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Stonehenge

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THE DOG

PQ

U

2 S
< o

THE DOG

ITS VARIETIES
AND MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH

^'STONEHENGE"

WITH ITS DISEASES AND
THEIR TREATMENT

BY

GEORGE ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S.

Formerly Lecturer in the Albert and Glasgozv Veterinary Colleges

AUTHOR OF "the HORSE DOCTOR," " THE CATTLE DOCTOR*'
"the SHEEP DOCTOR," ETC. ETC.

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS

LONDON
FREDERICK WARNE AND CO.

AND NEW YORK
{All rights reserved]

PREFACE.

Our dumb friend and companion has advanced to signal
prominence in various directions. His mental aptitude,
as well as natural capabilities, are better understood, and
recent years have witnessed a marvellous increase in his
varied spheres of usefulness, with corresponding appre-
ciation of his intelligence and intrinsic worth. His
management in health and disease is, therefore, a
subject of the first importance. To promote the first
and remove the latter is the supreme desire of him who
rightly appreciates the virtues of his canine friend.
How to effect this forms the prominent theme of the
following pages.

The valuable experience of Stonehenge which graced
the pages of the first part of former editions has been
largely retained, new matter being added where it was
expressly needed.

The second part, relating to Disease, has been entirely
re-written, and presents the standard of current experience
as to its nature and appropriate treatment.

In the endeavour to present reliable views regarding
the nature of the maladies of the dog, they are arranged
as far as practicable in accordance with the supposed
causes ; thus, many are conveniently included under the
head of Blood Diseases ; others are due to specific or
contagious elements ; while the majority, perhaps, arising
from interference with organic function, injury, &c., are

viii Preface.

conveniently dealt with in connection with the several
systems, or groups of organs.

The chapter on Materia Medica deals with the
numerous remedies employed in the treatment of disease,
their combination and forms of administration, details of
which are given in everyday language. The reader will
find ample choice, and experience little difficulty in pro-
curing from the nearest chemist, the preparations he may
need.

By way of embellishment, faithful portraits of celebri-
ties have been secured, through the kindness of several
exhibitors, and especially Mr. Charles Reid, of Wishaw,
whose similar efforts have satisfactorily enriched previous
companion volumes.

London, 1896.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE DOG AND ITS HABITS.
^ . - ^, 'AGE

Origin— Characteristics— Age, &c. &c i

CHAPTER II.

VARIETIES OF THE DOG.

Pointer— Setters— Field Spaniels— Sussex Spaniel— Clumber
Spaniel— Norfolk Spaniel— Cocker— Water Spaniels— Old
English Water Spaniel— North of Ireland Water Spaniel-
South Irish Water Spaniel— English Greyhound . . 4

CHAPTER III.

VARIETIES OF THE DOG {contimud).

Hounds— The Bloodhound— Staghound— Foxhound— Harrier
—Beagle — Dachshund — Otterhound — Fox Terrier —
Truffle Dog— Retrievers— Deerhound— The Borzoi . . 28

CHAPTER IV.

USEFUL COMPANIONS OF MAN.

Old English Mastiff— The Great Dane— Newfoundland— St.
Bernard — Bulldog — Bull Terriers — Pure Terriers — Smooth
English Terrier — Black and Tan English Terrier — Rough
or Broken-haired Terrier — Skye Terrier — Dandie Dinmont
— Bedlington Terrier — Irish Terrier — Welsh Terrier —
Whippet — Bob-tailed Sheep-Dog— Collie — Pomeranian or
Spitz 5j

X Contents.

CHAPTER V.
ladies' toy dogs.

PAGE

King Charles Spaniel — Blenheim Spaniel — Italian Greyhound
—Pug— Maltese Dog— Toy Terrier— Poodle ... 86

CHAPTER VI.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE DOG.

General Management of Dogs — Of Whelps — Dressing — Kennels

— Management of Pet Dogs loo

CHAPTER VII.

DISEASES OF THE DOG.

General Observations — Health and Disease— Pathology — Fever :
Simple, Sympathetic, and Specific— Inflammation— Abscess
— Serous Cyst — Prevention of Disease — Classification of
Disease . io8

CHAPTER VIII.

MATERIA MEDICA.

The Dispensing of Medicines — Nursing— Doses of Medicines —
Alteratives — Anodynes — Antiseptics — Antispasmodics —
Aperients — Astringents — Blisters — Caustics — Clysters,
Enemas, or Injections — Cordials — Demulcents — Diapho-
retics— Digestives — Diuretics — Electuaries — Embrocations
or Liniments — Emetics — Expectorants — Febrifuges —
Fomentations — Hypodermic Injections — Inhalations —
Lotions — Ointments — External Parasiticides — Poultices —
Stimulants — Stomachics — Styptics — Tonics — Worm
Medicines, Internal Parasiticides ii6

CHAPTER IX.

BLOOD DISEASES.

Plethora — Obesity — Anaemia— Rheumatism — Rickets, or Ra-
chitis—Inter-breeding — Crooked or Bandy legs — Leuchae-
mia— Jaundice— Ursemia — Apnoea 138

Conte7tts. xi

CHAPTER X.

SPECIFIC AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

PAGE

Anthrax — Cholera— Diphtheria — Distemper— Eczema Epizoo-
tica — Glanders — Measles — Rabies — Relapsing Fever —
Septicaemia — Tuberculosis — Variola, or Small Pox . .146

CHAPTER XI.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Catarrh, or Coryza — Ozsena — Parasitic Ozsena — Epistaxis —
Polypus — Laryngitis — Aphonia — Snoring — Bronchitis —
Pneumonia — Pleurisy — Parasitic or Verminous Bron-
chitis— Chronic Cough — Asthma . . , .170

CHAPTER Xn.

DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM..

Fatty Degeneration of the Heart— Rupture of the Heart —

Valvular Disease— Pericarditis — Invasion by Parasites . 180

CHAPTER XIII.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The Teeth : Caries—Abscess of the Jaw— Diseases of the
Tongue : Glossitis, Wounds, Paralysis— Ptyalism — The
Lips: Pharyngitis— Choking— Stricture of the Gullet —
Indigestion — Vomition — Gastric Catarrh — Gastritis-
Foreign Bodies in the Stomach— Ulceration— Worms in
the Stomach — Colic — Diarrhoea — Dysentery— Constipa-
tion—Impaction — Enteritis — Prolapsus — Piles— Atony —
Thickening — Hernia— Worms in theBowels — Peritonitis —
Ascites, or Dropsy— Hepatitis, Acute and Chronic — Fatty
Degeneration — Parasites in the Liver — Diseases of the
Spleen and Pancreas — Goitre . . . . . .184

CHAPTER XIV.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM.

Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys — Albuminous
Nephritis — CalcuU, or Stones in the Kidney— Hcemaluria,

xii Contents.

or Red Water— Atrophy and Hypertrophy— Worm in the
Kidney— Impaction of the Ureters— Cystitis, or Inflam-
mation of the Bladder— Stone in the Bladder— Rupture of
the Bladder— Diabetes— Paralysis of the Bladder— Disease
of the Prostate— Stone in the Urethra— Urethritis—
Balanitis— Posthitis— Worm in the Urethra . . .204

CHAPTER XV.

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE SYSTEM.

Male Organs: Gonorrhcea— Imperforate Prepuce— The Penis
— Amputation — Scrotal Inflammation — Orchitis — Abscess
of the Testicles— Scirrhus. Female Organs : Metritis,
or Inflammation of the Womb— Dropsy — Inversion, or
Prolapsus — Haemorrhage, or Flooding — Amputation —
Tumours in the Vagina— Inversion, or Prolapsus— Ampu-
tation—Use of the Catheter. Diseases of the Organs
OF Lactation: Retention of Milk — Maminitis, or Inflam-
mation of the Milk Gland— Malignant Tumours— Warts
— CEstrum— Parturition 210

CHAPTER XVI.

diseases of the eyes and ears.

Organs of Vision : Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunctivitis —
Cataract — Iritis — Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena — Staphyloma
— Hydrophthalmia — Distension, and Dislocation of the
Eyeball — Tumour of the Plaw— Dermatoid Conjunctiva —
Ulceration of the Eyelids— Ectropion — Entropion— Watery
Eyes. Organs of Hearing : Otitis — Internal Canker —
External Canker— Abscess of the Ear-flap, or Blood Abscess
—Polypi, or Tumours within the Ear— Squamula, or Scurfi-
ness of the Ear-flap— Ticks— Mange of the Ear . . 220

CHAPTER XVII.

diseases of the nervous system.

Epilepsy — Vertigo— Neuralgia— Apoplexy— Tetanus.orLocked-
jaw- Chorea— Cramp — Injuries to the Head : Concussion
—Compression— Apoplexy— Encephaliiis— Hydrocephalus
—Paralysis— Parasitism . . .... 229

Contents. xiii

CHAPTER XVIII.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

PAGB

Alopecia, or Baldness — Anasarca, or Dropsy of the Cellular
Tissue — Eczema, Surfeit, or ** Red Mange " — Erythema —
Warts— Parasitic Diseases of the Skin, Animal
Parasites : Scabies, or Sarcoptic Mange — Follicular
Mange — The Harvest Bug — Fleas — Lice — Ticks
—Vegetable Parasites: Tinea Tonsurans, or Ring-
worm— Tinea Favosa, or Honeycomb Ringworm , . 236

CHAPTER XIX.

local injuries.

Anchylosis, or Stiff-joint — Sprain of Muscle and Sinew — Con-
genital Deformity — Dislocations — Fracture of Bone — False
Joint — Lameness — Sprain of Muscle — Sprain of Tendon —
Lameness of the Feet— Carpet Fever — Injuries by Thorns,
Nails, &c. — Raw, Bruised and Bleeding Feet — Mange of the
Foot — Overgrown Claws — Wounds — Haemorrhage, or
Bleeding 248

CHAPTER XX.

poisons.

Empirical Poisoning — Accidental Poisoning — Wilful and Mali-
cious Poisoning— Symptoms of Poisoning — Treatment —
Mineral Poisons — Vegetable Poisons— Animal Poisons-
Snake or Viper-bite— Wasps, Hornets, and Bees— Destruc-
tion of Dogs .... .... 254

INDEX , , 261

LIST OF PLATES

II.
III.

IV.
V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.
X II.

XIV.
XV.
XVI.

POINTERS " CHAMPION SANDFORD BANG " AND
"CHAMPION HEATHER BEE " Frontispiece

GORDON SETTERS .... tofacep. lO

IRISH SETTER "CHAMPION HEATHER ROY " ,, 12

GREYHOUNDS . . . • • • n ^O

WIREHAIRED FOX TERRIER "JACK ST.

LEGER " M 40

FLAT COATED RETRIEVER "HELPFUL" . ., 4^

DEERHOUND . . • • • • '> 5°

BORZOI v 52

E^^GLISH MASTIFF "PRINCE OF WALES" . ,, 54

NEWFOUNDLAND »i 5^

ROUGH COATED ST. BERNARD . . • . ,, Co

BULLDOG >, 64

WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER "CHAMPION

MORNING STAR " ., 69

IRISH TERRIER "BREDA MIXER " . - ,■> 1^

ROUGH COATED COLLIE . . . • ,, 84

PUG "PRIMROSE KNIGHT" . , . . ,, 9^

THE DOG.

CHAPTER I.
THE DOG AND TfS HABITS.

Origin— Characteristics— Age, &c., &c.

THE DOG belongs to the division Vertebrata, and
the class Mam??ia/ia. It is also in the order Ferce,
the family FelidcB, and the sub-family Cajwia, which in-
cludes the dog, wolf, jackal, and fox. This sub-family is
distinguished by having two tubercular teeth behind its
canine teeth in the upper jaw ; and the Canis familiaris
has the pupils of the eye round, while in the fox they are
like those of the cat, perpendicular slits, and in the wolf
oblique ones. Volumes have been written on the origin
of the dog, but our knowledge on this subject may easily
be summed up in one little word, 7iil; I shall therefore
not inflict upon the readers of this book all the various
arguments /r^ and con; suffice it to say, that the dog is now
an inhabitant chiefly of cold and temperate climates; that
it rapidly degenerates if transported to a very warm one,
as is seen in India and China, but that it will bear every
climate from the Arctic circle to the Equator without loss
of life. The dog is a carnivorous animal by nature,
though he will feed upon and devour any vegetable sub-
stance that comes in his way if pressed by hunger. In
his domesticated state he thrives best upon a mixed diet,
and is usually considered, and with truth, as omnivorous.
His teeth are fitted for tearing flesh, and he has no true
grinders suited to bruise grain ; his stomach is a simple

1

The Doz and its Habits,

^t>

one, and his intestines are of a medium length between
the short ones of the true Carnivora, and the long ones
of the graminivorous quadrupeds.

It is impossible to fix the epoch, as we have said, when
the dog became the servant of man. The oldest tradi-
tions, the most ancient historical documents, show us the
dog reduced to a state of domesticity. Thus it may be
said that the dog forms an integral part of mankind.
This is what Toussenel has well said : " Ce qu'il y a de
meilleur dans I'homme, c'est le chien." The dog pos-
sesses all the qualities of intelligence and spirit. Where
can we find a more certain, more constant, or more de-
voted friendship, a more faithful memory, a stronger
attachment, more sincere abnegation, a mind more loyal
and frank ? The dog does not know what ingratitude is.
He does not abandon his benefactor in danger or adver-
sity. With joy he ofters to sacrifice his life for those
who feed him. He pushes his devotion so far as to for-
get himself. He does not recall the corrections, the
unkind treatment, to which he has been subjected ; he
thirsts for caresses, while the indifference of those who
are dear to him plunges him into deep distress. Noble
creature ! the favourite of the rich, consolation of the
poor, inseparable companion of the unfortunate ; thanks
to thee, the miserable individual who dies alone in the
midst of society, counts at least one friend at his me-
lancholy funeral ; he does not descend alone into the
cold grave, for thou comest to shed on his tomb the sin-
cere tears of affection and regret, and such is the excess
of thy grief, that no one can tear thee from that spot
where sleeps the corpse of him thou lovest !

And what intelligence ! what penetration ! \\\\'x\. finesse
is there in this admirable companion of our gladness
and sorrow! How well he can read countenances; how
skilfully he knows how to interi^ret the sentiments con-
veyed in gestures and words! In vain you may threaten,
in vain try to frighten him. Your eye betrays you ; that
smile, which scarcely api)ears upon your lips, has un-
masked your feelings ; and so far from fearing and avoid-
ing vou, he comes to solicit your attention.

Tlic Do(r cind its Habits.

"<b

Volumes might be written, if desirable, relating all the
extraordinary stories of which dogs are the heroes.
Every day, in ordinary hfe, we see something of this
kind, and which, although of so frequent occurrence, is
none the less curious. Is it necessary to recall to memory
the dog of Ulysses, the model of fideHty; the dog of
Montargis, the vanquisher of crime; of Munito, the
brilliant player at dominoes? Must we mention the
Newfoundland dog and the dog of Mount St. Bernard,
both of them preservers of human life ? Is it necessary
to speak of intelligent dogs going for provisions for their
master, and assisting him in his duties with ability ; of
the shoeblack's dog, trained to plant his muddy paws on
the best polished boots, so as to bring more business to
his master, the man of the brush? We should never
come to an end if we attempted to register all the ex-
ploits of this valuable companion of man.

Dogs are digitigrade^ or walk on their toes ; their claws
are not retractile — they have five toes on the fore-feet and
generally four on the hind ones. Their teeth are —

6

I— I

6 6

Incisors —

Canine - —

Molars

6

I— I

8 8

The tongue of the dog is smooth, not lacerating like that
of the cat ; its application to wounds has a healing ten-
dency when the animal is in health. Dogs live on an
average about fourteen or fifteen years.

Varieties of the Dog.

CHAPTER II.
VARIETIES OF THE DOG.

Pointer— Setters— Field Spaniels— Sussex Spaniel— Clumber Spaniel— Norfolk
Spaniel— Cocker— Water Spaniels— Old English Water Spaniel— North of
Ireland Water Spaniel- South Irish Water Spaniel— English Greyhound.

The Pointer of the present day is no doubt descended
from the old Spanish dog, crossed with the foxhound or
greyhound, by which he has obtained greater lightness
and activity, united with more lasting powers, but at the
expense of his nose, which is not so delicate as that of
the source from which he sprang.

The well-bred pointer, in the eyes of the true sportsman,
is a grand and graceful dog. His ancestry probably
cannot be traced so far back as that of the setter, but as a
true sporting dog he is often preferred, to the exclusion of
the latter. The habit of pointing at their game is an
innate qualification of the breed, and may be observed in
young puppies standing to their game when they are first
taken to the field.

At the various shows of the United Kingdom three
sizes of this dog may be seen, which are denominated as
large, medium, and small weight. Of the first, the dog is
estimated to be upwards of 70 lbs., and the bitch over
60 lbs. ; medium, dogs, 50 to 70 lbs., and bitches, 45 to
60 lbs. ; dogs of small weight are under 50 lbs., the
bitches not exceeding 45 lbs. The best colours for show
purposes are the lemon and white, quality being more
prominent in pointers of this colour. Some sportsmen
prefer the liver and white, under the conviction that they
are possessed of greater endurance ; others regard colour
as a secondary matter, resting on the conviction that a
good dog cannot possess a bad colour, always looking
forward in their selection to obtaining symmetrical
proportions, good build, and muscular development, all of

Varieties of the Dog. 5

which combine towards the essential qualities of the
breed, viz., strength, speed, and endurance. A black
nose is common to the liver and white pointer, but it is
disastrous to the lemon and white in the show ring.

The head of the pointer should be large but not
heavy, wide across the ears, and showing a raised fore-
head. The nose should be long and broad, with its front
outline square, the teeth being even. This marks the
pointer from the hound, whose nose has a tendency to
slope towards the throat, the extreme of which is called
the "pig's snout." The lips should be well marked,
without running into the flews of the bloodhound. Ears
long, soft, and thin, set on low down, and carried quite
close to the cheeks. Eyes moderately large, soft, and
intelligent, the colour varying from buff to dark brown
according to that of the coat. A peculiarly rounded out-
line on the upper side of the neck marks the well-bred
pointer, which can scarcely be described in words. No
throatiness is allowable, as it indicates too much of the
Spanish strain. This point should be divided as follows : —
Skull, 10 ; nose, lo ; ears, 5 ; neck, 5 — total, 30

The frame may be divided into loin, hind quarter,
shoulders, and chest. The loin, which with the hind
quarter constitutes the propellmg powers, must be well
arched, broad, and deep, and strongly united to the ribs
in front, and to the couples behind, which latter should
be wide and somewhat ra,2:ged. Next in importance are
the shoulders, upon the obliquity of which depends the
elasticity of the action, while they must be well clothed
with muscle, to enable the dog to keep up for many
hours in succession. The chest must be full, but not so
much so as that of the old barrel-shaped Spanish pointer,
the back ribs being required to be very deep. Hind
quarters well bent at the stifles, provided with strong
hocks, and clothed with powerful muscles. In estima-
ting these points, I should give to the shoulders and
chest, 15 points; back and hind quarters, 15 points-
total, 30 points.

