mnerate WaMQfynent Se*v\cc Jan M5 Distribution and Abundance Trends of 22 Selected Species in the Middle Atlantic Bight from Bottom Trawl Surveys During 1967- 1979 APPENDIX: Annual Cycle of Gonad-Somatic Indices as Indicators of Spawning Times for Fifteen Species of Fish Collected from the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975 DOCUMENT LIBRARY Woods Hole Oceanograpliic Institution Final Report to the U.S. Mineral Management Service (Contract No. AA 550-1 A7-35) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 January 1985 Oi I- 5: • r- I _D " 0~ : f1"1 j a ! D i D i m j ■=• ! CD DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE TRENDS OF 22 SELECTED SPECIES IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT FROM BOTTOM TRAWL SURVEYS DURING 1967-1979 11 2 Thomas R. Azarovitz , Charles J. Byrne , Elizabeth S. Pritchard , Linda I. Despres-Patanjo , Harold A. Foster Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Woods Hole Lab., Woods Hols, MA 02543 'Virginia Marine Resources Commission, ?. 0. Box 756, Newport News, VA 23807 APPENDIX: Annual Cycle of Gonad- Somatic Indices as Indicators of Spawning Times for Fifteen Species of Fish Collected from the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975 Stuart J. Wilk Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Sandy Hook Lab., P.J. Box 423, Highlands, NJ '"32 DOCUMENT LIBRARY Woods Hole Ocaanographic Institution Final Report to the U. S. Mineral Management Service (Contract No. AA 550-1A7-35) U. S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02S43 January 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION METHODS Page vii ... 1 ... 2 Data col lections 2 Data summaries and limitations 7 RESULTS 19 SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5 SECTION fa SECTION 7 SECTION 8 SECTION 9 SECTION 10 SECTION 11 SECTION 12 SECTION 13 SECTION 14 SECTION 15 SECTION 16 SECTION 17 SECTION 18 Smooth dogfish {Mustelus aanis) 20 Spi ny dogf i Sh ( Squalus acanthias) 45 Little skate {Raja er-inaaea) 67 Atlantic herring {Clupea harengus harengus) 38 Silver hake {Merlucaius bilinear-is) 110 Red hake ( Urophyeis dhuss) 135 Summer f 1 ounder ( Paralichthys dentatus) 158 Fourspot flounder {Pa.rdliah.thys oklongus) 135 Wi ndowpane ( Saophthalmus aquosus) -06 Atlantic mackerel {Scomber saombrus) . .229 Butterf i sh ( Peprilus triacanthus) .252 Bluefish {Pomatomus saltatrix) .276 Atlantic croaker {Mioropogonias undulatus) .298 Black sea bass ( Centropristis striata) .517 Scup ( Stenotomus ahrysops) .541 Weakfish ( Cynoscion regalis) 565 Ti 1 ef i sh ( Lopholatilus ahamaeleonticeps) 588 American lobster {Homarus ameriaanus) 402 in Page SECTION 19 SECTION 20 SECTION 21 SECTION 22 REFERENCES Red Crab ( Gevyon qwtnauedens) "'■-0 Sea scallop {Plaaovectsn magellanious) *oo Shortfin squid {Illez illeoebvosus) ....45- Longfin squid {Loligo pealei) 4~4 552 APPENDIX: Annual cycle of gonad-somatic indices as indicators of spawning times for fifteen species of fish collected from the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975, 49: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Distribution plots taken from spring and fall cruise data show tnat many of the more important finfish species found in the Mid-Atlantic 8ight from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras are not endemic out are seasonal migrants. Because of the absence of a discrete endemic fish fauna zoogeographers have been hesitant to recognize the Mid-Atlantic Bight as a separate faunal province (Hazel 1970, Briggs 1974). However, several species whose distributions have been summarized in this report do have their centers of abundance in the Bight (e.g., summer flounder, windowpane, fourspot flounder, scup). Most individuals in these populations do not leave the Mid-Atlantic Bight, but migrate seasonally and concentrate in narrow bands along the margins of the area. For example, summer flounder concentrate in the inshore areas in summer, but miyrate offshore and concentrate on the outer-shelf in the winter. Many of the other species (e.g., bluefish, Atlantic herring, Atlantic mackerel) undergo such extensive seasonal movements that they virtually disappear from the studied area during our spring and autumn cruises. One reason for these dramatic migratory patterns of Mid-Atlantic finfish as well as the squids and lobsters is the seasonal change in water temperature. In the inshore waters of the New York Bight apex, surface temperatures range from a maximum of 26°C in summer to a minimum of 1°C in winter. Bottom temperatures in the same inshore areas range from 21°C in summer to less than 1°C in winter (Bowman and Wunderlich 1977). This range of bottom temperature maxima and minima diminishes in a seaward direction to about 7°C (winter) and 13°C (summer) near the edge of the shelf. These large fluctuations in temperature undoubtedly play a significant role in the developed migratory patterns of many of the species discussed. With warming VII temperatures in the spring there is a movement into the Mid-Atlantic from the south by some of the warm temperate species (e.g., bluefish, Atlantic croaker) and conversely, the cold temperate species (e.g., Atlantic mackerel, spiny dogfish, Atlantic herring) migrate out of the region to the north. With cooling temperatures in the autumn, the warm water species move south and offshore while the cold water species from the north return south into the region. The Bight is considered a transition zone and serves as a migratory path for many species, but this does not diminish the biological or economic importance of the area. The area also serves as a spawning ground for many important species (Berrien 1982) and during their period of residency many of the fishes are harvested extensively by commercial and recreational fishermen. The fishes of the Mid-Atlantic shelf are part of an extremely complex ecosystem. The natural complexities are further compounded by human impacts as the area is exploited for its resources and as a depository for wastes. Many aspects of the Mid-Atlantic fisheries and other resources are discussed or reviewed in Gross (1976), McHugh and Ginter (1978), and Grosslein and Azarovitz (1982). In order to quantitatively assess the effects of mineral exploration and recovery on the finfish or shellfish populations, more knowledge of this complex ecosystem is needed. It is evident that during any given season important finfish and shellfish species travel over or reside in virtually all areas of the shelf. It is also apparent that any major event, whether natural or man-induced, can affect the quantity or quality of these living resources. vm INTRODUCTION This report is the last in a series of documents provided to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) summarizing the historic trawl survey catch data for the Mid-Atlantic shelf filed at the Northeast Fisheries Center (NEFC), Woods Hole Laboratory. Earlier submissions to the BLM consisted of detailed computer printouts of the trawl data base including catch records and environmental information. The purpose of this report is to provide the reader with an understanding of the seasonal distributions of some important finfish and shellfish species found in the Mid-Atlantic Bight area. This report does not assess or predict the potential impact or effects of mineral resource exploitation on these populations. Spring and autumn catch records for 22 selected species (Table 1) are summarized and presented in coastal map plots and graphs. Cumulative distribution plots and graphs show the mean weight and number per tow, length frequencies by six geographical areas, and percentage occurrence of young-of- the-year by stratum. The report includes all cruises from the autumn of 1967 through the autumn of 1979 (Table 2). Attached as an appendix is a report summarizing gonad-somatic indices from a special monthly study in the New York Bight. METHODS Data Col lections From 1963 to 1967, standard autumn NEFC bottom trawl surveys were conducted covering the Atlantic continental shelf from western Nova Scotia to just north of Hudson Canyon in depths of 28-365 meters (15-200 fathoms). In 1967 the range of the survey was expanded southward to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. In 1968 a time series of spring surveys in the Middle Atlantic area was initiated and in autumn of 1972 the surveys were expanded inshore to include waters from the coastline out to the 28 m contour. The first inshore survey covered from Montauk Point, New York, to Charleston, South Carolina. Semiannual inshore surveys have been conducted in conjunction with the offshore surveys between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod since 1972. One objective of our survey effort was to obtain a statistically valid population sample that would provide reliable estimates of sampling error variance. A strati fied-random sampling design was chosen for the surveys to provide a fairly uniform distribution of stations throughout all the possible ecological zones within the survey area. Depth was used as the primary boundary criterion because of its known relationship to finfish distribution. Figures 1 and 2 depict inshore and offshore strata from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod used in this study. The entire study area from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod was stratified with the major stratum boundaries determined by seven depth limits: <9, 9-19, 20-28, 29-55, 56-110, 111-185, and 186-365 m. Stations were selected randomly within each sampling stratum. Larger strata were divided into areas equivalent to 5 minutes (') latitude by 10' longitude. Each of these rectangles is considered a homogenous sampling unit (this means only one trawl haul was necessary to characterize that unit). These units were further subdivided into 10 units, 2 V2 ' of latitude by 2' of longitude, and each of these smaller units in a stratum were numbered consecutively. Random numbers were generated and the stations were selected. Only one station in each of the 5' x 1U' squares was selected since each of these sequences was homogeneous. This selection method also insures both the dispersion of stations and that every possible trawling site within a stratum had an equal chance of being selected. The smaller, narrower, inshore and offshore strata could not be divided into the 5' x 10' rectangles; in this case, the smaller 2 V2 by 2' rectangles were used. The number of stations occupied within a stratum is roughly proportional to its area. Certain strata were allocated extra stations. Examples of this would be priority areas like Georges Bank and coastal locales affected by human activity or environmental extremes. Some of the very small inshore and offshore strata also were sampled disproportionately because of the requisite presence of at least two stations to permit variance computation. About d-UU-450 stations were conducted in a complete survey between Cape Hatteras and Nova Scotia with approximately 190 between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod. This survey design gives about one station for every 200 sq. nautical miles. Substantial efforts were made to conduct the surveys at approximately the same time each year. Usually southern areas were completed first, then the ship worked northerly and easterly completing the Mid-Atlantic, southern New England, Georges Bank, and the Gulf of Maine areas in that order. An example of a cruise tracK for a complete groundfish survey in the Middle Atlantic Bignt is attached (Figure 3). During the study period three different sized trawls were used to collect the samples. Table 2 identifies the vessel and trawl size used during eacn cruise. A #36 Yankee otter trawl was used on spring and fall offshore surveys througn 1972, and all subsequent fall surveys. Initially, the #36 trawl was adequate to provide spring abundance indices needed for most commercially important species. However, in the late-1960's and early-1970's the abundance of fish dropped, so a larger trawl was needed for adequate sampling. A modified, two seam, high opening #41 Yankee otter trawl was used on spring surveys from 1973 through 1981. During inshore surveys conducted from the fal-1 of 1972 through the spring of 1975, a 3/4 size #36 trawl rigged with a chain sweep and ground cables was used. The smaller, 3/4 size #36 Yankee otter trawl was used during these early inshore surveys because the vessel used (R/V ATLANTIC TWIN) could not handle the larger, heavier trawls. Basic performance characteristics and trawl specifications for these three trawls are presented in Table 3. All the trawls were lined with 1.25 cm stretched mesh knotless webbing in the cod end and upper belly to retain small fish that would otherwise escape through the large mesh. All trawls and otter doors used during the study period had been tested and measured during special gear mensuration cruises. During these cruises each trawl was towed in several directions relative to the surface current, at several different speeds, and at different ratios of wire out relative to depth (scope). During these tows the opening of each trawl was monitored acoustically with trawl -mounted transducers. Each trawl and set of doors had to perform within certain specifications before it was used on a survey. Most of the surveys conducted since 1963 used the b7 m research vessel ALBATROSS IV, but recently the survey work has been shared by the 47 m R/V DELAWARE II; both are stern trawlers. The chartered R/V ATLANTIC TWIN was used during five inshore surveys. This 27 m vessel was also rigged as a stern trawler. The data obtained with the two large vessels are considered to be interchangeable. After arriving on a pre-selected station, a temperature profile was obtained using an expendable bathythermograph system. A surface bucket temperature was taken, and a surface water sample was collected for subsequent salinity measurement. In inshore areas some bottom salinity samples were collected along with samples for dissolved oxygen determinations. Weather, sea state, and position observations were recorded. A standard trawl haul began when the predetermined amount of wire was let out and the winch drums were locked. The haulback process began 30 minutes later. The scope of the towing wire varied from 5:1 in the shallow nearshore areas, to 2.5:1 in depths greater than 185 m. The trawl was towed at a speed of 3.5 knots relative to the bottom. The tow direction was generally toward the next station, but this was not always the case, especially in very rough water or in areas where the bottom was steeply graded (under the latter conditions a depth contour was followed). A fathometer trace was also recorded during each tow. The catch was dumped onto the checker table and sorted by species. All the fish and invertebrates were then weighed to the nearest 0.1 kilogram, and measured to the nearest centimeter (total length to the end of the center caudal fin ray). Large catches were sub-sampled by weight or volume for reasons of practicality and later expanded to the entire catch. After weighing and measuring had been completed, biological samples were taken including scales, otoliths, or other hard parts for age and growth studies; and stomachs were taken for food habit studies. Tissue samples were taKen for pathology or contaminant studies. Gonadal conditions were noted and ovaries removed for fecundity studies of selected species. The initial aspects of data processing deal with the completed trawl log. After the log was coded for machine processing, all information was scanned for errors of omission, inconsistencies, or mistakes in calculations. Machine processing involves the production of five data record types to facilitate subsequent computer analysis and auditing for gross errors. There are five different data record types: type one contains the number and weight of a particular species taken at a particular station; type two contains the corresponding length frequency data for the previous catch data record; type three contains age-length data by species which are entered into the system after age and growth samples were processed at the laboratory; type four is a summation of the total weight and number for all species combined at a station (produced by the computer by summing the type one records for a station); and type five contains detailed station data. The result is that for each species at each station, there will be a type one and a type two record in the data set. There will be only one type four and type five record for each station, and there will only be type three records if age and growth samples were taken. Record types one, two, and five were used in the production of this report. Auditing basically consisted of cross-checking common values between record types; the totals for each species on both type one and type two records; and the observed weight and number for specified species, with the predicted weight and number after a length-weight equation has been applied. In addition, omission errors and gross latitude and longitude errors can be detected. After audits were completed ana errors corrected, the data were then stored on magnetic tape for later use. Data Summaries and Limitations Spring and fall distribution plots and percentage young-of-the-year plots display data for the entire geographical area. The graphs displaying catch data (weight and number per tow) and the histograms displaying length frequency data are also on a spring and fall basis, but the geographical area considered in this report was divided into six sub-areas, based on depth and latitude. This method was used to highlight any depth or north-south distributional differences that may occur with each of the studied species. Three offshore areas, and three corresponding inshore areas (separated by the 28 m contour) were established: Strata Set 1 (New York Bight Inshore) consists of inshore strata 1-23, 45 and 46; Strata Set 2 (Delaware-Chesapeake Inshore) consists of inshore strata 24-38; Strata Set 3 (North Carolina Inshore) consists of inshore strata 39-44 (Figure 1); Strata Set 4 (New York Bight Offshore) consists of offshore strata 1-8 and 73-76; Strata Set b (Delaware-Chesapeake Offshore) consists of offshore strata 65-72; Strata Set 6 (North Carolina Offshore) consists of offshore strata 61-64 (Figure 2). All compilations and calculations for this report were done with the aid of a Xerox Sigma-7 computer using a Honeywell CP-V operating system. The software used were Northeast Fisheries Center in-house programs. The coastline plots were generated using the following programs: MAPRET, PREMAP, LINKSURV5, and FISHMAP. The SUR 1 package, with its subroutines, was used to analyze catch data. Subroutine LSTS produced station listings, subroutine LSTB was used to process the catch data (number and weight per tow), and subroutine LSTL was used to process length frequency data. Results of the analyses were plotted on histograms and XY graphs using the program GRAPH. Program documentation is on file with the Automated Data Processing Unit of the Northeast Fisheries Center. The following paragraphs discuss limitations of the data used in this report and of the graphs presented in the species sections. Because of the relatively short towing time (0.5 hour), the catches during bottom trawl surveys were low when compared to the catches of commercial vessels. Also, the randomly selected stations did not necessarily fall within areas of high population densities, whereas commercial vessels tend to concentrate in more productive areas. The survey catches, however, are comparable from one year to the next when compared on a stratum or strata set basis. When making comparisons or interpreting data, parameters such as the dates of the survey, the trawl used, and the vessel used should be considered. Different trawls were used during spring and autumn surveys. The data from these two time series are not directly comparable without applying fishing power coefficients for the different sizes of the trawls. To date, these coefficients have been worked out for only a few species. No coefficients have been employed in this study, so care should be exercised when making comparisons, particularly since three different trawls have been used during the study period. The primary value of these data is in examining seasonal distribution as deduced from spring and fall cruises and trends over each time series. When the data are used in this manner, abundance changes or trends can be evaluated effectively. For two of the figurative reporting formats (length-frequency histogram and the coastline figures depicting young-of-the-year distribution) percent is used in place of absolute or stratified values. This method was used to facilitate computer processing, and to put the voluminous data base in perspective. However, when interpreting the results it should be taken into account that percentages can mask the actual number of animals represented. Also, unusually larye catches tend to bias presentations based upon pooled data. Although substantial efforts were made to conduct each survey at approximately the same time each year, differences affecting distribution did occur. These were due to: (1) unavoidable differences in calendar scheduling; (2) differences in climatic conditions; (3) the size of the stocKs; and (4) the availability of food items. Since the data have been pooled, annual differences in distribution cannot be discerned from the graphics presented in this report. Also, for the same reason, anomalous distributional patterns may appear as normal when all years are plotted together. For these reasons interpretation of the distribution plots is important and has been done for each species. In some cases two spring distribution plots have been included—one with the entire series from 1968 to 1979 (Figure 4) and another with data from 1976 to 1979 (Figure 5). Several spring cruises prior to 1976 were conducted as much as four to six weeks later than the normal spring survey period. For some species this difference occurred during a critical period of their migration and the plots from the longer series reflected what appeared to be an anomalous distribution caused by this temporal bias. By deleting data prior to 1976 the temporal bias was eliminated and resulting plots can be considered a truer representation of spring distribution. Figure 6 is a plot of all trawl stations made during the autumn series 1967-79. The results of the LSTB and LSTL analyses have been weighted to take the differing sizes of the strata into account. The area of each stratum (in square nautical miles) was used as the weighting factor. Table 1. A list of the 22 species selected for distributional summarizations in the BLM Final Report on Historical Fisheries Data. Common Name Smooth dogfish Spiny dogfish Little skate Atlantic herring Silver hake Red hake Summer flounder Fourspot flounder Windowpane Atlantic mackerel Butterfish Bluefish Atlantic croaker Black sea bass Scup Weakf ish Tilefish American lobster Red crab Sea scallop Shortfin squid Longfin squid Scientific Name Mustelus eanis Squalus acanthias Raja erinaoea Clupea havengus havengus Mevlueaius bilineavis Uvophycis chuss Pavaliahthys dentatus Pavaliahthys oblongus Saophthalmus aquosus Scomber soombvus Pepvilus tviaoanthus Pomatomus saltatvix Miavopogonias undulatus Centvopvistis striata Stenotomus ahvysops Cynoseion vegalis Loph.olati.lus ahamaeleonticevs Homavus amevicanus G&pyon quinquendens Placopeaten Ta.gellani.aus III ex illeaebvosus Loligo pealei 10 a 0 3 0 0 99a 3 3 3 » -0 3 P 5 •< M A M a of » * A A A 3 '■/! 