ROYAL BOTANIC

oa

ea! Pe

i

ae
DISSERTATION
: ON |

“ee Fs

Pe CHAREES ALSTON. We D.-
THE KING'S BOTANIST IN SCOTLAND,
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE
OF PHYSICIANS, AND PROFESSOR
OF MATERIA MEDICA AND BO0-
TANY IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF EDINBURGH.

TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN BY A
PHYSICIAN.» “

+

. LONDON:
PRINTED FOR BENJ. DOD, AT THE BIBLE
AND KEY IN AVE-MARY-LANE,

MDCCLIV:

fi 63

TRANSLATOR’
ll 9 ig we BB a Ts, HE >

F TER the reftoration of theGreeZ,
A Roman and Arabian \earning, in
the latter end of the fourteenth, or
beginning of the fifteenth century, Botany,
with moft other Arts and Sciences, from
the difcoveries and impor emEat made
by the laborious refearches of curigus and
ingenious men, put on a new face; and,
though full very imperfect, it now flourifhes
and is adorned with the moft con{picuous
excellencies. The funr of the antient bo-
tanical treafures mizht have been retained
bya ftrong memory; but, fince the times
Be of

iv The TRANSLATOR’ 5

of barbar ifm, they haye been inriched with
a vaft number of new plants by many bo-
tanifts, fome of the lateft of whom are
Sloane, Sherard, Plukenet, Chomel, Plu-
mier, Petiver, Dale, Morifon, Tournefort,
Breynius, Herman, both the Commelines,
Kheede, Rumpfius, Ray, Dillenius, Rup-
pus, Boerhaave, Scheucher, Vaillant,
Magnol Montius,P ontedera, Michel, Boit[-
fion, Linnaus, Sc. .5 their general ftructure
has been unravelled, and the ufes of their
parts pointed out by the two great vege
table anatomifts, Malpig hius and Grew;
various ways of ahon Gne them, w hich
Jromtheir multitude became very neceflary,
bave been contrived, the manner of culti-
vating a cor.fiderable fhare of them de-
fcribed, and the virtues ef feveral found
out: yet, doubtlefs, an indefinite number
of vegetables remain undifcovered in all
parts of the world,

Botany, therefore, appears to be 2 an
Art of prodigious extent’: And jit 16s
antiquity, the dignity of the perfons
who have employed themfelves in it,
and the great ufefulnefs, variety and de-
light it affords, render it valuable,noble and
iy 3 honourable,

PRE PAM ¥

honourable, it claims all thefe advan-
tages in the higheft degree. Its rife
may be deduced from the creation, its
progrefs and fates traced through fucceed-
ing ages, and its hiftory brought down to
this day. Adam is reckoned to have been
the firft, and a moft intelligent Botanitft ;
Kings, Princes, Heroes, Generals ob armies,
Philofophers, Diyines » Phyficians, Poets, 6c.
have ftudied this branch of naturat know-
ledge; many of the moft. neceffary and_
comfortable human enjoyments are derived
from its inftruments; life is fuftained, and
health is preferved by fome of them; and
difeafes are cured by others : Moreover,
the eafy culture of plants is extremely
wholefome and amufing, and the exami-
nation of the manifold ftates and beautiful
changes of vegetables, whofe varicty is
almoft infinite, growing in gardens, fields,
hills, valleys, woods, forefts, mar fhes, lakes,
rivers, the fea, on rocks, on one another,
>c. has a powerful tendency to make men
patient of toil and labour, folid and feri-
ous; to imfufe the moft defirable fcrenity
and compofure into the mind; and to fit
it for a more relifhing and fuccefsfal ap=
plication

vi The TRANSLATOR’S

plication to other bufinefs; while it yields
fuch an high fatisfaction and pleafure as can
be felt by thofe that are converfant there-
in, but cannot be juftly painted in words,
though embellifhed with all the flowers
of rhetoric.

It is fufficient to recommend to the
public the following Difcourfe, that its
author is the celebrated Doétor ALSTON,
who is well known to have been many
years one of the Profeflors of Medicine
in the Univerfity of Edinburgh, teach-
ing in the winter, that branch of the
{cicnce called the Materia Medica, and ia
the fummer, Botany , the cultivation of
both which parts of medical knowledge
has been the principal ftudy of his life.
His great natural abilities, learning, uni-
verial knowledge, fagacity, accuracy, can-
dour, caution, folid judgment, indefatiga~
ble induftry, inventive inveftigation, ar-
dent love and fteady purfuit of truth, and
facred regard for the public emolument
and utility, joined to that tempering {weet-
nefs of ditpofition, which is very predo-
minant in him, have enabled him by a
long courie of experience in practice, ex-

periments

P B.E, FA ee E: Vit
periments and obfervations on natural
bodies, much fpeculation, reading, deli-
beration and reafoning, to make uteful
improvements and difcoveries, and detect.
egregious errors in the two above-mention-
ed provinces of the medicinal art, than
which parts of medicine none are more
fundamentally beneficial and entertaining,
and yet none have been hitherto lefs ftu-
died and lefs improved. His moft ele-
gant Differtation on Opimm, in the Edz-
burgh Medical Effays, Vol. V. Past 1.
that on Quick-Lime and Lime-Waier,
his Index Medicamentorum Triplex, and
the fubfequent treatife taken from his
Tirocinium. Botanicum Edinburgenfe, axe
confeffedly fubftantial proofs of his fhin-
ing talents and merit, and. do him {fo great
honour, that the learned vehemently defire
and impatiently expect to fee publifhed by
him a larger work, of which fome of thefe
Icfs performances may perhaps be looked
on as detached parts. I hope the Pro-
feffor will pardon me for attempting
to delineate a rude portrait of his illut-
frious endowments; which, though i
iS neither equal to the original, nor re~

: concileable

viii The AuTHOR’s.

concileable to his delicate modefty, may

‘thew my perfonal efteem of him, and that

gratitude to him, for the benefit | have

“reaped from his already publithed tracts,

which is a debt of common juftice. ~
Tue Dodétor prefatorily obferves, that
in the botanical Differtation, the main
arguments of the general Lectures, which
he gives previoufly to the Demonftration

of the plants in the Phyfick-Garden, are

briefly handled; that ftudents may there-
from acquire a juft and worthy idea of Bo-
tany. He alfo recites the following quo-
tation: “ Every ftudent of medicine, at
“ the beginning of his application to that
“ {cience, ought always to exercife him-
“felf firft in this ftudy ; fince it is the
* moft natural to the human genius, in
*“ reality very eafv, and entirely agreeable
“ to a mind free from weightier care. It
“is, indeed, a publickly conceived and
“ ftrong vulgar notion, that it is fufficient
“as it were for a Phyfician to learn to
“ know faithfully a few plants, poffefled
“ of healing virtues, and foolifh to pur-
“ fue glory in furveying the reft, as it is
“ ufelefs. Yet this opinion, I a

ax

w~

| PRE POAC ER. 1X
“ far from being true: nay, on the con-
“ trary, I believe that notwithftanding
“ ftudents of phyfic ought indeed to be
“ chiefly acquainted with the plants dig-
“ nified for their approved ufes; at the
“ fame time, as they have opportunicy,
“ they fhould, though more flightly, con-
* template all others,” * ,

I fhall only add, that in this tranfla-
tion, an explanation of fome of the words
and terms, whofe meanings are either ob-
{cure, or uncommon, is here and there
inferted. :

* HL. Boerhaave Index alter Planta-
yum, que in Horto Academico Lugduno-
Batavo aluntur. Lugd. Bat.1720, im ato.
Vid. praf. p. 10.

ott. 4f1OEE:
ty has.
tot

He

*

sharage

.
Ae atta : ORT MS be |
a ee
a pe ze
: 5 ae ip ER
a
fF

< : + \.

1
D 1/88 -boR 1 PoAHd 4.0 N

3
Dich? Bottke vindedinos UW oc der

qe HE Profeffors of this art have long

enough complained, that the know-

ledge of plants is neglefted by moft

ftudents of medicine, defpifed by many,

‘and as it were hated by fome phyficians. And 1¢

is indeed to be regretted, that even at this day,

by reafon of the immenfely multiplied names of

plants, uncertain terms, theories, methods, and idle

philological controverfies about them, it does, in

fome meafure, feem to be unworthy of the regard
of men, who excel in learning or genius.

Yet, fince the Doétrine of Herbs, or Botany, is
that part of natural knowledge, which, befides the
names as well as methodical diftribution of vege-

ha 2 Bs tables,

¥

ad

2 A DissextTarion

tables, treats of their external and internal ftruc-~
ture, their vegetation, nutrition, fructification, ufe,
virtues, culture, and-the like; the contemplation
of thefe things may either lead to the veneration
and love of the great Creator, or redound to the
advantage of mankind. 3 |

2. Neither my abilities, nor the nature of my
defign, permit me to difcourfe on the parts of this
vety extenfive fcience. I propofe, however, to
make fome {hort remarks, no lefs ufeful than en-
tertaining, concerning the heads of this fubjeét,
left Botany fhould appear to be quite tedious and
barren to learners, as confifting folely in an ac-
quaintance with names and technical words.

“© The Subje@, or natural Hiftory of Herbs; or
Botany as it 1s commonly called, is divided. in-
to two parts ; the firft of which confifts in the
right knowledge of plants, and the fecond in
applying them to their moft beneficial ufes.
Nothing more feems requifite to know plants
very well, than to call them readily by the,
names which are properly impofed upon them :
** for, in this art thofe ought indeed te be chofen
which have fome connexion with an idea of the
‘¢ ftruéture of the parts, from which the diftin-
“* guifhing mark, or chara¢teriftic of plants a-
erties. Teng

_ © Botany is nothing elfe but a method, by
“ whofe aid plants are known the moft advan-
| “ wha Pk ** ‘tageoully,

ce
34

* Fofephi Pitton Tournefort Inftitutiones ret
berbarie. Parifiis 1700, 3 Voll. in 4to. fens
Lugduni 1719. Vids pag. 1. :

on BOTANY. 3

tageoufly, and with the leaft trouble, and te-
membered.” * :
. « Botany is the feience of veectaatly, or de
“€ ‘knowledge’of. thofe things that are tranfacted
eG plants and i in bat t

eee Dg the anion i Theophr aftusy. a plant

*: is a various and manifold thing ; and it is. uni-
* yerfally difficult to tell what it is. ‘There. is,
“ no abfolutely diftin@.mark, which may be rec-,
* koned common to and agreeing with all planrs,,
as a mouth and ftomach. are proper to animals.

“¢ For, neither a root, nor ftalk, nor branch, nor
“ bud; nor leaf, nor flower, nor fruit, feems to

« belong tu every plant.” ¢ Hence it is, that
{carce an accurate definition agreeing to alt, plants.
and thofe alone is to be met with in authors, \

a

G
€

a

A.“ A-Plant, as Fungius defines it, is a 1 living

“¢ but not a feeling body, fixed to a certain place
“6 or certain feat, which can be nourifhed, grow,
“ “and

* Uiftoria Plantarum, gue in Horto Lug duno-
Batavo crefcunt ; defimpta ex ore Cl. Hermanni
Boerbaaet. M Rabe 172.7. in 8vo. Vid. p. 16. This
work is evidently unworthy of the moft celebrated
Profeffor.

T Ludwig. aphor. 1. Caroli Linnai Philofophia
Botanica, in qua explicantur Fundamentu Botanica.
Stockbolmie 1751. 1n 8v9.

+ Theophrafti Erefti opera omnia. Lngd. Bat.
1613. in folio. Vid. Hifts Pll. ¢. 2.

4 A Disserrarion

“« and laftly propagate itfelf.’ * According to
the moft famous Tournefore ¢, * It is an organical
“© body, which is always furnifhed with roots,
‘¢ perhaps always with feeds, and almoft always
«¢ has leaves, flowers, and ftems.” * All that
‘¢ fubftance which from the body whereto it ad-
** heres or that furrounds it, fays Pontedera, Is ex-
‘‘ plicated with the juice flowing to it into fome
“¢ certain and determinate form, by the influence
“ of the air contained in its trachez (or air veffels)
“‘ feems to appertain to a plant.” + “ Vege-
“© tables, as Ludwig would have it, are named na-
*¢ tural bodies, always endved with the fame form,
“‘ but void of loco-motion.” {| And laftly with
the illuftrious Boerhaave, ** A Plant is an/hy-
‘* draulic body, conveying different fluids in dif-
“ ferent veffels, which adheres by fome external
*¢ part to another body, whence by that part it
“‘ draws the matter of its nourifhment ‘and

“ growth.” {[t| , | 3
Thefe definitions however feem neither to in-
clude all vegetables, nor exclude all animals ;_
fince fome of the latter are conftantly fixed to ano-
ther body, and fome of the former float freely -
| e

* Foannis Raii Hiforia Plantarum. 2 Voll. in
folio Londini Vol. 1. 1686. 2. 1688. 32.. 1704.
Vid. pag. 1«

t Loft. p- 54. :
+ Fulii Poutedere Anthologia, five de floris
natura libri tres; cum Differtationibus wir Patavié
1720. in 4to. Vid. Differt. 1 p. Se

\| ZL. Phil. Bot. p. 1.

I\\| Element. Chem. Tom. 1. p. 57>

on BOTANY. 8

the furface of water. Nor will the defcription
of the moft famous Linneus fupply their defect *,
who before he had underftood any thing by life,
fhould have explained it otherwife than is done in
the Sponfalia Plantarum {, and have proved that
all animals have fenfation:

ge, Are therefore the great kingdoms of nature
to be confounded ? Or are vegetables to be claffed
with animals? By nomeans. They agree in
many things but not in all. They all grow in-
deed and are nourifhed: yet, fince animals receive
the matter of their nouri{fhment by pores or veffels
fituated on their internal furfece ; but vegetables
take in theirs by pores or veffels placed on their
external furface ; this isa fufficiently notorious and
effential difference. A vegetable may therefore
be deferibed, tobe an organical body, which draws
the matter of its nourifhment and growth by pores
or veffels placed on its external furface. And
confequently it may be aptly enough called ax
anverted animal.

§. Il.

6. A vegetable performs two grand works, as
the great Cefalpinus {peaks 4, which are as it
were

* Fundamenta Botanica: Amfelodami 1736.
2n Svo. Edit. 4. audfior. Parifiis 1744. Vid. §. 3.

Tt Fob. Guffhavi Wablbom. Spon: Pl. in Liu
Amen. Acad. Vol. 1. p. 64.

+ Andree Cefalpini de Plantis libri xvi. Flo-
venite 1582. Eufdem Appendix. Rome 160%.
t% Ato. Wid. priovis 1. 3. ¢. 13.

6 A. DissER TATION

were its natural fun@ions, or officés:: -the firft of
which is the attraction of aliment, whereby it is
nourifhed.and grows; and for the fake whereof
it is provided with a root and bud... But the fe-
cond function, or work, of a vegetable, isthe gene-
ration of another like itfelf and the parts siven
to it on this account are the fruit, and likewife the
flowers, which are fubfervient to fruétification.
We fhall take a curfory view of the external and
internal ftruéture of thefe parts; and afterwards
of their ufe in vegetation ard fructification.

7. The Root is the inferior part of a plant, ge-
neraily concealed in the earth, deftined for attra@-
ing aliment, compofed for moft part of a cuticle,
bark, wood, and pith; and it is either fibrous, or
tuberous, or bulbous.

But according to the moft famous Ray *, roots
may be divided into the fibrous and thicker. He
calls thofe fibrous which confift only of many. fila-
ments. The zhicker or flefoy are fuch as fwell
much out in breadth, or ate extended greatly. in
length. ‘The broed flefoy roots are either bulbous
or tuberous. The bulbous are either coated, as the
Onion, or fealy, as the Lily. The tuberous ( knobby J
or thofe conftituted of continuous flefh, have either
a fimple tuber (knob), as Turneps, or -feveral knobs,
as the Peony. Zong roots are either twiggy and
creeping, as the Liquorice, or ftalk-like, as the
Cock’s-head vetch or Saintfoin.

8. The Trunk is a more remarkable part, by~
which trees and moft herbs are raifed up: its
lower"

wie. Pi. p Be

on BOTANY. i
lower.extremity is feparated into {preading, or as
it were jagged roots, that are fixed in the earth,
and all the reft of it is divided and fubdivided in-
to branches, on which leaves, flowers, and at laft
feeds, hang. It has various names beftowed upon

it. Jn trees it is called caudex (the tail, or frock,
or body, or ftump), flipes (the fialk, or ftem), and
truncus (the trunk, or boll); but in herbs (alo in
fruits) caulis (the flem, or ftalk); and particu-
larly, in the tubular kinds of them, it has obtained
the appellation calamus (the reed, or cane, or
firaw) 3 inthe leguminous (or all forts of pulfe)
fcapus (the upright pillar-like ftalk, or fiem) 5 and
in all manner of corn, or grain, culmus (the flemy,
or flalk, or ftraw from the root to the ear) *. It
confifts of the fame patts as the root; and is either
fingle, or branched.

9. The Leaves, in whofe abundance nature feems
to be luxuriant, are principal and remarkable parts,
by which trees and herbs are perfected. For, all
thofe things which are collected in the trunk or
ffem, being reduced as it were into a compend,
and refolved by a farther produétion into extreme
and younger parts, are expanded into leaves, fo
that they feem to be the appendices of the elon-
gated and difgregated trunk, ferving to concoct
the alimentt. A leaf is either femple or compound.
A fimple is either plane, with an intire and equal,

C or

* Marcelli Malpighii opera omuia, in duos tomos
diftributa, quorum prior Anatome plantarum efto
dugd. Bat. 1687. in 400. Vid. p. 19s

¢ Lbid. p. 53>

a A DISSERTATION

or a varioufly unequal margin; or round. Avon
pound leaf is either triangular, or digitated, oY
winged *. Concerning Flowers, fee below § x-

§. Ill: : whoo!
10. That plants confit chiefly of very {mall

tubes and veficles, with their contained fluids,
Malpighius long ago firft demonftrated. Some of
thefe pipes contain humours; and others only air,
which therefore always appear empty : almoft the
fame may be faid of the veficles ; yet with this
difference, that only the veficles of the pith, after
the firft year, never have any juice inthem. A
brief account of thefe parts follows, with their ufe,
from that illuftrious author.

tr. The ligneous fibres, which were antiently
ftyled nerves, filaments, and pecines. (or woody
veins), are tubular fubftances, pervious to entering
}iquors- whofe texture confifts of fquare, or orbicu-
Jar, hollow bodies, opening into one another.
/Vhefe veffels neither run in a ftraight nor paral.
lel direction 5 for, they are generally gathered in-
intoa little bundle; and fome of them heing again
bent and feparated, they form a net-work}. Thefe
fibrous packets are made up ofa great many threads;
and every obfervable fibre is conftituted of pipes
communicating with each other, and pours out a
fluid: But in its progrefs it 1s bended fideways
and united to another packet ; it is thenftretched
directly upwards, and afterwards obliquely, and
. : being

* Raii Hift. Pl. p. 130

1 Malpig. p. 2%

on BOTANY: 8

being interwoven with the neareft little bundle,
a net-work is thereby fafhioned. The greateft
fhare of the bulk of the wood is made up of thefe
threads, or pipes, running lengthways, which
again are compofed of* orbiculi, or little round
concave balls, or bottles, or bladders, opening int
to one another, difpofed alfo longitudinally *.

12. Among-the above-explained fibrous or fiftus
lar packets the /piral pipes are placed, which are
Jefs numerous than the woody fibres, but of a bigger
fize, fo that their open mouths may. he feen gaping
on the cut extremities of trunks. They have va-
rious fituations; but the ereateft fliare of them is
comprehended under different ciscles, variouily
placed about a center, and containing each other.
They are not conftantly of the fame external
figure; yet, for moft part, they have an oblong
and tubular form, and are here and there a,hittle
ftraitened in their diameters, fo as to refemble
many orbiculi, or little round bottles, communi-
cating with ene another: fometimes however,
thefe utriculi, or little bottles, have different
angles, and make a continued canal ; and fome-
times fmooth, tranfparent, and oval little bags,
impervious at one end, like thofe obferved in the
lungs of infeéts, are found; likewife, frequently
many orders, or rows, of veficles ftraitening each
other, and contained as it were in the fame woody
tube, form thefe fpiral-pipes.

The defcribed fpiral tubes are compofed ofa
thin and pellucid zone, (refembling a piece of rib-
band, or tape 3) oF as it were a yery narrow lamina

Ce : of

* Malpig. p. 2.

9 A DisseRTATION
of a filver colour, which being: contorted {pirally,
and contiguous at the ( fomewhat everlopping) ex-=
tremities of its edges, conftitutes a tube that is a
little rough both internally and externally. A
beautiful fight is prefented in fome plants: while
the continuity of a recent and unwithered branch,
or ftalk, (as likewife the leaf and root, for example,
of the Vine, both the Cornels, the Scabious, Squil,
&c.) is gradually pulled afunder, torn or broken
portions of the fpiral pipes, or trachez, remain.
For, thefe fometimes keep up as it were a periftal-
tic motion for a confiderable time *. If this la-
mina (or membrane) be farther viewed through a
microfcope, it 1s feen to confiit of particles placed
like feales on the skins of fifhes; which mecha
nifm is alfo found in the trachez of infects f.
Thefe pipes, which he pleafed fometimes to
name /piral from their compofition, but more pro-
perly trachee from their office, are found in all
trunks, {mall ftalks, leaves, flowers, and the other
parts with which vegetables are completed, and
‘they are continually open. In the ligneous por-
tion they abound more and lefs plentifully, and
obtain fuch a pofition, as to be perpetually fur-
rounded and inclofed, as it were in a fheath, by
a little bundle of woody fibres 5, and in the fmall
ftalks of fome plants, collections of thefe trachez,
or air-veffels, are fo very artfully affociated with
the ligneous fibres, as neceflarily to be a myftery
of nature ¢. In plants and infeéts nature has fo
ingenioufly framed the fpiral lamina, which is fa-
bricated
* Mahpig. pe 36
Tildop, 26.
$ Id. p. 316

on BOTANY. - Ir
Bricated of fmall feales, that’ it may fuffer’ con-
traction and dilatation in the violent flexions and
curvatures of trees, and from the elaftic motion of
the confined air. The thus conftituted trachez of
plants, without declining much from a ftratght
courfe, are difperfed from the roots upwards into
the trunk, flalk, and branches; but in the leaves
they have acrooked diftribution and are wrought
into a net-work *. Inthe bark no trachee have
been yet difcovered ; nor, fo far as I know, inthe

feed.

13. The intermediate fpaces in the net-work of
the fibrous pipes are filled with wtricu/, or roundith
little bags 5 befides, a whole packet of fibres is
here and there encompaffed with them, and they
have for moft part an horizontal dire@tion : For,
the tranfverfe orders of them, proceeding from
the bark, and being produced through the ligneous
fibres, empty themfelves internally into the pith,
whence they are both found to be of the fame na-
ture. But their form and magnitude are various 5
for, by preffing one another, where they are co-
pioufly crowded, they gain a different configura-
tion, as oval, oblong, and angular, that they may
be adapted the more eafily to each other; and
their colour too is various. ‘They are compofed
of a fmooth diaphanous membrane, and inofculate
with one another +.

14. In the fabrick of herbs and trees, befides
the air-veffels and the fucciferous tubes, we find ¢
peculiar
* Malpig. p. 32. :
{ Id. p. 2. 24, 30. &ey

12 A DissErTATION

peculiar fall veffel, full of turpentine, gum, and
fometimes of a concreted and proper juice, or hu-
mour: we can only admire the progrefs of this
fort of veffels in thofe plants whofe juice by con-
creting acquires folidity, or is tinged with diffe-
rent colours. But it feems very probable to our
famous author, that in every plant there 1s a par-
ticular veffel which conveys its ultimate and fpe-
cific nourifhment. So that how many foever {pe-
cies of plants exift, fo many peculiar juices may
be found e. |

15. Hence, trees are nothing elfe but fmall fe-
parate pipes produced, or elongated, through rhe
earth, which are gradually colle€ted into little
bundles ; and thefe packets being farther con-
joined to others more remarkable, at length all of
them being gathered for moft part into one cylin-
der, form the trunk 5 whofe oppofite extremity,
by making alfo a feparation of its tubes, fends forth
arms or branches, and by degrees the greater
branches are fubdivided into lefs, till the exten-
fion is at laft made into leaves, in which it ulti-
mately terminates. ‘The extreme roots therefore
confift of one or two trachezx, or air-veffels, about
which tubular ligneous plexufes play, which are
fo reticularly difpofed, as that the intercepted
arez are acutely angular; but as the root increafes
in thicknefs, by other fmall roots being united to
it, tranfparent woody fibres, like hairs, fill the

| ; interftices

* Malpig. p. 34. See The Anatomy of Plants,
with an idea of a philofophical hiftory of them. By
Nehemiah Grew. London 1682. in folia.

on BOTANY. 13

interftices of the trachez, and are invironed with
a thick and foft bark *.

§ 1V.
16. The bark of trees, befides the concoétion

of nourifhment, feems to have a peculiar office af-
figned it, and that is, to caufe their increafing
growth or thicknefs ; as happens every year from
the addition of a new covering, or layer, of fibres,
which being intermixed with horizontal rows of
utriculi, and gradually acquiring an hardnefs, at
Jaft obtain the real confiftence of wood. In the
diber, or inner bark, nature always produces new
orders of fibres, or at leaft manifefts by the aug-
mentation, what parts fhe obliges habitually to
convey aliment, by the foftnefs of them admit-
ting it, which, at length being become firm, fhe
applies to the contiguous parts of the wood where-
to they adhere, and fo a new augmentation or
increafed thicknefs of the trunk and branches is
occafioned by a zone, or ring of wood being
brought upon them.

17. Whence, we may juftly infer, that the prin-
cipal part of trees is that portion of the bark which
is joined to the wood, by whofe affiftance plants
perpetuate life, trunks become thicker and thicker,
and their germination or budding, as well as fruit-
fulnefs fucceed. Wherefore, the exterior portion
of the bark, which is very much decayed by the
injuries of the air and tranfpiration, and rendered,
Lifelefs and rigid, is added for a fafeguard to the

Liber,

i © Malpig. pi 1%,

14 A Disszrration

liber, or.inner bark, which alfo does not a little
defend more interiorly the fubjacent wood. Hence
it is probable, that fuch plants as have annual
ftems, or which at leaft do not laft a long time,
and have no ligneous portion joined to the cylin-
der, are deprived by nature of a bark, and are on-
ly furnifhed with a cuticle, or fmall bundles of -
fibres ; but in the reft, whofe augmentation is re-
quired for a very confiderable time, in the bark,
like as in the firft delineation of the ftamina or
rudiments, orders of ligneous fibres are prepared,
and depofited in the liber, or inner bark, that they
may fhew themfelves more increafed, and emerge
at a ftated time *.

