BF 1628 .S8 Copy 1

THE DIVINING ROD.

J^JST ^u^ITIOILiE

FROM THE

|mtwtattg §mnv in fttljj 1861,

LEWIS H. STEINER, M. 1>.

CHAMBERSBURG, PA:

M. KIEFFER & CO's. CALORIC PRINTING PRES8.

1861.

THE DIVINING ROD.

AIKT ARTICLE

FROM THE

f«wlmi} fUvtav fm fiilf 1861.

, . j i a * * * * j * * LEWIS H. STEINER, M. IX

CHAMBERSBURG, PA:

M. KIEIFER k CO'S. CALORIC PRINTING PRES

1861.

B.C

THE DIVINING ROD.*

Mankind must believe in the mysterious. From the earliest childhood, when the reasoning powers are but budding forth, to that period of life when the full enjoy- ment of these same powers gives him a wide command over the forces and products of nature, he has always a secret love of the mysterious — the hidden. Faith, either in the holy mysteries of a pure religion, or in the foul and obscene secrets of that which is false, will be found more or less present in his soul. And outside of religious faith, there will be a belief in the existence of beings gifted with supernatural powers who are either benefactors or tormen- tors of the human race : bright little fairies singing,

" Over hill, over dale,

Thorough bush, thorough briar, Over park, over pale,

Thorough flood, thorough fire, I do wander every where, Swifter than the moones sphere And I serve the fairy queen, To dew her orbs upon the green,"

or shrewd and knavish sprites like him " called Eobin Good-fellow:"

" That fright the maidens of the villa gery ; Skim milk ; and sometimes labour in the quern, And bootless make the breathless housewife churn; And sometime make the drink to bear no barm ; Mislead night- wanderers, laughing at their harm ;"

rewarders of good children, like the St. Nicholas of Christ- mas eve who comes with his cornucopia of happiness for the little ones, bestowing brightness and joy on their expectant countenances, or punishers of the bad, like the Pelznickel

* Histoire du Merveilleux dans les Temps modernes par Louis Figuier Tome Deuxieme. La Baguette Divinatoire. Paris, 1860.

of that same eve who carries a rod and all kinds of un- pleasant instruments of punishment for those who have neglected duties, been unmindful of the claims of parental authority, and have not been " good children. "

Connected, naturally, with such a belief, is the idea that the hidden forces of nature maybe placed at the command of man, through some supernatural power, or through some means not explained by ordinary philosophical laws. This idea may develop itself in the form of magic incan- tations supposed to possess wonderful powers over the spirits of the earth and air, peculiar rites or processes which invest those performing them with special privileges not allowed to their brethren, or in the recognition of peculiar influences belonging to certain signs and symbols. Pop- ular superstitions, as to lucky or unlucky days, also owe their origin to this love of the mysterious. These ideas and popular notions cannot, as a general thing, be traced back to their true ground. They have grown, from small beginnings, until their present form has been reached, part- ly through a natural development of the primitive idea, and partly through additions made from without. Some of them, however, are of such a character that we can trace them back to the starting point and study them through all the phases of their development. To this class belongs the divining rod, to which we propose to direct our attention at present. Although this has been employed by the im- postor and knave, with the view of deceiving the credulous and unsuspecting, yet it is also found occasionally in the hands of the latter class themselves, and at times producing results which demand attention from men of science. It will not then be uninteresting or profitless, if we attempt to give an account of the origin and use of the divining rod in ancient times, its employment in the middle ages, and the attempted explanations of the phenomena attribu- ted to its use in the hands of men asserted to be specially skillful.

The rod has been the symbol and type of authority from the earliest antiquity. Holy Writ and ancient mythology

furnish abundant proofs of this statement. The Psalms show that it was also employed, at times, as a symbol of protection, — Thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. How- ever employed typically, it implied some supernatural pow- er. A few examples will be allowed us by way of illustra- tion— Christ is called " the rod of thy strength;" His pow- er is called a rod of iron — " Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron," — "He shall rule them with a rod of iron ;" Job speaks of the wrath of God as a rod — ' Let him take away his rod from me," — " neither is the rod of God upon them ;" Isaiah uses it as a means of showing the miracu- lous birth of the Saviour — " And there shall corne forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse." It was employed as a means of producing miracles, — passing thus from a type into the means, wiach the Almighty used for the purpose of im- pressing certain truths on the hearts and minds of the fa- vorite people. The latter, however, becoming unmindful of the fact that the power was not innate in the rod, soon began to use it in divination. Hosea says, " My people ask counsel at their stocks, and their staff declareth unto them ;" — and the reference to divination in Ezekiel may justify the supposition that the rod was also referred to by that prophet — " For the king of Babylon stood at the part- ing of the way, at the head of the two ways, to use divina- tion; he made his arrows bright, he consulted with images, he looked in the liver."

With the Eomans the caduceus was the symbol of peace, as the spear was that of war. It was usually a rod with a representation of two snakes wound around it, the origin of which mythology asserts to have been the separation of two snakes, while fighting, by the rod of Mercury. The augurs, when dividing the heavens, in their divinations, always employed a crooked staff called lituus, described as incurvum et leviter a summo inflexum bacileum. This was first used by Romulus in the location of the imperial city, — and being found in the temple, after the destruction of Rome, it became a hallowed object in the eyes of the people. Livy speaks of its employment in the consecra-

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tion of Numa Porapilius as the second king of Rome, who refused to accept the regal position until a consultation of the gods, through augury, should reveal their pleasure. The augur ascended a high mountain, " there having ta- ken in his right hand a curved rod " and examined the different regions of the heavens, he besought Jupiter to make some signs which would indicate his approval of Numa as king, when the rod was placed on his head.

