of the brain, and are
often a fatal symptom in distemper. They have been already treated
under that head.

Epileptic Fits are of very common occurrence, and generally happen
when the dog is at exercise— sometimes in the case of pointers they are
seized when in the act of discharging that part of their duty ; doubtles
from the undue excitement produced. When the dog is attacked he is firs^
observed to tremble on his legs, and on trying to run on he staggers and
falls down on his side, frequently uttering a low moan— struggling to his
feet he attempts to move only to repeat the fall, when he lies stupefied and
insensible. The legs and the whole muscular system are violently con-
vulsed, producing a variety of contortions of the body ; the dog froths at
the mouth, the head is violently moved, often knocked against the ground,
the jaws are champed together, and sometimes the tongue, getting between
the teeth, gets lacerated, and the froth that dribbles from his mouth becomes
tinged with blood ; the breathing during the fit is laboured and irregular,
it generally lasts several minutes, and when the convulsions have subsided
the dog raises his head and opens his eyes with a look of surprise, and very
shortly runs about as if nothing had happened.

The treatment for epileptic fits is to lift the dog gently, and at once place
liim in a dry place, and on some soft material where he cannot hurt himself
in his struggles. As soon after as possible give him a dose of the " anti-
spasmodic drops " (p. 12), and leave him quiet in a warm comfortable place.
Endeavour to ascertain the cause of the fit. If from over feeding, reduce
the diet and give more gentle exercise, and, if need be, repeated doses of
cooling medicine — from three to eight grains of bromide of potash given
in water daily for a month, will prove wonderfully beneficial to dogs pre-
disposed to epilepsy. A dose of syrup of hydrate of chloral is also useful
in allaying the nervous excitement and inducing sleep, which is the best
restorative after a fit.

Suckling Fits are produced by exhaustion consequent on the bitch
having too many pups left on her. She lies or falls down breathing
heavily, becomes insensible, and is frequently much convulsed. The
remedy is simple. Eemove all the pupa but one or two ; let the mother
have a generous diet, and if much reduced give the " concentrated tonic
mixture " (p. 20) for a few weeks, or the " tonic pills " (p. 10).

Teething Fits usually occur either during the first month, or about
the sixth month, when the permanent teeth are coming. Cutting the gums

DISEASES A:ND ACCIDENTS. 53'

with a lancet is sometimes resorted to, but as a rule a little opening
medicine is all that is needed.

Worms Causing Fits. — When these parasites are the producing cause,
that fact may often be ascertained by examining" the faeces voided during
or just after the fit when some of them will probably be seen, or the
presence of worms may be determined by the symptoms given under that
head, and the treatment there prescribed should be adopted.

Flatulency. — This is an evidence of indigestion, but not very frequent
in the dog as far as my observation enables me to judge.

Treatment for immediate relief should consist in giving to a 401b. dog
half a teaspoonful each of carbonate of magnesia and charcoal in a little
milk, in food, or as a bolus, and for permanent cure correct the indigeetion
with the proper remedies prescribed for it.

Fleas. — See Parasites, External.

Founder of the Chest — See Kennel Lameness.

Fractures.— See Bones, Broken.

G.

Gastritis — Stomach, Inflammation of, which see.

Gathering's. — See Abscesses.

Glanders. — This dreadful and fatal malady of horses can scarcely be
called a dog disease, but as they are capable of innoculation, it is well
that the fact should be recognised, for it appears to me that with the
institution of drinking fountains for horses, &c., in our great towns, dogs
may thus get infected, and be the means of spreading this most invidious
disease. I mention the fact, that extra care and precautions may be taken
by dog owners, and not to reflect on the drinking fountains, which,
although they may occasionally be the medium of communicating the
disease from one animal to another, are, on the whole, such a vast benefit
that the good they do far outweighs the small risk inseparable from the
promiscuous use of them by healthy and unhealthy animals.

Gleet. — Blaine gives this name to a discharge from the prepuce, but it
appears to me the name is misleading. For further information see Penis,
Discharge from, which, although not perhaps strictly correct, is adopted
as being the most generally useful and readily understood heading. Pro-
fessor Law, however, enumerates both Gleet and Gonorrhoea among the
diseases of dogs.

Goitre, or Bronchocele. — This term is applied to a swelling or lump
that appears on the front part of the neck. It is soft and elastic to the
touch, and appears to give no pain except when it increases to such a size
as to interfere with the breathing. It is especially a disease of old dogs,
although it occurs in ill-fed and scrofulous puppies, and short and thick-

54 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

necked breeds are speoially liable to its attacks. The treatment consist*
in applying the following ointment daily till the swelling disappears, and
in giving cod liver oil, in doses from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonfui,
twice daily for a month or two ; or in the same way iodide of potassium,
in doses of from two to four grains, in water or decoction of sarsaparilla.
I have found that in addition a dose of Chemical Food three times a day
hastens the cure, and gives tone. Dogs suffering from Goitre should be
extra well fed.

Ointment for Goitre. — Take iodide of potassium, 1 dr. ; lard, 7 dr. ; mix,
and apply as directed above.

Gripes. — See Colic.

Chitta Serena, or Amaurosis. — Gutta Serena ia an Arabic term,
fiignifjing "clear drop," from the unnatural clearness and brightness of
ithe eye in this disease. See Amaurosis.

3iaw, Enlarg'ement of — The haw, or third eyelid as it is sometimes
•called, is a fold of membrane situated at the inner corner of the eye, and
capable of expansion, and is use i to sweep across the globe of the eye to
cleanse it from flies, dirt, or other foreign bodies that have been blown
in. This membrine from constitutional causes, or from blows, or the
irritation from extraneous matter lodged in the eye, sometimes becomes
inflamed and enlarged, interfering with the sight and preventing the eyelids
'from closing.

The treatment consists in applying astringent lotions, lunar caustic, or
in cutting off the excrescent growth according to the circumstances of the
case.

Heart, Diseases of. — Diseases of the heart are not commonly met
with. Enlargement and fatty degeneration are the most frequent ; and
generally when the heart is affected it is consequent on some other disease.
I know of no treatment likely to produce a cure.

Hepatitis — Inflammation of the Liver. — See Jaundice.

Hernia, Umbilical. — See Navel Rupture.

Hiccougfli. — This arises from indigestion, and often annoys house pets
that are given improper food, such as sweets, &c.

Give milk, with a wineglassful of lime water to a tumblerful, to drink*
and give to a toy spaniel, pug, or other dog of that size lOgr. of bicar-
bonate of soda, and fifteen drops of sal volatile in a tablespoonfui of milk.

Husk. — Dogs are subject to a dry husky cough, associated with
derangement of the stomach.

The symptoms are dry hot nose, disagreeable breath, inflamed eye and

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 55

increased di-charge from noee, with more or less general fever; the dog
after coughing retches, bringing up portions of frothy mucous.

The treatment consists in keeping the dog free from damp and cold,
feeding on warm, easily digestible food, and the administration of a dose of
salad oil every third morning, and the following two sets of pills, two a day
of each given alternately :

Pills for Husky Cough. — Powdered opium, 6gr. ; tartarised antimony,
Igr. ; compound squill pill, Idr., mixed and divided into twelve pills, one to
be given to a medium-sized dog twice a day.

Tonic Stomachic Pills. — Pure sulphate of iron, 24gr. ; dried bicarbonate
of soda, 24gr. ; and extract of camomile, 24gr. ; mixed and divided into
twelve pills. One each of these is a dose for a 401b. to 501b. dog. In some
instances husk is caused by worms in the stomach, for treatment of which
see article Worms.

Hydrophobia.— See Eabies,

I.

Indigestion. — Indigestion means that the food taken into the stomach
is not digested or made fit for the nourishment of the body, showing that
the stomach, from some cause or other, has altogether or partially lost its
power of performing its most important office. This state of things is
brought about in various ways, such as want of exercise, improper food,
or the giving of food irregularly. An over-plentiful meal after too pro-
longed a fast will bring it on ; but the cause or causes must be of some
standing to produce a serious attack. The symptoms of indigestion are a
vitiated appetite, the dog turning up hi3 nose at wholesale food, or eating
it mincingly and slobbering it about, and giviuir a preference to filth and
garbage. Flatulence is often an accompaniment of indigestion. There is
generally considerable thirst, and the disorder is often attended with
vomiting. When of long standing the gums become inflamed and the
breath foul and offensive. Indigestion is the cause of many other forms of
disease, which surely follow neglected cases — derangement of the bowels ia
almost inseparable from it, attacks of diarrhoea occur, sometimes alter-
nating with fits of constipation, or confirmed constipation may exist.
Sometimes the dog becomes excessively fat and suffers from asthma and
asthmatic cough. As a secondary symptom mange in one form or other
often occurs. During the attack the dog's temper is generally fitful and
snappish. In treating for indigestion the most important thing is to
remove the probable cause or causes. Give a sufficiency only of plain
wholesome food, and keep within the dog's reach a supply of clean fresh
water. Remedies must be administered according to existing circum-
Btance — diarrhoea, for instance, being treated as recommended under that

56 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

head. The one main object, however, must not be lost sight of, namely, to
give tone to the stomach and bring that organ back to a propfer discharge
of its functions. To this end give an aperient bolns, made as follows :

Aperient holus. — Take Barbadoes aloes, 45grs. ; powdered jalap, Idr.
powdered ginger, Idr. ; Castile soap, 2drs. Make into a mass, and divide
into 15 grain balls. Dose — one, two, or three, according to the size of the
dog. Even when diarrhoea exists these may be given with advantage.

When the bowels have been freely acted upon give the following twice a
day until health is restored :

Stomachic holus. — Take powdored rhubarb, 1 scruple ; powdered ginger,
1 scruple ; extract of gentian, 4 scruples. Mix and divide into twenty-four
pills. Dose — one or two twice a day. If there is much flatulence put a
little bicarbonate of soda on the back part of the tongue and let the dog
have water ; or give occasionally 20 drops of spirit of sal volatile in water.
These means, with careful diet and exercise, will be found successful.

Inflaniniation. — See under name of part affected.

Influenza. — This is an epidemic resembling common cold, but more
severe in its effects, and contagious. The causes are supposed to be
atmospheric cold, and damp weather in spring and autumn, which are the
usual seasons of its appearance.

The treatment should be similar to that of common cold, and the dog
will require still more care in keeping warm in a well ventilated place, and
in being supported with easily-digested food, such as strong broth, beef
tea, boiled milk and bread, &c. In the early stages Hoffman's Anodyne
or Compound Spirit of Sulphuric Ether, given in milk three times a day, is
generally beneficial, and any discharge from the nose should be encouraged
by warm fomentations, and making the dog inhale the vapour from vinegar
of squills sprinkled on a hot wet sponge or cloth. If the throat is swollen
and sore, slightly blister with vinegar and mustard. In convalescence
give cod liver oil and syrup of iodide of iron.

Intussusception. — This is when in spasm of the bowels one part slips
into another, or telescopes, causing obstruction of the bowels. It cannot
be certainly determined until post mortem examination is made, and, of
course, there is no effective curative treatment. The only measures are
preventive, and these consist in so studying the dog's health and diet, so
as, as far as possible, to prevent colic.

Inversion of the Uterus, Vagina, &c.— See under these heads.

Itch.— See Mange.

J.

Jaundice, or the " Yellows," and Inflammation of the Liver.

— To be strictly accurate we should treat jaundice and inflammation of the
liver as distinct diseases, but to the ordinary dog owner the division would
be of little or no use, the causes and general treatment being alike. In-

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 57

flammation of the liver exists in two forms — the acute and the chronic : the
former the more rare, and making its appearances more suddenly; the
chronic often occurring as a sequel of the acute. The causes of the disease
are very various, but in most cases they are traceable to improper and
over-feeding, combined with want of exercise, which account for the great
number of such cases occurring in house and pet dogs. In sporting dogs it
is often brought on by continued exposure to wet, immersion in water
during cold, inclement weather, lodgment in damp kennels, or over fatigue.
One very common cause is the repeated resort to powerful emetics, which,
many people use as if they possessed a charm over dog diseases, I believe
an occasional cause of liver complaint may be found in a too forcing system
of training adopted by some greyhound trainers and others. On the whole,
however, improper and over-feeding must be credited with the greatest
share in the evil. The liver in a healthy state secretes a yellow fluid called
the gall ; this is collected in the gall bladder, and is intended to mix with
the chyle and complete the work of digestion. When obstruction of the
gall bladder takes place, the gall is diverted from its natural purpose and
gets diffused through the whole body, giving a bright saffron colour ta
various parts, notably the eyes, lips, inside of the ears, inside of the arms
and thighs, and in some cases to the whole skin, thus giving its name of
"The Yellows " to the disease.

Jaundice is of very frequent occurrence, and, as has been before observed,
often exists as a complication of distemper, and when this is the case it is
most difficult to manage, on account of the already reduced strength of
the dog {see Distemper). All treatment must be to some extent determined
by the circumstances of each case.

The invariable yellow colour of the parts mentioned as a symptom in this
disease is one which the least careful observer cannot fail to notice, but
before this occurs there are other symptoms which should not be overlooked
— in the earlier stages the dog's appetite fails, he suffers considerable
thirst, which increases as the disease progresses ; there is fever, with
alternate fits of heat and shivering ; vomiting may occur, and the matter
ejected is generally slimy and of a yellowish colour ; the urine is passed in
small quantities, and is a deep yellow or greenish yellow colour; the bowels
are generally constipated, and the excrement of a pale clay colour. In
chronic cases the belly is enlarged and flatulence often exists ; on the right
side a swelling may be felt, pressure of which causes the dog to flinch and
groan. In severe cases the dog rapidly loses flesh, soon becoming a mere
skeleton ; the coat is rough and staring, and often comes off in patches.
It is no uncommon thing to find this disease coexistent with virulent mange.
All writers I have consulted on the subject recommend mercury in the treat-
ment of jaundice, so I here give particulars of its dose, and the mode of
administering it, for the benefit of my readers, although I do not myself
use it :

Mercurial Treatment of Jaundice. — Calomel 2grs. to 4gr8. with Igr. of
opium given every six hours, is a not uncommon prescription. Mr.
Meyrick prescribes the following : — " Blue pill 3grs., opium Igr., to be

E

58 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

given every five or six hours. If diarrhcsa be produced by this treatment
the quantity of opium must be increased and the mercury, if necessary,
reduced to2gr."

I recommend the following in preference to the mercurial treatment :

Powder for Jaundice. — Take podophyllin igr., powdered rhubarb lOgrs.,
powdered jalap, lOgrs. This to be given to a strong dog of from 501b. to
601b. weight, and smaller dogs in proportion. After the first dose half the
quantity should be given daily, or night and morning if necessary.

If the bowels be not freely opened after the exhibition of the first
powder a dose of salts and senna (black draught) should be given ; on the
other hand, if diarrhoea exist, or be produced, from i to i grain of
powdered opium should be given with each powder. In conjunction with
the above the following mixture must be given :

Mixture for Jaundice. — Take bromiie of potassium Idr. ; taraxacum
(dandelion) juice, l^oz. ; mix, and give a teaspoonful three times a day in
water or gruel. This dose for a dog about 501b. weight.

If the attack occur during distemper, the " distemper mixture " (p. 42)
may be used instead of the above. When, as in chronic inflammation, the
liver is enlarged, the *' liniment for sprains " (p. 22) may be well rubbed
round the region of the liver, or a strong mustard plaister applied ; or take
a piece of flannel, dip it in hot water, wring the water out, pour some
spirit of turpentine over the flannel, and apply to the affected part. It is
very important that the bowels should be freely relieved at the outset, and
if the means advised above prove unsuccessful, it would be well to resort
to clysters of oatmeal gruel and castor oil. Throughout the attack the
diet is an important matter ; it must be light and nourishing, and in a fluid
or sloppy form. Boiled wheaten flour, with beef tea or mutton broth,
make a suitable diet, and the dog should be kept warm, dry, and com-
fortable, and as little disturbed as possible.

Joints, Enlargfed. — All large joints are not diseased ; in faot, in
selecting pups in the nest big jointed ones are to be preferred, but enlarged
joints, from the want of the hard, earthy materials in the bone, which
makes them yielding, so that they cannot support the weight of the body,
and consequently give way, producing deformity, are often met with, and
the cause is generally bad food and want of good water, fresh air, and
sunshine. See Rickets.

Kennel Lameness, or Chest Founder. — This is a rheumatic affection
of the forequarters, and particularly of the muscles connecting the shoulder
blade with the trunk. It is caused by exposure to wet and cold, generally
by the dog being kept in cold, damp, or draughty kennels. The symptoms

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 59

are stijffiness and soreness of one or both shoulders. This is most observable
when the dog is running down hill, or when caused to jump, as of course
then the whole or greater part of the weight of the body is on these parts.
Left to himself, the dog shows an indisposition to move, and experiences
pain if the hand is passed over his shoulders, indeed, even when an
attempt is made to touch him he shrinks from the hand with a snarl or
anticipatory cry of pain. In long standing cases, power of movement of
the forequarters is almost lost, and many cases are incurable.

The treatment most advisable in such cases is to give a warm bath, and
after thoroughly drying, rub the parts well with a liniment composed of
equal parts of spirit of turpentine, spirit of hartshorn, and laudanum, or,
that failing to give relief, the following should be tried.

Liniment for Rheumatism. — Take liniment of aconite, one part, compound
camphor liniment, two parts ; mix ; to be rubbed into the affected parts
continuously for haK an hour at a time, using considerable friction.

The rheumatic liniment is an expensive preparation, and it is also a
powerful poison, so that great care must be used with it. The dog's coat
should be wiped dry after applying it, and it would be advisable that he
wear a wire muzzle. The bowels should be freely acted on, and the " com-
pound podophyllin pills" (p. 42) will be the best aperient. The following
mixture should also be given : —

Mixture for Rheum,atism. — Take iodide of potassium, | drachm ; sweet
spirit of nitre, ^oz. ; water S^oz. Give one to two dessert spoonfuls for a
dose twice a-day.

The food should be sloppy and nourishing, and the dog kept in a warm,
dry place free from draught.

Kidneys, Inflaminatioxi of — This is a disease of a very dangerous
nature, fortunately not very often met with in the dog. It is known by the
presence of intense fever, great pain across the loins, a peculiar straddling
gait, and the ineffectual or only partially effectual efforts to pass urine, the
quantity voided being small and sometimes mixed with blood. The disease
may arise from the presence of stone, or may be caused by blows or
sprains in the lumbar region, or it may be the result of administering in
overdoses turpentine, cantharides, or other powerful excitants of the
urinary organs. The treatment of such cases should properly be handed
over to the qualified veterinarian ; and I can only suggest as likely to give
relief, continuous bathing of the whole surrounding parts with warm water,
relieving the bowels by means of clysters, and reducing the attendant
fever by daily doses (12 grains for an average dog) of Dover's powder,
and the constant use of the *' fever mixture " (p. 14).

e2

60 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

L.

Iiabonr, Premature, — Thig is occasionally caused by over exertion,
leaping from a high place, injuries, and the abuse of purgatives, as well
as the result of diseased organs ; it is not of very frequent occurrence,
bitches generally whelping exactly sixty-three days after the visit to the
dog, although there are numerous instances where the time is varied more
or less. When it does occur the bitch should be placed in a comfortable
room and kept perfectly quiet, fed on broth, porridge, &c,, and
repeated doses, one every four or five hours, of opium should be given.
See also Parturition.

Lacteal Tumours. — This is one of the commonest forms of disease
met with in dogs, and it appears to me to increase in frequency, which
is to be accounted for by the acknowledged fact that highly bred and
highly fed dogs are the most liable to it. Every dog owner must know
what a common thing it is to see a bitch with an unsightly enlargement
of one of her teats, or adjoining it ; not only is it very unsightly, but when
grown to a considerable size, as it will do, it is very liable to injury when
the bitch is travelling over rough ground, going over fences, or even from
her own legs striking against it when running, besides the irritation
caused by it vibrating like a pendulum when she is running.

The symptoms are self evident, but in the earliest stages may be
overlooked when the lumps are no bigger than the end of the finger, but
what is of most importance to be attended to is the cause.

The immediate cause is the damming up of one of the milk ducts, the
teat is " blind," as it is called in dairy parlance, that is, the flow of milk
through it is obstructed by some malformation ; but far oftener the milk
itself is the cause, that is to say, it is not drained off sufficiently, and then
the milk hardens, acts as a foreign body, and, still further, as an irritant,
because of its chemical decomposition ; the effect of this is that more or
less inflammation of the milk gland is produced, a hard lump forms and
increases gradually, and once begun the evil develops more and more
at each returning period after oestrum, when pupping has or should have
taken place. From the numerous questions I have put to me on the
subject it does not appear to be generally known by those who keep dogs
that most bitches, especially of those that are well kept and carefully fed
and housed, even if they have been secluded from the dog during the
period of heat, will secrete milk at the time they would have had pupa
had impregnation been allowed, but such is the case ; and it is the duty
of the owner to note the time and look out for the evidence of milk
being secreted, and have it regularly drawn off by a strange pup if the
bitch will allow it, and if not, by the hand, or by one of the many breast
exhausters, giving at the same time a light diet, with an extra proportion
of boiled vegetables and a few doses of cooling aperient medicine.
Permitting a bitch when in milk to lie on cold bricks or flags, or exposure

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 61

in other ways to cold and damp, may also cause obstruction of the teat
and subsequent tumour ; and blows, bruises, and wounds may also
produce a like result. A not uncommon cause of these lacteal tumours
is the hurried drying up of the milk by artificial means. It is sometimes
desirable to destroy pups that are the result of a mesalliance, but it is
absolutely cruel to deprive the poor mother of all of her progeny. At
the risk of being charged with wandering from my subject let me beg of
my readers in true humanity to show the same consideration towards
their cats. In addition to the cruelty, there is always the risk of the flow
of milk damming up one or more of the teats and producing tumour. Even
if the poor bitch escapes tumour, milk fever is dangerous, but fortunately
that is a comparatively rare canine disease.

The measures of prevention against lacteal tumours will, from the
foregoing remarks, have suggested themselves to the reader. Nature has
ordained the female dog to bring forth young at least once in twelve
months, and, though Nature permits us to take certain liberties with her
laws, if we go beyond certain lengths, disease follows as a punishment ;
even when we interfere with her prerogative, it must not be by direct
contradiction, but by diverting her forces into other channels. When we
forbid the bitch to breed, we put an embargo on certain functions, and the
energy that supplies and works these functions we divert by exciting extra
secretions of the bowels, kidneys, &c.: but the safest, because the most
natural, prevention of disease, is to let the bitch breed. Let the brood
bitch have a comfortable, warm, dry, and secluded place wherein to nurse.
During pregnancy give regular, but not violent exercise.

When it is desired to " dry " the bitch, that is, to stop the secretion
of milk, it is wrong to give alum and other astringents, and to rub
brandy &c., along the mammse. The object is more surely obtained
gradually, and that without the risk of untoward results, by drawing
what milk there is off regularly, giving a spare diet, a good purge, followed
by two to three grains of iodide of potassium, twice a day, and rubbing
well with the following liniment :

Liniment for Drying Bitches. — Iodide of potassium, 2dr. ; soap liniment
and oil of camphor, of each 2oz.

In all cases, leave with her at least one pup, and daily examine her
to see whether the milk is drawn off completely, and if not, do so
artificially.

When the tumour has formed, and the bitch is still in milk, draw
the milk off twice a day, and in any case, give a brisk purge, and keep her
on a spare, and rather dry diet, and to one of 301b. to 501b. weight, give
twice a day 3gr. of iodide of potassium, in about two tablespoonfuls of
water, immediately after feeding, and apply twice or thrice a day the
following ointment to the lumps or swelling :

Ointment for Lacteal Tumours. — Iodide of potassium, Idr.; powdered
camphor, Idr.; strong mercurial ointment, ^oz. ; spermaceti ointment, loz.;
mixed. Eub a little well in, with gentle friction.

If these means do not prove suflBicient for the dispersion of the swelling.

62 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

add to the above ointment, two scruples of resnblimed iodine, dissolved
in a little spirit of wine.

When the swelling has gone on so far unheeded that matter is formed,
and becomes soft and ripe (which may be told by the flucbuating of the
fluid under pressure of the fingers), there is nothing for it but the lancet,
which should be inserted in the soft part, and a cut made downwards,
to ensure perfect drainage. The parts must be then frequently bathed,
and the matter pressed out, washed with solution of Condy's fluid,
and dressed with Turner's cerate, while the patient should have a good
strong purge.

liameness. — This may arise from a cut foot, a thorn, injury to the
spine, one of the limbs or joints, or from rheumatism. When lameness
comes on suddenly, the cause should at once be diligently sought for,
when the treatment will te indicated according to its nature. See Kennel
Lameness.

Laryngitis, or Inflaniination of the upper part of the Wind-
pipe.— This is a common affection caused by cold and also incessant
barking, hence it is very often met with in drovers' dogs, and the con-
tinuous use of the voice at our dog shows frequently produces it ; the dog
becomes hoarse and the power to bark articulately is lost. Yard dogs
kept constantly on the chain are also common sufferers. For my own
part I never can understand why so many people desire a yard dog that
is always straining on his collar and keeping up a never ending noise in
trying to get at somebody or another without discrimination, but people
do like what they call a " savage " yard dog, which generally means a dog
without intelligence and training; and these brutes, whilst they frighten
timid people, do more harm than good, they cry '* wolf wolf," until the
master gets so used to the false alarm that when the thief does come the
barking of the watch dog is unheeded.

Caution. — The peculiar hoarse and husky bark which is one of the
symptoms of rabies might be mistaken for the loss of voice caused by
inflammation of the windpipe, if other and concomitant symptoms are not
taken into consideration, and the consequences would be dangerous ; but the
two diseases are easily distinguished, and to that end I refer the reader to
the article on Eabies. /

In treating laryngitis the difiiculty in swallowing occasioned by the
inflammation renders the danger of choking great if it should be
attempted to drench the dog, but I find the following electuary in this and
all cases of sore throat very beneficial.

Electuary for Sore Throat. — Take of chlorate of potash finely powdered,
2dr. ; powdered gum guaicum, Idr. ; powdered gum acacia, Idr. ; oxymel
of squills, 5dr. ; and honey, loz. Mix and place a teaspoonful well back on
the tongue three times a day.

The throat should be poulticed with large hot linseed meal poultices,
often renewed, or else bathed with hot water, and afterwards well rubbed
with this liniment : spirit of turpentine and spirit of hartshorn, each loz, ;
tincture of cantharides, |oz. ; rape oil, l^oz.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 63

Leg's, Crooked. — There are some breeds, such as the Basset Hound,
and the Dachshund, in which crooked legs are considered desirable
and characteristic, but I think there can be no doubt that this now
inherited peculiarity originated in rickets. In many of the straight
legged breeds, however, we meet with crooked legged specimens, and
the words of Tom Hood's sailor applies as strongly to dogs as men : —

*' There's some is born with their straight legs by natur.
And some is born with bow-legs from the fu'st—
And some that sLould have growed a good deal straighter.
But they was badly nu'ssed."