Without the feet and legs the continued action of each
dog must altogether be forbidden, as weakly-formed ones

6 Varieties of the Dog.

soon give way, and the dog becomes lame. The feet
should be round and cat-like, with hard horny soles,
pasterns short, large in the bone and tendons, and not
sloping backwards towards the knees to any great extent.
A long and muscular arm is specially necessary, and the
elbow must be neither in nor out. These points may be
valued as follows, viz. : — feet, 6 ; legs, 6 ; elbows, 4 ;
hocks, 2 ; stifles^ 2 — total, 20.

The general quality and stern indicate by their appear-
ance the amount of breeding, and are therefore neces-
sarily attended to, but the former cannot he described.
The stern should be shaped like a bee's stvng, having a
strong root, a straight, Jijic, and stiff body, and a pointed
tip — total value, 10.

Of the colour, symmetry, and coat, the first may be
selected according to fancy, but most people prefer a dog
with a good deal of white, so that he may readily be seen
in turnips. Liver and white, or lemon and white, are the
most common, next to which come black and white,
which, when mixed with tan on the cheeks, indicates the
hound cross. Whole colours are liver, red, black, and white.
The texture of the coat should be short and soft, but not
too fine, the last-named quality being often accompanied
by a delicate constitution. T\\qsq. poi?ifs are put at 10.

Setters of the present day are classed as either Eng-
lish, Scotch (Gordon), Irish, or Russian. It is needless
to describe the last-named, as the breed, which was com-
mon enough thirty years ago, is now seldom met with,
and has no advantage to recommend it. It is a very
long-haired animal, almost resembling a poodle in coat,
except that there is not so much curl. Hence, in the
^ hot weather so often experienced in August and September,
^' it is soon knocked up, and though possessing a very
fine nose, this is of little use at its master's heels.

All the various breeds of the setter are doubtless de-
scended from the spaniel, which dog has a natural pro-
pensity to pause before springing on his game. This
peculiarity has been encouraged and developed until the
innate point has become established, and the setter puppy,
if well bred, may be expected to point game on the first

Varieties of the Dog. 7

or second time of showing it to him, or, if very high-
couraged, as soon as he finds he cannot run it down by
speed. In the early days, after the breed was first estab-
lished, it was used solely by the falconer and netter, who
were contented with any animal which would find birds,
and, setting down on the gromid, would allow the net to
be drawn over him, or the hawk to be cast off, without
moving. Since the introduction of the plan of shooting
flying, a faster and stouter dog has become necessary, and
one also which will bear the heats of August and Septem-
ber. Hence the object of the breeder has been to get rid
of the thick curly coat of the spaniel on the body of the
setter, and at the same time to retain and even improve
upon the elegant feather beneath the tail, or flag, as it is
called, and behind the legs. The three breeds we have
mentioned, into which setters are divided, all agree in this
point, however much they may differ in others, as we shall
presently see.

Youatt's remarks on the setter are interesting. He
says: — *'The setter is more active than the pointer.
He has greater spirit and strength. He loves his master
for himself, and not, like the pointer, merely for the
pleasure he shares with him. His somewhat inferior
scent, however, makes him a little too apt to run into his
game, and he occasionally has a will of his own. He
requires good breaking and plenty of work, but that
breaking must be of a peculiar character; it must not
partake of the severity which too often accompanies^ and
unnecessarily so, the tuition of the pointer." Several
distinct breeds of the setter are met with : the Laverack
setter, which is probably the purest of the English
breeds, the colours being liver and white, flints, or blue,
or lemon and white Beltons, or mottles. The Featherston
Castle, and also the Newark Castle setters are liver and
white, the latter being distinguished by top-knots. The
Lort setter is black and white or orange and white. The
Earl of Seafield's breed is lemon and white, and that of
Lord Lovat is black, white, and tan. The Llewellyn
setter is described as a very neat and handsome dog,
coming pretty close to the Laverack in many of his points.

b Varieties oj the Dog.

As his name implies, the setter crouches, sits, or sets his
game, a quahfication which is carefully estmiated by
experienced judges. If he stands at his game, the fault
is supposed to be denved from the pointer.

The English setter is longer and more open in his frame
than the pointer, and has a proportionally longer stride in
all his paces. He is capable of harder work than that dog,
and as his toes are clothed with hair in the intervals between
them, he is not so liable to become "foot-sore," either from
very dry or veiy wet ground. In regard to nose, there is
much difference of opinion, but I am inclined to believe
that the setter has a slight advantage in this respect.
When well bred, the setter is as easily broken as the
pointer, to the point and back, but he is seldom quite as
tractable in regard to the other elements of his education,
and is, moreover, more apt to forget his lessons timn his
smooth c6mpetitor in the shooting-field. These remarks,
however, apply more to the setter of the early part of
this century than to the dog of the present day, which is
a great improvement upon his ancestors.

The head is lighter than the pointer's, and narrower
across the ears, but equally high at the forehead. The
nose is long, and shows a slight tendency to fall inwards
towards the eyes, the corners of which should be not
Jess than four inches from its tip. This should be broad^
with large open nostrils, well bedewed with moisture, and
of a dark colour. Teeth level, and without the slightest
tendency to the " snipe" form. Lips full at the angles,
but not pendulous even to the extent allowable in the
pointer. Ears must be about 6 inches long, set on low
and well forward, carried without any approach to the
])rick shape, and rounded at the lower edges. Eyes
large, but not protruding, and beaming with love of ap-
probation and intelligence. Neck long, thin, and slightly
arched above, but showing a clean-cut line where it joins
the head. Value of these /^/«/i ; head, ic; nosC; lo;
neck, 5 ; ears, 5— total, 30.

The frame and outline, though different to the eye of
the judge from that of the pointer, cannot be separated
from the latter by any verbal description, except that the

Varieties of the Dog. 0

chest is rarely so wide or barrelled as is allowable in that
dog. The hips are also more ragged and the loin slightly
more arched. 1l\\qsq points are : shoulders and chest, 15 ;
back and hind quarters, 15 — total, 30 points.

In the feet and legs also the remarks on the pointer are
equally applicable, but there is some difference of opinion
as to the hare-foot, which by many is considered to be
necessary to the thorough-bred setter. In this shape the
toes are longer than in the cat-foot, more split up, and
thickly clothed with strong hair between the toes. No
doubt this last feature is of great service in keeping the
skin free from inflammation when at work over marshy
ground, but the long toes which usually attend this de-
velopment do not stand so well as the stout cat-like forma-
tion of the other foot. It is somewhat diflicult to strike
the balance between these feet, as one form is best suited
to wet ground and tlie other to hard. If it is possible to
get the cat-like foot with sufficient hair upon it, I should
no doubt prefer that form, and though I have never seen
the two fully united, I do not despair of getting them by
careful breeding. Legs and feet, 1 2 ; elbows, hocks, and
stifles, 8.

In the general quality or character there is not much
to alter from the remarks given under the pointer, but the
stefji ox fag varies a good deal. It should be set on well
up the back, but not carried with the slightest curl over
it, though there may be a gentle and regular sweep in its
upper outline. The feather should be flat, long, and
silky, deep in the centre, and tapering to each end. This
should be as pointed as in the pointer, and should be
carried in the same perpendicular plane as the rest of the
flag, without the slightest approach to the corkscrew form.
Total value, 10.

The coat must be fine and silky, but stifl somewhat
hard to the touch, a combination that can only be felt,
and not imagined. There must be little or no curl, while
the shorter it is on the body, and the longer in the feather,
the better for the value of the dog. Value in conjunction
with symmetry, 10. The order of merit of the various
colours met with is as follows, viz. : — i. Orange and

to Varieties of the Dog.

white, with freckled nose and legs. 2. Orange and white,
plain. 3. Lemon and white. 4. Black and white, espe-
cially if ticked slightly with tanned spots on feet and legs,
known as " Belton greys." 5. Pare white. 6. Black.
7. Fallow or yellow. 8. Liver or liver and white. 9.
Liver and tan.

The Scotch or Gordon Setter has become very
fashionable of late years, and especially since dog shows
were established. The Gordon differs from the English
setter in the following properties : — In stern he is generally
shorter, or if long, it has a decided tendency to show the
" teapot " form, than which nothing is more ugly. This
is probably derived from the collie cross, which, I have no
doubt, has been used in some strains with the disadvan-
tage of introducing this defect and a more woolly coat.
In my own dog Rex (son of Kent and Regent) whose
portrait is here given, the flag is faultless, and is some-
what longer both in bone and feather than is given by
the artist, who sketched him while yet in his puppyhood.
The Gordon head is perhaps slightly heavier than the
English, and his nose and intelligence are proportionably
good. In colour he is a rich black and tan, but it is as-
serted by many experienced breeders, that the original
colour was more or less mixed with white, and I believe
that black, white, and tan colour is quite as correct as the
whole black and tan. His carriage .is very lively, and he
is full of hunt, but he is apt to be shy and headstrong.
My experience of the breed in the field is chiefly con-
fined to Rex, who is certainly one of the most perfect
dogs I ever saw out ; but though he was selected from a
lot as a sample, to test their value, it does not follow that
he is not an exceptional animal of his strain. He, like
all the dogs of the breed I have seen, does not last more
than half a day, but some of the bitches of the same
strain are everlasting. The points are nearly the same as
in the English dog, the only difference being that 5 points
are taken off the ears and neck, and added to the colour
and coat.

The exact origin of the Gordon setter is somewhat
enveloped in doubt. As described by judicious authorities

4

Varieties of the Dog. \ t

the original colour was black, white, and tan, these being
derived from the collie, bloodhound, and the English or
Irish setter, each of which contributed to the genesis of
the breed. On the other hand, it is averred that the
breed was determined in the Gordon kennels, by crossing
the collie with an English setter or spaniel, while the
evidence of the bloodhound is not forthcoming. Again,
it is urged that the breed was not the outcome of special
design or selection in the first instance, but the result of
numerous as well as various crosses conducted on the
principles above named. Careful in-breeding has since
secured the distinctive characteristics of this, as in all
other breeds. A true Gordon setter is said to possess in
almost equal proportions, the main qualifications of the
collie, bloodhound, and the setter. This breed is
eminently distinguished by a remarkably acute intelligence
and scenting power, combined with great endurance,
as a glance at the construction of the head will clearly
indicate. A beautiful feature in this dog is his straight
and slightly wavy coat of jet black, and the well defined
mahogany tan of the muzzle and inside of the thighs, and
downwards from the front of the stifle and knees to the
ground.

As observed in the field, the essential characteristics of
the English and Irish setters are great speed, activity,
and endurance, especially in the cold and wet during
rough work on the moors. In this respect the Irish
setter is more suitable than the English; but both are
extremely sensible of the heat of the sun without water.
Some dogs of both breeds are quite incapable of work
under a hot sun unless they can plunge into a pool ; on
this account, in the south the pointer, well up to partridge
shooting, is generally preferred to the setter, while in the
northern moors the setter will range wider and faster, do
more work, and endure the vicissitudes of weather, as
well as the strong heather, which proves so irritating to
the feet and legs of the high-bred pointer. It is supposed
that the pointer is also superior with respect to nose, but
it is probable that when both are in condition, neither
being distressed by heat, but little if any difference will

1 2 Varieties of the Dog.

be found. A moderately slow dog will always appear to
have a better nose than a very fast one, and will put up
less game ; but, if too slow, he will lose a great many
points which are taken from him by his faster competitor.
Hence it follows that there is a medium in point of speed
which may be possessed by either breed, and a selection
need not be made on that account. The setter is,
however, acknowledged to be more difficult to break than
the pointer, and is apt to forget his lessons ; the pointer,
on the other hand, rarely forgets under an intelligent master.
Respecting the Irish Setter there is still more difference
of opinion as to the shade of colour than in regard to the
Gordon. By one party it is asserted that the well-bred
Irish setter must be of a deep pure blood-red, without the
slightest approach to black or mahogany-colour on the
back, ear, or stern. After the publication in the Field of
the article on this dog, in which this was laid down as the
attribute of the breed, Mr. Hungerford opened the con-
troversy by asserting that, according to his experience,
they might be either red or red and white, followed by the
late Mr. John Walker (the well-known judge at most of the
recent dog shows), who raised the question as to the ob-
jection to the black tinge, which was answered by Colonel
Whyte in the negative, and by Mr. Henry Blake Knox as
follows : " The coat should be rather coarse, for you want
him for hard work and hardships ; smooth or wavy, not
curly ; hair of moderate length on the upper parts of the
body ; the foot-half tawny, the tip-half deep senna, ap-
pearing as if stained with port wine (blood-red), but never
showing black on the ears, back, head, or tail ; the legs
and under parts, deep or pale tawny ; white should not
appear anywhere except in the centre of the forejijad and
the centre of the breast. I breed without any white at
all." Captain Hutchinson objects to the black stain, and
supports his opinion by adding some high authorities in
its favour. On the whole, therefore, it may be assumed
that the weight of evidence is against the dark stain. In
other respects Mr. Knox's description is so admirable
that I quote it in extenso : — " The ears should be long,
reaching at the end of the hair to nose, pendulous, and

Varieties of tJie Dog. 1 3

as if lying in a fold, set well back and low on the head ;
they should never be set high, short in length, or half
diamond-shaped; their feather should be moderate. The
eye is of a rich hazel or bright brown, well set, full, kind,
sensible, and loving, the iris mahogany-colour; it should
be gooseberry, black, or prominent and staring, like the
King Charles. The nose is mahogany, dark flesh, or
blackish mahogany, never black or pink. Even dark
flesh is not so much admired, though, with a good clear
eye, I like it ; but with the gooseberry eye you indeed
have a rare brute. My old dog has a dark flesh-colour
nose, unlike any of his kind, yet none of his pups got
it, all having dark mahogany ; the whiskers red ; the
head itself long and narrow, yet wide in the forehead,
arched in the peaked cranium behind. A short bullet
head, a wide flat one, or one running to a point at the
snout, is very common and very bad ; the lips deep or
moderately so. The chest should be wide when the dog
is sitting on his haunches and the head held back. Too
wide a chest is apt to give a dog a waddle and slow gait.
The chest ribs cannot be too deep. The loins for speed
should be long, moderately wide, and the belly well tucked
up. The fore-legs straight, moderately feathered, and the
feet close and small, not round like a hound's, or splayed.
The ham straight, flat, and muscular, and feathered well
with buff-coloured hair, and the hind quarters altogether
square and active made. The cail should be well covered
with coarse hair curling along the tip, and hanging mode-
rately, though bushy from beneath, but not in silken
streamers, or in a great bushy flag like a Newfoundland.
It should be carried in a horizontal line with the back, or
slightly above it, not cocked or curled. In the field or in
excitement, I like it carried low, stiff, and beating the hind
legs." As in the case of the Gordon setter, there is no
difference in the points from those of the English variety.
Field Spaniels are divided into two principal groups,
the Springers, or larger variety, used for all sorts of covert
game, and the Cockers, kept more especially for wood-
cocks, to follow which they must be of smaller size. The
springer is again subdivided into the Clumber, Sussex,

H

Varieties of the Dog.

Norfolk, and other strains ; while the cocker includes the
Devonshire and Welsh varieties, as well as many other
strains without special name.

The Sussex Spaniel is novv very rare, being replaced
by the Clumber, which works mute, and is more easily

Sussex Spaniel.

kept under control, and therefore better for assisting the
beaters in our modern battues. It is a very old breed,
and is probably the earliest of all those used with the gun
or net, though by some people the Clumber is considered
to have the claim to seniority.

The head of this spaniel should be long and heavy ;
eye large and languishing, with the forehead prominently
over it ; muzzle square ; lips somewhat pendulous ; mouth
large, with the under iaw receding slightly, though not to

Varieties of the Dog, 1 5

the extent which could constitute a pig-jaw or snipe nose.
Ears large and lobe-shaped, well furnished with silky hair,
and set on low down. Nostrils large, and the external
nose large and liver-coloured. Neck strong and mus-
cular, with the crest slightly arched. Value of these
Joints: head, 20; nose, 10; ears, 5 ; neck, 5 — -total, 40.

The chest should be very wide, with round or barrel-
like ribs, deep behind ; shoulders well thrown back ; body
long and round. Value : chest, 5 ; shoulders, 5 — total,
10.

The legs should be short and strong, well feathered to
the feet before and behind. The feet round, with the toes
well arched and abundantly furnished with tan between
the toes. Faints : legs, 5 ; feet, 5.

The loin must be very strong ; back ribs very deep and
round ; tail (docked to about 9 inches in length) set low
and carried considerably below the level of the back,
never above it. Points : loin, 5 ; back ribs, 5 ; low set
and carriage of tail, 10.

The colour is a golden liver without white. Coat waved
(not curly), thick, shiny, and abundant. Points: colour,
5 ; coat, 5 ; symmetry, 5.

The temperament must be cheerful, courageous, and
docile. Weight from 3 5 lbs. to 40 lbs.

This dog is not mute like the Clumber, but he is not
noisy or babbling, seldom throwing his tongue after he is
thoroughly broken. He is faster and more enduring than
the Clumber, and also bears water better.

The Clumber Spaniel has obtained his name from
the seat of the Duke of Newcastle, where it is supposed
the breed originated. At all events, it was confined to
that family until the middle of the nineteenth century.
This dog is invariably of great length, low on the leg,
and heavy in frame ; his weight varying from 40 lbs. to
45 lbs., and his height not exceeding 20 inches. He is
devoted to the gun, but cares little for his master without
that accompaniment. Dogs of this breed never throw
their tongue when at work, being perfectly mute if pure
in blood. They are capable of very high training, and a
team of them, consisting of three or four couples, may be

I6

Varieties of the Dog.

broken to do iinything but talk. Hence, where dogs are
used in covert, the ckimber has become the general
favourite, and it is a treat to shoot over a perfect team.

The head is large and long, and should be marked with,
iemon to a line just in front of the eyes, with a blaze up

^=^^\^^«s^-vv-^^^'«

Clumber Spanitl.

the face. Eyes large and thoughtful ; nose aniJ li})s flesh
or liver-colour, sometimes cherry. Ears large, but not
lobe-shaped or so hea\y as those of the Sussex, and with
less feather. Neck strong and long. Total value, 40.

Back long and straight ; chest wide and deep, showing
scarcely any daylight under it. Shoulders thick and wide
through them; loin straight but strong, with wide couples;
back ribs very deep. Total value, 50. *

The legs must be s-traight, very stout, and very strong.

Varieties of the Dog. i^

Fore-arm immense ; shanks and hind legs well developed
in bone, and clothed with strong muscles. Value, lo.