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Standard inshore strata used by the Northeast Fisheries Center when conducting a bottom trawl survey in the Middle Atlantic Bight (Fall 1972 to date). Strata sets used in this report are separated with bold lines and identified with larger numbers 14 z o 1 one i* n • ■ ■=. ft-* s£ 3- a a o o u u Ul « at o a = £< Z U. St.* £* „ » 5«- \ >« ft £*f > V y <->-^_^~' "^^^j** ?» ?"« "V > 3 'A 3 o .-0 c a. ■A u u u *-> V ■A •r-l 3 U U u ■H a. >^ E- !- NMFS; MEf R- fl T T il M C-WQ0D5 HOLE LABCRfiTQR ' HGRE . - i . -: J ft "ft* : j : r / ft* — ^ r' »^V •-■*-r^ a) lU* -i C .J ; -•-WW fir*, ''?'-^ XT^C3 I TrfrfOpa a j >»w •a, P3& ! Stf*** •■'Sa-f.iDQ ) oJ a )„ Y 4o i' &, 0 -? ^L v oW*1" also ; \ 0*$$ ... ?5 :J„y. °-3a5 0 (Li id 7 'J ■■/- - Jr,5 n «ir -, ^r - - -J O' Figure 4. Distribution of stations, spring 1968-1979, 16 Q O '■ -: C NMFS/NEFC-WdOOS HOLE LRBGRJ BOTTOM ! ?flWLSURVg) ^ : ;. - ! i B OR h : U r i I 3NS IN . nL' ni i P R I ''1 G I L ..-'/ t/l '> -•-'.'..-'. 0 •'.- Jf w ib o3°$ r. * n "-n •J i J 3 °" gZitf&'dP °° o 3aoQOQ a 0 5J- 0 0 ua a • o oa o 3 3 "tf 0 A 0 a '.'?' 0 n n ,J J ='-'0 J Vf 30" OH n : 0 a. .-'"•i 0 m C n 3 :": 3 J0 0 4W o o ',-A;f o n a ,o In 0 i] 0 *£"° 0 - co .■ 0 .-0 il ■3« I ran oa i'J ■rfn * ^ 3J a 3 i}, i] !3a' J. I "' i« * - o '"' "' - ^ ') s .-'2Q33n - J3 2 riQ« ; ? ,-.3--ao --•■so -n 3 >:i C'-O ' ', 0 , 3 f\ '-0 - '33, '2 a 0 a o ■Pjb of0 :,i!II j 0 Li 1° I -k f ■■ i-4 ,J n - •- J '. i % § ' "° r;o ^a ^ b° P •' "!.- ) 0 ""a J - ^ -0 vO s^ Figure 5. Distribution of stations, spring 1976-1979. 17 U C X q . • i tF C- W U U □ '-3 H u L t '_ F TQM T F - N _ 5 U R v E 'i 5 [NSHORE qffshqf flUTUMN L367-L97 ^ t g f. r _.>*" Seta. -, ' os " c&Qi€'3 /^-.a^u**^ ataS. ■ <3 -V - -a Mi ""■-. ----'"~ SoavGD Clio a Aft] 36 1D. v SO »v.I» ■A 1D - SO n,BC ^_ L .-P r- ^r Figure 6. Distribution of stations, autumn 1967-19~9. 18 RESULTS The 22 summaries by species are in separate sections. Each section consists of a brief life history summary, cumulative spring and autumn distribution plots, graphs of spring and autumn mean weight and number per tow, spring and autumn length frequencies by six geographical areas, and spring and autumn percentage occurrence of young-of-the-year by stratum. 19 SECTION 1 Smooth Dogfish {Mustelus oanis) Life History Summary The smooth dogfish inhabits the coastal waters of the western Atlantic from Cape Cod to Uruguay. In the Northwest Atlantic, it occurs most abundantly from Cape Cod to North Carolina (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). The smooth dogfish is a bottom-dwelling shark, usually taken in less than 18 m of water, although it has been caught at depths of 165 m. The population migrates north and south seasonally in response to changing bottom water temperatures. In the summer, smooth dogfish are abundant in inshore waters from Oel aware Bay to the southeastern end of Cape Cod, where they enter into bays and estuaries and occasionally freshwater reaches of the coast. Smooth dogfish have also been caught along the outer edge of the continental shelf off New York and southern New England during the summer months. Beginning in late October and November, smooth dogfish north of Chesapeake Bay withdraw from their summering grounds and migrate southward. They spend the winter insnore along the coast of North Carolina and on the offshore fishing banks off southern Virginia. Although considerable numbers of smooth dogfish may be found off the coast of North Carolina until July, most of the population has returned to its northern summering grounds by May. The smooth dogfish is not popular as a food fish in the U.S. and is not utilized commercially or recreational ly. It is considered a nuisance species because it feeds primarily on large valuable crustaceans such as lobsters and crabs, as well as on other invertebrates and small fishes, and readily takes 20 the bait of sport fishermen seeking other species. However, due to its abundance and anatomical distinctiveness, the smooth dogfish is commonly used by biological supply houses for dissection and study (Hi ldebrand and Schroeder 1928). The smooth dogfish is a viviparous shark and bears embryos which receive nourishment from the mother by a yolk-sac placenta. Based on examinations of smooth dogfish caught in the Woods Hole area, females reach sexual maturity by the time they are 1.1m long and ovulate during the early part of July. Presumably, mating also occurs at this time, when the sharks are found on their summering grounds. The smooth dogfish has a gestation period of about 10 months, and young are therefore carried by the female during the fall migration. Dogfish are typically born in litters of 15-16 "pups" (each fish approximately 0.3 m in length) between May and mid-July, after the females have returned northward (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative distributions over the tii;;a series are shown for the respective spring and autumn periods in Figures 1.1 and 1.2. The plots are an excellent representation of what is known of smooth dogfish distribution and movement. The spring plot (Figure 1.1) shows the shark occurring north of the Virginia capes in waters less than 37 m. This inshore, northward distribution would not be apparent if the timing of our spring cruises provided more synoptic coverage (see "Methods"). In Figure 1.3, data have been plotted from the last four spring surveys (1976-1979) only and thus produce an accurate picture of spring distribution. The inshore concentrations determined from surveys conducted during late April and May, remonstrate the rapidity of the onshore and northward movement of smooth dogfii." in the spring (Figure 1.1). 21 The autumn plot (Figure 1.2) shows some offshore distribution to about the mid-shelf, but the population is still mainly concentrated inshore. The grapns of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 1.4-1.7) generally reflect the importance of the inshore strata areas. The frequent occurrence of large numbers of fish in strata set 6 is the result of a combination of offshore overwintering and the first appearance of northerly-migrating smooth dogfish from south of Cape Hatteras. The extraordinarily high numbers and weights during 1974 in Figures 1.4 and 1.6 result from a few large tows. Length frequencies from the strata sets, arranged by seasons, are shown in Figures 1.8-1.18. These frequencies suggest that, with the exception of young-of-the-year (YOY), all size ranges were represented in our survey tows. A spring plot for strata set 4 was omitted because no fish were caught in that area. Figures 1.19 and 1.20 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of YOY. The cutoff length was 32 cm for both the spring and fall series. Very few YOY smooth dogfish were caught on NMFS surveys because they remain in very shallow water until they reach 50 cm. Because of the very light catches, no patterns are discernable in the YOY plots. Since there is no directed fishery for smooth dogfish, and in fact fishermen try to avoid areas inhabited by significant numbers, the species has not oeen extensively studied. The smooth dogfish is a voracious bottom feeder and the ecological impact in areas of high density must be considered important . 22 NMFS/NEFC-W0QD3 MCLE LRB3RRT0R B 3 T T C r'' TRfiWLSUHVET L H i 5 '•' C 'J ! H D '~ 'J - I ■: - INSHQnE/ 3 P -, : N G 1 i1-* ! - > \ V 1 .-r~ ...... r / a a r,0 •--■7' 3nr v y c& T i" / y-1 — 1 vgVt 3.* 3° ^v ' a o ^-••^ ? „ 1 DQ 7j5T3 "30 0 0 0 J j • ^ ,10 ■■--- - f. O, Wq • i T- '-.0 • -- c-.c a * 1 T- 3 / ^- -U Of 3 -ill /- 3TMB3L o G L U 0 . U U i " 1 ; ,>: < j. !j jj , j (j ij I X < 250. C G 0 Figure 1.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 23 N M FS/ N EF : - WG :~J 0 3 H 0LE LR33R fiT C_F r 30TTQM ,-r.v_ ;j-v - CR IH DA - C U ~ ■" T W "" ~ '" - " - '— I NSHCPE /OFFSHORE AUTUMN 1337-1979 •3 " a i] \ sT ^ ( 1 rj-'.c \'v — , ~i v-.V ■^ ^MjL ,-,0 i trtEr ° «?) ° ° no 3 -j^ i - ffi3*n *&? " 3 ° N^ VI , '&$0$ ,-- "0 I) : d • '.• ■'. r" ' a 1 J *0 •J? n -•■ J IP '1 J- '*-. ' ■ ~ ' - : I 5 U3 a _^-- .) r ■' •J ', -iz '- '■ It 'h f" 3TMBQL IT 0 s LEGEMI ; ATA RANGE *\ i L u la h h r i . u - — ■■ - - - L 0 0 . 0 C < >■ < 25 D 0 •' n na 3 " C vVr" s c ;, J .=_ Figure 1.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 24 il.5 77.0 NMFS/NEFC-WaODS HOLE LfiBORHiORT BOTTOM TRAWL SURVEY C^TCH D9 i fi SMOOTH Q 5 G i- 1 5 H ENSHORE/OFFShGRE SFRING 137S-19 r •i ^•i I ,W 0^ \ I f i CU\ i ct sby — f rv \ \ ;•' is'T\ ^ '*■■■. aJ v-\ — 4 - <\JyC ,(/ u ^ t^.V wi a .'" f J s-k t / f^. r \ A* 0 • r / x \ ft w l\ On 0 n 0 ; (o til Of /^ Mu y p ■.^00 .O ,■*. 0 ' I Q t 0 0 Pi U .EGEND JH i h - N b C KILOGRAMS .00 £ X < [ 0 C a — ' -~r L 0 0 . Ll U < ■'■ o 230.00 s> . U U 0 I Figure 1.5. Spring distribution, 1976-1979, 25 cr o CJ cr LJ X co >- — II 1 LL- > a_ a co x o _J a en <" 2: Q_ ex CO CO cc m 0 CD ■ a en ■■ LJ LU z LU 1Z ►—1 U UJ Q_ LO cr \ cn CO Z cr LU X a x en - z 3 — Z ►— m cc cc — o CL U. X Z <_3 Q — to uj CX X UJ en Z a a LU z X CX a lo ll. 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They occur along our coast from southern Labrador to North Carolina. In the summer they are primarily found north of Cape Cod. They begin their southward migration in October and return north in late spring. At the start of the migration period, the population is centered north of Long Island, whereas by spring a significant part of the population has migrated as far south as Cape Hatteras; however, a portion of the population remains in the Gulf of Maine year round. In the Mid-Atlantic and Mew England areas, spiny dogfish inhabit waters with bottom temperatures ranging from 4° to 18°C while optimum temperatures are between 7.2° and 12.8°C (Cohen 1982). Spiny dogfish are not as popular in the United States as in Europe, where they are considered an important food fish rather than a trash or nuisance fish. They are incidentally caught by the recreational fishermen while fishing for more desirable species, and the commercial fishermen may suffer from heavy handline, longline, or net damaye when they encounter a large school of "dogs" while fishing for groundfish (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Recently, an export market to various European countries has been developed. Male and female spiny dogfish start to mature at age 9. The females bear 4-6 live "pups" on their offshore wintering grounds after an 18-22 month gestation operiod. Dogfish school by size until they reach sexual maturity; 43 then they school by sex (Cohen 1932). Spiny doyfisn are well known for their voracious appetites, ana will eat anything smaller than themselves, including fish, crabs, squids, worms and ctenophores (3igelow and Schroeder 19b3). They have few natural enemies, although large sharks occasionally prey on them (Cohen 1982). The total biomass of dogfish in the New England area has been estimated to range between 150, UOU and 225,000 metric tons (Cohen 1982). However, a sustained and extensive fishery would quickly deplete the resource because the spiny dogfish produces few young over a long period of time. Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2. These plots represent what is known of seasonal spiny dogfish distribution in the Middle Atlantic Bight. The spring distribution shows larger catches generally occurring offshore. The inshore concentration indicated by Figure 2.1 is partially an artifact of the different timing of the two spring cruises as discussed in the section on methods. Figure 2.3 attempts to correct this artifact by deleting all cruises prior to 1976, and is considered a more representative pattern of the spring distribution, with the dogfish inshore south of Delaware Bay but not yet as far north as coastal New Jersey or New York. The autumn distribution (Figure 2.2) indicates a southerly movement from northern summer grounds. Graphs of mean weight and number per tow are shown in Figures 2.4-2.7. In the spring, catches are consistently larger in the offshore strata sets 44 (Figures 2.4 and 2.6). In the autumn, catches are higher in the northern inshore and offshore strata sets. Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in Figures 2.8-2.19. These data show that young spiny dogfish (<32 cm) rarely occur in the inshore areas (Figures 2.8-2.10) as "pupping" (the term used when sharks give birth) is exclusively an offshore event. During the autumn, especially in the middle of the study area (Delaware-Chesapeake strata set), the offshore catch is still almost exclusively young fish (Figure 2.18), with only older larger fish inshore (Figure 2.15). Figures 2.2U and 2.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young- 0f_the-year (YOY), which were defined as fish under the 32 cm cutoff size. YOY virtually never move inshore. During the autumn, some of the strata in the mid- and southern areas again show a distinct distribution by size (Figure 2.21). 45 NMFS ' NEFC-WGQOS HOLE BOTTOM TRflWL 3URVE1 S P I N D 3 G F : [■a~: = z/ :~ri SPRING 1368- ^BQRflTQR " TCH QflTfi y o-ct s 7 /-"- Jt ^^TJ° a° Si" *# (* » j t ^ *\ m * 5^ _ _ -? EU?m8 Up ) .0 0 o 0 I to y Sss? U -s * ,* i3 ' a •.•'■:r - i - aw ! > - . V^J jo : M ■ •' -^ 'J,—-, .1,~ L-L,£ ■ i r -1/ ,V ? o SYMBOL c — L H - ~ ~; •" z " *■ 1 C n. i_Ji.- kn _ .00 *;< L D 0 . 0 0 s ' ~ - 1" . ;i 0 < •■ Figure 2.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 47 NMFS/NEFC- WOODS HQL! BOTTOM TRflWL SURVEY spiny c::r [NSHORE/CFFS SPRING 1S76- RBGRR' h l - ' - ° oa ■ * fc.'-- > vv°, 0 I I rf 0 v, *5 >~» I '-;S. a° a o a 9? n I r n Jru 0 o . 0 JsbF a 3 0 JU 0 D 0n_ A o i a f * o _ I i — 0 on ^ ° u y o U n at! !J a a 0 o/° > J ° I —I 0 o nffl /6 D 0 "3 —P" a l ' 5 QfUf I o/ .] 0 ■■ «rf / '3 o o ch o%b 0 'y3 s a- i f / / 0°/ o li i 10 J ,,r. / f/0 flooo-'-wp "V, x y? - *> J . * X sr -O J -0 13, a " i n ) A, i- '--- OP v. ^ PI r~> as. .: <: ,J ... T M B 0 L S I Z u o 0 LcUfciNU q fl q - R m g E ■ ILQGRPM5 . 0 0 $ i ~'; 1 0 0 - Q C C 0 0 . 0 0 £ X < 2 5 0 . 0 0 " y Figure 2.3. 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Jm Ir- (TO) z h 0 CD u LL ill z en ij. 2 in z I HI 1 I in in LU Li I J U (- J Z I D D I CD • • f\J f\l (M h Ld in i/i HI U HI H Z D in cr HI in in cn 0 o - l- Q UJ C > £ *- 1 - h ZO M D £0) J Z (I £- ^Z z 12 [fl - , °3 01 1 01 ^C h 0 (1 CD 1- lli U in „ Ll UJ d z UJ M 1- D 2 U I in \ UJ C l CO lL z 1 H 1/1 If) UJ in vi _ ! 1 ; I z • • 0 U1 !\l •^ E o 0) 4-1 U o c/1 1} 3 — so 3 3 03 BO in H13N31 1H IJOTd S3 d I- CE D X U h d U h UJ > j z S 3 CT U-i B 3 3 4-1 3 < a ■H 0 Ul in H19N31 lb lN33H3d 84 cr i- CE G UJ X a u h j. in ii. (1 1L u Hi y h ill I I > £ z CCgi m i-i j iij a D^ z en® mi j i | h i D > h U l- 2ifl t-* 3J d 01 J Z Z c- i-z 2 to • ■ ul f\J (fl r\j «-ff h- 0 M 0 UJ u in ■• li. UJ i z HI - h D 2 u cr in \ UJ IE cr en L H 'XI IL to in in I Z vO U 1/1 03 ■l-> C3 O <4-l C/l 3 a" o 4-1 O0 3 3) 3 so O (M m in H13N31 lb lN3]U3d 35 x 1 4;^N y -^^r* / p 1/1 oo 3^ 30 M a. to « I a> +j i o I =0 § o a CO ca C <0 3 Si C3 o 00 c O >> 1) 3 00 SECTION 4 Atlantic herring [CI uvea havengus havengus] Life History Summary Atlantic herring (also called sea herring) are found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. During summer in the western North Atlantic, they are found as far north as northern Labrador and the west coast of Greenland and during winter as far south as Cape Hatteras (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). There appear to be three centers of abundance off the eastern United States coast: off southern Nova Scotia, in the western Gulf of Maine, and on Georges Bank (Sindermann 1979). Although these three stocks are thought to be separate, there is evidence that there may be some mixing (Anthony 1982). From December to April migrating herring may be found in the Middle Atlantic Bight as far south as North Carolina. These fish apparently are the Georges Bank stock with possible intermixing of some Gulf of Maine fish. During the spring, the herring migrate north and east back to Georges Bank. This migration pattern may have developed to coincide with localized peaks in zooplankton production (Sherman et al. 1983). The Georges Bank stock remains in the Georges Bank- Nantucket Shoals area until spawning is over in late September or early October. During the winter, Gulf of Maine herring may come as far south as southern New England and the Nova Scotian stock may migrate as far south as Massachusetts Bay. The recreational herring fishery is small and relatively unimportant; however, there is a substantial commercial fishery for Atlantic herring. In the Gulf of Maine both juveniles (sardines) and adult herring are taken, whereas on Georges 3ank only adult nerring are caugnt. Recently, however, 88 there has been little commercial fishing for the Georges Bank stock because of low numbers of fish. Historically, this was the area where the foreign fleets obtained the bulk of their catches during the autumn. The National Marine Fisheries Service and Federal Republic of Germany failed to locate any concentrations of spawning herring during 1977 and 1978 autumn bottom trawl and larval surveys on Georges Bank. This supports the hypothesis that the abundance of herring on Georges Bank is depressed severely, relative to a few years ago when a large fishery flourished. The spring 1979 research surveys caught primarily 1975 year-class (age 4) and 1976 year-class (age 3) herring. Since 1971, a significant proportion of Georges Bank herring have matured at age 3. Prior to that date most herring did not mature until age 4 (Anthony 1982). This is apparently due to an increased growth rate in recent years. The size of the spawning stock in 1979 will depend on the number of 1976 year- class fish that mature at age 3. Spawning occurs in discrete areas near Nantucket Shoals and along the northern and, to a lesser extent, southern edges of Georges Bank. The eggs are demersal and adhere to gravel or flora on the bottom. Hatching occurs in id to 15 days, depending on temperature (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). The larvae remain in the general hatching vicinity through the winter months and metamorphose into juveniles during the spring. Schools of juveniles have been observed to range from the coastal and estuarine waters of southern Cape Cod to Georges Bank (including Georges Shoals ). Larval Atlantic herring feed on copepods, crustacean eggs, developing Crustacea and nauplii, cirriped larvae and tintinnids. Adult herring, being plankti vores, feed mainly on chaetognaths , euphausiids and pteropods (Anthony 1982). Atlantic herring are preyed upon by many commercially and recreational ly important species Sucn as Atlantic cod, haddock, pollock, 39 silver hake, Atlantic mackerel, striped bass, Illex squid and occasionally fin whales (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in Figures 4.1 and 4.2. These plots clearly demonstrate the movements of Atlantic herring in the Mid-Atlantic. Large numbers of herring moved south and overwintered in the Mid-Atlantic after spawning in the fall. In Figure 4.3 the data from all cruises prior to 1976 has been deleted, presenting a different picture from that in Figure 4.1. The distribution difference in this case was not due so much to the timing of the earlier surveys, but to the fact that population numbers are much higher during the earlier years, resulting in a more widespread distribution. The autumn distribution plot (Figure 4.2) shows small numbers of fish in extreme northern portions of the study area. The mean weight and number per tow summaries in Figures 4.4 through 4.7 show the increases in weight and numbers during the 1979 survey by fisn from the 1976 year-class which may represent some possibilities for the recovery of the population. Length frequencies for strata sets, arranged by seasons, are shown in Figures 4.8 through 4.16. No clear size distribution pattern is evident; mixed sizes occur in most strata sets, especially during the spring. There are no plots for inshore spring strata set 3, inshore autumn strata set 2, and offshore autumn strata set 6 because no fish were caught in those areas. 90 Figures 4.17 and 4.18 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young- of-the-year (YOY); cut-off sizes were 9 cm for the spring series and 15 cm for the fall series. These figures demonstrate that very few YOY herring were caught in the Mid-Atlantic during our surveys, but substantial numbers were caught in the spring in southern New England. The catches off Chesapeake Bay in spring and autumn were not important because frequency of occurrence was very low and only a few individuals were caught. 91 NMFS/NEFC-WOGDS HOLE LABORATORY BOTTOM TRflWL SURVEY CRTCH QflTfi ATLANTIC HERRING ENSrGRu/i3hr5rCnE 3D D TV C 1 Q (- Q I Q ~) '2 r n 1 N b loDO-Lo/d il.S- 7.0 "*a&SL HH*Qt\ U V a- ku V*. 4^ GHhST r>rU dPjQ ChB Oft - m mL o Vr z#0 1 Xb O0 f I to. 1 Vtl •..; ) Ul^-- - y a o o a o0 y \ - ^ ■> / fa < ■ 0IJ0- \0JJ 0 15 * a a°n -^r "" ,-■>,-- SYMBOL SIZE o n LEGEND □ r - q r q m G E KILOGRAMS . 00 sX< 2. 35 300 2.3 3 <>:< 4. 55GO0 4.33 v f 77.0 Figure 4.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979, 92 70. = NMFS/NErC-aOQOS HOLE LRBQRflTQRT BOTTOM TRPWL SURVEY CRTCH DATA fi T L R N TIC HERRI ''■• G INSHORE /OFFSHORE R i HUM N S 9R7_i 073 ,//,;" y 1 ^2 1 ,-(/ £ fr'V r \ L '"1 -^-'. a £ *4 ~r. rs •w. v., r / ^ x' .^ J1-1 y 0 •*/ T * ft ■■'''-■ *•. J 1 ^ W i. C\ -i -K5S ° i 3"^ '■■. •A 1 1 i -IV__ fr=> r P^T ,- [\ V rJ vX :l ■' jj.v.~ TMSQL SIEE 0 0 LEGEND J 1-1 ! ,1 wi H : J Ij c KILCGRftMS .00 i '•< '- c . 5 3 1. - .53 < X < 4 . 5 5 u C i 4 Figure 4-. 2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979, 93 NMFS/NEFC- WOODS J-_E _-5uFh^:j- ' BijtTj'-i fRRWL BUR E CPTCH Dfl 1 ATLANTIC HERRING .•;i-::rE/:rrE-::H SPRING 1375-1379 u.s-- \ '-f ^ _ l' ,' ? ... — Mil r-^> o SHEr v V flK sfofi u o V\jYt. •u ■ ■"*., ". -J Q 4^o n > p. 0 Ms •J- r^ • / ^ a ■t *- -V)„0 J ft ^-. -- °* ■'. -, P S .'•": LLuCiiU Lin i H - I _■ i .00 i ■ < 2 . ' 30 OC 2 . 3 3 £ X < 4 . 5 50 0 6 4.55 - • Figure *• 3. 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Conover et al . (1961) suggested that morphometric differences separated the population into two stocks, but recently scientists have identified three stocks: Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank and Southern New England-Mid-Atlantic (Anderson et al . 