Pups of such large, heavy breeds as mastiffs and St. Bernards are
specially liable to go wrong in their legs, and the present craze for
forcing young puppies, encouraged by the prizes offered at shows, is
answerable for the ruin — in this respect — of many a promising dog.
The subject will be found more fully treated under Eickets.

Lice. — See Parasites.

Lips, Warts on the. — These troublesome excrescences often appear
on the lips of the dog, and when single are best removed by excision ;
a pair of sharp sciasora answers well enough, and the place should be
cauterised, and I think the hot iron or actual cautery, although for the
time being the most painful, is after all the best and safest. Neither
potassss fusae, nitric acid, nor nitrate of silver can be safely used,
because it is quite evident the dog's tongue would sweep the injured
lip, with the consequence that the caustic would be transferred in part
to the tongue spread with the saliva, and peel the skin off the tongue.
If used, the jaws must be so tightly bound that the teeth are held
together, so that the tongue cannot be protruded.

When the warts grow in clusters, as they often do, the difficulty of
dealing with them is greatly increased. Blaine recommends that they
should be sprinkled over with a mixture in equal parts of powdered
sal ammoniac and powdered savin ; and Professor Hill says he has found
oxide of mercury made into a paste with sulphuric acid more effectual
than anything, but the latter is not a very safe thing in the hands of
the amateur, and in using the former the mouth must be kept closed as
described above. When they grow in clusters I should advise the owner
to entrust their removal to a professional veterinarian.

Liver, Inflammation of. — See Jaundice.

Locked Jaw. — This is of very rare occurrence in the dog, all the more
remarkable when we consider how liable he is to various spasmodic
affections. I have never seen a case of it, but Blaine describes it, and
it is a recognised canine disease. It is a form of tetanus, and under
that head Professor J. Woodruff Hill describes the symptoms : " When
the jaws only are affected, the head is poked out, the jaws are tightly
closed, the angles of the mouth are drawn back, the mouth filled with
frothy saliva, and the eyes fixed in an unnatural and often hideous
position."

^4 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

The person who is so unfortunate as to have a dog seized with locked
jaw should place the animal in a quiet place on a good bed, where the
light is subdued and the dog will not be liable to be disturbed, and then
•consult the best veterinary surgeon within reach. Even with the moat
skilful treatment a cure is very doubtful, but as a matter of duty and
humanity no quack should be permitted to experiment, or officious
ignorance roughly handle the patient, for such would only cause the
poor dog agony without the remotest hope of good results.

Looseness of the Bowels. — See Diarrhcea and Dysentery.

Lumbago. — See Eheumatism.

Lungs, Infitammation of the Substance of the, or Pneumonia.
— Pleurisy or Inflammation of the Lining* Membrane of the
Lungs, &c. — These two diseases are sometimes co-existent, when it is
known as pleuro-pneumonia. It would be too much to expect an amateur
to distinguish between these, and as the causes and treatment are much the
same, I shall continue to treat them as one disease. This disease is of
very common occurrence in dogs, and in many cases proves fatal. When it
exists as a complication of distemper it is known as " chest distemper,"
and other of the respiratory organs may be involved.

The causes producing inflammation of the lungs are generally exposure
to severe cold, throwing dogs into water, or causing them to swim during
inclement weather, clipping dogs or otherwise removing greater part of
their natural covering, or washing them and afterwards exposing them
to excessive cold, especially if not thoroughly dried ; in fact, any sudden
transition from a high to a low temperature may produce it, especially in
dogs of a delicate constitution and unused to rough it.

The symptoms are shivering, followed by partial sweating, observable
inside the thighs, &c. ; this is followed by quick and laboured breathing,
the inspirations being full, the expirations short, and the breath hot. The
dogs sits on his haunches, and if obliged to move does so reluctantly,
and soon resumes that position, with his head pushed forward and hia
tongue protruding. Cough is frequent and severe, often accompanied with
filight discharge of mucus tinged with red. If not relieved, the dog rapidly
gets worse, the breathing becoming more laboured and painful. As long as
strength permits, the dog sits on his haunches with a dejected look, and
when strength fails, lies on his breast with his head stretched out on his
fore paws. Pleurisy or inflammation of the investing membrane of the lungs
often exists independently, or as a complication of pneumonia. The dif-
ference between the two, and the meana of distinguishing them, are too
fine for the general reader ; but as the treatment is, on the whole, alike,
this is of comparatively little consequence.

To treat this disease with any chance of success, it is important that
the dog should be kept where he can freely breathe fresh cool air ; a
hot stifling place is equally to be avoided with a damp or draughty
one. Whilst cool fresh air is insured, the patient must at the same
time be kept warm by clothing if necessary ; it is also needful he should
be as little disturbed as possible. The diet should be rather low at

DISEASES AND ACCIDE^'TS. 65

first, but not too mucli so— broth, gruel, &c., are suitable under the
circumstances.

In the way of medicines, it is necessary the bowels should be kept open
by castor oil or the use of clystera ; either the "fever mixture" (p. 14)
or the "distemper mixture" (p. 42) should be resorted to at once, and
diligently administered.

The prompt application of a blister often affords wonderful relief;
indeed, ir a blister does good at all its effect is immediate. There is,
perhaps, no better or quicker blister for the dog than the strong liquid
ammonia (not the ordinary spirit of hartshorn). It should be used by
saturating some cotton wool or tow with it, and applying to the part
for ten or twelve minutes, and as it is very volatile it should be covered
by a thick-folded cloth held over it. Farther experience leads me to
prefer spirit of turpentine sprinkled on a flannel, wrung out with hot
water, and this application followed by large hot linseed meal poultices
frequently renewed.

Dogs recovering from this disease ara always very weak, and require
very great care to prevent a relapse, even when all danger appears to
be gone. Only the most gentle exercise should be allowed at first, and
fine weather selected for it. The dog will require nourishing diet, which
should be plain, and consist for a time of broths, &c., a return to solid
food being gradual. The dog will at this stage be greatly benefited
by tonics, the most suitable being the "concentrated tonic mixture"
(p. 20), or three or four grains of quinine twice a day in a little wine
and water.

M.

Madness. — See Eabies.

Mang'e. — This is the most troublesome, and, in some forms, the most
loathsome disease which we meet with in the dog — it occurs in many
various forms, not always easy of distinction ; for convenience I shall
include some affection3 of the skin that are distinct from mange, though
often confounded with it. I do so because the same general treatment
will apply, and to avoid a multiplication of terms which only confuse
the amateur. " Blotch " or " Surfeit" is distinct from true mange, as it
is not contagious or infectious, and cannot be transmitted from one dog
to another by simple contact, as true mange (which is due to the
presence of a parasite), very readily is.

Blotch. — When dogs are affected with blotch, inflamed patches are
observed on various parts of the body ; these discharge thin mattery fluid,
which forms a scab, matting the hair together, which in a few days falls off,
leaving bare patches moist from the exuded fluid, and which cause

66 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

contintial scratching" and rnbbing from the intolerable itchy sensations
present. If the disease is'neglected these scabs rapidly extend till the dog^
becomes almost bare of hair, and presents a loathsome and disgusting
appearance ; there is constant exudation of matter forming fresh scabs, the
skin becomes thickened and wrinkled, the dog rubs or scratches himself
till he bleeds, he gets no rest, his appetite fails, and he often sinks under
the disease.

Blotch is a severe form of eczema, often aggravated by want
of thorough cleanliness, the dirt mixing with the exuded watery matter,
and causing increased irritation of the skin. Blotch is of most frequent
occurence and most severe in its attacks in overcrowded kennels, where
the sanitary arrangements are bad, where injudicious or insufficient
feeding prevails, and where proper cleanliness is not attended to ; where
dogs are allowed to sleep for weeks in dirty unchanged litter, the absence,
not the presence, of euch a disease as this would be matter for astonishment.
A tendency to blotch is, however, believed to be inherited, and the
pups of dogs suffering are liable to have it developed. Blotch is
undoubtedly dependent on constitutional causes, and I have known bitches
that were free from it at all other times suffer from it more or less at the
period of heat.

Damp and cold kennels I have found fruitful of eczema, and, indeed,
anything that interferes with the general health. Weakening the digestive
organs appears to produce it, and so does gorging a dog, as is often
done in forcing them into condition for show purposes.

Professor J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S., charges eczema against, "a too
stimulating diet, an excessive supply of animal food, and a denial of
necessary exercise," and in my own personal experience, together with
lessons I have learned from the experience of many hundreds of dog
owners, with whom I have been pretty closely connected in such matters
for many years, strongly inclines me to Professor Hill's views. We all
know that zoologically the dog belongs to the carnivora, but whatever he
may have been originally, his close and constant alliance with man has
modified him in many ways, and even his digestive organs have become
assimilated to circumstances, and hence we must be largely guided by
what our experience shows us suits the dog, and to do well in rearing,
and keep our canine friends free from diseases, we must even study their
individual peculiarities, and I might almost say eccentricities of gastro-
nomic taste. Dog biscuits, of which there are so many nowadays, are a
combination of animal and vegetable food, and are on the whole excel-
lent, and I consider them the perfection of dog food used with common
sense and the individual requirements of the dog. Now a little ad-
ditional meat to what they contain, and now a reduction of it, by
addition of boiled green vegetables, or meal as the case requires. Such
feeding with sufficient exercise, a dry comfortable kennel and thorough
cleanliness, is the surest prevention of eczema, blotch, and many still
more serious evils.

The treatment of this form of skin disease will be somewhat dependent

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 07

on the state of the animal — if in good condition he should receive a brisk
purgative, and the " compound podophyllin pills " (p. 42) will be found most
suitable. It will be necessary to keep the bowels freely opened by these
means during the existence of the disease. If the dog is much emaciated he
must have milder doses of physic, and receive good nourishing diet in the
form of broth, &c. As an outward application the following lotion will be
found extremely useful in allaying the irritation and assisting in
recovery : —

Lotion for Blotch. — Take carbolic acid and glycerine (British phar-
macopoeia), loz. ; laudanum, 2oz. ; water, l^pts. ; carbonate of potash, 2drs.
It should be applied over the whole surface of the skin affected twice a.
day, and the dog be carefully washed every few days with soap and warm
water, containing a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda to every quart of
water, and afterwards very carefully dried ; this will much facilitate a cure.
Another useful formula is bivacic acid, loz, ; laudanum, loz.; whale oil,
14oz.; but it is a dirty and disagreeable thing to use.

Of course the kennel must be examined, any defective sanitary arrange-
ments altered, and thorough cleanliness insisted on. The dog's bedding
should be changed at least every other day, and the proper use of disinfect-
ants in and about the kennel are of great use.

I have often found glycerine alone cure blotch when very freely rubbed
into the skin twice a day, and nothing can be simpler, safer, or cleaner.
All cases, however, will not yield to it, but many cases that the glycerine
alone fails to cure will disappear after a few dressings of the same article,
combined with two or three per cent, of pure carbolic acid — this maybe
used alone, or, where a large surface of skin is affected, diluted with
an equal bulk of water. ^

True Mange. — The very pronounced distinction between true mange
and the modifications of eczema and other causes of irritation of the skin
—excluding that caused by such visible parasites as lice and ticks — is that
mange is caused by a parasite, although invisible to the naked eye, and
that it is readily transferable by contact from one animal to another,
whilst eczema, blotch, surfeit, or red mange is not ; and although a
whole kennel may be suffering at the same time from the latter complaint,
it must be because all have been subjected to conditions of life occasion-
ing derangement of the system, the disease remains individual, and
is never transmitted.

Mange has been a recognised disease in our kennels for centuries.
An old writer justly calls it "the capital enemy to the quiet and beauty
of a brave spaniel ; wherewith, poor creatures, they are often grievously
troubled, and as often infect others," so that if respectability goes by
long and pure descent, the sarcoptes must rank very high in insect society,
the most patient investigators of parasitic life having failed to discover
that he has ever mixed his vital fluid with the puddle that stagnates
in lower classes of animalculse ; yet our brave spaniels are still grievously
troubled by him, and he creates a state of filth in the dog he inhabits, that
the whilom pet caressed and fondled becomes a revoitiug nuisance. A

68 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

modern writer on canine pathology of no mean order, begins his dissertation
on manye with these prefatory remarks, " The term mange is generally
used by those people who dabble in canine matters, without the
knowledge necessary to diagnose correctly, to denote any affection of the
skin, which results in eruption, irritation, or the detachment of hair," and
it is to a great extent true.

The two clearly defined kinds of parasitic mange are both due to
species of acari — the sarcoptic and the follicular.

Sarcoptig Mange. — The insect producing this most nearly resembles the
itch insect of man, and as it is propagated by eggs, and transmitted by
contact, direct or indirect, there seems nothing impossible in the idea of
stamping out this " chief enemy to the comfort of a brave spaniel," if
only we could get every dog owner to be careful and clean — there is much
virtue in an *'if " — but at least we can learn from the facts known about
the mange insect that we need not harbour it in our own kennels, and
by stamping it out there, lessen it generally. Dirt unquestionably
harbours and encourages mange, although it does not produce it ; left
undisturbed by cleansing processes, the vermin breed and multiply with
great rapidity.

When the insect reaches the dog it burrows in the skin; the process, and
also a poisonous fluid discharged by the creature, causes intolerable
itching, and to relieve this the dog scratches, with the result that the
ekin is broken, small red points appear, and these become pustular
and discharge a fluid which dries or crusts and forms a scab ; the hair
falls off ; the multiplication of the original cause of the evil is rapid,
and, left unchecked, the whole surface of the body soon becomes infested,
and the poor dog is an object of pity, but also of loathing, and from want
of rest and other causes sinks into a helpless condition. This state is
often called virulent or scabby mange, and presents many of the charac-
teristics of blotch. The skin becomes bare of hair in large irregular
patches, which gradually extend, from the constant scratching of the dog,
owing to the uneasiness caused by the acarus burrowing in the skin, and
thereby setting up an intolerable itching. The skin is harsh, dry, and
rough, and small pimples appear, from which oozes a purulent matter,
forming scabs, which mat the hair together, and bring it off in patches
as the dog rubs or scratches himself. The back, breast, and insides of
the thighs are generally the first places attacked, and every crease and
wrinkle in the skin becomes inflamed and moist with the irritating
discharge. If the disease is left unchecked, it soon extends over the whole
body, reducing the dog to a deplorable condition, disgusting to all who
Bee him and intolerable to himself. These are severe and extreme cases,
and in others a dry scurfy mange exists, marked by little rei spots, and
confined to the joints of the legs, over the eyes, the flaps of the ears,
&c., and which may exist some time without other damage than causing
the dog great uneasiness and injury to his appearance, by partially
destroying the hair and robbing it of its natural glossy appearance.

The preventive measures are self evident. Do not permit your dog to

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 69

associate with mangy curs, or even mangy champions, for such are not
unknown at showa. A dog cannot contract mange except by being in
contact with an infected dog, or where he has been and left acari behind
him. Eailway companies should be compelled by law to cleanse and
disinfect their dog boxes after every occupant. Make periodic and very
carefnl examination of your dogs, and insist on thorough cleanliness in
the kennel.

The first thing to be done with a mangy dog is to wash him. Let
him have a good sousing and scrubbing with soft soap, Hudson's Extract
of Soap, and water, *' hottish rather, but not so boiling as to turn him
red" ; dry well with a soft cloth, which must immediately be boiled,
and then dress him with one or other of the innumerable preparations
which their vendors declare were never known to fail, or use one of the
following remedies, which you can make or get your chemist to prepare
for you. Whatever you use, see that it is applied thoroughly ; see that it
reaches the skin where the insects are, and is not merely left on the hair.

Ointment for Mange. — Green iodide of mercury ointment, made with
one drachm of the iodide to seven drachms of lard, is perhaps the nearest
approach to a specific for mange that has yet been discovered.

It should be used daily, well rubbing it into the parts affected, and any
superfluous ointment adhering to the hair should be wiped off, for
although a little of it taken by a dog would merely act as an alterative,
a large quantity would be poisonous. It is a good plan in severe cases,
when the disease extends over much surface, to attack it piece by piece,
applying the ointment of tener. Another very old and very effective remedy
for mange, itch, and other parasitic diseases of the skin, is the

Lime and 8ulphur Lotion. — Take flowers of sulphur, 21b.; unslaked
lime, lib.; water, 2 gallons. Slake the lime in the water, stir in the
sulphur, adding water gradually until it is of a creamy consistence, then
add the remainder of the two gallons, and boil down to one gallon ; let it
stand till cold, pour off the clear liquid, and make the quantity to five
quarts with cold water.

In using, all the affected parts should be freely wetted with it. It is
generally necessary in mange to give internal medicines, and in chronic
cases "Fowler's Solution of Arsenic" is often of great benefit. The dose
is from two to eight drops given twice a day in food. In giving arsenic
the symptoms produced should be carefully watched, and if the appetite
fails and there is a redness of the eyes, it should be stopped for a few days
or a week, after which give it in rather smaller doses, and persevere with
it. Chronic cases of mange often take a month or two to cure. Spratts
make a mange lotion somewhat similar to the above, but containing,
I believe, other parasiticides, and I have found it conveBient and very
effective.

The use of purgatives in mange must be regulated by the condition of
the dog ; a gentle aperient is never amiss, and when the dog is of a gross
habit, a strong purge twice a week will do good. The diet is very
important, and should consist of a good proportion of boiled vegetables,

70 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

restricting the use of flesh meat, except in so far as may be necessary to
keep up the dog's strength.

Sulphur ia given as an internal remedy for mange, but whether it is
really effective ia a disputed point. Those who wiah to try it should give
one or two teaspoonfuls of the flowers daily in the food. The practice
of placing a piece of roll sulphur in the water given the dog to drink is
quite useless. Whatever external application may be used for mange, the
dog, or at least the affected parts, should first be well cleansed with soap
and water, with the addition of a little of the carbonates of soda or
potash, the animal to be well dried after washing. The litter should also
be frequently changed, and the walls of the kennel, and all posts and other
places where the dog has rubbed, should be washed with lime wash,
containing a little carbolic aoid, and the floors should be swilled with a
weak solution of the acid or some other disinfectant.

When a disease, as mange does, depends on the presence of a parasite, it
appears evident that our first object should be to destroy the parasite, and
so remove the cause, and this, to the uninitiated, may appear an easy and
a simple thing ; but, as a matter of fact and practice, it is often one of very
considerable difficulty, and many of the processes of cure adopted with a
view to the destruction of the animalcules end in the death of the animal.
This is not only so in treating mange in dogs, but in the analogous diseases
in other animals, and not only are hundreds of heads of valuable stock
annually sacrificed to the dangerous use of powerful poisons in the treatment
of these diseases, but man also often falls a victim. This is altogether
unnecessary, as the best authorities agree that arsenic, corrosive sublimate,
and other powerful poisons so generally relied on, are much less effective
than non-poisonous agents. I do not say that mange has never been
cured by any of the numerous time-honoured, unscientific compounds, held
in such high esteem by hundreds of dog men and others, but I think when
simpler and safer remedies are known, the more complicated and dangerous
ones should be discarded.

Various forms of sulphur ointment are in vogue as cures for mange,
some of them combining with the flowers of sulphur powdered hellebore (a
strong poison) made up with soft soap, whale or seal oils, turpentine, &c.,
forming a compound as disgusting to sight and smell as the worst cases of
mange, and I have not found them one bit more effective than a simple
ointment of flower of sulphur and lard, made with one part of the former to
four of the latter.

Follicular Mange is due to another insect, the Demodex folliculorum,
very different in appearance from the sarcoptic, which ia short and thick,
whereas the demodex is elongated, and with a long obtuse tail. These
parasites differ in their habits, the demodex living in the hair tubes or
follicles, and burrowing deep under the skin in the sebaceous glands that
supply the unctuous matter which protects the skin and keeps it soft.

The depth to which the demodex burrows has two results : it renders
follicular mange much less easy of transmission between dogs, but it alec
makes a cure much more difficult, as the parasites are hard to reach.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 71

This insect is identical with a parasite fonnd in the human skin, cansingf
some disfiguration of the face, but further than that it does no harm until
transferred to the dog, when it causes a most repulsive disease, and one
very difficult to eradicate.

Mr. Wm. Hunting, F.R.C.V.S., veterinary surgeon to the Kennel Club,
already quoted, in conjunction with Professor Duguid, of the Brown Insti-
tute, made a series of investigations and experiments in elucidation of this
disease some few years ago, and the following description of symptoms
and the diagnosis are from an article by tha former gentleman, which
appeared in the Veterinary Journal, and afterwards in pamphlet form : —

" The symptons of the disease are seldom seen in the first stages ;
they consist merely of circumscribed spots from which the hair falls,
and upon which are noticeable a few small pimples. These patches
extend rapidly, and fresh ones appear on other parts. Any portion
of the skin may be affected, but the head, legs, belly, and sides are
usually the seat of the disease. The affected places are almost hair-
less, and what hair remains is easily pulled out ; small pimples and
pustules stud the surface, the latter varying in size from a pin's head
to that of a pea. The confluence of the pustules, and the discharge of
their contents, give rise to scabs ; these crack and bleed, and so
produce a most repulsive appearance. In white-haired dogs the skin
is red ; in all it is extremely hot, and emits an unpleasant odour*
The irritation does not excite much scratching, but the dog frequently
shakes himself. More pain than itching seems to accompany the
disease. In cases where the whole body is affected, loss of condition is
most marked ; and in cold weather the almost total loss of hair may
cause death, if the animal be not kept in a warm place. This stage,
too, is always accompanied by ravenous appetite, due, probably, to the
rapid loss of animal heat.

" Diagnosis. — In white dogs the colour of the skin may cause the
disease to be mistaken for 'Red Mange,' or 'Eczema.' The circum-
scribed spots in the first stages may be confounded with some forma
of Tinea; and the loss of hair and presence of scabs seen in the fully
developed disease may easily be mistaken for ordinary Scabies. The
pustules, the heat of the skin, and the comparatively slight itchiness
shown, are, however, nearly diagnostic. Positive diagnosis can only
be made by the aid of the microscope and the detection of the parasite.
If we puncture one of the pustules, and mix its contents on a slide with
a little water, the acari are easily discovered. I have found as many
as thirty in one pustule. Sometimes we may detect them on the
root of a hair removed from an affected spot. With a low power
the parasites somewhat resemble sprats or minnows, but a higher
power shows them to consist of a head and body, which latter
terminates in a long and obtusely pointed tail. They are furnished
with six or eight legs situated on the anterior part of the body, three
or four on each side. The head consists of two antennae and a median
proboscis, all of which are capable of being moved forwards and

72 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

backwards. The legs coDsist of three segments. The movements
of the creatures are not often seen, and are very slow. The parasite
measures about one-hundredth of an inch in length by one five-hundredth
in breadth."

In regard to treatment, Fleming, in "Veterinary Sanitary Science,"
says: "With regard to the treatment of Follicular Scabies, the situa-
tion of the Demodex renders it almost inaccessible to parasiticidal
remedies ; the disease it engenders is therefore looked upon as extremely
troublesome, and, in the majority of cases, almost beyond a cure. Often,
when it is believed to be extinguished, it reappears in all its virulency
in one or two months. Nevertheless, Ziirn asserts that he has frequently
succeeded with an ointment composed of one part of benzine to four of lard.
Weiss recommends the inunction of essence of juniper. Zundel states that
the balsam of Peru has often yielded good results when the malady has not
been of too long duration ; he has employed it dissolved in alcohol (one to
thirty) ; he has likewise used the green ointment of mercury with success,
as well as the nitrate of silver ointment. Hofer speaks highly of an
ointment composed of carbolic acid, and Vogel prescribes a solution of
caustic potash."

Messrs. Hunting and Duguid, after many unsuccessful experiments,
adopted the plan of softening the ekin and breaking up the cuticular
covering by the application of oil and caustic potash. The following
is Mr. Hunting's formula: "Creosote, ^oz. ; olive oil, 7oz, ; liquor of
potash, ^oz. ; first mix the creosote and oil, and then add the potash,
mixing them by agitation." With this the affected spots are to be
dressed twice a week, allowing longer intervals when the skin becomes
soft and tender. Mr. Hunting says a cure requires from three to eight
months, and a longer time allowed for the growth of the hair.

I have had some experience of follicular mange, and principally with
pugs. In one case I had two sent to me in a very bad state, and both
eventually became entirely denuded of hair. The treatment I adopted
was washing — I might say soaking — the dogs in a strong lather of soft
soap, hot water, and pearlash, carefully drying; and one, the youngest, I
painted over with a solution of iodide of potassium, one ounce in a pint of
water, and, after allowing it to dry, applied very freely Spratts Mange
Lotion. To the other, after drying, I applied the lotion without the solu-
tion of iodide of potassium, ani this process I repeated every other day.
The dogs were in my possession about ten weeks, by which time they were
perfectly free from disease, and the re-growth of hair had made considerable
progress. Of internal medicines the dogs had very little, some podo-
phyllin pills when I first began treatment, after which, I regulated the
bowels as required by diet, increasine or decreasing the quantity of fresh
vegetables, and giving boiled liver, when there was a tendency to costive-
ness ; but no alteratives such as arsenic.

I did not find that the one treated with iodide of potassium made
more rapid recovery than the other, and in instances where I have had
to prescribe since, I have found similar treatment equally effective,

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 73

notably in one case, when over twenty dogs were suffering from this form
of mange.

Maw Worms.— See Worms.

Milk Fever. — Milk fever, or parturient apoplexy, is uncommon in the
bitch, but there is always a risk of causing it by robbing the mother of the
whole of her puppies, especially if she is full of milk ; therefore that course
should never be adopted.

The symptoms are apparent weakness, staggering, quick, hard breathing,
hot dry nose and tongue, the latter thickly furred ; the milk is suppressed,
and the bitch shows extreme thirst.

If possible, apply ice to the head, and if that is not obtainable, cold
spring water, often changed, and relieve the bowels by clysters. She
should be kept perfectly quiet, and as little disturbed as possible, a soft
bed provided, and if on an inclined plane, so that the head may be somewhat
elevated, it will be an advantage.