The stern should be set low (it is generally docked, but
not always ; if docked, it is left fully 1 1 in. long). It is
carried low and is tufted at its extremity, but not to the
same extent. Value, lo.

The colour must be a true lemon, the paler the better.
Orange is often thrown, but is objectionable. Any other
colour is a mark of impurity. The texture of coat is soft,
shiny, silky, and nearly straight. Value, lo.

These dogs last many years, and seldom give up work
till incapacitated by old age or disease.

The Norfolk Spaniel differs chiefly in length and
colour from the Clumber, being shorter and of various
shades of black, liver, and yelloWj more or less mixed
with white. There are no positive signs by which he
may be distinguished from the various mixed breeds of
springers found throughout the country.

The Cocker is a much smaller dog than the springer,
seldom exceeding i8 lbs. in weight for bitches, and 25 lbs.
for dogs. He is much more active than the springer, and
of any colour more or less marked with white. The
Devonshire and Welsh cocker are, however, of a deep
liver-colour, without white, and closely resemble each
other in other respects. They are nearly mute, but
whimper slightly on a scent, and when well broken they
distinguish each kind of game by the note they give out,
especially the woodcock, of which they are particularly
fond. The head of the cocker should be round and of a
medium length. It should not be square, like that of a
Clumber spaniel or Sussex spaniel. The muzzle should
neither be snipy nor pointed. It should be wide and
well developed, and should taper slightly close to the end.
The forehead should take a sudden rise from the top end
of the muzzle, near the eye, into a finely-arched skull,
with a somewhat knotty or jutting occiput, resembling the
occiput of a bloodhound. The eye should be of a medium
size, not too full (which would indicate a cross with the
King Charles spaniel), but should have a gentle, and at
the same time a " knowing "' expression. The ears should

1 8 Varieties of the Dog.

measure 22 in. to 24 in. across the head from tip to tip,
including the hair, which should be soft and silky. They
should lie close to the head, and be set well back. They
should not be fixed on the top of the head, but be set
rather low. The neck strong and muscular. The
shoulders broad and prominent. The chest of medium
depth, broad, well developed, and muscular. The body
and loins strong and powerful; loins slightly drooping
towards root of tail. The legs : fore-legs strong, muscular,
straight, and not inclined to be bandied ; hind legs strong
and should be like those of a greyhound, well bent, and
very short from hock to foot. The feet strong and round,
of a good medium size (not too small), and they should
be well feathered between the toes. The tail, thin and
straight, should be set low, and always carried below the
level of the back, with a downward tendency. The coat
waved and silky, but never wiry or woolly ; it should be
3 in. to 4 in. in length. The feathering on the legs, hams,
and tail, and the frill on the breast, should be 4 in. to 5 in.
in length. The colours, black, brown, liver, black and
white, liver and white, and lemon and white. The points
are: head, neck, and ears, 30; chest and shoulders, 10;
back and ribs, 10 ; legs and feet, 10 ; low carriage of tail,
10 ; symmetry, 10 ; colour and coat, 5.

Water Spaniels may be classed as English or Irish,
besides which there is the Tweedside breed, which re-
sembles a good deal in appearance a small ordinary
English retriever of a liver-colour.

The Old English Water Spaniel is now seldom
or never seen in any degree of purity, and it is scarcely
necessary, or even possible, to describe it with any degree
of certainty as to the truth of the particulars. I shall
therefore pass on to the Irish breeds.

The North of Ireland Water Spaniel resembles
greatly the old English dog, except in having shorter ears
without feather, and in being longer on the legs, which
also are without feather. It is seldom met with in this
country.

The Southern Irish Water Spaniel is, on the
contrary, more frequently found in England and Ireland,

Varieties of the Dog. \g

and is highly prized since it was brought to perfection by
Mr. Mc Cafthy. He is a very intelligent companion,
capable of being broke to retrieve with facility, and a
most useful general attendant on the gimner, though
specially good at his own vocation in the water. His
height is about 21 in. or 22 in., and his weight a little
above 40 lbs.

The head is capacious — forehead high, and eyes intel-
ligent, though rather small. The face is clothed with
short hair, over which hangs a top-knot of considerable
length, coming forward to a peak ; these two points being
indicative of true breeding. Ears very long, measuring
fully 26 in. across when extended.

Body moderately long and very strong, covered with
short crisp curls, which often become daggled towards
the moulting season. Tail round, without feather, termi-
nating in a sharp point, and rather short.

Colour, a pure deep puce, without white. In other par-
ticulars these dogs should resemble the ordinary spaniel,
so that it is needless to recapitulate them.

Points : head and nose, 20; top-knot and bareness of
face, 10; ears, 10; feet and legs, 10; back and quarters,
10; symmetry, 10; coat and colour, 20; tail 10.

The spaniel, as the name implies, was originally a
native of Spain, his class forming the oldest, and possibly
the most useful, among the various breeds of sporting
dogs. In the field they prove most intelligent, persever-
ing and persistent ; and at home are remarkable for their
gentleness and loving companionship, besides being
exceedingly graceful, docile, and easily trained to almost
every degree of house refinement within the compass
of canine intelligence. We have similar experience. A
dog of this breed was offered to us as a gift, on account
of his somewhat " warm temper," which proved to be the
result of ill-usage. We took him into our care and he
became exceedingly clever, a most faithful guard and
amusing companion. One day, a fiend in human form
struck him and fractured his fore-leg, when he returned
home, limping, and crying piteously, holding the injured

20

]\jn'ctics of the Dog.

member for inspection. It was speedily set and bound
in the usual manner, and he was put to rest. Some
hours afterwards we heard a banging at the door, and
on opening it there stood our maimed friend using his tail
to attract attention. We found the member unduly
swollen and painful, and at once removed the appli-
ances, afterwards replacing them with greater com-

Iri h Water Spaniei.

foit and less pressure. He then baiked his thanks,
licked our hands, and returned to his bed rejoicingly.
He Uved some >ears and endeared himself to us by many
acts of true devotion.

The Scotch Greyhound is now seldom met with in
any degree of juuity except in the highland districts of
Scotland and Wales, where his rough coat is supposed to
render him less obnoxious to cold than the smooth dog.
In public coursing he has for som.^ )ears been invariably

o

Varieties of tJic Dog. 2 1

beaten by the smooth greyhound, and therefore liis use is
confined to the districts I have mentioned, where the
nature of the country forbids anything in the shape of
coursing for sport, and " fox-hunting " is the order of the
day. For this purpose he is well quaHfied, as he soon
leanis to stoop to a scent. In appearance he exactly re-
sembles the deerhound, but in action he may be known
from that dog by the different carriage of the head. With
the exception of his rough coat, he closely resembles the
English or smooth dog.

'rhe Greyhound is the thorough -bred racer among
dogs, and the points which give the faculty are easily
recognized by the eye, though all dogs which have them
are not necessarily fast. These points are — first, length
from the hip-joint to the hock, 7ii/ie7i extended ; and se-
condly, powerful and flexible shoulders.

The head should be wide behind, and should be con-
siderably larger in circumference, if measured over the
ears, than over the eyebro\vs. For dogs of good size, I
believe the measure over the ears should be about 15 in.,
and for bitches from 14 to 14I in., according to the general
size of the head, which is sometimes very small and neat
in them without injury. The jaw should be very lean,
with a good muscular development on the cheek, which
gives a strong hold, and enables the dog to bear his hare
in striking at her. The head of the greyhound is com-
pared to that of the snake, but it is a far-fetched com-
parison, save in the flatness of the top, and the width,
which certainly are points of resemblance ; the nose,
however, is so different that the likeness is a very poor
one. The teeth should be good, and in young dogs
white and free from tartar ; indeed, in a well-reared dog,
the whiteness is of such a kind as to excel the finest ivory.
This is a strong mark of good rearing, and indicates the
habitual use of bones, the gnawing of which not only
cleans the teeth, but aids in their formation, and also
increases the general health of the whole system. The
eye should be bright and tolerably full. I have never
been able to satisfy myself as to the general possession of
any one kind of eye by good public greyhounds. I have

22

Varieties of the Dog.

seen, 1 think, as many of any one colour which can be
mentioned, as of others common in the greyhound. So
with the ears ; different breeds are so xexy variously fur-
nished with this appendage, that nothing can be made of

it as a sign of good or bad qualities. Some good ones
are possessed of falling, soft, and broad ears ; others of
sharp and screwed -up ears; and others again of foxy,
pricked ears ; and these are very remarkable in the de-
scendants of Heather-jock, belonging to Dr. l)rown, in
Scotland, who often inherit this ])eculiarity to the third
and fourth generation.

Tlie neck is a very beautiful part of the high-l)red grey-
hound, and is properly compared with that of the drake,
though not quite coming up to the elegance of that bird.

Varieties of the Dog. 23

In many breeds, however, the neck is extremely long and
swan-like ; and this point gives great power of reaching
the hare without losing the stride, which would be a fatal
drawback in the fast dog.

The chest and neck together constitute the body or
trunk. The chest is a conical cavity adapted to contain
the lungs, heart, and great vessels, to protect them from
injury, and to inflate the lungs by enlarging the capacity
of the chamber which contains them. Such a cavity must
therefore be of sufficient volume for the first purpose, of
sufficient strength for the second, and of sufficiently vary-
ing capacity for the third ; and all these offices the chest
of the greyhound efficiently performs. But not only must
it be thus formed, but it must also be so flattened on the
sides that the shoulder-blades shall lie smoothly upon
them, and have free play to extend themselves. In order
to meet all these requirements, the chest of the greyhound
is deeper than in most animals, so as to give increase of
volume without separating the shoulders too much, or
placing their blades on too convex a surface. But if the
chest is prolonged too far downwards, it strikes the ground
in the efforts made to stop the speed at the turns, and in
that way is prejudicial to the going of the dog. Thus a
happy medium is required in this department, and the
chest must be wide, but not too round, and deep, without
being so much so as to interfere with the working powers.
Besides these two points, it is important that the ril3s shall
be well separated from each other, so that they may ex-
pand the cavity properly, otherwise respiration is not per-
formed with sufficient power and velocity. This width of
the spaces is known to exist by the comparative length
between the breast and the last rib at the loin ; but, again,
this must not be too great, or the back is rendered weak,
and incapable of those vigorous and quick efforts which
the gallop requires.

The back ought to be well let into the shoulders — that
is to say, the muscles which compose it ought to run well
forward towards the shoulder-blades, and should leave a
strong ridge of muscle standing up above the ribs on each
side of the spine. This is a very important point, and

24 Varieties of tJic Dog.

one which ahiiost every good greyhound exhibits. Its
absence betokens great weakness and a want of endurance ;
for though the dog may be fast without it, he is seldom
capable of continuing his speed.

The hind quarter is the main element of progression,
and upon it in a great measure depend the speed and
power of the greyhound. As in all other cases, size is
power; and the greater the length and size of the hind
quarter, so will be the power of propulsion. This length
is variously displayed : sometimes the hind leg being long,
but straight ; whilst in others it is more or less bent in two
places — the stifle and hock. It will generally be observed
that when the part of the leg below the hock is compara-
tively short, the bones above that part are bent at the
stifle, and the whole hind quarter is long, without raising
the back from the ground, as would be the case with the
same length of limb in a more straight fonii. As far as
my observation goes, the bent hind quarter is the more
favourable form ; but I have seen many good dogs with
very straight stifles, and there can be no reason why these
should not serve the purpose of propulsion as well as the
bent ones. But though they can propel as well, and
perhaps even better under some circumstances, they are
quite useless unless they are accompanied by a low fore-
quarter ; for if otherwise, the fore-leg is too long in pro-
portion, and the power of working and killing is at a very
low ebb.

Two essentials are required, — speed and working
power. Now, speed may be given from length of hind
quarter, whether that length is usually in an extended or
in a bent form, because, when in action, they both assume
the same condition, and are then precisely similar the one
to the other ; but the working power is deficient if there
is the usual accompaniment of the straight hind quarter —
viz., a long fore-leg. It will be evident that if the hind
quarter is straight, and the fore-leg is properly propor-
tioned— that is to say, short enough for the working
powers — the fore-quarter will appear very low, and the
hips will stand up far above the slioulder.

Now, if this formation co-exists with the straisfht hind

Varieties of tJie Dog. 25

leg, all may be in good proportion ; but if not, it seldom
happens that the dog can stoop to reach his hare without
spoiling his stride. Nevertheless, a remarkable exception
is sometimes seen, in which there is great working and
kiUing power displayed, with a high shoulder and long
fore-legs. This, however, is contrary to rule ; and in
selecting a good shape, no experienced courser would
take such a fomiation without a practical proof of its
efficiency in that particular instance. Next to the length
of limb, the due development of the joints is of great
importance ; the stifle-joints ought to be strong and broad,
and the bony processes pow^erful and large. The hocks,
also, should be long and powerful, and well separated
fi-om the leg-bone by that thin double layer of skin which
may be felt, and almost seen through. The muscles are
divided into two large masses — the upper thigh, which is
scarcely to be made out without the touch, being, as it
were, buried in the body and flank ; and the lower thigh,
which is much more distinct, and of very great impor-
tance to the powers of galloping. This lower thigh is a
very desirable point, if well developed ; and in making a
selection for breeding, its large size should be especially
insisted upon. Good hind feet, again, are necessary, but
I do not like them too round and cat-like ; at the same
time, a long flat foot is opposed to high speed, and also
prevents a due hold being taken of the ground. Where-
ever there is this long, flat, and broken-down foot, I
should not look either for high speed or for the power of
continuing the efforts of the greyhound ; there is a want
of that elasticity and springiness which characterize the
movements of this graceful animal, and he goes dull and
dead instead of being animated and ready for any exer-
tion.

The fore-quarter is the complement to the hind quarter,
and can do nothing until set in motion by that part of the
animal economy ; but, in spite of this secondary part in
the locomotive department, it is not less important than
the primary cause of motion, because, though not origi-
nating it, it can and does neutralize the efforts of the hind
quarter, if not calculated to carry them out. The great

26 Varieties of the Dog.

purpose of the fore-quarter is to enable the annual to take
advantage of the propulsion given by the vigorous con-
traction of the hind one, and thus to carry the animal on
in the intervals of the strokes. If, therefore, the fore-
quarter is dull, heavy, and incapable of extension, the
stroke is broken and suspended, and the pace is reduced
accordingly. But besides this purpose, in which the fore-
quarter of the race horse bears a similar part, that of the
greyhound is also used in stopping the speed, and turning
the body to the right or left, when the hare makes one of
those turns which she delights in. Here the shoulder
requires to be pliable yet strong, and there must be con-
siderable play in all its parts, or it will give way in the
violent effort made to change the direction of the speed.
The outward formation for these purposes is well known
and recognized by all in its general principles, though there
may be a difference of opinion as to its details. Every
one is agreed that the line through the shoulder-blade
should be oblique, because that gives, in the first place,
greater absolute length of blade ; and, in the second, it
gives greater power over the arm, so that it may be pro-
truded further and with greater force than is the case
with a short and upright blade. It is acknowledged as
a fact, that such oblique shoulders conduce to that
conjunction of speed and working power Avhich is de-
sired. At the same time, I think I have seen so many
cases of upright shoulders united with great pace and
cleverness, that the rule is by no means an absolute
one. But one rule is, I think, of that nature — viz., that
where there are confined shoulders not acting with any
liberty, but glued in their places, then the speed is not
good, and the working power is absolutely null. With
good sloping shoulder-blades there is almost always com-
bined a formation which is of the greatest consequence,
and that is a long upper arm — that is to say, a long bone
intervening between the shoulder-blade and the elbow.
This length of ami generally coincides with good length
from the hip to the hock ; and when that quarter is bent
as I have already described, the oblique shoulder-blade,
long upper arm, and low elbow, usually accompany it;

Varieties of the Dog. 27

in most cases, also, there is a knee close to the ground,
and thus the fore and hind quarters agree in formation,
and will assuredly act together. When these points are
combined, they make a perfect fore-quarter, and only
want a strong useful foot, with a thick horny sole, to com-
plete the requisites. As with the hind foot, so with this :
[ am not fond of the very upright, small, and round foot ;
such feet are always drawing their nails, though tli^y are
certainly well suited for fine turf ; but on fallows, or rough
ground of any kind, the strong and moderately flat foot
is the more useful kind. The knuckles ought to be strong
and well up, but the dog should not be too much on his
toes ; a spreading foot, however, with a thin sole devoid
of horn, will never stand work, and should on that account
be avoided.

The colour is one of those points in the greyhound
which has been most disputed by different judges of his
merits ; one party considering it of the greatest impor-
tance, while the other decides that '^ a good dog, like a
good horse, cannot be of a bad colour." With most
people there is more or less of prejudice in this matter,
and I am not perhaps exempt from this failing, when I
own my leaning is to blacks and reds. This leaning,
however, is not entirely guided by the eye, because it will
be found that a large proportion of the winners in The
Coursing Calendar are of one or other of those colours.
Indeed, my belief is, that all the colours exhibited by the
greyhound are to be traced to them, and that when united
with white (the result of domestication) they will produce
an/ of the many other shades which appear in the lists.
Thus, by ringing the changes of black, red, and white, every
shade will be produced, as shown in the following table :—
The Mixture of Result.

Black and red, No. i ... ... Red, with black muzzle,

Do. Xo. 2 ... ... Red-brindle.

Do. No. 3 Black and tan.

Black and white ... Blue.

Red and white ... ... ... Fawn or cream.

Black, red, and white, No. I ... Blue-fawn.
Do. do. No. 2 ... Fawn-brindle.

Do. do. No, '\ ... Blue-brindle.

28 Varieties of the Dog.

These colours only result when they are mixed together
in the coat generally ; for when that is not the case, the
dog is patched with these colours in blotches, either of
colour on a white ground, or of white on a coloured
ground.

The poifits of the greyhound are as follows : — Head,
10 ; neck, 5; legs, 10 ; feet, 10; shoulders, 15; hind
quarters, 20; back, 10; general symmetry, 10; tail, 5/
colour and coat, 5.

CHAPTER III.
VARIETIES OF THE DOG (contixued.)

Hounds — The Bloodhound — Staghound — Foxhound — Harrier— Beacle -Otter-
hound— Fox Terrier — Truffle Dog— Retrievers — Deerhound — The Borzoi.

The various hounds used in the present day for the
pursuit of the stag, fox, hare, rabbit, and otter are no
doubt descended from one common ancestor, the nearest
type of which now existing is the bloodhound ; and, in-
deed, it is supposed by many high authorities that this
dog is identical with the old Southern hound in all re-
spects but colour. The latter was usually white, mottled
with blue or badger-colour, whilst the bloodhound has
always been known to possess the deep black and tan by
which he is now recognized.