18. From the difference of roots and buds, the
moft famous Cefalpinus ¢ aptly encugh and ufeful-
Jy determines, that the primary or higheft genera
of plants ought to be conftituted, and divides them
Into trees and herbs 3 with the confent of all Bo-
tanifts that have either attempted to give a gene-
ral hiftory, or method of plants, before the great
Carolus Linneus 3 who, having rejected this divi-
fion as unnatural, every where confounds herbs with
trees. :

“© Gems, (or buds), (he fays) are really winter-
“* quarters, fince they preferve the tender plant
“ through the winter from the feverity of the
* weather. Hence it is, that the great Creator
“ hath allotted gems to moft trees growing in
“* cold countries: but on the contrary has for moft
. ‘part
* Malpig. p. 23. & 24
T Lib. Ie -¢. 13. ,

o BOTANY. ie

- part refufed-them to the trees of warm regions:
«¢ ‘The Citrus, Fatropha, Pereskia, Afelepias, Ala=
« ternus, Gerania, Lavatera, Frangula, Kuta, &e.
« are deftitute of gems *.” Whether all thefe
are properly called trees 5 or fuch as may be pro-
pagated by inoculation, are deftitute of eyes, (or
gems), let others judge. But he adds, ‘* And
therefore Ray’sand Pontedera’s divifion of plants
¢ into herbs and trees, fotinded on gems, is of no
“ force, fince they fhould have known that it
& would be abfurd to take the fame diftinétion
< from the duration of the ftem.” Yet he talks
a little differently in his Botanical Philofophy f-
“ For, Plants, (he fays) are named herbaceous,
« which perifh yearly above the roots Shrubs,
“© when the trunk afcends above the earth with+
< out gems; and Trees, when the trunk afcends
“ above the ground with gems. Gems either
diftinguith fhrubs from a tree, or we ean have
“no limits of difference, fince magnitude is of no
<< moment. Azd, Indian trees will be called the
“‘ largeft fhrubs, becaufe they rarely produce
gems: and therefore this divifion is not natu-
“ ral, fince betwixt a fhrub and a tree, only the
vulgar opinion, and hot nature, hath fet any
« bounds.” He therefore feems to admit as na-
tural the diftinG@ion of plants into herbs and trees.
Which however, whether it is natural, or no, i$
of little fienification, fince it is extremety ufeful
in

ao
r

ax
Lal

a-
nm

* C. Linnei Amenitates Academice. Vol.’ ?.
Tugd. Bat. 1749. Vol. 2. Amftelodami 1752. iit
8u0. Vid. Vol. 2. p. 188.

+ Pag. 376

16 A DissERTATION

in the arrangement of plants. But between fhrubs
and trees, as they are defctibed by the moft fa-
mous Lizneus, nature. herfelf feems to have fixed
notable enough limitations in the barks. For; all
trees, whether they do; of do not beat gems, are
endued with a true bark, and with a Uber, or inner
bark, which is the principal part of them: Such
plants, confequently, whofe {tems are not annual,
but endure for fome years, and are not covered
with a true bark, but only with a cuticle, may be
ftyled fhrubs, or numbered with herbs.

6 V:

19. Now, the nutritious humour entering by
the pores of the root, or the open mouths of its
veffels, mounts upwards, and part of it at leaft is
fufpended: But, by what means, cannot be in:
ftantly told.

Since every portion, fays Maipighius, which
unites the finall pieces of the fibres to each other,
interlorly projects a little, it fupplies the place of
a litele valve, fo that every leaft drop of fluid, as
1f it moved by a cord, or by degrees, is raifed to
aconfiderable height. And not only do the rough-
nefs and /mallue/s of the tubes promote its afcent,
but alfo the fucceflive changes, viz. from warm to
cold, in the various conditions of day and night,
of the temperature of the ait; and its elaftic move-
ment, which urges the exterior coverings of the
bark; may forward and affift the motion of the
contained liquors in their afcending courfe. Like-
wife, by the dilatation of the trachez, from the
air within them making them turgid, the inter-

poted

on B O FE A N Me iz
pofed ligneous fibres and the horizontal appendi-

ces of the utriculi are neceflarily fqueezed, where-
by probably their contained juice is expreffed in-
to the contiguous parts: but when the fwelled
air-veffels collapfe, the utriculi and ligneous pipes
are relaxed, and more eafily admit the entrance
of new liquid. The afcending humour therefore
is poured, like chy/e, into the tranfverfe utriculi 5
and making a pretty long ftay in them, and being
intimately blended and fermented with the older
juice, it is exalted into the nature of aliment.
For, it is very likely, that plants, by the aétive
affiftance of the air, are protruded upwards in ger-
mination, preferved in a growing flate, and main-
tained in progreffive life, that the rife and fer-
mentation of their juices are by the fame means
facilitated, and many other effects produced *.
But thefe pehaps are more owing to the humours,
&c. derived from the atmofphere, than to the
elafticity of the air.

20. For, neither the obferved afcent of liquors.
in capillary tubes, fponges, &c. nor the attraction
of the leaves, remove the difficulty. Becaufe the
woody tubes are not conical, but cylindrical 5 the
expanfion of the leaves is caufed by the rife of the
fap; and, both the Maples, the Birch Tree, the
Horn-beam or Hard-beam Tree, the Walluut Trec,
the Willow, and the Vine, bleed in the autumn,
in winter, or only in the fpring, while trees are
defpoiled of their leaves: yea, in plants which
carry no leaves, as in the upright Torch-Thiftles, the
fap afcends to a great height, and that plentifully-

D 2 Bué

© fp 22i 23+ 33+ 14:

18 A DissertAarion

But we shall leave thefe things to be inveftigated
by more fagacious mechanics, and proceed to con-
fider a queftion of greater importance which here
occurs, |

§ VI.

21. Of what nature is that humour, or juice,
with which plants are nourifhed 2. Does water
alone fuffice for this purpofe, or no? And, What
is the caufe of the various fertility of foils ?. The
Yearned do not agree concerning thefe matters. —

About fix hundred years before the natiyity of
Chrift, Thales the Milefan, one of the feven wife
men of Greece, to whom it is reported the other
fix having firft confented, faid, water ‘was the o-
‘riginal of all things, and that all things confift of
it; but that God was the mind which formed all

hings out of water *: The laft obfervation hé
perhaps took from the firft book of Mo/es. ‘That
vegetables are nourifhed by water alone there are
not wanting fome who endeavour to demonftrate
by experiments ; among which is that extraordi-
nary one of the willow of He/mont, by many au-
thors oftner quoted than accurately related. His
Words in Pnoli(h arcithete > uo
_ « That all vegetables immediately and mate-
** rially conse forth from the fole element of water
** Tjearnt by this trial. For, T took an earthen
veffel, wherein I put of earth dried in an oven
od eet Bi SUPE as Go¥aD Soha
: * Cicero De Nai. Deorut, i Js & Acad. Qucfe-
de ae SSE .

on BOTANY. 19

‘© two hundred pounds, which I moiftened with
s¢ rain water, and planted in it the trank of a
*¢ willow weighing five pounds. And at length,
«« when five years were expired, the tree which
grew therein, weighed one hundred and fixty
** nine pounds, and about three ounces. The
“« earthen veffel was large, placed in the ground,
*« and watered with rain water only, or always
with deftilled water, when there was occafion ;
“and, left any flying duft fhould be mixed with
the earth contained init, | covered the top of
‘¢ the veffel with an iron plate foldered over with
“¢ tin and made full of holes.. I did not compute
« the weight of the leaves that fell off in the four
‘© autumns. At lait | again dried the earth in the
veffel, and found only about two ounces want-
ing of the two hundred pounds. ‘Therefore one
*¢ hundred and fixty four pounds of wood, barks,
and roots, had fprung from water alone.” Thus
Heluont *.
~ The iluftrious Boyle likewife took the trouble
to fow, in fome earth dried in an oven, a feed of
a certain Indian pumpion, or melon, which, in the
fpace of five months, grew up into a plant weigh-
ing four pounds and three quarters ; and found that
the earth when dried again had loft nothing of its
former weight.
_ © Nor are the experiments of the moft illuftri-
* ous Boyle (fays Mr. Geoffroy) of lefs moment than
* that of Helmont, which has been often repeated
_ by others; and they are far more accurate. He
‘ put fprigs of Mint, Marjoram, Pennyroyal, and
f Balm, into bottles filled with limpid water, and
cae ** the

-F -A

a

® Com. pl. Elem. figm. § 26.

29 A DissERTATION

“ the fprigs of three drachms or half-an ounce in
“ peipht, increufed to fix ounces and upwards s
« which being afterwards deftilled did not afford
“a lefs quantity of principles, than branches of
« plants which were planted in a fat earth *.”

2.2. It is alfo very well known to perfons skilled
in agriculture, how much breaking the earth in-
to {mall parts, forming it into heaps, expofing it
long to the fun and open air, fheltering 1t with
hedges of living plants, &c. conduce to its fruit-
fulnefs, without any manure: Kt is likewife often
advantageous to burn barren fields. 1 made vari-
ous experiments, with fal ammouzac, fea-falt, nitre,
quick-lime, &c. in order to difcover what they
contribute to the fertility of foils; and briefly, |

I found, (1) ‘That one part of any of the above
mentioned falts, diffolved in fomewhat more than
ninety parts of common water, killed mint planted
in it: the folution of fal ammoniac indeed de-
flroyed it.in the fpace of one night; that of nitre
-in'a week; but that of the marine falt much later,
wig. the part of the mint under water, for that
part of it which was above the water, withered in
the fametime as in the folution of nitre. (2) That
{mall and lean earth, as being very fandy, and
taken out of earthen pots in which fhrubs had
grown for fome years, and only fifted, .nourifhes
plants as well, and feeds come up in it as .vigor-
onfly, asin the fatteft earth, and are leis infefted
with infects. (3) .That. the fame lean earth,

; mixed

th Geoff. Mat. Med. Vol. 1. p.9q: See Boyle's
Works, Vol. 16 ps 312. &e. and Vol 2. p. 498s

‘on BOTANY 21
mixed with a thirty fixth part of calx vive, kept
dry for a year, made it worfe, and lefs fertile, by
almoft a third part. For, a plant fet in it, at the
end of feventy four days, weighed fix drachms
and fifty grains ; while the weight of another
plant, of the fame kind and equal fize, which
grew inthe lean earth without quick-lime, in the
fame fpace of time, amounted to nine drachms and
twenty four grains. (4) That lime-water does
not cerrupt bulbs of the Hyacinth and Tulip,
though macerated in it for many days: but that
the root of the Oriental Hyacinth with a blue
flower, put into a glafs of this water, immediate-
ly languifhes ; neither its leaves nor ftalk attain
their ufual length, its flowers turn red, and are
not fully expanded ; and the fibres which it had
before fent out are foon confumed. And (§) That
fhrubs and herbs kept in earthen pots, and watered
for many months with this lime-water, neither
grow more vigoroufly nor more languidly, as far —
as I could obferve.

And therefore I am forced to conclude, that we
cannot eafily arrive at the knowledge of the pre-
cife nature of the humour ftrained from the earth,
for the fuccefsful advancement of vegetation, if it
be different from water. For, the fertility of
foils is more ptomoted by aphairefis, than pro/the-
fis 5 viz. by fubtraGting or removing thofe thin-s
that hinder it, fuch as too much moifture or drv-
nefs, folidity or lightnefs, hardnefs, toughneds,
fournefs, coldnefs, infeéts, hurtful weeds, &c. than
by adding thofe things which are defective; ot
what water and air, affifted by heat, cannot

fupply.
fie §. Vil:

ore *

22, A Disstrtation
ne + RO SRE ET: |

_.23. There was publifhed at Leydew in 17425
in \4to., A Differtation, in which. the vacal
queftion, What is the caufe of the fertility of foils ?
propofed by the B-ench Academy at Bourdeaux in
1739," is treated of by Fobu Adam Kylbel, M. D-
and by it he obtained the appointed reward of a
golden medal. But it feems to be fupported by
hypothefes, and not fusiciently by fure experi-

snents. For, in Thefis 8. he thus argues, ‘ Since

“ the fubftance of vegetables not only. confifts of
“ fuid, but likewife of folid or terreftrial parts,
“ it.thence follows, that the nutritious juice of
« vegetables ought to be compofed alfo of terref-
“ trial parts, which the earth yields it out of its
*¢ bofom.” | But he himfelf below acknowledges,
in Thef. 39. that thefe terrene parts may be de-
rived from watet: For, he fays, ‘‘ By examining
“¢ the matter more thoroughly, it will be found,
«© that water wholly furnishes out of its lap, the
* folid particles neceflary to increafe the fubitance
“© of vegetables... ia

- 24, Then, in Thef. 10. ‘ Since the terrene

- portion of the nutritious Juice, be fays, mult be

© very fubtile, and efpecially diffolvable in wa-
ter, and the earth furnifhes it out of its bofom,
“© it hence may be inferred, that hat peculiai: dif*
“ pofition of the earth, by which one field is ufu-
« ally more fruitful than another, confifts in this,
“that the more fertile abounds with greater
* plenty of that fubtile earth, which 1s foluble in
watet ; but the more batren field contains very

«- Itttle,

te

on BOTANY. 23

. Te, NP ae sbi ald cadres tie hee
little; or none at all of it, unlefs it be artificial-

“oly fupplied with it by dungings.” To confirm
this allegation he recites an experiment, on which
‘his whole opinion, or the’ folution of his queftion,
depends; ‘which is thus propounded, in'Vhef. 11.
T0743 |

“Te prove, be fiys, the truth of the affertion,
I took earth that was vaftly fertile and without
ordure, and poured hot water on a portion of its
the lixivium I filtered through blotting paper

_and referved it. Lagain extracted with more

hot water what I could from the remaining
earth, nay, I boiled ir'a little ; the extract L
filtrated and mixed with the former. I repeated
feveral times this extraction of the fame earth,
and at length I fo concentrated all the extracts
in glafs platters, by gentke evaporation, that of
ome meafiies of them, ‘only one pound did re~
main. “I'he concentrated extraét was of a dark
brown‘edlour, and had let fall during the eva-
poration: much of @ fubtile and unfuois earth,
found’'on' the fides and bottoms of the glaffles ,

“and the’furface was covered with a kind of cue
‘ticle; fich asfaline lixives commonly form while

they are'evaporating. Ifit be gently evaporated
todrynefs, anunfuous faline magma is obtained, o

- abrownifh red colour; but if it be again diffolved.

in water, filtrated, and gently evaporated, it be-
comes péllucid, and acquires a more elegant co-
lour, and depofites no longer any thing terteftrial,
how often foever it be ftill diffolved. ‘The fame
expetiment fucceeds with all fertile earths, fo
that by how much the more fertile any earth 1s,
it a ee water withfomuch the more of the fub-
tile fubftance: Yet it does not fucceed fo readily

LE ‘s with

a4 A Disstxvarion

‘“¢ with the intirely muddy, clayie, fandy, and
«¢ other barren earths, becaufe they communicate
“ very little, or fometimes.abfolutely. nothing, to
“a watery menftruum. Hence it follows, that
“« the fpecific difference in the nature of fertile
“ and barren earths confifts in this, that thofe con-
‘© tain much, aad. thefe but.little or none, of a fub-
‘¢ tile terreftrious fubftance which is foluble in
“< water.” Thus Dr. Kyibe/. But. the. oration
feems to be lame... jixih on

25. Fot, (i) The-quantities of the fertile earth,
and of the water: which the learned Author -ufed,
as alfo of the unCtuous. faline magma, are wrongly
omitted to be mentioned ;.. for, what @ portion of
fertile earth, and fome meafures of water. denote;
I cannot imagine. But befides, (2) He did not try,
whether “ grain and corn would grow more vi-
*¢ goroufly and more plentifully in his unétuous fa~
« line magma,” by itfelf, or mixed: with fand,
than in any other earth, or, than in the, earth re-
maining after (his firft at leaft) extraction. _ For,
an eminent writer on husbandry, Fethro Tull, re-
matks, ‘* That nitre and other falts, afford no bet-
“¢ ter nourifhment to plants, than arfenic does to
“ mice.”’ If indeed either of thofe things had
happened, it would have been needlefs, to have
profecuted any farther his inquiries.’ .__

_ [took of earth, fertile both by art and nature,
eight pounds, four pounds of which I diluted with
more than four times the quantity of water, I ftir-
red it ftrongly and for a long time with a ftick,
and after a maceration of five days, I poured. oft
the water, and moderately dried the earth. In
this wafhed garth, I planted ning feeds of the com-

et aa

on BOTANY. 28
mon cucumber, and as many of the garden tadifh
and at the fame time, I fowed an equal number of
the fame feeds in the other four pounds of the fame
earth unwafhed, but fufficiently wetted. Yet
they did not grow in the leaft more vigoroufly or
more copioufly in this than in the other: nay, on
the contrary, they vegetated more vigoroufly and

lentifully in the wafhed than unwafhed earth,
efpecially the feeds of the cucumber. It will per-
haps be objected by fome, that all the fubtile and
un¢tuous earth cannot.be extracted by cold water,
but by boiling, and repeated affufions of it. But
what can be only thus extraéted from earth, will
certainly never be exttacted by the roots of plants,
or conftitute a part of the nutritious juice. The
affertion therefore of our author, with fubmiifion
to the illuftrious Academy, and the celebrated
Carolus Linnéus *, is not at all proved by this
experiment, nor can it be proved by any means as
far as yet appears. Confequently we need not be
folicitous about the analyfis of this magma, how-
foever imperfectly it 1s delivered.

26. Laftly, in Thef. 34. it is thus written,
*¢ Yea, this unétuous earth owes its original pro-
*¢ duétian to the vegetable kingdom.——Yet, it
“is from thence manifeft, that it was naturally
‘ bred in the earth from the beginning of the
‘© creation, becaufe there are fields in their own
“‘ nature fo fruitful, that they evidently want
“ no affiftances from dungs.” Which indeed
feems plainly to contradict the hypothefis of our
famous author. ‘That there are fuch fields, is not
to

~~

E
* Phil. Bot. p. 88;

26 A Disservarion

to be denied: but we. are. not hence to conclude.
they are therefore fertile, becaufe they abound.
with that unétuous earth ; for, though they only.
confifted of fuch an earth, this would in time be.
neceflarily confumed : and fuch fieids are rather.
to be reckoned fruitful, becaufe no impediment to.
vegetation exifts in them, and they require to fer-.
tility, only the affiftance of water, air, and heat,.
as is confirmed by the above-mentioned (No. 22.)

experiments.
im §. VIII.

27..We meet with a ftill more recent, and more.
obfeure account: of vegetation, in the Hifoixe
Phyfique, \ately and firft printed at Paris, and af-
terwards reprinted at the Hague in 1750. in 4fo.
which, if I underftand the author, is to this pur-
ole *.: , . : ;
‘ Since falts and fome other foffils are compofed
of parts, both exattly like their own, and thofe of
the body which they conftitute ; a grain of fea
falt being acube, confifting of infinite other cubes ;
plants which have a power to produce others-like
themfelves, from all parts of rhefe things, are or.
ganical bodies, compofed of other exactly fimilar
organical bodies, whofe primitive and conftituent
parts are likewife organical, not indeed percepti-
ble to the eye, but by reafon and analogy; hence
we are induced to believe, that in mature really
exif? an infinity of organical living parts, of the
fame fubftance with the bodies which they conftitute.
For, as perhaps thoufands of thoufands, of fmall
pa | Big) lees aan faling
* Tom 2. ¢. 2. p. 8

on BOTANY.” 27

faline cubes, are to be accumulated, to form one
fenfibie grain of fea-falt ; fo thoufands of thou-
fands of. organical parts, exaétly fimilar to the
whole, are toaict to form even one of the buds
which one individual elm contains. ©. i

* "To me, therefore, he fays,, it appears very
* likely, that there actually exilts 7m nature an
“* infinity of {mall organical beings, quite fimilar
“< to the great organical beings confpicuous in the
‘© world; that thofe {mall organical exiftences are
“© compofed of living organical parts, common both
‘“* to animals and vegetables; that thefe organical
‘* parts are primitive and incorruptible 3 that col-
‘© ieGions of thefe parts form vifible organical
‘* exiftences 5; and confequently, that reproduGion,
‘“¢ or generation, Js only the change of form, which
‘‘ happens and is brought about by the fole addi-
“tion of perfectly fimilar parts; as alfo the de-
firuéion of an organical being, proceeds from
their feparation.”” An opinion indeed ambigu-
ous from a tedious and intricate detail of words, if
different from that of the fchools, concerning the
materia prima and fubftantial forms.

28. For, 1/7, It feems dificult to tell what he
means by erganical parts. Becaufe they are all,
either always of the faine determinate figure, or
conftitute equally well an elm, or a cabbage; and
then they differ in no refpect from the atoms of the
Epicureans, and a knife will confift of organical
parts: or, the figure of thofe in the elm, differs
from that which they have in the cabbage ;_ but
if fo, an elm could not be novrifhed by a cabbage,
howfoever putrified, which is act true. |
2dly,

28 A DrisserTra Trion

- adly, He calls thefe organical parts incorrupti-
ble: and in one ferfe all matter may perhaps be
faid to be incorraptibie 5. but then there would be
no diftinGtion between organical and non-organi-
cal parts, or betwixt organical bodies, and rude
(corps*bruts) or non-organical bodies. However,
either all'the parts of vegetables are organical and
incorruptible, or only fome of them. If all are fo,
then all the parts of water are alfo organical and
incorruptible 5 fince by far the createft fhare of
vegetables is the mere element of water. If only
fome of the parts of vegetables are organical and
incorruptible ; thefe muft neceffarily be a chemi-
cal earth, or waters; fince all vegetables and their
conftituent parts, can be refolved by art into wa-
ter and earth. And if the parts of water and a
chemical earth are organical, there 1s no matter,
or body, whofe parts are not organical.

3dly, It is alfo expedient, that thefe organical
parts be Jiving. 1 fhall not here explain in how
many different fenfes the word /ife is taken. Our
author however, unlefs I am miftaken, means by
it the power, or faculty, of fpontaneous motion.
But how any part of matter can move itfelf fpon-
taneoufly, unlefs it be likewife endued with an
elective power, or will, I do not fee. For, fince
of itfelf 1t equally tends upwards and downwards,
to the right hand and to the left 5 at leaft no rea-
fon can be affigned, why fuch a particle of itfelf
will move in one direction, rather than 1n any
other: therefore, unlefs it be determined by fome
other caufe, or can determine itfelf, it will never
move out of its piace. Befides, fince thefe ees
are exadtly alike, aud of the fame fubltance, 1 ae

0

on BOTANY. 29

of them be fuppofed from ‘its own nature to move
upwards, they will likewife all move themfelves
upwards ; and fo never conftitute an organical
body. For, fince to form even one bud of an.elm,
thoufands of thoufands of fuch organical,parts are
required, by no means does their conjunction: fuf-
fice, nor their fimple cohefion, by what. power -fo-
ever it be ake 3 but they fhould: be: dif-
pofed only in one, certain, and definite: orders, of
the infinite poffible orders, that thereby the vari-
ous veffels, &c. may be formed, and placed in
that wonderful manner, as is obferved in fuch a
bud. .To effect which, evidently another energy
and defign, yea more than human reafon, 1s re-
quifite, which the author I fearce expect will find
in his organical parts, though he should fergn that
they both feel and think: :

29. Nor will his feigned: internal modes, or in-
terior forms *, though they did exift, extricate:
him out of his labyrinth, unlefs he would» alfo
give them a directing, applying, and conjoining
power, as well as exterior modes keeping thefer
organical parts in order ;, and of all of them more:
than an infinite variety... 1 have called them
feigned forms, becaufe, I am entirely ignorant to
what kind of beings they. belong, fince they: are’
to. be named neither {piritual,, nor materials The.
analogy alfo of fuch modes, with gravity, feems
to be-very far fetched... For,, let gravity be 2
quality in nature, or an exceedingly active power,
and intimately pervading the fmalleft particlesiaf .
bodies ; which, however, is difficultly proved ;

© Monkesduteri¢urss: lego Pe P53. |

30 -A DIssERTATION

fince it is not lefs philofophical to affirm, that
thofe things are performed by impulfe, which are
afcribed ‘to gravity, than by attraGtion *. How-
ever, if it be a quality, it is inherent in every
particle of matter, and its force is every where
uniform.. But, the fuppofed modes. are neither
inherent in all matter, nor in any fimple organi-
cal part, nor in the great organical bodies them-
felves, nor is their influence uniform ; and if they
are modes of fubftance, they fubfift without fub-

ftance,: or may fubfift.

9308 And, 4thly and Jaftly, Thefe organical
parts ought to be primitive; that is, unlefs 1 am
deceived, produced at'the beginring ; v7z. at that
time, when @ comet being rapidly projected to-
wards the fun, {hook off from its body thofe fmall
particles, of which the earth was formed, toge-
ther with the other planets, and their fatellites ;
to'all:which, by the force of percuffion and inhe-
rent gravity, it communicated the motion and or-
der, which they retain to this very day.” At that
memorable time, I fay,:when from the fub{tance
of the fun, liquified by the moft intenfe and wave-
like heat, the fea was-produced, or fo great acol-
leftion of waters covering the earth, that the tops
of the higheft mountains did not ftand op above
it, till after, I know not how many, ages of ages T-

That birth-day of the world will now never be
forgotten 5 nor can the fhoals of filhes that inha-

bit the fea, be robbed ‘of that dignity derived
from their anceftors, which 1s peipitw. cele
is ‘above

” ® Vid. Neut. opt. p. 351. ae be
{ Vide Hits Phyf sons 3. ps 47. &ee

‘om BOTANY. | 4%
above other animals, fo long as they continue its.
lords: till, to wit, by the fpontaneous motion of
the waters, and fortuitous blafts of winds, by little
and little, clots; and then heaps of earth, hillocks,
hills, and mountains, a very tile time after, are
piled up in the abyfs; and at length the earth ap-
pears dry ; and fo on. [See what is faid of the -
calmnefs of the waters at the bottom of the fea,
in the works of the moft famous Boy/e, Vol. 3:
p- 112.] For, it is fufficiently evident from the
fmall alteration which the earth has undergone,
in the three or four thoufand years laft paft, that
myriads of years are required to produce fhell-
fifh, whofe {hells are found on the ridges of moun-
tains, as well as in the gravel-pits of valleys.

31. Yet, thefe perhaps are not the fpoils of fea
animals, but were created in the beginning at the
fame time with other terreftrial things 5 or were
more recently produced, as many minerals are, for
inftance, figured ftones, as it were by vegetation,
(or cryftallifation). ‘* What fhall we fay to the
‘*¢ obfervation of the moft learned Camerarius, who
“ relates, that in the Dutchy of Wurtemberg were
«* dug up more than fixty jaw-bones, fome of which
“¢ were larger than thofe of camels, and others were
* thought to have belonged to elephants; that
** the forms of all the bones, from the leaft by a
‘© gradation to the greateft, were exactly the
* fame; and that though many of them could not
“ be diftinétly feen but through microfcopes, yer.
‘¢ thefe were furnifhed with their apophyfes, or
‘* proceffes * 2” Whence comes thefe, and other

: petrified
* Vid. B. S. Albins orats inaug. bP 40s -

32, A Dissenrariox

petrified bodies, called’ animals 2. Whénce is it
that vipers are to be found in a rock inthe ifland
Melita? Why are all thefe wreathed in the fame
manner, and with theit heads feemingly cut oft ?
Perhaps thefe, as alfo innumerable lapideous plants,
to, be: met with almoft' every where, are of the
fame age with the shells of fhell-fith:. and, if it
be fo, the fingular hypothefis of our author will be
overthrown, or, in other words, without a fupport.