Mouth, Canker of the. — This disease is generally the result of too
dainty feeding, combined with want of exercise, although it may arise in
old dogs from failing teeth, and consequent want of masticating power.
Both these causes lead to disordered stomach and foul breath ; a deposit
of tartar takes place, the gums and lips become red, inflamed, and spongy ,^
and there is after a time more or less of foetid discharge from the mouth,
frequently accompanied with bleeding. Old animals are the most subject
to canker of the mouth, and, on examination, most probably some of the
teeth will be found decayed, and the gums so tender that, in attempting
to eat, the dog suffers great pain, and may be observed to chew a morsel
for a few minutes, rolling it about in his mouth, and eventually dropping
it. To cure the disease, remove the cause ; return from a pampering sys-
tem of cramming the dog with delicacies to a more rational way of feeding,,
and give proper exercise. It will be necessary to examine the mouth care-
fully, and if the exciting cause be decayed teeth, with a pair of suitable
forceps remove all loose, rotten stumps. This will be done more readily
than may be supposed, and a very little practice will make anyone efficient.
Whilst extracting the teeth, the dog's head must be held firmly by an
assistant. It will be evident that whilst the dog's mouth is in such a
tender state he must be supplied with food that requires no chewing. This
will be necessary for other reasons also. The disordered stomach must be
corrected, and a diet, principally vegetable, will assist in doing so. In the
way of medicine the dog should have a brisk dose of " podophyllin pills "
(p. 42), and afterwards one or two, according to the size of the animal, of
the following should be given twice a day till all untoward symptoms have
disappeared :

Stomachic Bolus. — Take extract of gentian, Idr. ; powdered rhubarb,
36gr. ; carbonate of soda, 12gr. ; gum acacia, sufficient to make into twelve
lOgr, pills ; or, if considered preferable, the ingredients maybe rubbed down
with water and given in the form of a drench in proportionate doses, but in
the liquid form the medicine must be freshly made, whilst the pills will
keep good any reasonable length of time.

P

74 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

As a wash for the mouth, and to remove the unpleasant smell from
the foulness of the breath, teeth, &c., Condy's fluid should be used,
properly diluted, and the following will harden the gums and assist in
bringing them to a healthy state :

Mouth Wash. — Take powdered alum, loz. ; simple tincture of myrrh,
loz. ; dissolve the alum in a pint of water, and add the tincture of myrrh.
This should be applied to the gums pretty frequently and freely, by means
of a piece of sponge or rag tied on the end of a stick, or with a soft
tooth brush.

Another excellent wash for the mouth in such cases is solution of
chlorinated soda, diluted with twenty-four to thirty times its volume of
water. The mouth should be freely washed with this several times a day.

N.

Navel Hernia. — An enlargement of the navel, sometimes called a wind
navel, is often met with in puppies, and may be simply an expansion of the
same, or cicatrice. Navel hernia, or umbilical hernia, is the protrusion of
a portion of the intestine or the omentum — the membranous covering of
the bowels. It is frequently congenital, and may be caused by extra strain
at birth on the umbilical cord ; or the tongue of the mother may extend
the wound. It is a soft movable tumour over the navel, varying in size,
and most prominent when the stomach and bowels are full.

In treating, fast the pup, and place over the enlargement a pad of vulca-
nised indiarubber or cork, tapered, the smaller end being applied on the
tumour after it has been pressed in, which should be done when the bowels
a,re nearly empty, and the pad secured by strips of white leather smeared with
warm pitch plaster. This should be done after the pup has been weaned
and separated from its mother, or she will with her tongue remove or
displace the application.

Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. — This is, fortunately,
an uncommon disease in the dog, as it is a painful and dangerous one.

Giving turpentine as a remedy for worms, administering cantharides,
which is sometimes done to bring on oestrum (although the practice is as
useless as it is dangerous), long exposure to wet and cold, or blows, are
some among the many causes which will bring on nephritis.

The symptoms are evident pain about the loins and flank and con-
siderable feverishness, the urine being passed in small quantities, and
highly coloured.

The active treatment should be left to the veterinary surgeon, but the
owner should see the dog is kept quiet and undisturbed, with a constant
supply of fresh barley water to drink, and kept on a plain diet of
porridge, bread and milk, or broth and biscuit, &c.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 76

o.

Obesity.— See Fatness.

Ophthalmia. — What is called the conjunctiva is the mucous membrane
that lines the inner surface of the eyelids, and, as it name imports, joins
these with the eyeball, and ophthalmia is an inflammation of this mucous
membrane. This is a disease unfortunately very common in dogs ; it varies
greatly in severity, and in some cases, when arising from constitutional
oauses, becomes chronic. Sporting doga have been said to be more liable
to it than other breeds, but I do not think so, and I believe the idea
originated from the fact that these have generally been more exposed to
circumstances exciting it than other breeds. From my own experience,
I am inclined to think it is most prevalent in pugs and other pets over-
fed, and consequently liable to frequent derangement of the digestive
organs.

Anything that will set up local irritation, as the intrusion of dust,
flies, &c., or the scratch of a cat, or a blow, exposure to sudden and
extreme changes of temperature — as plunging into or being thrown into
<5old water when heated — and excessive exertion is occasionally a cause,
but the most common sources are the vapours of foul kennels or hot
stables, and derangement of the digestive organs ; an inverted eyelash
may occasion it, and Blaine offers a rather singular opinion, namely, that
setters, pointers, and spaniels are often suddenly seized with it from the
effect of some poisonous herb after they have been hunting in cover. If
that is a cause, I cannot think what the poisonous herb can be, but should
think it not unlikely that the stinging of the common nettle might produce
it. Ophthalmia is very often an accompaniment of distemper.

The symptoms are an intolerance of Light and a watery discharge, and on
the eyelids being opened and examined there is seen to be congestion of
the lining membrane, and across the cornea, or front clear portion of the
eye, there are red streaks, and ulceration soon follows, and a white film
obscures the eye and interferes with the sight.

When treating, the cause should be first sought for, and if it is some
foreign irritating body, or an eyelash growing in a wrong direction, these
should be removed. A mild dose of cooling aperient medicine should be
given, and the eye should be well and frequently bathed with a decoction of
poppy heads ; and afterwards, if the inflammation is considerable, one of
the following lotions may be used several times a day with advantage :

Eye Lotions. — (1) Extract of belladonna, half a drachm ; rose water, four
ounces ; wine of opium, two drachms — mixed. When ulceration has taken
place, or is going on, use this lotion :— (2) Sulphate of zinc, twelve grains ;
tincture of belladonna, one drachm ; wine of opium, two drachms ; rose
water, four ounces — mixed. If the disease is thought to be sympathetic
with derangement of the digestive organs, attend to the food by changing
the diet, and in any case give light and nutritious food. When the eye
is very sensitive to light, the dog should be kept in a shaded kennel and

f2

76 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

not exercised in the glare of the sun ; but, especially in weakly dogs, exer-
cise is absolutely necessary to the general health, and so is light, so that
the place where the patient is kept, whilst shaded, must not be absolutely
dark. The kennel must be perfectly clean, and if disinfectants are needed,
avoid chloride of lime or carbolic acid, as they might increase the inflam-
mation. Condy's Fluid would be the moat suitable disinfectant under the
circumstances.

P.

Paralysis. — Most people are familiar with the appearance of paralysis,
the loss of muscular power in the part affected, and the consequent wasting
away of the muscles. It is generally confined to one set of muscles, but
may be general, and it varies in degree from producing a slight tottering
gait to complete loss of power and inability to walk. It arises from
pressure or injury to the brain or to the spinal cord. If one side of the
brain is affected, the opposite side of the body will be paralysed; if
the whole of the brain is implicated, the paralysis will be general, and
where it arises from injury to the spine it is the parts behind the injury
that power is lost over. This affection very often follows distemper, and
the hind quarters generally suffer, the dog, in severe cases, losing the power
of using his hind legs in walking, and drags them behind him. In such
instances the muscles of the thigh soon shrivel, and cure is very rare
indeed. Long standing constipation will induce paralysis, and it is not
infrequently the result of debility and old age. Paralysis of the lower
jaw is a distinctive symptom of dumb madness, and renders the subject of
it incapable of biting.

In treating, so long as the dog can use his limbs he should be given
regular gentle exercise ; the food should be nourishing, and rather laxative.
Oatmeal porridge, mixed with strong broth, every other day, will generally
act gently on the bowels, and a meal of boiled bullock's liver once or twice
a week has also a laxative effect ; and where the disease is connected with
debility it is very necessary to get the strength up by extra food ; give,
therefore, more than usual of cooked meat, and in small quantities, at
frequent intervals. The medicines relied on in these instances are tonics
in general, and strychnine — the active principle of nux vomica — which has
a special power over the muscles and nerves. One to three grains of
powdered nux vomica, according to the size and age of the dog, or from
one-twentieth to one-sixtieth of a grain of strychnine, combined with two
to six grains of extract of gentian, and one to two grains of quinine, made
into a pill. It is almost needless to observe that very great care must be
used in compounding pills containing a minute quantity of such a powerful
drug as strychnine. A dose should be given twice a day. Syrup of the
phosphates with strychnia, called Easten's Syrup, is often of great service

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 77

in relieving mild cases of paralysis ; and galvanism is sometimes bene-
ficially effective. Moore recommends the wearing of a Pulvermacher's
chain.

Parasites living on the Skin. — The number and variety of parasites
that make one part or another of the dog their habitat is very great. These
are divided into external and internal, in the former two distinct insects,
producing two very distinct forms of mange, have already been referred
to, and the internal parasites will be treated upon in the chapter on worms.

The use and value of parasites in the economy of nature remains yet
to be discovered, and notwithstanding the patient, minute, and painstaking
investigations of naturalists, which have given us much curious informa-
tion regarding their structure, habits, and peculiarities — I would say their
*' whims and oddities," but that it might look like a parody of terms applied
to our friend the dog in a recent publication — nothing can reconcile us to
these abominations, bred from idleness and dirt, and we continue to treat
them as unmitigated nuisances and pests. I do not in this chapter include
either internal parasites, as the various kinds of worms which infest the
dog, or the mange insect, which burrows and lives in the structure of
the skin, but the more palpable vermin that exist on the skin and its
covering, and by their mischievous action find poor Carlo such unwearied
exercise for teeth and claws, and cause him to assume those extraordinary
contortions of body so artistically represented on some of the flea-killing
dog soaps of the day.

There is no dog owner of much experience who is not aware that great
care and cleanliness are needed to prevent the introduction of these
unwelcome visitors, or who has not had to pay smartly for their extermina-
tion, if his kennels have been neglected.

The parasites of the kind I am now writing of which infest the dog, are
three in number — the louse, the flea, and the tick.

The Louse resembles in appearance that of man, but is larger in size,
and cannot live on the skin of the human subject. It excites great
irritation, causing the dog to scratch and worry himself continually. They
live on all parts of the body, but are generally most abundant about the
head and face, round the eyes, roots of ears, and along the top of the back.
If the dog's skin is closely examined red streaks and dots of blood will be
observed where the enemy has been feeding, but the actual presence of the
foe, which will be seen creeping about, will be a sufficient incentive to his
destruction, without witnessing the havoc he has made. There are number-
less nostrums made and advertised for the destruction of these vermin,
some of which are quite as likely to kill the dog as the parasite. White
precipitate in dry powder well rubbed into the coat and skin, and left there
for four or five hours, and then thoroughly brushed out, is a certain cure ;
but it has the disadvantage of being a mercurial poison, and when it is used
it becomes necessary that the dog should be muzzled during the whole time
the powder is on him to prevent him licking it. For this purpose the auto-
matic wire muzzle, which allows the dog full play with his tongue, and even
to lap water, is the safest and best. It is also necessary care should be taken

78 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

that the dog be not exposed to wet while the precipitate ia on him, aa not
only would it be difficult to remove it from the coat after wetting, but there
is the danger of its producing salivation by absorption. It is also advisable
that the person brushing the precipitate out of the coat should wear a light
covering over mouth and nose during the operation. A much safer and
equally effective remedy, in my opinion, is the sulphuret of calcium (lime
and sulphur lotion) (p. 69) prescribed for mange. If the coat and skin be
thoroughly saturated with it, and left so for ten minutes or a quarter of an
hour, all that will be left of the vermin will be shrivelled carcases ; the dog
should then be well washed with hard or soft soap and warm water, and
thoroughly combed and brushed till he is perfectly dry ; for delicate dogs,
and those with tender skins, the lotion should be reduced in strength, by
adding equal, or even two parts of water to one of lotion, and if any doubt
exists in the operator's mind as to the course to take, let him try the
weaker solution first, and watch its effects, when he can make it stronger
as required.

Another method of exterminating lice I have found effectual is a mixture
of equal parts of petroline and olive oil. In applying it the hair should be
parted, and the skin saturated with it, and in an hour or so the dog should
be washed. It does not injure the coat, but rather improves it.

The destruction of the dog louse is of vast importance, not only because
of the discomfort it causes the dog, and the disgust it produces in ourselves,
but for a far weightier reason, in the very curious fact that the louse is
made the medium of hatching the eggs, and developing the cucumerine
tape worm, a variety of that internal parasite from ten to twenty inches
long, and very common in English dogs.

Dr. Spencer Cobbold says of it: — "The joints of the worm having
escaped per anum, readilyjcrawl as semi-independent creatures on the coat
of the dog, chiefly on the back and sides. The eggs thus distributed are
readily swallowed by the louse of the dog {TricJiodectus latus).

" In the body of the louse, the six-hooked embryo, hitherto contained in
the egg of the tape worm, escapes the shell, and becomes transformed into
a minute cysticercus, or louse-measle. When the dog is irritated by the
lice, it attacks, bites, and frequently swallows the offending external
parasite. In this way the louse-measle is transferred to the dog's intestinal
canal, where, in course of time, it develops into the sexually mature
cucumerine tape worm."

The above very curious and important bit of history of the tapeworm
and the dog louse should teach the practical lesson of thorough and con-
stant cleanliness in the kennel.

The Flea (Pulex canis) is an object familiar to most, and with his very
lively propensities is more mischievous and annoying, if less disgusting,
than his two allies who, with him, make war on and torment the dog.

Numerous are the means suggested for the destruction of fleas, and scores
of drugs, simple and compound, are in vogue for this purpose. For pet
dogs I do not think there is anything at once so innocent, so clean, and so
effective, as the Persian Insect Powder, sold by Messrs. Keating, chemists,

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 79

St. Paul's Churchyard ; the price alone ia against it, that being un-
necessarily high. It consists, I believe, of the powdered flowers of Pyre-
thrum, roseum^ and is used in a dry state by simply rubbing it into the roots
of the hair or blowing it in with suitable miniature bellows, which are sold
for that purpose by most chemists. The best article of the kind I have
seen, is one of French manufacture, worked by a small piston acting on a
spring of spiral wire covered with a piece of glazed calico, the whole neatly
incased in tin, with an aperture at the bottom for filling with powder ; the
powder is blown out of a long spout with such force as to spread it among
the roots of the hair. The whole apparatus, when filled, costs only Is .
The insect-destroying powder can also be purchased from the herbalists,
Messrs. Butler and M'Culloch, Co vent Garden, and from most retail
chemists ; but the powder from the flowers must be had , as cheaper
articles are sold which cannot be relied on.

Within the last few years a large trade has sprung up in " dog soaps,"
most of them depending on carbolic acid for their flea-destroying properties,
and all of them claiming special virtues in improving the dog's coat, curing
mange, getting him in condition, and all the rest of it. I have only used
two of these articles on dogs for the destruction of fleas, Naldire's and
Cathery's. Naldire's I have used with variable results, and I consider it
uncertain. Cathery's Dog Soap I have frequently used. It is a carbolic
acid soap with the smell well covered, and I have found it very effective if
a good lather be made with it and rubbed well into skin and hair, and
allowed to remain a minute or so before washing it off. I have never
observed any ill effects from the use of this carbolic acid soap, although
Professor Williams, of Edinburgh, strongly condemns the use of it on the
dog.

Since I penned the above lines, ten years ago, I have had convincing
proofs of the ill effects of carbolic acid and carbolic acid soaps on dog?,
and have seen that the acid, even in the mild form of soap, will poison by
absorption through the skin, and that when there is no abrasion. I have
had numbers of instances of it brought under my notice, and two very
well marked cases I personally treated. In one case, a toy terrier, great
depression and trembling was followed by profuse bleeding of the nose,
and the dog died, despite all that could be done. In another case, a strong
fox terrier, his mistress was herself washing him with a carbolic acid soap
when she was called away to see a visitor, and for some short time the dog
was left with the lather from the soap upon him ; the result was very
great depression and weakness, with constant trembling and loss of
appetite. I gave the dog stimulants and tonics, brandy, quinine, and
iron, cold douches followed immediately with brisk and continued rubbing,
and he recovered, but it was several weeks before he regained his usual
health.

A few years ago Spratts Patent brought out a dog soap at my suggestion,
and I have found it in practice so thoroughly suited to its purpose that I
believe it will supersede all others. The advantages it possesses are that
it contains nothing poisonous to man or dog, but a vegetable insecticide

80 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

that proves certain death to fleas. I have frequently seen, after washing
with carbolic acid and other dog soaps, the fleas apparently dead, but, on
being put under a glass in the sun, their very lively actions have soon
proved they were not dead, but had only for the time been stupified ; but
the Spratts soap kills them outright, and, among its minor advantages, it
is colourless, and improves the coat and skin. Field's Medicated Dog
Soap is also a good insecticide, and, I understand, is also free from poison,
but it has the slight disadvantage of being dark in colour.

A strong infusion of quassia, made by suspending a couple of ounces of
quassia wood chips, tied in a piece of muslin, in a bucket of water, for two
or three hours, occasionally stirring it, is useful in killing fleas ; it is free
from danger, and being almost colourless, is an advantage in washing
white dogs. The infusion must be used instead of plain water with either
Boft soap or curd soap, a good lather being made to penetrate the dog's coat
to the skin. Some plain water should be poured over the dog to finish the
washing and remove the quassia from the coat. A decoction of stavesacre
seeds used as a wash, or a powder of the seeds dusted into the dog's coat
has been recommended, but, as I have not tried it, I cannot say whether it
answers the purpose. An occasional energetic rubbing with dry flowers of
sulphur will keep the dogs free from vermin, and improve the appearance
of the coat. If done on a clean floor, or, in the case of a little dog, on a
large sheet of paper, the sulphur can be swept together and used again and
again. Whatever article is used, its application should be repeated several
times, to ensure perfect eradication of the pests, for the flea undergoes a
complete metamorphosis. The larva is a footless grub, and after about
twelve days it arrives at the pupa state, enclosing itself in a silken
covering, and in a few days more assumes its mature condition.

The Tick {Ixodes sicinus) is less frequent and less known than either the
flea or louse. In appearance they bear some resemblance to a spider ; they
vary in size considerably, from a pin's head to a small pea ; the colour of
the smaller ones is a light grey, but they vary in colour, becoming dark
when filled with blood. The tick fastens in the skin by means of its legs,
and holds on with such tenacity as frequently to part in two in the attempt
made to remove it. The cure for ticks most to be relied on is either
the white precipitate powder (p. 77) or the sulphuret of lime (p. 69), used
as already directed.

The principal producing cause of these troublesome and most disagreeable
vermin is neglect of proper cleanliness, leaving the dog ungroomed or
without opportunity to clean himself, leaving the litter or bedding un-
changed, and generally want of attention to proper sanitary measures.
House pets that are regularly well brushed and kept clean will never be
troubled, even with fleas, unless they get them by contact with other dogs,
when a diligent use of the remedies suggested will soon remove them. If a
kennel be infested with vermin, the whole litter and bedding should be
changed, and all the posts, floors, benches, walls, &c., thoroughly scoured
with soft soap and hot water, and afterwards brushed over with a weak
solution of carbolic acid.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 81

The Harvest Bug (Leptus autumnalis). In the " Veterinary Journal,"
May, 1878, Mr. George Fleming, the eminent veterinarian and author of
standard works on animal diseases, described the case of his own dog (a
fine-skinned black and tan toy terrier), being attacked by the harvest bug.
\ This most annoying peat must be well known to many readers, although
it appears to be peculiar to certain localities, and some people enjoy a
happy immunity from its attacks. The case of Mr. Fleming's dog was the
first, and, as far as I know, remains the only one on record of these bugs
taking up their residence in the skin of the dog. They burrow into it,
discharge an acrid fluid, which causes intolerable itching, and produce
roughness of the skin and a slight eruption.

Only fine-skinned dogs, with little or no hair, are likely to be the subject
of the attention of this parasite, and it exists in activity in the autumn
only, in ripe corn, stubbles, dry grass, &c. The treatment for mange
would destroy it and relieve the sufferer.

Parturition. — The period of gestation in the dog is sixty-three days,
and in a majority of cases the bitch pups on the sixty-third day, although
that may occur a day or two earlier or later. It is important to keep a
register so that preparation may be made for the event ; a quiet retired
place should be selected, with plenty of room for her, and so easily acces-
sible that assistance may be readily given if required.

A bed of fresh soft hay is suitable, and, especially in cold weather, this
should be on a boarded floor, for whatever is put down for a bed she will
scrape a nest in it to the solid ground, and if that is damp soil, or cold
flags, or bricks, the pups would get chilled.

The symptoms of approaching parturition are : Considerable enlarge-
ment of the mammae and of the external organs of generation, with
more or less discharge of glairy matter, and frequent urination ; the bitch
becomes restless and moves about from place to place in search of a locality
to her mind, wherein to make her nest.

The very best advice I can give to the breeder is, do not interfere ; the
few cases where it will be absolutely necessary to do so will only add force
to the wisdom of the rule. Next, even when help is called for, do not
interfere too soon, and, if manual assistance has to be given, avoid
unnecessary force. When labour is protracted the liquid extract of rye,
given with a little brandy and water, will generally greatly assist the bitch
in the delivery of her pups. The cases of greatest danger are where a bitch
has been allowed to stray during oestrum and mated herself with a dog
of much larger size than herself ; and very finely bred and highly pampered
bitches often suffer greatly, and die in the act of giving birth. In healthy
parturition even, considerable time is often occupied, the rest between being
of great service in supporting her against the prostration consequent on
the event. The bitch should not be interfered with in these intervals, and
it is foolish to try to force food upon her.

In aU cases where difficulty from wrong presentation or the dispro*
portioned size of the pups occur, both from motives of prudence and
humanity the veterinary surgeon should be consulted, for his obstetric

82 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

knowledge, and skill in manipulation will save mucli unnecessary
suffering, and probably the lives of mother and pups.

Fenis, Discharge from. — Some dogs suffer from an inflammation
and excited state of the organs of generation, with frequent partial
erections, accompanied with discharge of a thick yellowish matter, very
loathsome, especially in a house and companion dog.

In treating, bathe the parts very frequently with cold water. Give a
strong dose of ordinary black draught, and the following medicine :

Mixture for Discharging Penis. — Bi-carbonate of soda and bi-carbonate
of potash, of each 2dr. ; tincture of henbane, 3dr. ; Mindererus' spirit,
l^oz. ; and water to make 6oz. Dose for a 401b. or 501b. dog, a table-
spoonful four or five times a day.

Give the dog barley water to drink, and but little meat. Porridge, milk,
and broth, with green vegetables, will be most suitable.

Files. — This disease occurs most frequently in house dogs and those too
closely confined to the kennel. It depends on an enlarged condition of the
hoemorrhoidal veins at the lower part of the rectum. The parts present
an enlarged, swollen and tender appearance, giving pain when touched,
or when the dog draws himself along the ground. Piles are known as
internal or external, according as they exist within or without the
sphincter muscle, that is, the muscle that contracts the orifice of the
anns. The natural condition of the parts being small, firm, and con-
tracted, the existence of this disease is readily ascertained. The principal
causes producing piles are the iDJudicious use of purgative medicines, over-
feeding with stimulating food, and want of sufficient and healthful exer-
cise, producing diseases of the liver, constipation of the bowels, with conse-
quent straining, and undue distension of the parts in the act of fecation.

Condiments and spices should never be given to dogs, and are a source
of much mischief when given, notwithstanding the recommendations of
the makers and the testimonials in favour of their use. A dog suffering
from piles should be fed on a laxative diet ; little or no flesh meat should
be given, but a portion of boiled liver (which has a laxative tendency) may
be allowed with broth, well-boiled oatmeal, and green vegetables.

As a mild aperient medicine a little milk of sulphur may be advan-
tageously given in milk or with the food. Dose, a heaped-up teaspoonful
for a 201b. or 251b. dog.

One of the two following ointments should be applied twice a day,
smearing the parts well with them : —

Ointment for Piles. — Mild mercurial ointment seven parts, finely
powdered camphor one part, well mixed ; or the compound gall ointment
of the pharmacopoeia.

In some cases of piles a tumour forms near the orifice of the rectum ; it
is at first red, becomes purple, and finally discharges a thick foetid matter
mixed with blood. It forms a ragged sore, difficult to heal from the move-
ments of the dog in the natural act, and from his dragging himself along
the ground. Similar treatment should be pursued as for piles, using the
ointment and washing with the following alternately:

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 88

*

Wash for Tumour. — Goulard's water, ^ pint ; laudanum, ^oz. ; tincture
of arnica, ioz.

Pleurisy. — See Lungs, Inflammation of.

Fneumonia. — See Lungs, Inflammation of.

Polypus. — This is a tumour growing on some mucous membrane, as the
nose, anus, or, more commonly, the vaginal passage. It is attached by
a stalk or pedicle, varying in length and thickness, and the tumour, which,
is smooth, red, and in shape like a pear, varies in size ; when small it is
concealed from view, but protrudes as it increases in growth. It dis-
charges a mucous matter, sometimes slightly tinged with blood, and
generally offensive in smell.

The treatment is simple, and consists in the removal of the polypus,
by tying a strong silk thread or piece of fine silver wire round the neck.
This must be tightened daily for a few days, till the neck is cut through
and the tumour drops off. The parts should then be bathed freely for a
few days with Goulard water. Internal medicines are not required unices
feverishnees exists, when a dose of cooling medicine will be sufficient.

Pot-belly. — A disease in young puppies is known by this name. It
generally occurs whilst sucking, and with the puniest in the litter; the
origin is probably its weakness preventing it obtaining a fair share of
nourishment among its stronger brothers and sisters.

The symptoms are as the name indicates, and wasting of the muscles.
Worms may be a cause, and evidently there is weak digestion and great
flatulence.

Except in some very valuable strain that there is a strong reason to
preserve, they do not pay for the trouble of treating. As soon as the
pup will lap give lime water in cow's milk, and feed with a variety of
nourishing things given often in small quantities.

Prolapsus Ani. — This sometimes occurs, and oftenest in pampered
houFe dogs when getting old, kept too fat, and not having much exercise,
which together produce constipation and cause straining.

When treating, the protruded part should be cleansed and pressed into its
place, and cold douches frequently used to the part. The diet should be
laxative, and exercise made compulsory.

Prolapsus, or railing* of the Vagina. — This is a protrusion of
the membrane of the vagina, leading to the womb, in the form of a soft,
red swelling. It generally occurs during, or immediately after, the period
of heat. It must be carefully washed, and returned to its place with
gentleness, which can be done by anyone with a little care. The following
injection should then be used for a few days, and one of the powders given
twice a day :

Injection for Prolapsus. — Take tannic acid and gljcerine, loz. ; water to
make a pint. Inject with a female syringe.