1980). Silver hake overwinter in the deep waters of the Gulf of Maine and the continental slope from Georges Bank to Cape Hatteras. In the summer and autumrv, they are found in shallow bank waters and coastal areas (Anderson 1974). In recent years, during late fall or early spring when other recreational species are not available, shore-based or party boat anglers have enjoyed a recreational hook-and-1 ine fishery concentrated between New York and New Jersey. The commercial fishery has a history that dates back to before the turn of the century. Initially pound and trap nets were used for the coastal fishery, but as more draggers were built and technological advances in processing the catch were improved, new offshore fishing grounds were exploited (Gusey 1976). The foreign fishing fleets, predominantly from the Soviet Union, started to harvest silver hake in the early 1960 ' s with estimated landings of over 350,000 metric tons (Anderson et al. 1980). Since 1973, foreign catches have declined significantly as a result of catch limitations under auspices of the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries and because of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976. 110 Temperature is a key environmental factor governing the distribution and migration of adult silver hake. As the water warms during the spring they move shoreward from their deep water overwintering grounds to the 20-80 m depth range. The sexually mature fish spawn along the southeastern slopes of Georges Bank, between Cape Cod and Grand Manan Island, around Nantucket Shoals and south of Martha's Vineyard, and in the Mid-Atlantic south to Cape Hatteras (Anderson 1982). The spawning season extends from June through August, and females are capable of releasing eggs three times during the season, thus allowing them to spawn over such a large area (Sauskan and Serebryakov 1968). Pelagic eggs and larvae drift with the prevailing currents southwesterly off southern New England and have been collected in dense concentrations between Nantucket Shoals and Hudson Canyon. This suggests that the Middle Atlantic Bight is a significant spawning and nursery area for silver hake. Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) suggested that juveniles remain in deep water for one year before moving inshore, but based on NMFS surveys in the Mid-Atlantic it appears as though juveniles are present inshore year round. These fish reach sexual maturity at approximately age 2 and begin to spawn at ages 3 and 4. Silver hake growth demonstrates sexual dimorphism, with females living longer and growing faster than males (Anderson 1982). Adult silver hake are active swimmers and feed voraciously on a variety of crustaceans, squid and fish including herring, mackerel, and young of their own species, while juveniles prey on shrimp and euphausiids. They, in turn, are preyed upon by pollock, flounders, cod, and mackerel (Anderson 1982). NMFS data analyses indicate that silver hake stocks are slowly rebuilding and that there is harvestable surplus with a potential for expansion of the fishery (Anderson et al. 1980). Ill Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative spring and autumn ai stri cutions over the time series are shown in Figures 5.1 and 5.2. The plots show quite dramatically that silver hake were distributed over a large portion of the Mid-Atlantic shelf during each seasonal survey. The spring distribution (Figure 5.1) shows silver hake over most of the shelf, with large catches along the 1U0 m depth contour and north of New Jersey. In Figure 5.3 data from all cruises prior to 1976 have been deleted. This deletion frequently produces a significantly different distribution pattern because of the timing of the surveys, however, this is not evident with silver hake since the basic distribution pattern is the same in both Figures 5.1 and 5.3. The autumn distribution (Figures 5.2) shows the •greatest concentration of fish in southern New England waters with some occurrences along the 100 m contour to southern portions of the area. Inshore catches were few especially south of New Jersey, indicating the southern movement from northern summering grounds had begun. The seasonal plots of mean weight and number per tow by year are shown in Figures 5.4-5.7. The recovery of the stocks from low population levels in the late 1960's is apparent. Plots of length frequencies by strata set and season are shown in Figures 5.8-5.19. During both seasons the adult silver hake were only rarely caught in the inshore Delaware-Chesapeake and North Carolina strata sets (Figures 5.9-5.10). Large adult fish greater than 40 cm were caught in significant numbers only in the central and northern strata sets during the spring (Figures 5.8-5.9 and 5.11-5.12). 112 Young-of-the-year (YOY) plots for the spring and autumn seasons are shown in Figures 5.20 and 5.21, respectively. The cutoff size for spring was <17 cm and for autumn <6 cm. The only consistent feature here was the high percentage of YOY in southern inshore areas in the spring (Figure 5.2) reflecting the lack of adults in these areas. 113 NMF3/ N ^rC_- W 33D3 ^jLz LflBQ R RT.OR. B 3 T T 0 M T R R .-I _ SILVER HAKE ; IJ R V :'i C ft T C H D R I N BHCJRE/flFFShunc / s J k \ ,^ »J> 4&t fin ^foWmcm •©/Of JM rtni^iio* ofjJte Safe! H*o*v A - --fa On - ^j ■" "On i !** Til J '"'J": '•'" '-ft ' v2S> ,* ■'.,-, ^ J 0« o.i* J -' i-ii ~r» v .. f.-- li j] _ft> ,-%--- *. •. .• /.3 -h _ a0 n g* ■M, S J? '- fcQ"* 1* * "., i i o a a Poo Pr TO J •>*. -•/ ^« ' i \ — ft ;] 3S*. ri " ■•/•-j"v or, , kt J ^' o u n LEGEND n. 1 L iJ b ! i HI ■' 3 . 00 *X< 5 . OQC j ; 5 . q o s x < l o . a c : c l Q . P C - ' ^. _- 77. a Figure 5.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 114 NMFSy NEFC- WOODS H0.LE ti-^^RT BOTTOM rRRWL dURVjii LmLh Ul IH S I L VcR _r_Kr; P. - r [NSHGRE/Liizr^HLiRt AUTUMN L-;:: f- l9 ■ d 11. s c \ X 1 S^t^d^iii-^ :•. t, 1 ??* f Y% Q -, r-irt1-1 3 '-lO Q} ' CPU 9 3,-aV fi , S_ n" On ,ll,i 10 r ■_ J| •■••-. - "7 o 0 ,jD 0 --"'I n 0 a co,./ — 0 H fi ■! a a 'j *ft £ fa 00-, ft .If D 3 o 0% T^. J 1% o.-i p / i T H E C L o i :c o 0 R . L J >jy 77. 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U Z > 2 • i-0 z O <4-l Jr^. _ J H : UO 2 13 (J 0) h» uj 33 ■ r _ J CE 'J c "J • > Lt 3 a" 2 LU '-M ru • • t h- 4-1 °5 > in (\j £ fU z so s tu i- *• 3- r ■ /— M □ s CD h LU m£"C 1 OJ H- < U .. on L- 2 Ll UJ in I # ca HI 1 z M (- 0 r>° UJ _i Ln Z \ LL z u a ll] r 1 - t \- m > cr 2 re z 4-1 OCa - V—* ■ CD LU 03 - Dr«. c c z U 4-1 If) cnj tij £ z ■ 2 u 0 i > /T D ro VU Jh j Lj 1— : 'Si 1—1 1/1 2!0 t-^ D I 01 01 Z J u c h 2 70 ': IT 0 > Si I Lt 1-1 Z^ 05 1 ru CD • r r • rO - CD LU h Z i-c c < u LL LU z •Si HI *—* U 00 a CT -? D CO lo r-S- 0 LU J 0 \ LU I 1 IX LU 'o '- en 2 ^0 ii_ in 01 CO , z I 1 11,11 1 1 1 1 , , , , | , ....... z • ■ • • • t ■ 0 ■J) a 1/1 a ui G LO f T m rsj (\i -H — < H1DN31 lb INdDHBd 152 ■A r*. i 00 50 c i +■> I o I ao c O >, 4> =0 nj ■M c 'J (U o 3 50 K M^V\ > I r- vO c £ 3 •M 3 M « X I I <4-l o I =0 C 3 O . - 4 Ur ^ jit- A V? /^w* ° - or [fi3^Jr &IH 1 u'"'... \ [ ttri a 0 -0 fflj BOO ^ ■ t. (2 G0 >-^ '.-1 ••, vx> ,-■ J*, '- 0 --Ui '-Vo '■.: oo , o ,'Ji * n „ 0 / '/_ f ■' '# -J ' I -ill- o a ,'jn o °oi 3 C 3 . . fi 0 n . n I 3 0 0 i-S - ?rA^ ° ft ft ^VJ^V' \ | CfCKip i L> C I'i U K I L 0 ! F R N G E o 0 -j u n7' 13.00 ^ '■ 1 ;Lj- r-!l*! I .00 s -. < 5 . 00C 0 Q 5.55 < X < 10. D 0 0 0 Figure 6.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979, 137 NMFS/NEFC-WOCDS HOLE LflB3RRT0RT S 0 T T 0 M T R fl N L 5 U R V E 1 CATCH D fl T ft RED uhpE [NSHCRE/3FFSHGRE AUTUMN 19S7-LS7S .- •-. t . IT < 2] =- r I X \ > o all o . 0an^Ii4HnrfciHlx!P] v o n -1 jJdJ-11- i I IJ U tr a „/ ■> 1.,; Ate 43 -wi'-h :.,^' 0 i UTt yr« ' ! ^ i 'J r. - :i — )M a Oo.q*: Vi^r^1 ° --- / . W. ,0- 0 o i «sJJ j \ / rW :•■ Pv I s Y I ,r/". eg 0 „«, Soft z° . 1 ll\ fl '' T '-■■. '•' Ml '^ '■■. ffA 3*. o ~ 0 ° ^\ O \ # J ,•- 4T . f i / n 5 n / % o a up ^ a w •'■ 0' ,V 3 wxrf1 'j -> V -i 11 I *r : 0 Qflp' I + \ 0 7 co ;o J-Jb •5. - [0 5 r m b a l SIZE o 0 D ) t_ .'I !_• UH I H RSNGc KILQGRfiMS . G 0 ^ K "- 5 . G C i 0 C 5 . 0 C £ X < L 0 . Q G 0 0 : a . a o -- x i Figure 6.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 158 NMFS/NEFC-WGOQS HQLE LABORATORY BOTTOM TRRWL SURVEY CATCH DRTR FED HfiKE LN:h::rE/;JFJr5HuRE SPRING 1376-1373 41. N, 0 Tf 0 o.° .1 T a d1« » 0 J 'o o- *- SJ Jr <£ 'y-B' //q 0 ,M ! no < a o 0 oa OT! 3 W s - ■• — , 1 vOyC 3 n i-i v-^ f7] u ) la a o ! U,13 *0 Q >ft? 0 o 0ODO o a Q -,'J n Q ° 0% fig / 0 M ^w\ •/ "-or r mi , I • v . ... j •: i1 '(~ ■■■ a /n I o a a >- a 0 n 0 i ( 'J ' c ■ i , >- . ■ ', \ --'0 •..!■. 0 'J I I ! i n n r LEG c ■ID ~ _i L_ 0 h T h F 3 N G E lid K I LQUH'hMS 0 . 0 0 ^ :^ < 5.0 Q G C . 0 5.00 < X < i 0 . D G C 0 Figure 6.3. Spring distribution, 1976-1979, 139 cr D U \— (X U UJ > □C (X cc o D CD u Ll. 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Ill in uj cr z M h D Z i) cr tn \ UJ cc cc CO CL h LU Li. in on m z z u 05 +■> 03 ft 4-1 Ul U O <4* '/) 3 a* - LU UJ Q. > I Co LT I Z (O3 I u z [ ! 3 ^ D J h Z(fl iU Hi D d o c a c n"" >-z I g? r* til t\i ^a H D •• ID h" LU U .. en \fl LL lu a z LU i- t- o z u cr in \ LU d C in (L 1- U_l LL U 3 / 30 — t LU • \0 J u H13N31 19 lNdjUdd 154 I cr Q U h- a u >- Hi > Dr- .1 0> 1 [fl era i-z z °^ (- O CQ U IL bJ Z \ CO IL Z z Ifl a in in IM c CM m H1DN31 lb IN^DHdd 155 1) 01 oo 00 c •H c 7) 1 o oo § o X o !3 ' o n ■? ^cSifto -,o ~pn >T.: dl 3 Ira ":%i ' r r ! 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Z X 3 — 0 a s h n u. LU O >— a. u_ lu cc • UJ Z X aa o >- ima 13 cr cr z uj >— in on Z cr q uj u z 1 X X o X a en en LU UJ u. — — LL. u. o a — LU I— Q_ CTI CZ LO e a lo J3 cr o u a □ (_> • CTI in r*- >- en LU — X □ 3 Z LO X x lo X 01 X — z X xl Q UJ 1— 3 >— ►— O UJ CD CD 3 MD1 / y3QWnN NtHW Q3I JllbUlS -0 -T -+■ iucusni itma 1 n •1 U3S 31HUIS SNI 3X03dtlS3H3-13a ■z M3S tUHHiS 3H0HSN1 UNPOboa s ■z '13S HldHlS 3H0HSJd0 JH3I8 1 S •ti S13S SMUH1S at 3yo3doS3H3- _:-a s »13S BlbHlS moused aNiiauu: ■ 0 •13S BlbMlS 168 d D u LU u IL or Q cr m I u Q in 2 z y- D t— » LU D > J h cc 01 U. 'J (D cn o> ill a z i z m Jm z >- i 2r- D 0. 1" in Z in C" t-u z PI of 0 — * ■ I-Ul h D it CD h UJ u II in l/l M li_ UJ i z UJ w- s- a 2 u i ji \ UJ c cc cn I h UJ Ll m in tf) Z Z 10 <2 99 ■H U C 3) 3 a" D =0 S3 c 00 a) 3 o 01 IP in hion]i m iN]]y]d 169 cr y- d n T in u z 1-4 h- c 0. Hi HI u Z I >- D Hi til C 1 > J I Iq H. 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O LD L^ H10N]1 lb INDWd L74 d Q u CE U >- LLi > cn en i J CM I> CEO) z Z^ °S D CD U LL LU \ tn Ll z z 111 c Q I in z I 0 I z >- D in z z z — 1 -J h D Cl rn o • • -» -* nj h LU 01 u UJ Z □ in CC UJ ui tn in i i i i CD J- t/) U O U-) o s 3 3 4-1 3 < •h O OJ in m H19N31 lb lN33y]d 175 cr Q _ in 'J z *-* h c CL UJ HI U a * z cr >- D LU UJ D 1 > J I Hoi Ll LH LU I I Dr> 7 en ai LU U I 1 I ! n J J(M Z J h 2r^ D LU D £0> Ul Q c a:"4 i-z r z^ m o • un ~ r\j ru i-a h 0 i* CD LU U •• in •» Ll UJ CI z LU M 1- a Z U I in \ LU C n CO 1 h Hi u_ i/) cn 1/7 z z in UJ I- 0 LU CD I 0 1- in r- z 4J LU 3 t u 4J 0 ■si CD z U O cm cr . > 0 c | • r oj u LU O J in Co 2^ ffOl g:- r h o 33 CJ U. LU z en u. z z LU c a cc r UJ 01 D Z Z M 3 D I J Z IL - j c a z UJ c I ^ i d 3 z u 1- 3 3 01 z 'I m 0 . . i-+ IT) ^ 01 HI u UJ 1 111 01 cc h I r i- 2 □ in I UJ LD en tn i — r -i — r ' O 0 o c3 U +J !fl U O <4-l t/i 3 a* 4-1 30 O s 3 4-1 < ■c r~ o 3 =0 o CM tn \s) H1GN31 1U IN3jU]d 177 c i- cr 2 u h CE u >- UJ > I lis d 01 Hi c a ui in D Z □ IL IL □ h IL r C M 2 111 0 Z A J Z >- h 3 D Ifl Z I is dl a - ■ u^ —4 J t\j ^a h 0 ■• CD lii U «• 01 IL L&J cc z UJ i— i h D z U I 01 \ UJ I CE if) Ql \- III IL 01 oi in z z C3 a ■si o •H o c 2 a- 30 c 2 =0 O 0J Ifi ID in H19N31 iH lN33H]d 173 I 1- d D 10 X IL u (- lL D c (1 LU Hi u D i Z I >- 7J Ui Hi Q 1 > J I Cqj lL (fl LU C I Dr^ 7 cna LU U I i I 1 z Jr^ I J 1— 2(3 D LU 7 g: cb in q I cc"4 ^z z rn a ■ . U"> -< in 01 ^a h D ■• CD LU U •• 1/1 II LL LU LT z \±1 ii h D Z U CE in \ LU I i if) L H LU Ll lo m in X Z E o i — r "> 0 7) o m 03 ■H O e 1) 3 a> Fh SO c 0) - c lH ul ]] Id lN33«]d 179 £ Q X U h cr u >- > :^ en a — i 1 Jr- 2 ca C ° I" I- D m u UJ z m li. I z O o «4-l t/1 OJ ■H 'J C 4J 3- BO 3 s- 3 =0 in in i/i o iP LT Hi3N]"l 1H iN=]U]d 180 ^m. 131 4> "3 - 3 O u a *-* 1 00 vO CI ao s - a. - CO o I 5 o >N so o u -J o CM 1) ao — S 3 0 U 3 o 91 3 CO J- rt (U >s I ■« ^JT , ba i ft 0 5.iPf^^^.i -- y / i i ■' o * a o ,1-' o ■ o - s -■ if ■> v :vi' "'1 '-l o . ,,t, J «I . g< •o " 0. «i4V^. 0 n ° 0 Ifijjl JTi on 3, u,r^J 'a d •p^' - I < ? < u o o J f/oW o o / 0 2, J3 M -Si .-in A ^ ., ., U >. -j'r- 0 UJ "5 : j AJ 1( Ti:_. _ 5 T M B fl L o n J _ • 'I L. - ' r! n M •'* U C ILQGRfiMS ^ 1 i i Figure 3.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 1S5 NMFS/NEFC-WQODS HOLE LfiBGRfiTGR BOTTOM TRfiWL SURVEY C-^Z'r DflTF FOURSPOT FLOUNDER [N5HJ3RE/OF-SHCRE AUTUMN 1387-LS79 / j > v- -■— .-^ .— - -,--■ ir v fe; .1 . V W)*.,' 1/; •> ,1 ?7 'J ,7-, Li „0 DUX a 0 !, fl*C 1 i a? : a 0 0 q 'JJ lj '-;n_° t,-yL' G VsJY< 3 '•' V* ' .V- o ■<•/ — v... > '-^T w i .- ■y&: - . °8/*o 0) III' n * /-- 58C — _. o I, — W* 0 I \1 0 3 0 o of i r, J *' ■'! C J ! : T ~ z '— r— •-. ••, •-J - i _ Uh - nHNut r\ b n i-1-' i . 0 C - ■■ -:- 2 . 5 3 0 C C ■- . 3 - S X < ,.:: ( •-■J! J* ^r-cr--- ^^"a \ > i ^-- CD y ri - I ^ / i ) v o ! p°,-J l L i ° o 'U(«l 0°3 0 o ^^ 0f) cnS zj* o u no Uo\*h a> on " ipa. /"""tbh, n s r* an - a Bt^T^i j - -^-.r* U ffl U ,■->, ./ n '.-.1 +\ ^ # '-•--. i o o I . 1 T V.-I *r \\ \ ^V^\ 411 r oj -. t M B G L lib o 0 i rrCM" L l.uC!'JU Q p T ri " M N G E „. t i .-; r Q r ■■ i " n._i_i_ubn i-irip .-? •>' Figure 8.5. Spring distribution, 1976-1979, 187 CE C u (— CE u LU > cc ED CD CE cc o cc LU a D a Ll_ a Q_ c uj - z ? 3 =0 UJ l_) a in c a 3 z _) r- X CO ex en cr — z X LU O LU 1- X — ►— O LU IQ 03 133 cr a u i— (X u LU > cc Z) CD cc a a O o Q_ CD CC _J a ex 3* a a CQ as CD u LU LU U UJ \ cn en u_ o en (X LU COXI MCi / 1H0I3M NU3W QSldllUUlS -a -x 3U0HSN1 lrJC!9 1 N SNI 3«03dBS3H3-"l3a 3H0HSNI UN110UU3 N 3WBHSJJ0 1H318 *, N JJO 3XB3daS3H3-130 IbOHSJdO bNl"IOdB3 N • T ■X3G SISUiS Z :i3S 3I3HJS '6 <13S Hi BUI S ■Ti U3S oiaais •5 !J3S BiBHlS •9 '13S bibuiS UJ C O z in • z z X — o 0 cc to- (O u. c c m Qj O to a. a. uj en i— • 121 — in cr uj cc - z in 03 cc _5 O U • CO m r» >- en UJ *^ > c a 3 z in s 3 10 a en cc — to. Z Z UJ o uj ►- 3 to- to. Q UJ CD ID 00 3 =0 189 CE a u h- QC CE LU u □ Z >- a LiJ > cc i — Z3 a 01 CL- IO _] az cc -z. O CL CE u_ LO cc "5" * a a a i — i— CD U Lj_ UJ z: ui CO LU Z •— • * r ] u en LU a> c C CO r? ~ UJ a — 3 ( a. LU UJ IT j 1/1 O ^. r 0 u • Oi LU z ex en «■* 03 B fc— ui r* X LO ex k- 01 m 3 S S LU p* z LU L— > T^ LD on E a ffl 2 3 x "" CC {X a LLl LO (X S LU z X (M uj r i a -I r^ r» >- X X L0 01 a to tn ex 01 — LU jj LU LU -^ ■^ — Lb H- . LU u □ X r- !■« lU X LU oi ^— a. (T) □ UJ ex in ►— X o CE CD 33 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o 01 •LO 01 co L0 01 CO en -a JUCHSN! lHOia i. N 3N1 3XB3dBS3H:-"l3Q 3H0HSN1 BNHObtO N 3«0HSdJ0 IHOlfl I N JJO 3XB3dBS3Hj-n30 3HDHSJJ0 Bwnouaa n a O i Q3IJIlbUlS •t •13S BibUiS z ' 13S BlbblS -E :13S BLBHiS •K '13S BiBblS •s 'X3S BLBUJ.S •9 '13S BIBUIS o CO CD 190 a: en u i— cr u UJ > CC ID CE CC a CC LU a 2: a _! U_ o Q_ in cc _J o cr 31 a a CQ a* CO — u LU z UJ z: U UJ 0 in cr UJ \ en LO cr) u_ o 10 a . 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 o rs 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o a o m -a MD1 / ys8HPN NU3W aHIJllbUlS 1U0HSNI 1H318 IN "1 ' 13S BiBUlS SN1 3MH3dHS3H3--l3a Z !13S B1BH1S 3BCHSN1 BNP0UB3 N "E '13S BiBblS 3WQHSJJ0 1H01B A N ■» "13S BiBBlS dJB 3)IB3dBS3H:-13a 'S '13S BiBUlS 3UDHSiJ0 WlllOWa N -9 '13S BJ.BHJS UJ c o s in . z z x — a a cc ^ n it c cm UJ o I— 0_ U_ UJ in r • uj z cr ao>- r ma 3 C « Z UJ 1- m z cr a uj UJ z CE x cr a x a in to UJ UJ Li. — ■— u. u. o a — UJ t— a. en ct m x a ►- >- x mocc 00 a UJ X a o L) in en r» en :> x a x z - u. LI h > — ■y £ 01 n w a 3 r* Q. i— < L> ijn oi (fl m Z ""* ir h-* Jn h (T 2r- n £1 T 01 IL Z en W" "— LL •" 0 z • 7" -H K in a ^ ~H h- D DD f- U ■• rn 1L tfl ■t Ld UJ i Z u— I y- a \ (J cr V) I/) aJ c a: II. (L t- UJ I in 01 on z CD 00 ' C - O uj rill j_ UJ z in l\J o r\j m in Hi9N]l 19 iN33H]d 192 cr \- tr G en r oc z U h- Z Lu I J X u a d J LU >- IL Q. LU a > \- 01 C 01 a uj 2 r- a. i a in 01 en u z C ! i-i -I D D J Lt 2 r* 0 LU 1 cr c> LL □ X c- >-o z 1 z ~ J of a • • ^ - OJ ~* 1— a a ■i t- LU u » CI LL CD u uj a: z z <-* t- a \ u cr 01 '/I LU C a IL Q. - tij > DC o> D^ '/I ci I Jm 2r- I 31 h if) h o n u lL UJ z \ (/I u. z z c UJ □ z UJ 1 a J CO D Z a « Z J m cc cc u a o. m n — i a lL a z a. oo 3* a • • -< m — h UJ 00 cc UJ z G "O ^ ,H UJ J a) c3 71 3 ao - H HI h > h- I cn 01 a a > n i— i G in o 01 a Z C 1— • J CD -] h GC 2(0 a 1 I en lL Z 01 C" l-a z 1 ZM J nj a • • «-!> •H J ~* h □ 03 ** U ■i Lil L CO it HI HI cr Z z U-J k □ \ U CE 10 10 HI lE cr lL L h iu X (D 01 01 Z i ' ' 1 1 | I ■ 01 i a ( M CM PcD HI r 3 . h- o z u 1- m IE cr t > ^ x 1- o 2 J 1 I i T 1 0) t/i S3 u *-> L. en Co c LU Dr- n X G •J) ® cn u Z ■4 | c 1 ^n Jo D J d 2to □ LU Q. I o> LL a en f ^o z i z- J n? a • • »-i *-4 Ifl _4 k D ID 1* U ■ • LU m lL tn H UJ z UJ cr z ^^ K □ \ u cr 01 1/) LU i I IL 1 K LU 7 CO cn 0) z : t w » 1 iT r° 111 . - ip h- LD tJ UJ 0} z 7) 3 1 • h* 4J • • 1- CO -o z •/I P - -f LU In J" u o ■A iz - a 1 1- •m 1 _ . i 1 > _ H r LT *J - • LU H i u — h r° Z ao H P ™ i-» .'Z ! F fc 1 z 1- OT G Z cm LU J 3 50 i i r Ln CM 0 f\J Lil Ln H13N31 lb iN]]yjd 196 cr i- rr UJ n 1 -r □ I UJ u. u a u. h- 7 II li -1 □ u c j >- IL cr IU T > — t-^ £ 0 a J —\ r* a. □ G \f) 01 CI 1 7 ■* 4^ fT M J D D r 1 I ■7 0 □ CL cr 01 li. z 01 c —* 1- 0 z , ^_ -44 £. n c a 1 k IL «M CD — 1 i_ 0 00 u UJ IL CI .. 111 UJ LT 2 — 1— a \ U cr OT U) UJ I cr IL Q. i_ UJ Z in m en to tn o tn 0) c - IL LU r- > 1- z £ 01 0 G I! Is n — Z tn ■ 01 (2 z i c z -1(M z >- r- Z^ a _/ I en LL -7 I— rr r ~ ^z z 1 7^ 3 nt a • • j i— t •— » 01 •- a h- □ m u ■i rn IL en HI 2 iti (E Z i—* u G \ u I 01 in id (E a lL 1 h ui z (fl 01 en z h CD - 1/1 f" * £ O =b > CM 1 01 II HI m ~ ho z JZ? J hi u "7 CO Si V) 3 or o s- «*4 J a: > uj ^ Z o T Z — < G Z « HI ""! J x 1 — i — r in a m in H10N]1 1H lO^d 198 CE D cn — c 2 U LLi c-i u Z 1 UJ u a 1 j UJ V- IL Q. u d > K 01 Cffl a LU ]^ L X z in <" cn U z i c 1 z J(M Z J h 2 r- a UJ — ] d 01 IL G I (E-* H2 s i 13 j" nh a • • »-rr «4 aj CM h 0 ID U H UJ m lL m ti id z iLi cr z w h- □ \ u CE (/I ;n LU I I II a. p- LL. 1 cn 01 cn Z '0 CD i-0 LP ■o ■o ro PJ cn a: LU H- UJ Z z LU u X I- w Z LU J — c/i ca t/) •r-l c 0) 3 J Ct > c LU h- -1 z i SO C 3 < 00 3 20 III! in CM a (M Ln in H13N31 19 iN]3H3d 199 CE h cc a lii c i u 11 a c / a) cr z u □ t— I >- ■I I id z > \- *^ Cq a J D^ i □ z fl ® r, I z I u. d _J J^ —1 _J u h- IP- a ^ d 0) IL z s CC^ ^Z r • Z3 j n^: a • • ^ -1 m 01 h □ 0 Li M LU L ;n u HJ LU l z z h* h- a \ u I 1- I Co □ 0 J^ a. 1—* z V) o (f) m z C D J^ n h 1— 2 (0 □ Z jT 01 IL Z cr Z~ ^z I i Z^ -f H. 0 • • ■"2 -1 J m h- G OQ H U • • Ui m L m It LU m (i Z Z p-* i_ n \ u a en tf] U i cr LL a. h- LJ z z ID (J) if) E UJ I- Lil Z l_ Z UJ u J cr > tr Hi \- z o z LU J V in O U-l l/l 0) ■H o S 3 cr - J UJ 1L d : . i- C3 liJ cr -o z 4-1 > h cn r : 3< uj ■y) Ca a uj r a - O > LIZ 4 z CM in01 cn u z •J1 1 F [r r uj tfal X ' — i — 00 z J *- a J a • ■ - LT 01 1 1 — c — C ■ H 3-o z i-H h J 2 L T. "*• < £ h UJ ! .5 3C U .. cn -o z IL cn : i: u 111 lu cr z J 1) £4 z - i- a _ 2 \ u a w - ex. in lu i cr - z z CL h- LU cn cn ai i ' ' i . , . < i . | i I 1 . | i ' ' ' ' 0 • • . 0 ID c in 0 in 0J (M — i —4 HigNll IB lOTd :o: a - (T Lti Q a _ C I — Uj M U a ll h- z u. cr z a u 0 J y IL I LU z > j- (-i C 01 0 J Z > a. a ■y i. 1/1 0 tn i z —a i cr z J r» - u 1- Iffl a z d oi IL Z a c - ^z z ■ p -41 nh a • • - 03 m h Q OQ h- LU U •• {/i IL Ti „ 111 •ll 1 ■ z hi (- D \ U I 0) If) ill I (I a_ Q. t- UJ z tn en 01 y CD 01 ' CC Hi I ■o z u i i i i O t/i o 3 (!) 00 C S) 3 4-1 3 < DO 0) 3 DO IP- CM D r\j LP in o ]1 1H iN33U3d "3 Q '4- Oi a\ i 00 as c ft. h i o I o I c o o CO ♦J B o I 00 c 3 O 1) a. CM 00 60 SECTION 9 Windowpane {Saovhthalmus aquosus) Life History Summary Windowpane (or sand dab) is a left-handed flounder which lives in shallow water on sandy bottoms. It ranges from South Carolina to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with denser concentrations from Georges Bank to the Chesapeake Bay. There is little evidence to confirm any inshore or offshore migrations, although tagging studies show some coastal movement (Moore 1947). Windowpane are not found deeper than 80 m and are able to tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinities. Because of its thin translucent body that excretes large amounts of mucous, making filleting difficult, windowpane has usually not been sought after as a food fish. During World War II, though, a shortlived market was developed (Bigelow and" Schroeder 1953). Commercially, these flounders had been considered trash fish. However, since 1975, landings have increased, probably due to lower yellowtail landings and to an increase in windowpane abundance (Dery and Livingstone 1982). Sexually mature windowpane (age 2 to 4) spawn in late spring and early summer, primarily from Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay in depths less than 40 m (Dery and Livingstone 1982). Bottom water temperatures between 8.5° and 13.5°C are conducive to initiating and continuing the spawning season, and the season can be interrupted if bottom temperatures exceed or fall below this range (Smith et al . 1975). Windowpane eggs are planktonic; they hatch, pass through their larval stages, and become juveniles in 1 to 2 months. The juveniles then move offshore to deeper waters. 206 The large nouth of the windowpane suggests that it feeds on active prey; mysid shrimp are the predominant food consumed along with sand shrimp and amphipods. Larger windowpane also feed on molluscs, squids, annelids, echinoids, round herring, sand lance and silversides. An estimate of total population size is not available at this time. Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in Figures 9.1 and 9.2. It is apparent that windowpane were residents of the inner shelf and estuaries, and showed little seasonal movement. The distribution pattern does not change when the pre-1976 cruises were deleted (Figure 9.3). The graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 9.4-9.7) reflect a more regular occurrence in the inshore and northern strata sets. Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in Figures 9.8-9.19. Compared to other finfish, these plots show the least change. Some small fish were caught inshore in the central and southern strata sets. Figures 9.2U and 9.21 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young- of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 8 cm for the spring series and 5 cm for the fall series. YOY did occur in the inshore strata during the spring, though very few were caught in autumn, wnen most YOY are probably close the the beach or in estuaries where the vessels cannot sample. 