And from the ancient Hebrews, the Eomans and Greeks, the use of the rod passed to other nations until, according to Taylor,* "a belief in the existence of divination, or the art of foretelling events, however variously manifested, ap- pears to be, except among Christians, coextensive with a belief in the Divinity, from which it derives its name. On this account, the stoics considered the two propositions in- separable. Sunt di; ergo est Divinatio" Of course we do not claim that divination was always performed by means of the rod, but it was one of the most common methods, em- ployed by those who wished to foretell events or to dis- cover the hidden treasures of nature.

In modern times the use of the rod appears to have been reintroduced by the Germans, although the French for many years were very much excited on the subject and seem to have been carried away by an insane frenzy to ex- periment with the rod, not only for the purpose of discov- ering the treasures of the earth, but also streams of pure water, and even the traces of murderers and other gross violators of Divine and human laws. We avail ourselves freely in this article of the materials, which Dr. Figuier has brought together on this subject, believing that we are presenting for the first time, in English, much that is in- teresting as well as intensely curious. The divining rod was employed by the Baroness de Beauso- leil in revealing the metallic treasures of France. This no- ble lady devoted herself, in conjunction with her husband, to the study of metallurgy and mineralogy, expending in

* Occult Sciences, 281.

this study an enormous private fortune. With the view, however, of making the results of her investigations the more wonderful, she pretended that she employed divining rods of seven different kinds, which gave indications al- ways of metals when concealed under the soil. The result of this was the arrest of herself and husband under the charge of sorcery, and their death in prison. She had an- nounced the discovery of subterranean mineral waters, made simply by holding one of the rods in her hand when it would be attracted powerfully towards the ground, over the places where these were concealed. But errors must always grow. After her death JRoyer announced that the divining rod was adapted for the detection of all kinds of concealed articles, — and he claimed, that it wsis a matter of indifference as to the material out of which the rod was made. It might be of wood, gold, silver, ivory, the horns of beef or any other animal, even of a cabbage stalk. It would detect every thing, except such as were connected with the immaterial or spiritual world. This was a total change of qualities in the instrument. At first it was en- tirely used on account of its prophetic power as regards events, and " the moral attribute was the only quality of the divining rod." A few centuries have passed away, and its friends claim for it every thing but this moral attribute. Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis. Every fash- ion has its day, and when it disappears the disappearance is not final, but only for a little while. It will again show itself above the horizon, gradually advance until it reaches the zenith and then speedily sink into obscurity. This is true, not only of fashion as regards clothing and the man- ners of society, but also of -superstitions and popular delu- sions. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, the rod is once more employed on account of its moral proper- ties. The most remarkable pretender of this period was Jacques Aymar, whose history, in connection with the di- vining rod, is of sufficient interest to claim more than a passing notice. Jacques Aymar's skill was called into requisition by the

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authorities, who were endeavoring to ascertain the per- petrators of a double murder in the city of Lyons. The bodies of a wine merchant and his wife were found in the cellar of their shop, a bottle wrapped with straw and a bloody billhook by their sides. Appearances justified the idea, that a robbery of the shop had been committed by the party or parties, who had committed the murder. The officers of justice, being absolutely at fault as to any mode of tracing the criminals, were induced to ask the aid of Jacques Aymar, a native of the village of Dauphiny. These were the days, when torture was employ ed as a legal means of obtaining information in criminal cases, and there will hence be no cause of wonder that the divining rod was employed by legal authority. The operator offered to undertake the investigation provided he was first brought to the place where the murder was committed, so that he might take the impression {'prendre son impression). Guided by the prosecuting attorney, he visited the wine merchant's cellar, having placed between his hands a rod of the first kind of wood that he could find. " The rod remained im- movable until the moment when he passed over the spot, where the corpse of the wine merchant had been found. Then it became violently agitated ; he himself very much affected and his pulse was accelerated as though he were in a fever. This excitement increased, when he came to the spot where the corpse of the second victim had been found. Having thus received his impression, Aymar left the cellar, and, guided by his rod, or rather by the inner feeling which made it move, he ascended into the shop through which the assassins had taken flight. Leaving the shop, he followed, street after street, the tracks of the murderers ; entered the court of the archbishop, crossed it, and only stopped at the gate by the Ehone, which was closed, because this fantastic perquisition was executed at night." He commences his operationsnthe next morning. Leaving Lyons by the bridge over the Khone, he descends the right bank of the river. His rod at times informs him there were three, and again only two, associated in the

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atrocious crime. He enters a gardener's house, and there declares that there were three assassins, and that they had been in that house. Accompanied by proper officers, he descended the Rhone, and, after many marvellous revela- tions by the rod, detects one of the assassins in a prison at Beaucaire. This man admitted that he was present when the murder was committed, but denied that he had been engaged in it. The prisoner was brought to Lyons, to the great satisfaction of the magistrates, and the enthusiastic admiration of the people. A new escort was furnished Aymar and he was again started off on his curious investi- gation. At Toulon, however, he was obliged to give it up. The man arrested was duly condemned to be broken alive on tjae wheel, and the sentence was carried out August 30, 1692.