The Bloodhound. Gervase Markham, in his " Mai-
son Rustique,"' speaking of hounds, says: *'The baie-
coloured ones have the second place for goodnesse, and
are of great courage, ventring far, and of a quicke scent,
finding out very well the turnes and windings ....
They runne surely, and with great boldnesse, loving the
stagge more than any other beast ; but they make no
account of hares. It is true that they be more head-
strong and harde to reclaime than the white, and put men
to more i)ainc and travaill about the same."

I'aric/ics of t lie Dog.

29

The exact origin of the bloodhound has not been
satisfactorily defined. As we see him to-day, he is the
evidence of careful selection, and the production of de-
velopment of the highest order. He is the perfect com-
bination of dignity, with a consciousness of inherent
power, yet his movements as a massive animal are really
graceful. In temperament he is docile, obedient, affec-

Blojdhound.

tionate, faithful, and reliable, and on this account proves
the perfect conjpanion and protector to child or adult,
qualities derived only under careful training, as the lessons
are begun in puppy hood. Even in this he is apt to
become self-willed and turbulent, but under prompt re-
pression, good lessons are carried home, and at length
he assumes his position as companion and protector, his
faithfulness being equal if not superior to that of any
otlier breed. His proportions are large, even massive,

^0 Varieties of the Dog;

and in detail, important and interesting. The head iS
long, expansive, highly arched, and crested behind, the
width not being in proportion to the length. The facial
and maxillary bones are unusually developed, and, exten-
ding forwards, secure the formation of spacious nasal
chambers and voluminous turbinated bones, whereby the
sense of scent or smell is surprisingly acute. The lower
jaws accommodate large and powerful muscles, which
are covered with loose and pliant skin, forming folds or
wrinkles at the forehead, and descending down the
cheeks are lost in the flows or lips, the upper covering
the lower, and in the dewlap, which confers the charac-
teristic " throaty " appearance. These provisions not
only confer the needful power to seize, but also to retain
the hold of large objects. The ears are set on low, and
descend gracefully to the shoulder. The eye is deeply
set in the orbit, is calm and impressive, and protected by
the largely developed *'haw"j the neck is long, but
stoutly muscular ; shoulders massive and sloping ; fore-
legs straight, strong, and muscular, firmly standing on
round and well-padded feet, and the claws are very
large, strong, and black. The ribs are well arched, and,
carried backwards, give the appearance of needful width
and strength to the back loins and hind quarters ; the
tail well set on, thick at the base and tapering, carried
moderately high and waving. With regard to colour,
various opinions are entertained. " Black-tan, or a
reddish fawn " was the favourite with " Stonehenge," who
admitted no white, "but on just the tip of the stern."
The old adage, that '* good dogs cannot be of a bad
colour," holds good in this instance, and among the
varieties white spots, and the flake or dapple are not
uncommon. The coat is largely influenced by method
of treatment and work, as well as by breeding and rearing,
but, as a rule, the tendency is to be thickly set, but
fine and short. The voice is deep-toned, full, and loud,
and as echoed by the hills in the stillness of night, is
peculiarly impressive.

The critical judges of this breed are now watchnig with
some interest the result of the introduction of a cross of the

Varieties of the Dog. ^ 1

old southern hound, the object being to remedy the present
defective constitution. This has resulted in all proba-
bility from what is understood to be " close breeding,"
which, being freely translated, signifies breeding from
defective animals. Close consanguinity with the best and
healthiest animals gave us our unparalleled flocks and
herds, and the same will hold good with dogs of all
breeds. "Like produces like," was the watchword of
Bakewell, and as he followed with unerring precision the
principles embodied in the phrase, he produced the best
animals, and, conversely, he realised that unless he did
so, the produce would be anything but good. It is not
generally understood how unerringly the defects of an
animal are handed down from parent to offspring, and it
is chiefly to this that the incongruous mating of animals
is due. The general idea is that if a sire possesses a
quality which is absent in the dam, the offspring, in
accordance with laws hitherto unexplained, will
certainly derive that quality. We shall not attempt to
argue that this is impossible, but feel at liberty to quote
from experience^ and state unhesitatingly whether the
desirable qualification is, or is not handed down, it is
quite certain, if there are serious defects they will be
assuredly transmitted to the offspring. All men of
shrewd character and experience in these matters are
thoroughly well agreed on the point that half a dozen
excellent qualities in the sire will not dissipate or neu-
tralise one bad one in the dam. Whatsoever, therefore,
we desire in the offspring, we must assure ourselves are
to be found in the parents, whether it be soundness
of constitution, perfection in form, action, etc, and when
these are present, closeness of consanguinity will unerr-
ingly perpetuate them. On the other hand, all the
desirable qualifications may be found in two strange
animals ; if so, there is no reason why they should not
be mated. This is the simple law of the question.

The most celebrated breeders in past years were Lords
Yarborough, Fitzwilliam, and Faversham ; the Honour-
able Grandey Berkeley; Mr. Jennings, of Pickering,
Yorkshire; Mr. Cowen, of Blaydon-on-Tyne; Mr. Harri-

32 Varieties of the Dog.

son, of Dudley ; and Mr. Halford, of Ware, Herts. Of
the various dogs exhibited from the above kennels, Mr.
Jennings's Druid, to Prince Napoleon, was said to be the
best specimen of the breed. Mr. Cowen's Druid was
also a grand dog in his prime ; but his head was not
equal to that of Mr. Jennings'? old favourite. Mr.
Hallford's Regent, a son of Cowen's Druid, was also a
magnificent animal, and almost, if not quite, equal to
Jennings's Druid. From these have descended the best
blood of the present day.

The Staghound as a distinct breed is completely un-
known in this country : all those packs which hunt stag
being pure foxhounds, with the exception of ]\Ir. Nevill's,
in Hampshire, which he calls ''Black St. Huberts," but
which seem to be relics of the old Southern hound.

The modem Foxhound has had more attention paid
to his shape, and has been kept more pure than any other
breed of dogs in existence. Most kennels of any stand-
ing possess stud-books going back from 80 to 100 years,
and can trace the pedigree of every hound in their packs
for that time. This is almost equal to that of the English
thorough-bred horse, and far greater than that of the grey-
hound, few pedigrees of which go back in all their lines
more than ten generations. "Cecil" has lately published
the " Hound Stud-book," which proves this statement
witliout a doubt, and makes the study of the various
strains of the foxhound doubly interesting. His points are
as follows : — The head varies a good deal, from the com-
paratively heavy form characterizing the Beaufort Grasper,
to the snipe-nosed light shape of the Puckeridge. It
should, however, in any case be light, airy, and sensible, yet
full of dignity. There should be a sliglit tendency to chop
without actual flew, and the forehead should be a little
wrinkled. Circumference of skull in front of the ears, 16
to 17 in., and at least 4I in. from the eye to the point o\
the nose. Neck long and clean ; the least looseness or
approach to throatiness is tabooed. Where it joins the
head it must be fine, and gradually deepen towards the
shoulders. Length of neck is necessary to allow the
hound to stoop to a scent without losing pace. Ears set

Varieties of the Dog. 3 3

on low down, and carried close to the head — of course
rounded. Total value, 20.

The back must be straight, wide, and muscular, with
an equally strong and square loin, very slightly arched.
Back ribs especially deep and wide, not flat. Chest deep,
and at the same time, if possible, wide, increasing behind

Foxhound.

the elbows to at least 30 in., sometimes 31 in. Shoulders
long, sloping, and powerful, elbows perfectly straight and
well let do^\^l. Value — back and loins, 20 ; shoulders, 20.
The fore-legs, it is insisted by huntsmen, must be as
straight as possible, without the slightest tendency back-
wards. This, however, I believe to be an exaggerated
conception of the form which is best for standing work,
as I have no doubt a very slight angle at the pastern is
advantogeous. The bone of the leg must be as large as

3

34 Varieties of the Dog.

possible, and the muscle of the fore-arm, as well as the
tendons of the pasterns and toes, proportionably strong.
If the foot is not perfectly straight, it must turn in, not
out. In shape it should be round and cat-like, but very
highly arched toes are apt to give way. Sole hard and
thick. Value of legs and feet, 20 points.

The hind quarters must be as strong as possible, wide
as well as deep. Bone of pastern strong and large; hocks
strong and straight. Value, 10.

The stem should be carried gaily upwards without
hooping; it should be slightly rough beneath its lower
edge, but not feathered ; point straight. The coat should
be dense, smooth, and glossy. Colour, black, white, and
tan, black and white, or pied with hare, badger, red, tan, or
yellow, which colours are preferred in the order I have
given. Value, 10, in conjunction with the general symmetry.
Height from 22 to 25 in. ; the best average is 2 2| in. for
bitches, and 24 in. for dogs; or for a mixed j)ack, 23 in.

The Harrier comes next in order. His head is
heavier in proportion than tliat of the foxhound, and the
ears of thinner texture; they are sometimes slightly
rounded, but the general practice is to leave them in
their natural state.

In other respects there is little difference between the
two breeds, though the eye of the master will readily
pick out a true harrier from a foxhound without seeing
the head. Thej^^////i- are the same as in the foxhound.

The Beagle. — The exact origin of this dog is not
quite clear. He has been described as a dwarf southern
hound, as it was thought the resemblance to him was
closer than is observed in the foxhound or harrier. Like
the southern hound, he also possesses an extraordinary
power of scenting ; his intelligence is acute, and when
carefully selected with respect to these requirements, as
well as uniformity in size, the pack works evenly and
efficiently, giving forth enspiriting music. The Master
of the Cockermouth Beagles gives the following descrip-
tion and points of the breed : " Head like that of a fox-
hound, with sweet, intelligent countenance; the head
long, and the nose should not come to a sharp point.

Varieties of tJie Dog.

35

Ears long, set on low down, and carried close to head ;
not too broad, and the thinner in the leather the better.
Neck and throat long and lean ; but some of the
heavier hounds are very loose in throat, and have a deep
voice. Shoulders, long and strong, well clothed with
muscle. Chest, deep and wide ; ribs also deep. Back,

.. :^^k^^ ,A''\^\

Harrier.

Strong and wide, and especially wide across loins. Bitches
are generally better across loins than dogs, for their size.
Hind-quarters, the stronger the better, wide and deep ;
stern strong at set on, and tapering, carried high, but
not curled. Legs straight, although for work they are no
worse standing a little over on the forelegs ; strong of
bone ; feet round, like those of the cat. Colour, black,
white, and tan : black and white. I had a heavy dog

36 Varieties of the Dog,

the latter colour, that was alv/ays first to find game, and
always led. He was well known among the Cumbrians,
and they knew his voice, and said : ' 'Dar, that's auld
Duster ; we'll have a run noo.' Occasionally beagles
are the colour of bloodhounds. The beagle should be
hard in condition, with plenty of muscle." These beagles
hunt the hare on Skiddaw, and in the Lake District,
capital runs being " enjoyed about Buttermere, where it
is a grand sight to see the little hounds on the breast of
a mountain, when a sheet could cover them sometimes,
and their cry is melodious. We do not mount our
huntsmen." The height of the dogs at the shoulder
varies from 14 in. to 15 in., and the weight from 25 lbs.
to 27 J lbs. Some having the harrier cross are higher.
The Royal Rock Pack, said to be pure beagles, stand
16 inches high. The rabbit beagle, so called, is pro-
bably a cross with beagle and the terrier.

The Dachshund, or German Badger Terrier is not
a hound as some conclude. The terminal " hund," sig-
nifies a dog, notwithstanding many of his characteristics
are those of a hound ; indeed, it is said he comes of a
cross with the old English hound and the beagle, and,
according to Bewick, known as the Kibblehound. The
dog of the present day has a singularly long back, and
apparently ill-formed legs. Our friend Punch says he
is "sold by the yard." Many years ago, an engineer
seeing one of the early specimens, and viewing him only
in the light of mechanics, said thoughtfully, "his bearings
are too wide apart," and suggested taking "a piece out
of his middle and welding him together again." The
breed is self-coloured, excepting a stray " beauty spot "
on the breast or toes. Black and tan, or fallow red are
preferred, though good dogs have shades of red, and
smutty, or tawny markings. The Head is of the blood-
hound type, and the ears, long and pendulous, measure
13 or 14 inches across the head from tip to tip. The
Nose is square, and the muzzle about 8^ inches in girth.
The Eye, which is lustrous and mild in expression, has
the colour of the coat. The Teeth should be white, sound,
strong, and recurvate for grip ; a diseased and offensive

Varieties of the Dog. i^j

mouth being fatal for any purpose. The Neck is long and
muscular, the Chest wide, and the brisket well up to the
throat. The Shoulders are muscular, covered with loose
skin, and the chest apparently swings between them.
The limbs are very large and bony, and the elbows turn
widely outwards, while the knees are twisted inwards.
*'KnuckHng" of the latter is a serious deformity. The
feet are large, armed with powerful claws, and are turned
outwards for making way in the burrow. To these qualifi-
cations must be added a good nose for tracking, length of
body to conform to the windings of the badger earth, and
lion courage to grapple and seize the quarry, in the earth
or in the open. In Germany the dog is used to drive
out deer from the thick and short underwood, and to
track wounded deer, but are little used for badgering.
In Hanover he is employed to kill foxes, for which pur-
pose he will lie at the hole for days, being fed meanwhile,
until the prisoner ventures forth to avoid starvation, but
to be summarily destroyed. Dachshunds are remarkable
travellers, and good water dogs, extremely affectionate
with themselves, and their masters especially, but re-
markably jealous of his favours being transferred to
another dog.

The Otterhound is still more like the old Southern
hound than the beagle, being of the same size as the
former, and only differing from him in having a long and
rough coat.

His head is heavier in mould and in its flews than that
of the foxhound, eyes deeply set like those of the blood-
hound, and with the same deep expression, often amount-
ing to engaging ; forehead long and narrow, but less so
than that of the bloodhound ; nose large and black, with
a decidedly wiry-haired muzzle ; lips ample and pendent;
ears large, thin, and coated with strong wiry hair, but not
feathered at the edges like those of the spaniel or setter ;
forehead wrinkled deeply ; neck long and muscular, with
a loose skin and some throatiness. Value : head, 15 •
ears, 10 ; neck, 5.

Chest deep but not wide ; elbow let down very low ;
back ribs very deep ; loins strong and straight, but looser

38

Varieties of the Dog.

than those of the foxhound ; shoulders powerful and
sloping.

Arms very large and powerful ; ankles short, and the
feet round, but more open than those of the foxhound ;
thighs large and strong ; with powerful hocks.

The stern should be coated moderate!" but not in-

Uucihound.

creasing, to the tip, which should be well pointed, whilst
the root should be large \ carriage like that of all hounds.
Coat hard, wiry, and abundant ; the colours may be black,
white, zxi^pale tan ; mixed, or black pied, with the colours
strongly Imked with white.

The origin of this hound is uncertain, but he is most
probably descended from the old Southern hound or
Talbot.

Varieties of the Dog. 39

This dog is sometimes confounded with the otter
terrier. The otterhound is in all respects what the name
impUes, a dog comprising all the attributes of the hound,
combined with acute scent, great endurance, strength,
and remarkable i?',itelligence. He is not so large as the
bloodhound, but greatly resembles him in symmetry,
strength of limb, formation of the head, with long droop-
ing ears, well-developed nostrils, and eyes deeply set,
over which the haw fully protrudes. Whatever may
be his true origin, one thing is quite certain, the pure
bred dog is always ready when wanted. Few can com-
pare with his indomitable pluck, strength, solid wisdom
and cunning, wonderful sight and scent. Unfortunately,
however, many miserable attempts have been made to
improve his breed. He has been crossed with the otter
terrier, and the issue is a breed far too small for the
common requirements, besides being impudent and
tricky, lacking the nobility and grace of the true hound.
In order to overcome such an expert, strong, and cunning
animal as the otter, he needs the highest endowment of
sight, scent, and sound. The first enables him to mark
the significant sign of the otter's movement by the smallest
ascending bubble; his nose will scent out the coldest
trail, and he follows it with astonishing pertinacity,
and his sense of hearing is so acute, that amid a very
babel of voices, he is obedient to that of the huntsman
alone.

The Fox Terrier. — To class the fox terrier with the
hounds may seem a misnomer, but as lie is kept specially
for the purpose of being used in their aid when a fox is
to be bolted, he is certainly not out of place in this sub-
section.

In the early part of the present century, when hunt-
ing the fox was considered of more interest thaa gal-
loping after him, one or two terriers were added to the
pack, and were not merely kept in readiness to bolt him
from his earth when driven to ground by the hounds, but
regularly drew each covert with them, and throughout the
run followed the line as well as they could, being gene-
rally in at the death before the breaking up was over.

4^ Varieties of the Dog.

When, however, the fields of horsemen increased in num-
bers from two or three score to two or three hundred —
when their riding became either a steeplechase between
those who went straight, or a flat race among the " ma-
cadamisers ;" — and when hounds were bred fast enough to
get away from all, the little terrier stood a poor chance of
escaping with life and limb, and his services were confined
to underground work, for which he is now kept handy to
the part of the country which is to be hunted, his absence
being supplied by the nearest rat or rabbit terrier that can
be obtained. In the cub-hunting he is specially service-
able, and, indeed, it is for this purpose that he is chiefly
kept by the huntsmen of our various packs ; for it is but
seldom that a regularly entered fox terrier attached to the
pack is at hand when a fox is run to ground during the
season.

The fox terrier is a clever, strong little dog, possessing
great endurance and remarkable courage, and a nose
almost as sensitive as the harrier or beagle. He derives
his pluck from the bull-dog, like other useful vermin
killers, and is generally kept for the purpose of destroying
those vermin which prove more than a match for the
harrier or beagle. In his encounters with such, the fox
terrier is rendered more determined, and his natural
prowess is encouraged, as with superior ability he brings
his antagonist to a state of helplessness or destruction.
Hence he becomes the attendant and companion of the
ratcatcher, gamekeeper, or farmer, who make use of his
attainments in clearing the barns, stables, kennels, etc.,
of rats and mice, and occasionally other vermin. In
former days it was the practice of adding a couple of fox
terriers to each pack of fox hounds, for the purpose of
bolting the fox when he takes refuge from his pursuers
in some accessible drain, or otherwise goes to ground.
The pluck and endurance of the fox terrier enables him
to follow steadily in the track, finally coming up to do
the required unearthing when other means are not avail-
able. In later years, hounds have been bred to greater
speed, and the terrier has been dispensed with, but re-
tained as a companion or guard, and for destroying ground

J -3

■5 S

c <

-52

Varieties of the Dog. 41

vermin. He is faithful and tractable, and, under proper
care and training, is rarely surpassed.