207 L H I hi U i- I - NMFS/NEFC-WflOOS -JLE LABORATORY BOTTOM TRflWL 3URVE WINOCWPRNE [NSH0RE/GFF3H 5 r t 1 N u 1 9 b 3 - 1 41.5 •"S. ^ 7 /J^r /.J .N • "1 'J, '--r- t , . - .. Jo- -v- : : J-KjkiKi ^ —-feeder ^ ~j o^rf ffiBfj ,-° 1 a 6 f ;ll= •£• •' c Si - '■ i !K Vkt ^ I Ok ifflEBT - 0I'-J a 0 V • to ^ V? x\ • >. S5, ->- s\ >. J fl/ L sN j VjJ BOO Hit •IS 0 0 I) 0 0 f 0 - J i ?0 i crci ■ID SYMBOL D 9. T fl R fi M G E 3IEE KILOGRAMS 0 .00 sX< 2 . 33GQC 0 2.33 < :•< ^.55::; ^ D^ U. "; T 3S.D- Figure 9.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979, 208 NMFS/NEFC- WOODS HOLE LfiBQRA t OR f BOTTOM TRPWL SURVEY CRTCH QRT.R WENDQWPflNE INSHORE/OFFSHORE AUTUMN 1357-1973 m / \ \ s iBRn!]0 ° 0°,. / 1 1 ",-> 1 1* 79 M8Jn $?h C-- ^ s ♦ v f.r^ !.v 1 rao ,.,3lJ u1 y 0 na 0 "0 i^zr saTLn ■ 0 J □ a ,p ISSn 0 •3 '— ,* X, -.-rev --"^ --- ... ; X M -- Mi •- ■' V / r ,? .Ax u - I 3. 9 0 n Q 00 ;.^ — . J v 1 0 SYMBOL i c r p ?> i i T 0 I ! KILQ&RPiMS .33 < .< < ii . 5 5 0 G G ■■c - r -■ Figure 9.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979, 209 NMF3/NEFC-WQQ05 HGLE L.^E'RPTCiR'f BOTTOM TRflWL SURVE1 CRTCH QflTR .•i ' '_, Q : :■; F - ' , E ENSHQRE/ OFFSHORE SPRING 1978-1S73 ■J, os / J~ .U ~ 3& ■-1 o ft 7° .- a J /^ njj m ^^*s&ffl33H b da0 j \ 1S1 lira. TtH a X fjffl "U 0 o 0 ) J 0 > 51 — i 1 ;i J» *5 f «^# S IK 1 1 ;?^ I iff* °Q V / / • 'I '• Of Li] Jb rj T #~* 3 o > a ^ r r ,,o Y o^ t \ : ] »i * ^ .- -^ . bfflp -. "* — ro ] -0 1 h ; Rft o.. :r a "3 ■1. > 0 o / "5 ' I -'• - ' ' \ .', . ■_-■ "> ■■ '. n I 1 "-v_- a *^Vb^/ -4 ■; ■'<£■■ .-. \ I SYMBOL 0 : _ - - R ft N G E K ILOGRfiM i ■ w »' a i. 1 Figure 9.3. Spring distribution, 1976-1979. 210 CE CE Q CJ CE CJ >— UJ > LU ■z. CL az ZD CL CO 3: CD 0 ^ CD t— » _J !Z cc ZZ. — CL CE 2 CO CH "5" • CO 0 • o o en • • CJ LJ 2 u_ 1— 1 O LLl u CO CE ^. CL UJ \ CO CO CO Li- UJ C o 35 . 2 x 3-0 t— rn u_ c c or a 3 z CO cc _) r* x to CC en x — o Sr~a 1/1 LT> a 1 a LO a a a CO ai u. u o z — uj r uj 1— 0. — •— >- >- z o UJ VO CD d CD CD 3 =0 IDX1 M01 / 1HG13M Nb3W Q3I Jl 1BU1S SNl 3yb3dBS3HD-lia 3U0HSNI aNPCUtn M 3bOHSdjo iHOia i n ddD 3>ib3dttS3H3-130 IhOHi^iO SNUOUBJ N •1 U3S BlBUiS ■z ■13S aidtus •£ •13S aibais "Tl U3S BIBbIS •5 ■IBS aittuis •9 U3S SJBHlS 111 a u CE U UJ en cr o 01 LlJ -z. cr a. o D _l 2 _J — cr CO O — CM o CD t« CO • • u UJ 2 LL. UJ z: 1-^ o LU Q_ o en CE UJ \ in CO in m a m i o in nj o a in a a a z tr UJ C a in • z r z *- o o oc h» CI il. c i m uj a i— L IL III — • r 2 a (J □ •- — m (X uj cr cr 3 UJ t- in in z cr a a UJ ►— Z) Q Z D l_> in p- cn - z m m cr z 10 Z 01 z — z z uj O UJ i— 2 ►— h- O Id CD CD 1) Si [DM] MOJ / 1HDI3M Nb3W 031 J IlfclUiS -a 3UCHSNI IM319 1 N SNt 3VB3dt!S3Hj-13Q 3B0HSN1 3NPQBBJ N 3HBHS440 1H318 I N idO 3XB3dt)S3H3-130 luowsjio bnpoub: h ■ t = 135 H1BU1S •2 •13S U1BU1S •E ■13S UJBB1S •Tl !i3S 0JBH1S •s !13S dlBBIS ■9 H3S ttiBUlS 212 en U CE U LU > cn ID CO en or o LH LU a cn CO o o cc • a ID • • (_J LU 1Z ! , i — i o LiJ 2 U LU CD CE LU \ Ul cn MOi / tiSSWON NtGW GililidUiS 3U0WSNI iHOia i n SN! jVHsatlSHH^-lsO 3H0HSNI 3NPCHBJ N 3b3HSJdO 1H01S i N 3«3WSjjO 3NP0UB3 N I 'J.3S BiBUlS z si3S aiabiS e !i3S tUBtiiS Tl :i3S aisais S :13S SiBHiS 9 :13S UlbblS LU c a i/i . z 3C — a — rn XT C aJ O 3. u. S a 3 r uj 2 s x in a (X z uj in z 3 a ■JJ z z (X Q in LU UJ u. u — UJ >— a. LX ^ UJ Z r- & >- 01 S3 UJ — in c o una DC a _l r* X 3 LQ cn cr oi u. DC - on o uj i— ^ c f u Z O UJ con =0 213 CE u en ZD CT O f— o CD u LU z: o CD _J Z _l — CC :z u_ GO o CO •• LU 2 — . C U CO LU CC Q_ LU CO CO mc; / ysawnN nhsw a3[jiittuis Sn; 3S(tt3dBS3H3-"lia BbCHSMl 3NP3BB3 N SaDHSidO 1H218 1 N Jdff 3XB3deS3Hj-l3Q 3bOHSj*0 SNI'OHB-l N ■ * ■ 135 aiayis ■z '13S 318U1S •£ •135 31BB1S ■1 :13S OiSHlS •c !i3S 3iSBlS '9 'I3S bisais LU e a \n z r — a a m u_ H« LU o a. Lu c . LU Z ca o r in 3 lT 2 LU LD z CC 3 uj Z X X a lo LU LU i— a. tX lH DC lo a lTi 3 30 1_> U") 3 i- a lu r LP o L_i > s 01 <— if) r» cr >- tn - u - I— > lo iE a z> z lu m d a _) r» r x to in c oi u. 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I™ I I ...3 0 0 ■ t* IV ' (iv < «JP >'U 01 is " '■ ■TK i./-0 Jsff-,3 fcji 1/0° - a*SP 4 J o 01 U_& Of J ■Ji -'i'- -•-, ' 0 ffi J ia \b '1 J. a a J a r 0 ! on" -.3 ,n -1 0 . ; "" o o -it .<=H lj6Wf Tp 0 T'Jn L H_ P., h_H N b E , C 0 ^.K < 2 ■ 3 ; 0 C . 2 . 3 r i ■■• ■'■'• 4.55000 _ 0/ Figure 11.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 255 nmfs/nefc-wgcids hole .^Znr-^:^. BGTTCM RflWL SURVE CRTCH QflTR <— JTT tnr i SH u- "c" /gFF 5 H G r ■ r- fit TU •v- • C:- 7 - . ■- — L 3 :g '-.O } ty-S k v_ -^' \ 5lV^%^aoo&^WtHlV' - 3)Q g i ,WJ«iy^n D iP o Col o o«?khUJ0J»Lt --r— J -: -'XJ f| V:.- --^j^a Qo A r-. . r~ -:~-- , -• ' '-■■■- ''-iN-.-._-- 0 I - _ ^c n . Figure 11.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 256 NMFS/NEFC-WGGQS HOLE LABORATORY 6 ;J 7 7 u '-! T R fl ■■, L S U R / E i C R T C H D fi T 9. BUTTERFISH rNSHGRE /OFFSHORE SPRING 1976-1379 41.5 Figure 11.5. Spring distribution, 1976-1979. 257 cr u (X LJ >- LU > LTI X en Z) U_ CO en LU ID -z. _l 3: 3 a_ CE CD LO cc o m o CD • • CO •■ u LU X u_ LxJ u LU Q_ o CO CE LU \ in CO cn LL. 13*1 MOi / 1WQI3M NfcGW Q3IdllbyiS -a 3UDMSNI iHOIfl i N SNI 3VB3d«S3H:-13a 3HDHSN1 BNH0BB3 N SUOhSddO iH0I8 1 N iJO 3XB3dt)53Hj-13Q 3yOHSJaC BNnOMb3 N •I •J •j •ft •s •9 '135 BiBUiS :13S BiBHlS H3S BiBfcliS U3S BiBHiS ■13S BiBtilS ■13S ttlBblS LU c O X cr> • z 3 — a i— pi X c LU □ X LL X s O a — LO LU X X LU in z x a LU z x x a en LU — ' — . LU .>— a. X in x ►— •>— in x r a a C lu LL. >— a in x — a uj z in o u • X CI t— in n» X >- C7 X LU — ' Ifl X 3 lu in x EC a r m a z x iu en a lu a >— v— z a lu x m XI 3 50 258 o 3 cr LJ ^— a: u >— LU > CC Z) CO az o CO cn cc D cr a li- ra o CD • • CO CJ LU z: U LU Q_ \ LO o CO cr LU LO •*-r> en u^^A^ CO cs — r» en *-^ • — r- cn LU CC CO e X en in • z r \ xAA A t 2 — a a LU V V^AIV ld I— d u. 1— ■ >JL«^P» u V/JB 1 ^ CC cc >- en * lu cr cc UJ -^ X LU CO in > cc a Gl z 3 Z p cc cr a LU — LU s to CC ^CM LU x cr a _j r» rr» >— r - CO Ol a lo

un a. _D u_ (D CC O LU 2! \— t— 1 _J h— CC IZ ZD Q_ (X CD m DC a I — h— o CD LJ U_ UJ \ en m CD LU 1—1 a C_J CO UJ cr Q_ LU CD CO oooaooaaaaa oooaaoaaaaaaaooooooo ooaaccaaaaaaaooooooo m aj - no M01 / yjQWnN NblW Q31dUBUiS -a 3U0HSNI iHOIB 1 N •I '139 yiauis SN1 3Xb3dbS3H3-13Q ■e '13S BiBdlS 3yQMSNi BNnoyaa n •£ '13B UlUUiS 3H0HSdd0 IHOIB I M •ti '135 Biaais JJO 3Vd3dbS3H:-11D 5 U3S dlddl; yQMSidO 8NnDb«3 H •9 '13S BidbiS u c a yi 1— m CC CC LU O a. u. cd a X V) Z CE Z LJ tn z — a UJ z in o (_) • cc en >— un f*» cr >- en or lu — f— z> 3 z U »1 1 CC o _i r* r sa «1 CC en a. (E — LU >— a z z LU CC ZD GZ CC O o CO Ll. LU CO LD cc cc m — i r\j uj z: — o uj cr Q_ LU CD CD a> r». Ol *~" co r^. o> "* • r- en •«^ LU Cn X O z tn z 3; 0 a • a c UJ Lf> . m u. *» ^ u Ol GC S in 3 — LU a — 3 a. u. UJ Z » Ul a r^ cr • u at UJ 3 CC ai ea O *— LO r>» £ VI cr v. en m 01 =3 en j-i CC 3 Z 3 3 ""* cr CC a UJ IT cr • a LU Z C CM ui X a a — 1 r** •r- >- 5 X ^3 en a U1 m CC CD *m LU LU u_ cc -— — ^— u_ 1 — mm U. (J a z ■r» M LU X UJ en — a. rn CD UJ cz en *— 3 cc 3 1 — K- a ca v> co cc ca aa 3 BO ooaaaaaaaaoaaooooooo ooaaaaoaooaooooooooo ooacaoaaoaoaoooooooo omaj^ajuisfnAj- ocnco'^LOLoa'moj — r\i — — — — — —— — — — — HQ1 / y38WHN Nd3W a3IdllbUlS o2 -a "UCM5N1 J.H018 1 N M •135 blb«lS SN1 3Xb3ddS3Hj-T30 ■z :13S BlHbiS jbCHSNi aNpouao n f ••135 dibblS BbOHSdaO IHOia A N •h •I3S SIMMS JJQ 1M«3dHS3H:-llQ •5 U3S taauiS jUOHSiJO BNn3Mb3 N •9 >ias aiuuis 261 - cr 3 u h I 'J >- HJ > 0-31 'fl 0 -In d « z ZM ^ in D m □ 01 in h- u. L3 rr l—i (J ui C z i— — h- >- z ■^ n_ n z {0 m l) - 01 L in - in LU I z —r 4m l_l u D \ U CC in in aj oc cr Z in z 1 i I r i i i i i i i th r "!f. in in I" IM r , h - Ifl en -a c - m lu LU z LU u jftl ~ J c > (T LU 4) 'A cd *-> o 1) D 3 a <*4 CJ3 s =0 G Z m LU _ J ""■ rr- 3 r* IT) 01 I — m ? ^ i- □ 32 U ll. Id z in a_ Z Z z 111 V ui I 1 u. u E I u id U Z h- I — ^ J c 3 Id 0. 0 Q tf5 - tn - LU » cn ID id cr z •— (— D u cr in id i I L i- id to c/i in (VI r-. Lhz in t-t 30 •Ji w * -, SI Id Z — I a =0 I I I I o CO in f\i o f\J !J1 D in H19N3-1 lb iN]3^d CI □ Li h CE u >- IU > > in f —4 I cr a £ - 2 z- a D □ U IL u z in IL i z 11 I z IT. z L - c a u. a m 1- U cc z DD Z (L IT) m • • - m - 01 in M LLi cr Z !— « H □ U d in UJ c cr (L h- aJ in C/l in TT ! I I -TT rrrr ■in - m -a c ■ in uj \~ UJ ■in (M J '0 -in i J in u Z ,y) Z 2 LU * o S 3 □ 0) S-i <*4 J cr > _ cc j= 111 CO i- § z ^ • _ » — w i s 111 -H J M in c CO in a in in H13N21 1H INm 264 Q u I u ill > C 01 7J > in 31 - 33 Z 0 J 01 tr ~ "- 13 Z Z^ "" 1 i~ m □ u LL HJ Z \ in IL z z m i a i - C Z 1 n z in (H - in in lu C Z i _, (_ □ | u a in i LU I d I a. - lu in u) in i • in • 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 in i i | i i • D | 1 1 1 1 1 i in m CO r\j K i— t Tin r ■ . in -a a: m lu h- LU Z i— t •in _ (M L. Z u r1 ' r-Q a z . in tt in si 4-> in o 3 O" 0) 00 (U I— ( O0 -i- tn 0 i— t z i—4 LU r— 1 o DO i/1 H13IG1 1H iN]3H3d 265 cr h ci G TV ■ r, I u h II U >- HJ > — • i Js Z 0 cr ci i "* ~ 0 2 Z~ h- □ E 'J iL LU z in LL z z 10 LsJ U y a. Ui cr lU r a. lo cr — V) u. iii i u u ID Z H _: IE D U LL ID Q 10 — LP - LU d I- cr i i- z □ LO a LU tn ai lo -a - (0 rifl (M O IM en r1- 1-2 CO lT Lu h- LU 5" z LLi u cr > LU 10 G Z LU J cd o a ■H u c u 3 CX a u BO U u 3 =0 x^r > : i i I i CO o CO LO r\i a LO LO olON]1 lti iN]DH]d :6b cr h cr Hi z Q r T u V) h- LL cr LL u □ id z in Z > Ca li n > IE G 13 If, ci LU C Z 1 h- (I — < J 3 i_ U c 2 to D a. a: o> ID z in n- -i U_ Uo Ld 4-1 0) ■ • 2 'A 68 -in H ■ (M Z Id yi U O . 4-1 r La z r ■ IV — * ■H •J C T— 1 J 3 cr i — L • CI r in ■ i— i > £ id <+4 JS l 30 ■ Mill ■ 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 ' i ' ' I i : 1 in C in G ir m rn f\j IM : i l l I i i in J .* - 2? Cfl 0 to z 1— 1 in Id I— ( CJ 3 30 HieNji lb INBDUBd 267 I 2 r u h- i u >- id > '/I c> (M J 2 - i z^ 01 Z IP h- IL 5 z - z Id CD Z D CQ Z a ^ 1 r\i I- (I h- G ED HI U - if) IL ID - tu iLl cr z z 1— 1 r— D \ u Cl in in LU I cr ii. Q. h- u v (fl 01 i/i pi r m - 1 en -a CC ■ m LU ■ h- _l . UJ •M - , Z ** ■A -if) h- as ■ i\i a z_ M *-> LI 71 I) (4 • o CM — r» ,_ LJ ■S> " CM 1—4 •H " 'J c ■ J 3 i CE -in > t- ^ i I I I I I LI H o 4 . z -fin w -4 —I oo 3 L0 en o en If] i\l D in in a HiONr lb INjDb3d 268 LL i— . — , m r ^ z G 01 I en I z ~D CC U M m m , h | h- (N d LU LJ 4-1 U i r SO uJ > LU I C m a 1 1 -in ■ IM — * t- LI a) 4-> c8 S-t +J 71 T — 1 f-t - ci 3 r- C I 1 z ! U o 14-1 [fl 0) Li U z -a T in i l- 1 2 J: " CM (— » •H J -j i— h- 0} 1 > D ul 3 r~*~ - i 3 rr 3> id a a: [ . > a" i-z r (4-1 4-> T - aj t\i r 1 - r r i LU \- z 30 r~ u 3 •"I t- g •• i -a HH 3 □ ! 3 i < E — 1 i_ u i— ' 0 LO fJ - m 1 L-r- T — ' IL LI in Li a z L '. m LU J F-4 -r z. *^ ^ □ f. \ u a \D 3 DO in LI (I I •H l m 'Si UJ in z i i M i i i i i | i i i i j i i i i | i i i i | • • « « | i 0 * in m Q in in r\j L0 HiONj" id !N:3y]d :69 □ UJ r I u n h- X i en u z y 7 oj m > — £s a_ jr- c 3 z IP O) HI I z i I- cr D -i«i !— u 1- ^ Z —\ CE o> £ z Z DC " ^Z I • 7^ •"* IT] ■ ■ r«4 n (M h- 0 CD i— lil U M cn li_ in a UJ UJ a 2_ Z >-i i- D \ u cr 01 in UJ cr (I IL L i- UJ i IP cn in z '/I CO CO O 1> CD cr o so y r- < H~i/i w - 2> 0 CO c in in in f\i H13N31 iH iN33U]d :~o 1 n Lii 1 1 T CT 1 1 Li a 1 h X CE 01 U LL Ll p >- LjJ a. u. > -— £ C! L. a ■J -v E ~ z IT 31 iiJ CD z i r— 3 J r* I— ?- h Z (0 3 3 (T CI £ ■y a c " H z ■ a. *- -< »— 1 X J m . . -a ~^ — i (M \- □ E U - 01 Ll in IB 1 LU LU LU >n " t _ ___ '/I 03 O in •/) - LU T Q_ HJ [fi I > ~ 01 Coi LL J J-- (E Z z 1/1 31 ILi U z -* L_ | — 1 — 4 J r- 1- J \- Z '2 2 Ul D cr a dd a d c " ^2 I 7^ "" ' ° = CO • • - in 01 t-c i— D •• 3D U - 01 LL \n - UJ lu a z z h-4 i— 0 \ u cr 1/) in LU I a '• Q. t- Uj V lo ai '.0 Z cd Si o It* •/I o o 3 3- '- e 3 ■5 <0 u 3 BO in CO m in a r\i in in H19N31 lb iN3Dy3d 272 I h cr Oi D I 2 r _ u 00 \- LL cr u LL H w td > I 1 in z — - *— > lL J C Q z IT! ® LL! I h 1 z -J rv H U H 2(3 D D f£ CI CO Z 1 C " 1-2 I • Z^ ^2 m ■ • - cu IM h □ ,. a 111 u M (J) LL in > id LU 1 Z z w (- D \ U I in in LU I LL LL I 1 H w en n z T If. r sn he -in ra nj It r k en C id i- Ld z Z Ld u J CE > o S-i O <+J in •H u c a> 3_ 3 4-1 SO c 0> 3 so 1 ! I I I i i I I i D m o n IM a (M in m HI3N31 lb iH33y]d 273 t-- 0> CO C7> 30 (/I 3 3 i 30 e 3 O >N 0) =0 33 y Si 3) 0) 5) 4) 3 r3 C3 03 i O 1 00 3 o 0> 50 C8 +-> c 0J u 1) u 3 =0 ■H SECTION 12 Bluefish {Pomatomus saltatvix) Life History Summary The bluefish is a pelagic, migratory species that occurs world-wide in temperate and semitropical regions. In the western North Atlantic Ocean, it ranges from Nova Scotia to the Caribbean Sea. In the Mid-Atlantic, bluefish travel in groups of similarly sized fish. Generally they migrate north and inshore during the spring and summer, and south and offshore during the fall. In the New York Bight, bluefish are most abundant in late summer but usually appear first during May. The bluefish is one of the most valuable sport and food finfish species found in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Commercially, fishermen take them in quantity in all coastal areas of the Bight using gill nets, seines, pound nets, and otter trawls. Although there is a significant commercial fishery for bluefish, landings from recreational fishermen dwarf those of commercial fishermen. According to Boreman (1983), bluefish was the number one recreational species caught, by weight, in the US during 1970-1982. Bluefish mature during their second year of life. There appear to be two discrete spawning populations off the eastern US coast: one wnich spawns near the inner edge of the Gulf Stream from southern Florida to North Carolina during the spring (mainly in April and May); and a second which spawns in the Middle Atlantic Bight during the summer (mainly in June and August). Spawning for both groups progresses from south to north and the pelagic eggs hatch about two days after spawning. Young bluefish which were spawned in the spring spend their first summer in Mid-Atlantic estuaries, mostly in the New York Bight and southern New 276 England area. Bluefish spawned during the summer apparently remain at sea and migrate south of Cape Hatteras in early fall and spend the winter offshore, reappearing in the sounds of North Carolina in the spring (Wilk 1982). Bluefish are voracious predators that feed predominantly on pelagic species including a large variety of fishes and invertebrates, and occasionally on benthic organisms. During recent years commercial and recreational harvests have been increasing, as have the abundance indices (Anderson 1980). Bottom Trawl Survey Results The spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in Figures 12.1 and 12.2. The plots confirm what is known of seasonal bluefish movement and distribution in the Mid-Atlantic. The spring distribution plot (Figure 12.1) indicates that bluefish are rarely caught north of the Virginia Capes during that time of year. A spring plot (Figure 12.3) from the more synoptic 1976-1979 series (see "Methods") shows an even more southerly occurrence. Traditionally, by mid-to-late May, significant numbers of bluefish are caught by recreational anglers throughout the coastal regions of the Mid-Atlantic. Occasional offshore winter catches, and the rapidity of their appearance during May, support the possiblity that they overwinter beyond the shelf edge in southern portions of the Mid-Atlantic (Wilk 1977). The autumn plot (Figure 12.2) shows a concentration in coastal areas throughout the region. The offshore distribution in autumn probably would be continuous to southern portions of Georges Bank. In recent years, large catches have been made during summer and autumn east of the study area on 277 Georges Bank, possibly as a result of recent high population levels and a resulting range expansion. The mean weight and number per tow summaries in Figures 12.4-12.7 reflect the recent trends in increased abundance. It must be kept in mind that bluefish were caught mostly inshore during the surveys, and coverage inside of 28 m did not begin until autumn 1972. Therefore, the low catches indicated by Figures 12.4-12.7 prior to 1972 can be misleading. The seasonal length frequencies for six strata sets (Figures 12.8-12.17), and the percentage young-of-the-year (YOY) plots (Figures 12.13 and 12.19) show clearly the large numbers of young fish caught during surveys. This predominance of young fish in survey catches (especially in the autumn) was a result of the great numbers of young bluefish and their vulnerability to capture by the trawl compared to the more pelagic and faster swimming adults. No bluefish were caught in strata sets 1 and 4 during the spring time series. 278 N MFS/NEFC- WOODS H 0 L E L H_B 0 R fl T OR 1 BOTTOM TRRWL S'JRVE'l CRTlH DfiTR BLUEFISH INSHORE /OFFSHORE SPRING 1368-19/9 11.5 77.0 +v • V V I SN J ° AO #) e \v, "~V-£" 0 s-4s Vj> np SYMBOL SIZE o 0 .EGEND y X 35.3 k ^ 77. a ^ £, o DATA RfiNGE KILOGRPMS .00 ±t< 5. 00000 5.00 2X< 10. 0000 10.00 iX 7C.5 ?5.0 Figure 12.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 279 NMFS/NEFC- WOODS HOLE LABQRRTGRT B D T ~ C M TRAWL SURVEY CRTCH DATA BLUEFI3H r N S - U RE/OFFSH 0 R E AUTUMN 1967-197G i l H ■->.■ Jjf IK- -J5 ^SP ^3 u U kip** ° ° ° Q i R3 QoH s s> fc-v \ ( ^ { ! i I"" /^ ft IU1 :S o U 0 3 /JP4 °qdi SflTIn < :rfe. 5 ' n ^ i v\jy< \ v;i , up 0 n,' I ^JH (Mfi ~i :5.J vWMJ V Itfotl iTMBQL SIZE o 0 0 7 £ y ID 0 / / LEGEND DGTfl RANGE KILOGRAMS .00 / <=rfe p \ "? s Tl ^ J V a 4 ) x^ / fl ? ,--/ j W tv I [It n. \ Hi i .fPVn no 0/ M^ 7 ,*^ / ?D.S 0° / STHBOL 0 0 LEGEN n DflTfl RhNGE KILQGRPMS .00 £ X < 5 . 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 < X < i 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 IQ.nn <. x Figure 12.3. Spring distribution, 1976-1979. 281 7Q.5 (T o C_J cr u >- LU > cc X ZD CO CO — LD LL. ^: UJ i— ■ _1 Z3 cc 3: _1 Q_ CE CD CO CC 1 — lo T~ m • o o CD • a CO .. C_J UJ :z UJ U LU o CO CT LU \ CO CO CO "I— 1 1 — T- m m o o (M o in o o o in o en cn *.2 ■rto Q 2 in • z 3 — o cr cr LU o a. u. 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During the summer they are found in and near coastal waters, throughout the estuaries and into fresher waters with the center of abundance inshore from southern Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay south to the Carolinas (Silverman 1982). During the fall, they migrate to offshore overwintering grounds, located primarily south of Cape Hatteras, and return to inshore waters during the spring months. Atlantic croaker is one of the most important food fishes along the eastern coast of the US (McHugh and Ginter 1978). At the peak of the fishery during the mid-1940's, more than 29,000 metric tons were landed. Since that time landings have been steadily declining. Atlantic croaker is an important recreational species, and according to McHugh and Ginter (1978) recreational catches may now exceed commercial landings. In the Middle Atlantic Bight, Atlantic croakers mature at age 2. Spawning takes place as they migrate offshore from late August to December, peaking in late October and November. Buoyant developing eggs drift due to Ekman transport until hatching occurs (Norcross 1983). Juveniles move into the shallower areas vacated by the adults and spend their first winter there (McHugh and Ginter 1978), later joining the adults in the seasonal migration. Atlantic croakers are bottom feeders that prey on small crustaceans, annelids, molluscs, ascidians, ophiurids, and fishes (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928). Croakers themselves are prey for larger predators such as striped bass and bluefish. 298 There are no population estimates available at this time. Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.2. The plots clearly show the coastal dependence and the seasonal appearance (autumn) and virtual disappearance (spring) of Atlantic croaker from the Mid-Atlantic. The catch during spring surveys north of 40° latitude (Figure 13.1) is a confirmed, but most unusual, catch. In the autumn (Figure 13.2), the fish moved out of the estuaries and south along the coast. Graphs of mean weight and number per tow (Figures 13.3-13.6) did not show any consistent trends. Length frequencies for croaker, arranged by season, are shown in Figures 13. 7-13. lb. Spring catches consisted of overwintering juvenile fish in strata set 2 (Figure 13.7), or large and older fish (two-three years old) in the southernmost inshore and offshore strata sets (Figures 13.3-13.10). Autumn catches show more young fish caught in northern portions of the range (Figures 13.11 and 13.12), with the largest croakers caught offshore and to the south (Figure 13.14). There are no plots for spring strata set 1 and spring strata set 5 and autumn strata set 4 because no fish were caught in these areas. Figures 13.16 and 13.17 show the percentage occurrence, by stratum, of young-of-the-year (YOY). The cutoff size was 4 cm for both spring and autumn series. YOY were found in the coastal waters south of Delaware Bay in the spring but they were too small to be susceptible to the trawls utilized during NMFS surveys until autumn. 199 NMFS/NEFC-WGODS HGLE L-£';F-~::- ' BOTTOM "hUL SURVEY C-'ir GflTR RTLRN IC :ROflKEF [NSHdRE/ 3FF5HORE 01 ; _ No id DC 11. 7 > ^ " ei > rid 7 pi' /> / ,-' V /v 7 £ ' / / / y r£^ s . ■; '3 "571 .x a 5 J >. / / c-- - t- — l> ft -Z~->~~ :\ V ?r ■"■<■«- i JS/ ^ :1 SO ' M 3 : L iIZE o 0 llnlrt I K I LQ G .00 - < 5 . Q 0 £ < F.fiM 3 "; " ■ " - „,kJ ' - J -A ft "3\ 1 - <\\ w von* - ^?^B ..." ^0^-a , 1 i*Sfao ■af, if* IP* n / 'A ^ " ... ' -<-: -s-i! : rf i: '' IB I KILGGR _ . 0 U 2 :< • 5 . 0 0 i ■ - AM : |j ! j _ |J : g c : Figure 15.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 301 en Q X u h- cr ZZ LJ LU cr >- o UJ ar > u CL u ZD <— . CD I— ID -z. Z. cz i — i _J _! 01 i — Q_ cr cr co az • CO m • o !— ^— O CD LJ U_ UJ z: cn 1 — 1 O u CO UJ CE Q_ LU cn CO - t" O) ^* CD IHt** Cl ""• r^ !!•«*• ai UJ . 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Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 321 R - NMFS MEFC-WGOUS HpLt LHdUhHiu« BOTTOM TRFIWL SURVcY Cfl CH Dfl - dlSli ■ F -i I 'I 3 1978-13 r 41. // AT j ~^gf *■*-&% ' ft> "^ "> J r / 3 >1 kTl V\ .-■■•-. - '. •:• " ■-; I /Q ( /. j ■J --/ fa % U .-*"? ^ Chi 0 %.J * W ■ -J *l -D * ■3 - 1 i. CD J Q l-f ! au u Wo _. «h 'I 3 f M 3 fl L ' -• T^>v~_ / 3 - _ . d d -2 . 3 5 SGRRM 50 0 0 f " V. .._ Figure 14.3. Spring distribution, 1976-1979. u CE U CO CO >— (X UJ CD > cr LL LU 3 C/> CO CJD ¥1 -z. LJ I— * _l CE cc 12 _l CL CE CD on CC o ED CD CJ Ul LD on UJ 2 •— o U CO lu cr Q_ LU on en in a I i i i i I i i i i | i i i i a a a in o m U3 01 x a x in • z r 3 — a a c ^ m u_ cr cc m lu a •— cl u. 