Astringent Powders for Prolapsus. — Take gallic acid, 18 grains; alum,
12 grains ; mix, and divide into six equal powders, and give one twice a
day, first dissolving them in hot water, which must be allowed to cool
before administering.

84 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

t
Falling of the vagina mnst not be confounded with inversion of the womb,

which occasionally happens after pupping, and which can only be safely
treated by a qualified practitioner, no amateur being likely to possess a
sufficient anatomical knowledge, or the skill in manipulation requisite for
success.

Fulse. — See Temperature and Pulse.

Furg^ingf. — This is a symptom in many diseases, but it may exist simply
from temporary derangement of the stomach, or from some irritating
substance taken into the intestines, in which cases a dose of castor oil and
extra attention to diet is all that is necessary to be done.

Rabies, or Canine Madness. — Although the symptoms of this terrible
disease have long been recognised and clearly stated by scientific men,
there is still, unfortunately, great ignorance regarding it evinced by the
general public — an ignorance fraught with much danger to man, and the
cause of much cruelty and death, often most brutally inflicted on hundreds
of poor dogs, more innocent of madness than the frantic crowd who do their
best to hunt the poor frightened, nervous beast into that state.

I have found the prevailing idea of a mad dog to be that of an animal
with glaring, bloodshot eyes, covered with the froth of his excitement, and
rushing wildly hither and thither in search of man or beast to bite ; whilst
a dog lost in a crowded town, and excitedly nervous at finding himself out
of his knowledge, is often enough to raise the cry of " a mad dog," and with
many a fit is a sign positive, and the occurrence of epilepsy has been the
incitement to canine murder in numberless instances.

It is quite true that the disease produces great nervous excitement, and
creates a spirit of unrest — it also, in the first stage of its existence, increases
the flow of saliva — but not the emission of froth from the mouth, which is
produced by the champing of the jaws in an epileptic fit; in rabies, the
discharge becomes thick and glutinous, and the sufferer may be seen pawing
at his mouth to clear it, as though choked with a bone. The disposition
of the dog is often entirely changed, and one frolicsome and fond of being
caressed may become sullen and shy, retiring into some quiet lair, generally
selecting some dark corner, behind a large object. If out on the march he
will rather evade man than seek company ; and although biting furiously
at all and everything that obstructs his passage, rarely going out of his
way to seek an enemy. He evinces a strong desire to tear and gnaw every-
thing he gets hold of ; nothing comes amiss to him, and the disposition
to bite is shown by his frequently snapping at imaginary objects in the
air. Contrary to the generally received opinion, and condemnatory of the
name hydrophobia, erroneously given to this disease in the dog, the poor
sufferer laps water greedily as long as his power over the muscles is

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 85-

retained, and when that is gone, plunges his head into the water to cool his
parched and burning month. In the latter stages the dog may have con-
vulsions, but fits are not a premonitory nor an early symptom, and their
presence, independent of more certain evidence of rabies, should never
gfive rise to fear.

I cannot attempt more than to indicate the more prominent and well-
known certain symptoms, and those who wish for fuller information on the
subject, should consult the works of Youatt, and the more recent book of
Dr. Fleming.

Whilst too great care and caution cannot be used in dealing with a
disease so dangerous, I wish to warn my readers against that unnecessary
and hysterical alarm which dethrones the reason, and predisposes to the
gravest results. If there be reason to suspect a dog of madness, if hia
natural disposition appears changed without a traceable cause, if he tears
and bites at inedible objects, such as his bedding, pieces of wood, carpets,
dirt, &c., if he be seen to paw at his mouth frequently, whilst no obstructive
article is in his throat, if at intervals he snap and bite savagely at objects
real and imaginary, if, after these paroxysms, he be seen to stagger and fall,
if he show an insatiable thirst — if any or all of these symptoms be present,^
shut him up where he can do no harm, and call in to your aid a veterinary
surgeon. By allowing him to study the case, you will do a public good ;.
for, fortunately, cases of rabies are very rare, and it is only by the careful
investigation of them by men specially educated to undertake the duty, that
we can ever hope to discover a cure.

Among the numerous superstitions that hang like clouds round canine
madness, obscuring any possibility of a clear view of it, I will refer to one
only, most of them being altogether unworthy of notice. It has long been
a popular belief that a person bitten by a dog, even if the animal be in
perfect health at the time, is never safe from an attack of rabies so long as
the dog lives ; for it is held, that should the dog become mad at any future
period, however distant, the person bitten will also fall a victim to the
disease. Cases supposed to prove that rabies may be communicated by a
dog free from it are constantly cropping up, and I find in The Countrif
newspaper, of June 12, 1873, the case of a woman commented on, who is
said to have died from hydrophobia, caused by the bite of a dog that was
clearly proved to be free from rabies at the time, and has remained so ever
since. The woman, it appears, was in an upper room with her child, and the
entrance of a small dog so alarmed her for her child's safety, that she
seized the intruder and threw it out of window, and was bitten in the
struggle ; the woman was taken ill and died, showing all the symptoms of
hydrophobia, and the surgeon who attended her certified that death was
from that disease. I do not intend to dispute the opinion thus given, but I
venture to say had the whole facts of the case been carefully investigated,
say, by a jury of physicians of experience, it would have been proved that
the bite of that dog had but a small share in causing the woman's death.
To me it appears as reasonable to believe that the dog could have bitten
the woman without being in the same room with her as that the bite could

86 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

communicate rabies when the disease did not at the time exist. Such cases
should not be passed by, but thoroughly sifted by qualified men, that the
truth might be elicited and the fears of the nervous allayed. The practical
lesson to be learned from this is, care and caution in dealing with dogs,
especially strange ones, and to curb unnecessary alarm, which often brings
about the evil it would avoid. When an accident does occur, have the
wound promptly cauterised to its full depth with caustic, and let the
nervous, in addition, obtain medical advice.

I recommend those having much to do with dogs to carry in the pocket
at all times one of those wooden cases of caustic, which costs but sixpence,
and with this safeguard about them, and the presence of mind and nerve to
use it promptly and thoroughly — taking care the caustic reaches as deep as
the tooth did — the bite even of a mad dog will do them no harm.

Since the above was written ten years ago, rabies in dogs has unfor-
tunately been rather frequent, and a few years ago from the number of deaths
from hydrophobia, caused by the bites from mad dogs, quite a panic arose,
with the result that the attention of medical men and veterinarians at
home and abroad has been very much directed to its nature ; as yet, how-
ever, no cure has been discovered, and I see no reason to alter what I have
already said ; but it will be useful very briefly to notice one or two points
of special interest. Latest researches seem to point conclusively that the
rabid poison exists in the saliva, and in none of the other secretions.

Although its propagation by a bite or by the poisoned saliva coming in
contact with an abrased or highly vascular surface are clearly enough the
means of transmission and propEigation, how it originates, is unknown ;
exposure to great heat, feeding on salt meat, compelled abstinence from
water, and many other causes have been suggested as producing causes,
"but proved not to be so. The old notion that it is peculiarly a disease of
the dog days, is fabulous, nor is it connected with the functions of
procreation, further than the'present law in this country permits owners
of bitches when in season to be fought over by excited males, furnishes
excellent opportunities for its spread as well as being an insult to decency.
It is the duty of men who keep dogs to have some knowledge of their
nature, and the law should punish the ignorance or carelessness that
causes an offence and a danger to the public.

Unfortunately no cures are yet known ; such things as the so-called
Billing and Webb's cures, and other pretended family secrets may be
swept aside. Medical men have tried every conceivable drug, and a few
years ago it was thought a specifie had been found in curari, but it proved
delusive. Hot and vapour baths have their votaries, just as half drowning
in Hogg's Crib, a pool in the Severn, was at one time believed in.

Preventive measures are alone to be relied on, and the very old one of
the Greeks sucking the part is excellent, and a small instrument has been
invented which can be easily used ; ; it is like an old-fashioned breast
exhauster, with the bell shaped head and long tube, but with a round bell
half way up the tube as well, which of course receives all that the operator
euoks out of the wound and renders him quite free from danger. It is

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 87

made by chemists in York, and can I believe be bought through Maw,
Son, and Thompson, Aldersgate-street, London.

Rheumatisiii. — This is a very common disease in dogs, one form of it
being known as Kennel Lameness, which has been already described. In
lumbago, another form of the disease, the back and hind quarters are
affected ; the dog drags his bind legs, and shows evidence of acute pain
when touched, or even when an attempt to touch him is made. In rheu-
matism there is always more or less of fever present ; the nose is hot and
dry, the urine scanty and higher- coloured than usual, and generally the
bowels are to some extent costive.

In treating a dog for rheumatism, it is imperative the bowels should be
at once freely acted on ; and for this purpose the "compound podophyllin
pills " (p. 42) will be found most suitable, or as a substitute, should it be
inconvenient to obtain them, give for a 201b. to 301b. dog*2drs. of Epsom
salts with 20gr6. of cream of tartar, as a drench, in water. After the bowels
have been relieved, give for a dog of that size lOgra. bi-carbonate of potash
daily. The warm bath will often give immediate relief from pain, more
especially if followed by a vigorous application of one or other of the
liniments ordered for Kennel Lameness (p. 59). As rheumatic attacks are
generally caused by exposure to wet and cold, or more frequently by the
dog being placed in a damp, cold, or draughty kennel (especially when so
placed whilst warm after a run), preventive measures are to a considerable
extent in the hands of the master, and should receive due attention. A
light diet is advisable during the existence of rheumatism, more especially
whilst any feverishness is present. It should be noted that a dog having
once suffered from rheumatism in any form should receive special attention,
as one attack predisposes to subsequent seizures.

Rickets. — Pups, the offspring of an enfeebled dam yielding an in-
sufficient supply of milk, and that of poor quality, or those that are from
any cause ill fed and neglected, or kept in close, ill- ventilated places, without
a chance of fresh air and needful exercise, suffer from misshapen limbs,
thick joints, and other deformities, caused by the bones being imperfectly
developed, the food, and other conditions on which the pup is reared not
yielding the constituents necessary to give them the required hardness
to enable them to perform their proper functions. This state is known as
rickets, and the cause being plain, the treatment is evident.

Do not attempt to rear a pup on a weakly unhealthy mother, but if the
breed is desired, procure for the pups a foster-mother of undoubted health
and stamina ; let the nest be in a warm, airy place, and as soon as the pups
are able to leave the nest let them have plenty of room, fresh air, warmth,
and sunshine if possible, and insure thorough cleanliness of the place
in which they are kept. When old enough to eat, let their diet be light,
nourishing, and digestible, and rickets will be avoided. In cases where
rickets already exist attend to the above suggestions ; let a considerable
portion of the diet consist of good milk, to which add a little lime water,
say a tablespoonful to every quarter pint, and give in the food small
doses of cod liver oil twice a day for some months.

88 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

Ringworm. — This is an occasional dog disease, due to vegetable
parasite. It appears in circular, scaly patches, and is very contagious. It
is due to dirty, damp kennels, but might be communicated by a child
suffering from it.

A little of the ointment of iodide of iron, rubbed in, is the best treat-
ment ; it is prepared as follows : Idr. of iodide of iron, and 7dr. of
spermaceti ointment, mixed.

S.

St. Vitus's Dance.— See Chorea.

Scalds.— See Burns.

Scurf. — This occurs from want of attention to the skin, but it often
appears on the ears as a forerunner of canker, in which cases wash with
warm water, and anoint with olive oil, and give the dog a dose of physic
and a light diet for a day or two.

Stomach, Inflammation of. — This may be caused by irritants acci-
dentally swallowed, frequently by mineral and other poisons thoughtlessly
thrown out by housekeepers or servants who have used it for poisoning
rats, mice, &c., or the administration of turpentine in capsules or any other
form, except combined with an emulcient. Dogs also at times accidentally
swallow extraordinary things of an irritating nature in their haste to devour
picked-up garbage, which produce inflammation.

The first and principal symptoms for the owner to notice are excessive
thirst and violent vomiting, and between indulgence in these the dog will
lie down on his side stretched out and whine and moan from the pain he
is suffering.

The treatment is to keep the dog quite undisturbed. Let him have
at his command a constant supply of water that has been boiled, and give
thin mutton broth made with Scotch barley, and a little isinglass may be
added to it. Opium to allay the pain may be given, but cautiously, and
the less of any medicine the better. Diarrhoea will not unlikely follow,
and must be treated as directed under that head.

Sunstroke. — I have seen in no writings on dog diseases allusion made
to dogs being liable to sunstroke, but I have seen cases I consider to be
sunstroke— one, a fox terrier bitch, in New York, which I was called in by a
friend to see, and her life was saved by the application of ice to the head,
and sedative treatment afterwards.

Some readers will recollect the Burton-on-Trent show, 1878, when
during the judging the heat was almost tropical, followed by a storm,
sudden and short, that nearly carried away the tent. During the heat a
bull dog, and, I think, also a pug, was overpowered by the heat and had
fits. One (the bull dog) I think, died. I thought then and since it was
sunstroke, from the suddenness of the attack, the stentorous breathing

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 89

and quick collapse. In such cases quickly remove the dog to a retired
place, as cool as accessible, where air is free, and apply ice, if possible, or
the coldest water obtainable, to the head.
Surfeit.— See Mange.

T.

Teeth. — The dog has, when the set is complete, or in kennel parlance,
when he "has a fuU mouth," forty-two teeth, made up of twelve incisors
or cutting teeth, four canines or fangs, and twenty-six molars, double, or
grinding teeth.

Some of these constitute what are ordinarily called the milk teeth, and
are deciduous — that is to say, they are after a few months cast, and give
place to permanent ones.

The incisors — six above and six below — form the front teeth ; those in the
upper jaw are the larger, and both above and below the centre teeth are
the smaller, the outer or corner cutters the strongest ; these appear at the
age of from four to five weeks, and give place to the permanent incisors at
three to four months.

The canines or fangs also make their appearance when the pup is from
four to six weeks old, and these are replaced by the permanent fangs about
the age of five or six months — they are considerably elongated and pointed ;
the upper ones are the stronger.

The molars. — Of these, twelve are in the upper jaw, and fourteen in the'
lower ; the first (that is, of course, the four, two upper and two under) are
not deciduous, and make their appearance at about three or four months ;
the second, third in the upper and fourth in the lower are, like the incisors
and canines, deciduous, appearing at the fourth or fifth week, and giving
place to the permanent ones at five to six months ; the fourth in the upper
jaw is much the strongest, and in the lower jaw the fifth is the largest and
strongest. The fifth generally appears from the fourth to the fifth months
the sixth at the age of from five to six months, and the seventh in the lower
jaw from five and a half to seven months. Most of the molars, whilst
adapted for grinding or crushing bones, &c., are terminated by acute lobes
suitable for tearing flesh.

Temperature and Fulse. — As indications of health or departure
from the normal state the temperature and the moisture or dryness of the
nose — the integument forming the walls of the nostrils— are very delicate
indicators, but, if I may say so, they tell too much, and are too general,
and do not enable us to discriminate. When the nose is dry and hot we
know the dog is out of sorts, but we have to search for other symptoms to
determine what is the matter. The pulse and general temperature are
important aids to diagnosis far too much neglected.

The first thing a medical man does when he visits a patient is to feel the

Q

90 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

pnlae, and if there ia a snspicion of fever of any kind, the temperatare of
the body ia carefully taken ; thia course, if followed with the dog, would
aaaiat the owner in treating hia animal in all inflammatory and febrile caaea,
such aa diatemper.

Thepulae in the dog variea from 90 to 100 beata per minute, the heart' a
action being quicker in highly bred, nervous dogs, such aa are some straina
of Betters and pointers, and some of the finely bred toys, and for this
reason the owner should make himself acquainted with the pulae and tem-
perature of hia dog in health, in order that he may be able at once to
detect departure from the normal state. The pulse can be felt inside the
knee, but, especially in small dogs, it ia better to count the heart beata.
If the left foreleg ia held up so that the elbow is slightly bent, the point
of it will indicate the place where the hand ahould be held flat over it.

The temperature is gauged by placing one of Weiss' clinical thermo-
meters above the elbow and between that and the body, and keeping it
there for three and a half minutes. I have not made extensive experi-
ments, but it is very simple, and any medical friend who cares for dogs will
do it con amove if the veterinary surgeon has not a thermometer, and the
temperature in health should be made a note of for use in treatment should
the dog become ill. I advise this, not knowing whether individual dogs,
which differ so widely in size, &c., may not vary in natural temperature,
for on this head I can find no information in the works of any writer on
dogs, and I have access to all, I believe, in our own language. My two
Skye terriers register 97deg.

Ticks. — See Parasites Living on the Skin.

Tongxie, Wormmg'. — See Worming, &c.

Tumours of Mammse. — See Lacteal Tumours.

U.

Udder Tumours.— See Lacteal Tumours.

Unpleasant Breath. — This is often complained of, and arises from
decayed teeth, which should be removed, or from a bad state of the stomach,
which latter should be treated by giving a doae or two of physic, and after-
wards tonic pills.

Uterus, Inversion of. — This sometimes occura after pupping, and alao
from great weakness. The uterus is turned inside out, and part of it is
seen to protrude at the opening of the vagina.

For treatment it should be returned as gently as poaaible, and mild
aatringenta afterwards injected, but the whole treatment ia moat advisedly
left to the veterinary surgeon.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 91

V.

Vagfina, Prolapsus of.— See Prolapsus.
Verxnin.— See Parasites Living on the Skin.

W.

Weakness in Eyes. — Tears, or watery discharge from the eyes, are
natural to some breeds of dogs, notably Blenheims and King Charles
spaniels, and, in that case, should not be interfered with ; but the weakness
may arise from slight inflammation, in which case give light diet, a purge
if the dog is gross and fat, and use the following lotion for the eyes.

Lotion for Weak Eyes. — I2grs. sulphate of zinc; ioz. of laudanum; 6oz.
water — bathe freely.

Womb, falling of. — See Prolapsus.

Worming^ the Tong'ue. — There is a very old- standing idea still
existing in some isolated nooks and muddled brains, that a dog has a worm
under the tongue, and that the removal of it, called "worming," does
great good, and among other things prevents the dog biting, should he
ever become mad. The operation consists of cutting the bridle of the
tongue and pulling out a small ligament, which, by contraction, curls like
a worm. It is scarcely necessary to say that the operation is as cruel as
cmcalled for, and should, with " cropping," be sent to the limbo of obsolete
stupidities.

Worms. — These parasites are a very fertile source of annoyance and
loss to dog owners. They are the cause of great mortality in kennels,
particularly among puppies.

The varieties of worms infesting the dog are very numerous, far more so
than dog owners in general have the slightest idea of. A variety has been
found in the eye, another in the nasal sinuses, where it causes great irrita-
tion ; the cruel thread worm finds its way into the heart, producing a most
painful death ; some are found in the blood, the liver has its parasite, so
have the kidneys and urethra, and with those of the stomach and intestines
dog owners are all too familiar.

It is outside the scheme of this handbook to go into minutiae on these, but
I strongly advise intelligent owners of kennels to consult for their pleasure
and practical benefit the works of Dr. Spencer Cobbold on parasites,
wherein much interesting and useful information on the subject will be
found. It was long the practice of writers on, as well as owners of, dogs to
roughly classify the worms infesting dogs, as the mawworm, roundworm,
and tapeworm, and I followed the same in the previous edition, and shall
keep up the semblance of it still.

The Maw Worm.— Pieces of flat, milky- white substance, from half to

G 2

92 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

one inch long, and evidently possessing life, are often seen passed in con-
siderable numbers with the excrement, and these have long been called
*' maw- worms," but are proved to be mere semi-independent segments of
some of the larger tapeworms, so that we must give the maw- worm up
as a perfect and complete worm, although the name will no doubt long be
retained.

The maw-worm, as we may as well continue to call these segments, at
least serves one good end. In it we have most palpable evidence of tape-
worm in the dog, the expulsion of which should be our immediate object.

The Eound Worm. — These exist in great variety, the most commonly
met with measure from two to eight inches in length, and are of a pale
pink colour, round in shape, and pointed at both extremities. They chiefly
exist in the smaller intestines, sometimes crawl into the stomach, and are
vomited, and one variety is frequently passed j3er anum coiled together in
balls. They cause great constitutional derangement, interfering with
digestion and the natural action of the bowels, and greatly reduce the dog's
health and strength.

The Tape Worm is a long, flat worm, divided into joints, the head being
thicker than the rest of its body. It inhabits the smaller intestines, and is
still more destructive to health than the round worm. One variety some-
times attains the immense length of from six to nine feet, and may some-
times be seen hanging from the anus of the dog, causing the animal much
annoyance, and presenting a disgusting appearance.

The general symptoms which guide us in deciding whether a dog is
infested with worms are an irregular and frequently a ravenous appetite,
coexisting with considerable emaciation, the food taken seeming to do the
dog no good. Contrary to this general fact, however, dogs sometimes
remain fat and sleek long after the fact becomes known by ocular
demonstration that they are infested with these parasites. The breath is
often offensive, and the nose dry and hot. The coat presents a roughs
harsh, unhealthy appearance, standing open, or, as it is called, staring, and
is more or less destitute of its natural gloss ; the belly is often enlarged
and hard, and the evacuations are frequent or irregular, small quantities
of faeces being passed, the first portion hard, the latter consisting of frothy
mucus, and should a worm or part of one be observed, all obscurity as to
the dog's being *' out of sorts " is at an end. In puppies, fits are often
caused by worms.

Health is impossible to the animal in which these parasites exist to
any extent, hence the necessity of taking prompt measures for their
removal ; but, although the vegetable and mineral kingdoms have been
ransacked for remedies, and one thing after another extolled as the best
and most certain of cures, the expulsion of worms from their fastnesses
is by no means in all cases easy ; for, as has been very aptly remarked,
" although we can force poison down the throats of the animals, we cannot
compel the worms to receive it." I have found in practice, without being
able to discover an explanation, that a vermifuge successful in one
case will fail in another which appears identical in all circumstances.

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 93

The following list includes most of the anthelmintics or agents which
destroy or expel worms with which I am acquainted : Powdered glass,
granulated tin, horsehair cut fine, cowhage or cow-itch. These act
mechanically, and none of them are very reliable. Cowhage is the best of
them ; it should be given in doses of a small teaspoonful for a dog 501b.
or 601b. weight, mixed with treacle into a stiff paste, the dose repeated
every fourth or fifth morning till three doses have been given. Besides tin
in mineral substances, arsenic, mercury in the form of its chloride, and
calomel, are resorted to for the destruction of worms, often ending in th©
destruction of the dog, and such very dangerous agents are best left alone.
Common salt too comes into the mineral class, but as it acts powerfully
as an emetic on the dog, the only way it is likely to reach the worms
is when administered as an enema, and in this case care must be taken not
to use the folution too strong, a teaspoonful of salt to three pints of
water is strong enough. The unlearned are specially given to reason that
if a weak dose does good a strong one will do more, but such is not the case,
and often produces grave results when tried.

The vegetable world furnishes a numerous list of vermifuges, of which I
may enumerate the followiiig, each having its advocates : wormwood,
garlic, cowhage (the stiff brown hairs which cover the pods of the climbing
plant Macuna pi'uriens), Barbadoes tar, Venice turpentine, spirit of tur-
pentine, Kousso, Indian pink, stinking hellebore, santonine (the active
principle of worm-seed, Artemisia contra), areca nut, also called betel nut,
savin, tobacco, pomegranate bark, male fern, and kamala. Of these,
wormwood, garlic, cowhage, pomegranate bark, and tar, are but little to be
depended on ; the dose of pomegranate is twenty to thirty grains of the
bark, finely powdered, and it may be tried if other remedies have failed.

Kousso, or Cusso (Br ay era anthelmintica), the flowers of a tree growing
in Abyssinia, and said to have been used by the natives as an anthelmintic
for some centuries, has been much extolled for tapeworms ; it is given as
an infusion, ^oz. infused in quarter pint o£ boiling water, allowed to stand
till cold, and then strained, forming a dose for a large dog. It is, however,
uncertain in its action, and not very safe, and the same remarks apply
with greater force to Indian pink, a United States plant {Spigelia Marylan-
dica), stinking hellebore {Hellehorus foetidus), also called bear's-foot, and
Settiswort, tobacco, and savin {Juniperus Sahina) ; all of these should be
discarded as very unsafe, especially in the hands of those unaccustomed to
deal with medicines. There remains of our list turpentine and Venice
turpentine — the first is a good vermifuge, but apt to inflame the kidneys ;
to prevent this, an emulsion should be formed by mixing it with yolk
of egg and olive oil ; the dose for a medium sized dog is a teaspoonful.
Venice turpentine is a milder remedy, it may be given in doses of a
drachm made into pills with flour or with areca nut powder. Santo-
nine is an excellent remedy, and has the advantage of being easily given,
the dose for puppies being two to five grains. Areca nut is, perhaps, the
most generally useful worm medicine we have. It may be given with
perfect safety to dogs of any age, even the most delicate. The best plan

94 THE DISEASES OP DOGS.

is to buy the nnt and grate it freshly as required ; in purchasing see that
the nuts are sound, which you may tell by appearance and weight — if
you find one light and worm-eaten, reject it. It may be given mixed with
fat, and placed well back on the tongue ; but if freshly mixed with a
little savoury broth the dog will generally take it readily ; if allowed to
stand long in the broth it becomes bitter. The dose is two grains to every
pound weight of the dog, but no dog will require more than two drachms.
The oil of male fern, or, as it is now called, ethereal extract of male
fern, is a very effective remedy in tape worm. It is obtained from the
roots of Lastrea Filix Mas (male shield fern), and is the most convenient
form for administering the drug. The powder of the root has been used
as an anthelmintic from a very remote period. The oil or extract is
very irritating, and veiy frequently produces vomiting, and as a preven-
tive of that it is often advisable, after giving the dose, to tie the dog's head
up for an hour. The following formula, however, softens greatly its
irritating effects, and I would recommend it to be kept ready mixed, as
in a well stoppered bottle and in a cool place it will retain its goodquahties
a long time, merely requiring to be well shaken before a dose is measured
out.

Oil of Male Fern Emulsion for Tape Worm. — Take oil of male fern ^oz.;
powdered gum acacia, loz.; pure glycerine loz.; water to make lOoz. It
should be mixed by a chemist, who will make a much nicer emulsion than a
person unaccustomed to dispense could do. It should be kept in a glass
stoppered bottle, and well shaken before used. The dose for a dog such
as a mastiff is two tablespoonfuls.