The entering and breaking of the fox terrier as a vermin
killer is not a process of great difficulty. His innate
intelligence rapidly leads him to look upon rats, mice,
etc., as his mortal foes, and himself as their especial
exterminator. When he is to be used with ferrets, he
must be broken to leave them alone, as they are apt to
make their appearance suddenly at one hole, from which
they pass to another. In order to accomplish this, the
ferret and the terrier should be allowed to be in the com-
pany of each other within a yard, stable, etc., when the
terrier must be carefully watched and cautioned not to
molest his companion. After a few such lessons, both
animals grow friendly, or at least the terrier learns not to
molest the ferret. Some terriers, owing to their breeding,
prove to be great cowards, and will not bear the bites of
their foes, which renders them perfectly useless as vermin
destroyers, to say nothing of the more formidable opera-
tion of unearthing the fox. To complete their necessary
courage, some breeders contend they should have the evi-
dent cross of the bull-dog. But sometimes young dogs of
this cross may prove rather timid at first, when they
should be encouraged by first trying their skill on young
rats, singly. They will thus gain confidence, and rapidly
increase in needful courage. This precaution, however,
is scarcely called for with respect to well-bred terriers ;
as with the opportunity for practice in the exercise of
the allotted vocation, they rapidly acquire the proficiency
for which the breed is remarkable.

There has been a good deal of controversy among those
interested in this breed on the subject of the bull cross,
but the preponderance of evidence is certainly against it.
The chief argument is that this cross makes the dog lie
too close to his game, and punish him too much if he can
reach him, often absolutely preventing his bolting by hang-
ing on to him. In any case it is admitted that the strain
should not be made visible in the mouth, and that the
teeth should be therefore quite level. What is really
wanted is a dog small enough to enter any drain or earth
which will admit a fox, and consequently not above 16 lbs.

42 Varieties of the Dog.

weight \ while, to give him strength enough for the task
which he has to perform, he should be at least 14 lbs.

The head should be flat and narrow forward, gradually
K^idening towards the ears, which must be small and fold
over, so as to keep out the dirt from their interior in dig-
ging, being also set on forward and carried close to the
cheeks. Jaw strong and well clothed with muscle ; mouth
level and well furnished with teeth ; eyes small, keen, and
full of expression ; nose pointed, long, and tipped with
black. The back should be strong ; chest deep ; neck
light and airy, coming nicely out of oblique but powerful
shoulders; loins straightly arched, without slackness;
ribs carried well backwards ; quarters and thighs mus-
cular ; hocks well let down ; the legs and feet strong
and straight, and the stifles not turned outwards; the
stern set high, carried gaily, but not over the back.
Traces of the bull breed are disqualifying, likewise a long
head and narrow chest, minus the needful muscular
shoulders, which are serious congenital defects, or due to
want of development under suitable care and exercise.

The symmetry also must be appreciated on the same
principle as that of the foxhound, but it is important as
showing breeding and general fitness for work. Value,
10 points.

Colour, for which 5 points are allowed, is only to be re-
garded as leading to the dog becoming easily seen either
underground or above ; hence there must be a prepon-
derance of white. With this external configuration the
fox terrier must be hardy in constitution, so as to with-
stand cold, wet, and fatigue, and he must have that de-
gree of courage which will induce him to face any amount
of punishment. Possessed of all these qualifications, this
dog becomes an excellent companion independently of
his use to the M.F.H., and the breed has been in high
favour for this purpose since the introduction of dog
shows ; from ;^2oo to £^Z^o having sometimes been
given for a prize winner.

The Truflle Dog is little known out of the districts
which furnish that esculent, in our knowledge of which
we are far behind the Germans, French, and Italians. Our
Continental neighbours are far more skilled both in its

Varieties of the Dog. 43

preservation and production. They can dry it, or pre-
serve it in oil, vinegar, or brine ; and in neither case does
the conserve lose much of its aroma, flavour, or nutritious
quality. One Italian species is produced by scattering a
shallow layer of soil upon a porous slab of stone, and
occasionally moistening it with water ; another, by slightly
burning, and subsequently watering, blocks of hazel-wood;
and a third (a species of Agaricus) is cultivated by placing
the grounds of coffee in places favourable for its growth.
The market returns of Rome show that as much as
;£'4,ooo a year are expended on these productions ; and
that the peasantry of France, Germany, and Italy in many
places subsist to a great extent upon them, is an estab-
lished fact.

The truffle — an edible underground fungus — is classed
by Berkeley with 7norel, as one of the Ascimycetes^ because
in these, " spores," or organs of reproduction, are arranged
in asci (tubular sacs, or vesicles). The best writers on
fungi have arrived at this learned conclusion ; but in spite
of all their discoveries, and their elaborate remarks on
" spheroidal ceUs," and " spores," and " fructification
taking place in some particular membrane," we believe
attempts to cultivate the truffle have failed.

Science has ascertained that it forms an intermediate
link between the animal and vegetable kingdom, for it
does not absorb carbonic acid from the air and give out
oxygen, but, like animals, it absorbs oxygen and gives out
carbonic acid.

The truffle is found in many districts of France, Spain,
and Italy ; and in other parts of these countries, doubtless
(as in England), it exists, though it has not been dis-
covered.

In this country it may be found on almost every chalky
down, especially where plantations of beech flourish, and
in many gentlemen's parks, and on lawns. Hampshire,
Wilts, Dorset, and Kent, all these counties produce truffles
of rich quality and in great abundance. Beneath the
beech, the cedar, the lime, the oak, the hazel, the Scotch
fir, it is frequently to be found in clusters, one, two, or
three feet apart. It is known to be in Tedworth (the seat

44 Varieties of the Dog-

of the late Mr. T. Assheton Smith) ; at Charbro' Park,
Dorset (the seat of Mr. Drax) ; at Olantigh Towers, in
Kent, and at Holnest House, in Dorset (both seats be-
longing to the same gentleman) ; whilst Kingston Lacey,
in Dorset (tlie property of the Bankes family), produces
both morels and truffles. Truffles are also found at East-
well Park, Kent; at Sir J. Sebright's, in Beechwood Park;
at Lord Barrington's ; at Lord Jersey's ; at Longleat,
AVilts ; at the Countess Bridgewater's ; at Lord Winchil-
sea's; and, we believe, at the Earl of Abingdon's seat, near
Oxford.

In Italy, this fungus is hunted with a pig (a fact con-
firmed by Youatt) ; in France (as with us) the truffle-
hunter depends upon his dog. The breed is rare, and
the men dislike to sell them. It is said that, about two
hundred year^ ago, an old Spaniard brought two dogs into
Wiltshire, and made a great deal of money by the sale of
truffles which his dogs found for him ; that at his death
he left his money and his dogs to a farmer from whom he
had received some kindness, and that the hunters derive
their dogs from those he left that farmer.

The truffle dog is a small poodle (nearly a pure poodle),
and weighing about 15 lbs. He is white, or black and
white, or black, with the black mouth and under-lip of his
race. He is a sharp, intelligent, quaint companion, and
has the " homeing " faculty of a pigeon. When sold to a
new master, he has been known to find his way home for
sixty miles, and to have travelled the greater part of the
way by night.

It is mute in its quest, and should be thoroughly broken
from all game. These are essential qualities in a dog
whose owner frequently hunts truffles at night — in the
shrubberies of mansions protected by keepers and watch-
men, who regard him with suspicion. In order to dis-
tinguish a b/nck dog on these occasions, the liunter fur-
nishes his animal with a white shirt, and occasionally
hunts him in a Hne.

These dogs are rather longer on the leg than the true
poodle, have exquisite noses, and hunt close to the
ground. On the scent of a truffle (especially in the

Varieties of the Dog. 45

morning or evening, when it gives out most smell), they
show all the keenness of the spaniel, working their short-
cropped tails, and feathering along the surface of the
ground, for from twenty to fifty yards. Arrived at the
spot where the fungus lies buried some two or three inches
beneath the surface, they dig like a terrier at a rat's hole,
and the best of them, if left alone, will disinter the fungus
and carry it to his master. It is not usual, however, to
allow the dog to exhaust himself in this way, and the
owner forks up the truffle, and gives the dog his usual re-
ward, a piece of bread or cheese ; for this he looks, from
long habit, with the keen glance of a Spanish gipsy.

The truffle-hunter is set up in business when he pos-
sesses a good dog ; all he requires besides will be a short
staff, about 2 ft. 6 in. long, shod with a strong iron point,
and at the other end furnished with a two-fanged iron
fork. With this implement he can dig the largest truffle,
or draw aside the briars or boughs in copsewood, to give
his dog free scope to use his nose. He travels frequently
thirty or forty miles on his hunting expeditions, and with
this (to use a business term) inexpensive "plant," keeps a
wife and children easily. I know personally one blue
grizzled dog of the old truffle breed which supports a
family of ten children.

The truffle dog is a delicate animal to rear, and a choice
feeder. Being continually propagated from one stock, he
has become peculiarly susceptible of all dog diseases, and
when that fatal year comes round which desolates the
kennel in his quarter, many truffle-hunters are left desti-
tute of dogs, and consequently short of bread ; for they
will not beheve (as I believe) that any dog with a keen
nose and lively temper may be taught to hunt and find
truffles.

The education of the dog commences when he is about
three months old. At first he is taught to fetch a truffle,
and when he does this well and cheerfully, his master
places it on the ground, and slightly covers it with earth,
selecting one of peculiar fragrance for the purpose. As
the dog becomes more expert and keen for the amuse-
ment, he buries the truffle deeper, and rewards him in

46

Varieties of the Dog.

proportion to his progress. He then takes him where he
knows tmffles to be abundant, or where they have been
previously found by a well-broken animal, and marked.
Thus he gradually learns his trade, and becomes (as his

Curly-coated Retriever.

forefathers have been for many generations) the bread-
winner for his master and all his master's family ; unless
he is so fortunate as to become attache to some lordly
mansion, or possibly to a Royal palace, in which case he
is a fortunate dog indeed. With regard to points, as he is
never shown, none can be laid down.

The dogs which retrieve game previously wounded by
man are very useful, and in the present day, when driving
and walking up game are practised extensively without

Varieties of the Do<^.

M

pointers or setters, the retriever is an indispensable ac-
companiment to every shooter who indulges in this kind
of sport. There is no distinct breed recognized, though
the cross of the spaniel or setter with the small New-
foundland has become now quite as much so as the

ww^.im.

Wavy-coated Retriever,

modern Leicester or Southdown sheep. Indeed, the re-
currence to this cross is seldom employed in breeding
retrievers, males and females of that strain being chosen
on each side. I have a great fancy that the modern
rough St. Bernard, of which the Rev. J. C. Macdona has
some magnificent specimens, will, if crossed with good
setter blood, produce an excellent result, and I intended
to try the experiment, that gentleman having kindly given
me a daughter of his celebrated Tell and Hedwig for the

48 Varieties of the Dog.

purpose, but unfortunately the puppy died of abscess in
the head. IntelUgence and dociUty are the qualities
which must be looked for, and these are possessed by
the St. Bernard in the highest degree, while the setter
must furnish nose and the desire to hunt game.

The modern Retriever is now almost always a cross
of the setter and Newfoundland (showing the srnooth or
wavy coat), or of the water spaniel (generally Irish) with
the same dog, in which case the coat is curly. Very often
the two kinds are intermixed, the result of which is a coat
showing more or less of each texture. There has been a
good deal of discussion on the relative value of these
strains, and the question is by no means settled. My
own impression is in favour of the smooth, wavy coat,
indicative of the setter origin rather than the spaniel, as I
believe this cross is more docile and better fitted to be
broken to the extent of implicit obedience which is re-
quired. It is a great nuisance to have to work a retriever
in a slip, but there are very few curly-coated dogs with
which it can be dispensed with, whereas it is compara-
tively easy to do so with the smooth kind.

The Norfolk Retriever is a breed introduced within
recent years. The colour of the coat is sandy-brown,
though this may run so dark as to be called black, and
curls somewhat loosely, being open, short, woolly, coarse
and harsh under the fingers. The head is massive, and
has the appearance of intelligence ; the ears are large, the
hair upon them being thick and curly, and the muzzle is
broad and square or deep. Along the back the hair lies
short and straight. The limbs are strong, stout, well-set,
and terminate in feet which are largely developed, and
fully webbed. It is stated by " Saxon" to be the usual
custom to dock the tail, the utility of which seems
questionable in the opinion of sportsmen outside the
county. The dogs of this breed run somewhat above the
medium size, being also strong and well set. They
exhibit a remarkable degree of intelligence and tracta-
bility, which under efficient training renders them exceed-
ingly clever under the gun, or as the amusing companion
in leisure hours. Uncertainty of temper is somewhat

^1

Varieties of the Dog. 49

rare among them, and any appearance of impatience
under restraint, or other defects in the field may as a
rule be attributed to imperfect training, or such may be
the result of impure descent. They are excellent swim-
mers, not in smooth water alone, but prove themselves
invaluable on the sea shore, when against surf and swell
they resolutely search for the dead or maimed bird.

The retriever proper should have a long head, wide
and flat, and a moderately large eye, lull 01 niieni^ence
and docility ; mouth capacious ; ears small, lying close to
the face, and set low, with short hair only on them ; nose
large ; neck long ; and face covered with short hair only.
Head, to; nose, 10; ears, 2; neck, 8 — total, 30.

The loins and back must be strong and firmly coupled,
without which this big heavy dog soon tires, and as he
sometimes has to carry a hare for half a mile, and to
jump gates and brooks with her in his mouth, this point
is of great importance. Quarters also must be thick, and
clothed strongly with muscle. Shoulders strong and
oblique ; chest broad and also deep. Loins and back,
10; hind quarters, 10; shoulders, 6; chest, 4.

Legs long, straight, and muscular; feet round and
compact; toes well arched and not spreading; hocks
powerful ; stifles strong and wide. Value : feet, 6 ; legs,
6 ; hocks, 6 ; stifles, 2 — total, 20.

Coat either flat and wavy, or short, curly, and crisp \
the former being in my opinion the best, but in dog
shows there is generally now a prize for each kind.
Colour either jet black without white, or Uver, also with-
out white, or black and tan, or black with brindled legs,
or, lastly, whole brindled, Stern well feathered, rather
short, but tapering to a point, and carried gaily l3ut not
over the back. Colour and coat, 15; stern, 5. The
height should be at least 24 in., weight from 70 lbs. to
80 lbs.

The Irish Water Spaniel, and the EngHsh dog of the
same breed, are often used as retrievers proper, but I have
classed them with the other spaniels, since they are gene-
rally used for seeking live as well as dead game.

Crosses of the terrier and spaniel, and true terriers, are

4

50 Varieties of the Dog.

also sometimes employed as retrievers ; and, indeed, fox-
hounds, bloodhounds, and pure setters are occasionally
broken to this trade.

The Deerhound is a distinct breed, having been for
many years employed to hunt down wounded deer, and,
if necessary, bring them to bay till the deerstalker comes
up to give the coup de g7'dce with bullet or knife. In the
present day he closely resembles in appearance the rough
Scotch greyhound, but having each been kept to its
separate work, they show their specific natures distinctly
when taken to their respective game.

The points of this dog are the same as those of the
rough greyhound, except that he is at least 28 in. high,
with a girth of 32 in. In colour he must be fawn, yellow,
brindled, or grey, with a rough coat, especially about the
face.

The Borzoi. — Under this name are included several
breeds of the deerhound type, especially used in their
native wilds for hunting the wolf. The most familiar are
the Siberian, or Russian, Pyrenean, and Circassian wolf-
hounds. The Siberian wolfhound is of the type and size
of the Scotch deerhound, the grisly hue of the coat being
replaced by white, with markings of yellow, or fawn, and
in a few dark grey. These dogs are singularly handsome,
and in movement majestic, good specimens exhibiting the
build of our best deerhounds, having a remarkably deep
chest, well-shaped and sloping shoulder, and airy neck
even with the back. The head is clean throughout, the
skull flat, and somewhat narrow, separated by a slight
indentation from the long and tapering snout. The nose
is black, eyes dark, expressive and almond shape, ears
small, somewhat rounded at the tip, set high and almost
meet when thrown over the head. The back is strong,
and arched in the dog, but level in the bitch ; ribs flat,
elongated, and extending to the elbows or lower ; groin
capacious in the bitch, and short in the dog. The fore-
legs are lean and straight, and, as seen from the front, are
narrow and tapering to the feet. The hind legs are
slightly beneath the body when standing, free from dew-
claws, and not wide apart, the stifle is slightly flexed ;

Useful Companions of Man. 5 1

pasterns short, toes long and close together ; nails strong,
short, and mainly supporting the weight of the animal :
tail long and shaped like a sickle ; coat long, wavy and
silky, curly only in places. The muscles of the shoulders,
chest, and hind quarters are long and flat, roundness or
convexity being objectionable. Average height of the
dog 28 to 33 inches ; of the bitch 24 to 28 inches. The
frill on the neck is long and rather curly, and the fore-
legs are well-feathered. The hair on the hind quarters
and tail is long ; curling is objectionable.

The Circassian or Orloff Wolfhound, is said to be
derived from the Siberian, cHmatic and other influences
combining to produce variations in form and colour.
He is swifter than the Siberian, and said to be more
intelligent.

As ornamental dogs these wolfhounds are graceful
and dignified, and as companions, gentle, faithful, watch-
full and obedient.

The Pyrenean Wolfhound, is a dog of stronger
build, and somewhat shorter, suggesting a cross with the
collie and deerhound. The breed is well adapted for
the tending of mountain sheep, being employed with
especial reference to warfare with wolves and foxes, the
enemies of the flock.

CHAPTER IV.
USEFUL COMPANIONS OF MAN.

Old English Mastiff— The Great Dane— Newfoundland— St. Bernard— Bulldog
— Bull Terrier — Smooth English Terrier — Black and Tan English Terrier-
Rough or Broken Haired Terrier — Skye Terrier — Dandie Dinmont— Bed-
lington Terrier — Irish Terrier — Welsh Terrier — Whippet — Bob-tailed Sheep
Dog— Scotch Collie — Pomeranian or Spitz.

Under this division are included those dogs which
serve some purpose in their companionship, either as
guards of man or his herds or flocks ; thus, the New-
foundland, the mastiff, the St. Bernard, the bulldog, the

$2 Useful Companions of Man.

bull terrier, and other large terriers, the collie, and the
drover's dog, all come under the designation.

The Old English Mastiff, as being a native of this
country, should stand at the head of this section, though
by no means so generally met with as the Newfoundland.
Like the bulldog, he is peculiar to this country, though a
near approach to him, the Cuban mastiff, is met with in
the West Indies and America. Whether any of the
modern strains can be shown to be really indigenous
in their origin it would be difficult to say, as their pedi-
grees cannot be traced for many generations.