32. % Avcertain heterodox divine, be fays, whofe

“ head was very much heated with poetical vifions
% or dreams, believed that he had feen the cre-
“© ation of the world, &c.*” And certainly no-
thing can be fo abfurdly faid, that is not faid by
one ot another, of the philofophers. But the moft
violently heated head, among the poets, never in-
vented a more abfurd fidtion, than that of our Ca-
tholic philofopher concerning the origin of the
world, without creation, or rather by a mechant-
cal or fortuitous production of the planets 5 as if it
was unworthy of natural philofophy, to admit any
fupernatural caufe, or to have recourfe to the firit
caufe, when, in any way foever, all fecond caufes
are wanting. "That philofopher thought far other-
wife, who, in treating of the world, fpeaks thus :
“It remains that we difcourfe briefly concerning
« the continual caufe' of all things: for, 1t'would
“¢ be abfurd and wicked to treat of the world, and.
‘ filently overlook what is moft excellent in it.
“ Tt is therefore an old faying, tranfmitted by our
“ fore-fathers to all men, that all things were ap-
** pointed from, and made by, God. For, there
: « Y8

a

*® Vide Tome %. peahe

on BOT AN Y. ax
« jg no nature which is fufficient of itfelf to pre-
“ ferve itfelf without him, who is the creator
“ and preferver of all things in the world, and
“ who compleatly forms all things without dift-
“ culty, and by fimple motion. In fhort, what
“ a pilot is ina fhip; what a charloteer is ina
“< a chariot ; what a precentor is in a chorus;
“ what, laftly, a law is ina ftate, and a general
‘¢ ig inn army, that God is in the world; who
“¢ finifhes all things without labour, without trou-
“ ble, or bodily infirmity, &c.*” But to return
from this digreffion.

§ IX.

33. That the nourifhing juice is derived from
the root in a progreffively direét or ftraight mo-
tion to the tops of the talledt trees, is fufficiently
clear; nor do many experiments permit us to
doubt of its return or regrefs, and lateral motion.
But, whether it both afcends and defcerds by the
fame, or by different veffels, or whether there is a
circulation of the humours in plants, 1s not equally
certain. However, by mixture, digeftion, motion,
perfpiration, or fome other unknown property of
the organs, the non-natural juice 1s concocted into
the nature of every vegetable, or rendered natural.

But, concerning the formation or production of
gems-or-buds, I am of the fame opinion as Mai-
pighius entertains concerning the little feminal
plant ; wz. that their generation 1s to be deemed
one of the fecrets of nature: For, as far as 1 could
yet collect from obfervations, the embryo in a gem,

F 2 viewed

* Vid. Ariftot. de mundo, ¢. 6.

34 A DissERTATION

viewed with a microfcope, no otherwife than in a
feed, at the firft infpetion appears in the form of a
thin membrane, or pellicle, turgid with an aqueous
humour ; from this, utriculi and at length fittulous
fibres are formed, which by vegetating are indeed
fearce at all or little increafed in thicknefs, but
much in number and length.: And almoft the
fame thing may be faid of the annual coat, or in-
creafe of trees. For, the liber or inner bark in
the fpring time abounds with juice, from which
firft yeficles, then pipes, and at length a new liber
or internal bark arifes, when the interior part of
the former applies itfelf to the wood, and 1s hard-
ened in time into a new woody covering. From
this new coat, as it were from a proper matrix or
womb, the gems of the following year, at leaft in
our own country, come forth ; and by no means
from the pith of the tree, as fome would have it.

§ X.

34. The fecond great work of a vegetable is, to
generate another like itfelf ; which 1s principally
performed by fru@ification; whofe parts are the
Calyx (or Flower-Cup), the Petalum (or Flower-

Leaf), the Stamen (or Chive, or Thrum), and
the Piffillum (or Peftil).

35- The calyx, or flower-cup, is the bafis and
prop or fupport of the flower, and by the fafhion
of its body cheriihes and infolds the beginning
rife of the leaves and ftamina, and alfo for moft
part covers over their progrefs ; wherefore it is
endued with a yarious or manifold form and mag-

? nitude,

)

‘on BOTANY. 36

nitude *. “ The calyx fhould be termed the
s pofterior part of the flower, diftinguifhed from
the foot-ftalk by acertain remarkable thicknefs,
¢ either involying, or fuftaining the flower-leaves,
“« or ferving both thefe purpofes. But, fince it is
* often a great knot, and thofe flowers that have
a calyx; ihould be differenced from thofe that
s want it; therefore, the leaves of flowers, of
*¢ whatfoever colour they are, fhould be efteemed
the calyx, when they become the proper invo-
“ jucrum (or covering, or receptacle) of the feed,
“ but are to be reckoned petala when this does not
+ happen, whether they die foon, or continue.”

But, according to the moft famous Linnaeus,. in
his Fundamenta Botanica (§ 86. a.), there are
feven f{pecies of the Calyx: viz. Perianthium, In-
volucrum, Spatha,Gluma, Amentum, Calyptra, Volva.
And his Genera Plantarum ¢ (in the edition of
1742) contains 1021 kinds. Of thefe kinds (f.1.c.)
673 have for a calyx @ Perianthium, 72 a Spatha,
65 an Involucrum, 29 Gluma, 18 Amentum, 3 Ca-
Jyptra, none Volva. In his Phil. Botanica, p. 52-
the Volva is defcribed, «‘ to be the membranous
“cup of a mufbroom, ragged or torn on every
© fide.” But, in 11 characters of the genera of
fungi, there is no mention made of the Volva.
And about tro genera want acalyx; while fome
(about 25) have both a Perianthium and an Invo-
lucrum ; others a Perianthium and Spatha, &c.
; bagi Befides,

* Mahpig. p. 56.

| Tournefort. Inf. p. 71. 72. -

+ C. Linnet Genera Plantarum, eorum@gue Cha-
yacieres naturales. Lugd. Bat. 1737. Editio fecunda
aucia et emendata. ibid. 1742. i 8 v0.

26 A Disserrvarron

Befides,: the calyx of the Coffus isa fimple fpadix,
ordi ple fpathe, or a perianthium with three teeth:
the flower-cup of the Xyris, Cyperus, Scirpus, Eri-
opbovus is.a {pica, or ear: the calyx of 44 wmbel-
liferous. genera isan umbrella,’ &e. Of the ‘Mo-
riuda and Eryngium, a receptacle ::Of 85 genera
of /iugenefous plants, it 1s a common, or univerfal,
or compound calyx: The calyx of the Platanus
confifts only of fome very fmall lappets, or jags 5
that of the Trichomanes is copped, or broad above
and fmall below; that of the Authoceros, Blafa,
Lemna, confifts of one leaf; that of the Chara of
two very {mall leaves ; the whole margin of that
of the Fuchfia farrounds (the-lower half of the
piftillum, which he calls) the germen and fo on.
There.are therefore many more fpecies of calyces
than feven.. Yet, in the mean time I do not fee
what ufe fuch minutiz, or little niceties, is of;
fince fearce any one can know in any other way
what is meant by the fpecies of ‘a calyx, or a pe-
ricarpium, or a.receptacle, than .by looking at. and
examining the plants themfelves ; and. by this
means he will eafily acquire a foticiently clear
and diftin idea of every calyx, &c. though’ he
fhould have-never heard of the above-mentioned
forts of it. 7

36. The petala, or flower-leaves, are thofe leaves
which: for moft. part. excel the:other parts of the
flower in fhape, or beauty and colour, and which
never become the proper feed-veffel, or. involu-
erum of the feed. ‘Fabins Columna\ was the firft,
as far.as I know, who ufed the word. Petalum, to
diftinguifh the leayes:of ‘flowers. from thafe. parts

_ properly

on BOTANY. Sy

properly called folia, or leaves*. They arecale
led by fome flores fimply, or the flewers, and» by
others florum bra@ea, or the thin glittering leaves
of flowers. ‘as

Now; finée we likewifé meet with in fome
flowers as it were fecondary petala, diftin® enough
from the formet, which in the granadilla are by
Tournefort called Corolla fimbriata, in the helle-
bore Cornicula, in the nigella Corolla, in the aco-
nitum Styli duo, &c. and in general by Linnaeus;
Ne@aria 3 it is ufeful, to. exprefs by one general
name both thefe forts of petala; and fuch a one 1s
the Corolla of Linneus: but, becaufe this word
denotes many diffetent things among the Latins,
pethaps i¢ might be more fitly changed for Anrhas;
in imitation of Colwmna, or with Fungius named
Bradea. However, “ There are two fpecies of
«« the Corolla, the Petalum and Nectarium ;' and
“ four parts of it, Limbus, Tubus, Lamina, and
“ Unguis.}”

37. The Stamina, or chives, or thrunis, are
thofe {mall bufhy threads, which ufually: poffefs
the middle of the flower and fupport the apices.
The Apices are the uppermoft; thicker, tamid,.
hollow parts of the ftamina, like receptacles,
which are for moft part divided into two apart-
ments, and bivalve or open two ways}. Czja/-
pinus calls the ftamina Flocci ; and their’ apices
Linneus names Anthere. ‘ When the.round bo-
** dies with which the flender heads of the flamina
Wa Qodtx wh ate
* Tournefort,. ps7: |

+ Phils Bot. 86: ii. -

t Lourncfort, p. 70+

38 A DissER TATION

«¢ are crowned become turgid, and the containing
“ capfula (or bag, of each apex) is dried, very
‘¢ {mall globules burft out and are difperfed abroad.
“ Thefe globulets, or as it were atoms, are of
* different figures and colours, but they frequent:
“© ly have a yellow colour *. The ftamina rife
‘¢ either from the calyx 5 or, and that the moft
© frequently, from the petala; or, from the em-
‘¢ bryo of the fruit.» The Antherz adhere to the
“¢ ftioma (or upper extremity of the piftillum ) with-
“< out filaments in the Ariftolochia.” Phil. Bot:
P73?

38. The piffillum, or peftil, Tournefort calls that
part which commonly occupies the center of the
flower amidft the ftamina, and is multiform f-.
The Stvivs, with Malpighius, is the part occupy-
ing the center of the flower, which inclofes the
feed in its cavity, rifes up with an appendix, and
plays among the ftamina. It is known, that the
parts of flowers are ingenioufly formed for the
fake of the ftylus, or uterus 5 for, in this the feed,
which is at the laft demanded by nature, 1s curi-
oufly guarded ¢+. ‘The appendices of the Stylus,
Cxefalpinus \\ calls ftamina ||||.

« Fructification,

* Malpig: p.63- 64+

T p- 70.

+ p. 64.

ets Paci 7. | |

{||| Malpighius xot only calls the whole piftillumss.
the feyle, or womb 5 but fometimes its inferior ha
evarium, avd its fuperioy appendix ovarils

on BOT AN Y. By

» @ Frutification, isia temporary part of vegetas
“© bles, dedicated to generation, which ends an
“« old, and begins a new work. Seven parts are
“ appropriated to it. 1. The calyx, which is
“‘ the bark of the plant prefent in fru¢tification.
“ 2, The coro//a,. or the mner bark of the plant
‘* prefent inthe flower. 3. The /2amen, a bowel
“* for the preparation of (what is fuppofed to be the
‘* impregnating) powder. 4. The piftillum, a
‘¢ bowel adhering to the fruit for the reception of
“* the (duff, or) powder. §. The pericarpium,
“ a bowel pregnant with feeds, which: it fcatters
‘“‘ when ripe. 6. The feed, a iat that falls from
*< a vegetable, the rudiment of a new one, which
“* is vivified by the irrigation (prolific influence)
“ of the: powder. 7 The receptacle, the bafis
** by which the fix parts of fructification are connec-
“* ted together.” Thus much from the Pdi/. Bot.
p- §2- But how juftly it is grounded, will appear
from the fequel. I fhall only add here, that he
makes three parts of the piftillum, wiz. the Ger-
men, (or, lower baif of it) the Stylus, (or, greatest
joare of the upper half), and the Stigma, (for, he
{c calls the top, or fuperior extremity of the Piftil-
ium,) to which the defcription of the Piftwlum
feems only to agree.

§ XI.

39. With refpect to what belongs to the texture
and compofition of thefe parts, the fubftance of the
interior little ftem, or footftalk, as Malpighbius in-
forms us, viz. the pipes and trachex, are extended
and elongated into t te of the flower, which

are

40 A DissER TATION

are furnifhed with every kind of veffels, and per®
feéted by hanging feries, or rows, of utriculi. For
moft part the veffels do not go forth from a little
fide, but copious fmall bundles of them rife up
from the bafe, and having produced branches they
are elongated in all dimenfions. In the fame man-
ner alfo, each of the ftamina is made up of ligneous
fibres and air-veffels, to which the utricult, or little
bags, placed longitudinally, are added *.

All the before-mentioned parts do not occur in
all fowers: for, fome want the involving calyx,
others the petala, and others the piftillum ; while,
in all fertile flowers, both the piftillum and the
apices of the ftlamina are always prefent; which
therefore appear to be the moft effential parts.
But concerning the ufe of the apices, and their
duft, Botanifts do not yet agree. i

40. For, Cafalpinus t fays, ** The Oxycedrus
and the Taxus, bear fruit, but do not flowers
and, of the herbaceous kind, the Mercurialis,
Urtica, and Canabis do the fame ; of all which
they call the barren males, but the fruit bear-
ing females. Yet, of the former kind, or males,
they fay that the females thrive better, and be-
come more fruitful, if they are planted near them,
as 1s obferved in the Palm Trees as if a certain
“« yapour, breathed out by the male, compleatly
“¢ difpofed the flack heat of the female to fruc-
tification.” ea
And Ray, “ What the ufe of thefe parts is, is
doubted : fome think they are given to flowers

“ fos
* Raiz Hifi. Pi. pe 16,
7 d. I. Ge 7° 1

a & A eH Aa RAH
c37wnwnnrnRnRn Re Ae eM RM

nr

La)

¢

we

on BOTANY. 4?

¢ for the fake of ornament; and others, to dif-
‘charge the matter which retards the produc-
“¢ tion of the feeds, that the refidue Gey caine
‘“¢ purer and freer of dregs, and therefore are as
It were emunctories. But our Grew, is of opi-
nion, that the ftamina not enly have this ufe,
but likewife thinks that the pomder, or globules,
with which the apices are filled, and which
“¢ at maturity they throw out like male fperm,
** ferves to fecundate the feed; and therefore that
“¢ moft plants partake of both fexes.*”

Grew’s opinion pleafed very many Botanifts ;
and firft of all Ray +; next, R. Camerarius, &c.
yet fome of them, without mentioning the author’s
name, delivered and boafted of it as their own ;
efpecially Mr. Geoffroy +, and Mr. Vailant ||. And.
others earneftly endeavoured to eftablifh it by va-
rious arguments, as Ray himfelf, Camerarius, &c.
But among all thefe the celebrated Linnaeus fhines 5
who writes thus : ie

‘That the antherz and ftigmata conftitute the
** fexes of plants, was difcovered, and has been
<¢ defcribed, and received as an infallible truth by
*¢ thofe that cultivated palm-trees, by MiZingzton,
© Grew, Ray, Camerarius, Geoffroy, Morland, Blair,
‘¢ Fuffien, Bradley, Roy en, Log an,&c. nor can it be con-

Ce “ cealed

€¢
ce
ce
&¢

* See Grew’s Anat. of Plants, p. 171. and Raii
Hifi. Pl. p. 17.
+ See the laf? cited place, and the preface to his
Sylloge exter. Stirp. edit. 1694.
+ Memoires de 1’ Acad. des Sciences, An. 1711.
|| Sebaftiant Vaillant Sermo de ftrudtura florum.
Lugd. Bat. 1718, 10 AtOe See this tract paffim.

42 A DisseERTATION

«« cealed from any one who will view the flowers:
‘« of every plant with open eyes; as is demon-
‘¢ ftrated in.the Sponfalia Plantarum, printed at
“ Upfal in 1746. in 4to. *” And elfewhere,
“ That the generation of vegetables is finifhed
<¢-by means of the fall of the powder of the antherz
«< upon the naked ftigmata, whereby the powder
«is broken, and breathes: out. @ feminal aura,
“« which is abforbed by the humour of the ftigma,
“© the fight, proportion, place, time, fhowers, thofe
*¢ that cultivate palm-trees, nodding flowers, fuch’:
«as are funk under water, fyngenefia, yea, the
“© proper infpection of all flowers, confirm f 3”:
which is talking pofitively enough.

§ XII.

Ar. Yet, on the other hand, the moft famous
Tournefort and Pontedera, howfoever properly they
viewed and contemplated flowers, admit no fuch
generation, or ufe, of the powder. Pontedera in-
deed exprefsly afferts, that the liquor of the apices
is not necefflary, in all plants, to the fcecunda-
tion of the embryo ; and endeavours to evince it
by many confiderations $.. But it is plainly de-
monftrated by the experiments of Cazerarius him- |
{oles | nyc

For, if one fruit-bearing plant, or folitary fe-
male of Hemp, or Dog’s Mercury, or. Spinage,
cultivated out of any contagion of, or commn-
nication

* C. Linnai Syftema Nature, editio fexta, Lipfia
1748. in Bvow vid. po 216.>
gt Phih Bots § 145:

4 .Vid: Ps Anthol. lo 2s dps 1o7. ad 185.

on BOTANY. 43

nication with, a neighbouring. male, produces fer=..
tile feeds; then the powder, or liquor, of the
apices, is not requifite to the foecundation of the ’
embryo in all plants: now Cazerarius * faw a fo-
litary female plant of Hemp, and Dog’s Mercury,
and Spinage, cultivated out of the infe€tious in-
fluence of any neighbouring male, produce fruit
ful feeds: Therefore the liquor.of the apices is
not neceflary to foecundate the embryo inall plants.
But that the generation of vegetables may. be
brought about without the falling down of the
duit of the anthere upon the naked ftigmata, the
ficht of Camerarius declares. and confirms; and I
myfelf have alfo feen the fame thing. | For, in the.
fpring of the year 1737, I tranfplanted from one
part of the garden into another, at the diftance of
about two hundred and forty Englith feet, between
which parts, five, pretty high, thick, and living
hedges intervened, three new young plants of the
Spinacia vulgaris T'.; and before any Spinage had
begun to grow into a ftalk. By accident, all the
three were fruit-bearing plants, and yielded plenty:
of prolific feeds; for, when fown, they fprung
and grew as well as any feed of Spinage is wont
todo. Hence I began to doubt of this Theory.

Az. And, that I might be ftill more affured,
whether the duft of the apices contributed to the
fruitfulnefs of feed, I made trial of the Mercuri-
alis and Cannabis J.B. and found that one folitary
female of the former, diftant from all males more
than two thoufand feet, and one of the latter re~
moved from all others above a mile, neverthelefs

abounded
* Mifcel. cur. Dec. 3 dite 8. apps po 3T—=40.

44 A-DIssER TATION

abounded with fertile feed. Tournefort * obferved
the fame thing in Hops, Philip Miller ¢ in the
Bryony, and Geoffroy himfelf + almcft the fame in
the Dog’s Mercury. I therefore pronounce the
affertion of the moft famous Pentedera to be a moft
certain fact. But, let us hear the Sponfalia
Plantarum.

‘© Yet it fometimes happens, that the feed bearing
“¢ Hemp carries one or two ftaminiferous flowers,
“by which fome females may be impregnated ;
‘“* which deceived Camerarius.” ‘Thus Mr. Wabi-
bom ||. ‘This is certainly to deceive remarkably,
not to fay any thing more harfh. Such flowers I
never faw in the feed bearing hemp, nor did I
ever before hear of them. In my plant, he cer-
tainly never faw them, nor in the others above-
mentioned. This feems to cut, and not to untye
the knot. And, if that is the cafe, authority
againft tried experiments is of no avail, nor ar-
guments drawn, from place, time, &c.: yet, fome
of thefe I fhall examine and endeavour to over-
throw.

§ XIil.

42. 1/7, The moft trite argument is that taken

from the caftration of flowers, as they love to
{peak.

“TS 7 petOGe

{ The Gardener's DiGionary. By Philip Miller.
Sixth Edition. London 1752. in folio. The fame
abridged by the author. Fourth Edition. London
1753. 2 Voll. in 8v0.
~-$ Mem. del Acad. des Sciences; ai: 17 UIs

) Aman. Acad. Valu.i. p. 99. |

on BOTANY. Aas

fpeak: “ If we take away the antherx of any
*« plant which bears only a fingle flower, and take
care that no other plant of the fame fpecies ‘be
with it, the fruit mifcarries, or at leaft it brings
¢ forth fubventaneous (or barren) ova, (or feeds) 5
‘ which is fo certain, that any one may try it with
‘¢ yninterrupted fuccefs *.”” This is certainly
gratis dictum, fince he cannot fay that he has tried
it in all fuch plants: and though this be granted,
it proves nothing ; becaufe a wound in an other-
wife neceflary part, or the lofs of juice, might be
the caufe of the abortion. ‘* Having often pulled
“ off the leaves of a flower, before they were
* opened, particularly in the Tulip, I waited to
“© fee whether the ftylus would afterwards grow 5
<< and fometimes I obferved that its growth was
‘“* hindered, and fometimes that fome feeds, -hav-
*¢ ing fuftered no harm, arrived at their due mag-
“ nitude +.” But moreover, I tried the: expert+
ment with no fuccefs: for, (in the beginning of
the laft furnmer, viz. 1752) I took away from tw6
Tulips growing together, all the antherz, while
they were unripe and intire, the petala, as muft be
obferved, being ftill fhut, which I cautioufly
opened a little 5 notwithftanding this, they both
ripened the fruit, which was loaded, as it ufually
is, with feed, though there was no other Tulip
in the fame divifion of the garden, and which was
inclofed with living hedges. But when ina for-
mer year, from two Tulips growing in the fame
place, together with the apices, the ftamina were
alfo plucked off, the fruit of both of them became

abortives

a
o

cal
ao

bad

* Sponf: Pl. p» 86.
+ Malpig. pn 79.

a6 A DisszERTATION

abortive,or withered, and afterwards ceafed to stow.
See Philip Miller's experiments ‘on Tulips, in his
Dictionary underthe word Geveration, near the end.

- 44. Q@dly, Another argument is drawn. frons
the: culture of palmr-trees. Theophruflus fays,
«¢ That the fruit can never continue on the female
“* palm-tree, unlefs the flower of the male has
‘* fhaken its powder ‘over it 3. and: this indeed
“ fome fay, is truly peculiar to it; but it is like
“ the caprification” (cr, bringing to: maturity. the
Jruit of the wild fig-tree, with the help of the
wounds of infeds, or gnats, which feed npom its
juices by planting itin a place where thefe animals
breed, or colleGing and throwing them into the treé,
whofe figs unwounded. would frequently fall off un=
vipe 3) ‘* of fig-trees,: by means whereof their fruit
‘¢ is brought to perfection. Therefore any one will
$* affirm: that the female is not able of itfelf to
* perfect it. Yet this ought to appear not in one,
“or two, but even inall, or moft kinds. For,
** we thus judge of the nature of the kind. And
“ though there are few’ kinds of the palm-tree, it
‘is furprifing that no account can be given of it,
* fince the caufe of caprification 1s thought to be
** confpicuous*.” And elfewhere, “ The male
** palm-trees are of fervice to the fails: For,
¢ hereby the fruit is made to continueand ripen.
*¢- Whence it is faid,.by a certain analogy, to ca-
*prificate: It is done in thismanner. While
*¢ the:male. is ia flower, the involucrum or cover-
** ing out of which the flowers come. being cut
‘* away, they immediately fhake the flowers

* se wlicly

F De coufe pl 3. +230: wh

on BOTANY. 49
& which confifts of a fowery fubftance, and downs
“ and powder, over the fruit of the female. She
te is fo affected by this afperfion, that fhe never
“ Jofes her fruit, but preferves all of it- Both
“the male fig-tree, and the male palm-tree;
“ feem to lend their affiftance to their refpective
“ females: for, the females are called fruit-bear-
“ ing. Indeed, in the palm-tree, coition is as it
‘© were performed ; but in the fig-tree it is canfed
‘“« by other means.*” What we meet with among
the moderns upon this fubject, it would be tedious
to tranfcribe. The Reader, if he pleafes, may
confult Fo. Leo t, Alpinus 4, Maftapba ||, Kemp~
fer \\ll, Labat, Ludwig, &c. fe

48. But Herodotus deferves to be heard, fince
he firft of all, even more than a hundred years be-
fore the birth of Alexander the Great **, wrote
concerning the culture of palm-trees. ‘ In-thd
“ fields of Babylon, (he fays), fruit-bedring palm-
“* trees chiefly grow ; from which they not only
‘© procure food, wine, and honey, but likewife in
“< the fame manner as fig-trees are managed. Fors
*‘ they tye the fruit of thofe palm-trees, which

Hi “ the

* De hip. pl. 1. 2. ¢- 9-
{ Harris’s ColleG. vol. ¥. p. 347-
$ Profperi Alpini de Plantis Agypti liber, cuni
motis Veflingii. Patavit 1640. in 4to.
\| Tournefort, p- 6g.
‘lll Engelbertt Kempferi Amenitatum.exoticarums
politico-phyfico-medicarum, fafciculi quingue. Lem
govie 1712. in Atos Vid. p. 706.

** Vid. Spon. pl. praf: p. 6%

48 A DisseRTATION

«« the Greeks call males, to the glandiferous (a;
« fruit-bearing) palm-trees, that a gnat (Culex)
“ which enters them may ripen the fruit, left it
« fall down from the tree. For, the male palm-
“ trees beat gnats in the fruit, as if they were ca-
prificous.” ‘Thus Herodotus in Clio, as it is de-
livered by Bodocus a@ Stapei * ; who elfewhere }
alfo writes as follows: “ Husbandmen to this very
“ time, as the moft learned Gai landimus relates,
“ in Arabia, Agypt, Mefopotamia, Fudea, Phenicia,
% and all Syria, being defirous to prevent the fe-
«¢ males degenerating either into a ftate of barren-
« nefs, or lofing their fruit before maturity, they
fo plant in rows the palni-trees of both fexes,
as the males are only at leaft fo far diftant from
“< the females, that the powder, taken away, by
* blafts of winds, from the leaves of the males,
“© may fall on the leaves of the females; and that
« is found fufficient to foecundate and ripen the
* fruit. But, it is wonderful to be related, if any
“ female ftand at a great diftance from a male, fo
« that neither the powder, nor breath or fmell of
“¢ this can make its way to it, the planters have
* contrived to firetch a rope from the male to the
female, cach extremity of which is tied to each
*zyee 3; and thus as it were the female, being’
“ coupled with a bond of wedlock,@by the in-
® fluence of the male creeping fecretly along the

| : a COLG.,.

no

o

«

oo

oo

* Theophrafti Erefti de’ Hiftoria plantarum libre’
decem (novem potius), quos illyftravit Foannes
Bodeus @ Stapeh <Amfielodami 1644. in folie
Wid. p. 115.

iB 103

Neoree ff

*¢ cord, is made fruitful, which before became
<¢ barren in that folitude.”’ It is indeed evident,
that infects may creep along acord; but, who ever
faw a powder creeping in the fame manner?

45. Befides, the neceflity, yea and even the
truth of fuch a culture of palm-trees themfelves,
are defervedly doubted of. ‘ When in the fouth
* part of Spain where the river Betis rans; named
“© Andalufia, which abounds with palm-trees, I
“* inquired of fome very fenfible men concerning
“« this matter, I could get no certain intelligence.
“* T can however {peak of the Hops with more cer-
“‘ tainty. In the royal garden at Paris it grows
‘¢ juxuriantly and is every year burthened with
«© fruit, But that which bears flowers, is not to be
“* found, except in the iflands of the rivers Seize
“« and Marne, which are at a great diftance; yet
“‘ in the royal gardenit produces feeds. *” Mr.
Wabibom’s anfwer with regard to the Hops is this}.
“* ‘The Hops (which be calls Humulus). is certainly
** of two kinds; the one is proud with. ftaminifer-
“ ous, and the other with piflilliferous flowers ;
*« and that which they commonly call the fruit, is,
‘* only the explicated and elongated ¢afyx: hence
‘* although. there 1s a. female Hops, and it be not
‘* foecundated, yet it.can bring forth cones. See
*< the Iter Gottland. 275. ‘This deceived Tourne-
“* fort, fo that he would not acknowledge the fexes
“* of plants, fince the hops (female} grew tuxu-
“* riantly in the garden at Paris, loaded every
“‘ year with fruit, but what bore flowers (the

Fl 2 “ males

* Inft. p. 39.