This whole account seems to belong to some dark period of history, or to some nation not yet visited by the light of civilization. But unless the most indubitable evidence were furnished us, that it had occurred at the time men- tioned, human credulity would not admit it a possible oc- currence so near our era. " The virtue of the divining rod, so long considered a mere popular superstition, had been recognized as a juridical verity." Figuier thus deprives the whole affair of all supernatural character : " Aymar had evidently obtained some important data as to the mur- der. * * It is possible that he may have learned from his friend, who lived near the victims, that a hunchback had been seen among the men prowling around the house on the day of the crime." This "was a hint which he followed up until the result was attained of seizing a hunchback in a prison, who made the confession. " What is extraordinary is the confession made by the prisoner, a confession which his extreme youth and his strong belief in the power of the rod may explain. It is probable, however, that without this confession, the judges would have hesitated to pro- nounce sentence of death, and that this affair would not have had the reputation it received and would not have conferred so great honor on the infallibility of the divining

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rod." It was one of those occurrences, where accident, or rather Providence, had lead the hands oi justice, by means altogether in themselves inadequate, to the detection of the perpetrator of a gross crime.

Attention having been turned towards the divining rod by the affair at Lyons, physicians began to experiment and physicists to denounce while the people, ever ready to grasp at the mysterious, gave their hearty credence to the asserted powers of the rod. Some experiments, made in the presence of and by Pauthot — Dean of the College of Medicine at Lyons, — furnished results that exhibited the extraordinary effects of the use of the rod in their true light. Whenever Aymar passed over the place, where the dead bodies had been found, he was seized with violent convul- sions, and the rod was so forcibly bent towards the ground that it appeared ready to break. When the same rod was placed in the hands of another person, not a physician and not accustomed to cool examination of phenomena, effects very similar, to those shown in Aymar's person, made their appearance. But when Pauthot took the rod in his hands, all these effects were not apparent. It remained immovable although he passed frequently over the place where the bodies had been found, and no agitation was experienced in his system. We begin to see how the imagination or " the involuntary connivance of the spirit might act in the production of such phenomena."

In the year 1698 the fame of Jacques Aymar, who was actively employed in the interim in bemystifyinghis neigh- bors and living on the reputation obtained from the case we have related, was summoned to Paris by the Prince of Conde to exhibit some of his marvellous powers in his presence. Apartments were assigned him with the Con- cierge of the hotel, in order that he might be under the eye of the Prince himself. But here began Aymar's down- fall. He was taken one day to the garden. Five holes had previously been made and in them gold and silver, copper and stones were respectively placed. The diviner, with his rod, pretended not only that he could detect

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metals, but that he could distinguish them from one another. " When he was put to the test, he failed to de- tect anything, once declaring the existence of precious metals in the hole containing stones and at another time in one that was absolutely empty."

Test after test was now applied by the Prince of Conde. No results were obtained of the character promised by Aymar, and the Prince, being satisfied of the true character of the ignorant pretender, informed the public that Aymar's rod " was nothing but a pure illusion and a chimerical in- vention." There was no longer any chance for the em- ployment of the divining rod in Paris, and Aymar retired to Lyons where a willing people still received his revelations as truths, and fabricated all kinds of excuses for his mistakes.

He next makes his appearance, on the page of history, in the capacity of detector of Protestants, in the war waged against them by the Marshal Montrevel. The rod was employed to indicate such persons as had attended protes- tant meetings. Being directed towards an individual sus- pected, if the suspicion was founded on fact it would im- mediately turn, and such an individual was consigned to the gibbet or the wheel. How many lives were sacrificed in this way through the rage of sectarian zeal, aided by an ignorant pretender, we are not able to state. The mind grows weary of dwelling upon such scenes, and history gives us nothing more of Aymar. He proved to be as use- ful to the murderous bigotry of his co-religionists, as he had been to the wonder-lovers and prodigy- seekers in the city of Lyons.

The fame acquired by Aymar in Dauphiny proved to be very attractive to the good people of that province. Many followers were raised up, who rivalled Aymar in their pre- tensions and were doubtless as reliable in their divinations. The rod was the judge of all questions under examination. " It revealed metals and springs, robbers and unreliable debtors;" furnished indications concerning concealed relics of the saints or property purloined from sinners, determin- ed the value of horses exposed to sale and the true owner-

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ship of lands ; indeed its applications were as numerous as the wants of mankind. Every native of Dauphiny em- ployed it, " men and women, children and old people, clergy and laity, all practised divination with the rod, des- pite pastoral mandates and instructions." All the mar- vellous effects were attributed to satanic agency. When this belief once took hold of the people, it proved particu- larly distressing to those who had been distinguished for their skill in the use of the rod, and they devoted them- selves to prayers to the Almighty to withdraw the diaboli- cal gift, and these always had the effect of freeing them immediately. The true connection between the will or the intention of the operator and the movement of the rod is clearly shown in the fact, that whenever a great desire was experienced to get rid of the power of moving the rod, it was always followed by a loss of this power.