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Z 21 ^ i i 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 I f 1 ' ' r^ z 1 1 1 a t • 1 a 0 in a in 01 — -* H19N31 IB lN3D«3d 527 cr ^- cr □ ill 1 cr en K-O) in UJ Jr- X 0 in o V U 7 -4 ! u l i-i Jffl cr J (E I^ j UJ Q_ cr n CD G 10 E- i-u z • r~ -^ nf 31 t t •-i ^ m ~ h 0 CD UJ u ■ en u. in . u hi d z z ►— • u. 0 \ u cr in in Id cr cr It L l- Id I in en in z "3- 1 P BO o cm in ui H13N]1 IB lOTBd cr l- I G in I c U H i cr in in ii in z a ~ )- CO UJ d a z > ill i— > LL oi in > G 'J in °> ^ f-i : m cr (4-1 UJ j3 4-1 . h- =0 z t— 1 3 =0 1 — r| IM — "~ i • ra - - G Z 3* •St i i ^ i . i "5f — . L D i P f- 3 OO - •— —- i i . , , , , , | . , , 1 D i t t i 0 0 in c in r\i »-i r-l H19N31 lb IN33H3d 529 cr 0 LU r I u C h j cr in oi u tfl LL tr ll y id a LU cr i- > LU I ILoi in G ]> i— • G in °> £ G Z i U M Jo cr >- OC !o j 0. d 01 co z in Crt ^0 2 • Z" *■* □ c • ^ 1 - j «— t Hm h □ CO LU U - 01 IL T> . 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I"" — * „ tr ^* i ■ i~- - CD ^H ^m H D it (D r- UJ U - 01 IL in N 111 iu a 2 Z h* *— D \ U I in in IU I cr IL cl y- Id z in ai in iii z ■ 0 01 TO -ra -" (M in "i — I — r in G Jl ' z 0) (/I o a o — 3d 3 •yj ■- 3 =0 H19N31 IH INOT 532 I 1- - E ■u I F r c u - , en u in -g cc 10 Ui h a \- fl in i UJ u I z — « \Ll I UJ u C 01 in o u « > »— » z 1 f-l in a £ 0 I :a 7 2 u J iC 2 ~ » Jn cr >- 1- q •H ^ j J > J = a °> E Z cr P* «. 2 r ~ 2 ^z t m C ^*- X t UJ - I 3 — * t IM i' L \ !— =o "3 . z I f~ 1 J <— * 0 *™ x 1 a |— t »- < UJ ,— .. u - 01 t- ' Z 2 IL UJ cc u cr OJ I i. H m ui Z D a r-1 >c uj ;. 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IL UJ 1 'Jj r „-* J z Z t- \ U d to - in Lu I CE - 3 m IL m en LU ID " ■H — 2- Z 1 ; — I T 1 t 1 -l r- ii tii [ill _ a ■ 1 i 0 0 LO a LP CM *H lH Hi3N]l IB mWJ !35 D U i- cr u >- Hi > Em -* r- -mi ' in oi i uz □ ' HI I a i in en in it i li. ID a cr i- UJ i in a u tr j UJ 2 Z D i_ D tr ^ - s l\j D ID K LU u - (/I IL in UJ UJ I z z •-• h □ \ u i in in nj it a LL IL t- UJ I in ai in z 3 i i r < - UJ O ui Ul H19N]"! 1H iN33H3d 356 CE i- I D U cr u >- LU > in o 2(3 I" z 0^ H D CD U lL LU z in IL i 2 01 LL LL a in UJ w £ cr cr IE Hi i a i UJ CO in hi £ u cr j J UJ CD Z Z D l- D cr — Lfl f\J h LU (S) in LU »— » L) Lu Q. Z D LO I LU •a ro c • a UJ LU Z ra f 2 LU O to en lo LO - o '-i ■Jl 30 c 5 3 < 00 — < 3 30 o CM LD LO HI3N11 lb* lN3D«3d 337 cr h cr Hi 2 a: a I ^ U in h LL I \f) Ul U in a cr >- CD cr LU cr z > aj m 1 0) in j 3^ a z in a * cr z 1 u a -\ ^ cr u H la j 3 I en OQ Z d C"1 i-z i. 73 — * ^ r« CO ■ CM i-a: h □ ■ • ID h Lii U - 01 LL ^ *» y lu cr z z H h 0 \ u cr in in LI £T cr 1L a. k iii I in en in Z ■ en ra c • ID LaJ h UJ . v « ■ ■ M SJ ro : u> uj 2 - u $ - • u 70 7 ,? Tr — n H» -* 1-1 ai t- o i . — _^^_^___ i , -i • C3 r^ Z ~\ T. UJ ~! J s 1 ,._ 1 i o _ -• I -» ■H — i — i — i — i — | r i i i | i i | i ' ' ■n 0 C\J in in H19N]1 IB !N33H3d / 7i ■r. ■J CO NO C7> 30 c u c C3 O I ao o X V =0 03 *J c . y 4-1 c o o !h 3 CO SECTION 15 Scup [Stsnotomus ^hrysovs) Life History Summary Scup (also called porgy) are found from Cape Hatteras to just north of Cape Cod (Morse 1978) and, in depths ranging from 73 to 183 m, during the winter from southern New Jersey to Cape Hatteras. Scup migrate inshore during the spring, arriving off Chesapeake Bay during April and off southern New England by early May. There is some evidence that larger fish arrive inshore first followed by smaller fish (Morse 1978). During the summer, the larger fish tend to stay within the 37 m contour or near the mouth of larger bays, while the smaller fish enter the shallow areas of the bays. Late in October and during November, scup migrate offshore to overwinter. Scup traditionally have supported both a recreational and a commercial fishery. In 1970 the recreational catch was estimated at 2,010 metric tons (MT) (Deuel 1973), about half of the reported domestic and foreign commercial catch estimates of 4,700 MT (ICNAF 1972). The otter trawl is used as the primary commercial gear, however haul seines, pound nets, gill nets, and hand lines are used also. Scup reach sexual maturity at age 2, and spawning occurs from May through August, peaking in June. The principle spawning areas ire nearshore ocean waters and estuaries off Long Island and New Jersey. Scup eggs are buoyant and hatch in approximately 40 hours at 22°C. Newly-hatched larvae are pelagic, and become bottom-dwelling when they reach 1.5-3.0 cm (Morse 1982). Juveniles continue a demersal life style and are generally found in bays and the more saline areas of estuaries. 341 Scup are bottom feeders, preying upon snail crustaceans, polycnaetes, coelenterates and molluscs (^orse 1982). Adult scup are v ij .rrT-1^l Ji f ■ 0 * \ "fita- .: f -- j 3 ;' M E (3 _ - T T — o ! u I-.-- ... -r o U H i H nfi N G E , ILQGRPMS .co sx < : . < .-. u Figure 15.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. NMF3/NEFC-W0Q33 ^HQJLE LRBj3RRT3_R.T B3TT0M TRflWL ; r v c h r. n i I N SH3RE/3FFSHGRC FIUTUMN 1367- 13, -a ( V \ .3 /r ,V r- j. - a" ffff u a -n Jos* poo J U- n v ^"0 ff N Tl v. •• i ttSL ^frt V. 3 o L 0 * v-j i?3' rv/ •;r, I I ■~3 ■" •\ A (.-•.. f (/'I® oh ■U© .:, : - ftj»kfe,r!tfj lit I ' 0 0 J .) %j. *\.\|>Pol » G G 1 ;,' ^ v.> V — ,, ij j _s 1 a - \< -i"-'1" '0. -J *-~~T< ■ 7, " y-^ ■ ^ : !> ^ r^j.- T~— _ 1 - fctft '" - -S-' 0 0 j i_ D -_ R R.H N G;- i i i u n Hrl O j 0 i - • - 2 . 5 3 0 U C B 5 £ X < 4 . 5 5 0 u 0 Figure 15.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979 545 NMFS/NEFC-WOQDS -CLE LABGRfiTOR B 0 T T G f ■-■■>._ 3 u n v c i l. j l U r :-.£-:-e/:-~e-~-e spring ls73-l979 DTPH 11. 77.0 . c \ s ,.:?■ ■s^ W ! 'J ••.. , -I;1 r fe 1 i n pi' ■Jr» / I / .! < I _ ' «2si vA— 1 *wL 0 ( '• U' U 7 °i U J v/ I. - .-IS,' — '■'''','.. \ '■-' 1 \N.^ I1* I '. n 1 1 \ 1 «±1 J ■ 3 / -=»0 5 i) Ml r t A _ ->-■■ <* V, I '.I J ft 0 -3 o "! 0 o ii A %n N/ >e -i * - — - 3 5TMBQL 31 ZE o 0 n LEGEND J- i 3 RfiNGE K T 1 .0 GRAMS . (J U < X < 2 . 3 3GC 0 cL . 3 3 < :•' < 4 . 5 5 J 0 0 14 , 5 5 < v 77. n Figure 15.3. Spring distribution, 1976-1979. cr i — cr Q x u i— CE U UJ ZD m -z. Q_ •— • I ID cc -Z. 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Q_ i— i _i Z3 cc 3 LJ Q_ cr in lo az i — • m -r- _T ■ o I — I— o CD LJ U_ LU z: en LD Ld f— 1 o LJ on LU CE Q_ LU en en a r- 31 <31 cr CO a r* OJ 36 U7 z Z a a o z LU LO t_ hi LL. kn r^ LJ Ol Z cc (n 3 *4 UJ a *— a , a Li. LU z Mfl to a r»- CC • !_) ■ en ld «n Z z z 3 z — CE a a jj u-i a • - = cc LO CD a LD LO cr CD *•■ LU JJ U. z — *•» — J. »— M LL LJ a z r^. M^ Jj z JJ Ol H- CL e-> a JJ a ui »-• LU OJ i-^ ^« ^^ u. u r». — UJ OT t— 0. a in cc • h— ^ a LO o ai r a a c UJ u_ N« l_) i- a UJ Z - OT c lu — >— » in c a 3 Z uj in ii c a j r» X S (O in d ct u. - UJ r- > T DC m 3 Z r^ >— 0 in "» o z -4 CL 1— * Jfl -i >- c 3f- u c d ® en z in !L" *-a 2 t z~ ro 2 -* I • >- u c h 2? Z 3 30 c CO 30 I I I 1 I , I I I II I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I TTT D O en o CM H19NTI lb INOTd 351 I (- d a 00 z i 1—1 u H UJ cr £ u cr UJ >- CL UJ cr > en Cm UJ D^ I 0 in °> u z *-t 1 i 1—4 Jn D _j 1 Z^ u LU CL d m 01 C cr -o = 33 U O t/i o B o 0J «H ■7 ** r 2? — " 2h UJ J 31 LT1 —i 0 u 3 OO o on O fM H19N31 19 INOTd 552 d k d D 111 1 r 0 U I (- (0 (I z u >-l >- CE lli Z > I— ( C m J ]^ 0 0 in o> c z Q_ UJ 01 •• z LU I z \ i—i h- D in U d in L LU IE CE z Q. 1- LI 2 - LU h- > T Cm 0 Dr^ - 0 U1 m o z — i Ql 1— 1 Jffl D >- c Z 0 U Q. cr on in Z Ul c " i-o Z ■ ^r n oj -y ■ • i-S -> -*4 _, i— □ 2D 1- U LU Ll M tn Id en it Z UJ cr z \ *-H h D in u cr en lL III a: cr i £L h- LU 2 CO if) W •D i : ii : i ; IMM TT i i i i TTTTTT in c 0 LU T LU ^- I 4J ** 0) tn (- CTt / 4-1 LU 0 u 4-> ■Si to z 1— 1 3 •H J (J d (U > 3 ■ 0 (M c LU u s* _ =4 t-* O r =0 i- t1 • *-4 LU c/T J LO u 3 CO o no o H13N31 lb INOTd 354 c h- cr (/) a LL i a u h- UJ cr £ u >- Q. m 1 > CO Cai 111 Dr- r o Ul a> (J z »-l cr i - -in D J c Iffl U UJ Q_ (T 01 CD Q a* 0) c u n <4-t r\i UJ f* 7 M Z c so V5 3 C ■J o o H19N31 IB !N3DU3d >55 n 10 tr t y- Ui r Z c r a 0 I ■ in i (fl ; c u IL -o — « UJ 1- IL 1- cr 0 td Ul O u z 0 t/l y- tr K ed UJ z z > i-^ ■ iLl 4-> DC ai j -o U Efl 3 r> 0 0 u 01 m c z '. W z o ~* C I — 1 M in Jo D U c ■ . 0 ■H 2 tD u Q_ J U a m 'Jl z 'Si cr 3 3 DC " * > i-a "O c M 2 • LU z - m I w h- J • I z e - CD «— t i-^ a> h- *• 1- UJ .. en CO •■ i - r \- HI J =0 □ ID i )Lh "*n U ! i IL i r tn 111 i- ■~| Z m - id > DC 01 J r- in m z > CE 31 C "* "-z r Z^ 0^ 111 IT O I en z I c I— I m D U en m z z D f- D C p? - - OJ h 0 (D M 1- U w L • • en 111 OT n z LU cr z \ ii t- 0 in U cr a) lL LU DC CE I 1 1- UJ Z in in (/) in c OJ UJ Z I- z LU U J d > c UJ f- Z M O - Q. 111 (0 E u z ^ Q_ 1 D -i« D J *- 2 r> u aJ D a 31 W Q £ cr- ^z r 1 Z3 m ^* • • — t CM f\J h Q E - h- U UJ IL .. in UJ 01 Z uj cr z \ — t- o ^ u cr en L uj I cr Z 1 h UJ Z 01 0) 01 •/I 03 0) o t/) 3 1— » C o J D r*- 0 z W » cc z 1 cr D -1 c LU I I- * ^ u Z LU J u 03 U 4-1 71 $1 t<-l !/) 0) •H u e o> 3 cr - Ud h- > X Cn 0 D r- — z in m CD z. ■4 Q_ D J r- Lj r— 1- Z (0 U 1J a ai in z CE rr -1 Li- ^Z z • Z^ (T) r- H S3 •- cr ^ I 1 1 -* --* c\l i— □ CD 1- U LLI Ll IB cn LO en ii Z LU I z \ t— 1 h 0 in u d 0) Ll LU H d I Q_ 1- Lii Z 0 cn 0) o a1 o no o <\J H13N31 lb iN33H3d 360 cr i- cr to c LL r 0 u \- LU i £ u 1 LU >- 0. LU cr > CO Cm LU ]N z in 01 U z ** c 1 D Jf D J h- Z (D U LU D IT 01 CO Q CI C " ^z r I 13 m — H • ■ -■ in (M \- 0 ID 1- U LU IL M CO LU [J) M 2 LjJ cr Z \ t— t h- D in u l CO L UJ lT d X (L h- LU z co CO CO a : io ■o ■3 I I I I M I I l l li i l l ll I l I i l I l l I I l LO c UJ oj r <— h LU U -• in (0 z o 4-1 i— i 71 0 ■H j c LT 3 > cr 0 C LU (4-1 js ao c 3 G < Z LU 00 J . LO ^ (0 ^4 3 30 o o CM HI9N31 IB iNOTd 561 :» I c a c r 55 u n. h- LL d 0 u V I iLl z > CH £ J) J D^ 0 z IT. m c z "" 0. CE D Jr~ D U t- I 0 U D cr " en z cr c- i-z i • z^ m 3* • ■ -. tD (M 1- a D •« i_ U LI IL .. 05 UJ fl 2 uj a: z \ M h- 0 in u cr tn IL uj cc cr z Q_ J— UJ z en en en -o ■o in c UJ z Z lLl u J cr > E o T I 4~o h c UJ J N CD GO CO ■W c CD 'J CD Q. o CN CD 3 BO 365 3 O 71 CI t-- 31 r- vO a gd I 00 3 O >, 0) 00 rt *-> O '-I u o a. u * 4-> i—* ^ (N CJ • LO 0 ""* 7- 9> U u 30 ^ •H SECTION 16 Weak fish [Cyno scion yegalis) Life History Summary Weakfish (also known as gray sea trout or squeteague) are generally found along the eastern coast of North America from Florida to Massachusetts Bay, and perhaps stray as far north as Nova Scotia. It is believed that there are at least two stocks of weakfish, one centered in the Middle Atlantic Bight from the Virginia Capes to New York (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953), and one off the Virginia-North Carolina border (McHugh and Ginter 1978). During times of increased abundance, weakfish are found further north in southern New England and in Cape Cod and Massachusetts Bays. North of Cape Hatteras, weakfish migrate seasonally; during summer and early fall they are found in the northern part of their range, while during the winter months weakfish migrate offshore and south, generally below Cape Hatteras. Older and larger fish migrate further north than the general population (Wilk 1982). Historically commercial catches from Massachusetts through North Carolina have undergone considerable fluctuation, declining from 19,000 metric tons (MT) in 1945 to 1,338 MT in 1967, but have been increasing since that time. The 1978 commercial catch was 9,713 MT, 15» greater than in 1977 and the highest recorded since the mid-1940's. Recreational catches have exhibited the same general trend as commercial catches, increasing from an estimated 1,027 MT in 1965 to 7,113 MT in 1970, and to 9,137 MT in 1974. Commercial and recreational catches have been approximately equal in recent years. During 1978, most of the commercial catch was landed in North Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, and New York. 565 Weakfish become sexually mature by age 2, with the majority naturing at age 1. Spawning occurs in coastal and estuan'ne areas from May to October, with peak spawning in May and June. The eggs are buoyant and hatch within two days (at 20°-21°C). Little is known regarding larval dynamics. Feeding takes place throughout the water column. Young weakfish consume invertebrates and smaller fishes, while adults eat shrimps, squids, crabs, worms and clams. Some weakfish are recruited to the fishery in the first year and strong year-classes, as indicated by NMFS inshore trawl survey during the mid-1970's, should continue to support catches for the next several years. Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in Figures 16.1 and 16.2. The plots are an excellent representation of seasonal weakfish distribution in the Mid-Atlantic area. Weakfish were, for the most part, absent from the study area in the spring (Figure 16.1), and those that did occur were in southern or offshore areas. The offshore occurrences in the spring, although very limited, support the hypothesis of an offshore component to the winter distribution of the species. The autumn distribution (Figure 16.2) clearly shows the preference of a coastal habitat. The mean weight and numoer per tow summaries in Figures 16.3-16.6 show the recent increased trends in abundance, especially in the northern strata sets of the Mid-Atlantic. The inshore strata were not occupied before the autumn of 1972. 566 Length frequencies for six strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in Figures 16.7-16.18. The sizeable autumn inshore catches were predominantly small fish with some larger fish; the infrequent offshore catches consisted almost entirely of larger fish. Figures 16.19 and 16.20 show the percentage occurrence by stratum of young-of-the-year (YOY); cutoff sizes were 25 and 22 cm, respectively, for spring and fall series. It is quite obvious that the large catches of the autumn time series are composed primarily of spring-spawned weakfish that had left the estuaries and begun their southern migration along the coast. 567 NMFS/!* B 0 T T 0 Erc-.-.':::.r hjle lpeg=htgf' TRfiWI U F Q K [ S H .. - L H U H [MSHuRc/ui-rbHur ? R I N o r n ■-.:'. 3 ■7.0 / \ s >r .--• ■ ~^ •- ,^ *0£ 8. i ■-■ rr 51^5 5 V < on;; I ^ \ 'V ^\ ) '-A „ .? ■< •:•-_.< S, r — ^ j J 6 — « v1 ■ u a .. t- .-I' f 51 ■■-"/ u V- I o * iO * i 'ME'3L ^D ^ V ,' / LEGEND DPTfl RANGE ■ - LGGF RMS . 00 £X< 5. 0000 C 5 . Q 0 < • . < 2 C . 0 C "J 0 >.a Figure 16.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 368 NMFS/NEFC-WCQDS HOLE LRBGRRTCRY 5 ij T 7 u M T R R |*| L 3 U R V E Y C R T C H GR i h 1 C ' lERKFISH INSHORE /OFFSHORE AUTUMN 1367-1979 41.5 ?D.3 + Jjr* -y\C.i^ >'"3 ^ > ^ Si a? 3 ;J£p .21 GO I" ftM" , ■; 0%. 'I i rr^J 1 V \ 6$ ^2r£! JSHL -^ * *jr*V 'v (J"22fr - -1*. f^ .!■- f'Aj' C 3S < J&IS0 r^o ,y • T if 3 '■( ■v. \ l>~v.m T\ ! f I? - n 1 ft V - Y m P n ; 0 r i r r c m n Q A ! H F KIL3GR iU U U 0 u 0 0 0 J ?-. a Figure 16.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 369 en Q X u 1— CE LJ >— uu > C£ x ~"j en CD — - LD Li_ 2: V . _J cr cc "? LU CL cr 3 en cc o o cc LJ CO in U") LU CJ LU Q_ CD O CO cr LU to 13X1 M01 / 1W5I3M Nb3W a^lalidUiS 3UCHSNI 1H0IS I ia3dBS3H:-",3a •? U3S siubis 3U0HSN1 BN["!Oao: H •c ■13S biauis 3HDHSi30 1H018 1 N ■1i ■13S SiBHiS 3iB 3Mb3— en U- •— U E S VI 3 _J □ <— 3 a. u. 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Q_ LU CO CO s a C uini r*3"3'cnmm(n(Mr\jr\jAj — — — • — MOi / d38WHN Nb3W aildllbUiS 3U0HSNI J.HCJI8 1 N M :136 blbUiS SN1 3Vb3dUS3H3-T1Q "J "13S BlSblS 3U0HSNI ONHOUttJ N -e U3S 818U1S 3UDWSJJD 1H0I8 1 N "* U3S aibUlS dJO 3*H3dBS3Hj-13D "S '13S HlttblS 3«OHSddO ttNI-IOUUa N -9 '139 SidblS -a 3 — O h- m cc cc LU o O. U- cc - LU Z 03 a x on a a. Z UJ U1 z cr a UJ Z x a a m LU UJ u. u — LU i— a. G£ to CC i— >- L/1 x a a h- «n r» cr >- a> a- lu — >- > t> c a 3 Z jj i/l Z CC a _i r» r i a u. cc — u. >— a z Z UJ n □ uj >- z a h- h- Z O UJ cc io a 3 J/ . cr a x LJ \— cr LJ LJ CE CO o I— a CD LJ U_ UJ -z. \ CO cn _l cr IT — i OJ cn 1— » O u cn LU CT Q_ UJ cn cn LU cc a x cn • Z £ 3 — a a a cu h- CI U» t— ii ii jt i ■ i |i n n n i ■] n ■>[ ■ ■ n ) ii ii (■ m (■ ■■ ii i j 1 1 ■ i ji n ■ y oooaaasooaaaooaaaa." o m o in a ld in t\j o r* lo °i J J j ci n i^ OLOoinoinoinoinOLn or-mrvja^Lnruor^Lnru rn c\j r\j <\j Oj — • — — • — * HOI / y38WHN Nb3W Q31 dllbUlS -S3 SyOHSNI IMG IS 1 N ■1 = 13S dlBUlS SN1 3Nb3dBS3H3-T30 ? •13S UlttUlS 3WQH9N1 BNllOUaa H •E ■13S 1iH«iS SUOWSdJQ 1H0IS i N ■b = 135 disyis iiO 3X03dbS3H:-"3a •s :13S UiBHIS IWOWSidO yNl~IQuu3 H •9 '13S UlbHIS cc x UJ o a u. CC - UJ Z - ^o u i- a uj z tn o o • cc cn t- ifl r» CE ac uj - UJ > Co D^ cno> i Jm Z r* CO) C l-ii □ LU CE □ I in z X J. in o M H G II CD Z i 1-1 cr v c u i z z in in l-w h- 0 M CQ UJ U •1 in li. 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TO LU Ed) Z £ ^: : ^ : • CD i — rr ■ o LD CM D (\J LD 01 h Z LU U . > : d1 LU h Z -r-> ±- « r ■o = ; Z => ' LU :E> O j 11 'r-< S-c o G c 3 o° 00 3 00 HiONjl lti lN]3H3d 375 d 1- d r a 0 D 1 c . f— I I ] : m 01 in U □ LU H ■ h c 1/1 ro IU u z :C 2 fO !-• I— ( 4-1 o >- w > DC a 1 z in j — • z u 1/1 !« ■M 4-1 D^ - c (i ro U en en — < s: cr z i— * : <° ■7 l-H 0 •J- ■/I Jm I u E - • 0 z z 1 01 : U) J cr u 3 3 e- > a* o Z Z~ in -» m ■-I c : J i • UJ h 7 4-> so B 5J ^S fc"0 i-i 0 M Jm 00 S ■H m h lii "— *— N X u C/l u II Z * (V] 13 Z UJ s» lL ' '-?£ ' o LU - h n RfO i z u tr oi 1- ~" 1) \ UJ 1 cr 30 en 1 H in oi LU 01 ! • • -H IL i , ■I 1 1 1 1 i i i i i i i ] i i i I 1 1 1 u • z > • 0 Ul a m a 1/1 CM [\i •—i <— i H13N31 lH lN33H3d 576 (T 1- cr c X UJ u h Co X ID T ■l a -j r- ^« ** 0 cnw U. ID Z i £ M J CD (I :- 21 Zu LU lL in 7 z in x~ ^o 2 in 1 i »-» h D N 23 t- UJ U H in in IL in i z W i— * h □ Z u cr HI \ UJ e 1 cn (L h X U. in in in z z 00 to o 00 1 — i — r i — l — r : O : C5 ~0 : CD 'O ro CD • f ■o : X ± f : m » i re CM E"0 1/1 DC Hi h z h 2 UJ U Z J > UJ h G Z UJ j ca as u c 0) 3 3* •A >- > Co UJ I 1 I 'Si V) UJ : ^ - t h z UJ u 03 u as S-t u ■si D^ f* (i ~G O i Zie I O1 IL Li t i I J UJ UJ Z Q in j • - in z c CL m : CD - • E w : d1 — t z M c > n id t- z m u 3 C "* 13" a) l-G ™ i iw Z z~ - f- • h* on iii I H"° h- ca > Z : Is- z r V) »— « IL J 0 c Z : ^ LU L) z f-l t/1 cn IE LU cu ar" ... J* i-u z ^ M TQ : a1 ■■u L_ .— (I) —i C • ^"0 z 00 c (—1 h l-» =0 : m e c » •H ^1 m u. "0 r i— C/3 u in UJ (— • L) (/I :C\i U CM Ll LU z \ I l- CE CC ti z D in CE ■ ro Z LU J -0 CD en 1 h ill 00 LL I/) m in — _— — PL. TT - — 1 — I" 1 1 i i i i i 1 1 1 | I 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 0 z ■ • i t • 0 \D a ID G in r \J (\i — ~^ HiON]l 18 lN]]y]d ;?9 cr Q ^ I. 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U1 CM c l\l ID U1 H19N31 iH lN33H3d 385 ■■u 5 0» 00 3* 30 c c 1/1 O I 00 c 3 o >-. 0) « c 0) o 3) 0) 2 >* I I 4-1 O I 30 c 3 O >» o 30 to 4-J c (U a U a. 3 (N i— i cu 30 wnJLif SECTION 17 Tilefish {Lovholatilus ahartaeleontiaevs) Life History Summary Tilefish are one of the most abundant bottom-dwelling fish species occurring on the outer continental shelf. Their wide distribution extends from the continental slope of the Scotian Shelf to Surinam, South America (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). They live in a narrow temperature band (9.4- 14.4°C) with the largest catches taken in depths from 110 to 730 m (Freeman and Turner 1977). This species shows a concentration pattern between Veatch and Hudson Canyons in the Middle Atlantic Bight, and a second area of concentration off southeastern Florida. Active recreational and commercial fisheries exist for tilefish. Recently, a significant recreational fishery by party and charter boats has developed. This recreational fishery is mostly a rod and reel, spring through fall, fair-weather fishery, while the year-round commercial fishery has had a longer history. Since 1915, when a massive public campaign was initiated to introduce tilefish as an alternative food source, the market has fluctuated erratically. Long-lining has been the traditional method of capture, but trawling has recently been successfully attempted. Adult female tilefish are smaller and weigh less than males of the same age, and nature at an earlier age than do males. Females are in spawning condition from mid-March to mid-September, with the peak spawning time in late May to June. An estimated 0.5 to 1 million eggs are produced per kilogram of body weight (Freeman and Turner ly 77 ) , and it nas been hypothesized that, due to the various sizes of eggs found during the spawning season, tilefish may be 588 a multiple spawner (Freeman and Turner 19b2). There is no information available regarding distribution of larval and juvenile stages. In addition to cannibalism, tilefisn food items include crustaceans, molluscs, annelids, and a variety of fish species that are indigenous to the same depth zone. They are prey to large bottom-dwelling sharks, man, and larger tilefisn (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). An invasion of unusually cold water during 1882 caused a major kill of tilefish. An estimated 500 million tilefisn were seen floating by passing ships (Collins 1884). It is difficult to estimate tilefish population size because of their patchy distribution. Temperature variations also influence- their distribution and abundance. There has been no noticeable change in catch rate by commercial boats, although the fishing effort has recently tripled (Freeman and Turner 1977). For additional information regarding tilefish biology and the commercial fishery, see Turner et al. (1983). Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in Figures 17.1 and 17.2. Few tilefish have been caught on NMFS resource assessment surveys because the number of deepwater stations occupied were few, and the fish's close asociation with holes or "burrows" into which they can escape make them unavailable to the roller rigged trawl. The few fish that were caught have all been taken beyond the 100 m contour with no apparent seasonal difference in distribution. The mean weight and number per tow summaries (Figures 17.3-17.5) are of little statistical value since so few fish wer- caught. Length frequencies for strata sets, arrangec. by season, are shown in 389 Figures 17.6-17.11. These figures also show few consistent trends except that small fish (<19 cm) were taken only during the autumn, but since catches have been so small, it is hard to attribute any real significance to that observation. No fish were caught in spring or autumn strata sets 1-3 and autumn strata set 6. There are no plots for young-of-the-year because so few have been caught. 390 'ii. r NMFS/NEFC-WaODS HOLE LfiBQRRTQRT ECiT:;-! Tr-Hv-JL SURVEY CRTCH GRTR TILEFISH I MSHCRE/ Ji- F 5HGR I SPRING 1368-1975 > r <^JZ\ %. J" B "V tM ~ v\lY<_ \ ?) i | / f' ~^T A '•■^ i ,. ..-.■> j j ;Q jr* /o Q 0 iL1 v'"J •-'' !A / °o y cQ-1 I* / ■-D '•1 k 0 I ,'• I' .1 "\ & 0 n U hi I - hi h N b c KIL3GRfiMS 5 . iJU JJ r o / r- C^ I '■ ' ' ' -i •j • i rs /q - /-" / T \ :■': f ft i Mi. -. ..V - - - ~ I -' t -~r j^t . 41 ~-c-".. .„' .0/ :?.:- - . l1EGL n i.zzi-.. Jrilfi iii'jl ., n QGRfiMS . OC ■- ■ 5. OQOC 5 . 0 0 s X < 2 0 . 0 C . Figure 17.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 392 cr u f— cr LJ LU en x ZD 01 cn •— ' L3 Lu ^ UJ i— * _j _i CC ~^ 1— i OL cc h- en cc o LP o CD • • LT) M u LU -z. LL_ LJ UJ 0_ O CO cr LU V. 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UJ — < _j _J ' az zz 1— I Q_ cr h- 00 cr o CO m o CQ • • CO •• (_) LU -z. Lj_ LU U LU Q_ o CO — f) LL. >— IT IX LU "D a u. CD O X CD 3 CX 2 UJ z <— oi r» cc >- cn C lu — i— > - UJ > CO ZD 01 GI az o i — i— o CD LJ Li_ LU CO U_ X in UJ —I _j _ i .