Mr. Edgar Hanbury, of Eastrop Grange, Wilts, and
Mr. Lukey, of Lock's Bottom, Bromley, Kent, have bred
the best specimens of the EngHsh mastiff of late years,
and neither of these gentlemen can trace back their
blood far enough to enable us to decide whether they
are purely English or not. Mr. Hanbury commenced
with a bitch without pedigree, but a beautiful animal.
This bitch was put to a dog from Wales, also without
pedigree, so that his kennel dates from his own knowledge.
Mr. Lukey began with a brindled bitch bred by the Duke
of Devonshire, which he crossed with Lord Waldegrave's
celebrated dog " Turk," a black-muzzled fawn, of great
courage and symmetry. The produce consisted of two
brindled bitches, which he put to the Marquis of Hertford's
Pluto, since which, for a long time, he bred in-and-in
from their descendants. Seven or eight years ago, how-
ever, he obtained possession of his magnificent stud dog
Governor, by Lieut. Gamiefs Lion out of Countess, a
daughter of Mr. Bruce's Duchess, and this dog has
proved a most valuable sire, having been extensively used
by Mr. Hanbury and other breeders. Mr. Hanbury's
Prince, descended from Governor and Duchess, is a
magnificent specimen, and quite as good as, or better
than, his celebrated sire.

The remarkable power and courage of the mastiff ren*
der him peculiarly fit to be the dog of the keeper, when
associated with the fine temper which ought never to be
dispensed with, since a savage mastiff is a dangerous
brute, and should never be unloosed from his kennel. A

Vsejul Companions of Man. 5 3

well-broken one of good temper may be taken anywhere,
and is far more trustworthy than the Newfoundland, and
quite equal to the St. Bernard. The sense of smell is
acute, and the mastiff has been known to draw up to a
covey of partridges like a pointer.

The mastiff is remarkable for the combination of his
general development. The conformation of the head
bespeaks an unusual brain power, which is under ad-
mirable control. He is a creature of strong and sincere
attachment to man, endowed with a wonderful power of
discrimination and true nobility of character, all of
which he freely exercises in the interests of those for
whom alone he seems to live. He is by nature docile
and gentle to a fault. He lays aside his giant strength
to unite in the gambols of the child with the same spirit
of tenderness and grace. If his conduct be otherwise
it bespeaks his origin in the mongrel or nondescript races,
and his general conformation does not, as a rule,
correspond to the portrait we have so feebly outlined.
It is possible for apparently well bred animals to inherit
the " bad blood of their forefathers ; " but as greater
attention is now paid to a careful system of selection and
in-breeding, this dangerous element in the character may
be kept in abeyance, in common with other serious
defects. The well-bred mastiff allies himself to man as
his friend, to whom he becomes the closest companion,
and serves him with the truest devotion and sincerity.
This animal should not be subjected to the restraint of
the chain ; if he is, whether young or old, he will be
inevitably spoiled in outward form as well as temper.

The points of this breed are as follows : — The head
should be massive, with a broad and flat forehead ; ears
small and wholly pendent, lying close to the cheek,
though set on farther back than in the hound, pointer, and
setter; eyes small, but mild and intelligent in expression;
face short, with a square muzzle, not tapering towards the
point of the noise ; teeth level, but sometimes there is a
slight projection of the lower; flews deep; neck muscular,
with the head well set into it, showing a slight prominence
at the upper point of junction ; body very large, with

54 Useful Companions of Man.

deep and wide chest, well ribbed up, and a powerful loin ;
legs straight, with great bone (this point is not generally
well displayed, owing to confinement, as is also the case
with all large breeds); feet round and close ; coat short,
and tail fine, but with a very slight indication of roughness :
it should be carried high when the dog is excited ; colour
most to be desired is fallow (fawn), with black muzzle,
and the richer the black the better ; next to this comes
brindle, then red with black muzzle, or black ; some-
times there is a considerable admixture of white,
but this is not desirable. Height, from 29 to 31 in.
in the dog, and even more if a fine symmetry can be
obtained, but his good shape is seldom met with in so
large an animal ; bitches are 2 or 3 in. lower. A dog
standing 29 in, high ought to weigh, in good condition
(not fat), from 120 lbs. to 130 lbs.

The Great Dane. — This champion among canine
athletes has rapidly advanced to prominent favour. The
best specimens stand over 34 inches, and in the scale
raise 180 pounds or thereabouts. He is powerful, and
elegant in carriage, his enormous size combining to render
his general appearance exceptionally grand. In detail
he is also remarkable for strict proportion. His faith-
fulness and intelligence are equally acute, and his courage
unfailing. He is minus the repellant ferocity of the bull-
dog, but when occasion demands, his qualities as a
mighty defender are never absent. He is a dog of
wonderful mould, especial temperament and capabilities,
as the close companion of man. The following are the
various points adopted by the Great Dane Club : The
Head is long, the forehead being slightly elevated and
indented between the eyes. Skull not too broad.
Muzzle strong and obtuse ; nose large and arched ; cheek
muscles large and firm ; lips blunted perpendicularly in
front, not hanging too loose at the sides, but with well
defined folds at the angles of the mouth. The lower jaw
slightly projects. Eyes small, deeply set and expressive.
Ears very small, and carried erect. Fashion, however,
calls in the aid of cropping. The Neck is strong, muscular,
well-arched. No dewlap or loose skin about the throat.

Use/til Companiofts of Man, 55

Junction of head and neck sharply defined. Chest very
deep at the brisket, but not too wide. Back of medium
length ; Loins arched and falling in beautiful curve to the
insertion of the tail. The latter should reach to the
hocks, be strong at the insertion, tapering and ending in
a fine curve. During carriage it is elevated, and more
curved, but not carried over the back. The belly is well
drawn up. Shoulders sloping ; Elbows well under, neither
turned inwards nor outwards. Forear??i muscular, ample
bone development throughout, and leg straight. Thighs
muscular; second thighs long and strong as in the
Greyhound ; hocks well let down, and turning neither in
nor out. Feet large, round and parallel to the fiont.
Toes well- arched and closed. Nails very strong and
curved. Hair very short, hard, and dense, and not much
longer on the under part of the tail. The recognised
colours are the various shades of grey (commonly termed
" blue "), red, black, or pure white, or white with patches
of the before-mentioned colours. These colours are
sometimes accompanied with markings of a darker tint
about the eyes and muzzle, and with a line of the same
tint (called a " trace ") along the course of the spine.
The above ground colours also appear in the brindles,
and are also the ground colours of the mottled specimens.
In the whole coloured specimens the china or wall eye
rarely appears, and the nose more or less approaches
black, according to the prevailing tint of the dog, and
the eyes vary in colour also. The mottled specimens
have irregular patches or "clouds" upon the above
named ground colours, in some instances the clouds or
markings being of two or more tints. With the mottled
specimens the wall or china eye is not uncommon, and
the nose is often parti-coloured or wholly flesh-coloured.
The whole coloured reddish-yellow, with black muzzle
and ears, is the colour least cared for, as indicative of
the mastiff cross.

The Newfoundland Dog is of two distinct breeds,
the large and the small, the latter being also called the
St. John or Lesser Labrador. The former — subdivided
into the Newfoundland proper and the Larger Labrador —

56 Useful Companions of Man.

is the most common in this country, and is a dog of
massive form, possessing great character and inteUigence.
My own opinion, however, is that these breeds are so
intermixed that they cannot be called distinct, and that
though without doubt these several varieties are met with,
they occur indiscriminately, and often two are met with
in the same litter. " Index," who has studied the sub-
ject a good deal, lays it down in the Field that the three
breeds may be known by the coat, as follows : — " The
dog with long shaggy hair is the Newfoundland pure and
simple, and recognized as such in both countries; the
dog with the completely curly coat is the Labrador ; and
the dog with the close smooth coat is the lesser or smaller
Labrador." In Ne^vfoundland he is used as a beast of
draught, being harnessed to sledges, which his great form,
large feet, and endurance enable him to draw over the
snow, while his thick coat and hardy constitution render
him little amenable to the effects of cold and wet. Asa
water dog he has no equal, and he floats or swims for
hours without suffering from the immersion. His patron-
age of children, especially when in danger of drowning,
is one of the most remarkable features in the canine
race, and the way in which he suffers himself to be pulled
about by them makes him, when not exceptionally ill-
tempered, the pet of many a family. Still it will not
always do to trust him, and I have known many examples
which were absolutely dangerous even to their masters
when excited by deprivation of food or anger against
some offender of their own species.

In dealing with the merits of the Newfoundlander,
as he was originally named, we are in company with
the aristocracy of the canine race. Faithful and gentle
to a degree, sagacious above his fellows of indi-
genous breeds, grand in appearance, firm in his attach-
ment, and noble in his behaviour, he becomes, at once
the general favourite with every child, and the intimate
companion of man. Since his introduction to this land
his breeding has been considerably improved, and a more
graceful or noble creature can scarcely be conceived, as a
glance at the picture of Landseer, *'A Member of the

Useful Companions of Man. 57

Royal Humane Society," will bear out. Formerly his
colours were red, brown, brown and white, bronze, red
and white, or black and white, but thanks to the interest
developed by periodical shows, and the earnest care of
the fanciers, the too common degeneration of breed by
indiscriminate crossing has been greatly avoided. The
true Newfoundland dog is very large, certainly larger
than many now commonly called after him. His coat is
jet black, long, and straight, and the tail bushy. His
countenance is especially expressive, and the eyes
indicate deep intelligence. The Landseer dog is black
and white as already referred to, but he is the animal of
the same mould, the markings being somewhat prettily
dispersed. Like all dogs of his class, he is apt to become
leggy, with increase of size, and probably cow-hocked,
which militates against beauty and action alike.

In all three varieties the head is remarkable, grand,
and full of character, with an expression of mildness and
benevolence which is shared with this breed by the St.
Bernard. Across the eyes the breadth is great, with a
flatness behind them, before which the skin is wrinkled,
but without any perceptible forehead. Eyes small, bright,
and intelligent, deeply set, but not showing the haws,
which gives the appearance of being bloodshot,^ so re-
markable in the bloodhound. Ears small and set low,
hanging close to the face, and with Uttle hair on them.
Nose large, muzzle long and smooth ; mouth capacious,
with level teeth. Neck shorter than in most breeds.
Points : head, 30; temper, 20; neck, 10.

Back often weak and slack in the loin, but this is a
fault which, though common, is not universal. There is
also very often a want of depth in the back ribs which
ought not to be passed over. Back and loin, 10.

Feet and legs large and muscular ; the former being
too flat for much work over hard ground, and are more
adapted for the snow of his native land, or for swimming.
Feet and legs, to.

Colour black, or black and white, the former greatly
for choice, with as little white as possible. Sometimes
the black has brindled legs, or of a rufous dun-colour,

58 Useful Companions of Man.

and occasionally fully-bred dogs are met with brindled,
or rufous dun mixed with white. There are several
varieties in texture of coat. The smooth dog is almost
as free from any approach to feather as a mastiff. If
this dog has any tendency to feather, it will declare itself
in profile just below the set on of the head. His coat, if
well examined, will be found more dense than a mastiff's,
and of greater volume. The shaggy-coated Newfoundland
has a smooth face, but within two inches of the skull the
coat suddenly elongates, and except that he is very clean
to the angle of his neck, he is thoroughly feathered in his
outline. His coat generally parts down the back, and
this parting is continued to the end of his tail. His hind
legs are close-coated from the hock, and his feet all
round are nearly as free of feather as a cat's. Colour
and coats, lo points.

The stern is long and bushy, usually slightly turned on
one side, and carried in a trailing fashion. The gait is
rather loose and waddhng, but this is a defect owing to
the- slackness of loin. Carriage, 5 ; stern, 5. In height
this dog is sometimes ^-^ or 34 in., averaging 29 or 30.

The St. Bernard Dog has been so well described
by an experienced hand in the Field newspaper, that I
extract his account verbatim : —

" About the year 962, Bernard de Meuthon built two
' hospitia^ one on Mont Joux, where a temple of Jupiter
stood — constructing his hospice from the ruins of the
temple ; the other on the road that leads over the Grison
Alps at Colonne Joux, so named from a column dedicated
to the same heathen deity. The benevolent builder
presided over both hospitia for forty years, and left to his
monks the duty of affording refuge to travellers, and
searching for those who were lost in the snow. St.
Bernard's portrait, and that of his dog on the same panel,
is still in existence, and the dog appears to be a blood-
hound. The Hospice of St. Bernard Pass stands 7,668
feet above the sea level, and is undoubtedly the highest
inhabited spot in Europe. Nine months in the year the
snow is thick on the ground, and in the very worst part
of winter from 1,500 to 2,000 of the poor inhabitants of

Useful Companions of Man.

59

the low countries pass over the mountains. During this
inclement season all travellers from Martigny are desired
to pass the night at the first house of refuge. Every
morning a servant, accompanied by a St. Bernard dog,
descends from the hospice to take all the travellers under
his direction. The dog leads the way, for he can not
only discover the buried traveller by his marvellous

St Bernard.

powers of scent, but he can also to a certainty keep the
track, in spite of snowstorms and bewildering drifts.
The dogs have been used by the monks in these ways,
and in ?io other, for years, and they have acquired a well-
deserved high reputation for perseverance, sagacity, and
power of scent.

" The old breed died out many years ago, and we
doubt whether the monks have possessed the present
race of dogs more than forty or fifty years.

6o Useful Companions of Man.

" About forty years ago, or a little more, all their dogs
and several servants were swept away by an avalanche \
but two the monks had given away were returned to them,
and the breed was thus preserved. One of the St. Ber-
nard dogs, Barry, a brindled and white one, saved the
lives of forty-two persons, and was vigorous and active at
the age of fifteen years, although they generally succumb
to rheumatism in their tenth year. He is preserved in
the Berne Museum, wearing an iron collar with large
spikes, which had often protected him from the wolves.
We are told he had discovered a man lost in a snow-drift,
and, being mistaken for a wolf, the poor fellow received
a blow on the head, and ' il etait oblige de mourir.'

" At the time we were the guests of the monks, they
possessed but three dogs, Barry, Pluto, and Pallas. The
finest specimen had goitre or bronchocele, and wore a
muzzle, as he was of an uncertain disposition ; and a very
fine bitch was expected soon to add to the strength of the
company. Two dogs were placed out at some neigh-
bouring hospice. We purchased a young dog at the
Hotel des Alpes (on our way home), from the proprietor :
the mother had been procured from the hospice ; the
father was the fine speoimen we have seen there. Subse-
quently we found him very intelligent and good tempered;
he was very pleased to carry and fetch, and he appeared
to have an excellent nose : but, alas ! when nearly twelve
months old, like Barry, * il etait oblige de moiirir.^ All of
these dogs were orange tawny ; they had white legs,
flecked slightly with orange, white belly, white collar
round the neck; the head remarkably fine, majestic, and
full of character ; the ears small and set low ; the eyes
deeply set, a crease between them giving a mastiff cha-
racter to the whole animal ; from the eyes half-way down
the face black, then suddenly white to the nose (which is
black) ; the lips, which are pendulous, spotted \yith orange
and black ; the white above the nose is continued in a
blaze or streak up the forehead, and extends in a narrow
line down the poll ^ 7neeting the white collar round the neck.

" The monks begged us to observe this peculiar mark,
and compared it to the badge of their order— a white

li^^u

Useful Companions of Man. 6 1

band or tape, single behind, slit to pass over the neck,
and the two ends tucked into the black dress in front at
the waist. Some very fine specimens, however, are
brindled instead of orange tawny, and many have no
white in the face at all, nor down the poll. The coat,
which appears to the casual observer hard and smooth,
when closely examined proves to be very thick and fleecy,
and it is well suited to repel cold by retaining the animal
heat. The tail is bushy, but carried generally down be-
tween the hocks, and the gait or carriage of the dog much
resembles the march of the lion.

"The character of the dog is majestic and important.
He has that true nobility possessed by the highest type
of Newfoundland. The same thoughtful, observant eye,
the wide brow, the muscular neck, the enormous loin, and
sinewy arms and thighs, and the large round arched feet
and toes {^ pattes enormes,' the monks called them), and
that general intimation of power, and sense, and benevo-
lence which no other domesticated animal possesses in the
same compass.

"Tell, the noble specimen we have engraved, has the
true form of the St. Bernard dog, and we believe him to
be the best dog of his class in England. His owner, Mr.
Macdona, proceeded to Switzerland, in the winter of
1864, to obtain, at any cost, the best specimen to be had
for money, and, after rejecting many fine examples, at
length bought the only one that came up to his ideal.

" The following are the measurements and weight of
Tell :~

Height at shoulder

Length from nose to tip of tail . . .
Girth of chest .-

ft.
... 0
... 7
... 0

in.

30*

0

36

arm

,, head

Length of head

... 0
... 0
... 0

13
22

13

Weight, 147 lbs.

*' He is a red or tawny brindle, the muzzle black, as far
as the lower line of the eyes. Chest white. The two
fore-paws white; the ankles white; belly white. Tail

6 2 Useful Compa7iions of Man.

heavily feathered, and sometimes carried gaily. Hind
quarters beautifully furnished with coat. Head massive,
eyes quick and intelligent, ears small and well set. He
has the peculiar slinging gait of his tribe. He has the
retriever i?isti?ict, and is very fond of carrying or retrieving
from water. He' is of the rough or shaggy-coated breed.
There is, we are credibly informed, a smooth variety now
existing.

" Captain Tyler's Thiin answers this description. He
is very large, and of the orange tawny colour, with little
white, and is by Leo — Leo by Turk, who came from the
monastery.

" The description we have given of the St. Bernard dog
is a repetition of the information afforded us personally
by the monks, and we have formed an opinion of the
class from the specimens the hospice contained."

The double dewclaw is considered to be a mark of the
true breed.

I should give the points of the St. Bernard as follows :
— Head, 20; line down the poll, 10; frame, 10; feet
and legs, 10; symmetry, 10; size, 20; dewclaws, 10;
coat, 10.

It is a disputed point wliether the smooth-coated va-
riety or the rough-coated is the real breed. Mr. Macdona
has both in his kennels. Except in coat, there is no
difference between them.