Prominent among the employers of the divining rod, after Aymar, was Barthelemy Bleton who employed it as a hydroscope, or a means of detecting wells or springs of water. His mode of operating was by holding the rod between the first fingers of his two hands; when he passed over a subterranean collection of water, he was seized with a febrile agitation, and there was a downward movement of the rod. Dr. Thouvenel made a series of experiments with Bleton about the year 1780. It was pretended that he could detect subterranean springs, even when his eyes were bandaged and his arms held by one or more persons. Thouvenel, believing the revelations of Bleton, attempted their explanation by an electrical theory, which explains nothing at all. Bleton was invited to Paris in 1782. La- lande, the great astronomer, showed that the movements of the rod were the result of practice, which enabled Bleton to move the rod without showing any movement of his body. The accounts of his experiments are very contra- dictory. The journals were divided on this subject into Bletonians and Anti-bletonians, and partizan feeling ran so high that one finds it difficult to select that which is re- liable from their statements. His friends asserted that he

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could always find water, although he might mistake its depth and volume. This was an excellent subterfuge, as it enabled the hydroscopist to say, in case water was not found, on digging to a moderate depth, that it would be found if the well was only made deeper. His friends, and the credulous Thouvenel, alleged that he had made no mis- take in eight hundred experiments. Yet a number of chemists report, that he had passed frequently through an alley, under which a pipe, two inches in width, containing water was laid, without any alteration in the direction of the rod, while he declared that canals and springs were concealed under the church of St. Genevieve. The latter blunder was readily explained by the statement that a cur- rent of moist air had produced the same effect as a current of subterranean water. But explanations and excuses are never very difficult to an ingenious, crafty man.

In 1790, Thouvenel having emigrated to Italy, found another Dauphinese, Pennet, who pretended to the same hydroscopic powers asBleton. Spallanzani, the great phy- siologist, had been astonished at first by Pennet's apparent powers, but more deliberate examinations satisfied him that they were but apparent and not real. The savans of Italy were however very much divided in their opinions on the subject of the powers of the divining rod. Some at- tempted to explain, what they believed to be facts, by the supposed action of electric currents. This was at the time when the discoveries of Galvani and Yolta, on the subject of the physiological effects of electricity, had attracted the attention of students of medical and physical science. But the use of the word electricity was then, as too frequently now, merely the resort of ignorance. Whenever a phe- nomenon was dark or mysterious, it was referred to the agency of electricity, without the slightest effort being made to show how there could be the relation of cause and effect between it and the phenomenon. Ignorance or limited knowledge always thus jumps to conclusions, without em- ploying any intermediate reasoning. The appearance of a comet in the heavens is to him, who is innocent of any

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knowledge of astronomy, the direct or remote cause ol all present disasters, failure of crops, destructive wars, epi- demic diseases among men and beasts, commercial troubles, and all posssible evils that may afflict humanity. There is nothing on which our reasoning is so very loose and faulty, as on the relation of cause to effect. A sequence is accepted as a consequence, and a high-sounding term at once becomes sufficient, to explain any marvellous occur- rence, to those whose minds have not been carefully trained in a strict school or' logic.

The result of the general excitement in Italy, on the sub- ject of the divining rod as a hydroscope, was precisely the same as in France and Germany. " Savants could not agree as to the value of experiments, even when they were most successful. There were enthusiastic affirmations and obstinate negations, sudden conversions and audacious denials, — and afterwards a dense melee of written state- ments, reports, journal articles, panegyrics and diatribes."

In England and America no general interest has ever been excited on this subject, although some very singular results have been apparently obtained by a few individuals, whose honesty and integrity could not for a moment be suspected. In this investigation, as in investigations of all mysterious and inexplicable phenomena, which seem to set at defiance the special laws of nature, we must distinguish between the honest experimenter who may be self-deceived, and the mere charlatan who employs his own ingenuity and skill for the deception of others. The two cannot be classed together, although the results obtained may be precisely alike. The second has availed himself of the credulity of mankind, with the view of gaining notoriety, or, which is more frequently the case, of filling his coffers. The first honestly tries to free himself from prejudice, — la- bors to benefit his fellow-men by what he supposes to be a real power in his possession, and is fully entitled to our respect for his motives and his sincerity, however erroneous we may find his conclusions. The second deserves no

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mercy at our hands, and when the deception is detected, is fully entitled to all the scorn that is an imposter's due.

Let us now, having thus described in a brief and con- densed way some of the most striking instances of the employment of the divining rod, direct our attention to an examination of its nature, the manner of its employ- ment, the various theories that have been advanced as to the cause of its action by different classes of experimenters, and the explanations which modern science furnish us at the present time. In this way we shall best be enabled to derive important information on the subject, and to strip it of all marvellous character. We are probably in pos- session of such knowledge as to justify the belief, that the time has arrived for such clear and deliberate examina- tion, as the excited prejudices of the past would not allow our predecessors.

As to the material of which the divining rod was com- posed, there was much difference of opinion among those who employed it. Agricola — a writer on metallurgy in the seventeenth century — mentions the use of hazel as specially adapted for the detection of silver, ash for copper, pine for lead, iron for gold.* The willow, elm and ash were em- ployed at times in default of the hazel. Some insisted upon the almond tree, because the rod of Aaron which had been placed in the temple, " had brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds," although they did not deign to show how there could be a connection between the manifestation of the Almighty's selection of the tribe of Levi to conduct " the priest's office for every- thing of the altar," and the search after precious metals. But, whatever wood was selected, it was necessary that it should be light and very porous, as it was presumed that its movement over the substances sought for was in con- sequence of the liquids it contained. The nature of the wood was, however, considered of very little importance by

* Etenim coryli virgulas adhibent ad venas argent! : fraxini, ad aeris : piceastri, ad plumbi, maxime candidi: ex ferro vel acie ferri factas, ad auri.

Agricola, De Re Metallica, 26.

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the Dauphinese diviners, in the seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries. As we have already remarked, a cab- bage stalk proved quite as effective as a rod of any of those woods, which were at first considered only available for divining purposes. As the rod could be of any material whatever, all questions concerning the relation between nature and properties were then settled, or at least consid- ered as of no importance.