— cr ID cu CO LU t— ' D LJ LO LU CE Q_ LU en LO HOi / y3SWHN Nd3W Q31JllbyiS -a — t- -X 3UQHSNI 1HS18 I N •1 "135 813U1S SNI 3V«3dBS3H:-T30 2 •13S aiauis 3U0HSNI bNPDUBj' N '13S BlbUlS SUCHSa^D iH0I8 t N "S :ias BlbHl£ a^O l>lb3JOS3H:-"l30 •s =135 aiHUi9 3UOWSJJ0 dNIIOUbO N •9 >13fi diuyis cr CX s o io . z 3 — Q •— m r cr uj a a. u. ac • LU Z m a Z CO 3 d Z LU CO z er a LU z z cr a ai LU LU z a a X UJ u_ •— U 01 3 n- a LU Z m o LJ r*> cz >- en z UJ — i— > en c a z z uj oi cr - Z O UJ U1 a CZ S3 33 3 00 CX, 596 CE 1- CE D 111 I I U in u ■T" J. d 01 U u. LL h Q u h > r i U- 9 in g J^ _ — 0 in01 li. CD z ~* 1 UJ hH Jo J >- DC Zo M (L I o H Z oO Crt •-U 2 ■ 7M <-* nc ID > • Hi - J ■— ' h D OQ 1— LU U - 03 IL in m bj UJ I z z ~ h D \ U CE If) 01 UJ (T d li. 1 H UJ I w oi in z i J lu z u >-» t-l a K ^* z at LU c8 i u a z o 0 1— 1 4-1 <0 J •H u i (E e n > 3 a* to LU y 4-1 1- 4-1 i z ao c 0 :f 3 G ao a UJ r- i\i j 3 CO o (A] LP LO H1QN31 la lN]jH3d ;97 d I- cr G 'J (- a u trJ > 01 in o> ID H a to 2 of h h □ ID U li. UJ z in IL I z o (M LT in H13N31 lb lN3DH3d 398 i i- ■x UJ G I X u tn H u. !- D \ u i in (fl hJ cc cr IL L 1- iLl I 10 cfl \n z c-3 O 4-1 ia CD ■H 'J C a» a* u 00 c 00 - a. C/5 CTV : 1M J 5 0) 3 00 H19N31 id mmd 599 CE 1- d D LU r I u □ H — n en u Ll u. n y Hi H > r i Ea in a Dp* c^ ^^ z m01 1L H z i Hi — / Jrl .J )~ ~ IQ t— * D d CD r- Z rp c" 1- 7 r ■ 73 •— t °5 in ■ ■ (M l-tl (- a D LU U - 01 lL 10 « lij Hi d Z z •— H D \ u a L0 Ifl LU (E a L (L K LU I m ai m z ID ra "en j V) 3 3 u 7 o '-U •yi £C <4-l Hi 1- —1 Z =0 0} 3 < LU 3 Si I l I o CM in in HiGN]l lti iN]]H3d 400 cr \- d a 01 LL i LL u c k cr UJ u >- LU LU 1 T > z 01 iLn in UJ Jr- — T z (no ii LI 7 *-J 1 i±j 1 J Jr* j J H 20 1-4 LU D cr a i- a I Ert »~Z I * 7^ r-H K cr in • • -• Ul fM h- a ID u lL LU 2 \ in lL z 2 LU 01 in LU U HI (L (0 01 2 D in i y in CO {£ LU f- LU z (- z LU U J cr > c LU z to O 4-( 1/1 ^^W u \ :# J/ D 0 5-i^aSaxl»w- .-•A.' ,3 Qo /jjayr ;n! !-! 5-T asp \ v. H •*"■•.•- " a 80 fa to1 t, > Jo^j;' ll 1 *M y tj h l , . '■ ■ ■' ■ > 44 V i c. 0 0 0 a »-*§$ A. Isr x din - ■■>• % \ i! — "■'--—. X 7---..--' i. : )«3 1 (0 •o 5 fMBOL r, il IbnHnb 3 . U U i •'■ 1 n n n < ■/ Figure 18.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 405 NMFS/NEFC-WdQDS HQLt BOTTOM "-:-.. 3UR > EY AMERICAN LGE [M3H -- E / - - - RUTUMN 1367' ibur r_ uni f C Hi D fl T R 41. 5 t C f c \ 0 ■ (Sfl V >«■* 0 „ 8 V ,: ' ° Q 3? o B C ,3 In °0 0 0 o .9 - L > '•S <7 ° V c,] 35Lv ■1 5 £t ! v> *-v -' 0 3 ° la 0 3 '-'"j On a ft™-' X MeF 8/ r jo/;* 3J s -.- u '.'>. .- - & ^ -'••■ ' 2 A! - "5i!^r-)\As 3 0 *.-= 1 oSj : 'MEOL : ' Z£ 1 ■^ :_ '— i H nrtri'jt ■ ILGGRfiMS .00 ^X < 3 ..... - I ! o C -- • •■■ 20.000 0 !.nn i. • 55.D- Figure 18.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 406 cr u CE LJ cr LU 1— 01 >- CD UJ > _j az 2: ZD cr 01 u 1 — i _! cr UJ az I£ 2: CL CE CX CO CE ^— • 2: O no , o CD u LL. LU Ul Lu LU LJ LU a_ CD o CO cr UJ 10 (OX) M01 / 1H9I3M Nd3W Q3IJliyBiS -a 3UCHSN[ LH3IB 1 N "I "13S CibbiS SNI 3XB3dBS3Hj-13u 2 *13S U1HU1S iuohsni BNnoatj: m -e 'las Biayas 3UQHSai3 1H0I8 1 M 'Jl U3S diuyis idO 3XB3JBS3H:--I3Q -5 =135 blUUi? 3bonsjd0 BNinouaa h '9 uss tu.«yis UJ - en CC uJ — fc— > cc — >- en co - LLi > Ul cr cr o cr UJ h- co CD O cr u UJ o o CD • • co (_> LU Ll. LU LU Q_ \ CO LH U_ o CO X \ XI — p» a I en / I 1 O) . z r ^ 2 — a a □ CC lu j . Ul h n u. ►- 4 *(> I m~r^ u \ Cl e it in 3 "■ " lu o •— a a. u. lu z .^ «n a h^ i— • u • r | o^ z z ex a> y\ V <_s a •— to •** — ai (X >- ci lu c; ie lu — V- rn 2 LU >— > Hr** i/i in c a ai Z zj z , a: c a w in a uiZC ™ UJ x s a -i f* ht~- V- r s a O Q Ul 1/1 1 Ol "■" LU LU — C — ' -— LL. U O Z — p* — _ X LU o ^- a. - Z C UJ \ = to CD CT 3 1 1 =0 I 5 — to - " 1 ' ' ' i ' ' ' ,,,,..,... ,1 ' ' ' 1 ' ■ ' 1 ■ ■ o2 o LO a ld a lp o o o T CI m cm oj — ■^ (0))) M01 / 1H0I2M Nb2W a31dllbHlS 3HGHSNI IH019 I M sni 3xe3dBS3H:-i3a 3U0WSN1 BNnObBS N •1 :13S aiHHis — _ Z U3S HlBHiS 'S =115 BiBblS 3U0HS^0 1H013 1 N J.J0 3*b3- CD LU > C£ 2T ID CE cn u O z _j cc LU cc ^ z: CL (X cr co cr t— • z: a m . o CD u LU \ O") CO UJ 2: — o U CO LU CE Q_ LU CO CO LU - Ul CD Lrt 00 X o a cc LU u. 1- u m 3 •- a LU z m a o • a w 1— to r» cc >- en cc lu — N- > m ac a 3 z lu cn cr — Z O LU cc aa oa 3 M 0- -a X- 0- -K -0 MQl / HHSWflN N03W aaidliOUlS 3H0HSNI 1H0I8 1 N SN1 3VB3dttS3H3-T3Q 3uohsni BNnoum m ^dQMSdJC 1HQ18 1 N JJQ lMH3oH5aH3-i3a 3UDHSJ30 HNH0UH3 N •I :13S BlbUiS •2 '13S Bisais "E - CD UJ > O _J cn 2 3 CE 00 U _i LU —I ^ 2: cr CE CE u_ a: f— • 2: a m • o CQ CJ Ll_ LU ~Z. \ CO L0 LU L_> lu cr a_ lu m to B- V- -I- X- MQi / U3QU0H Nb3W Q3IJI10U1S 01 01 01 vq LU cr (0 0 ui Ol a z r "- 3 — a a . O cc UJ LP ^ cn lb >— r^ <_i CJt C CC cn -j — LU a ►— cr , Q. u. UJ r ■3 cn 0 r» C • u ■ C7) LU 3 cr cn CD r: ►— cn r^ X Lfi a ^ 01 1 3 cr c LU — Z IT) - r a JJ Q » — * to J3 CX CD aa cn o -a -v — t- -x 3bOHSNl LHSIfl 1 H SNi 3Xd3dOS3H0-n30 3LJ0WSN1 bNI'OUHj N suows^o :na:a 1 n JJO 3V«3^bS3H3-T3Q •I "13S 318U15 •2 '13S aisais * e •135 81SU1S •11 :ias JJ.UU1S •$ = 135 U1UU1S ■9 uag dlbUlS CO s* 3 =0 410 (I cr D z U H cr u >- UJ > in m Jrn Z r> (J 01 p I- in D CI U IL u Z \ V) lL z z 111 I w c3 1— 1 4J ■ 1- C3 ■ z 4-> - UJ - u o . 4-1 - z „ w-t ■H • u -o J CE > e 3 0) CC <+* UJ 4-1 h- oo - 2 c 1) - - O Z UJ J o 00 -i — i — i — i — i — i — I — r -i — I — r i i I" rj-> 3 ■H CI. in D in o in H1DNT1 id lN33y]d 411 \- or. in c z r UJ u r- aJ h- en * u CD CE u a lu j a. >- cr LU > z in cr lu (j i G in m - u Z — I 1 — -i in LU J d Z r- Z Ld Cl (T 01 a: a to cc " >~ 0 2 • z- f-4 °£ Q • I i- in i— ro cm r-t a 9Q •• U h- 1L LU LU .. (/) Z (J) *• \ lu cr z tfl >- ^- o LL u cr 10 z LU C cr z Q. H LU 'Si ifl LO •o ID "O OJ CO IE LU p- -t z LU u J CE > lT LU G Z LU J - 2 O <4-( jL. Ml c 3 0) <+4 =0 CO 00 oo I — r i — i — i — i — i — i — I — i r in o in in H1DNH1 lb INHDH^d 412 I I- s a r u h- LT U >- id > C 0) ui si Jffl Z r> d m M ►" in D E U lL LI Z \ 01 u. z z DC HI Z CE U en ID DC □ I (- (/) CD Z CQ "-1 D J a z □ 13 tr z gc a LU U z CE Z CC Q. in o • • n m -t LU Z D U CE LU AC 1 K UJ a) in to 00 CM -i — i — r "i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — r en cr UJ rO ■ i- o LU 9) on z LU t/1 U o Z (fl — ' 3_ > oc <*4 LU 1- Z C 1— * 20 -r — • ^ •-4 0 h- "-• O ~7 00 LU CT> _l OO ? 3 in D f\J LO lfl H13N31 IB INOTd 413 D U (— a u >- > in ® i jc I 10 Ho •" in H □ U IL Id Z \ in u. s z Ui HI cr a z I- oi en il CD LL a c 7 I 0 a UJ 10 iw cr UJ 50 z - o Z 3 uj -"! J so 3 •H LT) (M a 0) D 01 H10N31 lb 1NUH3J 414 cr h- cn cr n. Q LL en D r UJ u H lii h- cn * cl CD a u 0 w j o_ >- rr til > DC n 3 r- z en cr u I 0 in h- O u. u d U) *• UJ cc LT z. Q. H UJ co cn co -i — i — r -t — i — i — i — I — i — i — i — i — I — i — i — i — i — r~ i i i f in IM a r\J in in H13N31 id IN3DH3d 415 CE LU 'r— 1 H a a i cc CO r 111 LL u h- It K cn a CE CD u 0 >- J cr HI > z z C (j) (I J D r- (J KJ G in 01 — 1 c z — E cr -- -Jff) LU u £ 2 0 z Q. I dl CE z 10 C^ ^O z # z - o 1 t *- m m (0 ^-, i- a D U »— u. LU LU •• (fl Z U) ■■ V LU cr z m ^^ H □ IL U cr I/) L LU e CE z Q_ K LU in in in to " AJ J* a CO LU vO 1- LU DC LU G Z LU J •A V •H c - H > z I 13 ^ CL u Z \f) ® <— < m Z «-* c D -1 f\j Ld >- h- Z r*- Z D I m I z I CC " ^2 Z • X 3 <— » £S 0 . ■ >- X m *-* ni H D DQ >• U i- li. LU IjJ n (fl z 0) M \ LU cc z in »— < 1- □ lL u cr in r bJ DC cc z 1 H UJ ■o CD & c- ■o en tn (/) ^ i — r t — I — r t — i — r t — i — i — r en (U UJ in z a 1 1 »- C3 (- *« z ■i-i LU ^ u o •o Z o ■H — u c aj 1 3 cc > 4-i cc p, HI h- c — . V ^. pH — 3 -r 4-> h- < O T *m hO Id f^ J oo - ' 4) — 3 =0 ID a id ID H10N31 Id lN33U3d 417 [* u I- cr u lU > in ^ — * i Z r* I en c " -2 □ ID U IL z in IL z z cc V) m z lu cr Lii Q. UJ z a U I ^ u CC I LI -1 Z Ui CE z a cr en in Q • • CO (M (M LU 01 CI U 111 CO CD □ UI cr LU in 3 m m a i — r -i — i — r t — i — r (0 c LU (N H* 4-> 0 LU t/1 Z d 1— " *-> t- S- *j 4b ■ji UJ M o o •yi z 0} ■H — O g 0J 1 3 T u 0} h > cr LU so -7 9 " - 3 -Q I- < - a z « LU - _J oo 3 so ID a cm in m HlONTl lb IHimd 413 LT UJ C C c a r UJ i u H 10 i- 00 z d m t-- u in LU — CE z > Z r^ DC (j) 3 r* CI J u a z in c fr-* c z -* c a D -»« lit u 1- Z r- z D I 0) (E z d c " f"2 r ■ 12 •^ °S 0 1 t 4— n m PJ a DQ „ U >- u_ LU UJ ■■ 01 Z tn rf \ uj CE z in t— • H D IL u d tf) z UJ I a: z Q. h- UJ cfl cn in TO - — < 1 — i — i — I — i — i — I — r i — I — r U) aj 3 <3" •J > (4-1 IT J= UJ ao 2 5 -a f- 3 < O Z . LU Lf) J 00 -H 0) Si 3 00 u. O in a LO ID H1QN31 IB !N]3y3d 419 cr u CE U >- UJ > ui m i J r- Z 0 a en DC "" Z^ f" I I- D CD U li. lu z in lL z z LU E a -r en LL LL a c LU f- 0) 21 a j u -• ►-i CD LlJ >■ Z £ Z G Z z 3 i — D rr 0) LU i— < U LU Q. a • • m j (M i- LU CO a z in CE LU co en to LZ in rvi T n — n — i — i — i — i — r LO ro I: ■ nS U c . LU T t— (J 3) LU c/l z rt «J C3 I— ^H 4-> T* ■/I ^~ UJ '- U O (4-1 1/1 ^ (1) — - u c — c UJ 1- S Z LU J ao z - i 5 4-1 3 < ^O u 3 =0 H1GN11 In lN3D«3d 420 cr h- cr a r u i- cr u >- UJ > J r- in m i Z to i z^ □ CD U U- UJ Z \ in IL z z cr 111 h- (0 CD 0 J z u cc UJ z cr en LU j — f U LU a. 3 S 4-1 SO c s 5 4-1 3 < SO •r-l in o in in H19N31 lb iN3DU3d 421 d LLi h- (I n CI u D r UJ Ll u H IL h en a LT CD U j cr y z lu Z w > d J u □ z ID m - £ V ~* CE C D J h ill U h- Z 13 z D crm cr z cr c " •-2 r ■ r^ d5 o • • •-c en co (M (- c ED M I— U U. LLI LU n if) 2 CO ■t \ hi CE z in ~ f- D IL U 1 to z LU E d z Cl h LU cn en LO if) c UJ • H- "O LU hen z d H Z LU u n. z cr LU I ■ J- tfl Hi cd - u o ■/) I I 1 1 I I -i — r i i i i I i o 3 3" U BO — Z S ■r - fi -1 1— < 13 Z CO UJ -— < J CO - 1 9 U 3 M in a IT! in HlONjl IH iN33y3d 422 SECTION 19 Red Crab {Gevyon quinquedsns) Life History Summary In the western Atlantic Ocean, the red crab occurs from Nova Scotia to Argentina. In the Middle Atlantic Bight, they are found in depths ranging from 110 to 1,460 m, with the greatest concentrations in the 320 to 550 m depth range (Serchuk and Wigley 1982). There is evidence that red crabs are somewhat segregated by sex and depth: females are more numerous in depths ranging from 320 to 500 m, while males predominate in depths exceeding 500 m (Wigley et al . 1975). However, both sexes are found at all depths common to the species. There is no evidence of seasonal migration. The red crab fishery is entirely a domestic commercial undertaking. Commercial fishing for red crab off New England began during 1973, in response to declining offshore American lobster stocks. The Mid-Atlantic fishery began in 1977 and 1978, in response to declining surf clam stocks. Most fishing off New England takes place near the offshore canyons (Block, Atlantis and Veatch). In the Mid-Atlantic, effort has been concentrated in the Norfolk Canyon area. This is a trap fishery, and currently only two vessels are actively fishing for red crab as a directed effort; one in New England, and the other off Virginia. Female red crabs become sexually mature at about 80-91 mm carapace width. The size at which males become sexually mature is unknown, but it may be as small as 51 mm (Haefner 1977). Female egg-bearing red crabs are taken throughout the year, however, the percentage of females carrying eggs increases during the summer and peaks in late autumn. Apparently, most hatching occurs between January and June (Haefner 1978). The preponderance of 423 small crabs at yreater depths (> 64U m) , suggests that larvae settle to the bottom in the deeper area to assume a benthic life style, and tney appear to migrate upslope as they mature. Little is known about the feeding habits of red crao; however, haDitat and morphology suggest that it is both a scavenger and a predator on smaller benthic organisms. Under laboratory conditions, they have eaten molluscs, coelenterates and fishes. Bottom Trawl Survey Results The cumulative spring and autumn distributions over the time series are shown in Figures 19.1 and 19.2. Due to the type of gear used (roller sweep), and limited deepwater sampling, catches of red crab were small for both seasons. Graphs of mean weight and number per tow are shown in Figures 19.3-19.6. Length frequencies for strata sets, arranged by season, are shown in Figures 19.7-19.11. These plots are of minimal value because of light catches. There are no plots for inshore spring and autumn strata sets, and offshore autumn strata set 6. Youny-of-the-year red crao have not been caught during bottom trawl surveys. Haefner (1978) conducted an extensive study of red crab distribution and aDundance in the Norfolk Canyon area, but differences in survey design did not allow incorporation of his data into this report. 424 NMFS/NEFC-WGQDS HOLE LfiBQF BOTTOM TRPWL SURVE7 CATCH RED CRPB INSHORE/OFFSHORE SPRING 1338-13 '9 ifiTDRT CR7A ro.s S v-, \ x /I / -\ Sir ? ft >\ \ ^ \ ] i / / •J L>. *7 V3 >I 8 0 0 / .1 '*) t i t A \\ i r/ TEsr> I] -4. :." ;-_v .- ■. rj\ i ( ,'D *f f\C c ft; \\ •'-■» '— -' [ '<"•• '■- 7 \ 5 "-vj V *,$ IS^M a •" !. L- ^ /■" ,v/ / ; I i y ■4) [ X .-• .3 I M d L _ ::: 0 c n .. . L jL ^ 7'7.Q / /a LEGE' 0 ;? DATA RRNGE KILOGRAMS }— 1AN C . - - : : : : : . -j Figure 19.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979 426 cr Q X u h- cr LJ >- UJ > ZD in CD cr cc u o 2: en a LU cc or CD cr f— m O ^ IT) • O CD m .. LJ LU -z. 1 1 — 1 0 LU LJ LU Q_ en cr LU \ m Ul CO Ll_ r a vi 2 — a *-> en n e LU O C U. X z j a — tn UJ CT 3 UJ tn z ex a LU z Z (X a m LU LU o a or lu u_ 1— U 1- a LU z in o u a h- in cr >- c u - »- > mc a z z lu m cr e a _j t> = 3 - z ai ca cr z X LU CT LU ►- z O LU ca ca CO 3 =0 (OM! MOi / 1M9I3M Nd3W QHldlibUlS 3- -t— X- -a 3HGHSNI IH0I8 k N •! 'I3S BlbbiS SN1 iM«3dBS3H3-l3Q •z 'J3S 3i«HiS jUQhsni bniioub: n ■I '136 210B1S lUOHSaaD LH9I9 1 N •tl :i3S HlbkUS JJO 3X«3dbS3Ha-"l3Q 'a U3S BlHUiS lUQUSiJO aNnouti: N •9 <13S -IdtilS 427 (X Q U cr LJ UJ > CC CD 3 CL CO LJ _J Q _z LLJ cr CE CC Lu CC ^~ • o -z: m • o CQ LJ U_ LO CD LJ LU Q_ LO O U~> CE LLi CO cr Ld ec o yi . z 3 — O CC CC LU 3 0. u. o c — Lfl LU CZ 3 UJ 2 cr a lu 3 z cr a ld LU LU o a CC LU u_ *- u in 3 i- a UJ 3 a t_j cr a> >— m i^- c >- en CC U4 -* I— »■ cc □ 3 3 LU ST) 3 3 O U^ r 3 co in 3 en u. 3 — LL. U O t- a. 3 CO 3 LD CD en o lu >- 3 a i— >— 3 a lu 3 3 3 -J —i ll, L9- V- 4- X- (OX) MOi / 1H9I3M Nb3W cmdllbUlS -a 3H0HSN[ 1H013 I H SNI 3MB3dtiS3H:-110 3yCH5N! 3NnQUH3 H 3yOHSJ=iO HNI"2y«3 N •1 :13S SiBdlS •? 'I3S BIBbiS •£ ■135 Bisyis ■ft U3S uibyis '5 = 135 H1UU1S •9 •135 uiyyis 428 (X a X u i— ex u >- UJ > X> ca cr a: u ID cr a LU a: 1— J GC en az h- • 0 2: m ■ o CD CJ LU CO Li- en LU I— * LJ LU a. en o en cr LU en a LU c a x to 3 a >— en a, ►- lu a 1 U. £ > LU Z m 0 s to 3 cr z iu to 5 a LU Z x cr a en a. u — LU cr tn cr ai en z a a x uu u. u en 3 »— a LU z tn a o • cr 01 1— in ro cr >- en E UJ — I— > — h— z a uj a cd a <7i 0) 3 00 moi / y38wnN no3w asidiibyis B- -S3 -+ -K -0 3UQHSNI IH018 A N •i *I3S Hiatus SNI 3MH3dBS3H3-T30 •e :13S aiaais 3U0MSN1 HNITOUUj N j U36 BlbyiS lychs^ia J.H019 1 n ^ U3S HldWlS riJO 3Mb3dH&3H3-"i3Q ■5 •■i3S HLHUiS "yousiric uNPoubO n •9 '135 dibyis 429 cr o u a CD U LU CO Ll en cr u >- LU > az CD ZD CE LD CC U _J a _i _j I£ LU CE CX CC Lu cc \— ■ a 2: m • ■ — 1 O U to LU CE Q_ LU cn CO o LD CI i - CO en a •r- CD -CD en I 1 1 1— 1 — *HtO • • o o a X en • z 3 — a t— (T) - in r- cc >- en ec lu — 1— > to cc a 3 Z u in s cc O _J !*■ Z Z CO in a en u_ ec — Lb <_> O Z. — _l I u •— Q. CI Q LU cc ai h- z CC C3 1— •— ►- >- Z O LU 00 CO CC CO CO en 4} 3 =0 MOi / y38WnN NH3W cmdiibuis B- -S3 3UQHSNI IH2I8 i N sni 3y«3dBS3H:-iia 3UQMCN1 BNI~I0WB3 N 3yOHSd30 1H0.IB 1 M dJD 3XH3JbS3Wa-13t3 SUQHSidO BN110UU3 N "1 ■135 BiBHIS •I '13S BiBHIS 1 '135 31BU1S •ft U3S UJ.UU1S •s :J3S umyis •9 ■135 31BU1S 430 cr h- cr □ r u y- d u >- uj > D ^ CD & Jo Z IC cr n i-o z I- □ m u u. lu Z \ in u. z z UJ CE a X 0 [L li. a H CD r T 0 CE - J U aa z a >- cc LJ Q. C Z 115 O *^ t ■ m a1 - m •• in en uj a u UJ DC Z D CE UJ CO (!) if) en ir • i- "O uj ca a. en si' u 3 M If) (M a in in ran id ira3d 431 d I- cr □ r u >- UJ > £ m 3 > in tn i ^o Z Q d ® cc " »-o 2 I- G CD U IL HI Z \ LH IL z z 01 LL LU v I Q. d CD if) E U U I 'J a j i Id UJ CL cam o en in -< 01 en in a: a: u LU a. h z □ 10 LT LU LO 00 00 00 o 6 •3 m cn cr Lll LU r z LU U -o CM n — r - — r 1 — i — r t — i — r -i — i — r J cr > cr LU I— •O > - o z LU LO cd w tn o 3 M 4-1 -a c CO 00 CD 3 M ■H in a in LP HIDN31 lb lN3DH3d 432 cr «- cr D U h- I u >- UJ > C en in 01 I Jo I 01 C ** *~a z z - S* •- in D in u IL UJ z in z z CD cr 2 as M LU 4-> U O z M- „, '/) • D n U CM -J cr 3 3 > 3" tc C4-| LU (— 4J z 20 1— < 0) ■ X 30 c o •- z UJ _i cn 3 CO a in in H1DN31 1H lN3Dy]d 433 cr i- D r u i- n u >- > \f) *> i J r» Z a I« C " »-z r E5 r~ I h a m u h. LU Z \ m u_ I Z Ui c X en U. IL a m d U IE «- z U m z z Q >- LiJ (£ Z o CQ 3" IM HI u UJ L 1- 111 in en ui in c in in HION]"! Id INOTa 434 cr h- 01 cr LL □ LL a r u UJ f- X i n u UJ n >- (T > CD en CC m cr LU D r- d I Z in fO z (U »-• 03 h- CO z LU t/i u O 4h z •yi — a) • •i-t o CM -J cr c 0) 3 cr > / r-i / n 0 T f3 *T I V-v. .-">" I 1 5 , mff> "3t --Vs / ,: V, -, '1 f i I ID DO*! / i i 07 %.1 1 *\0 >-ii vf - "QmJ rafalff ° it ..r •.-, ..' > ., >>■ j \ ;,': \ ..*' .^'yZ> J; *p- jtT| a o., :o -•Of ' / ^ '-'V (> a, o ,§b 5, \ U ,. ^' r* * □ p j q r fl n G t KILOGRfiMS ._. 0C .a Figure 20.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979, 1 T (X u CE LJ >- UJ Cl > 00 o _1 _l ZD CX CD u LD OT 2 _l CE err ~g~ UJ Q_ (X en en cc h- o o CD • • en • • CJ LU -z. UJ LJ UJ o en cr Gl- en en CO cr z o in •> z z 3 — O O Z t— tn u_ cc cc in lu a >— a, u_ uj en izs o o •- •— en cc lu ex cc 3 UJ I— on vi z cc a lu UJ z z z - Z co en a a UJ t— U z CO z a o • to r* >- en uj — > cc a z 3 3a •s :I3S tuauis IbCwSj^o dNi-aya: n •9 U3S HHt,r> 441 cr u en LJ >- LiJ > az O _I ZD (X en u en _j CX _l _J 3: jJ (X cr if) tu en h- • 21 O — M • O CD • • on • * CJ LU 2 Ll LU 1 — * LJ LU O CO cr ~Z. Q_ LU \ LO LO CO Ll (CM1 KOI / 1HGI3M Nb3W Q3I dlibblS -a 3bQHSNI iHOia » N SNl 3XH3ddS3H:-13Q 3WCWSN! 3NI10UH3 N SbOMSdiO 1H0I8 1 N JJD 3>W3«ibS3W:-130 3UOH9JiO dNI-0Ub3 M M '13S aiuais •j •13S BlBttlS ' t U3S BIBUIS 'll :i3S UiUUlS 'S :i3» biuyis •9 '13S aibuis LU - an as r a a C LU u. ►— u an z 1- a LU z LJ • cr O) t— CD P* cz ■>- mi Q 3 z LU (D CX c O _J r*- no in cr on u_ CC — ti- I— o z Z LU on a lu •- x a t- 1- z a uj - LU a. > o _i cc _j CD cr CD LJ O CO ■z, _1 cr cc ~^~ LU c_ cr CO CO cr i — • 21 a • /T—N ZT «— ' o CD • • CO • • LJ LU Z 1 i i— > o UJ CJ LU CO cr LU \ CO CO en o ■st a o a o a r\j — o en a a co r* o a us in o a 00 O O UJ - en UJ — cc a =3 Z tn — »— H» >- Z Q UJ tn CD cc ca 03 o 3 30 MOi / U36WPN NU3W CGldllUUlS -a 3UQHSNI iHOIfl i N •I '135 SlBUiS SN1 3XU3dbS3H3-13Q •J '13S aisuiS 3UCHSNI SNIIOUB: N •E '13S SiHtflS 3UUHCJJ0 1H0IB i N •fc = i3S sisujs HO 3«03ddS3H3-i3Q •e •J3S blUHiS jUCHSjaQ 3N1-.5HH; N •9 U3S aiBbis 443 cr O a: C_J >— ILJ Q_ > _i LX _i _D a: cn LJ CO _i _j CE _i 3: UJ cr CE CO Li_ CC 1 — • 21 0 • fT~> 3* ru o CD C_> Ll_ UJ en en 1— • O u ID UJ cr Q_ UJ Ul LO CE cn • z x 3 — o a o or uj CC x lu a a. u. ca a 2: OH 3 a Z LU z a a lu z X CC a cn tn u -J a - cn X UJ — 1— > into a z lu in cc x a _i p- r x co m cc cn LU X — u. u a z — uJ x uJ •— a. — >- Z O UJ tn co cc ca co vO 3 cu Eh 3 hoi / u38wriN Nb3w 021 j] iouis -a iuowsni luoia i n •I U3S dldWJS SNI 3X«3dBS3H3-13Q l '13S slums 3W0HSN1 aNI"!0bU3 N E •U3S bibU19 JUQWSaJD LHSIfl i M '* = 135 ■dlbBj. JJO 3y«3dt3S3H:-lia •c •I3S BlbbiS uflh^jjC BNI"IOdl»3 N •9 '13S BiUHlS 444 cr D r u E U >- > C a) in 01 i Jo 2o I ui °E f~ in □ 03 U lu LU z in IL z 2 LU IL LL q. a a j t- j c u - en 03 a Z E >- E LU (L en z in en E LU • o 7) en z 1-4 t3 ►- z •/> LU p-t u O <** 71 ~T o £m •H 1— * U i c o (M E - Hi h- 3 z i— * >— t s • I u a 1— UJ _ a z ["«• Hi —■ _l fN M H10N21 lb iN^d 445 cr h IS) cr ll a LL a r u UJ i- Y. i a u OL UJ 0 a. >- I cr ill > J en C 01 .u Lu I 13 in <" en u z -■ i l-H i cr j c 2 o m UJ Q. I 01 0) a 10 c- i-a z • zr «— 1 2J O • 1 H- n 3 in •^ u IL •• UJ (A Z en ■• \ UJ a Z in i— ■ \- D 1L u cr \T) z UJ cr EC z 1 K UJ en (/i in •a ■o en en cr LU UJ ■o CM to I t — r -i — r— r i I I UJ J Lrt ID X G0 fJ r— i efl (-1 r- +-> Z ■.o LU a U <4-l '/) ^ O *■• •^ — - o e <4-l (T .££ t-1 UJ co h- e Z FH I— t 30 CO 00 o 3 DO in (M a in (\j in H10N31 id INOTd 446 n a r u i- a u v- ILI > in <*> Jo 20 d 01 D 03 U L UJ z in ll z z Q. D J J cr u co cr Id CO en m I— I u UJ Q. cr a x en Ll Ul a cr z ^ j c cr cr m u cr Q. Z CO LU cr cr i- G Z o ■ • Zf CO - Z o in cr UJ co en co L> [• -i — i — i — r -i — i — i — r 1 — i — i — r -i — i — r i — i — i — r •a CO ro CM -o en cr m Ul o H» 4-1 bJ in r as i— i 4-1 05 h- U z 4-1 in LU M 4- 60 (- Q. '73 CD 7 . wl LU • _J a CM - tu > £ (Jl (/) 01 i J ft] Ir- cr " c ~ r z ^ O^ i-c h o ED U UJ z in lL z z UJ DC Q I CO Z I Q_ O J J cr g U "-1 en ca cc >- UJ en z z z D l- D (I O • • 3* ~ (M Lti » cn en UJ CE Z M H □ u a in uj oc cr 1 (- UJ co cn co ■o I" 3* o Oft eg 00 31 (S) c —4 UJ 4-1 ■ H HI o LU n (T) V 4-> *— r3 -j 4-> (— C/l z ' UJ o '■4-1 u '/I 4) ■_ z U N-4 c m D 3 3" OJ J CC (4-1 > ^ c 4J 30 LU h- 0) Z _ t-4 s 4J -*. 3 • Jm < O n z O UJ ^ J IN 0J 3 =0 i i i r i — l — P i i O in D OJ in in H10NJ1 id lNDU3d 448 cr f- c u 1 U >- 111 > in « 2(0 cr n c- i-z r □ CD U Ll Id Z \ tfl z c Q I cn LL IL o. a o j t- J X d o u - en en en in u 111 Q. (T L. cn o • LJ 01 a z z 3 z cr 1M Z □ in cr Hi a) ai in ro -a ■ OJ -TO -i t — i — r t — r CO C UJ h- LU z z Ui u _1 cr > tr m i- z a 7> ■a 3 3" op 3 3 < 3 3> in a in LP HiONil lb iN=3H3d 449 d H E a i u h I U >- UJ > in - LU > in m I Z o cr «w cr -C UJ c 1- 55 m) during both seasons although, in the autumn, they were found up to the 28 m contour. As discussed in "Methods", the spring surveys occur prior to any major inshore movement of Illex. The variability in these indices may reflect differences in distribution rather than abundance. 454 NMFS/NEFC-WOODS HOLE LflBOPflTQRT BOTTOM TR^L SURVEY G-RTCH DRTR SHljRTFllN BGUID ENSHCRE^GFFSHORE 41.5 •7.0 1 ../ A* - _-->c- v^ -/ ./ 1 ^ /> * * .SDCfi^, *3 vr 1 { ^ r4' ..:r- ...-■" k '- c> S 'A sL V"' i ••"■"- "S ■^77 ,- .;' a F o j$> /'iGl a ? / i VL i ~. — S. v.. J fii >^4 1 \^fZ^^k J 1 f I . -Til ] I I j|*f ,DS- i,1 "^-K^w y 3 "MEAL 31 Eh ■"I 0 r ii < < •-• r" T i Figure 21.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 455 NMFS/NEFC-W00D3 HOLE LfiBGRRTQF ' 5 0 T T G M T =i h A L _ S U R V El CATCH Q fi T R 3HCJRTFIN 3 C U E D [NSHQRE/ 2-~i-:zl quT ■ i s.i n - i L. ( \ *u\ 4 y -y „r- _ ,. .■"'■• >'"r a ,-.,- 0 a5 " 0 oO .06* o ,3b - 3 p .V0^.; BcoPo •• ;J - -j I. ■ ,r aj V oA °„ a o o On BHSC^ ,Vf,y I VNJVt n 0 I -■ oTSgfw co : ;-:'iT ' / V0 A - ft is? 0 m Jd|F 0 gS 0/ , I " 8 TV_ 0 0 -■ . , - -' ' 1 GC ^X< 2 . 330C -:-.;; '^-.._- T Figure 21.