1 Amen acads p» 99s

*

se) A Drsservration

*¢ male) did not occur unlefs in the iflands of the
Marne and Seine ata confiderable diftance, p.69.
“ The fame thing happens in the Mulberry Tree
and the Blite, whofe berries are the fucculent
calyces, and by no means pericarpia or ovaria,”
(ox proper receptacles. of the feed). In this
mannet the author of the Sponfalia trifles again.
Wherein, I pray, 1s Tournefort deceived? He dif-

<¢

tin@ly gives the characteriftic, and accurately

paints the flowers and fruit* ; fo that without the
the benefit of Tourneforz’s table of the Lupulus, the
character of the Humulus in Lingneus’s Genera
Plantarum ¢ is not eafily underftood. At leaft
Mr. Wablbom does not well underftand him. For,
he feems to blame Tournefort, becaufe he calls the

‘fruit cones; though “what they commonly call the

« fruit, is only the calyx. explicated and elongat-
“ed.” But it is really the fruit according to
Linneus himfelf; for, “ the effence ofa fruit con-
*¢ Yifts in the feed.¢” And “ the fruit is known
«* by itfelf from the feed, whether it be covered
*¢ with the pericarpium (fruit or feed-veffel), or
#* not ||.” “Yea, it is proud with puiftilliferous
flowers, according to Mr. Wahibom: therefore thefe
cones, or elongated calyces, are really the fruit.
But, whether it be the fruit, or be not the fruit,
is of no confequence, .fince Tournefort adds in ex-
prefs words, ‘in the royal garden it brings forth
“ feed.” "The Sponfalia omit thefe things, though
the queftion is only concerning the feed. What
1s

* p. 528. zab. 309:

T P4776
: + Phil. Bor. § Ss.

\| Wid. p. 56.

on, BOTANY. er

is to be feen in the Iter Gottland. 1 know not 5: but
the hops fold here are full of feeds ; although the
Humuias which is proud with piitilliferous flowers
is only cultivated. As to the Mulberry Tree and
the Blite, they have almoft nothing common with
the Hops. Yea, in the Blite ‘ the Pericarpium.
“ is a very {mall capfula (or bag), and the crutt
“ of the feed is commonly oval, and a little flat,”
according to Linueus *. But to return to the
palm-tree. ,

§ XIV.

47. What accounts are handed down to us con-
cerning the culture of palm-trees, do not agree
well amongft themfelves, as will eafily appear to
any one who will compare the cited authors.
Fohu Banbine fays that he faw, at Moxtpeker, an
extraordinary palm-tree flowering in the fpring,
and alfo bearing fufficiently large dates in the au-
tumn. “ I have hkewnfe, he fays, both flowers
‘“ and dates gathered from the tree. It is be-
“< lieved to be above an hundred years old ; and
_“ jt isa common perfwafion there, that-it does not

“* bear fruit till it has arrived at a great age, and
‘ fearce before the fiftieth year, as fome report-
“© ed.f”. This late commencing fructification of
palm-trees feems to have given rife to fome fables 5
fuch as that of Fovianus Pontanus, who in a poem

| celebrates

~~

* Gen. pl. p. 5:

| Hiftovia plantarum univerfalis, auoribus
Fobaune Baubino, & Fob. Heur. Cherlera. in 3 Voll.
Fbroduni 1650. & 105%. ia folio. Vide Vol. 1»
p- 360,

52 A DissertrATion
celebrates two palm-trees, the one a male at Prax-
dufium, the other a fermale at Otranto, which con-
tinued long barren, while, to wit, by little and
little they were fpringiag up, and the one could
not yet look ftedfaftly at the other: but, when
they were grown up fo tall that they could /ce
one another, though at the diftance of no lefs than
many furlongs, they began to bear fruit *. It
feems alfo to have occafioned thofe other ftories
concerning the amours of palm-trees, ‘in Pliny;
and which we have more at large in the Geoponics
of the Florentine (Virgil). ‘‘ Howbeit, (fays Pliny,
“* treating of palm-treest), they afcertain the fact,
‘that the females do not procreate withouf the
«© males, yet the woods produce them naturally ;
‘and that many of them incline round a fingle
‘“* male, complimenting it with their branches and
“leaves bended forwards. ‘That this having:
“< erected its fhagey leaves, by its breath, and
“ ficht itfelf, and alfo by its duft, marries them
“(or is married by them). If this tree. be cut
‘¢ down, the female widows afterwards become
‘¢ barren. And therefore there is a venereal in-
“¢ tention, like moreover the coition which is in-, -
«¢ vented by men, from the males fprinkling upon
“¢ the females their flower and down, but in reality
“only their powder.” Thus Phny.. Caffianus
Baffzs, 1. 10. c. 4. relates thefe things more ele-
gantly in this manner: ‘“ But yet the palm-tree
‘* qifelf loves, and indeed ardently, another palm-
“ tree, as the F'Jorentine in hisGeorgics acquaints us
“nor does its firlt defire ceafe, till its beloved

| a gia “ comforts

“* Ibid. p. 363. vel Bod. in Theoph. fr 103.
{ Hie. nats J. 13. Gr de pr 320

on BOTANY. 53

€¢ comforts it. For, one may fee the tree itfelf
‘ bended, and neither fatished with the ground
«¢ it ftands on, nor producing fruit. And this very
“ thing is known to the husbandman: for, he
“© knows that it loves, but he is ignorant of what

a

é at loves, &c.”” Whoever delights in thefe idle
tales may read JFohu Baubiue *, or Bodeus a Stapet

on Theophraftust. Becaufe, by thefe two authors,
moft things, if not all, that are taught concerning
the foecundation of palm-trees, are delivered. Yea,
it feems to be very certain, that a folitary date-
bearing palm-tree hath produced ripe dates 5 but
whether the ftones of fuch dates are fertile, I dare
not yet determine. Howfoever, whether they are
fruitful, or unfruitful, it is of little fignification to-
wards eftablifhing the general dottrine, fince it
is a fingle example, as Theophraftus + informs us,
efpecially as many things evince the contrary.

48. adly, Another clafs of arguments is bor-
towed from a comparifon of vegetables with ani-
mals ||. But analogy alone proves nothing. It is
a vulgar faying, that every thing which is like
another is alfo unlike it. ‘Vhey accord im many
things ; but it does not thence follow, that they
agree inall. ‘In fhort, (fays Theopbraftus \\\\), all
** things ought not to be admitted as’ alike even
‘“‘ in animals. For, there is every where a power
°° of growing, becaufe even on every fide there is

“© fomething

* Vol: t. p. 362. & fegs i?

} p- 103. ;

+ Vid. No. 44. fipra.

\| Vid. Fund. Bot. §. 132-.ad. 150

Nh De byt. ph. be Te @+ Bs

Cc
ca)

a?

B4 A DissertaTion

“ fomething endued with life.” Arid Malpighius *
obferves, ‘* In vegetables, where there is not {fo
“ great an apparatus of organs, and in every fen-
fible particle of them there are all'things which
are found inthe whole, without any interpofed ge-
neration, whatfoever branches are cut off them
grow up into new buds or fhoots ; even by the
affiftance of nature, the very {mall and com-
pendious little plants which fall off tender
twigs, under the form of feeds, perpetuate pro-
pagation every year.” Hence plants are often
more fuccefsfully and mote eafily propagated by
gems, than by feeds : hence Garlick, Quions, Lecks,
&c. bear gems in the place of roots, and likewife
on the tops of their ftalks, inftead of feed: and
hence likewife the feed of the Suw-bread, as Clufius +
takes notice, committed to the ground, is not
changed into a germ, but converted into a tu-
bercle or little root, contrary to the nature of other
feeds, from which it afterwards brings out leaves.
Such like young fhoots or buds Cefalpinus {aw on
the tops of the leaves of the herb named Mo/y ;
they frolqucsicly occur on the ftems of Tudips ; and
~ the bulb-bearing Lifes are known to every one.

But what is a gem?

&¢

49. © A young flhioot, or bud, differs from a
*¢ feed, as a living foetus from its ovum. For, 2
‘¢ feed is as it were an eggs, in which there is 4
*t vital principle, but nothing of life: but a gem
“ lives, at firft indeed by its parent, as its germs

© but

* Anat. pl. p. 76. ,

{ Caroli Clufi rvartorum plantarum Hiflorias
Antverpie 1601. is folic. Vids pi 264.

: on BOTAN ¥. 44
*« ‘but-afterwards by itfelf, and draws moifture
“ from the earth by its own roots,” Ce/alpinus *.
‘< Gems are as it were the infant, or foetus fo fe-
‘< cured, that being increafed in its own time, and
““ growing up into a young branch; it at laft pro-
“* duces feeds. A feed therefore probably 1s as it
‘© were a pendulous gem, and which falls off its
‘* parent,,it being about to germinate in another
“« piece of foil,” Malpighins t. And ina learned
treatife, intitled Gemme Arborum, a Petro Lofling
Madelpado, it is thus defcribed, ‘* A gem is a part
‘* of a plant feated upon the root, which covers
“ with feales; that aré the rudiments of leaves,
*« the embryo of the future herb $.” And elfe-
where ||, ‘1 therefore conceive a gém to be like
** an herb: reduced into a compend, covered, and.
“ contracted with its outmoft leaves, that it may
““ be preferved ftom the injury of the air; which
“‘ herb wants nothing farther, but a power of ex-.
‘“« tending itfelf: and this heat at laft excites.”
A gem therefore is a little plant, or embryo of 2
plant, with its proper involucra or coverings.
‘« That vegetables, (fays Linaeus) come forth
‘ from an egg, reafon and expérience often de-
‘* clare; and that the feeds of vegetables are their
ova, the end,they anfwer informs us3 which is,
** to produce buds,or young fhoots exactly like
‘“‘ their parents. ‘That generations of plants from.
a feed and gem are coeval, the infpection of
gems and the wantonnefs of bloffoms. weet
. . cs 1 1e

~~

* Pil wl 15s 8 :

t Avat. pl. p.39-&77-
ag Aman. a6Gd. Vol. Qe p. 185,
Il p. 192: Aah

56 A DisSER TATION

‘“« The-feed) properly, is the new rudiment of 4
*¢ vegetable, moiftened: with an humour, and
“coated with a bladder *.”. Therefore a feed is
a gem, or a,young fhoot or bud that falls down, or
the embryo of the plant, or a little plant with its
coverings, Confequently a gem may be properly
enough and-truly called another feed, or a more
perfect feed. But-Mr.:Lofing t fays, ‘ Thofe
** that reprefent a gem to themfelves as another
“« feed, deceive and are-deceived;”’ how truly;
let; others apadge? ,bodivoeteb euds 9) tte

_, §0- If, therefore, gems are as it were.more per-
fect feeds, and come forth plentifully. out of. moft
plants; efpecially when, lopped, or pruned,. yea,
out of the fmootheft parts of the bark 5 and if a
very fmall part of a plant.often, grows up into a
new £hoot, or puts forth gems, without any. diftinc-
tion of fexes or, blofloms;, what, I pray, analogi«
cally forbids us. to. conclude, that feeds, thofe more
imperfect gems, are produced, without the falling |
down of the powder.of the anthere upon the ftig-
mata, of any intervening generation ?

AG

br. But, according to Linnaeus, the fight often
declares the contrary. What does out fight often
tell us? Famous authors give a threefold anfwer
to this query. “* Autopfy itfelf (fays Fob. Gef-

SS nerus),

* Vid. Phil. Bot. p. 88. 89. & 54.
1 Amen acad 9. pr 185. fy

€¢

ww
ca

A
nv

a
nv

a
no

tat
oo

A
Led

al
nm

on BOTANY. e7

Gefnerus *), certifies this Act of generation.
The firft perfon that faw the marriages of
flowers, was the celebrated Mr. Sebaftian Vail-
Jant, who ina particular little treatife on the
{tru@ture of flowers, defcribes them fo elegant-
ly, that no body can have any doubt left about
this matter; notwithftanding the different fen-
timents of the famous Pontedera and Siesesbeck,
who, in broad day-light, do -not acknowledge’
the fexesand generative a& of plants. But the fa-
mous Vaillant talks in this manner: How often has
it happened, that one and the fame plant bears
at one and the fame time flowers, fome of which
are only female, but others are male and female

‘ conjoined (or bermaphroditical), that thefe fur~

round the organs (be means thofe of generation),
and an ereétion and {welling of the male organs
happenvin them fo fuddenly, that the lappets
of the flowering gem give way to or retire by
the force or impetus, and here and there expand
themfelves with atruly wonderful velocity 5 nar
do they fooner find themfelves at liberty and pre-
pared, but that they immediately and as violently

‘ as poflible explode and throw out (of the apices,

to wit) at one impetus or effort all their impreg-
nating generating feed (gewitura), to wit, by
diffufing a little cloud of duft, which {preads

14297 s every

* Fobaunis Gefnert Differtationes Phyfice de Ve-

getadilibus, in quibus Elementa Botauica celeb. Linz.
nei dilucide explicantur ; conjunctim cumC. Linnat
oratione de neceffitate peregrinationum intra Pa-

triam. Lugd. Bats 1743: in 8va. Vids Differt. p. 89:

BS , A DIssERTATION

a
o

every way the foecundation of the before tnim-
pregnated female genital organ (arvigenitalis)?
‘This venereal interlude is fearce ended, before
the lips or lappets of the:flowers immediately
come near together, and indeed with the fame
violence’ of celerity or impetuofity by which
they had receded Soil one another, and fo in:
{tantly regain their priftine form. Any one
may eafily fee this artful apparatus in the Pa-
rietavia (or Pellitory of the wa]l). But he mutt
approach it at the hour devoted to venery ! It
is the morning that favours thefe rencounters ;
but when they refufe to perform them at a fuf-
ficiently feafonable time, you may even force
them thereto, if you do but ftimulate, or prick
them gently, with the point of a {mall needle.
In hermaphrodites, where the two fexes are
joined together, there 1s very far from being fo
great and impetuous an explofion: for, moft
flowers, efpecially the nodding, or fuch as hang
down their heads, in which ‘the piftillum is
placed obliquely within the ftamina, exercife
the a& of generation with their flowers fhut,
while the ftigma (or fuperior extremity of the
piftillum) 1s contained within the middle of the
anthere (or apices). Thus far Mr: Gefner.

£2. But, with deference to Gefner, John Baubine,

who died above fifty years before Vaillant was
born, hath defcribed in a few words this artful
apparatus in the Parietavia, without any filly
poetical flourifhiés. “ The little flowers of the

gt
66

parietaria, which are crowded about ‘the ftalk,
and grow out of the lower extremities of the
See es come | ge items

on,B OT .ANTYs 59

* ftems of. the. leaves, refemble locks of. fcarlet
““ filk, immediately after they ftart out of the
“ little knot of the ftem: after them the ftamina
“* appear obfcurely, wrapt up among the purpleifh
*« white little apices; which if you endeavour to
‘unfold with a pin, the powder 1s caft out by
“¢ jumps with force, when it is pleafant to behold,
“ that the flofcules are bent backward and expand
‘« themfelves, fo as to furround. the rudiment of
*¢ the feed which is in the middle.” Thus Fohn
Baubine, vol. 2. p. 976. . And the fame may be
read by any one in Morifon *, and Ray + 5, though
Vaillant delivers it as properly his own obferva-
tion.

“In the parietaria two hermaphroditical flowers
‘‘ aré contained in a plane covering confifting of
‘** fix leaves, and one female flower, betwixt the
“two hermaphroditical flowers, and within. the
* fame covering.” Linx. Gen. pl. p. 494. Hence
this violent. and fudden explotion feems rather to
certify, that this powder of the apices is entirely
ufelefs to the germina (or top of the peffil), if not
hurtfal. “For, the ftamina inclofed with the ger:
mina in acommon invelopment, do not caft out,
their. duft, before that by erecting themfelves,.
they here and there expand the lappets of the
gem, or leaves of the invelopment 5. and they no
fooner find themfelves at liberty, aad high enough
raifed in the air above the involucrum, but that
they

* Plantarum Hifforie univerfalis Oxonienfis,
auctore Roberto Morifon. pars 2. Oxonii 1680.
Pars 3. ibid. 1699. in folio. Vid. 2. p. 600.
PEE php. 2060 69 1 ang

66 A DiIssERTATION

they immediately explode and throw out moft vi-
olently, and at one effort or impetus, all their
powder: and as if there was fear, left any particle
of this noxious duft fhould fall down upon the ftig-
mata of the peftils, which are much fhorter than
the ftamina; and when the explofion 1s finifhed,
the lips or lappets of the flowers, that is, the leaves
of their covering, inftantly come near together,
with indeed the fame impetuoufnefs by which
they retired from each other, and immediately re-
ftore themfelves to their former fituation. ‘* In
“ fuch a manner indeed, (adds Vaillant * ), that
«it would be very difficult to believe, that thefe
‘¢ flowers have fuffered any violence, unlefs even
«the eye itfelf had feen this act, or fhould
« yet fee the decaying fceletons of magnanimous
“ heroes, for a little while erected on a field of
“ battle, where, like banners, they fuftain the
*¢ conflicts and jocular fportings of the flying weft
“wind.” What is clearer than this 2 Of what
fort is this autopfy 2

~ £3. But Mr. Waklbom feems to have been of a
different opinion ; at leaft he differently explains’
thefe words, the fight often tells or confirms: for
he fays, *¢ That thefe things are thus performed’
“jn plants, the ficbt in the firft place frequently
“‘ informs us. It is at firft fight obvious, that
“ while a flower is in bloffom, and the powder.
‘‘ of the antherx flying about, this powder does
‘ ftick to the ftigma.t’? Yet it is not at all ob-
vious that generation is thus performed. Nor

a . from

* De firud. fi. p. 9: } fi
1 Amen. Acad. p. 90« was oq

i a)

r on BOTAN Y. 6%

from the florefcence of the Viola tricolor, B. P. the
Gratiola, Iris, Campanula, and Syngenefous plants
tyed down to it; or from any of thefe obfervations,
howfoever obfcenely, related: while the pofirion
of the anthere, in the Iris and Campanula, ma-
‘nifeftly fhew to the eyes, that the falling down of
the powder upon the ftigmata is impofftble. But
let us hear the moft famous Zinneus himfelf.

54. ‘* That rhe generation of vegetables is thus

“ brought about, the fgbt confirms: That the duit
enters the germina, Mor/and believed ; that itsef-
“ ence is extracted by means of the moift ftigma,
“ Vaillant determines; that the powder ofthe Ma-
‘© ple is broken inthe humour, B. Fuffieu faw ; and
that all the powder explodes in the humour 2
“ feminal aura, or breath, Needham confirms.”
Thus the Phil. Bot. p. or. Vaillant redargues
moft manifeftly the opinion of Morland ; who de-
termines that the volatile fpirit, or vapour, or
breath of the powder, enters the trachee of the
tube (or piftilla) by their extremities; but I do
not find in kim one word of extracting the effence
of the powder, or moifture of the ftigma. And 1f
all the powder be broken in the humour, ‘how it
thence follows that they explode in fuch a man-
ner a feminal aura, I do not fee; efpecially fince
it by no means appears, that the ftigmata ought
to be wet with an humour in order to fertility 5
and ‘in almoft all flowers it 1s feen how they
“expand themfelves in the fcorching fun; but
‘in theevening and in a moift air,they fold toge-
“ ther their flofcules, left water fhould come’ to and
coagulate the powder, by which meais it could
»**“nor

a
nw

62 A Dissenvarron
<<’ not be blown: to the fticmata. *”? The felt
therefore feems to tell nothing often, nor. confirny
any thing concerning the generation of plants tyed
down, to.it. — : batals |

55. If thefe moft famous fexualifts had obferved
the florefeence of the Urtica urens, maxima. B, P.
they might have thence deduced a more folid ar-
gument to eftablifh the opinion of Vai//ant, than
from the'Parietaria.. For, no one can lock on this
barren herb, in a dry fummer, for :fearce one or
two minutes of time, without feeing frequent and
fudden explofions of the powder of the: apices.
But this is a fingle example ; nor are we hitherto
furprifed with any fuch thing in the Mercurialis,
Spinacia, Cannabis, or any other barren plant.

56. That the generation of vegetables happens
in the before-mentioned manner, proportion con-
firms ¢..“* From proportion too, (fays Ge/zer +),
“< we judge it to be.very likely, fince according
"© to the fize and number of the feeds, the ftamina
« themfelves are likewife larger, or more nume-
“« rous.”’. But he is quite miftaken, as by com-.
paring the Monandriz: with the: Polyandria of
Linneus will eafily appear. “. Proportion in the
“« fecond place frequently declares the fame thing.
“« For moft part the ftamina and piftalla are of an
*¢ equal height, that by this means the powder,
« with the help of the wind, may come ‘to the
* ftigma the better 5 but in fome plants they are

** not

* Amen. Acad. p. 93:

+ Phil. Bot. p. 91.

+ Dif: p. 90.

onBOT ANT. 4 63°
% not equally- high, where a-fingular -procefs of ;

«, foscundation: jis’ obferved.”’ «Thus the. Sponf.,
plaat*.. For mof?. part, truly at oftenodeclares:
nothing, efpedially)fince in) many plants it occurs’
otherwife ; as,in the: Crocus, Iris; Phalangium, |
Lily, and moft of this clafs, not to mention others,
where no fingular procefs of fcecundation is ob-
ferved: yea, of the fix plants mentioned. by the
author, in which fuch a procefs is faid to obtain,,
thrée of them, viz. the Dianthus, Nigella, and_
Paififlora, have their piftilla raifed high above
the {tamina, nor do they touch them when bend-
eq, the ftismata being conftantly elevated above
them’; ‘while in the mean time the anthere open,
ou their loweft fide, the powder is only drept or
falls down; as if the ftismata were as much as,
poffibleto be fhunned, left they be hurt by the
odious powder. _ mar *
"The areument from proportion Mr. Linnens thus

illuftrates: “¢ Proportion: That the ftismata bend
<¢‘thenifelves to the anthere, and are then ftretched
“out, appears from the Dianthus, Paffflora, and
‘Nigella. When the piftillum is very fhort, the
anthere open and clofe above the fligmata ; as

in the Sawijraga and Parnafia., ‘The anthere
‘© open and clofe while they blow obt the powder
«ein the Celefa. The corolla prefles with its
“© fingers thé anthere to the fftgmata in the Tew-.
cyinm.” Phil. Bot. p. oi-..But what then ?
Here is nothing faid of the proportion often telling.
or confirming that’¢eneration 1s accomplished in
the affioned manner. Here caufes of inequality
are affigned, but no inftancé is given of propor-
2 ROMY” 7 ny TION,

* Amen Acad. pe Gon

64. A Disstrt ariow

tion. It is therefore: of little moment, whether’
thefe things are fo, or not.. What things are’
written concerning ‘place, time, fhowers, nodding
flowers,! &e. it) iseafy'to’ confute ‘by examples 5
but what has been faid: may fuffices: © 0 1s:

perfedl plants 5 fubterraneous and fubmarine frac-

Fund. Bot. =) $20. tort
Reafon advifes it, Fund. Bot. § 1220
¢ Amin a6ads 2» p. 439s

*
a.
elf

on BOTANY.» 6s

fwaded him:to believe it. “It is ‘indeed a new
doétrine, but only fpeculative. Yet, we are rot
‘rafhly to affent to.it, unlefs it) be 'before-hahd
~fhewn, how one pair of fexes of vegetables, could
~be fufficient to fupply with food ail the pairs of ani-
“mals in paradife; and where they afterwarts found
aliment, when’ Adam was banifhed out of Eden,
-and. the ground was curfed on account of his tranf-

- greffion.

89: (2),:'* Harvey did not without reafon affert
that life confifts in the circulation of the blooti.
i Dagreesto'-his. opinion, and define /ifz torbe a

“ fpontaneous propulfion of humours. . Where there
- is afpontaneous propulfion of humours, it thence
‘+ appears that-there there is life: in vegetables
“ and plants: there is a. propulfion.of humours :
‘© Therefore every;one muft fee that vegetables
* and plants:live:”.Sponf. plant. * . Here he ar-
gues logically: butif there 1s here no typographi-
cal error; this 18a fophifm, confifting of four terms ;
for, propulfion, and fpontaneous propulfion are very
different: However, though it be granted that
life fuppofes afpontaneous propulfion, yet, it does
not thence follow, that fuch a propultion: is life,
fince it is only the effect of life. . Moreover, it
does not appear that the humours of vegetables
are always propelled, or are always in motion,
much lefs that they are fpontaneoufly propelled,
fince their motion 1s neceflary, and depends intire-
iy on external caufes, °¢ and aljo that they are uot
£° found to have any voluntary motion.” Phil. Bot.

Pp: 93-
i) Kaa 60,

*® Amani Acad: p. 64. & 658

- 66 JA DissERTATION

60.!(3)5 1 would have it likewife be attend-
ed to, that’ the Ca/yx arifes from the exterior
“bark of the plant 5 the Corol/a from the intérior
“ bark 5 the Stamina from the nourishing albur-
‘num (or that part of the wood of a:tree innte-
diately under the anuer bark, called the\ fap,
whieh 2s commonly white); the Pericarpium
(or receptacle-of the. feed) from the woody {ub-
{tance ; the Seeds from the pith of the tree ;
for, they are placed in this order, and alfo
* opened in this order.”? Sponf. plant.* “* A ve-
“* getable confiits of Pizh, cloathed with od7,
“ which is feparated from the Bark; and covered
* with a Cuticle ( Epidermide)<” Phil. Bot.> ‘Thus
trees only are'to be called vegetables. For, ‘as
far as Malpighius, Grew, Ray, &c. could difceri,
. trees alone were provided with a ‘bark, an ‘annér
ark, and the alburnum or fappy parts But, we
-* do not doubt, but that in‘a-future time thefe
- parts; will be very differently expounded +.”
It as ufelefs to inquire what may happew in futu-
rity; obut, at this day, the\ flamina arife forne-
‘times fromthe ftigma ||, often from! the! germen,
very often from the corolla; the pericarpium from
the calyx, or commonly from. the piftillum; &e.
Any one, that will, may attend ‘to thefe things.

“~

€¢

ee

“

<

~~

on

wo

61. (4), The antients were abfolutely per-

** fwaded, that the juicesof) vegetables which

-* afcends from the root into the trunk, again de-

AGS ‘© fcends i

* Aman: Acgidesd + IOd. yr

T p37. Vid. etiam p. 52. & Fund. Bot.. (86.
court Sponf pl. Amen. Acad. Yo po 7%
I] Vid. No. 37. fuprae om

von BO TAN Y.. 67

_ feends : but the moft famous natural philofopher

Aa

* Hales of the prefent'age, has. made aftrong ob-
‘¢ jection to this opinion, he having demonftrated

= thar this humour which is carried from the root

“by thentrunk anto the froall branches, * by ‘fo
“means does return, but is’ evaporated by the

.4+ perfpiration) of the) leaves.” » ‘Sponf. plant. *

Bur he does not feem'to underftand the celebrated

\ Hales» for, he admits, ‘that the fap in fome de-
- gree'does return from the tops of plants, towards
\their mferior parts ;'‘becaufe he relates experi-

-mentswhich’clearly fhew it}: to which, if the
-obfervations:»concerning the weeping of the vine,

&ke. be added, they make fome fort ofa cireula-

- tlon-as it were very probable.