Kamala is comparatively a new remedy against worms in this country.
It is a product of India, and is a dry, reddish-brown powder, obtained from
minute glands adhering to the capsules of Rottlera tinctoria; the dose is
the same as areca nut. I am rather surprised that it is not even referred
to by " Stonehenge," who gives a numerous list of anthelmintics, nor by
any other writer on dogs that I have had an opportunity of consulting.
In my own experience I have found it a most useful remedy for both
round and tape worm, and I can strongly recommend it. It is mentioned
by Squire in his " Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia," and I
believe I am right in saying it is the substance of some of the advertised
worm powders which are charged a ridiculously high price. Kamala can
now be bought at per lb. what it cost per ounce ten years ago, and any
chemist can supply it at about 6d. or 8d. per ounce.

There are general rules to be observed in giving worm medicines to
dogs — the animal must be prepared for it, as it is of no use giving it
them on a full stomach ; a strong and mature dog should be kept with-
out food for twenty -four hours before giving a vermifuge ; weakly dogs
and young puppies a less period, but sufl&cient to empty the stomach ;
with young pups, omitting the evening meal, and giving the worm
medicine in the morning generally answers. My practice is to give a
tablespoonful of olive oil to the dog in the evening before giving the
vermifuge ; and the worm medicine should always be followed in a few

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 95

hours by a purgative, for which purpose there is nothing better than the
*' buckthorn mixture " (see " Canine Materia Medica," p. 102). Many of the
worm medicines advertised have jalap and other purgatives combined
with the anthelmintics, but that is not a good plan. Another point to
be observed is the repetition of the dose. It is in almost all cases need-
'ul to repeat worm expellants two or three times at intervals of four or
Ive days, and in every case the dog should be kept confined, that the
efect may be observed. In the case of tape worm the remedy or remedies
sdected must be persevered with until the head of the worm is expelled,
ani in all cases the worms and all discharged faeces should be either
biLned or mixed with some powerful disinfectant, and deeply buried, to
present propagation of the parasites by their ova.

Vounds. — These vary in kind, and need different treatment, according
to tie case.

CONTUSED Wounds or Bruises. — Bathe and cleanse from dirt, and,
unles of a very severe nature, leave alone. If severe, and there is
Btiffiess, repeat bathing with warm water, and rub with a stimulating
lininent.

Ctts. — Where the tissues are severed as with a knife, showing a gap
with clean (not ragged) edges, close as quickly as possible with strips of
plister or a few stitches, according to the extent of the wound.

Punctured Wounds or Stabs. — The difl&culty is to know how deep
thiy are, and whether any important organs are involved. If there is
re88on to suspect internal injury, consult a surgeon.

Torn or Lacerated Wounds, presenting a more ragged appearance,
ar< more difiicult to manage. If from bites, cauterise with lunar caustic
thoroughly.

lellows, the.— See Jaundice and Distemper.

"»■»;'

CAE"INE MATERIA MEDIOA.

MEDICINES USED IN CANINE DISEASES.

The list of medicines used in the diseases of the dog will always be con-
siderably restricted by the peculiarities of his organisation, the stonaoh
being easily excited, and irritating matters instantly rejected ; th« list
of medicaments is, however, being gradually enlarged by the additbn of
those drugs which a more extensive experience and a closer study of
the animal's organisation have proved valuable, many of the newer drigs
being used to the exclusion of time-honoured agents, now proved to be
worthless, or even dangerous.

In giving the following list, my aim is to make it practically useful to
the dog owner, by stating the properties, doses, and modes of administerng
or applying as plainly as possible, as I believe the owner is, in many cafes
likely to prove the best doctor for his dog. I

At the same time it must always be remembered that a knowledgf of
drugs is not a knowledge of disease ; and I hope that whilst in the )re-
vious portion of this work I have endeavoured to help those desiroiB of
treating the diseases of their dogs rationally, I have not failed to pint
out where it would be dangerous for the amateur to interfere, and I How
repeat as a good general rule — where there is evidence of serious ilbess
and the symptoms are not clearly pronounced, where you cannot pBtty
plainly trace what is wrong, to give medicines haphazard, even thtugh
in correct doses, is but to complicate the case, and most cruelly pmish
the already suffering dog. Therefore it is much wiser in such cases, \iiere
the animal is valuable, or highly valued, to have the benefit of a veteriiary
surgeon's skill and experience, or otherwise to depend solely on kind and
sensible domestic treatment. The vast majority of cases, however are
not of such serious nature, and may be undertaken by any sensible prson
who will give attention to the symptoms and a careful selection of the feme-
dies advised. Before proceeding with the alphabetical list of mediciKs, a
few explanatory remarks will be required to clear the way and to save
much useless repetition. In giving medicines in their simple forms-that
is, uncombined with others — if you are not provided with a set of dis>ens-
ing scales and weights (which may be purchased retaU for 2s. 6d. ^om-

CANINE MATERIA MEDICA. 97

plete), or in the case of liquids, with- proper measures, get the article
accurately divided into correct doses by your chemist. Never give medi-
cines, however simple and safe you think them, by the rule of thumb*
In all mixtures, pills, &c., requiring skill and care in their preparation, and
especially where a powerful drug enters into the composition, let the
chemist dispense it. The little extra cost will be more than compensated
for by the greater and more certain efficacy of a properly prepared remedy.
Many drugs become inert or greatly deteriorate by keeping, e&pecially
when exposed to light and air ; therefore, buy such drugs only in quantities
for immediate use, and from those whose judgment in selection and
whose fair dealing can be depended on ; for, unfortunately, there are
too many who think or act as though they thought anything in the way
of medicine good enough for a dog or horse, and I speak within bounds
when I say there are many tons of the most worthless rubbish annually
vended as veterinary medicines.

TERMS.

The following classification of drugs, with explanations, is given, be-
cause the terms have had to be used to avoid verbosity :

Alteratives. — Medicines which, being given in small and often repeated
doses, gradually bring about a healthy state of the system without sensibly
augmenting the secretions — such as arsenic and its preparations, iodide of
potassium, some mercurial preparations, &c.

Ansesthetics. — Drugs which deprive of sensation or feeling, as ether,
chloroform.

Anodynes. — Medicines which assuage pain, as chloroform, opium, &c.

Anthelmintics, or Vermifuges.— Agents which destroy or expel
worms. For full list see article on Worms.

Antiseptics. — Medicines which resist or check putrefaction, as char-
coal, creosote, carbolic acid, chlorides of lime and soda, &c.

Antispasmodics. — Medicines which overcome inordinate muscular
action, and from their sedative effects allay spasm and resist convulsions,
as chloroform or opium.

Aperients. — See Cathartics.

Astringents. — Agents which contract muscular fibre, and are used
internally to check diarrhoea, haemorrhage, and diabetes, externally to stop
bleeding, and diminish the discharge from wounds, such as catechu, alum,
gallic acid, &c.

Blisters. — Agents used as counter-irritants in internal inflammation.
Strong liquid ammonia is a good and quick blister for the dog ; it may be
applied on a cloth or sponge held on the part designed to be blistered
for ten minutes or so. The following is a mild blister :

98 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

Mild Blister. — Take lard 4oz., beeswax foz., powdered cantharidea
foz. ; melt the wax and lard together, and stir in the powder as the oint-
ment gets cold.

This should be rubbed well into the skin, or spread on a piece of
linen and kept bound on till the pustules rise. Spirit of turpentine
acts as a blister; wring a piece of flannel out of hot water, sprinkle
with turpentine, and apply to the part. In applying a blister the hair
should first be cut off as close to the skin as possible, and where Spanish
fly or other poisonous substance is used, the dog should wear a wire muzzle
the while. Apply to the blistered parts pure olive oil or spermaceti
ointment.

Cardiacs or Cordials. — Medicines which increase the strength,
stimulate the stomach, and animate the spirits. Cordials are often given
to greyhounds aEd other dogs when severely run. The formula given
under the head of Cardamom Seeds (p. 102) is a very good one.

Carminatives. — Medicines which expel wind, such as carraway seeds
and oil of peppermint, ginger, &c.

Cathartics, Purgatives, Aperients. — Medicines which cause
alvine discharges, and so cleanse the stomach and bowels. Laxatives are
mild aperients.

Caustics. — Agents which destroy or decompose the parts to which they
are applied ; used for the removal of warts, proud flesh in wounds, by
searing the parts to prevent the absorption of virus in case of bites,
&o. The most active are nitrate of silver, nitric acid, carbolic acid, chloride
of zinc, the hot iron or actual cautery.

Demulcents. — Agents which soften the effects of irritants, by sheath-
ing the surface, such as glycerine, gum acacia, &c., used as a vehicle in
giving such irritating articles as spirit of turpentine, oil of male fern, and
many others.

Diaphoretics. — Medicines which produce perspiration or sweating, as
sweet spirit of nitre.

Diuretics. — Medicines which increase the discharge of urine, as nitrate
of potash, Venice turpentine, balsam copaiba.

Emetics. — Medicines which cause vomiting. Agents producing this
effect on the dog are very numerous, his stomach being very easily acted
on In this way ; when at liberty he eats the dog grass {Triticum repens) for
the purpose of producing vomiting. Sulphate of zinc, emetic tartar, and
common salt are useful emetics, and ipecacuanha wine, though dearer, is
much easier in its effects.

Emollients. — Agents which soften and relax the parts to which they
are applied, as poultices, fomentations, olive oil, camphorated oil, and
various ointments.

Laxatives. — See Cathartics.

Narcotics. — Medicines which tend to produce sleep and assuage pain.
Opium is chiefly used for the dog.

Purgatives. — See Cathartics.

Stimulants. — Medicines which produce an immediate, though transient,

CANINE MATERIA MEDICA. 9^

increase of strength ; given in collapse, exhaustion, or in exceseive de-
bility when fever is not present. AmmoDia, tincture of cardamoms,
whisky, sherry, &c.

Stoxnacliics and Tonics.— Medicines which excite and strengthen the
stomach. Tonics are specially called for in debility following fever,
distemper, and other lowering diseases. Those mostly used for the dog
are rhubarb, gentian, Peruvian baik, quinine, iron, &c.

Styptics.— Medicines which arrest bleeding through an astringent
quality, as acetate of lead.

Tonics. — See Stomachics.

Vermifuge. — See Anthelmintics.

DRUGS.

Acetic Acid.— Used in making Mindererus' spirit, which enters into
fever mixture, distemper mixture, &c. ; also as a cooling lotion, combined
with sal ammoniac and spirit, for application to swellings and bruises,
to reduce local inflammation where the skin is not broken.

Cooling Lotion. — The following is the formula : — Take sal ammoniac 4oz.,
strong acetic acid lOoz., boiling water lOoz., methylated spirit 2oz. Powder
the sal ammoniac and dissolve in the boiling water and acetic acid, and
add the spirit.

Before applying the lotion it must be mixed with eight or ten parts of
cold water, and the part kept constantly wetted with it until heat, pain, and
other inflammatory symptoms have disappeared. N.B. — An intermittent
use of such lotions by causing reaction often does more harm than good.

Acid, Gallic. — Astringent and Styptic. — Given in diabetes and for
internal haemorrhage. Dose, three to eight grains. The following powders
are a useful form in which to administer it.

Styptic Powders. — Take gallic acid 3gr., powdered alum 4gr., powdered
opium igr., to make one powder. One to be given twice or thrice a day.

Aconite. — The common name of this plant is monk's-hood, and both the
leaves and root are used in medicine. The liniment of aoonite of the
British pharmacopoeia often proves of great value in assuaging the pangs
of rheumatism, and the tincture added to the distemper mixture is, in cases
where there is nervous excitement, of great value. It must always be
given with great caution. The dose of the tincture is from one half to
three drops, according to age and size.

21tliiop's Mineral. — This is a very favourite medicine with the regular
" dog doctor, " by whom it is given for almost every disease. Although
formerly prescribed as an alterative in glandular affections and cutaneous
diseases, it has been proved quite inert, and is now discarded. It is

100 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

merely mentioned here to warn against faith in the virtues ascribed to it
by the vulgar. T would also warn against a mistake which I once knew
to cost the life of a valuable dog, that is, confounding ^thiop's mineral
with Turpeth mineral — another mercurial preparation, much more active
and poisonous in much smaller doses than may be given with impunity of
the other, ^thiop's mineral is black in colour, and Turpeth mineral is a
bright yellow. The latter article, I miy remark in pa3sing, was at one
time held to be a preservative against hydrophobia.

Aloes. — This is one of the safest and best purgatives for the dog, the
dose is from ten grains up to twenty grains, the dog requiring a proper-
tionately much larger dose of this drug than man ; it is, however, always
advisable to try the effects of the smaller dose first, as the lives of many
dogs are sacrificed to a rash boldness in administering over doses.
Aloes are generally given in conjunction with other purgatives, as jalap,
rhubarb, &c., and they enter into the composition of most aperient pills
made for the dog. The following is a useful mild aperient bolus :

Mild Aperient Bolus. — Take aloes socotrine, l|dr. ; powdered jalap, 2sc. ;
powdered ginger, Isc. ; Castile soap, |dr. ; make into twelve balls. Dose,
one or two. Or for small dogs, into 24 pills.

Alum. — Astringent; dose four to eight grains, given in diabetes and
internal haemorrhage (see Acid, gallic). Alucn is also given in cases of
obstinate diarrhoea, in conjunction with opium, and it may be advanta-
geously given in such cases as a clyster, dissolved in gruel. Burnt alum
is a very mild caustic applied to fungous growths.

Ammonia, Arom.atic Spirit of (Spirit of Sal Volatile). — A diffusible
stimulant and antacid. It is useful in colic, and is given in cases of de-
pression of the vital powers. The dose is from ten drops to a small tea-
spoonful. It must always be largely diluted before it is given.

Am.m.onia Muriate. — Sal ammoniac. For uses, see Acetic acid.

Am.m.onia, Solution of Acetate of (Mindererus' Spirit). — Given in
febrile and inflammatory disorders, distemper, pneumonia, &c. The
following is a mixture for distemper which may be given in any case where
feverishness or inflammation is present :

Distemper Mixture. — Take chlorate of potash 2 dr., sweet spirit of nitre
2dr., Mindererus' spirit loz., tincture of henbane 2dr., water sufficient to
make 4oz. Dose, from one half to three teaspoonfuls .

Ammonia, Strong* Liquid. — This is used as a blister to the dog (see
Blisters). Diluted with three parts of distilled water, it forms the spirit
of hartshorn of the shops, which, with other articles, is used as a liniment
for sprains, bruises, rheumatism, «fec.

^Liniment for Sprains. — Equal parts of spirit of hartshorn, turpentine,
rape oil, and laudanum, make a generally useful liniment for the above
purposes. If in a glass-stoppered bottle, it will not be impaired by keeping.

Antimonial Powder (True James's Powder). — This is given as a
febrifuge and diaphoretic in doses of from four to six grains ; it is preferred
to tartar emetic, as not being so likely to excite the dog's stomach. It is
by some relied on as a cure for distemper.

CANINE MATERIA MEDICA. 101

Antimony, Tartarated (Tartar Emetic).— This, as its name implies,
is an emetic. On the dog's stomach it acta very qnickly ; but, indeed,
vomiting appears to be quite a natural act in the dog, and no doubt it is
attended with beneficial results when he is his own doctor and applies to
his natural physic, the couch or dog grass ; but this habit in the dog has
been used to his injury, and the use of emetics shamefully abused, and
from being treated as a panacea for all dog ills, has done much harm.
Emetics are, however, of use, and it is not bad practice to give one on the
first appearance of dist emper cr jaundice, and in cases of poisoning they
are our sheet anchor. The dose of tartar emetic, as an emetic, is from one
to three grains given dissolved in warm water, and the dog freely drenched
with it. It is also used as a febrifuge in doses of one-eighth of a grain to
half a grain ; but for this purpose the James's Powder, another prepara-
tion of antimony, is to be preferred.

Areca Nut. — Also c ailed betel nut. This is one of the best vermifuges
we have. Never buy it in powder ; select the heaviest nut, reject such as
are worm-eaten, and grate the dose required on a nutmeg' grater. The
dose may be taken as two grains for every pound the dog weighs. It
should be given on an empty stomach, and followed, in from one to two
hours, by a dose of castor oil.

Arnica, Tincture of. — This is applied externally as a stimulant in
sprains, bruises, and rheumatic lameness, and also for dispersing tumours.
It should be used as a lotion diluted with from ten to twenty parts of
cold water. So highly is arnica held in esteem in Germany as a remedy
for bruises, &c., that the common people name it the "fall plant," and
their more learned neighbours Panacea lapsorum. One other circum-
stance maybe mentioned in connection with the arnica plant; it is said
to be eaten by no animal except the goat.

Arsenic, Powler's Solution of. — This is, I believe, the only way in
which arsenic is given to the dog. It is an alterative, aud, as such, is of
great value in some cases of mange, and other obstinate skin diseases.
The dose is from two to eight drops. It should always be given on a full
stomach, and it must be withheld for a week or so if it has produced
redness of the eyes, ru nning of watery fluid from the nose, and a loathing
of food. I generally give it with a tonic to prevent this last result. Give
each dose in a teaspoonful of tincture of gentian or Peruvian bark,
immediately after a meal.

Belladonna. — Deadly nightshade. This is a narcotic and sedative of
very powerful action, and, like aconite, must be used with great caution.
The tincture is the most useful preparation of it. Dose, from two to six
drops.

Benzoin, Tincture of (Friar's Balsam).— An excellent application to
cuts, tears, bites, &c. It should be applied as soon as the parts are
cleaned from dirt, &c., to stop bleeding and protect the exposed surface.
The tincture is also given in chronic coughs. Dose, ten or fifteen drops
on sugar.

Bismuth.— The subnitrate of bismuth has a soothing effect in stomach

102 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

disorders, and in long-continued diarrhoea is often most beneficial, Three
to ten grains of it may in such cases be given twice a day in chalk mixture.

Brimstone. — See Sulphur,

Bromide of Potassium. — This is very useful in epileptic fits and to
allay excitement. It may be given in doses of from five to twenty grains,
and where a dog is subject to fits, continued for two or three weeks. It
has, however, a debilitating effect.

Buckthorn (Syrup of). — This is a time-honoured purgative for the
dog, and a very good one, although it has got into disrepute, as I believe,
through the rubbish that is too commonly sold under the name ; for since
it became obsolete as a medicine for man, druggists have been less careful
in its preparation. The syrup should be made from the fresh juice of the
berries of buckthorn {Rhamorus catharticus), a shrub or tree which grows
plentifully in our woods and hedges. As it is so frequently required in
the kennel, and can be easily made, and as many who live in the country
may prefer to gather the berries (which are ripe in September and October)
and make their own, I subjoin directions how to proceed. Having collected
a sufficiency of berries, take the readiest and best means that suggest to
press the juice entirely out of them, to assist which a little water may be
added towards the last. Set aside the juice for a week and then decant
the clear, straining any that may be thick at the bottom . To every three
pints of juice add |oz of bruised ginger, and boil slowly down to a quart ;
when cold, strain into a clean pot, add 31b. of lump sugar ; place on a
Blow fire, and stir till the sugar is dissolved and the syrup has just boiled.
When cold, pour into a stone bottle, and keep it, lightly corked, in a cool
cellar. The average dose is one tablespoonful, and to prevent griping a
teaspoonful of syrup of white poppies should be added. The popular
mixture of buckthorn and castor oil has already been noticed as Mild
Purge on p. 10.

Calomel. — Acts as an emetic and purgative ; it is at all times an
uncertain and unsafe medicine for the dog. Youatt and others say it
should never be given in larger doses than three grains. Country farriers
and others often give it in much larger doses — indeed, by the rule of thumb
— and the consequence is the death or utter ruin of many valuable dogs.
As a remedy in the yellows and other affections of the liver, podophyllin,
or " vegetable calomel," is safer and more effective.

Camphor. — Calmative and antispasmodic. May be given in cases of
excitement and restlessness, and also in severe diarrhoea. The dose is from
two to eight grains.

Cantharides.— See Spanish Fly.

Cardamom Seeds. — Possess similar properties to carraways. The
following is a useful cordial and stimulant for greyhounds and other dogs
when severely run : —

Cordial Ball. — Take powdered cardamom seeds Idr., cayenne pepper
isc, oil of carraways (English) 10 drops, oil of cloves 5 drops, powdered
gam acacia idr., made into a paste with honey or syrup. One-fourth for
a dose, given wrapped up in an ounce of lean mutton.

CANINE MATERIA MEDIC A. 103

Carraway Seeds. — Stomachic and cordial.

Carron Oil. — A most useful application to scalds or burns. It is made
hj mixing equal parts of raw linseed oil and lime water.

Castor Oil. — Purgative. Dose, from a teaspoonful to a wineglassfnl.
It is a mistake to give very large doses, as such are apt to create vomiting
and are useless, the excess being carried off by the bowels.

Cayenne Pepper. — Stimulant and stomachic.

Chalk, Prepared. — Antacid in its effects ; it is particularly useful in
diarrhoea, for which it may be given alone if nothing better can be con-
veniently had. Dose, as much as will lie on a shilling.

Chloral Hydrate.— Antispasmodic and soporific. May be given in
cases of fits, also when the dog suffers great pain. Dose, from five to twenty
grains, according to size of dog and the result it is desired to produce.
The larger dose would induce sleep.

Chloroform. — Principally used as an anassthetic in painful operations.
It also acts as an anodyne and anti-spasmodic in colic, &c. As such it is
generally given in the form of chloric ether, the dose of which is from ten
to thirty drops in water or other fluid.

Cinchona, or Peruvian Bark.— This is a well-known medicine, and,
as a tonic, suits the dog admirably. It is especially useful after dis-
temper and other lowering diseases, and works wonders in getting dogs
into high-class condition for shows or work. The following preparation of
the bark is most convenient, being in a concentrated form, and will keep
good for years :

Concentrated Barh Tonic. — Take concentrated decoction of yellow cin-
chona bark, compound tincture of bark, equal parts ; dose, one or two
teaspoonfuls twice daily in water, as a drench.

Clysters or Enemas. — These agents are mostly in the liquid form,
and are administered for various purposes, as the softening and removal of
hardened faeces, the allaying of spasm or colic in the bowels, the destruction
of worms, for checking diarrhoea, and more rarely for nourishing the body.
The forms for clysters will be found in the parts of the work treating of
those ailments in which they are used. The means of injecting the
clyster is usually the common bladder and pipe sold by druggists at Is.
each, or what is greatly better, an indiarubber bottle enema, which
gives the operator greater power, and is itself less trouble, being self-
filling.

Cod Liver Oil. — This well-known medicine is given to the dog in cases
of debility and emaciation supervening inflammatory attacks, and to
arrest the progress of chronic diseases of the respiratory organs. It
is also given in scrofulous affections. The finest Pomeranian I ever saw,
had, when a pup, free access to the droppings of a cod-liver oil tank,
which he was in the habit of lapping regularly with every evidence of
enjoyment. Excellent for ricketty and weakly dogs ; but it is inju-
dicious to give it to strong growing pups of the larger breeds, as it
makes fat, and the pups get so heavy the legs often give way. Dose, from
a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful. Large doses are a mistake, for the

104 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

stomach cannot assimilate much at once, and the overplus is carried off
by the bowels.

Copper, Sulphate of (Blue Stone).— Externally applied, it is a mild
caustic ; internally administered, astringent and tonic ; dose, from ^ grain
to 2 grains, but it is apt to cause vomiting. In applying it to proud flesh
in sores, choose a crystal with a smooth surface, which wet and rub on the
part, or scrape a little into fine powder and dust over the sore.

Cowhagfe or Cow Itch. — The stiff brown hairs growing on the pods
of the plant Mecuna pruriens. It acts mechanically in expelling worms,
but is an uncertain remedy. The dose may be a teaspoonfnl given in the
morning fasting, and repeated three consecutive mornings, the last dose
followed by a dose of castor oil.

Cream of Tartar. — A cooling laxative and diuretic medicine. Dose,
ten to twenty grains, given daily.

Dandelion. — Given in jaundice, and other liver affections. The extract
is the most convenient form, or the decoction made as follows may be
given : Fresh dandelion roots, sliced, 6oz. ; water 1| pints ; boil slowly
down to half a pint. Dose, half a wineglassful.

Digfitalis. — See Foxglove.

Unenia. — See Clysters.

Epsom Salts. — Purgative. Dose, one to three drachms. A convenient
form for giving thet salts is the ordinary black draught of the shops.

"Ergot of Bye. — Useful in cases of protracted parturition. Five to
fifteen grains may be given in a little warm water with a teaspoonful of
brandy added. The dose repeated in an hour if needed.

Ether, Spirit of Nitrous (Sweet Spirit of Nitre). — Diaphoretic and
diuretic. It is given in distemper, fevers, influenza, &c. Dose, half to
one teaspoonful. The following is a good form of fever mixture, and may
be used in the earlier stages of distemper :

Fever Mixture. — Take powdered nitre Idr., sweet spirit of nitre ^oz,,
Mindererus' spirit loz., camphor julep 6^oz., mixed. Dose, two tablespoon-
fuls every four or six hours.

Ether, Spirit of Sulphuric. — A diffusive stimulant and anti-spas-
modic. Dose, half a drachm to one drachm. In colic it should be given
with equal parts of laudanum, and it must always be largely diluted with
water or other liquid.

Fern — Male Shield Fern {Lastrea Filix-Mas.) — Anthelmintic. Male
Shield Fern has been known and used as a remedy for worms since the
first century of the Christian Era. The root, which is perennial, is the
part of the plant used in medicine, and the best form in which to give it is
the ethereal extract, the powder being very bulky, and also because there
is often a difficulty in obtaining it fresh. It becomes inert by keeping. The
dose of the powder is from one to three drachms. The dose of the
ethereal extract or oil of male fern is from ten to forty drops. It is apt
to irritate the stomach and produce vomiting, and should therefore be
gfiven in an emulsion, a form for making which will be found in the portion
on Worms. Male fern is one of the most certain remedies for tape worm.

CANINE MATERIA MEDICA. 105

Foxglove {Digitalis ^purpurea). — The dried leaves of this well-known
plant form a valuable therapeutic agent, but too powerful and dangerous
to be trifled with, and its administration should be left to the professional
man. It is a sedative. Dose, from half a grain to two grains.

Gentian Boot. — Stomachic and tonic, and as such one of the most
valuable canine medicines. The plant {Oentiana lutea) affording this
medicinal root is a perennial which grows on the Alps and other moun-
tainous parts of Europe. Gentian is given to the dog in the form of
powdered root ; dose, ten to twenty grains, or, which is more convenient, in
form of the extract, dose of which is two to six grains. The following is
a useful stomachic pill in indigestion :

Pill for Indigestion. — Take extract of gentian, Idr.; powdered rhubarb,
Idr.; powdered ginger, idr. ; mix, and make into thirty pills. Dose, one
to three once or twice a day. Extract of gentian is also an ingredient in
the tonic pills.

Cring'er. — Cordial and carminative. Dose, two to eight grains.