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 456 cr Q ■ 2 OJ •-• x t . X LJ * 0 (— cr LJ a cn X >— ID < hS a UJ a O) » C/l 2 X > CO 3 M 0 a • □ X UJ . If hw prj LL. t— 1 cn 2: j S-i*. LJ ZD CTI CC X - C" UJ — » ~z. , Q_ cn 3 UJ » cr LT) LO a» Z cn cn X XI X z cc "" x X a LU - 1 — OJ t f-t»" >- cn a LU LU r X CO X 01 c — 2: a ■ j LU C_l LL. S 1— » z 0 LD •— ^ i S-r- M LU X LU 1 O) >— a. en a uj CC cn ►- X 1 — 1 . X >- z O LU 1 — V hS (/) X X co m 0 • \ <3) CD • t CO • * cn 1-0 LJ LU 2 _' u_ H— t O CO CN UJ u CO i eca 1) LU cr cn L< 3 ~z, Q_ LU « 00 ■H \ LD CO r» u. 01 ' ■ 1 ■ ' 0^ a a a 0 O • U_ • 0 21 in a in a LO p a oj — • — (DM) M01 / IHOIjM Nd3W Q31JllbUiS +- X- -a jUOHSNt iHOIS i N SNI 3MB3dHS3H3-130 3UQHSNI UNnOUW M jbOHSdiO IHOIfl 1 N idO 3*e3dHS3Hj-130. •T '135 bibuis ■I ■135 S1SHJS ■I 'J 35 BiBUiS ^ '13S BlBbiS •s '135 BlBfcUS •9 ■135 SidUlS 457 cr cr a (X LJ > CO or 2 Z) r— i m Li- f- _i er o _J ^ X CE cr CO u_ cc r— • O LO a o CD LJ Lj_ LU \ CO LU t— 1 O u 00 LU CE Q_ LU CD CO [OMI M01 / IHSIjM Nt)3W Q31dllbyiS -a 1U0HSNI 1H3I8 i N M '135 BlBdlS 5N1 3XB3dOS3H3--'30 'S 'i3S BiBHiS 3H0HSN1 flNHUBBJ N •£ '135 BiBbiS 3U0HSdJ0 1HDI8 1 N ■» '135 BiBHiS idO 3XB3dBS3Hj-13Q 'S H3S BIBUiS laOHSjdO aNno«B3 N -9 'i3s aiBbi9 to . z x 3 — e a - 3 m X 3 3 a 3 o u • 0-1 r» >- Ol > X X 3 3 u~> X 3 CC X Ol X — r uj a uj □ uj CD X (J Eo 453 cr (X a i— cr LJ UJ > az ZD 01 cr az o =3 a to o a: CO CO CM a LD — o CD ■ • (_) CO LU Li_ UJ ZZ \ u LU Q_ CD CO Ll_ o CO a: UJ CO I I M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I o to a in o 3* a a o o I i i I 1 1 i i I i i i I i a a UJ C □ CO a> a ►- en cc cc lu □ a. u. x • Lu z ca a Z to 2 IX Z LU tn cx a a co LU LU X a a CC LU U- •— u •- a LU z - en c u~ t— > mca 3 Z UJ to cc cc a _i r» r 3 to tn cc en u_ cc — U. U O Z « lu r u i— a. en o uj cx lo ►- z cc a >- n- >- >- Z O LU CO CO CC CD CD L4 aO MOi / y39WHN N03W D31dliUUiS -i- *■—- -3 3U0HSNI 1H31S i N M <13S BiBUJS SN1 3*B3dBS3Hj-13Q '? 'I3S BiBfcUS 3HQHSN1 BNHOUBJ N •£ U3S B1BH1S 3dOHSdJO J.H0I8 1 N "fl 'i3S 31BU1S diO 3XB3d«S3Hj-130 "S U3S BiBbi.5 3UOH5dJ0 HNI-2HH3 N 'S '13S yiBUiS 459 U cr u > cc 2 3 —■ • CH -J _j 2 _1_ cc (X Ul u_ cc 1 — • K — ^ O in a CD ■ t CO •• U LU z: u_ LU 2 u LU o in QZ LU \ CD LO CO c B3d«S3H3-130 3UOHSidO UNXnOHM N •1 •£ •s •9 U3S BiBUlS '13S BIBbJS '135 BIBUiS a . z x z — a a or i— CI u. e c in WSl- C Li. UJ - ui en z s a ui Ul ZC z a a x o to - en uj ~ •> cc 0 3 Z cc X u3 a en u. <_i a M LU »— a. ci cr ui cc a 1— >- z in ca cr o □ UJ a ca To) - I m z z I 1 in (\j o . . m _ _. h LLi in in in in o o o 3 O TTTT I I I I I I I TT XT ■o • ■in f ■o ■in 0J in c m h iii Z •in £ en z UJ • u '0 tn z j ■ > •o c CM HI ■»5 ft '-1 o 3 u 00 c =0 0 _ V3 «-* 0 Z r~ • UJ in J 0) '-. 3 30 D in OJ a (M in in H19N31 Id IfOTd 461 - m > Dh ri I J m Zr* CEO 0T ^U 2 2£ h 0 CO u 2 \ V) IL z z in in a1 c !U • h 0 Ili a1 z f> ID h 0 z UJ • u !fl 0) 3 O" =0 c =0 W o in en a m m cm a in o in H19N31 IB !Nd3H3d 462 c \- d D U I- cr u >- m > a: ai J J ZlQ (Effl i-o 2 ZM Of (- 0 CD U li. LI Z \ - 'J Z CC 1 in a • • tn 3 - h LU in z □ m rr in in in in a in CM D r\j LO IT) H19N31 1U 1N33U3J 463 d h p 1 a in 1 1- c f I lL • -*4 m c a IL n -1 UJ h u • r- CE a ui -o lll w U D I '.S Z «j « 3 )- a in • -in • 1- 03 UJ > in i i z tn z g UJ S u ; CD cn | IL I U h u z C i « i -o 0 1-1 u J 03 a j c [ - ■ -J ZlD r ui i ~LD J « (jCD IP D 1/1 " CM I 1 a:** - a > £ i-u "0 (E a z m . CM W ft in in - h UJ P -in — i ■> to •- 8 z - h^ i H* 30 c r- •- 1 0 I '-1 m -1- « r- .. \j) "7 r"^ u in UJ I z m i- a £"m LL I m s LU "— r L J 0 ! z u cr in s* \ UJ I I "- Bfl en D. h UJ in in in • 0 • - LL z -n ! 1 | 1 1 TTJ'I 1 1 1 | 1 1 Mill i i 1 i i i 11 tit i z i > • « 0 • a [D 0 in 0 ui en m ru (M t-* .-1 H19N31 IB !N33H3d 464 cr * h d T° -ID Q UJ ■ a ■T- □ "ID ID o X id1 c l_ 01 UJ cr D lL 1L • -o h UJ u D I J Z „ ■ M o >- a » » 7) UJ in cr -UJ ^ « > z I ro 7 +■• Cffl en01 z h J a c z m ■ -o I en UJ JJ U ^ M 0 Z * J CD c 0 tr u B ■ 2(0 I a. "UJ v nu requenc doi 01 z 01 I CM 2 r • -a c * 01 j I 01 y 5 a If] ** 01 UJ u UJ ffl •1 h UJ 01 tr h cr c ■ II Z D 01 E , F ruj "0 « -ID Z J2 *-w h M s3 0 r~ *~ -r ^ CD i I h U 1 4 LL Z - 111 -! 111 J N z | \ L_ 3 en a. 01 01 UJ 01 - Ll Z 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I | 1 ! Mill Mill 1 i | M 1 i | . . . . ■ 0 Z t • < i • ■ 0 I n a ID D ID 0 in ( tj m OJ r\i —* ~H H10N31 ItJ lMd 465 • c ts c L z u h UJ c "ID - in c UJ c - • h I □ I "0 11 . u *-* in 3 Z - J z M *-4 4-1 0) >- a - ■ f z V) UJ > in h I en c3 1(J Z I - c ■ uj u Df^ IL "• z "0 t* I h IE c I 3 '. en 2 i— • 0 (A Jm 0 >- h - a Zr^ T in z 3 I C -ID - CM J I u c o 3 ■ r -o > ni a • in -* 1 I CM c- ■ 7 in 111 h Z za o H . *-i 5 0 it - _» 4-1 m - • r-|-0 J. t- < u « in m Id cr U I id X 0. H w in Z D in c id in -0 o Y - flfl r i. U Z UJ J cm Ll 1 ' LI Z \ (N I 01 S£ L, z , 1 1 , | , i ,i,i. i i | i i . . , . . i i | i i Mil i)i ■ 0 ■ z 1 , ■ • • ■ • 0 n a Lfi a U) O in t) m (M N t— » i—< H19N31 ID lN33H3cl 466 cr * t- cr u Q i 'Si B ■ "ID in 0 z ! 3 C h- )-> UJ d U a Hi -o h UJ 2* r^ D cc 4-> >- a 111 e a H< i I en Z z in UJ 4-1 lL (- LU T u Z I -o : en u z c/i U O <4-i i Jm E 1 3 (-1 Ul a i J h 3 r - ■ -ID Z^ o CEO in • 0 m D ■ IN cc i 01 I CM ■> t . CM - ■ "Mi J I > (E UJ h Z 3 DC" Q) >"Z U tj-l I CL_ jC Z^> h 4-» 3 1 0 CD n h UJ i r 3 < r° u M in UJ i— < u LlJ cc h cc (E ■t z D in cc - ID 0 z UJ J f) Q_ l_ r- T 111 1 r-i z rtj \ : £-i 3 en 1 If) ID - SO •H Ll Z iiiiiii in ii Mill i i i i : i ' | i i mm i i • 0 z I ■ • n a • ID ■ a • • LP 0 c in * 0 C n m CM (M — 1 — H H19N31 1H !N33H3d 467 cr • flfl D [ • Z U UJ I D in c UJ h I a u (1 d in -o UJ U - z 3 « . -3 Z " >- a * CENT strata st > la £ N S _ I NR "ID . en Jr* U. D z "0 ^ 1 c tr i . co -7 ° W 7) -In D U H - u Zr- I D ""ID J 1 cr S 10 in z tr - CM rr~ 1 -> sr > u f-z ■ -o (E £ i 01 a • • I CM UJ ^ £D c °^ 1— =0 in m Oi — • Z o ►~a h 0 it - • — - (D h < U IL - in J in it z - z z 1 CM UJ M h- n 1 • z u tr in - LD 0 \ 111 IE l - r 0) i t- m in in =0 •H z I ' ' TT i 1 ! i , | i , i i | > I l l | 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 i l i i i 0 ■ z • 1 • • • ■ 0 D a \S) a \n 0 in "0 m CM fM r-t .—i 31 lb lN33U3d 468 CE C Q I U h- £ U >- UJ > Effl 0)01 ZtS tfH ^z z z^ °S i- D CD U Ll UJ Z \ CD Ll I z U. a r aj c □ i in a i u ID >- 2 r 3 h z cr o • in j iii in u UJ Q. nj 2 □ in i UJ in in in o 4-1 3 < 3 0) a m ID CM Q (M Lfl in H19N]1 1H 1N33U]J 469 I 1 D in X U. U u. □ H I Q UJ u « £ 1 CE )- a uj hi in i > CE Cq z in !-< OJ J^ LIZ CD0 h U Z I C i 3 Jr^ D J H ZlO I UJ D (JO) (fl Q (T C** ^z z £2 aj a • • un m in aj »- cr h 0 ■• CD i- ld a 'Si lL uj cr z UJ i- 1- o z u i in \ uj C I en L H UJ lL in in in z z I I I I i ; i i I i i i id 'ID ■o in c UJ h 'u Z 4 in en a m CM a CM in in u o •7) a> ■H ■J G - ■» • M 4-> a) UJ > in z "ID I (0 z Co, 01°) | z lL h j D C I z i ■* • -o : m UJ u z CO 4-1 in b Jr^ a u h . n Zffl z j • -in ■h cr a in z i : ai J CE > c UJ z l-t 1-2 0 in 1 ID ■ nj 3 cr <0 z ,— 1 13 R- _ — , — c .-H 5 0 •l m CD 'J) UJ in -a r LD +J 3 < U i u. UJ n ! Z r>. uj u cc i- tr z Q in I 1 • "in UJ J —. z i CN \ UJ c cr CO CO o. i- UJ 3 00 lL z in w in „ •H ii i i | ii Mill 1 1 | 1 1 Mill I I I 1 1 1 1 1 i i i i • 0 U. z l n a 1 in t a ■ in ■ t o in ■ o i n in IM (\j -• *-4 H13N31 1H INOTd 471 o en r-» oi i— t i 30 o 00 B o. >s I o 00 o o 00 3 CO , s !D =0 cS •M e \ Sj -,'1 -• •■ c ,££t) 0 0 0 o ft n I U ^ § b &I, H^Hlj] 00 n ''(T'.'i '^Al'^f^.'MM SMI ^^W£|- ~§Ji% a - -a c a ,--. D ft fSfifaUO ^.yr ' c0°3 '-^Vsft h f P •-r Vfwnm .PI J r '■',S a/j . -s, •' I , - , — ' .TJ V * , tff! ft&e , * a q aw An 0. TvNfe ':o I ST / "^r-...- MBQL o 0 j h I H p. H ; •; : '■. I L U b n h i "i n b . u ij < ;< 0 G G 0 0 u u 0 'J? 7i.£ Figure 22.1. Spring distribution, 1968-1979. 477 NMFS/NEFC.-WGGDS _U|JLE .-.^B.:r^ T B fl H L BUR V E 7 C Fi T C H u LONGFIN 5GUIC [NSHORE /C - - E - T. ~. E AUTUMN LS6 7-L979 t \ si ///#.*fnW l>s *7 Hi id Mrk'-^P K3tf SfflPC I, A* E - So. ,- ■'■ au — r* ----- ''ji- -.- : T f ■ -P.-' S 'M3CL l:z£ LEGEND U Hi H _ _-_ I -__ UH I H i h I - '. KILCGnriMS . 0 0 s x < 5 . 5. DC sX< : . ?QC I'U - - - - 7 — '. :-5 - f — Figure 22.2. Autumn distribution, 1967-1979. 478 cr Q X CJ h— (X CJ a > a: a CD x 2 CO u_ _j 2 x O Q_ cr _l co cc F— • m rr-\ o LO ■ O CD I • CO .. 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IL h 1 C h Z D in i Ui in i t FL0 z £ iii ~; III i"~ < 1 ^' Z \ cn — 1 „__ a i Cr ab J 1 i i i r j i i i , | i i ,,,ii Mill 1 1 I 1 1 i i i i i I I ■ ,° Z • • • * • t 0 i d a in a ID 0 id ( t) m OJ r\j ~* «-H HiGNil 1H lNHDU3d 493 - 2 id a i > m z C(J| 3r* Z J - D Z to a LCI 1 □ I 3 ^ Z U H 2ffl D 1 (JO J Z I c- L_ _ • z I in z-> _ — a • • ul in io m l-ff r— 0 ■■ a h HJ u - in in IL u i z 'Jj M I- 0 z u I in \ uj c i 01 1 t- Ul IL en ai ai z z i n ii' i i 1 ' o 71 o V) 3 u — < -T =0 0) B0 U) 01 a m ui (M 0 (\i Ul in H13N31 lb !N3GH3d 494 495 3 3- 71 (4-1 s o l-H I 00 30 c •H a. 71 Si 9) >s I c > D =0 eg «j c a o t- 9) CM 0*1 1> ANNUAL CYCLE UF GONAU-SOMATIC INDICES AS INDICATORS OF SPAWNING TIMES FOR FIFTEEN SPECIES OF FISH COLLECTED FROM THE NEW YORK BIGHT, JUNE 1974 TO JUNE 1975 Stuart J. Wilk 497 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 50: STUDY AREAS 503 STATION SELECTION 504 MATERIALS AND METHODS 508 RESULTS 509 LITERATURE CITED 565 498 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Middle Atlantic continental shelf with outlines of the New York Bight and the survey areas within the Bight. Figure 2. Ocean study area divided into depth strata where finfish were sampled during an otter trawl survey, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 3. Bay study area where finfish were sampled during an otter trawl survey, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 4. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for alewife {Alosa pseudohavengus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 5. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for offshore hake {Mevluccius albidus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 6. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for silver hake {Mevluaaius bilineavis) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 7. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for red hake (Uvophyois ahuss) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 3. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for spotted hake {Urophycis regia) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 9. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for ocean pout {Maavozoavces amevicanus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 10. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for black sea bass [Centvopvistis striata) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975, Figure 11. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for butterfish {Pepvilus tv-iaaanthus) collected in the .ew York Bight, uune 1974 to June 1975. 499 Fiyure 12. Monthly gonaa-somatic indices for northern searoDin {Prionotus cavolin-us) collected in the New Yor'< Sight, June iy74 to June 197b. Fiyure 13. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for striped searoDin {prionotus evolans) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 14. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for summer flounder [Paraliehthys dentatus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 15. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for fourspot flounder {Pavaliahthys oblongus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 16. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for windowpane {Saovhthalmus aquosus) collected in the Nav York Bight, June 1974 to June 197b. Figure 17. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for yellowtail flounder {Limanda fevrmginea) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Figure 18. Monthly gonad-somatic indices for winter flounder {Pseudopleuronectss ameriaanus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to 1975. 500 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of collecting intervals sampled during trawl surveys of New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 2. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for alewife [Alosa pseudohavengus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 3. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for offshore hake {Mevlucaius albidus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 4. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for silver hake (Mevlucoius bilinearis) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 5. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for red hake {Urophyois ahuss) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 5. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for spotted hake {Uvophyais regia) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 7. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for ocean pout [Maavo zoavc es americanus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 8. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for black sea bass {Centvopvistis striata) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 9. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for butterfish {Pepvilus triaaanthus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. 501 Table 1U. Monthly summary of yonad-somatic data for northern searobin [Pvienotus cavolinus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table 11. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for striped searooin [Prionatua svolans) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 197s. Table 12. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for summer flounder [Paraliahthys dentatus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 197b. Table 13. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for fourspot flounder {Paraliahthys oblongus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 197b. Table 14. Monthly summary of yonad-somatic data for windowpane ( Scovhthalmus aquosus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. Table lb. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for yellowtail flounder [Limanda fsvr^uginea) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. TaDle 16. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for winter flounder {Pseudo- pleuvonectss amevicamus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 197b. Table 17. Summary of published literature relative to reproductive cycles as well as results of the 1974 to 1975 Middle Atlantic Biynt study. 502 INTRODUCTION The Sandy Hook Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service began a systematic survey during June 1974 of benthic fishes occurring in the New York Bight and Sandy Hook, Lower, and Raritan Bays. This study was designed to provide a comprehensive life history data base for current and anticipated research needs. This report summarizes gonad-somatic data as indicators of spawning times for the following 15 species of fish: alewife, Aloea pseudoharengus; offshore hake, Mevlucoius albidus; silver hake, Mevluccius bilineavis; red hake, Uvophyais ahuss; spotted hake, Uvophyais vegia; ocean pout, Maavozoavaes ameviaanus; black sea bass, Centvopvistis striata; butterfish, Pepvilus tviaaanthus; northern searobin, Pvionotus aavolinus; striped searobin, Pvionotus evolans; summer flounder, Pavaliahthys dentatus; fourspot flounder, Pavaliahthys oblongus; windowpane, Saophthalmus aquosus; yellowtail flounder, Limanda fewuginea; and winter flounder, Pseudo- pleuvoneatss ameviaanus. In addition, the literature pertinent to this study is reviewed to provide a basis of comparison throughout their range. These data, when compared with similar time series, contribute ultimately to a significant portion of the material needed to detect and understand natural and man-induced changes in the reproductive cycles of fishes occurring in the New York Bight. STUDY AREAS The New York Bight is that portion of the Atlantic continental shelf between eastern Long Island, New York, and Cape May, New Jersey (Figure 1). 503 This study was conducted in the northern section of the New York Bight where the Long Island and New Jersey coastlines are nearly perpenaicul ar. Two study areas, ocean and bay, were designated to facilitate sampling and data handling. The ocean study area was delineated oy two sets of imaginary lines and the 28- and 366-m isobaths (Figure 2). The first set of lines extends seaward from points on Long Island and New Jersey to the 28-m isobath; the second set from the 28-m isobath to the edge of the continental shelf (366 m). The bay study area included Sandy Hook, Lower, and Raritan Bays (Figure 3) . STATION SELECTION Station locations in the ocean survey area were selected by a stratified random sampling design (Steel and Torrie I960). Strata boundaries were determined by depth, i.e., 0-10, 11-19, 20-28, 29-55, 56-110, 111-183, and 184-366 m (Figure 2). A minimum of two stations per stratum were selected randomly for sampling during each cruise. Inshore strata (0-28 m) were sampled at a rate of approximately one station per bib km and offshore strata (29-366 m) at a rate of approximately one station per 1,030 km2. Grosslein (1969) described additional details pertaining to this sampling method and desi gn. Tne bay survey area was divided into 103 sampling blocks. Except where interrupted by land, each block measured 1' of latitude by 1' of longtitude, i.e., l.d km x 1.4 km (2.b km ) . Trawl stations for all bay cruises were selected randomly from these blocks at the beginning of the study and were retained as permanent stations throughout the study. 504 40C /^ NEW i JERSEY OCEAN STUDY AREA s 40°- 0 SO 100 Iciiomefers FIGURE 1. Middle Atlantic continental shelf with outlines of the New York Bight (solid lines) and the survey areas (dashed lines) within the Bight. 505 o X >o L. *» w V i_ w 5 0) 4-1 _o o 3 c o id C^_ •o * s s_ 3 ■o "O x 8J \ Q. \ E '*•. 13 1/1 \ w 01 2 \ s in 01 \\ £ \ \ i/» /- U- '••■-./ * c / -~-N <». / 01 / la 01 / °co 5 rv. IQ *J M 1_ 4J VI £ «J V-v. a. 0) 73 un \ o<-~ *» 4JU) V c— \. "~ 0) -a S ai = -o^> > o — *•> ■o «3- a r~- Cj o> i- — «3 01 >,c T3 = 0 3~5 k. ,, R 4-J " l/» • "*••* C 01 A3 > a s- ■ U 3 V O 1" '"""*■-•.. \ • i CM '*•-'*. LU ae v Z3 o ;06 507 MATERIALS AND METHODS Research vessels used during this study were the lU.4-m xiphias and 19. d- m Rorqual from the Northeast Fisheries Center, the 47.2-m Delaware II and 57.0-m Albatross IV from the National Ocean Survey, and the chartered 27.4-m Atlantic Twin. Xiphias and Rorqual were used exclusively in the bay areas, Delaware II was used in both the ocean and the bay, and Albatross 17 and Atlantic Twin were used only in the ocean. LORAN A navigation was the principal method used for positioning on ocean stations. Radar, land ranges, and visual sightings of buoys were used to position vessels on bay stations and some of the inshore ocean stations. Fish collections were made with otter trawls towed at approximately 5.b km/h for 15 minutes at bay stations and 30 minutes at ocean stations. The trawl used aboard Xiphias and Rorqual had a 9.1-m footrope, a 7.6-m headrope, and 7.6-m legs. A Yankee #36 trawl with a 24.4-m footrope, an 13.3-m headrope, and 9.1-m legs was used on Delaware II. The Albatross IV also used the #36 Yankee trawl as well as a #41 trawl with a 30.5-m footrope, a 24.4-m neadrope, and 19.8-m top and 18.3-m bottom legs. The Atlantic T'Jin used a 3/4 Yankee trawl with a 16.5-m footrope, an 11.9-m headrope, 11.6-m legs, and 16.5-m ground cables. All trawls were fitted with 12.7-mm stretch mesh cod end liners. At the conclusion of each tow, the trawl was retrieved and emptied onto a sorting table where all fish species were separated and identified. All specimens of each species were weiyhed to the nearest whole pound and measured from the snout to the middle caudal ray in centimeters. Usually all specimens of each species were measured except when subsamples of very large catches were taken. In such cases, an expansion factor (weight of total catch/weignt 508 of subsample) was applied to the number and length frequency of the total catch. Samples of each bony fish species, up to 35 specimens, were frozen from each trawl station for subsequent laboratory study. If the total catch of a species exceeded 35 specimens, a size-stratified sample of 25 to 36 specimens was frozen. At the laboratory each specimen was measured to the nearest millimeter (middle caudal ray) and weighed to the nearest gram. In addition, each mature specimen was sexed, development stage determined, and ovaries weighed to the nearest one-hundredth of a gram (0.01 g). Gonad-somatic indices were calculated for each fish (ovarian weight/fish weight x 100). Data were recorded on appropriate data processing forms, transferred to punch cards, and incorporated into sorting, listing and statistical systems to simplify data recall and analysis. RESULTS Results pertinent to reproductive cycles are given in the form of figures and tables for each of the 15 species. Figures 4-18 illustrate monthly mean gonad-somatic indices over the entire 13-month survey for each species. Tables 2-16 give monthly summaries of gonad-somatic data for each species. These tables include number of observations; specimen size range; and mean, variance, standard deviation, and range of the gonad-somatic index for each month data were collected for a particular species. In addition, Table 17 gives a summary of published literature relative to the reproductive cycles for each of the 15 species and contrasts these published results with those found during the present study. 509 TABLE 1. Surrmary of collecting intervals sampled during trawl survey of New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. No. of Study Date Vessel Sta. Gear Type Area 1974 June 3, 4, 6 Xiphias 15 9.1-m trawl bay June 3 Delaware II 3 #36 trawl bay June 3-17 Delaware II 43 #36 trawl ocean July 23-25 Xi.phi.as 15 9.1-m trawl bay July 24 Delaware II 3 #36 trawl bay July 24-29 Delaware II 41 #36 trawl ocean August 14, 15, 21-23 Rorqual 16 9. 1-m trawl bay August 16-21 Delaware II 45 #36 trawl ocean September 23-25 Xiphias 12 9.1-m trawl bay September 23 Delaware II 3 #36 trawl bay September 23-28 Delaware II 40 #36 trawl ocean October 22-24 Xiphias 19 9.1-m trawl bay October 22 Delaware II 3 #36 trawl bay October 22-28 Delaware II 40 #36 trawl ocean November 18-20 Xiphias 19 9.1-m trawl bay November 18 Delaware II 3 #36 trawl bay November 18-25 Delaware II 37 #36 trawl ocean 1975 January 3, 6, 9 Rorqual 14 9.1-m trawl bay January 31; February 3, 4 Rorqual 14 9.1-m trawl bay January 31 Delaware II 3 #36 trawl bay January 31; February 1-6 Delaware II 51 #36 trawl ocean March 6-8, 10 Albatross IV 19 #41 trawl ocean March 20-24 Atlantic Twin 27 3/4 Yankee trawl ocean April 1, 2, 7 Rorqual 15 9.1-m trawl bay April 1-3, 5-10 Albatrosi ! IV 48 #36 trawl ocean May 5, 6, 8 Xiphias 16 9.1-m trawl bay May 5 Delaware II 3 #36 trawl bay May 5-12 Delaware II 60 #36 trawl ocean June 3, 9 Xiphias 9 9.1-m trawl bay June 2-9 Delaware II 64 #36 trawl ocean TOTAL 700 510 1 z 3 -3 >- < 2 IB K sS •: o *- cc < 5 03 UJ u z < -3 o UJ Q ■ > O z / \- o o 0. UJ 03 o D < -J 3 -3 z z> -3 1 -viva on- -viva on- -viva on- -viva on- o o o U3 :o o o CO o in CN to O "D O v_ CM uj o o o o m 1/1 3 cr e ai '_ a fi • O kf) T3 f^ 3 en 0) i/l a. at c 0) r-» •^ (-»■ 2 F— C ■"3 s. o • BJ •.