I have likewife feen a young branch, erowing

cout of a vine inthe open air} brought through a

hole into.aftove, in the middle of March, full of

vigorous young Jhoots, yea, loaded with bunches

of fiowers, which before the end of June ‘as T
heard, ripened the fruit; thatis, three months
before the ufuali time of vines, growing in the
moft Sunny part of the garden. | The moft famous

-Linneus himfelf fays; “ Plants have no heart) but

‘* heat.eftecis every thing in them ; nor do they

* need an heart, where neither the efe@ of 3
-* perpetual motion 1s neceflary, and where there

“1s:a propulfion, and not a circulation of hu-
* mours. ¢”’ But how heating a fingle branch,
avhile the root remains in the cold earth, is able

mich BAet to
* Amen. Acad. p. 652°:
T See bis Statics, vol. 1. c. 4. from p. 128. to
A55: and efpecially fig. 22. 24. 25: 27+ 8» & 29.
¢ Phil. Bot. p. 88. & QI. :

68 A\DisseRrarron
todhaften its fructification in fuch a manner,> with-

_outarcitculation, I-cannot:conceive:® o> \»'
», 62% Concerning the! ufe of the ftamina there
-are various conjectures. **-Thofe: flowers, (fays
.*; Péontedera *),, which are.only-furnifhed: with a
“‘ calyx!and ftamina; fupporting the:apices, I am
“of opinion are not to be reckoned flowers, fince
.¢, fruitful flowers always want them... Yet,» they
“are; neceflary, and extremely ufeful, to the
** Howers: in which they are found, though: they
“*. are fituated at.a great diftance from the fruit ;
“‘ as.in the Amentaceous plants (or fach as pro-
“¢ duce catkins), the Mays, Lacryma Job, Ricinus,
“* Typha, and Sparganium ; becaufe a ‘refinous
**-and-volatile juice is conveyed to the fruit by
* the footftalk of the amentum, or catkin. But
“in barren plants, I very: willingly confefs I am
‘« ignorant of their ufe.” But the flowers which
only confift of a calyx and ftamina in barren plants,
have certainly an equal tight to be reckoned
flowers, as, fuch like in fruitful: plants. — [See
above the fentiments of Ca/alpinus and Ray, No.40).
Perhaps,! from> thesahove-mentioned obfervations
concerning the powder of the Pariesaria, it may
be concluded, that this:powder is quite ufelefs to
the! parent); ‘perhaps that it 1s noxious, and theré-
fore in fome meafure may contribute to the variety
of flowers; the production of fruits, &e. which
are; pretty:roften> morbid ovarieties.. Perhaps it
may be produced for the fake of infects: for,
of what fervice the powdér. is ‘to the plant,” for
iaftance, of thé barren. Hemp, to the fruit-bearing
Hemp,

“¥ Differt. 3. ps 512

on BOTANY. 69
ee does not appear, not Bette will it ever,
ge ;

, Noy

6 XVI. Ne

63. It would hot bé-viorth while to aibne a~
gaint thefexes ofplants, unlefs it had given octa-
fion to the fpecious contrivance of a Syfterin; 6X Me-
thodof plants, named fexual, which of all others,
how many foever: there\afe, is ‘the moft intricate,
and involved, and unnatural.’ Becaufe ‘there! is
no fyftem, whether it be orthodox; or heterodox,
in which more diffimilar things are conjoined, "and
more ‘fimilar feparated’s' and the knowledge’ of
which, by ‘reafon of an°introduced dialect ‘tn-
keto to the Greeks as well as to the Lattis:
alfo by reafon of the loofely changed familiar ideas
of words and names, is acquired with ereater dif=
ficulty.' Yea; by the afliftance of Tournefov?’s In-
ftitutions, and'a garden well ‘ftock’d with plants
digetted im his method, a Learner will acquire a
knowledge of them aliich foonet and more éafily,
(even without a matter), than underftand the Zin-
uean nomenclature, but tolerably, though aflifted
by the» explicatioris of the famous Gefi yer, “the

Sponfalia Plantarum, | and °Philofophia’ Botanica,

&c. : while accordingto the fexual fy (tem, where
trees) are leotifouti te? with’ herbs,’ a methodical

Syntaw or Conftruation of Plants in a garden is im-

potlible. For, although it is'of little fignification
what'kinds follow immediately one atiother my ‘a

written fyftetn, yet, in aliving one, or“turfery

of plants, it is far otherwife, fince as {hades are

hurtful.to corn, fo they-are injurious to alm oft all;

ss "The/

herbs.

Misc,

7 A DrsseRrvA tion

_ The: things neceflary..to make, a Botanifts
“°(fays the celebrated Linmeus *, are, [a] Ali-
*“« brary very valuable on account of its copper-

Splatese fb] Almoft all ‘the books, that were
“ ever publifheds (fe), A garden very well: fur-
“ nifhed, with living plants, with: thet warious
“«winter-quartets, and; fioves. >. [dj :A: literary
“ correfpondence’almoft through the whole world:
fe ],; journeys :into various, remote -countries.
. [£1 A fomptuous, education in painting, ftudy-
“* IMs, reading, jan confuiting';..yet allthefe;
-unlefs. he is, born.a Botanift, or is endowed:with
“a.moft acute genius, never conftitute a happy:
“* Botanift.’ Therefore-a happy Botanaft will be
atare bird in the earth ;,butiit will-be miferable
happinefs:!. For, it.1s,added, ‘|When any one at
“© Jaft_is a Botanift; he-thence derives no gain, no
“* recompence: and few ‘offices occur, which call
“ him to;.their performance.” If therefore fo.
little, or. noadvantage, ‘arifes from fo great labours,»
who in his, fenfes, will. cultivate Botany in: this
manner, or afiect to be'a happy Botamiit:?\,

64. However, Botany isoa tedious/and difficult
fcience without a method.;-Therefore, whatfoever
fyftem, whether it-be natural, or artificial, which)
neither facilitates, nor,Jhortens it, is evidently of
no ufe ; nay. if it-introduces various newonamess
without neceffity, or.termé-of art unbeard of be-
fore, it is altogether, hurtful... For, thus, (as the
great Boerhaave {peaks}), the heavy ftudy of theart,
‘ 4) vatacte ts
* °C. Linnei Critica Botanica Lugd. Bat. 1737
in 8vo. Vid. p. 73. é

~ fi Ind. praf. p. 15.

y

HEOTANY. Je

is aggravated by a new ftudy, and puzzling trifles
dccafion Botany to appear both foolifh and difficult.

‘The illuftrious author of the feaual fiftem would
never have fallen into fuch miftakes, if he had not
been prematurely prepoffefled in his youth with
this plaufible theory of generation. “ The fingu-
« Jar ftructure, be fays, and remarkable office, of
“the ftamina and piftilla, enticed my mind, to
** inquire what nature had concealed in. them.
“« "They commended themfelves by the funétion
“ which they perform, fince on thefe alone the
‘« propagation of plants wholly depends. For,
“<a flower is nothing but an a& of the generation
“of plants.*” Truly a fingular definition of a
flower !. Sometimes it 1s called genital organs, and
fometimes an act of generation ; moft philofophi-
cally.

6s. I contend that the generical names, in the
fexual fyftem, are very often changed without any
neceflity ; and that the rules which the author
has prefcribed to himfelf in the Fundamenta Bo-
tanica, are quite arbitrary, for moft part ufelefs,

and frequently deceitful. 7 :
For, 1, He applies the antient names, which
he calls vague, oftner by far to divers plants, than
they have denoted in every age. Thus, for ex-
ample, [a] Glechowa, which he has among the
L antiently

* C. Linnai Claffes plantarum, feu Syftemata
Plantarum omnia a frucfificatione defumpta, quo-
rum “vi. univerfalia, et xiii. partialias Lugd:

Bat. 1738. iu Seg. Vids p. 441.

iis, ‘

Lb) A DisseR TATION

antiently received names *, for Glechon, 1 fuppofe
(for, 1 do not find Glechoma among the antients),
which Greek name of the Penny-royal ufed by
Hippocrates himfelf, he makes the generical name
of the Hedera terreftris, vulgaris, B. P. notwith-
ftanding there are other worthy enough fynony-
mous appellations, viz. the Chameciflus & Cha-
meclema ¢. [b] Buzbou, is likewife among the
antiently received names+: Yet, among the an-
tients, it does not fignify a plant, but the groin,
ora tumour ||. He therefore fhould have called
it Bubonium; and this ufually means Inguinal ;
but with the celebrated Linueus, the Petrofelinum
Macedonicum Dod. isa kind of Bubon. [ec] What
Gomphrena fignifies, I know not, nor is it to be
found in the Greeks or Latins, though it is num-
bered with the antiently ufed denominations ||||-_
Perhaps he means Gomphena, which, with Pliny,

fignifies a Species of the Amarantus, not the

Amaranthoides of the moderns. In a word, the
Andvachne, Anthericum, Aizoon, Atra@yhs, Coma-
yum, Bunias, Elatine, Erigerum, Melia, Hibifcus,
Trichomanes, Afplenium, Myrica, Melampodium,
Pfhidium, Peganum, Carica, and hundreds of o-
thers t+, are ill applied, or wrefted 1nto a con-
trary fenfe. From fuch a confufion of names, it is
eafy to forefee how many errors may take their
rife
* Crit. Bot. p. 121.
| Vid. Fund. Bot. § 244.

+ Crit. Lot. p. 121.

\| Vid. Fund. Bot. § 231.

{\l| Grzt. Bot. p. 121.

t¢ Vid. Crit. Bots p. 119+ ad 123+

on BOT ANY. 73

rife in the ftudy of Botany and Languages, yea,
in Medicine itfelf.

66. But yet, 2d/y, He rejects the names molt
frequently ufed, for no other reafon, but becaufe
they are neither of Greek nor Latin original; *
foolifhly enough: fince both Greek and Latin
names are often borrowed from foreigners, or Bar-
barians ; fuch as, the Amomum, Piper, Macis, Zin-
giber, Piftacia, Caffia, Coftus, Balfamum, Vatis,
Nardus, and a great many more: nor indeed is it
of any moment, whether they are of a Lapland,
Chinefe, ot American original, if fo be they are
not very difficultly pronounced, nor offenfive to
delicate ears. Therefore, the Adhatoda, Acajou,
Alhagi, Alkekengi, Azedarach, &c. are rejected’
without caufe as proper to particular countries, or
at other times thofe ufed by Journefort ; the Meny-
anthe, Jalapa, Ephemerum, Xiphium, and Thuya,
perhaps being excepted, which are badly applied.
‘¢ For the nature of etymology feems to be of little
“ importance in this fubje&t ; fince it 1s certain,
‘ that thofe who firft gave names to plants, had
“ no regard to the genus itfelf, but only to one
«« fpecies, which its diftinguifhing marks pro-
“ cured it.[”

~

67. 2dly, The moft famous author condemns
the very long, and likewife the xaufeous names ¢t.
« I call thofe very long names, which include

A ie “© more

* Fund. Bot. § 229.
+ T Inf. pi 6a
+ Fund. Bot. § 249»

na
yet
‘
F ‘~

74 A DissERTATION

*¢ more than twelve letters * ;” as the Anapodo-
phyllum, Staphylodendron, Bulbocafi anum, Chamer-
bodendros, and Amaranthoides; though they fhew
better the facies or habitus of the» plants, or’ of
fome part of them, than Podophyllon, Staphylea,
Bunium, Azalea, and Gomphrena { 3, and he re-
tains: Ceratophyllum, Chryfofplenium, Dracoce-
phalum, Mefembryanthemum, Tabernzmontana,
‘Tetragonotheca, and Trichofanthes. mayne
“© [call thofe naufeous or naufeuting appella-
tions, -be fays, which keep no fimiiitude to the
«« reft in botanical books, but are quite different
from, or foreign to them,.and to me feem as it
*¢ were to be barbarous. Ballote, Leoutopetalon,
‘and Siliquaftrum, are naufeous.}” He does not
here act the part of a Critic in the common way+
Greek and Latin appellations feem as it were bar-
barous to him-; and inftead of Ballote and Leon-
topetalon, which eccur in Diofedrides and Pliny,
he writes Ballota and Leontice 5- and Siliquaftrum
the Plinian name, he changes into Cercis; while
the Leontice 1s the Cacalia,-and-the Cercis a {pe~
cies of the Poplar. He certainly with a better ex-
cufe might have called the Clitoria, Cynomorium,
Lycoperdon, Onopor dum, &c. naufeous.. [See what
he writes concerning taking the fim#litude of the
{pecific name, in Phil. Bot. p. 234].

&e

68. 4thly,“* The generical names made up of
** two whole and diftin¢t words, fhould' be ex»
oF « pelled
* Crit. Bot. p. 134. ht, ee
{ Vid. Fund. Bot. § 2.40.
+ Crit, Bot. p. 134.

on BOTANY. 7s

“f* pelled out of the Republic of Botany,” Fund.
Bot. § 221 *. Therefore Rofmarinus, Aftaphifa-
fria,* Centanrium mazus et. minus, Fovis Barba,
Fenum grecum, Sempervivum, and the like, muft
be banifhed. However, from favour, be fays t;
““ We have admitted fome Latin names, yet they
“are not for this reafon to be henceforth imi-
*¢ ‘tated '; as Cornucopia, Rofmarinus, Semper-
“ vivum, and Sanguiforba.”’ But he paffes an
irreverfible fentence againft the Bella donna T.
(it is written by TYournefort Belladona in one
word), Centaurium majus, Dens Leonis, &c. +.
He gives this reafon for it ||, ‘¢ The number of
“* generical’ names is already large enough, and
indeed fuficient for any weak memory. to re-
tain, fo that it is needlefs to multiply exiftences
without any neceflity.. What need, I pray, is
there oftwo words, when one is futticient 2
Good fenfe owns, that it is foolifh tu do that
by many things, which can be done as well by
fewer ; and here therefore we ought to follow
“ this didtate. The latter word is with equal
difficulty inferibed on the table of the memory
as the former; Donna, as Bella; Idea, as Vitis,
&e.” Where Belladona, Burfapaitoris, Cen-
taurilum minus, Dens Leonis, Feenu-grecum, Li-
jium convallium, and twenty others ufed by Tourne-
fort, are called unworthy names, which are for molt
part officinal, and for that reafon are more necef-
farily and more eafily to be infcribed on'the PEE
sit . Z

&6

66

* Vid. & § 222.—236.
1 Phil. Bot. p. 161.

+ Phil. Bot. p. 169:

\| Grit. Bot. p. 23.

{

76 | A DissERTATION

of the memory, than his feigned ones, as Atropa,
¢from:.“* Atropos, one of the furies,” H. Cliff.
p: 57 *- Phil. Bot. p. 171.) 3 Leontodon,, which
fhakes one difagreeably ; Convallaria, an adjec-
tive, &c.:, Who therefore multiplies exiftences
without/neceflity, Touruefort, or Linnaeus ?

69. In fhort, whoever diligently confiders what
this celebrated author } delivers concerning chang-
ing the generical names of plants, he will eafily
fee that he advances with a full pace towards an
intire innovation of the Botanical Science. For,
there is no medicinal name of a plant, whether it
be Greek or Latin, but may be condemned with
an equal right, or changed, as being barbarous,
compounded, diminutive, of difficult pronunciation,
of a mongrel or mixed nature, unworthy, patholo-
gical, or not good in many other refpects, and fome
are changed by him, of which I have only given
{pecimens. But, if this be done, there will be an
end of the materiamedica of our predeceffors ; for,
all things muft be neceffarily difordered by a con-
fufion of names. Such beginnings fhould be op-

pofed.
§ XVIII.

7o. Among the other extraordinary deferts of
the moft famous Linueus, celebrated by Mr. Peter
Lofling +, he boafts much of the vague terms be-

ing

* C. Linnei Hortus Ciiffortiamis. Amfteledame
1737. in folio. TOL

| Fund. Bot. § 220. ad 280. and elfewheres

¢ Aman. Acad: 2+ ps 1836 |

gree Se

on BOTANY.’ 77

ing tyed down to their proper feats, and the new
ones introduced by him. Among the vague terms}
I find Scapus ; but, what is Scapus? ‘ Iteis a -
<¢ kind of a trunk, and either naked, or covered.
“< with leaves,’ Fund. Bot. § 82. edit. 1.. Yet;
“© Scapus with me is a kind of a trunk, which
‘¢ rifes from the root, and fupports the fructifica-
‘* tions alone, without branches or leaves (except
** thofe placed at its root),’? Fl. Lap. p..8.'*
“ What I call a ftalk, the moft famous Linniexs
“ names a Trunk ; of which there are three dif-
“¢ ferent forts: 1. A Stalk. 2. Culmus, or the
‘© ftalk of corn from the root to the ear. 3. Scapus,
“¢ a kind of a trunk, which rifes from the rcot,and
‘* fupports the fructification alone without branches
‘* and leaves.” Gefi. Differt. p.67. It is thus ex-
plained with perfpicuity by both ; but how thefe
explications agree with the Fundamenta Botanica
before cited, Ido not fee from both: efpecially
fince we have the Anchufa feapis diphyilis, H.
Clif. 47.5 Hemerocallis fcapo ramofo, corollis
monopetalis, H. Upfal. p. 88.45 and Tulipa
feapo tryphyllo, foliis ovato lanceolatis, ibid. p.82..
Thefe things do not well cohere. it ba
_The opinion is therefore to be changed 3 and
Scapus is no longer to be called a kind of a trunk,
but a fulcrum, or prop. For, in the Fund. Bot.
edit. Parifis, in 1744. § 82. “A Trunk is.a root’
‘¢ above the earth ; and it is of two forts, Cawlis,'
| ES ror

* C. Linnai Flora Lapponica. Amft cladami 4737 ¢
22 V0.
a i Linngi Hovius Upfalienfis. Amftcledami 17 48-
3% Ve a : ; hs

i

78: A Disstrratriow
“or a Stem, and Culmus.” And below. § 84:
“The Fulcra, or props of plants are nine, Brac-
tea; Cirrus; Spina, Aculeus, Petiolus, Pedun-
“ culus, Scapus, Stipula, and Glandulan——The
“© Scapus bears the fru€tification, and ‘grows from
“ the root (not from the trunk).” But thus, the
Culmus will lkewife be a props: and why not a
Trunk? fince it is only a root above the earth, and
fuftains and bears the fructifications. Yet, neither
do thefe things ftill pleafe. a

Hence, inthe Phil. Bot. p. 29. “A Trank brings
* forth the leaves and fruétification § its’ fpecies
“are fix; Caulis, Culmus, Scapus, Pedunculus,
“ Petiolus, Frons, and Stipes; but Ramus is a
partof it; and below, p. 40. Scapis, 1s an’
univerfal-Trunk,. which elevates the fructifica-
“tion and-not the leaves; as in the Narciffirs,
‘Pyrola, Convallaria and Hyacinthus.” But then,
what mutt be faid of the Hemerocallis and Tulip
above mentioned 2? yea, of the Convallaria foliis
alternis, pedunculis axillaribus unifloris, Lin. M.M.
p- 56:* However, the Scapus is thus excluded
out of the number of Fulcra or props. And in
Phil. Bot. p. 50. “Fulera, he fays, are the props
‘© of a plant, for its more comm«dious fupport 5
‘ to-day they are reckoned feven in number 5
“¢ Stipula, Bractea, Spina, Aculeus, Cirrus, Glan-
“<-dula, and Pilus.’’.. But yefterday, they were
reckoned nine in number, (to wit, in the Funda-
menta Botanica, publifhed in 1744); and three
days ago, (to wit, in the Fund. Bot. publifhed
in 1736), only fix; and who knows how many

: there

* C. Linnei Materie\Me dice liber 1. de plautiss

Ampteledami 1748) in 8vG. an

~~
on

a

on BOTANY, 73

thereowill: be ‘to-morrow? Moreover, ‘how fitly,

and with what’ elegant Latinity até leaves to'be
called-trunks ; trunks,’ roots, &c. ? Therefore the
feat to'which thé Scapus is'tyed down is unftable
enough 3 which’ is likewife true of fome other
tétms. | BIBS. i oh : vi :

71. * A Berrys, with Gefrer *, is the pericar-
‘ pium, whofe feeds are lodged in afoft pulp 5
“and thefe are either fixed to the sane as
in the. Stramberry,;; or they. are covered with,
the fubftance of the pulp, as.in the Berries of
“Grapes.” But Linneus { fays, the Strawberry
has no pericarpium 5 and the Xanthium + has
a dry pericarpium. ‘S A Berry ||,.1s the Peri-
“* carpium ftufted, without a cavity,; and befides
« it contains naked feeds.” But the Pericarpiumy
of the Capficum is a berry without pulp, biloculan,
and hollow, according to the Gen. plant. p. 84.
¥ea there, p,.460- the: Pericarpium, of the Wall-
nut ‘free 1s a dry Berry, and the Seed a Nut; and.
therefore; it fhould be called. Drzpe, (or rather
Druppa), fince ““ Drupa is the pericarpium ftuffed,
<*- without,.a cavity;. and. contains a nut,” ps $3.
How manifold is.a berry, fince the Pericarpium
of the Rhus, Sclanum, Cyclamen, Mefpilus, Au-

Aa

rantium, iAndnas, &c.. is thus named ?

¥ 9oeSAStrobilus, fays Gefuer |\l|, is a fruit for-
« med of feales laid one unde? afother like tiles
M ae «Pon
* Differt. p. 101. i ah til 3
ap Gen. pl. p- 2208 5 Ht
+ p- 452. ae eee
{| Phil. Bot. p. §3:3
fll Differt. p. rote

So A DisservATion

“< on the ‘roof of a houfe, in whofe finufes or an-
‘«« gles feeds are lodged.” But, with Linneus *,
A Strobilus is a Pericarpium formed of an Amen-
tum. And ‘an Amentum ft is acalyx formed of
‘* a common chafty and bud-like receptacle.” Yet,
in the characters of his Gen. Plantarum, I do not
find a Strobilus reprefented as a Pericarpium, ex-
¢ept in the Magnolia alone, where there is no,
Amentum, but the calyx is a Perianthium with
three leaves, to which nine ftamina belong, and
the pericarpium is an oval Strobilus: while the
Abies, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Cupreffus, Larix,
Lupulus, and Tulipifera, have no pericarpium.
This term occurs, but very feldom, in the fpecific
denominations ; for I have only obferved it thrice
in the H. Cliff. ; to wit, Carpinus fquamis ftrobi-
Jorum planis; & Carpinus fquamis ftrobilorum in-
flatis +, & Thuja ftrobilis levibus, fquamis ob-
tufts |}. :

A Capfala, with Gefier |||], is 4 membranous and
roundifh Pericarpium, as in the Auricula Urfi,
But, with Linnews tt, it is a hollow Pericarpium,
gaping determinately. Yet, the Pericarpium of
the Epilobium t+}, “is a very long, cylindrical,
“ {triated, quadrilocular, and four-valved Cap/ula :””
neither roundifh, nor hollow, nor gaping deter-_
minately, but through its whole length. How

: | | perfpicuoufly

* Phil. Bot. p. §3- |

t lbid. p. §2.

tp. 447-

ll p- 449.

{i p- ror.
t+ Phil. Bots p. §2-
tt Gen pl ps 162.

on BOTANY. 81

perfpicuoufly are the botanical Elements of Linnzus
explained, by Gefner, or Linnxus bim/e/f! It is
aftonifhing that fuch things fhould pleafe Botanifts !

73. ‘* From the characters of the genera of the
“* celebrated Linnaeus, fays Mr. Lofting *, which
“‘ are delineated to the life, and according to ali
“ the parts of the fructification, almoft all the Bo-
‘* tanifts of this day have formed new methods for
** themfelves ; which indeed is now as eafy to be
** done by every one, as it was difficult and ardu-
‘* ous beforehim. For, he. has not only tyed down
““ many vague terms to their proper feats; but
“ likewife has introduced evidently new parts and
** new terms, as the Nearinm, Drupa, Fulcrun,
“ &c. which were not mentioned before him,
“ though the Botanifts of our day glory in them :
‘© Who is there deftitute of them, that can at this
“ day give a perfect defcription of a plant?”
Thus Linneus’s {cholar, or Linneus himfelf.

But, with the author’s leave, I muft be of a
very different opinion. For, it 1s not only, not
lefs injurious to the ftudy of Botany, to contrive
new methods without neceffity, than to invent
names and ufelefs terms; and it 1s likewife as dif-
ficult, yea, more difficult, from thofe charaters,
howfoever delineated to the life, to form a new
and at the fame time an ufeful method, as it was

before him.

“~

ta)

74. For, concerning the characters of the ge-
nera, three things are principally to be obferved.
1ft, That the characteriftic marks of the genera

M 2 ought

* Anam Acad. ps 183.

$2 A DissER TATION

ought not.to be. multiplied without,neceflity 5 nor
more of them, than is requifite to determine the
genus with certainty, to be heaped together; left,
to wit, the memory be too much burthened, and
inftead of characteriftic figns we feem to give a
defeription of the plant. 2dly,..That-the charac-
teriftic marks, in all the fpeciesiof the fame genus,
Should be exaétly alike; and thofe' parts of the
fructification, in which all the fpecies:do not at
gree, muff be omitted. 3dly, ‘That they ought
to be very obvious, manifeft, and -fufficiently ob
fervable by every one. For, fince the chief ufe
of a method is, to lead the ignorant and learners
to the knowledge of plants, ‘bya icompend, with*
out tedioufnefs and:dificulty, fuch marks fhould
not be propofed, as require an attentive and ‘cares
ful fpectator, fo thatiit {hall thereby be neceffary
for every one to carry aimicrofcope: about. with
him *. | : £ Sid yao”
' The moft famous Zizz aus remarksnt; that Ray
was wrong in laying down this laft rule, and ad-
vifes.all the partsiof. the fru€tification to be exa-
mined, even thofe' that efcape the fight, though
a microfcope fhould!tbeoufed:::Wety he :acknow-
ledges, that no charaCter.is infallible} before it 4s
regulated according? to all its. fpecies. ..And; he
adds,:¢¢ The character is madénatural ‘by a very
accurate defcription of the firftfpecies of fruc-
¢* tification; all the other fpecies ofthe genus

| | ania aes © muft

“® Vid. Tournefort, p. eo. and’ Ray's Rules pres
fixed to bis Methodus plantarum emendata et audiar
houdini 1702. a4 8vo, » a |

{ Pbil Bot. py 13%) O74 og Bodh waves

on:B O-T ANY 83

$* muft;be, compared, with ithe firfts[and by exclud-
“ ing-all,the marks wherein they differ, at length
Sst becomes (elaborate #075 25 ehei4 fo 1) 6

. (75 But,'that the Linnean chatacters ,are not
elaborate; the,author confeffes5:faying, “-Ageénus
* 1s rarely, to be obferved,:1m which fome! part of
‘the fru€tification does not vary,”, Rund.Bot.
§.170.... And -hée-adds in Phil. Bot.'p. 121. .Un=
“ Jefs.this rule.is taken, iasemany genera would
‘< be, reckoned, as there are fpecies that exift”
But if he;had obferved the firft-rule given’ above,
this rule would have been unnéceffary, and almoft
no, variationof the fpecies would have have: hap-
pened. » Of which matter he himfelf now-feems
to be.confeious.: for;in the preface to his Syftema
Nature, he fays, “ I have ‘afligned new, and thofe
“« very compendious charaders to plants, when I
** could not always findiout fuch as are effential,
** that learners might the more, eafily diftinguifh
¢¢ and know them afunder.” . And for this reafon

this contracted fyftem is much more ufeful than
thofe things which the fexual method. brings to
its affiftance, ‘than the diffufe characters whereof
Mr. Lofling boafts. For, that unhappy method
confounds every thing: = tgp :

76. Becaufe, the number of the ftamina, being
very various, it renders the.fearching out of the
genera exceedingly difficult, yea, and often, im-
pofible, bya learner. Who, I pray, looking at
the Tamarifcus Germanica, B. P? that was unknown
to him, which has ten flamina, would confult the

¥ Id. bids OT | 4

PP

84 A -DisseEr TATION

fifth clafs, or Pentandria, for its charafer 2 Who
would feek the character of the Valeriana rubra Dod.
in the third clafs, or Triandria? Of the Gratiola
centauroides B.P. in the Diandria? Or, of the
Rhodia radix B. P. inthe twenty-third clafs, called
Polygamia, betwixt the Fraxinus and Empetrum;
or would feparate it from the Anacampferos, or
Sedum, of Linneus ; or the Sedum itfelf from the
Sempervivum? And foof innumerable others. Hence
it evidently appears, that the genera, all of them
‘atleaft, are not natural 5 or, if they are to be called
natural, as the celebrated Linneus often afferts *,
‘an agreement in all the parts of the fructification is
not required to conftitute them, and they are
wrongly conftituted by it. But, why the genera
are to be called natural, rather than claffes and
orders, I do not as yet fee.