The rod was forked at one end. It was prepared by the German miners, by being exposed to certain cabalistic rites ; or prayers were offered up, invoking a blessing on the rod. It was to be cut off at one stroke of the knife, at the rising of the sun on a Wednesday morning. Some claimed that it should be cut in the wet months, and others during dry seasons. That it should be forked, was not ab- solutely necessary, according to Agricola, for he says, " al- though the forked form may be employed, yet that is not of importance, for it may be straight or of any other shape, — the figure is of no importance, but the incantations, which he is not allowed, and does not wish, to narrate.* Most operators, according to Figuier, " selected a forked rod, or one at least having a crook at one of its ends ; some, in accordance with the German method, took a small straight rod, a single shoot, without knots, divided into two, and making a hole in the end of one of the pieces, trimmed the other to a point and stuck it in this hole, making a jointed rod— -fuseau magique. The great diviners, however, espe- cially those of later times, used a straight rod, without bend or crook, a little curved about the middle, or perfectly straight."

The mode of holding the rod also differed. "When a forked rod was used, it was seized by both hands, so that

* Virgula divina, qua incantatores scrutantur venas, aut annulis etiam, speculis, cristallis, quamvis forma furcae figurari possit, nihil tamen ad rem interest, recta sit, an in aliam figuram formata : non enim valet virgulae fi- gura, sed incantamenta carminum, quae mihi commemorare non licet neque libet.

De Re Metallica 27.

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the back part of the latter was towards the ground. Of course with the jointed and straight rods, different meth- ods of holding these would be adopted. Agricola suggests that they should be held gently, not too gently, however, since in that case they would fall toward the earth, even before the power of the hidden metallic veins would act upon them ; and if they were held too tightly, the strength of the hands would overcome the attractive force of the ob- jects sought. He gives a wood cut representing two di- viners with forked rods in their hands, looking as grave and dignified, as became their occupation. The character of the operator seems to have been of some account, and to have influenced very much the motions of the rod — Virgu- la igitur, Vr auriinveniendis venis, viro bono gravique usu iesse potest. Cicero wondered if soothsayers could look each other in the face without indulging in smiles at the tricks and deceptions they had been engaged in playing on their fellow citizens. But the soothsayers had even more ex- cuse for their mode of procedure than some of the charla- tans, who have figured with the divining rod. It is diffi- cult so to transplant ourselves from the incredulous pres- ent into the credulous past, as to picture to our minds the astonished expressions of the people, when watching the movements of the employer of the divining rod, they would suddenly see it dipping towards the ground, and hear the oracle declare, with all the appearance of authority, the nature of the substance concealed at that spot. Gold- smith's description, of the effect of the old schoolmaster's learning on the villagers, may possibly give us a picture of the effect produced by such a sight ;

" Words of learned length and thundering sound Amaz'd the gazing rustics rang'd around, And still they gaz'd and still the wonder grew, That one small head could carry all he knew."

It is natural to suppose that all the theories, propounded with the view of explaining the action of the divining rod, must have been crude and unsatisfactory. It is always so, when a new subject is presented to the attention of man.

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A superficial glance, instead of a careful examination, in- clines him to the reception of the whole as truth. This is the first mistake, one not only constantly made by partic- ular individuals, but by mankind in general. Either the whole of a novelty is swallowed as an absolute verity, or it is rejected as unworthy of notice. We are either intensely credulous or incredulous. The mind deduces conclusions before it has had the proper data furnished it for the pur- pose. Indeed time is alwa}'s demanded for ascertaining what are data, and what mere specious forms. The histo- ry of every science shows the great trials it has had to un- dergo, from prejudiced enemies and rash friends, one con- demning wholesalely and the other adopting all appear- ances as truths. This is true with regard to the divining rod. Indeed it would be easier to believe all the powers asserted to belong to the rod, than to adopt the theories that either the clergy or the laity propounded as to the cause of its action. They only show the ignorance of their authors and give us no aid in our attempt to get a true theory on the subject.

First among these theories was that propounded by the clergy, attributing the movements to diabolical agen- cy. The idea, that the powers of heaven could have any thing to do with the rod, was peremptorily disposed of in this way, — heaven could not be interested in the subject, therefore the lower regions must. The only duty of good men in this view of the matter was, to aid in de- livering devout persons from this unfortunate gift, which could only be possessed in consequence of some voluntary or involuntary facte with the Devil.

Malebranche at first admitted that it might be pos- sible, that the rod was deflected over metallic veins and springs, but when he learned that, in Dauphiny, it was de- flected towards robbers and thieves, he refused to admit the apparent phenomena, " and not being able by the force of reason alone to explain the effects that had been duly attested, he also attributed these to the agency of the dev- il." He says, "one should have a general horror of any

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thing that proceeds from him, upon whom God has pro- nounced an eternal anathema."

The supposition of diabolical agency prevented that kind of investigation, which wTould have collected facts of a character to show the true nature of the supposed wonders of the divining rod. Besides the latter, in its legitimate province, as a means of discovering metals and hidden springs, did not show any greater power than the magnetic needle, — did not even possess as much of the marvellous, and yet no one felt like attributing the polar direction of the needle to such agency. The moral revelations of the divining rod were so evidently mere pretensions that it wras necessary to claim Satanic influences as their exciting cause. But when the clergy had once promulgated this idea, of course it gained ground and closed up all examina- tion of the subject.