Since the preceding paragraph was penned, authorities
are pretty well agreed as to the identity of the two. In
numerous litters of the rough St. Bernards, there are one
or more puppies having smooth coats, which are retained
as such throughout tlieir life. Nevertheless the distinction
is still observed at the various dog shows, for which
separate classes are provided. The modern dog is a fine,
commanding fellow, with a beautifully formed head,
affording ample space for his largely developed brain ; his
eyes are large and full, beaming with intelligence, and
the movements of his massive body and limbs are pleasing
and graceful. In him are blended the power of the British
mastiff, with the alertness of the true Newfoundland. In
point of size and build the St. Bernard proves himself a
perfect Goliath among other breeds. Careful attention

tjseful Companions of Man. 63

to breeding has developed both size and weight. " Sir
Redvers/' when he was exported to America, stood 34J
inches at the shoulder, and his weight was upwards of
200 pounds; and "Lord Bute," stood 36 inches high,
and weighed 220 pounds when he was just turned two
years old. The leading animal of recent days is the
rough coated bitch " Lady Mignon," the property of Mr.
Samuel Jagger, of Honley, near Huddersfield. Her
career has been unexceptional, having secured no less than
fifty-four first prizes, specials, and championship Birming-
ham, in one year, the winner being under two years old.
The Bulldog is indisputably of British origin, and
has never been permanently introduced into any other
country. His courage is so great that it has become
proverbial, and, witK the exception of the game cock,
there is no other domestic animal at all coming up to
him. Independently of this quality, there is much dif-
ference of opinion as to the mental peculiarities of this
breed. By some authorities the bulldog is stated to be
quarrelsome and wantonly savage, so that he can never
be made a safe companion ; while others allege that he is
mild and gentle in disposition, never showing his teeth
until he is induced to do so by some special cause. As
usual in such cases, the truth lies between two extremes.
The bulldog is no doubt dangerous when his blood is
up, and even his master runs some risk in meddling with
him then, but he may generally be controlled wdth perfect
facility, and he is mild, fondling, and gentle in his manner
as a general rule. Still, he is not capable of strong at-
tachment, and he cannot be taught more than the com-
monest forms of obedience. He is silent in his attacks,
so that he does not make a good Avatch-dog. Formerly
the breed was kept pure wdth great care, for the purpose
of baiting the bull, in which his tendency to pin the most
vulnerable point (the nose) made him invaluable, no other
dog having either the same desire to go at the head in
preference to all other parts, or the same unflinching hold
of the grasp when once obtained. Bulldogs have had
their legs cut off after pinning a bull, without letting go,
and other equally horrible cruelties have been practised
to show this peculiarity. In the present day, when bull-

64 Useful Companions of Man.

baiting is interdicted by act of parliament, the use of the
bulldog is confined to the improvement in courage of
other breeds, by crossing with them, and in this way the
greyhound is supposed to have been brought to perfection
by Lord Orford and Mr. Etwall in England, and by Mr.
Raimes in Scotland, but a later experiment made by Mr.
Hanly has been entirely unsuccessful. The cross with
the terrier is an excellent one for general purposes, as I
shall presently show.

The points of the bulldog are as follows, though there
is some difference of opinion upon certain of them. The
skull should be large, and high, and broad, the cheeks
extending prominently beyond tiie eyes, and the forehead
should be well creased or wrinkled, and flat. The eyes
should be black and round, not very large, situated in
front of the head, wide apart, and neither prominent nor
deeply set, the corners at right angles with a line drawn
down the centre of the face. The stop (which is an in-
dentation between the eyes) should extend up the face
for a considerable length. The face as short as possible
from the front of the cheek-bone to the end of the nose —
deeply wrinkled. The muzzle should turn up. The
chop — that is, the fleshy part of the muzzle — should be
broad and deep, and should perfectly cover the teeth.
The nose should be large and black. The lower jaw
should project, and the nose should be set well back, and
the lower jaw should turn upwards. The neck moderately
long, well arched, with a good dewlap. The ears should
be small and on the top of the head. Three descriptions
of ear are permitted, called "rose," "button," and "tulip."
The rose ears fold at the back ; the tip laps over outwards,
exposing part of the inside ; the button ear falls in front,
hiding the interior completely ; the tulip ear is quite erect,
and is allowed to be an undesirable form. Skull, 25 ;
ears, 5 ; eyes, 5 ; " stop," 5 ; shortness of face, 5 ; chop,
5 ; nose and jaws, 5 ; neck, 5.

The chest should be wide and deep, the back short,
wide across the shoulders, and not so wide across the
loins ; ribs round. There should be a slight fall behind
the shoulders, and the spine should rise at the loins,

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Useful Companions of Man. 65

falling rapidly to the stern, and well arched. The stern
should be moderately thick where it joins the body, and
be fine to the point. It should have a decided down-
ward carriage. I prefer a tail of a moderate length, de-
cidedly objecting to a long tail having a curve at the end,
commonly called the '' ring-tail." The tail should be low
in its setting on also. Chest, 5 ; body, 5 ; stern, 5.

The fore-legs should be strong, muscular, and straight;
they should be short, the elbow well letdown. The hind
legs should be rather longer in proportion than the fore-
legs, so as to raise the loins ; and, in direct opposition to
the established opinion of connoisseurs, I prefer the hocks
to be straight, and that the stifles should not turn out,
which must be the case if the hocks approach each other.
The fore-feet should be well arched, they should be mode-
rately round, and the toes should be well split up. The
feet should turn neither in nor out ; they should be
small, and the hind feet should be of the same character.
Legs and feet, 15.

The coat should be fine and smooth. The colour should
be whole or unmixed, and may be red, red- smut, fawn,
fawn-smut, fallow, fallow-smut, or blue-fawn, or w^hite, the
last being preferred. With all these points and properties
he must be symmetrical. His action is rather slovenly,
his hind legs not being lifted high as he runs. He varies
in weight from 15 lbs. to 6olbs. Coat, 5; colour, 5.

The Bull Terrier is, like the bulldog, almost peculiar
to this country, and indeed in the whole family of terriers
he is pre-eminent. This breed is known in the hardware
and pottery districts, where it is carried to high perfection
as the " half-bred " /^r ^jtr^//<?;/r^, and Mr. Hinks, of Bir-
mingham., may lay claim to having carried ofi" the highest
honours from his competitors with his succession of Mad-
men, his Puss, Tartar, &c. This dog is used solely foi
fighting, which is still privately carried on by his patrons,
but the breed is equally good for attacking the badger,
and other hard-biting vermin, requiring high courage and
more quickness and docility than are possessed by the
pure bulldog. Hence he is a great favourite as the com-
panion of young men, whether military or civilian, and as

66 Useful Companions of Man.

he can make himself generally useful, he is popalar also
with the groom and the workman. The first cross is
generally too much like the bulldog, but the second shows
in perfection all the attributes required for the purpose I
am alluding to. In weight he varies from 9 lbs. up to
35 lbs., or more. In general appearance he resembles
the terrier, except that he is wider across his skull,
and possesses more strength and stamina.

His head should be long, the muzzle sharp, the jaw
level — not underhung, which is a disfigurement, and also
prevents a dog punishing his adversary. The tmder-Jaw
should display great power, and the neck should be long.
Head, 25 points; neck and ears, 10.

The chest is wide, the shoulders sloping and powerful,
the loin and back strong, the hind quarters and thighs
muscular. The tail should be fine and sting-like, but not
bare; carried gaily, but not *' hooped." Chest, 10;
shoulders, 10; loin, 10; tail, 5.

The feet and legs should resemble those of the hound
in shape. Value, 10.

The coat throughout is fine and short, and it should lie
smoothly, as in a well-dressed race horse. Pure white,
with a black nose and eye, is the most approved colour.
Next in merit I should place white with coloured ears, or
a patch on the eyes. I believe all the best judges enter-
tain a strong preference for the white dog ; but in any
case the colour should be " whole," that is, unmixed with
white, unless the dog be all white, which is, in that case,
considered a " whole " colour. If coloured, it should be
either red, red-smut (that is, red with black muzzle), fawn
or fawn-smut, fallow or fallow-smut, brindled, white, blue-
fawn (that is, fawn with blue muzzle), or pied with any of
those colours. Coat and colour, 10; symmetry, 10.

A loving and gentle temperament is of great importance.

The family of Pure Terriers is a large one, and includes
besides the " toys," the Scotch, Skye, and Dandie Din-
mont in Scotland, the Bedlington in the north, and the
various strains of smooth terriers in England. Of late
years the Scotch broken-haired dog has been by selection
converted into an animal possessing a silky and compara-

Useful Companiois of Man. Sj

tively long and wavy coat, utterly unlike his ancestry.
The subdivisions are now almost endless, but the above-
mentioned breeds are the leading ones.

The Smooth English Terrier (not black and tan)
is a very old breed, probably as old as any we have.
Possessed of a merry and active temperament, and gifted
with a good nose, he is the model of a vermin dog, where
there is no badger or otter to attack ; but for these he is
scarcely fitted in power, and as a rule he will not face
them at close quarters. Elegant and graceful in his out-
line, he shares with the bull terrier the patronage of young
men, with whom his companionable qualities make him a
favourite indoors as well as out. He may weigh from
6 lbs. to 10 lbs., or even 20 lbs. ; but, provided he is large
enough for his calling, he cannot be too small. It is an
advantage to keep down the size of certain dogs as much
as possible, and we ought to consider that two small
terriers will do more than double the work of one large
dog, whilst they consume no more

The head is narrow, long, and flat. The muzzle must
be fme, tapering, sharp, and fox-like ; but the jaw must
be muscular, and the mouth must never be underhung.
It is better that the upper jaw should be shghtly in excess,
if there is the least deviation from a level mouth. The
" stop," or indent between the eyes, must be evident and
"pronounced." The eye must be sparkling, bright, but
not large. The ears round, flat to the head in repose,
but raised, although falling over, when the dog is roused.
A tulip or prick-ear is a great deformity, and betokens
mongrel family. It has been the fashion to crop the ears
of terriers for many years, and the eye has become so ac-
customed to it that many good judges will scarcely look
at a terrier unless he has been scientifically cropped. In
large towns it is not the fashion to shorten the tail at all
when the ears are cut, whilst country sportsmen leave the
ears, but shorten the tail. The neck should be long, taper-
ing, and muscular, and clean where it joins the lower jaw.
Head, 25 ; neck, 10.

The ribs must be round, the shoulders deep and well
set back, and as powerful as possible, enabling the dog to

68 Useful Companions of Man..

grapple with his foe or to dig him. The loins must be
strong and the back ribs deep. In conformation, his body
must be neither high nor wide, but well knit together,
mitltum in paruo. Chest, lo; shoulders, lo; loin, lo.

The fore-legs should be straight as arrows; the feet
strong, the toes moderately arched and well split, and the

English Terrier.

form of the foot should be round and fox-like. The tliighs
should be large and muscular, the liocks in a straight line,
and the hind legs should be moderately straight also.
Value of legs and feet, lo.

The tail must be very fine, with a low carriage, but not
bare ; and when a dog is excited it is carried gaily ; 5. ^

The best colour is white, when used for ratting, as it is
more easily distinguishable than any other, and there i?

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the same advantage as to colour when the dog's services
are required for rabbit-hunting. Smooth terriers may be
found of other colours — yellow, yellow and white, hound-
pied, black, or fawn. A beautiful blue or blue-fawn
variety exists, said to be crossed with the Italian grey-
hound. Brindle colour is a sign of bulldog cross. Coat
and colour, 10; symmetry, as in the bull terrier, 10.
Whether coloured or white, his coat should be smooth yet
hard, and he should be perfectly free from the very least
roughness, or anything approaching coarseness of coat,
about his muzzle, eyebrows, thighs, or any part of his
profile.

The Black and Tan English Terrier should
have a long fine muzzle, not underhung, but, if anything,
the upper jaw projecting over the lower. The skull should
be flat and narrow between the ears ; the eye must be small
and black ; the nose black; the ears, if not left on, must
be well cropped, erect, and long ; if entire, they should
be small, not tuliped, and free from any tan behind. The
neck tapering, muscular, and we'll cut under the lower jaw.
The shoulders deep and well set back. The loins strong,
ribs round, and the back ribs deep, the body well knit to-
gether. The legs straight, the feet round and small. The
tail must be fine, carried straight, and not curled. The
colour, which is a principal point, must be raven black,
with rich mahogany tan, well pencilled on each toe ; the
tan should be clear, and free from any admixture of black.
Above the eyes there should be a distinct spot of tan.
The body should be black, with a rich tan on the fore-legs
half-way up them. The breast should have two distinct
marks of tan. The jaw should also be well tanned up the
gullet, and the cheek divided, having a small tan spot a
little less than that over the eyes. The upper jaw should
also be nicely tanned, and run in conformity with the tan-
ning on the lower jaw. The hind legs should be perfectly
free from tan on the outside, but on the inside there should
be some tan. The vent should have a small tan spot, and
there should also be tan half-way up the tail.

The weight varies from 10 lbs. to 25 lbs.

The points : Colour, coat, and correct markings, 40 ;

^o tJsefid Companions of Man.

head, 25 ; eye, 5 ; neck, 5 ; chest, 5 ; shoulders, 5; feet,
5 ; loins, 5 ; tail, 5.

Rough or Broken-haired Terriers are no doubt
all descended from the broken-haired Scotch dog, with
which all must be famiUar, but whether the modem silken
hair has been developed by crossing with the Maltese,
or by selection, is a moot question. In general shape
this dog resembles the smooth variety, but he is slightly
longer in frame, and not so elegant in his proportions.
The chief peculiarity, as I before remarked, is in coat
and colour. The roughness of coat about the muzzle
and face makes the head look larger, and takes off a
good deal from the lively look so remarkable in the
smooth dog.

The old-fashioned hard and wiry-coated dog is, I
believe, more game than the silky-haired dog now in
fashion ; but no doubt the latter is a very elegant animal,
and well suited for the bar-parlour, where he is exten-
sively patronized. The modern favourite is of a blue
colour, with rich fawn (approaching to a tan) legs, the
under-parts being all of the latter colour. The tail is
carried higher than that of the smooth dog. In the old-
fashioned strain the colours are either grizzled, black,
with pale tan spots, or generally of a grizzled black-brown,
sometimes quite grey and constituting the pepper-and-
salt colour. Sometimes the broken-haired dog is white,
more or less marked with blue, or some other colour, but
the less the better.

There is a great difference of opinion as regards the
points of a broken-haired terrier; we will therefore describe
the points of the two varieties in most esteem, beginning
with those chiefly bred in Lancashire and Yorkshire, as
these, up to the present time, have distanced the Scotch
terrier at our great shows on account of their taking
appearance to the eyes of the general public. In our
opinion, however, the Scotch terrier proper is superior in
point of usefulness at home and abroad, and when the
two are shown together it should be preferred— shape,
make, and colour being equal

The points of the Yorkshire dog are the same as re-

Useful Cojnpanio/is of Mafi. y i

gards shape and make as the smooth EngUsh terrier; but
the coat differs in being long, and of three different
shades— that on the back being a blue slate ; the face,
head, and legs a silky silvery fawn ; the whole under-
mined by short tanned hair. The older the dog the
more silvery he gets.

The Scotch dog is also the same in shape. His
colour may be pepper or mustard, or pepper and mustard,
in each case more or less mixed with salt.

The toy dog of these strains is the same in all but
weight, which should not exceed 7 lbs. ; the smaller the
better.

The estimated value of their points is as follows : —
Head, 15; neck and ears, 10; shoulders, chest, and loins,
20; feet and legs, 10; colour and coat, 30; symmetry,
10 ; tail, 5.

The Skye Terrier. This dog is, with the exception
of the turnspit, and his foreign representative, the barbet,
the longest of all dogs in proportion to his height. From,
the nose to the tip of his tail, when extended, the Skye
should measure at least three times its height, and some-
times it is met with three and a half times as long. At
the same time its coat is so developed that its shape is
really very like the door-mat to which it is so often
compared— ears, legs, and tail all merging in one mass,
with the exception of the tip of the latter, and of the feet.
In a well-coated specimen the eyes are only to be guessed
at, and even the nose is often obscured ; but generally
they are each more or less visible on a close inspection.

The head looks large, from the profusion of hair with
which it is invested, but it is not really so. Its shape is
not easily got at, but it is somewhat wide, while the neck
is unusually long. The eyes, which are from the same
cause scarcely visible, are found, on separating the over-
hanging hair, to be keen, expressive, small, and generally
of a dark colour, either black or brown, as are the nose
and palate. The ears are of good size, that is, about
3 in. long, clothed thickly with hair, which should mingle
with that of the face and neck, and decidedly, in my
opinion, should fall, but not quite close to the chcwl;,

72

Useful CoJ)ipanions of Man.

owing to llie quantity of hair by which they are sur-
rounded. Many breeders, however, prefer the prick-ear,
asserting that the strains possessing it are harder and
better at vermin. The mouth must be level, with a large
and black nose. The body is too much coated to show

^^^-^

^

J^^ii.

Dandie Dinmont Terrier.

its shape, and the form of the shoulder and back ribs
can only be ascertained by handling.

The fore-legs are generally more or less bandy ; there
are no dewclaws, and the feet are not very strong, having
a tendency to flatness, and thinness of the soles. Tail
long, and carried horizontally, but with a sweep, so that
the tip is a little below the level of the back. Weight

Useful Compafiions of Alan. 73

from 10 lbs. to 18 lbs., the bitches bemg nearly as heavy
as the dogs — perliaps about 2 lbs. less.

The colours most fancied are steel with black tips,
fawn with dark brown tips to the ears and tail, dark slaty
blue (slightly grizzled, but without any absolute admix-
ture of white), black, and pure fawn — the order we have
named being in accordance with the value of each. The
hair should be long, straight, and shining like that of the
tail of the horse, any appearance of silkiness, woolliness,
or curl being to be avoided, excepting on the top of the
head, where it may have a slight tendency to the first-
named condition.

ThQ points ^XQ : Coat, 25; colour, 20; head, 10; ears,
10; length of body, 10; carriage of tail, 10; symmetry, 15.

The Dandle Dinmont resembles the Skye terrier in
general appearance, but there are several points of great
importance by which the two may be distinguished. As
stated in the Field, and not contradicted, Sir Walter Scott
was the first to draw attention to this breed in the second
of the Waverley series of novels, in which Dandie Din-
mont, of Charlieshope, is introduced as the owner of
'•' auld Pepper and auld Mustard, and young Pepper and
young Mustard, and little Pepper and little Mustard,"
which he had "a' regularly entered, first wi' rottens, then
\vi' stots or weazels, and then wi* the tods and brocks,
and now," as he said, " they fear naething that ever cam'
wi' a hairy skin on't." According to this high authority
in matters canine, therefore, the dog of his day was a good
vermin-killer, and so he remains to this day. The original
of this strongly-marked character was a Mr. James David-
son of Hindlee, holding from Lord Douglas a wild farm
on the edge of the Teviotdale mountains, bordering closely
on Liddesdale. He was an ardent fox-hunter, according
to the fashion of the district, which is detailed at lengtli
in the twenty-fifth chapter of ''Guy Mannering," and
which, as Sir Walter remarks, was conducted in a manner
to " shock a member of the Pytchley Hunt " — the fox
(tod) being coursed by an indefinite number of " large
and fierce greyhounds," when driven from his earth by
the '^ terriers, including the whole generation of Peppei

74 Useful Companions of Man.

and Mustard," together with " mongrel, whelp, and cur
of low degree." Excepting, therefore, by tradition, the
Dandie Dinmont terrier can only be traced back about
three-quarters of a century. Mr. Macdona (of St. Bernard
fame) has obtained access to a curious document in Mr.
James Davidson's handwriting, which was sent to the
Hon. George H. Baillie, of INIillerstown. as follows :—

" 1800. — Tuggin, from A. Armstrong, reddish and wiry;
Tarr, reddish and wire haired, a bitch ; Pepper, shaggy
and light, from Dr. Brown, of Borjenwood. The race of
Dandies are bred from the two last. — J. D."
■ Mr. Macdona, in a letter to the Field, dated November
2, 1869, concludes "from this, that Dr. Brown, of Bor-
jenwood, gave Mr. Davidson, in the year 1800, Pepper
and Tarr, and that this couple were, without doubt, the
first parents of all true-bred Dandie Dinmonts, being the
original stock from whence all Mr. Davidson's genera-
tions of Mustards and Peppers sprang.'* And in this
conclusion I think him perfectly right. Of late years
the most celebrated strains have been those of the Duke
of Buccleuch, obtained direct from James Davidson ; Sir
G. Douglas, of Springwood Park; Mr. Stoddart, of Selkirk;
Mr. Frain, of The Trews; Mr. M^Dougall, of Cessford;
Mr. Somners, of Kelso ; Dr. Brown, of Melrose ; Mr.
Aitken, of Edinburgh; Mr. Hugh Purvis, of Leaderfoot;
Mr. Nicol Milne, of Faldonside ; and Mr. Bradshav/
Smith, of Ecclefechan.