§ XIX.

a7. If the celebrated Linneus had {pent a tenth
part of that time which he has beftowed on the
{pecious contrivance of fyftems, new names, &c.
in amending the method of Morifon, Ray, or Ri-
vinus, he would have done much more fervice to
this beneficial art. For, the invention of the fexual
fyftem feems fearce worthy of the famous Burck-
bards or, it is {carce worth while for the cele-
brated Hez/fer to contend about it, in his learned
preface to Purckbara’s epittle : wherein he treats
of the inventors of a method of plants, fhews that
the author of the epiftle is the inventor of the
; fexual

. * Vid. Cen pl. praf. po 2 Syfte Unb p 216%
Fund. Bot. § 160. - i a.

on BOTANY. 8s

fexual method *, and celebrates his merit together’
with that of Foach. Camerarius, and Foach. Fun-
gius, which has been hitherto commonly neglec-
ted ; and fuggefts fome other things to illuftrate
the hiftory of the Botanical Science. aa

In § 52. he fpeaks thus: “ And efpecially after
“© Fungius, Malpighins, and likewife Menzelius,
** and others, were engaged’ in making farther
‘© inquiries concerning the fexes of plants; but’
“ afterwards in the cleareft manner, of all others,’
“ Rud. Foach. Camerarius, (in 1694)3 alfo Burck~’
** bardus, (in 1702) 5 Waldfchmidius, (in 1705) =
** Gakenholzius, (in 1706); and at lait, along time’
“ after thefe, Vailiantius, aFrenchman, (in 1717),’
“« who, 10 writing and {peaking of them, intirely’
“ fuppreffes the names of thefe his moft excellent’
*« predeceflors ; but for what reafon, I know not 5’
“ as if this doétrine was fomething quite new, and’
‘« not heard of before.” See his Preface, p. 70.'
But here the good Homer nods, or is miftaken. ©

78. For, 1ft, He himfelf has fuppreffed, intire-
Jy without reafon, the name of Grew, who in the’
year 1676, and firft of all, delivered the late opi-
nion concerning the fexes of plants, and explained!
it very diftinétly ; and likewife Ray’s name, who
was the firft, as far as I know, that embraced’
Grew’s opinion. While alfo Burckhard himfelf
writes t, ‘* I have determined now to confider,

“* whether

* Fo. Hen. Burckhard Epiftola ad G.G. Leibui=
tium, cum L. Heifteri prefatione. Helmftadii 1759.
in 8v0. Vid. pref. p. 76. 845

t Epift. p- 146.

$6 AWIUSsERTA TION
“whether the orders:af! plants:may tbewmodelled
“xby thofe parts, which from theinvoffice hans about
“stoceadl genitals’) though the! fame:!things, had,
been'faid long» before-by Grew. Sooo t bas . 2
adly, Malpighinsonot:-only doesinos admit. the
diftingtion of fexes but alfo feems to believe that
the \petala, and dlamina are as \it were emun¢tonies;
and only employediin the purification.of-aidifagree-
able humour *: -nor dees Fungius allowsit;: unlefs
Camerarius \is miftaken, »who writes thus: Both
‘¢: thefechiftaries of generation have undergone’ al:
<< moft the fame fate;.and have been ifucceffiively
“and gradually:amprovéd \by the moderns, fince
© what Harvey, Stena, and Smammer dam, Had ob=
« ferved in animals; ' Grem and others:haye at the
“ {4me time taken notice of am plants.’ What
‘+ therefore | forbids. us:\im ‘any meafureito aferibe
“properly to, plants-armale and: female, ‘and con-
ofequently! a difterence of fex, abough Fangius is
againft it; and the rather, becaufe’ inthe mo-
numents of the ancients, to wit, in the writings
“of Ariftotle and Theopby-aftus, the. author has ob-
‘ ferved the traces of this opinion, as in ‘his fecond
‘ appendix’: he: particularly informs ‘us. ° "Thus
Camerarius, as hes quoted by Valentisiust.) - *
o 3dly, Camerdrius: himfelf doubts of this décs
trine 5 yea,irefutes it by an experiment: ‘for, hé
faw many fruitfuldittle grains and feeds: obtained
from folitary female plants of the Metctrialis; Spit
nachiaiand Cannabis, nurfed in places where they
had no communication with, or contagion from,
a neighbouring male... And thereforey though it
* Vid. p. 70. oe a ae
$ 4c. No. 41s Opt -<G ssa |

”

if BOTANY. 87
* wists r rahe! 4 re, ett ys ‘ me AT A os t
were found ‘by experiments, that, “ if the An-
“there, as foon as flowers are opened, be cut off,
«that thefe “flowers do not produce fruit, or
«’feeds * >" (which, however, is not true) 5 it
by no means’ thence follows, that thefe are really
the genital organs; as we have already {hewn
(No. 43). Bhd it Hit) id , } M ids fi} .
xx!

“'99.. Yet, the moft famous Linneus deferves the
-highéft praifes, principally on a double account.
rf, ‘Becaufe he diftinguifhes the fpecies of plants
fromm their varieties, more accurately than any o-
ther Botanift. And, 2dly, Becaufe he takes the
fpecific names, not from the accidents of place,
fime, inventor, ufe, &c. as is cuftomary, but from
the effential parts of plants, in which thofe of the
fame “genus ‘really differ from one another. “ I
have placed, he fays{, the varieties under each
‘{pecies, though it is a moft audacious attempt,
“« fince varieties, by my cotemporaries, not to fay
“all, fecurely enjoy the privilege of fpecies ¢.’*
Care however fhould be taken that we fall not
into the oppofite extream, fo that fpecies are taken
for‘varieties: ‘This Scylla is not lefs to be avoided
than Charybdis. Whether therefofe are all the
Poni of Tournefort to be reckoned varieties; the
Lapathum folio acyto rubente’ B. P. & Lapathum
aquaticam, folio cubitali ejafdem 5° Convolvulus,

PDO ot °O! major

/ Te | ,
~~ ox

&

tal
o

Tia, Heift. pref. p. 72s. |.
} Pref in H. Che 4B ON ©
+ Vid. Fund, Bot. § 258. ad 3058

83 A DisszERTATION

major albus B. P. & Scammonia Syriaca ejufdem 5
Rhabarbarum T. & Lapathum folio rotundo alpi-
num J. B- 5 Sorbus fativa B. P. & Sorbus aucupa-
ria J. B.; Euvonymus vulgaris B. P. & Euonymus
Jatifoltus ejufdem ; Cerafus fylveftris, fruétu nigro
J.B. & Cerafa acida nigricantia folidiora tardius
maturefcentia ejufdem ; and fome others, as the
illuftrious author of the H. Cliff. would have it, is
defervedly to be doubted. For, I always efteemed
every diverfity in plants, which is very remark-
able, if itrbe alfo ftable, or which neither arifes
from culture, nor.is mutable, to be a fpecific dif-
ference ; as the famous Ray teaches: ‘* No more
“« certain mark of {pecific (as they call it} diftinc-
“« tion, he fays, hath occurred to me, though I
fought long for it, than a diftin& propagation
from the feed. Therefore, whatfoever difie-
rences atife from the feed of the fame plant,
are accidental, and not fpecific. But fuch as
never come forth from the feed of the fame
‘ fpecies, are then to be accounted fpecific *.”
And yet he himfelf frequently deviates from this
precept 5; and Yournefort plainly acknowledges,
that he little regards, whether they are varieties,
or fpecies, which he mentions, if they do but dif-
fer, in fome circumftances natural to them, which
are obvious to the fenfes.

aA A & A
cc fw nan fn

*
nv

So. “ I have every where, fays Linnaeus f,
“« given to plants new fpecific names, becaufe
** worthy old ones are fcarce to be found any
“where. I did not fet out in this enterprife,

| : ¢ from

j re Go

on BOTANY. 8g
from a belief that my own fpecific names are as
*¢ excellent as the others, but becaufe far fhorter,
more certain, and therefore more proper ones,
«may be contrived: for, I ought rather to try a
“doubtful than no remedy of botany, fince its
* profperity is only to be hoped for in this way.”
And elfewhere *, “The fpecific name, at the
“ firft fight, will difcover its own plant ; becaufe
“it contains the difference from all that are of the
* fame genus which is infcribed on the plant it-
* felf.” But to exprefs this difference elegantly
and briefly in words, 1s an arduous enough under-
taking, and actually worthy of Linneus.

And caution 1s likewife to be ufed here, when -

the fpecies of any genus are numerous, left de-
{criptions be given inftead of names. Hence Lin-
neus fays, ‘* The number of words which are
“‘ ufed in the difference, never admits of more
“¢ than twelve words: for, as the generical names
« will confift of twelve letters at the moft, fo like-~
¢ wife fhould the difference confitt of twelve words,
«« that their limits may be at length eftablifhed.”
Then he endeavours to fhew by a calculation,
(which I do not underftand), that though a genus
contains a hundred fpecies, which number he knows
no genus to have reached, that twelve words at the
moft are fcarce ever neceflary, for the difference
of the genus which comprehends a hundred fpecies.
He adds, “ The very long fpecific names of the
“ antients are therefore to be dreaded, which
“comprife defcriptions inftead of differences ;"”
and cites three examples, two out of Plykenet,

N 2 and

o

© Fund, Boti § 258

PF os 4
s*

g° A DIssERTATION

‘ :

tient enough *. ily Miles patente hon inns 2?

and one out of Breynixs, which moderns are an

fifteen inthe latter: though the author does not
admit forty fpecies.of the Euphorbia, ‘Thefe,are
therefore very long names; nor, are the Plukene-
ziaz above-mentioned much to be dreaded, though
they are lefs accurate than the Linmean :yets, it
mutt be a ftrong memory that,can retain them.
Hence he, now admits fufficiently ‘fhort {pec ifia
names, which-he calls Trivial...“ The-legitimata
copsiay, 39 tuo ows, olqaisxa oords aolPScHie
4% Pblil. Bot. p. 228. ry
| Pauh Hermanni Hortus Academicys Lug duno-
Batavus. Lugd. Bat. 16870 4u Bas 4 8

*, fpecific name, diftinguifhes a plant from all thofe
‘cof the fame genus ;, but the Triviah name. is
« hitherto fubject to no: laws-——+—The fpecifie
** name is therefore the effential difference. The
‘ grivial names may perhaps be allowed.;.1m the
«manner in which { have ufed them in the Panis
“ Syecicus, if they only confift of one word,. and”
« ‘are every where freely.chofen, 1am convinced
of it, chiefly for this reafon, that the difference
© often becomes long,; fo that it cannot-be every
« where conveniently, uled.; and alfout is liable to
“« be changed, when new-f{peciesare difcovered*,”

, 3 ie of them in the Gemene

He has likewife made u ,
Arborum{; yet they donot always contiftofone word,
but often of two, and fometimesiof threewords, with-
out rearing in the leaft the effential difference.
Thus the Tithymalus heliofcopius, B. P.. 291. is
the Exphorbia inermis,, felis fubrotundis .crenatis,
umbella univerfa multifida polyphylla, partialibus
trifidis, propriis tryphyllis, H. Cliff. 198. Or the
Euphorbia folits-crenatis,, umbella univerfali quin-
quefida pentaphylla, partialibus trifidis, prapris
triphyllis, H. Cliff, Fl..Suec, 159. 4 and.the Fu-
phorbra Sokifequia, Pan. Suec. Amen. Acad. 2.2.49.
The Gramen caninum arvenfe, B. P. 1. is the Jiz-
ticum vadice repente, foliss yiridibus, H. Cliff. 24.
and the Triticum rad. officinarum, P. S. Amen.
Acad.: 240. .’The Salix pumila folio rotuindo, fs B.
1.2.:217. is the Salix Ath be gris. glabris ovatis,
Subtus reticulatis, Fl. Suec..292,.and the Salix folio
fubius reticulate, P.§.. Amen, Acad. 2» 260. “al
. ‘ 38 Mae

* Phil. Bot. p..20%. » >
_ P) Aatan-: Acad. 182 —23 3%) ©, Wes
EG Linnai Flora Sueciea. Lug d: Bat. 745. in8v0.

02 ‘A DIsseRTATION —
“The Leonicera, Xyloftenm, F\. Suec. G. A-
Amen. Acad. '2. 202. is the Leonicera pedunculis
bifloris,baccis diftinétis, foliis integerrimis, Pl.Suec.
67. The Lonicera, Periclymenum Germanicum,
Fl! Suec. G. A. Amezn. Acad. 2. 203. is the Leo-
nicera floribus capitatis terminatricibus, foliis om-
nibus:diftintis, Fl. Suec. 67. The Acer folio fub-
zus glauco, H-: Upfal. G. A. Amen. Acad. 204.
is the Acer foliis quinquelobis acuminatis acute
ferratis, petiolis teretibus, H. Upfal. 94. and fo of
the reft. - This is a recent, and very rich mine,
out of which new names are to be dug at plea-
ic. : ae

“Yet, it is moft certain, that Linneus’s legitimate
Specific names are of fo great ufe in Botany, that
they often fhew a more certain and perfpicuous
‘difference of the fpecies, than canbe eafily gathered
from the prolix defcriptions of fome writers. Nei-
ther are the ¢vivza/ names to be defptfed as ufelefs,
if they are only taken from the legitimate fpecific,
or fynonymous marks ;. fince thofe perhaps alone
are to be properly called wames, and which fhould
not be multiplied without neceffity. |

§ XXL

- 82. Thofe fpecies of plants that agree in moft
parts of the fructification, efpecially in the flower
and fruit, are judged to be of the fame genus; as
the great Conradus Gefnerus firft taught, who was
born at Zurich, in 15163 and died there of the
plague, in the year 1565, in the agth year of his
age, ‘* while he was laying the foundation of Bo-
e rig ' tany,

on BOTAN Y. 93
‘© tany, which afterwards laboured under many
“¢ imperfections, becaufe thofe that lived after him,
‘¢ did not follow his footfteps *.” desu iA
Gefner’s Botanical works, which for along time
have been lamented as loft, ftill exift in manus
{cript, and perhaps at length will fee the hght.
For, Fob. Geor. Volckamerus, in his explications of
the abbreviations in the Flora Noribergenfis +,
{peaks thus :. “ The author of this Catalogue has
*¢ in his poffeffion figures of both alpine and exo-
‘* tic plants, which were painted to the life, and
briefly deferib’d by Conrudus Gefserus.” There is
likewife in this manufcript, “ Conradus Gefnerus’s
‘« hiftory of plants, with their virtues,” asa dif-
tinét work. We are alfo informed by the illuftri-
ous Heiffer in his above-mentioned preface t, that
Foachimus Camerarius, a Phyfician and Botanift of
Norimbergh, bought that botanical treafure, not
long after Ge/ner’s death, of his heir Ca/par Wolf-
fus, with a defign to publifh it: that from Came-
varius it afterwards came into the hands of the
Volckamer’s, where it laid neglected for 2 very.
long time, and from them at length, in the year
1744, when the laft Volckamer died, to the wlof
trious Zrew, likewife a moft excellent Botanift of
Norimbergh. . .

83. But the right way of conftituting the gene-
ra, “* Perhaps would have ftill lain in darknefs,
** unlefs Robert Morifon, of Aberdeen in Sequland

f Gs na

* Vid. Tournef. p» §0- §3. :

t Fobannis Georgii Volckaneri Flora Noriters
genfis. Noriberge 1700: i7 Ate

$ p. 1%,

62 A DisseR YA TION
echad teformed and *reftored it, which was as it
«“wete alienated ‘by Herbarifts, and firft' applied
“ it to conftant ufe ; for which fervice high en-
““comiums ought to be conferred on him; but he
«would have merited far ereater, if he had ab-
“ ftained ‘from felf-praife *.” Robert Morifon was
born ‘at’ Aberdeén' inthe year 1620, and died at
Londow in 1683. He was without doubt an eminént
Botanift, feems he was much celebrated even by
his ¢otemporartes. ‘* Robert Morifon an Englith-
“'tman,' (ays Menizélius), a Phyfician, and the
“ moft diligent Botanift of our feventeenth ¢entu-
“ry. \Befides a new: diftribution of plants ‘into
“certain claffes, &c. he has wrete an Hortus'R e-
“‘gius Blefenfis,” Preludia Botanica, &c.” Vids
Ment. Ind: Elench. anctorum + 3 where there ‘ts no
mention at all made‘ of Fungins. ‘“* In the lifts of
“names, (fays the famous Herman +t), I have fol-
** lowed the guidance of the principal Botanical
“writers of our age; Cafpar and Fohu Banbine,
“as alfo Robert Morifon, and others, tn whom we
“‘ ‘may find plants that are omitted by the already
“ commended authors.” And below, “ Morifox
*¢ will principally inftru&t you in the character
“of a plant, Cafpar Bauhine in the fynonymons:
** names, &c.” And in another place |[; “’Mr-
“¢ Robert Morifon, who, while he lived, was py
, 7 “ema
* Tournef. p. &2. ip rage
t Index Nominum plantarum maltilingtis, opera
Chriftiani Mentzelii. Berolini 1682. in folio. Fjuf-
dem. Pugilus rariorum plantarum ad caleem Indigis
+ Pref. in H. L. Bat. ea
| Hd. Le Bat. pp 164. dabass iy

os

roi BO TAN Y. ge
- % far the moft famous Profeffor of Botany in the
¢ univerfity of Oxford, fent mé this Cnicus, which
‘¢ was gathered ‘about Tangier.” Neither do I
here find Fungius’s name, nor in Volekamer, Tourne~
fort, or Boerhaave)

84. Lam fotry indeed, that the famous Heifer
thinks otherwife ‘of Morifox. For, ‘he writes thus
in the preface already commended; p. 36. “ Moft
“writers who have'treated of the rife and pro-
« grefs of Botany; when they fpeak of Ce/alpinus;
“or even of Columia, complain; that fot a very
«© long time after him, the Botanical fcience lay
‘as it were unimproved dnd contemned, and take
“ aleap from Cefalpinus, ot from this Columna,
“ dire&tly to Morifon and Ray, who were both
« Britons, lived at the fame time in England, and
“ published writings concerning Botanical method
« almoft towards the end of the laft century, and:
‘* have attributed efpecially to Mori/on almoft all
“ the glory of inventing a method : but yet; as is
“© to be here temarked, Mori/on in his firft Bota-
«nical writing, which he intitled Preldia Bo-
** tanica, and publifhed at London in 1669, in 8vo,
“« has only recounted’ in alphabetical order the
«plants of the Garden at Blois; which Gafox
“| Duke of Orléans, a little before this time, cul-
‘tstivated in France, and of which’ for fome years
“ he was Overfeer 5 and likewife the miftakes,
‘¢ which he believed he had firft obferved in the
“writings of Cafpar and Fohn Bauhine 5 (yet our.
‘¢: Fungius had already before him remarked a great
“‘ many of them). But in the preface of his book,
Wlori fon there boatts: very much, ‘that he firit

O “found

&
~~

96 A DIsseR TATION

«© found out a method of plants, which no one had
« till then thought of s yet he ‘has, not even di-
* vulged itn this treatife:””,| And-below, p. 40:
relating what Fuxgins has done 1n his Doxofcopiz,
“Part 2. § 3. (be fays) in the. proewmium, he be-
“© gins thus: Unlefs plants are reduced into certain
““cenera and fpecies by a conftant fcbeme, and not
‘accor ding to the fancy of this or the other pers
“ fon, the ftudy of the knowledge: of vegetables wiil
*.be rendered as it were infinite. For, the human
“* ynderft anding founs infinity, becaufe infinite things
“© cannot pafs through it. But an order of cleffes,
Genera, and fpecies, puts an-end to infinity *.
“ From which it appears, that this excellent man
“« here pointed out the true and principal founda-
“© tion of Botanic method ; and that afterwards aff
**. methodical Botanifts followed bis opinion.” He
gives many other anftances, of this, and honours
him with high commendations; to detraét from
which | have no inelination. :

- 8s. Yet, I may obferve by the by, that. the
moft famous\Heiffer adduces no example of | the
character even of one genus being conftituted. by
Fungius, or of an ennumeration of its fpecies :
while what he writes of plants in general, of
Howers, or concerning the ufe of method, occur
much more clearly in Cefalpinus 5 from whom, as
far down as Morifon, there. is a total filence con-
cerning the. conftitution of a method of. plants.
But that Morifox was aflifted by Fungius’s obfer-
“1 | vations,

* See what are cited ont of Cefalpinus; infras
No. 86.

on BOT ANY. oF

vations, ot borrowed any thing from him, ‘1s very
improbable. For, the edition of the Hortus Ble~
fenfs in 166918 the third edition, the fecond having’
come out at Paris in 1655. In the preface to the
third edition, he fays, “Ihave nowin mycuftody my:
“© new method, which ranks all the claffes of vege-
“ tables in tables according to their kindred; but
‘¢ I cannot {pare money wherewith to defray the ex-
“* pence. of the work of defigners and engravers.”
And in the preface to his dialogue, writing to Mr.
Fobn Fell, “ Thefe my Preludia Botanica, pave
“the way to my’new method, of which I haye
“¢ fhewn you the copy.” And in the dedication
of the Hallucinationes, ‘Gaffon Duke of Orleans in
“* France, defired me to take notice of the over-
“ fights of Cafpar Banhine, who was fuperior to all
“the Botanifts that wrote before him; and com-
“ manded me to do it, while I dwelt at Blois,
“¢ where I lived for fome years.” He was over-
feer of the garden at Blois, from the year 1650 to
1660, when the Duke died. © Mr. Ray obferves *,
that fpecimens of Morifon’s method were publifhed
before the year 1667. But the Ifagove phytofco-
pica of Foachimus Fungius, was not printed at Ham-
burgh before the year 1678, as Meff. Heiffer, Se-
guierius, and Linneus, have it 3 or 1670, as it is
in Ray’s Hift. plant. and Tournefort’s Intt: edit:
1719. “ From whence it might, (fays the moft
“famous Heiffer, p. 39.) eafily. come into Eng-'
“¢ land to Moré/on and Ray, as alfo it was undoubt—
“ edly brought. thither, fince Ray hath often com-
«* mended both him and his books.” Ray indeed,
/ i ea Piadien 1

© Pref. in meth. emend

98 A DisseER TATION

in, the firft volume of his Hift..pl..publifhed, in,
1686, often commends Fungius, and fometimes,
corrects him ; ,but makes no mention of his Doxo-

{copia phyfica- It does not therefore appear that
Morifon ever faw. any of Fungins’s, books.

wis j eI

iataeeon 8. 85 | Bm

her *, biviliey b: Siem atl Midvale. 43
* In this immenfe multitude).of plants, (fays

a

“ of
* Vid. Tournef: p. 5k. % 606... V6 @

on BOTANY. °99

«of foldiers whatfoever: for, unlefs they ard
‘; brouglit into inferior ranks, ‘and, likesthe front —
‘“< of an: encampment, diftributed into their owtt
**. companies, all things muft-be neceflarily dif:
“< turbed with tumult and! uncertainty. - This) we
* alfo. row find to- happen very much ina confi-
‘© derable number of plants: becaufe, when the
“ jadgment. is overthrown: by an irregular multi-
tude, dnextricable: errors, and morofe. alterca-
$ ‘tions, 's@enerally arife? -for, while the proper
“genus is unknown), no-defeription, though ac
s¢-erirately given, demonftrates’ a ‘plant with cer

$° tainty,; but for moft part -is fallacious. There: —
<¢ fore,: while the genera are confufed,:all things
“* mutt bé neceflaril y confounded, &c.” Vidi Cefalp:

y

datiggrefirc 21s. boatot

87. “ Though the fyftematic diftribution of
* plants,j was long/ago difcovered. and: promul-
‘gated to all the world, by.Ce/alpinus, yet it re
«« mained, for near ‘a, whole céntury, ‘unmeddled
“¢ with and neglected, even till, by good luck, re
« was firlt.revived by. Morifon, who was born, to
‘advance Botany. \ He does not indeed fay, one
“ word about Ce/alpinus 5,.yet.this will.not feem
«© wonderful. ta: thofe,/ who examine show. much
“© Morifon has deviated fromthe Ce/alpinian laws:
“ he has,certainly departed.from thofe rules, more
‘« than the other fyftematic writers whofucceeded
“‘ Morifon,, who neither themfelves have {ung this
deferved' praifes,”.. Thus Linmeus ®2o.0 109 ©

‘A

a

| 88, Here he feems to thew, that Rey, who.was
* Syl plant. p- 33.

Yoo A DissERTATION

highly difpleafed with: Morifon, treats him rudely
after his'death, and indeed in an unufual manner.
Bor; in the explication of names in his Hift. Plant.
He»has thefe reflections : |“ Robert Morifon, as
“Jong as he’ kept“himfelf: within his own bounds,
‘\and was employed in compofing Catalogues of
«Gardens, fearchine’out the charatteriftic fions
‘ofthe genera, and in detecting and correcting
‘Serrors,: or (as he loves'to: fpeak) blunders: in
“* the«difpofition of the fpecies of vegetables, ‘he
“truly deferved praife.. But when he would
& pleafe/himfelf too'much, and being full: of him-
-felf} would likewrfe defpife others more learned
‘© than bimfelf, daring to attempt things’ fuperior
“to his abilities, and:to write an univerfal hiftory
“© of plants, he neither confulted his own reputa-
*‘ tion, nor fatisfied the expectations of many
£6 perfons:”: ae temontyt ofr Agdon tl -YO. ”
Andi inthe preface to his Methodus’ Plantarum
emendata &auéta,»He'writes thus: ‘Ih the°year
¢¢ 667, the! moft> reverend Dr. “Fobn Wilkins,
Bishop of Chefter, ‘flicited me ftrongly, to're-
«| duce! trees and«herbs into fomeée method, ’ in
“order ‘to complete ‘the “philofophical Tables for
"an univer fal chara€er, | (whereof a {pecimen at
«chat time came to light) 5 yet in’ this I was not
«at liberty to follow the order of nature, but ob-
«\ |jaed to diftribute both kinds into only three fub-
“oordinatekinds'; (for, thenature of my defign al-
«Towed of neither more, nor fewer). '’ Howfoever,
‘¢ not prefuming to*deny any thing that'fo great
a friend requefted of me, I executed that work
«© ina Hurty, and’ almoft tmmediately.” Mr. Ro-
“ert Morifon, of Aberdeen, in Scotland, M.D.
: S24 WOM eine

Ge
ct
ee
ێ
C14
€¢
&¢
6¢

e¢

G6

on BOT ANY. 16%

being highly offended with it, fearing perhaps
left thereby his fame and authority fhould be in
any degree leffened, of which he had,: and. not
undefervedly, gained to: himfelf no fmall share
among Botanifts, by publifbing fpecimens of bis
method, which he boafted he did not ‘extract
from books, but that he was taught it by nature
herfelf, and taking it ill. that I dared to put a
fickle into his harveft, he reviled zhofe Tables in
an unbécoming manner, while he concealed the
name of the author. ‘Though I} {hould acknow-
ledge that thet method was obnoxious to cen-
fure, and not only imperfect, but in’.many re-’
{pects erroneous and amifs; yet, when I faw
myfelf defpifed and plainly ridiculed by a.man,
who is vain and full of himfelf, not to fay any
thing more fevere, or difquiet the foul of the
dead, that I might in fome meafure take care of
my own credit, I refolved to try what I could
do, in digefting plants, and planning outa me-
thod, by freely following the guidance of na-
ture 5 and at leneth, after long and mature de-
liberation, I compiled that diftribution, from
comparing my own obfervations with thofe of
others, which I afterwards publifhed, under the
title of Methodus plantarum nova, inthe eightieth
and fecond year of the laft century.””. Nor do I

know what he could have faid more fevere.