The next theory claiming attention was that of the ab- beede Vallemont. This is a most amusing attempt at an explanation of the movements of the rod; " By a species of insensible transpiration there is continually given off from bodies, material particles, which rise in the air follow- ing a vertical direction. In their course they come into contact with the divining rod, saturating it and causing it to rise or to fall in order to assume a direction parallel with that of the corpuscles.. * * The operator, himself re- ceiving these corpuscular emanation's, communicates them, through the pores of his skin, to the rod, which then begins to turn in his hands." In consequence of the difference in the pores of the skin, some men are skillful with the divin- ing rod, and others entirely devoid of skill. In order to make the theory meet all possible cases, it is only necessa- ry to suppose that the corpuscular emanations, given off' from subterranean springs, metallic veins and other treas- ures of nature, differ in character, as well as those which are given off from the bodies of robbers, assassins, and all other perpetrators of crimes. Those from the bodies of murderers are particularly powerful on the nervous sensi- bility of men, like Aymar, able to use the divining rod for

28

their detection. They produce the terrible uneasiness which he experienced — the horrible agitation of his body, the painful sensations which manifested themselves through- out his whole system. While ordinary emanations only affected the rod, — these would produce what might be call- ed "the very torrent, tempest and whirlwind" of suffer- ing. ^

It is difficult to keep one's gravity at this most ludicrous attempt at an explanation. "We are bewildered amid the multitude of special emanations, wTith which we must be surrounded, without our knowledge, at all times. Every substance in nature contributes to this collection. The particles must have the power of passing through each other, unaffected by winds and heat, unperceived by ordi- nary mortals. The earth is a grand manufactory of annoy- ances to the nervous system of the sensitive employer of the divining rod; every animal that sports in the air con- tributes to his uneasiness, and the perpetrators of crimes furnish the most painful of all corpuscular emanations to his sensibility. If all this had been presented to us in the region of fiction, we would consider it somewhat ingenious, but when it challenges our credence on the score of scien- tific explanation it is simply ridiculous. It is true,

There are more things in heaven and earth, Than are dreamt of in our philosophy,

but this theory ac- cumulates them in such quantities, that the human mind can not tolerate the conception. We have read somewhere of the man who had learned, from the teachings of the microscope, the wonders of the animalculae that live out their brief existence in the water and the air, — that infest in millions articles of food and drink, who was so appalled by the dangers surrounding him from these sources, that he refused food and drink and died from starvation — in or- der to escape the liabilities to injury arising from these sources. Only imagine the case of a man, who had sud- denly become cognizant of the wonderful potency of these iafinitesimally small material emanations on his nervous

29

system. What tortures his life would abound in, — what a release death would be to such a constant sufferer !

The best plan of examining the pretended power of the explorers is to look more carefully into their mode of pro- cedure. How could the explorers know what was the par- ticular body which attracted the rod so powerfully ? How distinguish between the metals and water, and how distin- guish one metal from another ? Three rules were adopted for this purpose. First; the rod only bent when it was held over the particular substance, which the explorer was seeking. Hence his will must be active, — his intention fixed on the certain object. The same rod would answer for all possible investigations, in the hands of a skillful man. When he wished to seek for concealed springs, then it would turn over water and not over metals, and vice versa. If employed with the view of detecting murderers — nothing but the object in view — the perpetrator of the crime could affect it ; passing over water, or mines of in- exhaustible wealth, would not cause it to deviate from the direct path of its duty. It will be perceived, that a won- derful amount of intelligence, as well as resolution, was attributed to the rod by its partizans. Either the rod or the corpuscles might be considered as very obedient ser- vants to the will of the explorer. A second method was by physical experiment. " Whenever the rod began to bend over any place, to know whether water or a metal was con- cealed, it was only necessary to place a piece of moist pa- per or linen on the rod. If the movement continued, the concealed article was water. If the contrary, a metal or at least something else than water. To ascertain then what metal it was, different metals would be successively brought near the rod. Its motion would be checked when metals different from that concealed were brought near it; and, on the contrary, the same kind of metal would cause it to turn. The third rule prescribes the very opposite of the last: the rod should not turn on bringing near it a piece of metal of the same kind as that concealed in the earth, but should turn for all other kinds. These two last pre-

30

oepta re establish belief iu the sympathies and antipathies of metals and non-metallic substances, an idea of the mid- dle ages which has been for a long time the object of ridi- cule."

The art of Rhabdomancy thus exhibits its errors and the fallacious reports of its cultivators, as soon as it attempts to explain the results alledged to be obtained by its process- es. Neither the theological explanation, nor the corpus- cular theory, nor the scientific statement of its rules, pre- sent it, in any way, so as to command our respect. Deci- ded and firm opposition to it, however, increased the num- ber of its believers. We are always prone to side with the weaker party. Our interests may be furthered by arraying ourselves under victorious banners, but the lowest passions of our nature are nurtured and strengthened when we find an opportunity to denounce the successful .and triumphant. This is seen in the change of sentiment in the people to- wards the perpretator of a foul murder. So long as he is at large, all voices unite in condemning the act and decla- ring that condign punishment must be his reward. When, however, after a fair trial the sentence of law has been pronounced, then our sympathies are arrayed on the side of the criminal, and we pray the executive authority to re- member mercy and release him from the penalty. Then we can find excuses of various kinds to explain away the heinousness of the offence, and to justify the commission of the murderous deed. A quack may trifle with the health or morals of the public by erroneous medical or theological teachings, and he will neither receive sympa- thy or countenance from the public ; but only let those, whose life-study has been the proper elucidation of such subjects, attempt to have the proper measure of condem- nation or punishment meted out to him, and crowds rally under his banner ready to do battle in his cause. All this looks very much like real, hearfelt sympathy, true philan- thropic feeling for those who are persecuted. It is noth- ing but the rebellion of humanity against law and authori- ty y — the exhibition of the spirit of disregard for law and

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authority which tends to make a nation a byword and re- proach.