Iodide of Mercury (Green). — This is almost a specific in red mange ; it
should be used in the form of ointment, one part of green iodide to seven
parts of lard. Where the disease has spread over a large surface, it ia
advisable to take one portion of the diseased skin at a time, and rub the
ointment well into each part on successive days. No loose ointment should
be left on the hair. If this be properly done, any little the dog may Hck off
the skin will merely act as an alterative, and thereby assist the cure.
When using green iodide of mercury ointment for red mange, it is advisable
to give, internally, Fowler's Solution of Arsenic.

Iodide of Potassium. — An alterative and stimulant of the absorbents ;
its effect is to reduce glandular swellings, enlarged joints, and scrofulous
tumours ; it is given in doses of two to five grains in water or compound
decoction of sarsaparilla, and, like all alteratives, must be continued some
time to produce effect. When given internally, an ointment, made with
one part iodide to seven parts of lard, should at the same time be applied
daily with friction till the swelling be reduced.

Iodine. — In form of tincture this is used to disperse glandular swellings
and chronic enlargements. The part should be painted with it daily.

The green iodide of mercury is not to be confounded with the red or
biniodide of mercury, which is a powerful blister and, as such, is used
for the ox and also for the horse, on account of its leaving no blemish-
Iron. — A tonic in anoemia or want of blood. The preparations of
iron chiefly used are the sulphate (purified green copperas) and the sac-
charine carbonate. The dose of the sulphate is from half to one grain,
given with gentian, &c. The following is an excellent form of pill for dogs
recovering from distemper and other lowering diseases :

Tonic Pills. — Take quinine, Igr. ; sulphate of iron, igr. ; ginger, llgr. ;
extract of gentian, 2gr. ; made into one pill. Dose, one or two twice a
day.

The dose of the saccharine carbonate of iron is from five to fifteen grains j
it may be given in a little honey, and placed well back on the tongue.

H

106 ' THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

Jalap. — A brisk purgative ; dose, from ten to twenty grains.

Kamala. — Vermifuge. A fine granular powder, orange-red in colour,
consisting of minute glands adhering to the capsules of the Bottlera
tinctoria. The dose is one and a half grains to two grains for each pound
weight of the dog, up to a maximum dose of one and a half drachms, for
large dogs. This is an excellent worm medicine for the dog.

Kousso. — The flowers and flower stalks of Brayera anthelmintica, a
rosaceous plant which grows in Abyssinia, and has there been long used
as an anthelmintic. Dose, quarter ounce infused in two ounces boiling
water till cold.

Laudanum. — See Opium.

Lead, Acetate of (Sugar of Lead).— A solution of this, two or three
grains to the ounce of distilled water, is used as a wash for the eyes, &c.
Internally it is given as an astringent and styptic in bleeding from the
lungs, bloody urine, and in dysenteric diarrhoea, when the evacuations are
tinged with blood ; for the latter purpose half to two grains may be given
with laudanum. " Stonehenge " prescribes the following :

Styptic in internal hleeding. — Acetate of lead, 2gr. to 3gr.; tincture of
matico, 30 to 50 drops ; vinegar, ten drops ; water, one ounce ; to form one
dose, which must be given two or three times a day.

Lead, Extract of {Liquor plumhi diacetatis, or Goulard's Extract). —
Used as a sedative and cooling lotion, as follows :

Cooling Lotion. — Extract of lead, Idr. ; spirit of wine or brandy, 2dr.
or 3dr. ; distilled water, one pint.

A valuable liniment for excoriated surfaces, or after the application of
a blister, is made thus :

Liniment for Excoriated Surfaces. — Extract of lead, ^oz. ; olive oil, 3oz. ;
mix by well shaking.

This liniment is also an excellent application for canker of the ear ;
when the discharge is offensive a few drops of glycerine and carbolic acid
should be added.

Lime. — Freshly burnt (unslaked) lime is used in making the lime and
sulphur or mange lotion, a form for which has been given in a chapter
on Mange.

Lime tvater is made by putting a piece of unslaked lime into a vessel
of cold water, shaking it briskly, and allowing the undissolved lime to sub-
side, when the clear lime water can be poured off. Carron Oil (the Lini-
mentum Calais of the old pharmacopoeias) is made by mixing equal parts
of lime water and linseed oil, and is one of the best applications to scalds
and burns. It takes its name from having been long used for that purpose
at the Carron Iron Works.

Magfnesia. — Laxative. Given with milk of sulphur for piles ; dose,
one to two scruples. If continued too long it is apt to form concretions in
the bowels.

Mercury (Quicksilver). — The preparations of mercury used in canine
practice are principally : Calomel ; dose, from half to two grains. Grey
powder (mercury and chalk); dose, one to four grains. White precipitate

CANINE MATERIA MEDICA. 107

(ammonic-chloride of mercury), rubbed into the coat to destroy lice and
tick.

Olive Oil. — Laxative. Dose, one, two, or three tablespoonfuls.

Opium. — Narcotic and anodyne. Dose of the powder, half to two
grains.

Opium, Tincture of (Laudanum) . — This medicine is of great utility ; it
is given in diarrhoea, colic, coughs, &c., and enters into the compositions
of many lotions and liniments. The dog requires an exceptionally large
dose of laudanum ; for a large dog, a teaspoonful ; smaller dogs, and young
ones, in proportion.

Fhosphorus and Phosphates. — Phosphorus, in the form of com-
pound phosphorus pills, is often of great benefit in cases of general
debility, and proves of great service to dogs kept at stud.

Pomegranate Bark.— The powder is useful in expelling worms. The
dose is from twenty to thirty grains.

Potash, Chlorate of. — A saline alterative. It has the effect of counter-
acting putrescence of the fluids in typhus, &c., and is of great value as
a remedy in distemper, for which the following mixture is recom-
mended :

Distemper Mixture. — Take chlorate of potash, 2dr. ; Mindererus' spirit,
loz. ; sweet spirit of nitre, 2dr. ; tincture of henbane, 2dr. ; water, 2^oz.;
dissolve the potash in the water and add the other ingredients. Dose, from
a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful, given every four hours, in a little addi-
tional water or gruel.

Potash, Nitrate of (Saltpetre). — Diuretic and diaphoretic. Dose,
three grains to ten grains. Meyrick recommends it in doses of five grains
to ten grains, with a teaspoonful of flowers of sulphur, as an alterative in
skin diseases.

Precipitate, Red (Nitric Oxyde of Mercury), Poison.— It is used
externally in form of ointment to old and indolent sores, which it stimu-
lates to healthy action. To make the ointment, mix one part with seven
parts spermaceti ointment.

Precipitate, White (Ammonio-Chloride of Mercury), Poison.— Used
to destroy ticks, lice, &c. To effect this purpose it should be well rubbed
into the coat and skin in a dry state, and brushed out in a few hours ; it
is advisable to muzzle the dog while the precipitate is on him, and he should
be kept dry the while ; the precipitate should not be used where the skin
is much broken.

Quinine. — Tonic. Dose, one to three grains.

Rhubarb. — Purgative, stomachic, and tonic. Chiefly used for the dog
as a stomachic in digestion, &c. Dose, two to eight grains.

Sal Ammoniac. — Used in solution as a cooling lotion to bruises and
inflamed parts.

Salt, Common. — Emetic. Give one or two teaspoonfuls in quarter to
half pint warm water. It is also resorted to as a vermifuge, but is un-
certain.

Santonine (Worm Seed).— The seeds of Tartarian Southernwood is an

H 2

108 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

old and favourite worm medicine. Santonine is the active principle. The
dose is from one to four grains.

Sarsaparilla (Compound Decoction of). — An uncertain alterative. A
good vehicle for giving iodide of potash.

Senna Leaves (Infusion of).— Given as a purgative, with Epsom salts,
in form of black draught.

Silver, Nitrate of. — The fused form (lunar caustic) is the best and
safest caustic. This is sold in convenient wooden pencil cases, which can
be carried in the waistcoat pocket, and all having much to do with dogs
should be provided with one for their own protection. Nitrate of silver is
given internally in chorea. Dose, one-twelfth to one-eighth grain, made
into a pill with bread crumbs.

Spanish Ply. — Used as a blister, which see ; also in the form of tincture
(cantharides), added to stimulating liniments, to increase and quicken their
action. It is also used as a stimulant to the growth of hair, for which
purpose one part may be added to seven parts of glycerine, and the mixture
well rubbed into the skin once or twice a day.

Sulplmr (Brimstone). — Laxative. Dose of the flowers, a teaspoonful ;
equal parts by weight of milk of sulphur and cream of tartar form a useful
cooling medicine to dogs in confinement, dose, half to one teaspoonful
daily. The practice of putting a lump of roll sulphur in the water placed
for dogs is valueless, sulphur being insoluble in water. Sulphur vivum,
or black sulphur, is the residue left from the sublimation of sulphur ;
this isiby many people preferred to pure sulphur as a local application,
but wrongly so, as it is comparatively useless, and often contains traces
of arsenic.

Sweet Spirit of Nitre.— See Ether,

Syrup of Phosphates, commonly called Chemical Food, consists of
phosphates of soda, lime, potash, and iron, made into a syrup with sugar.
It is excellent in rickets, weak legs, and general dsbility ; dose, from a half
to twoLteaspoonfuls, accordiDg to size and age. It should be given two or
three times a day in food.

Turpentine, Spirit of. — Turpentine is given as a vermifuge, but there
are safer remedies. When given it' should be in form of emulsion, with
yolk of egg, mucilage, oil, &c. Venice turpentine, a combination of
spirit of turpentine and rosin, is safer, but less effective. The following
is useful as a

Liniment for Stiffness, Sprains, and Rheumatism. — Turpentine, rape oil,
hartshorn, and laudanum, in equal parts.

Zinc, Sulphate of. — Used as an astringent lotion, given internally in
chorea ; dose, one grain to three grains in a pill twice a day. In doses of
fifteen grains to twenty grains it acts as a speedy emetic.

ADMINISTEEING MEDICINES. 109

MODES OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES.

Some medicines are really taken with the food, and when this is the case
it saves much trouble and needless alarm and irritation to the dog.

In a little savoury broth or porridge most dogs will take castor oil, olive
oil, cod liver oil, syrup of phosphates, Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, &c.,
and many powders, such as areca nut, kamala, santonine, &c.

Where powders are refused in the food they should be mixed with a
little butter, lard, honey, or syrup, and placed well back on the tongue.
To do this, force the mouth open by pressing the lips against the teeth and
gums, and the medicine can then be placed on the tongue by an assistant.
With large, powerful, and restive dogs the mouth can be held open by
means of a towel twisted round the upper jaw. With small dogs an
assistant is not needed, as they can be held tightly between the knees
whilst giving the medicine. As soon as the medicine is placed on the
tongue the dog's mouth should be closed and held shut till he is seen to
swallow, but the mouth must not be so held as to interfere with his
breathing through his nostrils.

In giving a pill or bolus the same method should be adopted.

In administering liquid medicines which the dog will not take voluntarily
it is necessary to drench him. To do so the ordinary plans are to use a
spoon, or recourse is had to an earthenware or strong glass bottle, such as
a ginger beer or soda water bottle. With the spoon the medicine is
generally spilt, and the use of the bottle is fraught with great danger, and
that from two sources : first, the medicine is delivered from the bottle too
fast, and in a manner that makes it impossible for the dog to swaUow,
and choking is the result ; and, secondly, there is very great danger of
the bottle being shivered to pieces between the dog's powerful jaws,
lacerating the mouth, throat, &c., and causing serious and dangerous
wounds. To obviate these evils, I some few years ago invented a dog
medicine measure and drencher, an article included in The Field Dog
Medicine Chest. It consists of a glass bottle, strongly made, of about 3oz.
capacity, the mouth just wide enough to be easily covered with the finger ;
the bottom is drawn out, and forms a rounded nozzle, over which is
stretched and tied a short flexible indiarubber tube, into the extreme end
of which is inserted a bone tube about 1^ in. long. The bottle is graduated
to correct measurement of teaspoonfuls and tablespoonfuls, and in case of
a number of patients, several can have their allotted doses given without
re-measuring or re-filling the bottle. To use the drencher, the flexible tube
is doubled up until the quantity required has been put into the bottle ;
the forefinger of the right hand is then placed on the mouth, which
completely controls the flow of liquid through the tube, which is now
loosed, and the left hand of the operator left at liberty to insert the
end with the bone tube in the back part of the dog's mouth ; the operator,
having full command of the contents of the bottle, can, by raising his fore-

110 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

finger, let it run out by degrees as he sees the dog swallow it. Candour
compels me to admit that this, like many other inventions, is better in
theory than practice. It is, however, of value, particularly in giving
medicines and strengthening food, such as beef tea, to dogs that are greatly
exhausted by disease and have difficulty in swallowing. The drenchers
can be purchased from Messrs. F. Green and Co., wholesale druggists,
Birmingham, who get them up.

Another way of giving liquid medicines is to gently raise the animal's
head and form a pouch by drawing outwards and slightly upwards the
lips and cheek at the corner of the mouth, and gradually pouring the
medicine into the funnel thus formed. This is a good way of giving
medicine, but slow, and requiring patience.

The dog's stomach being very sensitive, many medicines are at once
rejected, and to prevent this it is sometimes necessary to tie him up for
half an hour after giving the dose, with his head in a slightly elevated
position; but by giving such irritating medicines as turpentine, oil of
male fern, &c., in a demulcent, as previously advised, this course is
frequently unnecessary.

DISINFECTANTS. Ill

DISINFECTANTS.

The value of disinfectants as health preservers is becoming more and
more appreciated, and their value in the kennel can scarcely be overrated.

Of course it is all important a kennel should be well drained and kept
clean, but still, to keep it perfectly free from putrescent effluvia and to
destroy specific contagion, disinfectants must be resorted to.

It would be tedious, and it'is quite unnecessary, even to enumerate the
various disinfectants. I will, therefore, briefly refer to a few I consider
most suitable for the kennel, omitting several excellent in themselves, but
too dangerous to be trusted in the hands of many who have the cleansing
of kennels.

One thing of importance in the use of disinfectants must be noted : It is
wasteful, and defeats the object of their use when thrown down in
quantities irregularly ; the equal distribution of them over the whole
surface of the kennel at regular intervals is both the cheapest and most
effectual way of keeping disease at bay.

Carbolic Acid has been for many years popular. Calvert's and
M'Dougal's are the two best makes, and care must always be taken to use
it properly diluted.

Chloride of Lime. — One of the best kennel disinfectants ; it should
not be mixed with a little water and thrown down in a half solid form, but
when the kennel is of considerable size, get an old petroline barrel, put 71b.
into it and fill up with water ; stir it well and apply the clear liquid with a
rose watering can. Of course the strength must be kept up by adding
fresh chloride of lime from time to time.

Jeyes' Perfect Purifier is a non-poisonous disinfectant, well suited to
kennel use.

Sanitas is the name given to a comparatively new disinfectant, ob-
tained by the atmospheric oxydation of turpentine, and containing
peroxide of hydrogen and camphoric acid. It was discovered by Mr.
Kingzette, and is manufactured by the Sanitas Company, London. I have
used it for a long time, and believe it to be a thoroughly efficient disin-
fectant and the best suited to kennel use.

Sulphurous Acid Gas. — When there has been distemper or other con-
tagious disease lingering in a kennel for some time, this may be used with
advantage. It consists simply in burning the flowers of sulphur. Take
a common frying pan, or some such iron vessel, get it red hot, if possible ;
on it place the sulphur, which must be set fire to and burnt, the vessel
being placed on bricks in the centre of the kennel floor, and, all the doors
and apertures closed, the fumes will penetrate to every crevice. The dogs
must not be returned to the kennel until it has been thoroughly freed from
the gas by ventilation.

102 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING.

Perhaps none of our domestic animals are so liable to suffer from the
effects of poisonous substances as the dog ; his restless and inquisitive
nature, and that inveterate habit of routing in every accessible hole and
corner, lays him open to it, whilst the sporting dog, on duty in places where
unsportsmanlike practices prevail, is exposed to special danger.

Dog-poisoning is either the result of design — where some envious or
malicious and cowardly person is the perpetrator — or it is the result of
the ignorance of persons administering to the animal drugs of the nature
and action of which they are ignorant ; or from accident, which, properly
interpreted, in most cases means culpable negligence on the part of those
having to use poisonous substances for the destruction of vermin or other
purposes. To this last cause the majority of cases of poisoning may be
traced, for although the proverb says " Familiarity breeds contempt, " it
does not apply here ; for whereas there are none so careful of poisons as
those who have the daily handling of them, and best know their baneful
power, yet by many of the general public they are used and left about with
quite a shocking carelessness.

Against the malicious poisoner it is difficult to provide — being rarely
forewarned, we cannot be forearmed ; against the ignorant practices
of the empiric the dog owner can defend himself if he will ; and against
accidental poisoning much can be done by using reasonable care when
it is necessary to employ poisons, and by keeping them properly labelled
and in proper places when not in use.

It may be of service to some readers to briefly refer to some of the more
common and popularly known poisons from which our dogs are most
likely to suffer, and I think the following will cover the great majority
of cases : Arsenic, cantharides, carbolic acid, corrosive sublimate, phos-
phorus, and strychnine.

As a general rule for distinguishing between the evidence of poisoning
and the symptoms of disease, the suddenness of the attack must weigh
largely ; and by tracing where the dog has been, and what he has or is
likely to have picked up, a pretty accurate conclusion may be arrived at.

The first step to be taken in most cases is to freely empty the stomach
by means of emetics, as tartar emetic, sulphate of zinc, ipecacuanha wine,
or, if none of these are at band, by drenching with lukewarm water, and
afterwards giving the antidotes indicated, if procurable ; but, under any cir-
cumstances, give demulcents, such as boiled flour and milk, starch, gruel,
milk and eggs beaten up, olive oil, &c., in considerable quantities. A dose
of castor oil may also be given, and, if the dog suffers much pain, a dose
of opium or laudanum every three or four hours. Where great depression
and weakness follow, stimulants, as ether, wine, or brandy, should be
given in small quantities at frequent intervals.

Arsenic is used in wheat dressing, and also to poison rats, mice, and

TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING. 113

other vermin, and, in this way, it is frequently met with in and about
country houses.

Symptoms : Great heat and pain in the stomach and bowels, sometimes
accompanied with swelling — the belly being very tender to the touch —
great thirst, frequent vomiting, and retching, more or less discharge of a
frothy saliva, frequent evacuations of fluid dark coloured matter, often
marked with blood; the animal soon loses muscular power to a great
extent, showing an indisposition to move ; the tocgue, lips, &c., become red
and swollen, and the breathing more and more laboured and painful.

Antidotes : Ferrugo or hydrated sesquioxyde of iron, twelve parts of
which combine with one of arsenic, forming an insoluble compound ; also
light magnesia, which will remove l-25th its weight of arsenic from its
solution in water.

Cantharides. — This is given by ignorant men for purposes which are
defeated ; atid, being an acrid, irritant poison, produces dangerous results,
frequently causing inflammation of the urinary organs.

Symptoms : Violent thirst, copious discharge of bloody mucus from the
stomach, mixed with which may be seen the shiny green particles of the
flies ; there is great pain in the loins, swelling and inflammation of the
genital organs, pains in the bowels, and bloody stools and urine.

Antidotes : When this is known or suspected to have been given, an
emetic should at once be resorted to, and the dog should afterwards be
drenched with demulcents, and a dose of opium given every three or four
hours.

Carbolic Acid. — This produces baneful effects, even by absorption
through the pores of the skin, when too freely used. It causes great
prostration, with trembling of the whole frame.

Symptom-s : Extraordinary depression of the vital powers ; there is
general shivering and almost constant trembling of the limbs, and a
palsied motion of the head. Bleeding at the nose is a frequent symptom,
and the discharges from the bowels are also often stained with blood ; the
countenance of the sufferer is expressive of a most helpless and painful
state.

Antidote : The proper treatment consists in placing the dog in a warm
bath, using friction the while, and administering stimulants, such as
ammonia, ether, brandy, &c., which should be given in water or gruel.

Corrosive Sublimate is used for a variety of purposes about farms,
although for most of the purposes to which it is put a non-poisonous
article would answer as well or better ; it is also used for destroying vermin.
Corrosive sublimate, phosphorus, and strychnine each enter into the
composition of paste and powders largely sold for the destruction of
vermin, and it is when so used, being placed on bread and butter, bits of
meat, &c., that they are most likely to be picked up by the dog.

Symptoms: Violent vomiting and purging of stringy and offensive
matter, the belly distended and painful to the touch, the urine suppressed,
cramp and twitches in the limbs, and frequently paralysis ensues.

Antidotes : Tartar emetic, as an emetic ; white of egg, followed im-

I

114 THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

mediately by infusion of galls ; milk or gluten of wheat. Of the chemical
antidotes, the albumen of eggs is by far the best ; the white of one egg
ia sufficient to neutralise or render insoluble four grains of solid bi-
chloride of mercury.

Fhosphorus. — Antidote : Calcined magnesia, with diluents and demul-
cents given in quantity.

Strychnine.— iSf^wpioms : Severe, acute pain, making the dog utter
sharp cries ; frequent twitchings and jerkings of the head and limbs, the
fore and hind legs are drawn towards each other, and the back is arched ;
the fits of cramp and twitching are intermittent, but are readily brought
on by a touch or even a sudden noise ; foaming at the mouth is also a
frequent symptom.

Antidotes : An emetic, which should immediately be given, and afterwards
butter, lard, or other fat in considerable quantities.

The subject is too abstruse to be dealt with fully here. I merely
attempt to point out a general line of treatment to be adopted till pro-
fessional aid can be obtained — when that is considered necessary — and
which will tend to alleviate the animal's sufferings should it fail in
averting fatal consequences.

-*-T9m » m^^-

INDEX TO PRESCRIPTIONS.

MEDICINES.

Antiseptic Lotion

Anti- Spasmodic Drops

Aperient Bolus

Astringent Anodyne Drops

Astringent Anodyne Mixture

Astringent Bolus for Diabetes
Astringent Powders for Prolapsus

Brisk Stimulating Liniment

Cantharides Drops

Colic Drops

Compound Podophyllin Pills

Concentrated Cooling Lotion

Concentrated Tonic Mixture

Cooling Lotion, Concentrated

Cough Mixture

Cough Pills

Distemper Mixture

Electuary for Bronchitis and Sore

Throat

Eye Lotions

Fever Mixture

Injection for Diarrhoea

Injection for Prolapsus

Lead Liniment

Lime and Sulphur Lotion

Liniment for Drying Bitches

Liniment for Rheumatism

Liniment for Sprains, Bruises, &c.

Liniment, Lead

Liniment, Stimulating

Lotion, Antiseptic

Lotion, Cooling

Lotion, Eye

Lotion for Blotch

Lotion , Lime and Sulphur

DISEASES.

see Cuts, Wounds, Tears

Asthma

Indigestion

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea

Diabetes

Prolapsus of the Vagina.

Cramp

Bladder, Inflammation of

Colic

Distemper

Distemper

Bowels, Inflammation of.

Distemper

Cough

Asthma

Distemper

Bronchitis and Laryngitis

Ophthalmia

Bladder, Inflammation of

Diarrhoea

Prolapsus of the Vagina.

Ear, Canker of

Mange

Lacteal Tumours ... .
Kennel Lameness ... .

Bruises

Ear, Canker of

Cramp

Cuts, &c. ...
Distemper ...
Ophthalmia...

Mange

Mange

PAGE

30
12
56
33
33
32
83
29
15
27
42
40
20
40
28
13
42

21, 62
75
14
33
83
46
69
61
59
22
46
29
30
40
75
67
83

116

INDEX TO PRESCBIPTIONS.

MEDICINES.

Lotion, Silver and Zinc

Lotion for Sore Feet

Mercurial Treatment of Jaundice.

Mild Purge

Mixture, Astringent Anodyne...

Mixture, Cough

Mixture, Distemper

Mixture, Fever

Mixture for Chorea or Distemper
Mixture for Discharging Penis

Mixture for Jaundice...

Mixture for Rheumatism

Mixture, Tonic

Mouth Wash • .

Nitrate of Silver Pills

Oil of Male Fern Emulsion ... .

Ointment for Boils

Ointment for Goitre

Ointment for Lacteal Tumours

Ointment for Mange

Ointment for Piles

Pills, Cough ...

Pills for Chorea

Pills for Dysentery

Pills for Husky Cough

Pills, Nitrate of Silver

Pills, Podophyllin

Pills, Sulphate of Zinc

Pills, Tonic

Podophyllin Pills, Compound ...

Powder for Jaundice

Purge, Mild

Silver and Zinc Lotions

Simple Tonic

Stimulating Liniment, Brisk ...
Stomachic Bolus

Sulphate of 2inc Pills

Tonic Mixture, Concentrated ...

Tonic Pills

Tonic Pills for Blain

Tonic, Simple

Tonic Stomachic Pills

Wash for Tumour

DISEASES.

PAGE

. see Ear, Canker of

... 46

Feet, Sore

... 51

Jaundice

... 57

Abortion

... 10

Diarrhoea

... 33

Cough

... 28

Distemper

... 42

Bladder, Inflammation of

... 14

Distemper

... 43

Penis, Discharge from ...

... 82

Jaundice

... 58

Kennel Lameness

... 56

Bovrels, Inflammation of 20

Mouth, Canker of the 74

Chorea 25

Worms 94

Boils 15

Goitre, or Bronchocele 54

Lacteal Tumours 61

Mange 69

Piles 82

Asthma 13

Chorea 26

Dysentery 44

Hu8k 55

Chorea 25

Distemper 42

Chorea ... 25

Abortion, Blain, and Husk 10,15,25

Distemper 42

Jaundice 58

Abortion 10

Ear, Canker of 46

Distemper 43

Cramp 29

Indigestion and Mouth, Canker

of the 56,73

Chorea 25

Bowels, Inflammation of 20

Abortion 10

Blain 15

Distemper 43

Husk 55

Piles 83

ATALOGUE

New and Practical

BOOKS.

LONDON:
L. UPCOTT GILL, " THE BAZAAR'' OFFICE, 170, STRAND.

^^^tL^' ^

CATALOGUE.

ANIMALS, BIRDS, <5rr.

Breaking and Training Dogs:

Being Concise Directions for the proper Education, both for the Field and as Com-
panions, of Retrievers, Pointers, Setters, Spaniels, Terriers, &c. By *' Pathfinder."
In cloth gilt, 5s., by post, 5s. 4d.

Diseases of Dogs :

Their Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment ; to which is added a complete
Dictionary of Canine Materia Medica. For the Use of Amateurs. By Hdgh
Dalziel (Author of *' British Dogs," &c.).

In paper, price Is., by post is. Id. ; in cloth gilt 2s., by post 2s. 2d.