- Cj a ■a -* c s- •i- O >■ — 3 = o a) I — I ■a re c c •— o en "a .— u — 3J o o OS in ^ CO C"J *~ (001 * 1H9GAA HSU / 1H0I3M AUVA0) X30NI DIlVMOS-aVNOQ ■J o o 511 TABLE 2. Monthly summary of gonad- soma tic data for alewife (Alosa pseudoharenous) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June i975. A dasn [-) indicates no data available. GONAD- SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month Number of Observations Specimen Size Range (mm) 1974 June 1 232 July - - August - - September - - October - - November 3 156-167 1975 February 83 168-345 March 19 208-298 April 29 154-269 May 40 142-289 June 6 236-273 Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1.45 0.77 0.01 4.04 7.26 3.85 7.52 4.99 24.20 3.54 24.38 1.88 2.15 1.45 0.09 0.72- 0.37 2.69 0.13-12.44 2.74 0.75-11.78 4.92 0.41-15.00 4.94 0.46-15.67 1.46 0.96- 4.83 512 z D cc R < < 5 o CD LU LU Z < -0 o LU Q > O z H O o 0. LU V) o 3 < _t 3 -i Z 3 ~3 • I / / -viva on- (O in Tf C3 CNJ (001 * 1H0I3M HSU / 1H0I3M AHVAO) X30NI 0I1VW0S -CIVNOQ o o ,_. 1* i/i 3 T3 °p— o «3 m 1/) o 3 u ■ U LO 3 r>» fmm a\ s_ r— o o> 2: 0) o • — c CO e hake 4 to Ju o O 0 in -C r— CM (/I 4- CD 4- c *■% 0 3 V) •"3 ^ S. CQ O « O "G 4- ■*-> o *w OJ — > •<- c to 3 o - 4- -U -3 t/l 31 tt) •.- U £3 T3 .* C S_ .— O >» u — 2 ■4-1 CJ s O OJ i/1 .3 I 4-> "O fO 3 C — O 31 "O QJ i— (J -3 Ol ■4-> <— 3 i— O O LU Of 35 C3 U5 ^ CO «M *■ (001 * 1H0I3M HSU /1H0GAA AUVAO) X30/V/ DtlVWOS-QVNOQ 515 TABLE 4. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for silver hake (Merluccius bi linearis) collected in the New York Bight, no data available. June 1974 to June 1975. A dasn (-) indicates Number of Observations Specimen Size Range (mm) GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month Mean Variance Standara Deviation Range 1974 June 29 202-415 3.37 6.15 2.48 0.47-11.35 July 15 241-420 4.17 11.49 3.39 0.40-11.58 August 12 222-374 3.49 10.30 3.21 1.62- 8.37 September 4 313-341 4.87 14.82 3.85 1.03- 8.72 October 19 214-463 3.54 9.42 3.07 0.44- 9.65 November 55 219-508 1.08 0.74 0.86 0.25- 6.07 1975 February 298 167-513 0.81 0.21 0.46 0.22- 6.39 March 264 241-565 0.91 0.26 0.51 0.25- 4.43 April 183 253-590 2.10 45.43 6.74 0.32-38.38 May 272 263-562 2.15 3.80 1.95 0.29-13.35 June 98 228-507 2.69 8.88 2.98 0.36-14.37 516 . i z 3 "5 > < 2 ce E < O) *- cc < 2 CO lit u_ z < -? o HI Q > o z 1- o o 1974 SEP O 3 < -1 =) "3 z z> -3 p \ I V \ o ■a o 41 4-> u (U ^» F"» o (J o - in l/l CO S JC U O u O CO JZ c. o s- =3 • «^p». CTi 0) i— o 36 1 in CM to H3 or red ha 1 to June 1 O "D <+- i^. 1 • o CM Hi ndices June 19 I o i IT) o nad-somati York Bigh o o Monthly go in the New in • LU o to m Tj- co cm (001 x 1H0I3M HSU / 1H0I3M AUVAO) X30NI OIlV'/JOS-aVNOQ 517 TABLE 5. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for red hake (Urophvcis chuss) collected in the New available. York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. A da sh (-) indicates no data Number of Observations Specimen Size Range (mm) G0NA0-S0MATIC INDEX Survey Month Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1974 June 18 270-409 4.94 10.82 3.29 0.50- •13.77 July 31 224-453 5.36 13.62 3.69 0.81- •14.86 August 46 224-431 5.63 7.29 2.70 1.34- •13.70 September 19 243-397 3.58 7.90 2.81 0.23- • 8.16 October 9 248-506 0.65 0.08 0.29 0.30- •1.29 November 51 231-521 0.64 0.05 0.22 0.26- •1.37 1975 February 125 245-533 0.75 0.05 0.23 0.25- •1.59 March 123 188-476 0.91 0.12 0.35 0.15- • 2.04 April 102 212-529 1.39 0.76 0.37 0.19- • 2.69 May 223 221-521 2.25 2. 36 1.69 o.n- ■15.15 June 79 169-505 5.25 15.29 3.91 0.10- 21.31 513 T z =5 "3 >• < 2 EC SS o to *- cc < • 5 V m UJ u. Z < —5 o UJ Q s 5 o o < -J D z 3 O o o in CO o o CO o in CM *^ O Ts O ^ O UO O O o in 3 S_ ■*— (J _i- Qjr— O 0) c 3 -= ■a r>. o ai c c in 3 S_ o - 4- ■(-> 1/1 CT aj •<- u a -o -* c s. i- o >- (J — 2 *J 0) e O 0) ■a «3 C C f- o CTT3 0) r— U j= ai ■u i— c r— o o CO UJ u_ in (001 * 1H0I3M HSld /1H3I3M AdVAO) X3CN/ ouvwos-avNoe 519 TABLE 6. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for spotted hake (Urophycis reqius) collected indicates in no the data New York Bight, available. June 1974 to June 1975. A dasn (-) Number o* Observatii F )ns Specimen Size Range (mm) GONAD- SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1974 June 1 252 0.60 _ _ 0.60 July 14 191-338 1.64 1.19 1.09 0.44- 4.04 August 29 178-346 3.20 6.35 2.52 0.41-10.12 September 44 183-360 4.20 16.32 4.04 0.37-22.09 October 77 206-333 2.99 6.05 2.46 0.32-13.75 November 78 204-340 0.97 0.41 0.64 0.26- 3.60 1975 February 4 318-355 2.57 12.60 3.55 0.57- 7.37 March 3 283-333 5.01 14.98 3.87 0.76- 8.34 April 7 291-386 3.09 8.70 2.95 0.33- 8.03 May 12 299-368 0.69 0.02 0.15 0.48- 0.99 June 13 288-367 0.85 0.40 0.20 0.73- 1.26 520 Z ; 1 1 1 — r- "T => • ~3 > - / < • cc .« fi- \ le < • 1 ' < 5 • ffl LU ! U_ # - z ! < 1 -o 1 O 1 . UJ 1 Q I > • O z 1- -viva on- o R o- * ^# 0) UJ *■» CO • — < **" ■»• ♦ -J Z 3 / -3 j i t i • o , , o z ^ ii fa o ■f-» i. O) o E in (O co u • i. in ra r»» o en ISI ps O o o CO (J 13 C 3 21 -3 - o -l-> ■»-> 3 o «s- O Q.r~> in CM en C f— QJ 0) 2. u c O 3 o CO 73 o «« o v^- .~ CM UJ i/l CD 5 u cs C: ■a -* •— o o >- u IT) ■r- S T~ d-somat the Ne o >•!-> F— <_) -e a; -t-i (— C r— O O O s: o lO ai UJ cc Z3 O lO ^ CO CM *- (001 x 1H9I3M HSId / 1H0GM AUVA0) *3a/V/ 0I1VM0S-QVN0Q 521 TABLE 7. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus CO no llected in the data available New York Sight, June 1974 to June 1975. A casn (-) indicates Number of Observations Specimen Size Range (mm) GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1974 June 1 458 1.58 _ - 1.58 July 4 299-373 0.57 0.06 0.25 0.29- 0.89 August 2 380-409 3.13 14.05 3.75 0.48- 5.78 September 2 349-440 1.45 1.04 1.02 0.73- 2.17 October - - - - - - November 3 341-455 0.50 0.001 0.04 0.46- 0.53 1975 February 76 310-631 0.47 0.02 0.13 C.29- 0.98 March 24 284-586 0.46 0.02 0.12 0.12- 0.68 April 57 269-663 0.51 0.06 0.24 0.05- 1.53 May 64 360-659 0.79 0.44 0.55 0.07- 3.43 June 14 242-558 0.45 0.05 0.22 0.05- 1.04 52: 12 UJ Z < o UJ Q > O O o S a- ~ CO O < Z S ~3 _ i i ■ ■ r~ z ID -3 • S \ 5 • cc \ < • cc < S -viva on- CQ o o o in CO 13 •r- 2, ° .T3 I w \ _L o O o 10 s. a. o c at o LfJ I — o CO 1/1 3 i/l ""3 >3- o tfl f"s m CM U -3 3 -3 o Vw on 31 CM UJ 0) — *i •^ «r ■a -^ c fc. J— •r- O >- O u — 3 lO ■•-> aj 2 5 a i *-> "D fl3 C C — ■ O ai-a I— (J -C 01 4-1 I— c — c o UJ O 10 *T CO CM *" (001 * 1H0I3M HSU / 1H9I3M AUVA0) X3QNI DllVi\'0S-aVN0D 523 TABLE 8. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for black sea bass (Centrooristis striata) cc dash [-) ir illected idicates in the New Yo no data avail rk Bight, able. June 1974 to June 1975 . A Number of Observations Specimen Size Range (mm) GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1974 June 1 264 5.20 _ _ 5.20 July 16 208-401 5.60 1.44 1.20 3.42- 8.07 August 25 219-368 2.48 1.10 1.05 0.71- 4.61 September 20 189-353 1.07 0.66 0.81 0.16- 2.71 October 15 224-305 0.53 0.02 0.13 0.26- 0.78 November 8 246-452 0.55 0.04 0.20 0.28- 0.89 1975 February 2 316-349 0.65 0.14 0.38 0.38- 0.92 March - - - - - - April 1 243 1.22 - - 1.22 May 25 221-389 1.91 1.12 1.06 0.68- 4.87 June 52 173-365 2.23 3.53 1.88 0.33- 3.05 524 o o 3 S o to CO c u C) < cc CO LU u. z < o LI) o > o z H O o 5 a. *» CO C3 D < \ I / 3 -3 3 -3 / a o CO o ID CM a o-g o ^ CM Uj O O o o Q. a; a. 3J c 3 "73 - u •-- 2 = Z 5 a) 00 JZ 1 — ' )■*-> i — u *j .— C r— O O s: u UJ CC UJ 525 TABLE 9. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for butterfish (Peorilus triacanihus) collet cates :ted in the New York Bight, no data available. June 19" ^4 to June 1975. A dasn (-) inai- NumDer of Observations Specimen Size Range (mm) GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1974 June 90 119-215 4.07 8.07 2.84 0.53-12.71 July 24 141-196 3.20 2.62 1.62 0.65- 5.93 August 26 139-205 1.43 2.28 1.51 0.33- 6.32 September 16 142-199 0.76 0.01 o.n 0.63- 0.96 October 30 147-216 0.76 0.02 0.14 0.40- 1.10 November 21 155-220 0.76 0.07 0.27 0.14- 1.12 1975 Feoruary 1 190 0.83 _ _ 0.83 March 22 126-242 1.29 0.10 0.31 0.79- 1.82 April 20 126-213 1.64 0.55 0.74 0.73- 3.20 May 79 127-230 4.42 5.71 2.39 0.70-10.40 June 99 122-215 5.74 9.61 3.10 0.42-12.38 526 o o T _»^» r«. o c a\ o -Q co n searo t, June o s- x: a) en OJ nort rk B '"N V) o is i. >- CR o o "0 °— 2 o v-» CN Uj 5 dice the K c o u in 4-> (1) o o o «3 •*-> E U O - < 2 cc .« Ck s< O) *- cc < S CD 111 U. z < -3 o Ul o > o z H o o R o. 5 w <»- CO c ~ < -viva on- -v±vaoN- »v±va on- z -3 -O to r P O A3 ^ r— o > 0) Ul O 3 - m o n c o • ■^ LO «_>■— o * o .a 3 co d searo 74 to J o - IT) o. +J C i/l 3 /-s ■"3 WJ S- &s o - (0 M- -4-» o •§ o w (U i- CM uj u ca • 5 ind York 1 o 4_. QJ # m 2 z ■v £ O 0) 1 -a • re e c •«- O o a>"0 ^^r - o oj %^ T— Monthly collect o " in UJ cc =3 , — i Jo U- CO CO to m "tf (001 x 1H0I3M HSU /1H0I3M AbVAO) X30NI DIlVWOS-aVNOD 529 TABLE 11. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for striped searobin (Prionotus evolans) collected in no data avai the lablf New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. A dasn (-) indicates Number Observat of .ions Specimen Size Range (mm) GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1974 June 2 348-373 9.87 12.96 3.50 9.61-10.12 July 16 225-364 7.35 35.28 5.94 0.23-21.32 August 11 204-346 3.19 16.24 4.03 0.50-13.35 September 19 238-414 0.82 0.04 0.29 0.33- 1.35 October 36 214-403 0.83 0.10 0.31 0.18- 1.36 November 30 294-372 0.85 0.15 0.39 0.12- 1.68 1975 February - - - - - - March • mm - - - - April - - - as - - May 2 338-348 3.49 1.19 1.09 2.72- 4.26 June 10 289-353 8.16 10.76 3.28 3.57-13.07 550 (001 * 1H9I3M HSId /1H9I3AA AfcJVAO) X3QNI OIlVl'JOS-OVNOO U If) en IB CL O ■a ai c e O -3 +J w — SJ CD = co ^ S- 5- O O 9- 3 O) Z u -r- e o ••- 3 T3 a o (/) 0J ■a r— « o c <-> c CV — - 1/1 >> 3 <— +-> +J +J c c a ai S "3 531 TABLE 12. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for summer flounder (Paral ichthys dentatus) collected in the New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. A dash (-) indicates no data available. GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX Survey Number of Specimen Size Standard Month Observations Range (mm) Mean Variance Deviation Range 1974 June 62 309-692 July 69 257-650 August 44 353-537 September 97 265-540 October 81 283-660 November 40 301-716 1975 February 17 346-540 March 14 406-630 April 12 382-547 May 63 255-594 June 116 276-651 0.63 0.11 0.55 0.04 0.57 0.03 1.29 1.80 1.77 4.16 1.68 1.46 1.98 15.13 0.84 0.10 0.81 0.15 0.52 0.07 0.70 0.28 0.33 0.31- 2.26 0.19 0.27- 1.27 0.17 0.29- 1.01 1.34 0.23- 5.59 2.04 0.13-11.53 1.21 0.18- 6.35 3.39 0.24-13.17 0.32 0.51- 1.78 0.38 0.46- 1.91 0.27 0.15- 1.22 0.53 0.17- 4.94 532 o o T > in un >- r~ JZ en ■*-> p— j= o u IT) f_ 3 CO -3 fQ O OL ■>-> . O o c co ot flou t, June o in C7> m U -p- CM 3 CO O it- .* *"«\ S_ «o s- o x o >- etj n- O *G 2 O N^ CM sa u •t- o 2 O O liu o < =3 2 / L \ ' ' l_ J I L. o o • ^ (O cu o c 3 in ra -3 CO E »^» o _J -i-> -«— •■ ^- &. r*. tt) CT> o o •a — c 3 oi s_ ^ o Vi >- ^ s_ CO O 2 o "O <4- 0) o O CO CM iy 5 dice the K c c o a -o 1X3 ad- soma col lee O O c *: en a; T- onthly errugin o s: <<- U) UJ ce o to Tj- eg O CO ID "* r- t- *~ r- (001 * 1H0I3M HSU / 1H9I3M AdVAO) X30M OIlVWOS-aVNOO CM 537 TABLE 15. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruainea A dash (-J ) collected in the indicates no data New York Bi available. ght, June 1974 to June 1975. Number t Qbservat- ions Specimen Si 2 Range (mm) GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month :e Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1974 June 10 263-363 2.61 0.94 0.97 0.58- 3.98 July 2 335-346 2.81 0.31 0.56 2.41- 3.21 August 4 136-384 1.90 0.74 0.86 0.96- 2.96 September 20 173-381 1.81 1.96 1.40 0.34- 3.94 October 12 291-382 4.05 1.77 1.33 1.38- 6.30 November 36 224-380 5.00 2.99 1.73 0.44- 8.21 1975 February 220 204-422 12.00 22.47 4.74 0.39-23.35 March 48 269-401 15.81 45.56 5.75 2.25-27.09 Apri 1 120 254-420 12.37 82.63 9.09 0.47-30.23 May 113 189-409 5.13 35.2S 5.94 0.26-27.04 June 47 274-393 3.28 1.44 1.20 0.39- 5.57 533 T P z Z) 5 cc *- cc < CO ID / z < o U) o g 5 o N- UJ o < \ - n ,o in n o OJ • ^ <-> o Ol c p— p OJ 3 C o 01 3 - in CO Q. O "O 3 to a. O O m o - 0) CO flounde ht, Jun o S_ 1- m in 0) C2 CM ■4-) C -* •r- S- *"\ 3 O so >- O re O 3 i*- OJ o S-rf I/) CM Ui OJ O) 5 K O O "3 •.- O) in 4-> -l-> T- iad-soma ) collec o O wi I ■ o nthly g ericanu \ O E 2; ^o • . o -J -3 z • m 03 a: C3 CO *W * 7hOI3M HSld / 1H0I3M AbVAO) X30NI DIlYi'JOS-OVNOO CM 539 TABLE 16. Monthly summary of gonad-somatic data for winter flounder (PseudopTeuronectes americanus) coll (-) indicates no scted in the New York data available. Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. A dasn Number of Observations Specimen Size Range (mm) GONAD-SOMATIC INDEX Survey Month Mean Variance Standard Deviation Range 1974 June 120 175-375 1.47 0.48 0.69 0.42- 3.70 July 58 177-362 1.45 0.41 0.64 0.38- 3.06 August 16 196-344 1.61 0.46 0.68 0.25- 2.98 September 19 173-346 2.57 2.82 1.68 0.96- 6.16 October 107 174-397 5.11 7.02 2.65 0.45-12.48 November 174 99-393 7.35 14.44 3.80 0.41-17.21 1975 January 5 218-316 16.25 15.78 3.97 12.29-21.40 February 128 192-416 12.52 37.24 9.34 0.18-28.77 March 35 211-399 3.20 16.24 4.03 0.09-21.27 April 89 132-370 2.71 15.76 3.97 0.48-20.34 May 158 163-361 1.80 0.92 0.96 0.36- 4.41 June 164 137-399 1.33 23.72 4.87 0.25- 3.91 540 to E o r— *j cn *f e cn c 3 ^m ro a. ai i/i -C 4-> <*- o to *J ^ 3 l/l OS l_ in (0 p_ ^— 0) ^^ 2 to to re ia a> s_ to u «c u -3 3 u *J OJ 1/1 > 4J u 3 ■a o s- Q. a> s- > as <0 >. J- "3 01 3 ■a "~ as CTS J= »r™ lO CO •r- r— (J -2 ■p* 3 4-1 C. 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UJ •^ TJ JS 0 ^™ CO 3 ITJ en >> O TJ 0) 2: t_> -*-> _j -a z (S3 2; u T3 00 e 2 Sm T3 O Z a> ai ^* *» ^™* 0 <— -r— ^11^ ^■^ 01 ITJ .— ^. ^M* C3 z ^~ CM ■z. 0 *— r— CM CJ3 ^) •"* CM ,_^ CO CM en ^i^ p— CO ' — ' LT> cn s_ 01 - - "O ai *-^% s- *— H 0 CO ai --^ (O tm U3 ^■^ -0 CO >J3 JZ C7> CO 0) t»» en u !■" r«. 0 cn ao *"-'' en 1_ JZ r™ — ' ■a ■4-) - — u 4-) c 4-> >> OO • <—^ 4-> *— *» « O • T3 r— un O e cn I/O Cn cz l/l ITJ 4-> r^ r— (TJ "O 4-> CO -_^ -0 *~"' -3 c TJ (U 4-» c 3 O c i. c TJ >> cu JZ cu fm 0 01 ai ■0 E 4J Ul CO 4-> jv: B i/j r— ■*• •^ o 3 Z a: 3 O O UJ Ol _J »■— • 3* a. UJ __ >- 3 550 IS! 31 C c 3 a. IB W s « 3 £ C 3 O U O S- i- C "3 j= — =: 4-1 i. c c OJ -r- (O J2 C E 3 - a> > 0 o. '- m m « O 3 1 J* S- "O fO X) •^- Ol OJ X Q.U. SZ ITS U 3 '- c fO O OJ z: o. s- < 3-. 3 to (/I i- UJ c cr c UJ UJ 0 _i 1— u CO z ■ — • alichthys dentatus , eggs and larvae on the continental snelf between Cape Cod and Cape Lookout, 1965-1966. Fish. Bull. (US) 71(2): 527-548. Sissenwine, M.P., R.R. Lewis, and R.K. Mayo. 1979. The spatial and temporal distribution of summer flounder {Pavaliahthys dentatus) based on research vessel bottom trawl surveys. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. No. 79-55. Section 3: Fourspot Flounder Bigelow, H.8., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577. Leim, A.H., and W.B. Scott. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic Coast of Canada. Fish. Res. of Can. 155: 1-485. Ralph, D. 1982. Fourspot flounder synopsis. In: Fish distribution, Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Section 9: Windowpane Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. US. 74(53): 1-577. Oery, L., and R. Livingstone, Jr. 1982. Windowpane synopsis: In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Moore, E. 1947. The sand flounder, Lovhopsetta aquosa (Mitchell), a general study of the species with special emphasis on age determination by means of scales and otoliths. In: Studies of Marine Resources of southern New England VI. Bull. Bingnam Oceanogr. Coll. 11(3): 79 p. 556 Smith, W.G., J.D. Sibunka and A. Wells. 1975. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes Fleuroneati formes on the continental shelf between Cape Cod and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SRF- 691, 68 p. Section 10: Atlantic Mackerel Anderson, E.D. 1980. Status of the Northwest Atlantic mackerel stock - 1980. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. Lab. Ref. No. 80-29. . 1984. Atlantic mackerel synopsis. In: Status of the fishery resources off the Northeastern United States. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-F/riEC-29: 132 p. Berrien, P. 1982. Atlantic mackerel synopsis: In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish, Bull. (US). 53(74): 1-577. Sette, O.E. 1950. Biology of the Atlantic mackerel {Scomber saombrus) of North America. Part 2. Migrations and habits. U.S. Fish. Bull. 51(49): 251-358. Section 11: Butterfish Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. (US) 53(74): 1-577. Hildebrand, S.F., and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Fish. Bull. (US) 43: 1-388. 55: Murawski, S.A., D.G. Frank, and S. Chang. 1978. Biological and fisheries data on butterfish, Pepvilus tviaaamth.ua (Peck). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech. Ser. Rep. No. 6. 39 p. Murawski, S.A., and G.T. Waring. 1979. A population assessment of butterfish, Pepvilus tviacanthus , in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 108(b): 427-439. Pileggi, J., and B.G. Thompson. 1978. Fishery statistics of the United States 1975. Statistical Digest No. 69. NMFS, Washington, DC. 418 p. Section 12: Bluefish Anderson, E.D. 198U. A preliminary assessment of the status of bluefish {Pomatomus saltatvix) along the Atlantic coast of the United States. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. Lab. Ref. NO. 80-30. Boreman, J. 1983. Status of bluefish along the Atlantic coast. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. No. 83-28: 3b p. Wilk, S.J. 1977. Biological and fisheries data on bluefish, Pomatomus saltatvix (Linnaeus). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech. Ser. Rep. No. 11. Wilk, S.J. 1982. Bluefish synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Section 13: Atlantic Croaker Hildebrand, S.F., and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Fish. Bull. (US) 43: 1-388. McHugh, J.L., and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. 558 Norcross, B.L. 1983. Climate scale environmental factors affecting year- class fluctuations of Atlantic croaker [Micvopoconias undulatus) in the Chesapeake Bay. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary in Virginia. 388 p. Silverman, M.J. 1982. Atlantic croaker synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Section 14: Black Sea Bass Kendall, A.W., Jr. 1977. Biological and fisheries data on black sea bass, Csntvopristis striata (Linnaeus). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech. Ser, Rep. No. 7. Kendall, A.W. Jr., and L.P. Mercer. 1980. Black sea bass synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. McHugh, J.L., and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries, MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. No. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Pileggi, J., and 8.G. Thompson. 1978. Fishery statistics of the United States 1975. Stat. Digest No. 69. NMFS, Wash., DC. Section 15: Scup Deuel, D.G. 1973. 1971) salt-water angling survey. NMFS, Current Fisheries Statistics No. 6200. ICNAF. 1972. Statistical bulletin for the year 1970. Int. Comm. for the Northw. Atl. Fish. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Can. Maurer, R.O., and R.E. Bowman. 1975. Food habits of marine fishes of the Northwest Atlantic. NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. No. 75-03. 18 p. 559 McHugh, J.L. and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Morse, W.W. 1978. Biological and fisheries data on scup, Stenotomus chvysovs (Linnaeus). NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab. Tech. Ser. Rep. No. 12. Morse, W.W. 1982. Scup synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.O., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Section 16: Weakfish Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577. McHugh, J.L., and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries. MESA N.Y. Bight Altas Monogr. 16. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Wilk, S.J. 1982. Weakfish synopsis: In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Altas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Section 17: Tilefish Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. (US) 74(53): 1-577. Collins, J.W. 1384. History of tilefish. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Rep. of the Comm. for 1382. Part 10, Appendix 11, 237- 294a, 2 pis. Freeman, B.L., and S.C. Turner. 1977. Biological and fisheries data on tilefish. Lovholatilus ahama&leontieevs Goode and 3ean. Tech. Ser. Rep. No. 5, 41 p. 560 Freeman, B.L., and S.C. Turner. 1982. Tilefish synopsis: In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. 31 ght Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Turner, S.C, C. B. Grimes, and K.W. Able. 1983. Growth, mortality, and age/size structure of the fisheries for tilefish, Lovholatilus ahamaeleontiaeys, in the Middle Atlantic-Southern New England region. Fish. Bull. (US) 81(4): 751-763. Section 18: American lobster Burns, T.S., S.H. Clark, V.C. Anthony and R.J. Essig. 1979. Review and assessment of the USA offshore lobster fishery. Inter. Coun. for the Explor. of the Sea. CM. 1979/K: 25, Shell. Comm. Burns, T.S. 1980. Personal communication. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole Lab., Woods Hole, MA. Burns, T.S. 1982. Lobster synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D. and T.R. Azarovitz eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Uzmann, J.R., R.A. Cooper, and K.J. Pecci . 1977. Migration and dispersion of tagged American lobsters, Homavus amern.aanus, on the southern New England continental shelf. NMFS Tech. Rep. SSRF-705. 92 p. Section 19: Red crab Haefner, P. A., Jr. 1977. Reproductive biology of the female deep-sea red crab, Gevyon quinquedens, from the Chesapeake Bight. Fish. Bull. 75(1): 91-102. 561 Haefner, P. A., Jr. 1978. Seasonal aspects of the biology, distribution and relative abundance of the deep-sea red crab, Gevyon quinquedens Smith, in the vicinity of the Norfolk Canyon, western North Atlantic. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assn. 63: 49-62. Sercnuk, F.M., and R.L. Wigley. 1982. Red crab synopsis. In: Fish distribution. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. MESA N.Y. Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. Albany, NY. New York Sea Grant Institute. Wigley, R.L., R.B. Theroux, and H.E. Murray. 1975. Deep-sea red crab, Gevyon quinquedons, survey off northeastern United States. Mar. Fish. Rev. (US) 37(3): 1-21. Section 2U: Sea Scallop Culliney, J.L. 1974. Larval development of the giant scallop Placopeatsn magellaniaus (Gmelin). Bio. Bull. (Woods Hole, MA) 147: 321-332. MacKenzie, C.L., Jr., A.S. Merrill, and F.M. Sercnuk. 1978. 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