So long as the wise and discreet opposed rhabdomancy with any fierceness, although proofs of the deceptions prac- ticed by Aymar and his followers were collected in formi- dable array, although religious scruples were aroused by the theory of Satanic agency, although archbishops, bish- ops and divines without number discountenanced the di- vining rod, although Cardinal Le Camus denounced those who employed it within his diocese, and the inquisition in 1701 condemned the works written in its defence, — still, despite all these, the very opposition excited ua crowd of distinguished and worthy people, and among thern even ecclesiastics of all degrees, who would declare the fact that the divining rod did move and, notwithstanding all state- ments to the contrary, in the words of Galileo, E pur si muove" "The phenomena presented by Bleton in France and Pennet and others in Italy, could not be contested. To explain these Doctor Thouvenel conceived the theory which attributes all these phenomena to electrical action." Science wras called in to aid in explaining that which science had been forced to condemn.

Thouvenelis theory was considered applicable both to the metal-seekers and the hydroscopists or water- seekers. Metallic veins and subterranean streams of water were sup- posed to eliminate electrical currents, which acted direct- ly on the bodies of the employers of the divining rod, im- parting to them peculiar influences which caused the mo- tions of the rod. They penetrated the body, traversed the lungs, and, acting through the nervous system, produced the wonderful impressions, which manifested themselves in the case of Bleton and others of his class. Thouvenel justified his theory by directing attention to the fact, that occasionally wonderful exaltations of the senses were man- ifested in certain individuals, so that sight or hearing was wonderfully acute, or touch was so delicate that astonish- ing results were manifested in this way. But notwith- standing this reference, we must judge of scientific theories

32

by scientific laws, and in this way we shall find that his imposing scientific fortifications and warlike array (I'echa- faudage scientifique) in defence of rhabdomancy will fall at the first fire from the unerring batteries of science. We could not argue with the corpuscular emanations of the abbe de Vallemont. They were too refined and delicate for the cognizance of our reasoning faculties, — too ethereal to be adjudged by laws of matter. But electric currents can be made subjects for argument, — are open to experiment and susceptible of positive demonstration. They always need conducting bodies to form the paths along which they should travel, and it is a fair subject of inquiry — what is the conducting body between the hidden water and the exper- imenter. But there is nothing, between the experimenter and the metallic treasure or the water, except the soil and the atmosphere. The former is an excellent conductor of electricity, and would speedily distribute it, if given off from the objects in question, throughout its immense mass, while the air, being a bad conductor of electricity unless in a moist condition, could not be employed at all in this particular business. And besides all these considerations, why should concealed streams of water produce such won- derful effects on the nervous system, when large bodies of water, directly exposed to the atmosphere, failed to produce any effect at all. In truth, directly the touchstone of science is applied to the so called scientific explanation of the matter, we find all its glitter disappears and it presents a mass of base tinsel instead of the pure gold promised us. In 1826 the divining rod made its appearance again in France. No longer known by its old name, which had be- come unfashionable, but as the forked baton or furcelle, claiming notice under the patronage of Count J. de Tristan, The employer of the instrument was called bacillogire or bacillogyrator, and the term rhabdomancy exchanged for that of bacillogyration. A rose by any other name will smell as sweet. Tristan's theory is full of Thouvenel's idea of the existence of electrical currents, and yet we find the same objection to both, — no proof of the existence of such cur-

rents is furnished us. The electroscope, by which the most delicate waves of electrical excitement are made man- ifest, is not employed by Tristan, and we find ourselves, while studying his demonstrations, somewhat in the same condition as though we attempted to study the Arabian Nights by the aid of modern science, — to ascertain, for in- stance, how, in one moment after Aladdin had given the order, to the slave of the lamp, to bring him something to eat, " the genius returned with a large silver basin, which he carried on his head, and twelve covered dishes of the same material filled with the nicest meats, properly arrang- ed, and six loaves as white as snow upon as many plates ; two bottles of the most excellent wine, and two silver cups in his hand." — All discussions of this kind might have pleased the schoolmen of the middle ages, but we must know whether the thing to be examined be real, before we commence an examination of its nature, or attempt to ex- plain the laws of its existence. Until we find a chimera ruminans in vacuo, it is a matter of no moment to us to know whether devoret secundas intentiones.

Before we give our own opinion on the movements of the divining rod, when found in the hands of the trustful and honest, in order to complete the general survey of the subject, contemplated in this article, it will be necessary to notice the pendicle explorateur, which attracted some atten- tion in Munich and Paris, and which involves the same principles as the divining rod. The instrument consists of a cube of iron pyrites, or a crystal of sulphur or of one of the metals. This was attached to slightly moistened thread, half an ell in length. When held between the fingers, over water, or any of the metals, " it would insensibly be- gin to form eliptical oscillations, which would become cir- cular, and more and more regular. The movement around the north pole of the magnet, would be from left to right and from right to left, around the south pole." This subject was investigated carefully by many scientific gen- tlemen. Complicated theories were offered by way of solv- ing it. It was considered that the movements were pro-

34

duced by a combination ef electricity and organic force, which united force was styled organ-clectrlc. The theory was more imposing than Thouvenel's, only because more high-sounding words were employed. It was no more en- titled to respect, and science soon stripped it of its bright attractions.