British Dogs:

Their Varieties, History, Characteristics, Breeding, Management, and Exhibi-
tion. Illustrated with 52 Portraits of the Chief Dogs of the Day. By Hugh
Dalziel (" Corsincon," Author of "The Diseases of Dogs," "The Diseases of
Horses," &c.), assisted by Eminent Fanciers. [May also be had in Divisions, as
under] :

Bevelled boards, extra gilt, gilt edges, price lOs., by post, 10s. 6d.

Dogs Used in Field Sports :

Their History, Varieties, Characteristics, &c. With nineteen full page Portraits
of celebrated Dogs of the Day. {Forming Division I. of *' Britiish Dogs")
In paper, price 3s., by post, 3s. Sd.

Dogs Useful to Man

In other "Work than Field Sports. Their History, Varieties, Characteristics, &c.
With twenty-four full page Portraits of Leading Dogs of the Day. {Forming
Division II. of " British Dogs.")

lu paper, price 3s., by post, 8s. 3d.

House and Toy Dogs :

Their History, Varieties, Characteristics, &c. Also the General Management of
Dogs, and Breeding and Rearing. Illustrated with nine Portraits of Celebrateu
DogB of the Day. {Forming Division III. of *' British Dogs")
In paper, price 2s., by post, 2s. 2d.

Of Englishe Dogges :

The Diuersities, the names, the natures, and the properties. A Short Treatise
wiitten in lacine by lohannes Caius of late memorie. Doctor of Phisicke in the
Uniuersitie of Cambridge. And newly drawne into Englishe by Abraham Fleming,
Student. Natura etiam in hrutis vim ostendit suam. Scene and allowed. Imprinted
at London by Rychard Johnes, and are to be solde ouer against S. Sepulchres
Church without Newgate. 1576. Reprinted verbatim. [Note.— This is the earliest
book in the English language on the subject, and should be in the hands of all
who take an interest in Dogs.]

In boards, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. 8d.

Diseases of Horses :

Their Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment; to which is added a complete
Dictionary of Equine Materia Medica. For the Use of Amateurs. By Hugh
Dalziel. In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 8d.

Practical Dairy Farming:

A short Treatise on the Profitable Management of a Dairy Farm. Illustrated,
By G. Seaward Witcombe.

In paper, pnce Is. 6d., by post, Is. 7d.

2

Practical Handbooks. — Animals^ Birds, &^c. (continued).

Book of the Goat :

Containing Practical Directions for the Management of the Milch Goat in Health
and Disease. Illustrated. By H. Stephen Holmes Pegler.
Cheap edition, in paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Fig Keeping for Amateurs:

A Practical Guide to the Profitable Management of Pigs. By " Gurth."
In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Stock Keeping for Amateurs:

A Manual on the Varieties, Breedingr, and Management of Pigs, Sheep, Horses,
Cows, Oxen, Asses, Mules, and Goats, and the Treatment of their Diseases.
Designed for the use of Young Farmers and Amateurs. By W. H. Ablett f Author
of " Farming for Pleasure and Profit," " Arboriculture for Amateurs." " English
Trees and Tree Planting"),

Post 8vo., cloth gilt, price 5s., by post, 5s. 4d.

Rabbits for Prizes and Profit :

Containing Full Directions for the proper Management of Fancy Rabbits in
Health and Disease, for Pets or the Market; and Descriptions of every known
Variety, with Instructions for Breeding good specimens. Illustrated. By the late
Charles Rayson. Edited by Leonard U. Gill. [May a'so be had in two Parts, as
under] : In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 28, 9d.

General Management of Rabbits

Including Hutches. Breeding, Feeding, Diseases and their Treatment, Rabbit
Coverts, &c. Fully illustrated. (Forming Part J. qf *' Babbitts for Prizes and
Profit.") In paper, price Is., by post, Is. Id.

Exhibition Rabbits:

Being Descriptions of all Varieties of Fancy Babbits, their Points of Excellence,
and how to obtain them. Dlustrated. {Forming Part JI. of " Rabbits for Prizes
and Profit.") In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

The Book of the Rabbit :

A complete work on Breeding and Rearing all varieties of Fancy Babbits, givintr
their History, Variations, Uses, Points, Selection, Mating, Management, and
every other information. Illustrated with facsimiles of water-colour drawings
specially prepared for this work, and numerous wood engravings. By Various
Breeders and Exhibitors. Edited by Leonard U. Gill, (Editor of "Rabbits for
Prizes and Profit").

In extra cloth gilt, bevelled boards, gilt edges, price 12s. 6d., by post, 18?.

Ferrets and Ferreting :

Containing Instructions for the Breeding, Management, and Working of Ferrets.
In paper, price 6d., by post, 7d,

Fancy Mice:

Their Varieties, Management, and Breeding. Illustrated.
In paper, price 6d., by post, 6id.

Foreign Cage Birds:

Containing Full Directions for Successfully Breeding, Rearing, and Managing the
various Beautiful Cage Birds imported into this country. Beautifully Dlustrated.
By C. W. Gedney.
In cloth gilt, in two vols., price 8s. 6d., by post, 9s. ; in extra cloth gilt, gilt edges, in ore
vol., price 93. 6d., by post, 9s. lOd.

Parrakeets, Parrots, Cockatoos, Lories, & Macaws :

Their Varieties, Breeding and Management. (Forming Vol. I. of ** Foreign Cage
Birds.") In cloth gilt, price Ss.6d., by post, 3s. 9d.

Waxbills, Finches, Weavers, Orioles, and other

small Foreign Aviary Birds:

Their Varieties, Breeding, and Management. Beautifully illustrated. (Forming
Vol. II. of '* Foreign Cage Birds")

In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post, 5s. 4d,

3

Practical Handbooks ^ Published at 170, Strand^ W.C.

Canary Book:

Containing Full Directions for the Breeding, Rearing, and Management of
Canaries and Canary Mules ; Formation of Canary Societies ; Exhibition Canaries,
their points and breedine; and all other matters connected with this fancy. Illus-
trated. By Robert L. Wallace. [May also be had in two Parts, as follows] :

In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post 5s. 4d. ; in extra cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 6s.,

by post, 66. 4d.

General Management of Canaries:

Including Cages and Cage Making, Breeding, Managing, Mule Breeding, Diseases
and their Treatment. Moulting, Rats and Mice, &c. Illustrated, {Forming Part I.
of the " Canary Book")

In paper, price 2s., by post, 2s. 2d.

Exhibition Canaries:

Containing Full Particulars of all the different Varieties, their Points of Excellence,
Preparing Birds for Exhibition, Formation and Management of Canary Societies
and Exhibitions. Illustrated. {Forming Part II. of the " Canary Book.")
In paper, price 2s., by post, 2s. 2d.

Fancy Pigeons:

Containing Full Directions for the Breeding and Management of Fancy Pigeons,
fcnd Descriptions of every known variety, together ^vith all other information of
interest or use to Pigeon Fanciers. Handsomely illustrated. By J. C. Lyell.
In extra cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d., by post, 8s.

Poultry for Prizes and Profit ;

Contains Breeding Poultry for Prizes, Exhibition Poultry, and Management of
the Poultry Yard. Handsomely Illustrated. By James Long. [May also be
had in parts as under] :

In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. 9d.

Breeding Poultry for Prizes:

Containing full instructions for Mating Poultry to obtain the bast results in each
breed. Illustrated. {Forming Part I. of '' Poultry for Prizes and Profit.")
In paper, price 6d., by post, 6id.

Exhibition Poultry ;

Their Varieties, Characteristics, and Points of Excellence. Illustrated. {Forminr/
Part II. of "Poultry for Prizes and Pront.")

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Management of the Poultry Yard :

Including Hatching of Eggs, Rearing and Feeding, Houses and Runs, General
Management, Diseases and their Treatment, Fattening, Poultry Farming, &c.
Illustrated. {Forming Part III. of "Poultry for Prizes and Projit")
In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Ducks and Geese:

Their Characteristics, Points, and Management. By Various Breedebs.
Splendidly illustrated.

In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 7d.

Practical Bee-keeping :

Being Plain Instructions to the Amateur for the Successful Management of the
Honey Bee. Illustrated. Re-written and Enlars^ed. By Frank Cheshire.
In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s, 9d.

Bee-keeping for Amateurs:

! 01

ari
}6d

4

Being a Short Treatise on Apiculture on Humane and Successful Principles. By
Thomas Addey Cthe Lincolnshire Apiarian).

In paper, price 6d., by post, 6id.

Practical Handbooks, — Mechanics,

PRACTICAL MECHANICS.

Patents, Trade Marks, and Designs:

A Practical Guide to Inventors and Manufacturers for Securing Protection under
each of these heads. By Archibald Cbaig.
In cloth gilt, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 8d. ; in paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Praetieal Arehiteeture :

Ab applied to Farm Buildings of every description (Cow, Cattle and Calf Houses,
Stables, Piggeries, Sheep Shelter Sheds, Root and other Stores, Poultry House.-'),
Dairies, and Country Houses and Cottages. Profusely Illustrated with Diagrams
and Plans. By Robert Scott Burn.

In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post. 5s. 4d.

Practical Boat Building for Amateurs :

Containing full Instructions for Designing and Building Punts, Skiffs, Canoes,
Sailing Boats, &c. Fully illustrated with working diagrams. By Adrian
Neison, C.E. New Edition, revised and enlarged by Dixon Kemp (Author of
"Yacht Designing," "A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing," &c.).
In cloth gilt, price 2s, 6d., by post, 2s. 8d,

Art of Pyrotechny:

Being Comprehensive and Practical instructions for the Manufacture of Fire-
works, specially designed for the use of Amateurs. Profusely Illustrated. By
W. H. Browne, Ph.D, M.A., L.R.C.P.. &c. Second Edition.
In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. lOd.

Minor Fireworks :

Containing Instructions for the Manufacture of the Common and Simple Varieties
of Fireworks. For the Use of Amateurs. Illustrated. By W. H. Browne, Ph.D.,
M.A., &c. (Author of " The Art of Pyrotechny").

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Practical Firework Making for Amateurs :

Being complete and explicit Directions in the Art of Pyrotechny, as api)lied to
both the Major and Minor Firework?, for the use of Amateurs and Beginners.
By W. H. Browne, Ph.D., M.A., L.R.C.F;, &c., author of " Gun Cotton and other
Explosive Compounds," ** The Chemistry of Warfare," &c. Illustrated.
In cloth gilt, price 3s. 6d.-, by post 3s. 9d,

Printing for Amateurs:

A Practical Guide to the Art of Printing : containing Descriptions of Presses and
Materials, together with Details of the Processes employed, to which is added a
Glossary of Technical Terms. Illustrated. By P. E. Raynob.
In paper, price Is., by post Is. 2d.

Turning for Amateurs:

Containing full Description of the Lathe, with all its working parts and attach-
ments, and minute instructions for the enective use o( them on wood, metal, and
ivory. Illustrated with 130 first class wood engravings. Second Edition.
In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. 9d.

Carpentry and Joinery for Amateurs:

Contains full Descriptions of the various Tools required in the above Arts,
together with Practical Instructions for their use. By the Author of " Turning
for Amateurs," *' Working in Sheet Metal," &c.

In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d.( by post, 2s. 9d.

Working in Sheet Metal:

Being Practical Instructions for Making and Mending small Articles in Tin,
Copper, Iron, Zinc, and Brass. Illustrated. Third Edition. By the Author of
•• Turning for .Ajnateurs," &c.

In paper, price 6d., by post, 6id«

Wood Carving for Amateurs:

Containing Descriptions of all the requisite Tools, and full Instructions for their
use in producing different varieties of Carvings. Illustrated.
In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Practical Handbooks^ Published at 170, Strand, W.C^

Practical Mechanics for Amateurs:

A Series of Treatises on Ttirning, Carpentry and Joinery, Working in Sheet Metal,
Wood Carving, Firework Making, and Printing, Illustrated.
In Cloth gilt, price lOs, 6d., by poBt, lis. 2d.

Organs and Organ Building :

Giving the History and Construction of the Modern Organ, and Descriptions of the
most remarkable Instruments. With Important Specifications of celebrated
Organs. Illustrated. By C, A. Edwards.

In cloth gilt, price 53., by post, Ss. 4d,

Simple Wooden Toys:

Containing Instructions for the Home Construction of Simple Wooden Toys, and
of others that are moved or driven by Weights, Clockwork, Steam, Electricitv,.
&c. Illustrated. By James Lukin, B.A., (Author of "Turning for Amateure.")
{.Forming Part I, of '* Toys aud Toymitkbui.")

In paper, price Is. (Jd., by post Is. 8d.

• ^m » Mgi^ I

POPULAR NATURAL HISTORY.

Practical Taxidermy :

A Manual of Instruction to the Amateur in Collecting. Preserving, and Setting-up
Natural History Specimens of all kinds. Illustrated. By Montagu Browne,
In cloth gilt, price 8s. 6d., by post, 3s. 9d.

Collecting Butterflies and Moths :

Being Directions for Capturing, Killing, and Preserving Lepidopt era and theiv
LarvsB. Illustrated. Keprinted, with additions, from "Practical Taxidermy."
By Montagu Browne (Author of " Practical Taxidermy ").
In paper, price la., by post Is. Id.

Popular British Fungi:

Containing Dei^criptions and Histories of the Principal Fungi, both Edible and
Poisonous, of our Country. Illustrated. By James Britten, F.L.S.. &c.
In cloth gilt, price Ss. 6d., by post, 8s. 9d.

British Marine Algce :

Being a Popular Account of the Seaweeds of Great Britain, their Collection
and Preservation. Magnificently illustrated with 205 engravings. By W. H.
Gbattan. In cloth gilt, price 58. 6d.. by post, 5s. lOd.

Zoological Notes:

On the Structure, Affinities, Habits, and Faculties of Animals; with Adventures
among and Anecdotes of th^m. By Arthur Nicols, F.G.8.. F.R.6.S. (Author
of •' The Puzzle of Life, and How it Has Been Put Together," *' Chapters from the-
Physical History of the Earth "). [In the press.

■ lorn » mc:^ m

GUIDES TO GARDENING.

The Hardy Fruit Book {VoL I.) :

Consisting of a Series of Exhaustive Treatises on various Hardy Fruits grown,
in this country ; giving the History, the most desirable Sorts, and the best Methods
of Cultivation of each. Illustrated. By D. T. Fish (Author of ** Pruning, Graft-
ing, and Budding Fruit Trees," " Bulbs and Bulb Culture," &c.). Vol. I. includes
the Apple, the Pear, Peach and Nectarine, mentioned below. Vol. II. will include-
the Apricot, the Plum, &c. [May also be had in Parts as follow] :
In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post, 5s. 5d.

The Apple:

Its Hifitory, Varieties, Cultivation, Pruning, Training, Cropping, &c.
In paper, price is., by post. Is. id.

6

Practical Handbooks. — Guides to Gardening {continued).

The Pear:

Its History, Varieties, Cultivation, Pruninpr, Training, Cropping, &c.
In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 7d.

The Peach and Nectarine:

Their History, Varieties, Cultivation, Prucing, Training, Cropping, &c.
In paper, price 1b. 6d., by post. Is. 7d.

The Apricot:

Its History, Varieties, Cultivation, Pruning, Training, Cropping, Diseases, &c.
In paper, price Is , uy post Is. id.

The Plum:

Its History, Varieties, Cultivation, Pruning, Training, Cropping, &c.
In paper, price is., by post, Is. id.

The Cherry and Medlar :

Their History, Varieties, Cultivation, and Diseases.

In paper, price ls.,b> post is. Id.

The Fig, the Mulberry, and The Quince :

Their History, Varieties, Cultivation, and Diseases.

In paper, price Is., by post is. Id.

Orchids for Amateurs :

Containing Descriptions of Orchids suited to the requirements of the Amateur, with
full Instruo.tions for their successful Cultivation. With numerous beautiful Illustra-
tions. By James Britten, F.L.S. (of the British Museum), andW.H. Gowek.
In cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d., by post, 7s. lOd.

Rose Growing for Amateurs:

Being Practical Instructions for the successful Culture of Boses, with selections
of the best varieties adapted to the requirements of the Amateur in Town or
Country. By W. D. Pbiob.

In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 8d.

Bulbs and Bulb Culture {Vol, I.) :

Being Descriptions, both historical and botanical, of the principal Bulbs andl
Bulbous Plants grown in this country, and their chief Vaiieties; with full and

Eractical instructions for their successful Cultivation, both in and out of doors.
Llustrat»;d. By D. T. Fish. Vol. I. includes Parts I. and II., as named balow.
In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. 9d.

The Snowdrop, Bulbocodium, Sternbergia, Crocus,

Colchicum, Tulip, and Hyacinth :

The best sorts, and their cultivation, indoors, under glass, and in the open border.
Illustrated. {Forming Part I. of ''Bulbs and Bulb Culture.")
In paper, price is., by post. Is. Id.

The Anemone or Wind Flower, the Narcissus, the

Lily :

The best sorts, and their cultivation, indoors, under glass, and in the open border.
Illustrated. (Formim/ Part II. of " Bulbn and Bulb CuUure.")
in paper, price Is., by post, is. 2d.

The Gladiolus or Corn Flag, Lachenalia, Cycla-
men, Ranunculus, and Scilla or Squill {Star
Hyacinth) :

The best sorts, and their cultivation, indoors, under glass, and in the open border.
Illustrated. {Forming Part III. of " Bulbs and Bulb Culture.")
In paper, price Is., by post. Is. l^d.

Ixias, Sparaxis, Tritonias, and Babianas ; Iris,

Tiger Iris ; Schizostylis Coccinea ; and the Dahlia.

The best ports, and their cultivation, indoors, under glass, and in the open
border. Illustrated. {Forming Part IV. of ''Bulb Culture.")
In paper, price is., by post, is. id.

Practical Hafidbooks, Published at 170, Strand, W.C.

Vine Culture for Amateurs:

Being Plain Directions for the successful growing of Grapes, with the means
and appliances usually at the command of amateurs. Illustrated. By
W. J. Mat (Author of "Greenhouse Management for Amateurs," "Cucumber
Culture for Amateurs," &c.).

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Pruning, Grafting, and Budding Fruit Trees:

Illustrated with ninety-three Diagrams. By D. T. Fish,
In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Villa Gardening:

Being plain instructions for the Proper Laying-out, Planting, and Management
of Small Gardens ; with lists of Trees. Shrubs, and Plants most suitable, and
thirteen Designs for small gardens. By W. J. May.

Cheap edition, in paper, price ls„ by post. Is. Id.

Rose Budding:

Containing full Instructions for the successful performance of this interesting
operation. Illustrated. By D. T. Fish (Author of "Bulbs and Bulb Culture,"
"The Hardy Fruit Book," "Pruning, Grafting, and Budding Fruit Trees," &c.).
In paper, price 6d., by post, 7d.

Greenhouse Management for Amateurs:

Descriptions of the best Greenhouses and Frames, with Instructions for Building
them; Particulars of the various Methods of Heating: lists of the most suitable
plants, with general and special cultural directions ; and all necessary information
lor the Guidance of the Amateur. Illustrated. By W, J. May (Author of " Vine
Culture for Amateurs," " Cucumber Culture for Amateurs," &c.).
In cloth gilt, price Ss. 6d.,by post, 3s. 9d. In extra gilt, gilt edges, price 43., by posttii. 3d.

Arboriculture for Amateurs:

Being Instructions for the Planting and Cultivation of Trees for Ornament
or Use, and selections and descriptions of those suited to special requirements as to
Soil, Situation, &c. By William H. Ablett (Author of " English Trees and
Tree Planting," &c.).

In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. 8d.

Cucumber Culture for Amateurs:

Including also Melons, Vegetable Marrows, and Gourds. Illustrated. By W. J.
May (Author of " Vine Culture for Amateurs," " Greenhouse Management for
Amateurs").

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id,

■^■♦■pt-«

SPORTS AND PASTIMES.

Country Pocket Book and Diary (1881) :

For Reference and Registration. Full of facts and forms of the greatest value
and interest to Country Gentlemen and Sportsmen. Contents: Diaries and
Information on Shooting, Fishing, Hunting, Athletics, Football, Bicycling,
Coursing. Racing, Dogs, Poultry Exhibitions, Rowing, Swimming, Meteorology,
Cricket, Parliamentary Papers, &c., &c., with Pockets, Pencil, &c., complete.
Prices: In russia leather, 5s. 6d.; roan, 8s. 6d.: postage, 2d.

Bicycles and Tricycles of the Year 1881 :

Being a Chronicle of the New Inventions and Improvements for the present,
Season, and forming a Permanent Record of the progress m the manufacture of
Bicycles and Tricycles. Designed also to assist intending purchasers in the choice
of a machine. Illustrated. By Harry Hewitt Griffin.
In paper, price Is., by post. Is . Id.

The Bicyclist's Guide to Machines and Makers :

Showing at a glance the construction and price of the principal machines in the
market. By Robert Edward Phillips D.B.C, C.S.B.O., B.T.C.
In paper, price 6d., by post, 6id.

Practical Trapping :

Being some Papers on Traps and Trapping for Vermin, with a chapter on general
bird trapping and snaring. By W. Carnegie (" Moorman ').
In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

8

Practical ITandhooks. — Sports and Pastimes {continued).

Practical Fisherman :

Dealing with the Natural History, the Legendary Lore, the Capture of British
Freshwater Fish, and Tackle and Tackle Making. Beautifully illustrated. By
J. H. Keene.

In cloth gilt, gilt edges, price lOs. 6d., by post, lis.

Notes on Game and Game Shooting:

Miscellaneous observations on Birds and Animals, and on the Sport they afford
for the Gun in Great Britain, including Grousp, Partridges, Pheasants, Hares,
Babbits, Quails, Woodcocks, Snipe, and Rooks. By J. Manlet, M.A. (Author of
" Notes on Fish and Fishing"), Illustrated with Sporting Sketches by J. Temple.
In cloth gilt, 400 pp., price 7s. 6d., by post 7s. lOd.

Practical Boat Building and Sailing :

Containing Full Instructions for Designing and Buildin? Punts, Skiffs, Canoes,
Sailing Boats, &c. Particulars of the most suitable .""ailing Boats and Yachts for
Amafurs, and Instructions for their proper handling. Fully Illustrated with Deisigns
and "Working Diagrams. By Adrian Neison, C.E., Dixon Kemp, A.I.N.A., and G.
Christopher Davies.
In One Volume, cloth gilt., price 7?. ; b" post, 7s. 6d, Part I., Boat Building, may be

had separately, price 2s. 6d.; by post, 2s. 9d. Part II., Boat Sailing, price 5s.;

by post, 5s. 3d,

Practical Boat Sailing for Amateurs:

Containing Particulars of the most Suitable Sailing Boats and Yachts for Amateurs^
and Instructions for their Proper HandUng, &c. Illustrated with numerous Dia-
grams. By Q. Christopher Davies (Author of " The Swan and her Crew," &c.;.
In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post 5s. 8d.

Practical Photography:

Being the Science and Art of Photography, both Wet Collodion and the various
Dry Plate Processes, Developed for Amateurs and Beginners. Illustrated, By
O. E. Wheeler. [May also be had in parts as under] :

In cloth gilt, price 4s., by post, 4s. 4d.

Wet Collodion Process:

The Art of Photography by this procesp, developed for Amateurs and Beginners
{Being Part I. of ''Practical Photography.")

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. 2d.

Dry Plate Photography :

The Art of Photography by this Process developed for Amateurs and Beginners.
{Being Part II. of "Practical Photography.")

In paper, price Is., by post, Is. 2d.

Photographic Miscellanea :

{Being Part III. of "Practical Photography.")

In paper, price Is., by post Is. 2d;

The Photographer's Pocket Book:

Containing Register for nearly inoo Negatives. Compiled by O. E Wheeler
(Author of " Practical Photography ").

Prices : In cloth, 3s. ; in leather 3s. 6d. ; by post, 2d. extra.

Leather Work Book:

Containing Full Instructions for Making and Ornamenting articles so as to
successfully imitate Carved Oak ; specit^y written for the use of Amateurs. By
Ros.i Bauohan. Illustrated.

In cloth gilt, price 23, 6d., by post, 2a. 9d.

Cards and Card Tricks:

Containing a brief History of Playing Cards : Full Instructions, with Illustrated
Hands, for playing nearly all known games of chance or ekill, from Whist to-
Napoleon and Patience, and directions for performing a number of amusing Tricks.
Illustrated. By H. K. Heather.

In eloth gilt, price Ss., by post, 5s. Id.

Sleight of Hand :

Being Minute Instructions by the Aid of which, with proper practice, the Neatest
and most Intricate Tricks of Legerdemain can be successfully performed. Illus-
trated. By Edwin Sachs. [May also be had Jn two parts as under] :
In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post. 5s. 4d.

Practical Handbooks^ Published at 170, Strand, W.C.

Drawing Room Magie:

Being Conjuring Tricks suited to Beginners, and for display in drawing rooms.
niui^trated. {Forming Part J. of "Sleight of Hand.")

In paper, price 28., by post, 2s. 2d.

Grand or Stage Magie:

Being Instructions for the Performance of more intricate and showy conjuring
tricks, and suited to public display. Illustrated. {Forming Part JI. of *' Sleight of
Hand.") In paper, price 2s., by post, 2s. 2d.

Artistie Amusements:

Being Instructions for a variety of Art Work for Home Employment, and Sugges-
tions for a number of Novel and Saleable Articles for Fancy Bazaars. Illustrated.
Contents are given in Series I. and II. following.

In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. 8d.

Series L of ''Artistic Amusements " :

Colouring Photographs, Imitation Stained Glass, Decalcomanie, Queen Shell Work,
Painting on China, Japanese Lacquer Work, Stencilling.
In paper, price ls„ by post. Is. Id.

Series IL of '^ Artistie Amusements" ;

Painting Magic Lantern Slides, Menu and Guest Cards, Spatter Work, Picture
and Scrap Screens, Frosted Silver Work, Picture Cleaning and Restoring, Illumi-
nating and Symbolical Colouring.

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

1 9w» I tm^ I

MISCELLANEOUS.

English Pottery and Porcelain :

A Manual for Collectors. Being a Concise Account of the Development of the
Potter's Art in England. Protusely Illustrated with Mark*?, Monograms, and
Engravings of characteristic Specimens. New Edition. [May also be h^vd in Parts
as under] : In cloth gilt, price 3s. 6d., by post, 3s. 8a.

English Pottery:

Giving the History of the most famous and valued descriptions of English Pottery,
with illustrations of specimens, marks, and monograms, &c. {Forming Part I. of
"English Pottery and Porcelain")

In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 7d.

English Porcelain:

Giving the History of the most famous and valued descriptions of English Porcelain,
with illustrations of specimens, marks, and monograms, &c. {Forming Part II, of
"English Pottery and Porcelain")

In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 7d.