89. Howfoever, the whole caufe of this fcold«

ing, as far as I can find, was this, In.a Dialogue
betwixt a Fedlow of the Reyal Society and a Bota-
nographer *, the Fellow fays, ** Undoubtediy,: I

“© haye

* Morif: Prel. Bet. p» 476.

£02 A DrssiR? air ton

“ have thought that’a generical mark is takeif
from the’ refemblance of the leaves... The Bo-
‘¢ ranogr. And I have obferved this: in many au-
*¢ thors, who wrote fome years fince ; yea lately,
‘* inva certain book, publifhed by an ‘author: who
*\4s'a Fellow of your College, wherein’a method
‘*, of plants taken’ from the refemblance of theit
“¢ leaves is exhibited, and the claffes are difpofed
** in tables. LE only found it a confufed Chaos: 1
“read therein concerning plants, but I learnt no-
“‘ thing; and I will fhew you ‘its miftakes and
“ confufion at anothertime, ‘becaufe I muft not now

“ digrefs.’

=

. go. Though there is'no occafion’ to vindicate
Morifon in the opinion of the learned; yet I fhall
trdnf{cribe a few things, out.of his life and the
preface, which are prefixed to the third volume of
the Hitt. Pl, Oxonienfis. ‘* He was amoft candid
‘* man to fhew to all, and teach all, his method,
** both -by his writings’ and converfation, being’
*¢ envious of no perfon’s fame, while his own was
“* fecure, to which he always preferred the public’
““\gond.' For, Morifon’s reputation is not to be
*¢ defpaired of, as long as Ray’s Synopfis ftirpizm
** Britaunicarum, or the Hiftoria plantarum of the
“€ fame author, will be valued by Botanifts + °1n
** both which ‘there is not a page, filled with
“how much foever ornament and_inftruétion,
“ where Morifox’s genius does not fhine.” Vid.
Morif. vite, p. 4.3 and’ there we have:alfo the
opinions of Ammanyusy Brey nius, Cipanas, &c.'eon~
ov ee is,

‘o- Gh
; “vy

on BO.-T AN Y¥.. 103

_ © In the mean time Aberdeen, very luckily,
*€ brought forth Robert Morifon, the unrivalled
** chief of all Botanic writers, how many foever
“they were; to whofe guidance, unfpeakable
*¢ penetration, and moft fuccefsful ftudies, ftudents
“of Botany owe mote, than to all the labours of
“the antients. Every one may be fpeedily con-
“* vinced of this, who will carefully confider his
““animadverfions on Fobn and Cafhar Baubine in
“bis Preludia Botanica Blefenfia, & Hift. Oxoni-
*¢ enfis: and, as the moft famous Puslis Amman~
“© nus jaftiy remarks, which I am not afhamed to
“repeat, in thefe Heyvous works of Morifon, more
“* liftre, move truth, and more advantage accruing
“* to lovers of medicine, are contdined, than in all
“* the very numerous volumes, which are interfper-
“fed with Connexions of the antients: let the pri-
* vate judgment, of every one who is impartial and
“ unprejudiced, be arbitrary.” Thefe things were
faid by the moit famous Bobart in the above meén-
tioned preface, about fix years before the death of
Fobn Ray. Morifon’s Hitt. Oxon. is likewife much
commended by the great Boerbaave*. ‘“ Thefe
“things ptove that Vorifon (to fpeak again with
“ the author of ‘his life) durff write the Hiforia
“* Oxonienfis, and both confulted his cw reputation,
“and fatisfied the expe ations of the learned: al-
“though he prefumed to deny it, who owed all’
‘(his improvements in Botany principally to Mo-'

8 yifon.”
iT sis § XXIHs
® Ind. alt. pl preft p. 17°

TO4 A DIssERTATION
Te RIA Gy Gk es
: oI. As I judge that the charaéter of the genera

is to be borrowed the moft conveniently from. the
fraGtification, fo I think that of the claffes.1s to be
taken the moft commodioufly from the flower, .in
the more perfect plants ; in others from. the habit,
or external facies; but the characteriftic of the
orders, or fections of the claffes, fromthe fruit 5
as from the moft effential and vifible parts. . And
this is Tournefort’s method *, which is by. far the
eafieft of all others, and the moft.ufeful to learn-
ers, as L before obferved. Iconfefs, with the moft
famous author, that it is not fintthed; nor am I
ignorant of what has been animadyerted upon. it
by the learned, as by Ray, ,Dillenius, &c. but
efpecially by the moft famous Fufieu. .

92. Yet, I know. not, whether by. taking out
or obliterating the fpots or imperfections which.
are obferved in the Inffitutiones rei herbaria, their
elegance. and utility would be much ‘heightened s,
while a fyftem abfolutely perfect, .1s.not tobe ex»
pected from this age, if it ever be confummated»
In the mean time we enjoy thefe, earneftly in=
treating the celebrated and moft. humane Mr. Ber=
nard de Fuffien, to put the laft-hand. to them, and
refcue Botany from the various difficult trifles and
fooleries, with which it is burthened and almoft:

opprefied.
; Thofe

® Vide Inf pr 65 6606 Fr MG

onoB-O TAN Y. * TO5

Thofe that: would be acquainted with what
others have done towards compleating a method
of plants, may perufe the authors theinfelves ; or
the! celebrated Carolus Linneus’s ¢laffes plantarum,
feu fyftemata plantarum omnia @ fradificatione de-
fumpta, quorum xvi. univerfalia, & xiii. partialia,
compendiofe propofita, fecundum c/affes, ordines,
& nomina generica, cum clave cujufvis methodi,
& fynonymis-genericis. Fundamentorum Botani-
corum, pars u. Lugd. Bat. 1738. in 8vo.

§ XXIV.

93: It would teke up too. much time to ex-
patiate on the ufes of plants. We cannot live
without them. For, whatfoever things are ne-
ceffary for food, whatfoever things are efteemed
delicacies, they abundantly fupply ; they not on-
ly afford faftinence, but likewife cloathing, and
medicines, and houfes, and fhips, and houfhold-
furniture, and fuel, and recreations of the fenfes
and mind. But we think it needlefs to dwell on
thefe things.. Ray’s Hift. Pl. p. 46. may be con-
fulted on this head.

94. However, we may remark, with refpect to
their medical ufe, that no method of Botany is of
fo great fervice towards inveftigating thevirtues
of plants, as is pretended by fome; the firit of
whom was Ce/aipinus, who, 1n the preface to his
treatife on plants, writes thus. ‘“‘ At length even
«« the powers, which phyficians moft feek for as
‘¢ their properties, are difcovered fram a know-

D2 “ ledge

106 A DIssERTATION

** ledge of their natures ; thofe that’are affociated
“in the fame genus, for mot part poffefs fimilar
“* powers ;” which others fully profecute ; parti-
cularly Frederick Hoffman, who’ was Profeflor
of Medicine at Hall, in his Differtation concern:
ing & conpendious wisibod of fearching out the vir-
tues of medicinal plants ; and very lately by the
mott famous Linneus in his Fundamenta Botanice
and Philofophia Botanica, from page 278. to 287.
Here it is aiferted, that “ Plants which agree in
“ their genus, a alfo agree in their virtues; thofe
‘¢ that are contained under a natural atin, like-
“ wife approach one-another in virtues; and fuch
“ as agree in a natural claps, alfo in fome meafure
‘‘ agree in their virtues.”

9s. But it is very well known, that the parts
of the fame {pecies very often dir widely from
each other in virtues. For inftance, the Root and
Leaves of the common Wormwood, common Sorrel,
Birthwort, &c. the Bark and Wood of the Cinna-
mon Tree, Citron Tree, the Tree that yields the
Peruvian Bark, &c. the Leaves and Flowers of the
white Lily, Jafinine Rofes, &c. the Flowers and
Frost of the Sloe Tree, Peach Tree, Pear Tree,
&c. the Fiuit, Bark, and Kernel of the Anacar-
‘dium, Waillnut, Almond, &c. Wkat oceafion is
there for exa amples’? How much the feeds, fruits,
and other parts * of plants, which are in medicinal
ufe, difer, from thofe parts that are not ufed, in
virtues, no one can be ignorant, who knows how
to diftinguifh betwixt wheat and the chaff feat

tered by the wind.
In

-n BOTANY. 107

In like manner, the fpecies, are different in na-
ture, of the fame genus ; whether this be natural
or attificial, is of little fignification. ‘The com-
mon Wormwood, and the infipid Wormwood, are
quite different from one another; likewife the
Succotrine Aloes, and the American Aloes; the
Cinnamon, and the Saffafras; the biting Arfmart,
and the mild Arfmart; the lefs Sedum, and the
leaft Sedum; the male Balfam apple, and the
wild Cucumber ; the common Cucumber, and the
‘Coloquintida; the acrid Ranunculus, and the fweet
‘Ranunculus ; and numberlefs cthers.

96. Much lefs always do thofe plants agree in
virtues, which are contained in natural order.
Linneus gives examples of fuch an agreement *,
to wit, “ The pillar-bearing (columnifere) plants :
‘6 the Common Mallows, Marfh Mallows, Vervain
‘* Mallows, and the Cotton Bufh. The pleafane
delicacies (Scitamina): the Common Ginger,
« Cardamoms, Galangal, Zedoary, Coftus, Grains
“ of Paradife, and Turmerick. The orchideous :
the Purple Bird’s Neft (Orchis), Satyrion, Baf-
- tard Hellebore (Serapias), and Epidendrum:
** The many-podded: the Peony, Columbines,
«« Wolf’s-Bane, Staves Acre, Nigella, Hellebore,
** Ranunculus, and Pafque-Flower. The contort-
“© ed: the Swallow-Wort (Apocynum), Cynanche,
“¢ Syrian Dog’s-Bane (A/elepias), &e.” But though
fuch an agreement fhould really exift in thefe, it
does not thence follow, that of confequence it is to
be found in all others, or in a great number of
them: efpecially fince one plant can fcarce difter

more

¥ Phil. Bot. p. 278.

708 A DisseERTATION

more in-viftues from another, than the Swallow-
Wort from the Syrian Dog’s-Bane, the Peony from
the Columbines, and both of them from the Wolf’s-
Bane, Nigella, Helfebore, and Ranunculus ; as
alfo thefe amenge themfelves ; nor truly do) the
Grains of Paradife come near to the Turmerick in
virtues. -But if we infpec thofe orders, which he
has propofed * as the fragments of natural method,
there are placed under the fame naturaliorder, the
Wake-Robin, fweet Flag, and Red Nighifhades
the true Saffron and Meadow-Saffron 5 the »Squil
and Hyacinth; the Flower-de-luce and Corn-Flage;
the Lily and Tulip; the Piftachio Tree and Oak;
the Elder and the Sumach; the Fig-Tree and
Hemp ; the Baftard Saffron and Artichoke; the
Colt’s-Foot and Leopard’s-Bane; the Sea-Holly
and Hemlock; the Olive. Tree and: Afb; the
Bay Tree and Bittort ; the Guinea Pepper and
Mullein; ‘anda great many more included under
the fame order, which are found to. be as different
in their virtues, as are aliments, medicines, and
poifons 5 or one clafs of fimples from another.

“ Thofe that have an affinity (fays Mr. Zin-.
“* weus) agree in habit, manner of growing, pro-
“ perties, virtues, andufe.. The daily labour of
*« the greateft Botanifts is employed ftrenuoufly
*¢ about thefe, and it fhould be ftrenuoufly em-
“¢ ployed about them. Hence natural method is,
«and will be, the ultimate end of Botany f.”
But, whoever has feen fuch an affinity betwixt the
genera of almoft any one of the mentioned orders,
fees much more clearly than me. ‘For, if the
| Willow
*; Phil. Bot. p. 27. ad 35.
t Phil. Bot. p. 137-

-on BOTAN Y. TOG
Willow and’ Plane Tree ; the! Mulberry Tree and
Pellitory of the wall; the Common Heath and
Strawberry Tree ; the Jew’s Mallow and Lime
Tree; the Water- Elder and Holm-Oak 3 the Honey
Flower and Fumitory; the’ Poppy and May’ Apple,
and many others, agree in habit, I willingly ac-
knowledge that I am ignorant of what is meant
by. an agreement in habit. Oba DA

«97. Concerning that xatwral method, the
“* frit and laft thing wanted’ in Botany*,” it may
by the by:be obferved,as it here occurs ; 1ft, That,
if we may be allowed to judge'of it from the re-
cited fragments, it will°appear to be abfolutely
ufelefs to thofe, that delight :more in the know-
ledge of plants, than in a multitude of names:
For, to what purpofe is itto-form artfully in a dif-
ferent manner’ thofe: vicarious names (ashe calls
then); which are to be changed of neceffity, fuch
as Piperite, Scitamina, Sepiarie, Calamari, Sca-
bride, Culminee, Vaginales, Sarmentacer, Cande-
faves, &e.? or, even theorders themfelves, whofe
genera are fo little allied?’ Since they by nd
means facilitate the “feience,’ which has been
hitherto: almoft intirely loft amid a fuperfluous
variety: of terms, methods, &c. For, the’ Bota-
nical language, (as the moft famous Bujon ternarks)
is, In our times, much ‘more dificultly acquired,
than the knowledge of ‘the plants themfelves ;
which) is. in a great meafare ‘owing to the fehook
at Up/al, or rather» to» the unfortunate fexual
Tyftem..._ .

| © Phil. Bot. p: 27.

pe necen meen
asin

TIO A DIssER TATION

98. And; 2dly, If I may be permitted to fpeak
my fentiments, thofe that are laborioufly engaged
in inveftigating a natural method of plants, feem
to be laboriotily engaged in finding out the philo-
fopher’s ftone, fince nature js only folicitous about
the fpecies: and hence it is, that all endeavours
hitherto direéted to this fcope, have mifcarried!
And indeed I am afraid left the celebrated: author
of the Philofophia Botanica, now difdaining the
fexual fyftem, fhould contrive a new revolution
of the ‘Botanical Art. For, even in the Fund?
Bot. § 209, he fays, ‘* To adhere fo to the habits
** of plants, that the rightly drawn principles of
‘« fructification may be laid down, is to feek folly
“ inftead of wifdom.’ And elfewhere (§ 168.),
he advifes the habit only to be confulted occu/sly.
Now. he feems infome meafure to be of a different
opinion:, for, in treating of the natural method,
that ultimate end of Botany *, he adds, ‘* Princi-
« pally three obftacles have put a bar in the way
<¢ of the natural method: 1. The neglected Habit
«© of plants, after the doétrine of fructification was
“ improved, efpecially the new foliation, p. 105.
<¢ &c.”” And in the before cited place, he talks
in this ftrain: “ The Foliation is that folded
‘© form which the Jeaves keep, while they are hid
“< betwixt the gem and the young fhoots (a/paragi)
“¢ of plants. ‘This, which was overlooked by our
“ predeceffors, 1s modelled in the following te
“manners, Involuta, Revoluta, Obvoluta, Convo-
‘* luta, Imbricata, Lquitantia, Conduplicata, Pl-
“© cata, Reclinata, Circinalia.” Yea, in the ee}

Of.

* Phil. Bot. p. 137.

64 BOTAN Y. rit:
Bot. § 163. he has fully commented on the Habit
from ‘p. 1or. to 112. of his Philofophia Botanica,
where indeed many things very lately difcovered
ate to be met with, yet fcarce any of them are
very ufeful.

“99. “ The tafte, fmell, and colour, point out
‘* thofe qualities of plants, in which their virtues
““\confift,” Fund. Bot. § 358: Concerning the
ule of the fenfes, efpecially Jafing, in difcover-—
ing the virtues of plants, many things occur in
various authors. But no one feems to have care-
fully enough obferved the differences of taffes 3
anid likewife fame compound are efteemed fimple
taftes, and others that only differ in degree are
reckoned diftinét fpecies of them. Wherefore,
out Grew, not being content with the dogtrine de-
livered in the fchools, after re-examining and
nicely weighing the whole matter, has obferved
atid diftinguifhed fixteen different fhecies of /rmple
tafies ; from the conjunctions of thefe, almoft in-
numerable compound; and their very various dif-
ferences, with refpect to their degrees, duration,
and the fbjecf which they affeSt. [See Grew’s
treatife on the differences and caufes of taftes, pubs
lifhed in his Avatomy of Plants, or Ray’s Hitt. Pl. °
from p. 45. to 50.] Whoever will examine the
taftes of plants, in Grew’s manner which has been _
hitherto neglected, ‘wilt in a great meafure find
out the virtues of very many, ‘but by no means of
all plants. gig |

The confideration of fmells is alfo in fome de-
eree ufeful,. though more rarely. “The Ambro-
“ fige (Sweet), are Analeptics, the Fragranr,

ne “ Orgaftics

412> A DisseR vation

*. Orgaftics. (Cordials), the Aromatics ftimulants,
“© the difagreeably {melling (tetra) ftupefying, the
“ Naufeous cottoliyes,” Fund. Bot. § 362.. And.
according. to, the. Philofophia Botanica, p. 284,
The Ambroftac are the Squinancy wort (Afperula),
Abelmofeh, Musked Crane’s-bill, Musk Mallows,
Millet, and Aira: and act like Ambergreafe, Musk,
and Civet> The B-ugrant, flowers of Saffron, the.
Jafmine, Violet, &c. and commend themfelves by,,
their. moft agreeable fmell. The Aromatics, the |
Bay Tree, Saffairas, Camphor, &c. commonly a-
gree. in, fmeil and tafte. The Heavily Stelling
(Graveolentia}, which are fingular, are, the A/i-
aceous, Garlick, Water-Germander, Affa fcetida,
&c, The Stinking (Hircina), the Purple Bird’s-
Neft. (Orchis), ftinking Hawkweed, ftinking
Orache, and/Herb Roberts ‘The Tezra are known
very well by their difagreeable fmell 5 the ftink-
ing Mayweed, Opium, Elder, &c. The Nau-
feous, or fach as when taken into the ftomach are
thrown up by nature; the white Hellebore, Bear’s ©
Foot, Lily, of the Valley (Convallaria), Afara-
bacca, ‘Fobacco, and Coloquintida, ‘Thus. this
aphorifm is explained hy the moft famous author.
But how. thefe. naufeous things, are to be called
corrofves; or the, Tetra, ftupefacient.; ot in what
thefe Ambrofiac, Fragrant, and Aromatic fub-.
ftances agree among. themfelves, I by no means
fee. For, if I be not miftaken, the flowers of the
Mezereon, Dafiodill, Hyacinth, &c. may with
equal reafon be called-Ambrofiac, (for this. is an
ungommon term), or at. leaft Fragrant, as. thofe
above mentioned, how, much foever, they differ in.
Virtues. “

‘ta

‘on BOTANY. ')¥4e

In a word, whoever takes the wirtues of plants,

from the tafte and {mell, and much more from their

colour and native place, will be very often led in-

to error. But fuch plants as agree exactly, in fruc-

tification, as well as in tafte and fmell, are very
~feldom obferved hitherto to differ in virtues.

160. Concerning the Culture of vegetables I
have nothing to add. My moft worthy friend,
Philip Miller, Fellow of the Royal Society, has
gained this province, and adorns it, in his learned
Gardener's DiGionary, which is in every one’s
hands. ‘ Miller’s Gardener’s Dittionary, fays
“< Linneus, (in Phil. Bot. p. 263.) delivers the
“¢ particular culture of each plant ; but this Me-
“ thod of horticulture would be too diffufed and
“« troublefome through all the difcovered fpecies
“of plants. The foundation of Horticulture de-
“* pends upon the native place of plants, whence
* the tules and principles of the art are to be
“ formed.” Yet, it is manifeft from experience,
that a great many plants can bear our winters, and
thrive much in gardens, whofe native place differs
greatly from ours, both in weather and foil: and
howfoever. diffufed and troublefome the methed of
the Dittionary is, the culture of more plants is
there defcribed, than I think are nurfed in any
garden in Europe ; and at the fame time, in fhort,
it is to be found more eafily and fooner, than it
can be inveftigated in any other author, or with
the affiftance of the rules laid down in the Philo-
fophia Botanica, from p. 263. to270. And hence
it is, that the dictionary has been printed within

Q2 about

ti4 . A DissertTation

about twenty years fix times ; and its abridgment
four times. : | :

§ XXY.

Since all thofe that rightly treat of the methed
of ftudying medicine, extol Botany in the higheft
manner, and its difcipline or inftruction is not lefs
friendly to the body, than neceffary to the mind,
it is needlefs to enlarge here on the celebration.of
its praifes. I have however judged it proper, . to
give a general view of plants according to Tourne-
fort’s method, to aflift the memory: And left the
Index fhould be drawn out to too great length,
from the order of the plants being needlefsly in-
terrupted, [ fhall fubjoin the titles of the clafles
and feétions, a little abbreviated; alfo the names
of the genera defcribed by him, with fome others
more recently difcovered ; and add the generical
names of Linneus which differ from thofe of Tourne-

ort.
: Herbs and under-fhrubs are, either Anthopho-
rous, fuch as bear fowers, or Ananthous, fuch as
bear no flowers. The anthophorous are either
Petalodes, furnifhed with flower-leaves, or Ape-
talous, want flower-leaves. ‘The petalodes haye
either a Simple or a Compoynd flower. Thofe
that carry a fimple flower are either Monopetalous,
fuch as have only one flower-leaf, (though, with-
out an accurate examination of it at the bottom, it
is fometimes much divided into lacinie or jags,
and fo apparently confifts of feveral petala), or
Polypetalous, fuch as carry many flower-leaves.
' : - The

on BO-T AN Y. \715

The monopetalous are, .the .Campaniform, bell-
_ dhaped, Ciafs 1. Infundibuliform, funnel like, or .
Rotated, wheel-fhaped, Cla/s 2... Labiated, fuch
as tefemble lips, Ciafs 3... and Anomalous, fuch
as are irresularly fhaped, _and cannot for this rea-
fon’ be eafily reduced under a particular name to
any of the former claffes, Cla/s 4. ‘The po! ype-
talous .are, othe, Cryciform,, crofs-like, Clajs ¢.
Recfaceous, rofe-like, C/a/s 6. Umbellated, um-
belliferous,. or refemble an umbella or umbrella,
Clafs-7.. Caryophylous, july-flower-like, C/ajs8.
Liliaceous, lily-like, C/ajs 9. Papilionaceous, fuch
as have forne faint fimmlitude toabutter fly, Clafs to.
and Anomalous, fuch as cannot.well be diftinguifh-
ed by names and brought under the foregoing
claffes on account of their fingular figures, C/a/s 11.
Thofe that bear a compound flower are, the Flof-
cular, fuch as have many {mall tubular petala,
Clajs 12. Semiflofcular, fuch as have many {mall
petale, but longer than the former, broader, flatter,
and not apparently fiftular, C/a/s 13. and Radi-
ated, Cla/s 14. which are compofed of an internal
or central flofcular and an external or circumferen-
tial femifiofcular part, the latter being difpofed
jike rays of light and horizontally ; the interior
part is called difcus, from its refemblance of an
horfe-fhoe, and the exterior corona, from its dif-
tant likenefs toa crown. The Apetalous, confti-
tute C/afs 15. ‘The ananthous are, either Sperma-
tophorous, fuch as produce feed, or Afpermous,
fuch as are commonly reckoned to produce no feed.
‘The Spermatephorous, make up Cla/s 16. and the
Afpermous, form C/afs 17. Trees and Shrubs are,
either “Apetalous, or Petalodes. ‘The apetalous
are,

116

A Disserra Tryon

are, the Stamineous, fuch as bear flowers, confift-
ing of threads, Clafs 18. ‘and Amentaceous, juli-
ferous, fuch as bear amenta, juli, or catkins, C/a/s 19.
The petalodes are, the Monopetalous, Clajs 20.
Rofaceous, Clafs 21. and Papilionaceous, C/afs 22.

(CIDA $\S AE

Herbs monopetalous
cam paniform :

1. Witha piftillum which
changes into a foft fruit.

Mandragora.
Belladona. Atropa.
Lilium convallium. Con-
vallaria.
Poly gonatum.
laria.

Rufeus.

2. With a piftillum which
changes tuto a dry fruit.

Cerinthe.

Gentiana.

Hydrophyllon.

Soldanella.

Convolvulus.

Cufcuta.

Tithymalus. Euphorbia.

Tithymaloides. Exphor-

bia.

Conval-

Euphorbium. Expbhor-
bia.
Manihot. Jatropha.

Glaux.
Oxys. Owalis.

3. With a piftillum which
changes intoafingle feed-

Rhabarbarum.
4: With a piftillum whieh

changes intoa fruit,com=
pofed of {mall feeaths or.
follicles.

Cotyledon.
Apocynum..
Periploca.
Aifclepias.

&. With apyftillum, which

as furrounded with the
fiamina united at their
bafe into a tube, and
changes into a multi-
capfular fruit.

Malva.
Althea.
Alcea.
Malacoides. Malope:
Lavatera.

Abutilon.

| Abutilon. Sida.

Ketmia. Hibifcus.
Xylon. Goffpium.

6. With a calyx which

changes into,a fruit, for

moft part flefiy.

Bryonia.

Tamnus. Tamus,
Sicyoides... Sicyos.
Momordica.

Luffa. Momordica.
Cucumis.

Melo. Cucumis:
‘Pepo. Cucurbita.
Melopepo. Cucurbita,
Cucurbita.

Anguria. Cucurbita.
Colocynthis. Gueumis.

7. With a calyx which
changes into a dry fruit.

Campanula.
Rapunculus.. Phytexma.
Valantia.

8: With a calyx which
changesinto atwin fruit,
Rubia.

Aparine.

Gallium, Galiug,
Cruciata. Galineg..

Ii7
CP 61417

Herbs monopetalous in-
fundibuliform, and to-
tated. |

1. With a piftillum which
changes into the fruit.

Quamoclit.. Ipomeela-
Menyanthes.
Nicotiana.
Hyofcyamus. Rt
Stramonium. Data.
Pervinea. Vinca.
Auricula Uri. Prise,
Plantago.

Coronopus.. Plantage.
Pfyllium. | Plantago.