Chevreul proved by experiment that " the movement of the pendulum was not determined by the action of any body placed either below or in the vicinage of the oscilla- ting pendulum. The motion proceeds from the hand, and only from the hand of him who holds the thread of the pendulum. The experimenter exercises this action in a manner involuntary and perfectly without his knowledge. The action results from very small movements or simple 'muscular tensions, determined by the will or thought or any other moral agency. From this arises a slight motion, producing a feeble muscular impulse. A number of the latter added together produce a mechanical effect, which manifests itself in the oscillations of the pendulum." — These conclusions were arrived at by Chevreul in experi- ments carefully made by himself. He observed that the same motions were produced in his own case as in the case of others. It occurred to him that they might be pro- duced by the mind, intensely anxious as to the experiment, unconsciously acting on the hand. To satisfy himself on this point, his eyes were blindfolded, — the pendulum then remained at rest. In every case, when an experimenter was blindfolded, the movements of the pendulum ceased. Deprived of the sight of the pendulum, the mind could obtain no idea as to its condition, and the same amount of determination to keep the hands at rest was effectual in preventing motion, although it seemed to be of no account when the pendulum was full in sight. We are indebted then to Chevreul for directing attention to the fact that motions may be made by portions of the body, even without the aid of the will, and that other men- tal faculties may act on the voluntary muscles, bringing them into full play even when the individual is perfectly

35

unconscious of this action. This principle may be useful- ly employed in investigating the singular phenomena, con- nected with the movements of tables and other articles of furniture, which have been, by some, attributed to super- natural powers. We shall find that most of these phenom- ena, which are not voluntary frauds are involuntarily such from the muscles of both hands and feet being put into ac- tion, by other mental faculties than the will. The invol- untary complicity of thought, thus referred to, can now be applied to the examination of the movements of the divin- ing rod. In order to be as brief as possible we shall use the explanation, or rather application of Chevreul's expla- nation as furnished by M. Figuier.

"Among the numerous adept practitioners with the di- vining rod, a small number only are impostors, — the larg- er number act with sincerity. The divining rod does turn in their hands, independent of all artifice, and the phenom- ena, be they what they may, are real ; this movement of the rod, however, by virtue of an act of thought and with- out any consciousness, on their part, of this secret action of their will. Natural indications, such as the presence of very rich green grass, the slope of the soil, the moisture of neighboring places, &c, but more frequently still the un- wished for desire, the idea that the phenomena will take place, these provoke, all unknown to the experimenter, the rotation of the rod, — that is, they cause very small muscu- lar movements which suffice to prod ace, by accumulation, a slight mechanical effect, which, disturbing the equili- brium of the rod, causes it to execute the motion that fol- lows these involuntary acts."

With this explanation we can understand how prayer would be all powerful in removing the faculty of using the divining rod in hydroscopy. The very determination, asso- ciated with a belief in the efficacy of a higher power to deprive them of what they had learned to consider as of Satanic origin, — these would make the mind so on the alert that all involuntary complicity would be prevented, and the divining rod would cease to move in their hands.

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The wish that the movement would take place, the desire to witness the phenomena, the intention, if we may so call it, being absent no movement was produced.

There has alway been a difficulty in examining this sub- ject, in consequence of the want of some mode of explain- ing the movements of the divining rod when in the hands of those, whom we know to be above all suspicion of dis- honesty. This want is now supplied, and we feel that it relieves us of the necessity of keeping quiet on the subject. There are some pretenders, whose very manner will create suspicion, and although we may not be able to detect them in their fraud, yet we feel more than half assured that fraud there is. Such were the astrologers and wonder- workers of the past, who would

* " question Mars, and, by his book, Detect who 'twas that nimm'd a cloak Make Mercury confess, and 'peach

Those thieves which he himself did teach. They'll find i' th' physiognomies 0' th' planets, all men's destinies* Like him that took the doctor's bill ; And swallow'd it instead o' th' pill ;

* * *

They'll feel the pulses of the stars, To find out agues, coughs, catarrhs, And tell what crisis does divine The rot in sheep, or mange in swine ;

* * *

What makes man great, what fools or knaves,

But not what wise, for only of those

The stars (they say) cannot dispose.

No more than can the astrologians ;

There they say right, and like true Trojans.''

The coincidences between the movements of the rod and the presence of water are few in comparison with the cases where movements without the presence of water have ta- ken place. The former are recollected and are quoted as of far more importance than the failures. " The successful ticket in a lottery always produces more excitement than the numberless tickets which have proved blanks at the drawing. It constitutes the shallow basis on which men

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calculate their probabilities of success. The successful treatment of one case by the quack gives him more repu- tation than is sufficient to cover up the bad effects of his failures, and makes him a reputation for shrewdness and ability which quiet practitioners of medicine fail to attain. When we prove that a thing is improbable, or a pretended science false, it is not incumbent on us to show why cer- tain results of a different character have been obtained ; for, even despite improbabilities, sequences may occur not ne- cessarily consequences of the previous course pursued. In- stances illustrating this position are by no means few or rare. Hence while we are not obliged to pronounce a man a charlatan who employs the divining rod in searches after metals or water, it is not necessary for us to explain how it is that the rod has been deflected from its position over places where these have been afterwards found, since the number of such cases is very small and, when examined with scientific care, they may all be included in the cate- gory of accidental coincidences. The day has passed when we could admit any thing as a cause which reason will not allow us to connect directly and necessarily with the pre- tended effect.

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