English, Scotch, and Irish Coins:

A Manual for Collectors ; being a History and Description of the Coinage of
Great Britain, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time, with Tables ot'
Approximate values of Good Specimens. Profusely Illustrated.
In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post, 5s. 4d.

Value of British Coins :

A Manual for Buyers, Sellers, and Exchangers, as giving the Approximate Values
of good Specimens of Euglish and Scotch Coins.

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Character Indicated by Handwriting :

With Illustrations in support of the Theories advanced, taken from Autograph
Letters of Statesmen, Lawyers, Soldiers, Ecclesiastics, Authors, Poets, Musicians,
Actors, and other persona. By R. Baughan.

In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post 2s. 9d. ,

10

Practical Handbooks — Miscellaneous {continued).

Winter Havens in the Sunny South:

A complete Handbook to the Riviera, with a notice of the new station, Alassio,
Splendidly Illustrated. By Rosa Baughan (Author of " Indications of Character
in Handwriting," " The Northern Watering Places of France"),
In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. 8d.

Dictionary of Watering Places:

Seaside and Inland, at Home and Abroad.

Part I., BRITISH WATERING PLACES, including England, Ireland.
Scotland, Wales, and the Islands. Containing the description of each place, with
Accommodation and Provisions; the Routes from London and other chief centres ;
the (limate and cieason ; the Beach and Scenery; the Waters; the Objects of
Interest; Amu.-ements; Churches; Doctors; Hotels and Boarding Houses;
House Agents ; Newspapers. &c., &c.

Cloth boards, price 2s., by post, 2s. 2id.

Part II., FOREIGN WATERING PLACES, Seaside and Inland, including all
the Continental Centres, Spas, and the Swiss Lakes. Containing the description
of each place, with Accommodation and Provisions ; the Routes from London and
chief English and Continental centres; the ^;limate and Season; the Beaoh and
Scenery; the Waters; the Obje:;ts of Interest; Amusements; Churches; Doctors;
Hotels and Boarding Houses; Newspapers, &c., «!fcc.

Cloth boards, price 2s., by post, 2s. 25d.

Seaside Watering Places:

Being a Guide to Persons in Search of a Suitable Place in which to Spend their
Hohdays, on the Enplish and Welsh Coasts. New and Revised Edition, with
Descriptions of over 130 Places.

In paper, price 2s., by post, 23. Sd.

Northern Watering Places of France :

A Guide for English People to the Holiday Resorts on the Coasts of the French
Netherlands, Picardy. Normandy, and Brittany. By RosA Baughan (Author of
*' Winter Havens in the 8unny South," &c.).

In paper, price 28,, by post 2s. 2d.

Church Festival Decorations:

Comprising Directions and Designs for the Suitable Decoration of Churches for
Christmas, Easter, Whitsuntide, atjd Harvest. Illustrated.
In paper, price Is., by post Is. Id.

Artistic Flower Decorations:

For Ball Rooms, Halls, Passages, Dinner and Supper Tables ; with Directions for
making Bouquets, Buttonholes, Hair Sprays, &c. Illustrated. By B. C. Saward.
In paper, price 2s., by post, 2s. 2d.

Tuning and Repairing Pianofortes :

The Amateur's Guide to the Practical Management of a Piano without the inter-
vention of a Professional. By Charles Baebington.
In paper, price 6d;, by post 6id.

Honiton Laee Book:

Containing Full and Practical Instructions for Making Honiton Lace. With
numerous illustrations.

In cloth gilt, price 3s. 6d., by post, 8s. 9(1.

Practical Dressmaking :

Being Plain Directions for Taking Patterns, Fitting on, Cuttingf out. Making up,
and Trimming Ladies' and Children's Dresses. By R. Musrob.
In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

Sick Nursing at Home:

Being Plain Directions and Hints for the Proper Nursing of Sick Persons, and tho
Home Treatment of Diseases and Accidents in case of sudden emergencies. By
S. F. A. Caulfeild.

In paper, price Is., by post, Is. Id. In cloth, price Is. 6d., by post Is. 8d.

11

Practical Handbooks, Published at 170, Strand, W.C,

Hints to Untrained Teachers:

Being Directions and Suggestions for the Assistance of Parents and others engaged*
in Home Education. Bv Jane Ascham.

In paper, price 6d., by post 7d,

Stock and Share Investments:

Being Explanations for the General Reader of the Nature and Quality of the
different Classes of Securities dealt in on the Stock Exchange. By Albert
Sharwood. In paper, price Is., by post, Is. Id,

Dictionary of Needlework :

An Encyclopsedia of Plain and Fancy Needlework j the History of the various
Work; details of the Stitches employed; the method of working the materials
used ; the meaning of Technical Terms ; and other information bearing on the
subject. Plain, practical, complete, and magnificently Illustrated. By S. F. A.
Caulfeild (Author of ** Sick Nursing at Home," and various Papers on Needle-
work in "The Queen," "Girls' own Paper," &c.\ and B. C. Saward (Author of
"Church Festival Decorations," and various Papers on Fancy and Art Work in
"The Bazaar," "Artistic Amusements," &c.)t assisted by various ladies.
In monthly parts, price ls„ by post, Is. IJd.

Catalogue of Ladies' and Children's Dress Patterns
{Illustrated) :

Comprising Ladies* Dresses, Mantles, Underlinen, Girls* and Boys' Costumes,
Children's Underlinen, Ladies' Caps, Dressing Jackets, &c. This list is added tO'
week by week, and at present contains nearly four hundred of the newest and
most seasonable designs.

Post free on application.

And Journal of the Household.

PUBLISHED EVEBY MONDAY, "VTEDNESDAY & FKIDAY.

PRICE TWOPENCE (ILLUSTRATED).

Classified Advertisements of Thousands of Articles of everp description for
Exchange, or Sale, or Wanted, by private persons. Through this department all kinds
of property may be procured or disposed of without publicitv, with marvellous cheapness,
and PERFECT SECURITY FROM DISHONEST PERSONS. Full particulars are
given in each issue.

"Like all grand conceptions the process is remarkable for its simplicity." — The Globe.

The Literart Portion consists of Art, Dramatic, Scientific, and Musical News of
the Week; Critiques on Music, &c. ; Articles and Notes upon Canaries and Foreign
and British Ca^e Birds; Places at Home and Abroad; Toys and Toymaking; Pro-
vincial and Copper Coins and Tokens : Noteworthy Books recently published ; Various
Literary Subjects; Cookery for Amateurs; Magic Lanferna; Painting on Porcelain;
Various Branches of Amateur Mechanics; Domestic Matters ; Recipes of all kinds;
Present Fashions, with original illustrations; « ew Materials ; Fancy Work of different
kinds ; Cultivation of Flowers Fruit, and Vegetables ; Garden Operations ; Dogs ;
Rabbits ; Horses j Goats ; Kennel ; Farming ; Poultry ; Pigeons ; Reports of Poultry,
Pigeon, and Rabbit Shows, &c., &c.

EXTRA SUPPLEMENTS on the Kennel, Garden, &c., are given Monthly durinjr
the Season without charge.

Terms of Subscription, Quarterly. Half-yearly. Yearly.

One issue weekly 2s. 8d. ... 6s. 4d. ... 10s. 8d.

Two issues weekly 5s. 4d. ... 10s. 8d. ... 21s. 4d.

Three issues weekly 83. Od. ... 16s. Od. ... 82s. Od.

These prices include postage from the Head Office to the subscriber, but if preferred*
the Agent will supply the copies, making a reduction for the cost of postage which would
be saved.

London: "THE BAZAAR" OFFICE, 170, STRAND, W.C.

G. REES' Pictures.

GEO. REES begs to call the attention of the pubhc to the following List of First Class Gk)ods,
which he is now seUing at prices which entitle them to be called QBEAT BILRQlLlVBi

4 excellent Chromos for 21s.

By Birket Foster. Mounted on Drawing
Boards. Recently sold at 2l8. and 31s. 6d. each.

THE STRAY CALF, 27in. by 20in.

THE RUSTIC BRIDGE, 22in. by I7in.

GATHERING WILD ROSES, 22in. by 17in.

GATHERING WATER LILIES, 20in. by
17in.

8 very line Landscape Chromos

(by Penley and Charles) for 21s. (size 28in.

by 20in.)

By Penley.

1. LOCH FINE. 2. RESIPOL.

3. LOCH LUNART. 4. LOCH AWE.

5. LOCH LEVEN. 6. LOCH GOIL.

7. NEAR EASTBOURNE, j t,^ p„ . _, „,

8. NEAR HASTINGS. j ^^ '-harles.

These very beautiful Chromos are not only
excellent in harmony of colour, but the won-
derful effect of the atmosphere for which Pen-
ley is so celebrated. They are mounted on
broad white mounts, and would make a very
suitable set of pictures; early application
should be made, as there is a limied number.

8 beautiful larg^e Oleographs

for 21s. Average sizes 24in. by 16in.

1. THE GLADIATORS (Rome, a.d. 90).

By Gerome,

2. THE CHARIOT RACE (Rome, a.d. 90).

By Wagner.
8. MORNING.

4. EVENING.

5. STIRLING CASTLE, By Krause.

6. DUMBARTON CASTLE.

7. THE WAYSIDE INN.

8. THE FARM YARD.

The above form a choice selection of really
good pictures. Will be securely packed and
sent carriage free.

6 warranted first class Engrav-
ings for 21s.

Average size 28in. by 22in.

DOVER- HASTINGS. By J. M. W. Turner,

R.A. Very fine pair of Sea Views.

SUSPENSE and THE BLOODHOUND,

By Sir E. Landseer.
Very fine specimens of animal expression.

THE MAID OF THE MILL and MY

CHICKENS FOR SALE. By Corbould.

A pair of striking and original works of art.

Will be securely packed and sent on receipt of

post-office order.

8 high class Sporting Pictures.

All beautifully coloured by hand. Size 40in. by

27in., price 2os. each, or the set £8 8s.

Racina.

LTATTENHAM CORNER.

2. THE WINNING POST.

3. THE START. | 4. THE FINISH.

Steeple Chasing.

5. FIRST FLIGHT. I 6. THE LAST DITCH.

7. HERE THEY COME.

8. GREENSLEEVES LEADS

THE WAY.

12 first class Sporting Pictures
for 21s.

Set of 6 Shootings. By R. Ansdell, R.A.

1. PARTRIDGE. I 4. BLACK GAME.

2. PHEASANT, | 5. GROUSE.

3. DUCK. I 6. RABBIT.

Set of 6 Stalkings. By R. Ansdell, R,A.

1, THE SHOT. I 2. THE CHASE.

3. THE DEER DISTURBED.

4. EXAMINING THE GROUND.

5. WAITING FOR HELP.

6. RETURNING HOME.

Size 26in. by 20in. Pubhshed at £3 3s.

Set of (4) Fox Hunts.

By Sir John Dean Paul, for 25s. Beautifully

coloured by hand. Size 30in. by I7in.

1. A STRUGGLE FOR THE START.

2. THE FIRST TEN MINUTES.

3. SYMPTOMS OF A SKURRY IN A

PEWY COUNTRY.

4. THE DEATH.

The above are quite a novelty.

7 Waterloo Cup Winners, 21s.

Usual price, 7s. 6d. each. Size 27in. by 20in.

PRINCESS DAGMAR.

HONEYWOOD AND PLUNGER.

MISTERTON. COOMASSIE.

MASTER M'GRATH,

DONALD. HONEYMOON.

Sent securely packed for 21s.

Celebrated Winners.

All with Jockeys up, correct portraits, finely

coloured by hand. Size 34in. by 24in.

Price 15s. each, or in Sets of 10 for £5 ;

and 5 for £;i.

1880. BEND OR. I 1877. SILVIO.

1879. SIR BEVYS. | 1876. KISBER.

1878. SEFTON. | 1875. GALOPLN.

ROBERT THE DEVIL.

WHEEL OF FORTUNE. SPRINGFIELD.

ROSEBERY. ISONOMY. JANETTE.

JULIUS C^SAR. GEO FREDERICK.

PETER. CHAMANT. PETRARCH.

G. R. has always for sale and Exportation, SPECIAL PARCELS of Pictures bought at Great
Reduction, which he offers exceptionally cheap.

ENGRAVINGS IN PARCELS, from 4 to 10 for 21s.

CHROMOS IN SETS, from 4 to 12 for 21s.

OLEOGRAPHS IN SERIES of 6 to 8 for 21s.

ALL NEW. Executed in the best manner, suitable for Drawing Room, Dining Room, Sittingf

Room, Parlour, Study, Bed Hoom, Nursery, &c., &c. All persons remitting any amounts,

say £5 or £10, will receive full value, and an extra cash discount will be added. la orderd,

please state what kind of subject is preferred, whether Historical, Religious, or Landscapes.

Savoy House, GEORGE REES, 115, Strand.

"Wholesale Depot— 41, 42, and 43, Russell Street, Covent Garden, London.

Special attention given to Export Orders.

PIANOFORTES, £19 10s.

AMERICAN ORGANS, £9 5s.

HARMONIUMS, £5 15s.

Perfect in Tone and Touch. Eleerant Walnut Cases. Every instrument warranted to
stand any extreme climate. Shippers and Dealers supplied.

Before deciding on purchasing, write for a descriptive Price List and Testimonials to
G. LiNSTEAD, Manager,

COBDEN PIANOFORTE COMPANY,

18, EVEESHOLT STREET, CAMDEN TOWN, LONDON.

Read the following Testimonials, selected from many hundreds :—
Darley Ripley, Leeds, 25 Jan., 1878.— Dear Sir,— The American Organ i-i to hand, and
ii^ a really good instrument. The tone is all that can be de^iied, and tbe appearance is
far beyond my expectation. I am a teacher of music, and will recommend tbpm.— Yours
truly, J. C. BRADBURY.

British and Foreign Bible and Book and Tract Depot, 23, Church-street, Sheffield,
26 Oct., 1877.— Dear Sir.— The Piano came safely. I am very much plengedwith it as a
sweet and brilliant-toned instrument, and beam if ally polished. My friends who have
tried it like it very much. It is also handsome in appearance. I shall leccommendyou
wnerever I can.— I am, yours, Ac. E. RHODES.

Shields Bail!/ News Office. 11, Howa»d-street, North Shields, 7 March, 1878.— Dbar Sir,
—The Harmonium has arrived, and gives great sati^sf action. Your guarantee as regards
quality is quite fulfilled. We are glad that we can speak so favourably respecting it, and
it speaks very well in your favour when being used.— Yours Tesnectfully,

WHITECROSS and YORKE.

64, Union-street, Maidstone, 27 Oct., 1879.- Dear Sir,— About a year since I purchased
one of your American Organs. My family and friends are delighted with its superior
finish and brilliant tone : in a word" it is a " Gem." I could btar similar testimony of
your Pianofortes, and temperance friends requiring an instrument for the family circle
will do well to give your establishment a trial.— Most respectf uLy yours,

G. H. GRAHAM.

LUXURIANT AND BEAUTIFUL HAIR.

" Look on this picture." " And on this."

LATREILLE'S EXCELSIOR LOTION.

Celebrated among all classes of society all over the world as the only real producer of

WHISKERS AND MOUSTACHIOS,

AND CTJBEB OF BALDNESS.

Price 2s. 6d. per bottle. Can be had of any chemist, through Barclay, Sanger, Newbery,
Edwards, hutton, Thompson, Hovenden, Maw and Co., or any other Wholesale Chemist, or direcc
from the proprietors, Latreille and Co., Walworth, London, on remitting Post-office Order
or Stamps.

CAUTION. — Be careful to ask for Latreille's Excelsior Lotion, and refuse anything
else that may be offered, as the enormous success, extending over twenty years, has led to many
useless imitations, which can only disappoint. The title " EXCELSIOR LOTION " is a
registered Tiade Mark, to copy which will incur criminal prosecution.

Why many Persons Permanently Submit

•* For every defect of Nature

Art offers a remedy,"

GREY HAIR

Rather tlian attempt to Restore it.

lat. — Because the old fashioned and objectionable Hair Dyes dry np and spoil the Hair*
2nd.— Because the majority of "Hair Restorers " bring the users into ridicule by pro-
ducing only a sickly yellow tint or dirty greenish stain, instead of a proper colour.

The following Testimonials (of many hundreds received) declare the value of

LATREILLE'S HYPERION HAIR RESTORER

As positively restoring grey or white hair to the REALLY NATURAL colour, gloss, softness, luxuriance^
and beauty of youth ; it so perfectly accomplishes its work and fulfils its promise, that in brilliant sun-
shine, or under glaring gaslight, the user can alike defy detection in ever having been grey, or used a
remedy, while as a nourisher and strengthener of weak hair it has no equal.

Price 3s. 6d., sent in return for Stamps or Post Ofl&ce Order, by the Proprietors,
IiATREIZiIiB & CO., Walworth, Iiondon, or may be had of Chemists;

But it is strongly advised that anythincr else, offered from interested motives, be resolutely refused, aa
Latreille's Hyperion NEVER DISAPPOINTS. All Chemists can readily procure through wholesale

houses, if they have it not themselves in stock.

SPECIMEN TESTIMONIALS.

20, Royal George-street, Stockport,

February 26, 1880.
Dear Sir,— My hair went white through trouble
and sickness, but one bottle of your Hyperion
Hair Restorer brought it back to a splendid brown,
as nice as it was in my young days. I am now forty
years old, and all my friends wonder to see me
restored from white to brown. You can make
what use you like of this. Yours truly,

(Mrs.) Maria Worthington.

132, High-street, Stourbridge, May 16, 1878.
Sir,— I find your Hyperion Hair Restorer is a
first-class and really genuine article, and is well
worth the money. After using it thrice, my hair
began to turn the natural colour whereas before it
was quite grey ; it also keeps the hair from falling
off, and I shall always recommend it to every one I
know. You are at liberty to publish this if you
choose. Yours truly, (Mrs.) M. Davis.

Thirsk, Yorks, January 26, 1876.
Dear Sir,— I use your H.vperion Hair Restorer,
and find it everything which has been said in its
favour. I am, dear Sir, yours truly, T. Coaxes.

Porchester, near Fareham, Hants, Oct.l6, 1875.
Sir,— Please send me another bottle of your
Hyperion Hair Restorer ^t is better than any other
restorer I have tried. Yours faithfully,

(Mrs.) C. Christie.

High-street, Corsham, Wilts,

December 2, 1874.
Dear Sir,— I enclose stamps for another bottle-
of your Hyijerion Hair Restorer ; its clean quahties
are sufficient to recommend it anywhere.

Yours respectfully, E. Matnard.

St. HeUers, Jersey,

August 1, 1873.
Sir,— Please send me another bottle of your Hype-
rion Hair Restorer ; I bear willing testimony to its
being very pleasant to use, both as to cleanliness
and absence of disagreeable smell.

Yours truly, F. de Lusignan.

2, Fir-etreet, Sydenham,

July 15, 1873.
Dear Sir,— I am most happy to tell you that I
have reason to commend your excellent Hyperion
Hair Restorer, as it has already turned the grey
hair of a person fifty-seven years old to its natural
colour. Yours respectfully,

T. Whatmore.

83, Dewsburj'-road, Leeds,

May 23, 1878.
Dear Sib,— I want half-a-dozen more bottles of
your Hyperion Hair Restorer, some for friends and
the remainder for myself • it is the best restorer of
grey hair to its natural colour.

Yours truly, Jakes Dawson.

»* Be careful to ask for Latreille's Hyperion Hair Restorer, as the manu-
facturer is also proprietor of Ijatreille's Excelsior Lotion, which is a separate
preparation, or universal repute for 20 years past, as a Producer of Hair.

Health & Vigour for Dogs

GUARANTEED

BY THE USE OF

CLARKE'S

Buffalo Meat Biscuits,

USED IN THE EOYAL KENNELS.

They contain ingredients which no other Biscuit or Dog Food

possess, they are pure, wholesome, easily digestible,

and highly nutritious.

NINE GOLD, SILVER, & BRONZE MEDALS.

PREPARED POULTRY FOOD.

This Food is prepared chiefly from the Buffalo Meat Biscuits, together
with a small quantity of oyster shells for shell making, mixed with
various other ingredients, all of which are of the highest class, and will
be found well worthy the consideration of all poultry keepers.

Mixed with hot water and given warm in the morning will be found of
great advantage.

20s. per Cwt., Carriage Paid.

CLARKE'S BUBULA,

For Game and Poultry.

The effect of giving a Penny Packet to every half-dozen birds once or
twice a week is marvellous.

SOLD IN Penny Packets ; also in Cwt. Bags, 25s.

PER Cwt.

MANUFACTORY :

ANCHOR PATENT BISCUIT WORKS.

LIMEHOUSE, LONDON, E.

Established 1851.

ROWLAND'S Toilet Articles,

20, RATION GARDEN, LONDON.

ROWLAND'S ODONTO

Or PEARL DENTIFRICE is of inestimable value in preserving and beautifying'
the teeth, strengthening the gums, and giving a pleasant fragrance to the breath ;
it eradicates tartar from the teeth, prevents and arrests decay, and polishes and
preserves the enamel, to which it imparts a pearl-like whiteness. Its unprecedented
success for more than half a century shows the universal favour in which it is held,
while the fact of its being entirely free from any acid or mineral ingredients
constitutes it the safest and purest tooth powder ever used. To prevent fraud the
genuine Odonto has a 3d. Government stamp on the box. Ask for Rowland's
Odonto.

ROWLAND'S MACASSAR OIL

Is universally in high repute for its unprecedented success during the last 80 years
in promoting the growth, restoring, improving, and beautifying the human hair.
It prevents hair from falling off or turning grey, strengthens weak hair, cleanses it
from scurf and dandriff, and makes it beautifully soft, pliable, and glossy. For
children it is especially recommended, as forming the basis of a beautiful head of
hair, while its introduction into the nursery of Royalty is a sufficient proof of its
merits. Sold in usual four sizes.

ROWLAND'S KALYDOR,

An Eastern botanical preparation, perfectly free from all mineral or metallic
admixture. It is distinguished for its extremely bland, purifying, and soothing-
effects on the skin ; while by its action on the pores and minute secretory vessels, it
promotes a healthy tone, allays every tendency to inflammation, and thus effectually
dissipates all redness, tan, pimples, spots, freckles, discolourations, and other
cutaneous visitations. The radiant bloom it imparts to the cheek, the softness and
delicacy which it induces of the hands and arms, its capability of soothing irrita-
tion, and removing cutaneous defects, render it indispensable to every toilet.
Gentlemen after shaving will find it renders the skin soft, smooth, and pleasant.
Of all Chemists, at 4s. 6d, Avoid cheap spurious imitations. Sold by all dealers
in perfumery.

STEVENS' SILICON

JEWELLERY REVIVER

TABLET.

Large Size, Post Free, 24 Stamps.

Small Size, Post Free, 14 Stamps,

THIS UNRIVALLED POLISH

(Direct from Nature's Laboratory)

Is not a maniifacfcured article, but a very remarkable natural production,
the best substance known for Cleaning and Polishing Gold, Silver,
and Jewels without the least injury, and will prevent pearls becoming
■discoloured.

Sold in a handsome little box, with Brush, Leather, Directions for
Use, an Analysis, and numerous Testimonials, price Is.

A large size, containing also a Ring Cleaning Stick, and one for
cleaning Studs and Buttons, price 2s.

The SILICON is also sold in Powder, for Plate Cleaning, at 6d.
and Is. per box, and in canisters at 2s. 6d.

To be had through aU Chemists, Fancy Goods Dealers, and Jewellers
throughout the kingdom.

Wholesale of all London Fancy Warehouses and Wholesale Druggists,

and of the Proprietor,

GEORGE STEVENS,

376, Sa?E/-A.lT3D, LOITDOnSr.

RICHFORD & MEHLING,

180, Fleet-Street,

E.G.

31, King William-St.,

E.C.

31, Newington Buns, S.E.

Indiarubber Stamps,

With Box, Pad, and Ink, for Marking Linen or Stamping Paper, two Letter Mono-
grams, Is.; three Letter Monograms, 2s. 6d. ; one Line Stamp, Is. 6d.; by post 2d.
extra. All kinds of business, dating, self -inking, pocket, facsimile, and trade mark
stamps made. Estimates free.

American Timepieces,

5s. 6d. ; Alarms, 7s. 9d. ; Carriage Clocks, 13s. 6d. ; Mantelpiece Clocks, 10s. 6d.

American Watches,

Li beautiful case, 16s. Every Clock and every Watch thoroughly tested.

Folding Tables,

Small sizes, 6s., 7s., and 83. each ; large size. Ash, 14s, ; Walnut, 17s, Gd.

Arctic Ice Cream Freezers,

Iqt., 9s. ; 3qt., 18s. 6d. ; 6qt., 28s. Directions given.

Patent Nickel Plated Shawl Straps,

2s., by post, 2s. 3d.

Singing Birds,

4s., by post, 4s. 3d., &c., &c.

Automatic Washers, 4s. 6d.

WRITE FOR RICHFORD AND MEHLING'S CATALOGUE.

MELBOURNE EXHIBITION, 1881. FIRST PRIZE

TO

BORD'S PIANOS,

Charles Stiles & Co.,

42, SOUTHAMPTON ROW, HOLBORN,

Have a Large and Varied Assortment of these celebrated PIANOS ON
SALE at Low Prices, with 25 per cent. DISCOUNT for CASH, or on
the THREE YEARS' SYSTEM from 15s. per month.

ILLUSTRATED LISTS FREE.

SECONDHAND PIANOS on the THREE YEARS' SYSTEM,
from 10s. 6d. per Month. PIANOS EXCHANGED.

Why Does Hair

^7 \

%fc^\ Fall Off?

i From many causes. Sometimes

from local disturbing agencies,
such as sickness ; sometimes from
neglect in cleansing; but more
frequently from decay in the saps
and tissues which supply each
individual hair. In such case.

OLDRIDGE'S

BALM OF COLUMBIA

Is an excellent corrective of the many insidious sources of decay which
ruin nature' s chief ornament.

It stimulates, strengthens, and increases the growth of Hair ; softens
and nourishes it when grown ; and arrests its decline. Besides this, it
acts on those pigments the constant supply of which is essential to the
Hair retaining its colour.

The Hair of the Head and the Whiskers and

Moustachios

Are alike benefited. For children it is invaluable, as it forms the basis
of a magnificent Head of Hair, prevents Baldness in mature age, and
obviates the use of dyes and poisonous restoratives.

ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OF SIXTY YEARS.

(A sufficient guarantee of its efficacy).

Sold by all Perfumers and Chemists at 3s. 6d., 6s., and lis. only.
Wholesale and Eetail by the Proprietors,

c. & a. oldridge,
22, Wellington St., Strand, London, W.C.

Established Upwards of Sixty Years.

3 1197 00185 8221