2. With a calyx which
changes into the fruit.

Jalapa. Mirabilis.
Rubeola. Afperulen
Trachelium. — -ssigox
Valeriana,
Walerianella.. Veleriana.
Ananas. Promela:

3--With 2 piftillum wbich
changes into a fruat,
confijting of four naked -
feeds. seit
EBorrago. a

Buglofum.

118 ADrsseevArron
Buglofflum. . Auchufa. Solanum. »

Afperugo. ‘ Lycopene Silanum.
Echium. vos odeoty AlkeRengi.? Phyyalis.
Echioides.. Lycopfis. | Melongena. a
Pulmonariaa Capficum. |
Lithofpermum. Reena “Mena
Symphytum. Pi Be ga OSS
Heliotropium. SBS, Cyclamens
Cynogloffam... 0° ) Mofchatellina. weer
Omphalodes. Gee

fum. (97, Rotated, with acalyx .

mbech changes into thé
4. With arpiftittim which, fruit.
changesinto efagtekeew’ Pippinellg
Plumbago. Ja vid dre
5. Rotated, with a pif c ba . i:
tillum wmbich changes - ‘Herbs’ who etaloti la->
mto a dry fruit. oot lg ee. lary

wwhmachia.
u a hia Tr am th the. upper lip. oe

ros
Arai Le ek like a helnzet or fanlcion-
SamohisevsQh\ .slosdu 1 Phlomis. |
Veronica. » -mtaiiodost'l ‘Horminum. Salvia: e
Chryfofpleniums: + ley Soe Seldias’
Polemonitih.-2foucirelaV Salvia.
Verbafcum: — q _Dracocephalon. Dy aco-

; ny 'S .

Blattaria. Verbafrur cephalum. at
Polyeondides, icici Cafida, Scutellaria.

ntti. ss Brunella. a

6. Rotated, with a pif 2. With the upper lip bok
tillum which changes lowed like Epa,
tnto.a soft Sriit. ‘Lamium.” ”

Moldavicae

Pan Stachys.

on BOTANY.

Moldavica. “Dracoce-:
halum. sgn

Ballote. Ballotae

Galeopfis.

“Cardiaca. Leontrus.

Leonurus:

Molucca. Molucedla.

PfeudodiGtamnus. Mar-
rubium.

Mentha.

Marrubiaftrum:, Cunila-
Lycopus.

3. With the upper lip ered.
Sideritis.
Marrubium.
Meliffa.
Calamintha.
Clinopodium.
Rofmarinus.
‘Thymus.
Serpyllum...Thynmss
Satureia.
Thymbra.
Lavendula.
Origaaum.
Majorana. |
Verbena.
Hyffopus.
Stoechas,.
Cataria:
Betonica.
Ocimum.

Mel Be

Sealed ae
Origanum

Dee
Neneh

Bat

4. Such as have but one
Chamedrys. Teucriums
Polium... Leucrium.
Teucrinm.

Chamepitys. Teacrinmte
Bugula. Teucrium.

CLASS Iv.

Herbs monopetalousano-
malous.

1. With a flower that bath
@ long ear, or hood.

Arum:

Dracunculus.
fini.

Arifarum. Arun.

Dracon-

2. With atubular flower,
ending in a tougue-

Ariftolochia.

Rapuntium. Lobelia.

3. With a flower open at
both ends.

Bignonia.

; Digitalis.

Scrophularia.
Pinguicula.

R A. With

i129
A. Witha tubular flower,
and perfonated or re-
‘fembling a vinard or
mask.

Antirrhinum.:
Linaria. Antirr binum.
Phelypzxa.
Morina. - ‘i
Afarina. <Anzirrbinum.
Ageratum. LErinus.
Pedicularis::
Melampyrum.
Chelone.

Euphrafia.

Poly gala.
Chamebuxus. Polygala.

Adhatoda. *Fufticia.
Coris.

Clandeftina. Lathrra:
Orobanche.

Dodartia.

Anblatuin. Squamaria.
Rhinanthus. -

Elephas.

5. With the flomer sui
7ng iit a VINE»

Acanthus.
CLAS Sum
Herbs tetrapetalous cru-
ciform.

3. With an unicapfilar
fruit, but not busked, or
podded.

A DIssERTATION

Jonthlafpi. Clypeola.
Rapiftrum. “Myagruie
Myagrum.. . y
faa

Crambe. ley"
Cakile. Rephabhel Pe
Veficaria. Aljfum. ~

2. With a ‘pr etty ‘oort
fruit, divided into two
parts,by aninterme diate
partition ,with refped of.
the valves, placed ob-
Liquely to the srepeaa
cular.

Thlafpi.

Nafturtium. Lepidians®

Thlafpidium. Bifeutella

Cochlearia.

Lepidium.

Burfa paftoris: Thlafpi.

3. With the fruit, divided
into two parts, by an
intermediate partitions
parallel to the valvese —

Alyffon. <Alyffum.
. Alyffoides. Alum.
~ Lunaria.

4. With a bicapfilar fruit,
and busked, or podded.
Brafica. * >
Leucoium. Cheiz bE ei ‘
“Hefpe-

on B OT ae 12t
Hefperis. nee C. i i A Sm VEO:
Turtitis. Herbs fodadeousl
Cardamine. .
Dentaria. 1; With a piftillum which
Sifymbrium. ree changes into an wnicap-
Eruca. Braffica. falar fruit, opening two
Sinapli. j ways tr Sakae
Eryfimum. Amaranthus
Re Braffica Portulaca. )
Naps: Baalicce 2. With a piftillum which
Raph hanus. * changes into an wnicap-
5. With a jibabel WoD. Gey de

ver

Raphaniftrum. Rapha- yi al

HUS o

Hypecoon. : Hypeonm.

6.°With an eer:
husk.

Chelidonium.
Sinapiftrum. Cleome.

Epimedium. *

7, With the fruit divided
into three or four cells,
Erucago. Bunias*

8 With the fruit confit-

ing of feeds collected in-
zo a fuall head.
Potamogeton.
g. With a foft fruit.
Herba Paris. Paris.

Anapodoph yllon. Podo-
phylum. |

Opuntia. Cadus. es i
Melocattus, ” Cadys.. ,
Cereus. Cactus.
Ficoides. Mefembi Jain
themum.

Granadilla: Paffflora..
Murucuid. “Pa/; ‘flora.
Mitella.

Leontopetalon. Legiaee
Alfine. :
Alfinaftrum. FElatine.

M yofotis. Ceraftiums
Ros Solis. Draféra.
Parnaffia.

Juncus.

Kali. SaZ/ola.

Telephium.
R 2 “Tris

122
Tribuloides. . Tr apa.
Helianthemum. Citas.

Androfemum. oe
CUM.

2. Witha piffillurt akin?
changes into the fruit for
moft part bicapfular. :

Geum... Saxifraga.
Saxifraga.
Selicaria. ng hata
Glaucium. Chelidonium :

4: Witha pi iftillum which
changes into a amulti-
“apfalar fruit

Chamelza...
Hypericum.
Afcyrum. Epperisin
Sarracena.. . 7%
Pyrola.
Damafonium.
Orobanchoides.
tropa.
Rata.
Harmala. ~
Nigella.
Garidella.

Cneorum- '

Lc

Mie

f
Bi

B on anite :

e2dS ASAE

Fabaros. Zyeribydiem, :

Corchorus.
Hermania.

Te! ephiold sss, Sidr

HC o pi

Ciftus, eae

N ymphea.

Alife.

A DissERTATION

SH
5. With a piftillan which

changes into a fruit,
in which the feeds ae
lodged as it were in

wees. i ys 5 ; i.
Nelumbo. Nyasa
Capparis.. |

6. With a piftilturn ae
changes into a fruit,
comp ofed of Tate ie
Sie. : ns

Sedum. 2

Anacam pferos.. Sequins

Ulmaria. Filipendula.

Barba capre.... Arungus?

Fagonia. ee

Tvibulus:

Juncago.,
Geranium. ©
Thali¢tram.
Batomiustiws, ot MA
Tilfebords:
Veratrum.” mf
Populago. . "Cilsbicas a

Paonia. 1 vic

reece %
‘THe glocbin. - =

7. Witha pipe obit
changes into \a fruit,
compofid, of many feeds,
collected nto a t Jnall

head:
Bree

_ on BOT ANY.

Anemone.
Pulfatilla.
Ranoncilus.
Filipendula.
Clematitis. Clez#atis.
Caryophyllata. Gewm.
Fragaria. ht
Quinquefolium. Poten-
hae
Tormentilla. ©
Pentaphylloides.
tentilla. >

Pulfatilla.

Po-

With a fo fruit.
cuit horiana, Afea.
Phytola-¢a.
Solanox des.
Aralia.
Afparagus.’
Smilax.
eae

Q. With a calyx Lee
changes inte a dry fruit.

ae

Cuminoides.’ Lagocéia:

Ciroza.

A grimonia. .

Agrimonoides. Agri=-
MOH1Ms He

Onagra. Ocnothera.

Chamenerion. Epito-
bium. '

10. .With@ fruit fepara-
ae we the flowers

°

29
Ricinoides.... Crotox.
Begonia. a es ae
Morfus Ranz. _Hydro-
charis. sagyn .

Gu WA, SoS) VIL.
Herbs umbellated.

1.With fi nalland asst?
feeds.

Ammi.
Apium. ro
Cicuta. Conium.
Carvi. , Cavum:
Phellandrium.
Bulbocaftanum. Durfee
Daucus.
Sium. et
Sifarum. Sinus, | *
Tragofelinum. Riess
pels.
sn Sin

2. With narrow, pa
and pretty thick feeds.

Feeniculum., Anethum.
Meum. Athamanta.
Oenanthe. ...

Angelica. Exopowiiue:
Aftrantia. sees)
Cherophyllum.

ee Coax ‘ophy lum.
35, Wath

ry

124
3. ‘With Y voun dif” ‘and
as feeds. sly

Smyrnium.
Coriandrum.

4. With plane, oval, and
preity — feeds. —
Imperatoria, et Angelica.
Crithmum.
Anethum.
Peucedanum.

5. With oval, Mee are
feeds.

Oreofeliniias Selinum.
Thyffelinom. Selinym.
Paftinaca.
Sphondylium.
cleum.
Tordylium. »
Festa: se

Thapfia.

Bova

6. With lar ee foe: ae
frie are se bole

lowed.

Cicutaria:
Cauecaliss
Ecleaoeobas
Eiroufticum:
Laferpitium.

7. With feeds avon
with a spongy bark.

if Ligifticm i

‘Chaar

A DisseERTATION

pars:
. With feeds. ending. in

a long tail.
Scandix. .

g. With umbells he up
into a {mall head.
Sanicula. .sfitnentio't"
Eryngium. VA RUIN,
Hydrocotylee .s.\..95'

CLASS, VIM,
Herbs caryophyllecous.

1. Witha piftillum which
changes into the fruite

Car yophy

Lychnis. - 1s

Cucubaluss any

Linum. acy a re

2. With a pifitlom which
changes into the ‘feed,
mrapt up : in: the wake

Statice.
Limoniam. “

“©E a's's' ax.

..-Herbs. liliaceous. .

I. Meni beatin with a
pif illum

on BOTAN ¥.

piftillum which changes
inte the fruit.
Afphodelus.
Lilio- Afphodelus. He-

merocallis.

Hyacinthus.
Mofcari. HHyacinthus.
Colchicum. —
Bulbocodium. Cracus.

ae Monopetalous, with a
calyx which changes in-
to the fruit.

Crocus.

Narciffus.

Tris.

Xiphion. Fis.
Hermodactylus. Iris.
Sifyrinchium. [yis.
Gladiolus.

Aloe.

Yucea.

Cannacorus. Canna.
“ingiber. Amon.
Hemanthus.

3. Tripetalous.
Ephemerum. Tradef-
cantid, :
Aloides. Stratiotes.

4. Hesapetalous, with a
piftillum which chauges
into the fruit.

Phalangium, Aytheri-

CHI»

Xx 25
Liliaftrum. » \Elemero-
callis.
Lilium.

Lilio-Hyacinthus... dt
Scilla. -

Corona Imperialis. Pe
tilinm.

Tulipa.

Fritillaria.

Dens Canis
Ni Ut.

Methonica. Gloriofa.

Ornithogalum.

Aphyllanthes.

Porrum.

Cepa.

Allium.

Erythro- !

§: Hexapetalons, with
calyx which changes tn-
to the fruit.

Lilio-Narciflus. Ama-
ry llis.
Narciffo-Leucoium.
Leucoiunm. :
Bermudiana. Sifvrin-
chinuiy.
CLAS Sw

Herbs papilionaceous,
or leguminous. fn
y. With a port sic ap~
falar pod, or busk.
4
Gly-

126

Glycyrrhiza.’ i
Cicer.

Lens. Cicer.

Onobrychis. Hoy fovdod
Vulneraria. Anthyliis.
Dorycnium:

2. With a long —
fular oi

Faba.

Lupinus.

Orobus.

Pifum.

Lathyrus.

~Clymenum. Lathyras.
Niffolea.

Ochrus. Pifim
Vicia.

Ervum.

Galega.
Aftragaloides. Phaca.
Aphaca. Lathyrus.
‘Ternatea. Clitoria.

3. With a jointed pod.

Securidaca. Coronilfa.
Ornithopodium. Orni-
thopus.

Ferrum equinum. Hip-
pocrepis.

Hedyfarum.

Scorpioides.

Scorpine
TUS: Ruki

A Disservarros

z 4

ws Thveerleased

Lotus. '

Trifolium. .
Melilotus. © T+ ifolium.
Anonis. Oxonis.

Foenum Gracum ‘Tri-
Zonella.’ _
Medica.
Medicago.
Phateolas:

Medicago.

5. With a bicap falar pads
Aftragalus.

Tragacantha.
Pelecinus. Biferrula.

CL AS Sick

Polypetalous anoma-

lous.

t. With apiftillum which

changes intoan unicap-
fular fruit.

Balfamina.. Impatiens.
Viola. a
Fumaria.
Capnoides. Fumaria.,
Refeda.
Luteola: Refeda.

2. Witha piftillum which
changes

‘on BOTANY.

‘hades into an nnicap-
“falar fivin.
Sefamoides. Refeda.
Aconitum... .
Delphinium.
Aquilegia, _
Fraxinella. Di@amunus.
Cardamindum: | Trope-
_ olum. :
.Melianthus. .
Corindum:, Cardiofpér-
MU

3. With a calyx which
changes into the fruit.
»@Qechis. |
Helleborine. Serapias.
Calceolus. Cypripedium.
Limodorum. \Orcbis.
Ophris. Opbrys.
WNidas avis. Neottia.

ELAS 8 (XL

Herbs Flofcalar.

1. With a. flower. fepa-
>» vated fromthe. fruits

sae
Ambrofia.

~Gnaphalodes. Mia és

7 Qe ee dommy feed.

127
Carduus.
Cinara. Cynara.
Jacea. . Centaurea:
Cyanus. _ Centaurea.
Citfium. Carduus.

‘Centaurium majus. Cex-

_ taurea.

Lappa. Aréium.
‘Entcus:

Petafites. Tufflago.
Cacalia. Tiff 14600

Elichryfum. Gnapka~

linn.

Filago. Gnaphalium.
Conyza.

Eupatcrium.

Senecio:

3. Vath feed hot downy:

Carthamusy

Abfinthium. Artersifi. ae
Abrotatium.' 'Artemmifia.
Artemifia. ,
Santolina;
Gnaphalium..
Tanacetum. |
Cony zoldess’ Brigerous
Bidens.

ger With flofenles. placed
in theiy orn cole, and
divided into equal] aes.

Echinopus.,, ee
) Ama-

: 128

Amaranthoides
porena.

5. With flofeules placed

in their own. calyx, aud
__ for moft part divided in
to unequl jags.

Scabiofa.

Lychnifcabiofa..
tias

Dipfacus.

fsundelia. yy,

Globularta:

Gom-

CLASS “Xan:

Herbs femifofcular.
¥. With downy feed.
Dens Leonis.,. -Leonto-

dons Kern
Hieracium, &c.
Wyactuca., :
Sonchus, &c. w
Chondrilla.
Zacintha. . Lapfana-
Scorzonera.

Tragopogon.

With feed nor downy.

mg Ate Catananche.
HMedypnois. “Lap/aga.
Cichoriumy

ic mwa»

_Chamemelum.

A DissERTATION

Lampfana.
Rhagadiolus.
Scolymus. i

Lapfana.
Lapfaua-

CLASS aly

Herbs radiated. -
k- With downy. feed:
After. Inula, &e. —
Virga aurea. Solidago.

Jacobea. Senecio.
Tuffilago.

: Doronicum.

2. With feeds furnipoed

with
bead.
Tagetes:
Anemonofpermos. Ayc-
totis.
CoronaSolis. Helianthis.

a fmall leaved

3-.-With feed without
‘down and afmall leaved
bead.
Bellis.
Chryfanthemum.
Leucanthemum. © Chry/-
antbemum.
Matricaria. :
Anthe-
THIS 3
Cotula..
Buph-

Buphthalmim.
Millefolium. Achillea.

Ptarmica. “Achillea.

Afterifcus. » Buphtbal-—

ev S Buphtbal-
mth

Chery Ginthenisides:, Of!
ecole nraimee

4. With feeds lodged in
a capfula. i

Caltha. Calendula.

&§. With a crown compo-

Jed of plane petala.

Xeranthemum. “ae
Carlina.

CLAS :§& XV.

on BOTANY.

12 9
Rumer.
Rumex:

Acetofa.
La path um.
Atri iplex,
Cc henopodi jum. :
Blitum. “Amar anthys.
Herniaria.

Paronychia. Herniaria.

-Alchimilla. Alchemilla.

Parietaria.
Camphorata.
WUM:
Perficaria.
Polygonum.
Fagopyrum.
Biftorta.
Salicornia.

| Polycne=
Helxine.

3: Cereal, or Culmiferous,
or fuch as have fiems
with ears.

Triticum.

- Secale.

Herbs apetalous.
¥. With a pofterior part of
the calyx which changes
into the fruit.

Afarum.

Hypociftis. — Afarum.

Beta. |

2. With a piftillum which
changes into the feed,
hood-wink'd in the ca-
yx.

Hordeum.
Oryza.
Avena.
Milium.
Panicum.
Gramen. Triticum, &c.

Arundo.

Panicum

4. With flowers coilefed
intova {mall, Joaly bead.
Cyperus.

S 2 Scirpusy

130. A DissERYT ATION

Scirpus.
Lina gtottis. Briephortins

&. With a flower, in ‘the
fame plant, Separate rt.
from the fruit. .

Cyperoides. aia
Typha. eh
Acorus.

Sparganium.._

Mays. Zea. at
Lachryma Job. - Catz,

Ricinus.

Cynocrambe. : Theliga-

NUH. ea
Lenticula. Lemna..::

6. With the flower in ONey.
and the fruit for, moft
part in another plant.

Equifetum.
Spinacia.
Mercurialis. .
Ceratoides. Urtica.
Urtica.

Cannabis. at
Cannabina. Cazyabis.
Lopulus. Humulus,

CLASS XVI.

Herbs ananthous,. {per
matophorous,

1. With a Sruit, which.
grows upon 4 the leaves,

Filix, Beis, ROa 1644
Lonchitis., Polpodium:,

— "Trichomanes. ——

Ue haxh >.

ip Polypodiun .

~ Ruta muraria. Applents
ui BSS sd AK

Filicula. Pobypodum

Adiantum. :\,9°\

Afplenium. ans 8

Lingua. Cervina. Afr,
olen efitdD

Hemionitis. App leniume.

on

2. With a fruit which
does not grow’ i be
leaves:

Ofmunda.

Ophiogioffum. /

Lichen.

CLASS. XVI.

Tests eens are com:
monly thought tohave,
neither. flowers nory
fruit.

1. Such as gor On the.
land.

Mulch i i” Jyisr-hood
Fungus:

on. BO.T.AN Ys

Fungus:
Fungoides.
Boletus. . Phallus.
Agaricus... Ee ae
Lycoperdon,
Coralloides.
Tubera. *

Clavarias.

2. Such as grow in Ksa
fa;sorim rivers.

Fucus.
Alga.
Acetabulum:
¢ 1d.
Corallina.
Corallum.
Madrepora.
Lithophyton.
lum. *
Tubularia.
Spongia. i
Efchara. Miiepora.
Alcyonium.

Sertula-

Seriularias

Tubipora.

CLASS XVII.
Teas apetalous.

1. With a flower con-

joined with the fruit. «

Fraxinus.
Siliqua,
Ficus.

Cer atonia.

Lycoperdon. vm

Lithoxy-

13k
2. With.a-flomer, in, the:
fame plant, ipavaiea
from the fruits: ie
Buxus. :
Empetiiing mine

3. With Wi lols an oitey
and the fruit for.» wath,
part in another plant.

Terebinthus..» Piffaciad

Lentifcus. Piftacia.

R hamnoides. Bindi

Ephedra.

Cafia. Ofjris.

Gale. Myrica.

CLASS XIX.
Trees amentaceous.
1. With a flower, in the.
fame plant, separated
from a ftony fruit.
Nux. Fuglans. .

Corylus.
Carpinus.

2. With a flower, in the
fame plant, for moft
part feparated from the
fruit, whofe covering is
coriaceous.

Quercus.
Nex. Quercus.
Suber.

#32

Suber: Ouercus. *
AS ASH 2\ 5 SOY
Caftanea.* sin eg

3. With a flomer, in ae

fame plant, feparated
froma fealy Pritsis aus
Abies. ia ‘i
Pirtws..
Barix.\
‘Thuya.
Caprefiys..:
Alnus.

Betula.

“Abies

4. With a howe f Esa
rated from a foft frujt.

Cedrus. Juniperus.
Juniperus. e997 1
oabina. | _ Juniperus:
Taxus.

Morus... -

WO

8. With w@ flower, in the
fame plant, feparated
from a dry fruit.

Platanus. seh

6. With the flower in one
plant, and the fruit. in
another.

Salix.

Populus.

A DissERTATION

CLASS XxX.

Trees monopetalous:

1. Witha piftillum which
changes into a foft fruit
full of callous feeds.
Rhamnus.
Thymelza.
Alaternus.:
Phillyrea.
Caffine.
Liguftrum.
Taurus.
Jafminum..
Coffea.
Acajou.
Genipa.
Arbutus.

Daphne.
Rhamuus.

Anac ar dium

2. With a piftillum which
changes into a fruit full
of ony feeds.

Styrax.

Olea.

Ahouat.. Thevetia.

Uva Uri. Arbutus.

Aqutfolium. Tex.

Guajacana, Diofpyrs US

3. Witha pifPilagn which
changes into a membra-
naceous fruit.

Ulmus. 12489

4. With

on BOTANY.

. Diervilla.
_Elezagnus.

4: With a piftillum which
changes into a multicap-
felar fruit.

Lilac... Syringa.

Alaternoides. Celaftrus.

Erica.

Vitex.

Chamerhododendros.

Azalea.

5. With a piftillam which
changes into @ busky
fruit.

Nerion.
Plumeria.
Acacia.
Mimofa.

Neritite

Mimofa, &c.

6. With a calyx which
changes into a friity or
berry.

Sambucus.

Opulus.. Viburnum:

Viburnum.

Tinus. Viburnum.

Vitis Idea. Vaccinium.

Oxycoccus. Vaceinium.

Caprifolium:. Lonicera.

Periclymenum. Lonice-

ra.

\Chamecerafus, Lomce-
. ae

Xylokteon. Lenicera.

123

w

7. With the flower iu one,
and the fruit in. another
plant. CCE

Vifcum.

. wo
Ye
:

CLAS S “XXL”
‘Trees rofaceous- ;
1. With apiftillum which

changes into an unicap-

fular fruit.

Cotinus.

Toxicodendron. Rézs,
Rhus.
Molle.
Tilia. ,
Tamarifeus. Tamarix.
Hippocaftanum. Ejculus-

Sehinus.

2. With apifillum whick
changes inte afingle, or
manifold berry.

Celtis.
Frangula.
Hedera.
Vitis.
Berberts.
Rubus.

Rbhavenesé

2. Wise

4

3. Witha piftil um which
changes int ‘multicap-
| falar fru.

BCE 9 is
Liquidambar.
Pavia.
Staphylodendrot. ‘Sta
phylea.
Paliurus. »
Thea.
Azedarach. Meéia.
Evonymus.
‘Syringa. Pbhiladelphus.

<¥ be

Rhamnus.

4. With a piftillum which
changes into a-fruit;
compofed of little husks
or feeds, collected into
a fnali bead.

Spirza.
Tulipifera.
drums.

Magnolia.

Lirioden-

5. With a pinitlin phich
changes into a busky or
podded fruit.

Sena. €a/fia

Poinciana.

Caifia.

‘Tamarindus.

6. With a piftillum which

Ziziphus. °
-Oenoplia-

ADisserrarion
| “changes to a flejloy
ze

fruit, fa
feeds.

Aurantium: Citrus. :

ft ‘eallous

-“Citreum.: Citrus. :
Limon.

Citrus.
Papaya. Carica.
Cacao. Theobroma.

7. With a piftillum which
changes into a fruit fill-
ed with a {mall ftone.

Prunus. __
Armeéniaca. —
Perfica.
Cerafus.
Amygdalus.
Sapindus.

Prunus.
Amyg dalus. *

Rbarmuns.

Myxa. Cordia:
Laurocerafus. Padus:
Palma. Phenix.

8. With a calyx whith

changes. into a fruit,

filled with a fingle feed.

3 semana atoniatl-

+. CUS»

LguedVich.catveahacn Dh

changes into a fruit; ful
of callous feeds.
Pyrus,

Pyrus. ©

Cydonia. Pyrus.
Crategus.
Sorbus.

“Malus. Pyrus.
Punica, °°.
Guajava. Pfdium.
Rofa.

Groflularia. Ribes.
Moyrtus.

10. With a calyx whith
changes into a fruit, full
of fmall feonese

Cornus.

Mefpilus.

*

CLASS XP

Trees papilionaceous.

1. With fingle leaves,
placed in an alternate
oy verticillate order.
Genrfta.

Crotalaria.

Spartium.

on ee

a =
Genifta-Spartium. Ge

rie ee? *
Alhagi. Bape.
Frinacea.
Geniftella. Geniffa.

Siliquaftrum. Cercis.

2. With three leaves
which grow on a fingle
foot-=falke
Andgyris.
Corallodendron.
thrind.
Cytifus.
Cytifo-Genifta. Sparti-

U7T»

Ery-

3. With Leaves in cou-
ples which grow for
mofi part to the fide.

Pfeudoacacia. Robinia.
Colutea.

Emerus. CoroniiJa.
Coronilla,

Barba jovis. Antbylliss

To this methodical diftribution of vegetables
by Tournefort, in the Tirocininm Botanicum, the
Doétor has annexed the Fundamenta Eotanica of
Linneus, from the author’s laft edition in the Pbi=
lofopbia Botanica, and an Index of Planrs: But,
as he obferves that he only added the former, to
aflift the Students of this Art to be able to form2

Ay

better

936 A Drsszarartion, &c.
2a » with what right a Novice may
venture to diffent. from the moft.illyftrious Bota-
nifts of thé prefent Age; and, as the latter, con-
tains a lift o plants; chiefly the medicinal, nurfed
in two Gardens at Adizburgh, which he fome-
times demonftrates in the garden properly belong-
ing tothe City, and fometimes in, the royal. garden
-adjoining to the King’s palace, called Holy-ragd-
shoufe,.and is principally ferviceable to thofe that
attend his Preleétions and Demonftrations ; they
are both here gmitted. dviler ayina st ek