The points of the Dandie are as follows : —

Head — Targe and long, with immensely strong jaws
and teeth, which are quite level, and the nose cut short
like a pointer's. The head of the bitch is generally much
smaller than that of the dog, so that they may be distin-
guished by a glance.

Ears — Pendant, from 3 to 4 in. long, and hanging close
to the cheek, as the hound's or beagle's, but not so broad
or round at the point — more in the shape of an almond
or filbert.

Eyes — Full, bright, and very intelligent.

Neck — Well developed and rather short.

Body — Long, but not quite so long as that of a good

Useful Companions of Man. 75

Skye, being about 2| times the height, with low shoulders,
and the back slightly curved down behind them, with a
corresponding arch of the loin.

Legs — Short, particularly in front, with extraordinary
bone and muscle in proportion to the size.

Tail — Slightly curved, and carried over the back in a
hound-like manner, with little or no feather on it.

Height — From 10 to 12 in. to top of shoulders; it may
be less, but it should not be more.

Coat — A mixture of hardish and soft (but not silky)
sliort hair — what old John Stoddort used to term a *' pily
coat'' — with the head more or less covered with soft and
silky hair (which is generally of a lighter colour than that
on the body) ; and the legs and feet partake to a slight
extent of the same soft silky hair.

Colour — Either "mustard" (reddish-brown) or "pep-
per" (bluish-grey), or a combination of both, in which
case the back is of the latter colour, while the legs, inside
of ears, chest, and under-side of tail are " mustard,"
verging ork a pale tan or fawn-colour.

Weight — From 13 to 18 lbs.

T\\Q points are : Head, 15 ; ears, 10 ; eyes, 5 ; colour,
20; coat, 20; symmetry, 10; feet and legs, 10; carnage
of tail, 10.

Bedlington Terrier. — This is probably one of the
most active, plucky, and thoroughly game members of
the terrier breed. His origin is involved in some doubt,
though it is averred that he is descended from the same
source as the Dandie Dinmont. The following are the
points claimed for him by the first breeders of the day,
and also laid down by the Bedlington Club. The Head
IS not quite ferrety, but wedge-shaped. The Skull is high
and peaked ; the jaws are long and lean, and punishing,
with large strong teeth. Many dogs are pig-jawed, but
preference should be given to level, strong teeth. The
nose is well developed, standing out prominently from the
jaws. The nose is black in the blue, or blue and tan
breeds, and flesh-coloured in the light-coloured dogs.
1\\QEars resemble those of the Dandy Dinmont, not being
set on low, lying easily on the cheek, being shaped like

!(>

IJsefid Compaitions of Man.

the filbert, and feathered at the tips. The Eyes are small,
well placed^ singularly bright, and piercing during anima-
tion. The Coloiir varies with that of the coat generally,
but too much stress should not be laid on this point.

Bedlington Terrier.

The Neck is long and strong, and well set on the body,
being especially wide at the base. The Body is compact,
well knit together, somewhat long, and having the appear-
ance of strength, combined with speed. The Ribs are
somewhat flat, the Back short, Loiiis strong and slightly
arched, the hind-quarters being slightly elevated above
the fore. The Legs are straight, rather long, and the
muscles hard and well defined. The Feet are large, a

Useful Companions of Man. 'jy

point of singular distinction. The Coat is " woolly," or,
according to some, ** linty," having a " sprinkling of wiry
hairs through it." The Colour is blue and tan, red, liver,
liver and tan, or sandy. The blue is decided, without
inclining to black, and the tan is light. The Weight
varies from i8 to 25 lbs.; good specimens stand well and
firm on apparently long legs, which undoubtedly enhance
the general appearance.

The dog which may be cited as an illustration or type
of the Bedlington terrier, is " Orme," the property of
Mr. John Smith, of Montrose. He has gained upwards
of thirty First Prizes, also a Cup, Gold Medals, and two
Championships. At home he is a house companion, but
away, he is liable to resist handling by strangers. For
this fault he on two occasions was put back to a second
position. His colour is liver, and show- weight 23 lbs.

The Irish Terrier has been known as a distinct
breed for many years, and is now brought to great per-
fection in all the desired points. As an ordinary country
sportsman's dog he is probably not to be surpassed. His
general appearance is that of a complete terrier, larger
than the rough Scotch terrier, having a shorter body but
longer legs than the Skye. He is rough, wild, and bold
as a lion, of quick perception, and his unkempt coat
completes his character as a truly Irish dog. The
following description is the standard laid down by the
Irish Terrier Club. The Head is long ; the skull flat and
rather narrow between ears, getting slightly narrower
towards the eye ; free from wrinkle ; stop hardly visible,
except in profile. Thtjaiv must be strong and muscular,
but not too full in the cheek, and of a good punishing
length, but not so fine as a white English terrier's.
There should be a slight falling away below the eye, so as
not to have a greyhound appearance. Hair on face of
same description as on body, but short (about a quarter of
an inch long), in appearance almost smooth and straight;
a slight beard is the only longish hair (and it is only long
in comparison with the rest) that is permissible, and that
is characteristic. The Teeth should be strong and level,
the Lips not so tight as a Bull terrier's, but well fitting.

yS Useful Companio7is of Man.

showing through the hair their black lining. The Nose
must be black ; the Eyes a dark hazel colour, small, not
prominent, and full of Ufe, fire, and intelligence; the
Ears., when uncut, V-shaped, of moderate thickness, set
well up on the head, and dropping forward closely to the
cheek. The ear must be free of fringe, and the hau
thereon shorter and generally darker in colour than on
the body. The Neck should be of a fair length, and
gradually widening towards the shoulders, well carried
and free of throatiness. There is generally a sort of frill
visible at each side of the neck, running nearly to the
corner of the ear, which is looked on as very characteristic.
The Shoulders must be fine, long, and sloping well into the
back ; the Chest deep and muscular, but neither full nor
wide ; the Body moderately long. The Back should be
strong and straight, with no appearance of slackness
behind the shoulders ; the Loins broad and powerful,
and slightly arched ; Ribs fairly sprung, rather deep than
round, and well ribbed back. Hind-quarters well under
the dog, should be strong and muscular, the Thighs
powerful, Hocks near the ground; Stifles not much bent.
Stern., generally docked, should be free of fringe or
feather, set on pretty high, carried gaily, but not over the
back or curled. The Feet should be strong, tolerably
round, and moderately small ; Toes arched, and neither
turned out nor in ; black toe-nails are preferable and
most desirable ; Legs moderately long, well set from the
Shoulders^ perfectly straight, with plenty of bone and
muscle ; the Elbow working freely clear of the sides ;
Paster7is short and straight, hardly noticeable. Both fore
and hind legs should be moved straight forward when
travelling ; the stifles not turned outwardly, the legs free
of feather, and covered, like the head, with as hard a
texture of coat as body, but not so long. The Coat is
hard and wiry, free of softness or silkiness, not so long
as to hide the outlines of the body, particularly in the
hind-quarters, straight and flat, no shagginess, and free of
lock or curl. Colour: Should be "wl.ole coloured," the
most preferable being bright red ; next wheaten yellow,

^1

< 1-^

SI-

O ^ u

:2 s >.

Useful Companions of Man, 79

and grey, brindle disqualifying. White sometimes appears
on chest and feet ; it is more objectionable on the latter
than on the chest, as a speck of white on chest is fre-
quently to be seen in all self-coloured breeds. Size and
Symmetry: Weight in show condition, from 16 lbs. to
24 lbs. — say 16 lbs. to 24 lbs. for bitches, and 18 lbs. to
24 lbs. for dogs. The most desirable weight is 22 lbs. or
under, which is a nice styhsh and useful size. The dog
must present an active, lively, lithe, and wiry appearance,
lots of substance, at the same time free of clumsiness ; as
speed and endurance, as well as power, are very essential..
They must be neither " cloddy" nor "cobby," but should
be framed on the "lines of speed," showing a graceful
"racing outline." Tempera}Jie?it : Dogs that are very
game are usually surly or snappish. The Irish terrier,
as a breed, is an exception, being remarkably good-
tempered, notably so with mankind, it being admitted,
however, that he is perhaps, a little too ready to resent
interference on the part of other dogs. There is a
heedless, listless pluck about the Irish terrier which is
characteristic, and coupled with the headlong dash, blind
to all consequences, with which he rushes at his adversary,
has earned for the breed the proud epithet of "The
Dare-Devils." When " off duty " they are characterised
by a quiet, caress-inviting appearance, and when one
sees them endearingly, timidly pushing their heads in
their master's hands it is difficult to realise that on
occasion, at the "set on," they can prove they have the
courage of a lion, and will fight on to the last breath in
their bodies. They develop an extraordinary devotion
to, and have been known to track their masters almost
incredible distances.

Disqualification. — BJ-indled in colour, nose cherry or
flesh coloured ; white anywhere is highly objectionable.
A grizzly appearance about the muzzle at four and five
years old is not considered to be detrimental.

The "V^elsli Terrier. — This dog has been known for
several generations as a distinct breed, and his peculiar
adaptation for rabbiting, getting foxes out of the rocks,

8o Useful Companions of Man.

destroying lesser vermin, etc., has led to a careful system
of breeding, as well as training for efficiency. Special
strains are carefully preserved, of which full pedigrees are
also compiled. Successful shows were first held in
Bangor and Carnarvon, since which the breed has sprang
into high favour. The following are the points agreed
upon by the Welsh Terrier Club. Head: The skull
should be flat, and rather wider between the ears than the
wire-haired fox terrier. The jaw should be powerful,
clean cut, rather deeper, and more punishing — giving the
head a more muscular appearance than that usually seen
on a fox terrier ; stop not too defined ; fair length from
stop to the end of nose, the latter being of a black colour.
The Ear should be V-shaped, small, not too thin, set on
f lirly high, carried forward and close to the cheek. The
Eye should be small, not being deeply set in or protruding
out of the skull, of a dark hazel colour, expressive and
indicating abundant pluck. The Neck should be of a
moderate length and thickness, slightly arched, and
sloping gracefully into the shoulders. The Back should
be short, and well ribbed up, the loin strong, good depth,
and moderate width of chest. The Shoulders should be
long, sloping, and well set back. The Hind-quarters
should be strong, thighs muscular, and of good length,
with the hocks moderately straight, well let down, and
fair amount of bone. The Sterti should be set on
moderately high, but not too gaily carried. The Legs
should be straight and muscular, possessing fair amount
of bone, with upright and powerful pasterns. The Feet
should be small, round, and cat-like. The Coat should
be wiry, hard, very close and abundant. The Colour
should be black, or grizzle, and tan, free from black
pencilling on toes. The height at shoulder should be
15 inches for dogs, bitches proportionately less. Tivoity
pounds is considered a fair average weight in working
condition, but this may vary a pound or so either
way.

The Whippet. — The origin of this dog is given
in the closing lines concerning the Italian greyhound
at page 93. The whippet is comparatively a recent in-

Useful Companions of Man. ' 8 1

troduction, being the result of a cross with the terrier
and Italian greyhound. Earlier crosses, twenty-five or
thirty years ago, were, doubtless, intended to perfect the
breeding of the "snap-dog," by adding speed to his
qualification of killing the greatest number of rabbits.
The later development is evident in the former. He is,
therefore, a greyhound in miniature, possessing the
elegance and grace of the original ancestry, combined
with the pluck, and determination to " hold on," which
characterises the typical terrier. The whippet is now a
pure bred dog, having secured a place in the " Kennel
Stud Book," and is essentially a racing dog. As such he
is rapidly coming into increased prominence. He is no
less a show dog, sporting dog, or constant companion,
and runs in all colours, as black, blue, brindle, or fawn,
with a dash of white in some instances. The points are
those of a good greyhound, with the exception that the
head, comparatively speaking, is not so long or so fine,
the prominence of the frontal bones, immediately above
the eyes, being the stamp of the terrier breed.

The Old English or Bob-tailed Sheep Dog. — This
dog is justly entitled to greater consideration than he has
hitherto received among the numerous exhibits at the
various dog shows throughout England. His services
have been mostly confined to the southern counties, by-
drovers of sheep and cattle ; he is not, therefore, so well
known as he should be. Many specimens do not present
an inviting appearance, being ill-fed and otherwise badly
treated, which severely operate upon all animals, to the
prejudice of their intelligence and cleverness. There are,
however, among the members of the breed, not only well-
shaped, active, and intelligent dogs, but some are really
clever, and even beautiful creatures, and it may be
inferred that if as much care were bestowed upon him as
is given to the Scotch collie, the former would become
a close rival for the honours now carried off by the latter.

The Welsh origin of this dog has been strongly main-
tained, the contending parties having omitted to master
the details of their family history. Others have taken up
the task, and rescued from oblivion the interesting

82 Useful Companions of Man.

information that so near a relation as the Grandfather
originally introduced the breed from Sussex.

This animal has been long known in Suffolk as the
" cow-dog," a service in which he proves himself singularly
clever and useful. At milking time he may be seen
taking his rest near the farm-steading, and as the cows
are turned out singly he ensures their return to the
pasture, and selecting another — always one that needs
milking — returns with her to the farm, where he remains
as before. It is remarkable that in this service the
" bobtail " never makes a mistake from first to last in the
daily routine.

The query of " tail," or " no tail " has proved a difficulty
to many. It is, however, fairly understood that the
peculiarity of the breed consists in the production of
puppies in the same litter with and ivithont tails, others
being considered short. In some instances docking is
resorted to at an early period, by which even some of the
knowing ones have been deceived.

The colour is steel grey, or black and tan, the first being
considered the hardier of the two. There are animals
which exhibit various shades of blue, blue merle, or
grizzle, having white on the face or legs. The Head is
large, wide across the forehead, the muzzle heavy and
somewhat short. The Eyes are small, being dark or
smutty grey \ the wall, or china eye being common to
light haired dogs. The Body is square, and of large
proportions, hind-quarters heavy and round, sloping
forwards. The Coat is broken, harsh, wavy, and dense
throughout. The Ears are small, well set, and covered
with wavy hair. The Limbs are strong, bony, well
furnished with muscle, flat from side to side, and covered
with hair to the bottom. The Eeet are large and round,
pads thick and horny, and the claws large and firm. The
powers of digestion and assimilation are good, and he is
able to subsist on common or coarse food ; the constitu-
tion is also hardy, bearing exposure to the vicissitudes of
weather without serious inconvenience.

Disqualifications. — Soft, and curly coat of a poodle-like
character ; black and tan, as well as brindled colours.

Useful Companions of Man. S3

Noted examples of the class are " Sir Hereward," a
winner of numerous first prizes, and his descendants
"Sir Tatton," "Sir Coventry," "Sir Peveril," "Dame
Rachel," etc.

The Scotch Collie, or Highland Sheep Dog, is a far
more graceful animal, and his sense and intelligence are
equal to any breed of dogs in the world. Two races are
to be found in Scotland — the rough and the smooth. The
rough or shaggy-coated collie is the most choice descrip-
tion; for his impenetrable warm thick coat is a good
protection to him when h^s duty calls him to face the
storms and mists and snows of the wild mountains, espe-
cially when the stragglers of the flock have been covered
by the snow-drifts, and he goes in search of them with
his master. He has a fine fox-like muzzle ; full, expres-
sive, but rather crafty eyes ; small ears dropping forward,
and the mask of his face is smooth. From the base of
the skull the whole of the neck and the entire body are
protected by a deep, warm, long coat of various colours —
sometimes black with tan points ; sometimes sandy, or
of various mixed greys, some of which are singularly
beautiful and picturesque. There is generally a very
fine white line down the forehead, not amounting to a
blaze, as in the spaniels. His legs (especially the hind
legs, from the hocks) are bare, that is, not feathered ; and
for many years authorities on the dog have described the
collie as having one, or even two, dewclaws on each hind
leg, which is indeed generally the case. His neck is long
and rather arched ; his shoulders are set well back, and
are very powerful -, the elbow is w^ell let down ; the fore-
arm is short ; the ankles or pasterns are long, and rather
small for his size ; and the feet are round, arched, and
have excellent thick hard soles ; the chest is deep, but
rather narrow ; he is broad over his back ; his loins are
well arched ; the hips are wide ; his thighs are muscular,
and he is inclined to go rather wide behind ; the tail is
very bushy and large, and carried up when he is in
motion, and when he is controlling his excitement it is
turned over his back.

The Collie Club have arranged the standard of points

§4 Useful Companions of Man.

as follows : The Skull of the collie should be quite flat
and rather broad, with fine tapering muzzle of fair length,
and mouth the least bit overshot, the Eyes widely apart,
almond-shaped, and obliquely set in the head \ the skin
of the head tightly drawn, with no folds at the corners of
the mouth ; the Ears as small as possible, semi-erect when
surprised or listening, at other times thrown back and
buried in the ruff. The Neck should be long, arched, and
muscular, the Shoulders also long, sloping, and fine at the
withers ; the Chest to be deep and narrow in front, but of
fair breadth behind the shoulders ; the Back to be short
and level, and the loin rather long, somewhat arched, and
powerful \ Brush long, '' wi' upward swirl " at the end,
and normally carried low. The Fore-legs should be
perfectly straight, with a fair amount of flat bone, the
pasterns rather long, springy, and slightly lighter of bone
than the rest of the leg ; the foot, with toes well arched
and compact soles, very thick. The Hi7id-quariers droop-
ing slightly, should be very long from the hip-bones to
the hocks, which should be neither turned inwards nor
outwards, with stifles well bent. ThQ Hip-bones should be
wide and rather rugged. The Coat, except on legs and
head, should be as abundant as possible ; the outer coat
straight, hard, and rather stiff, the under coat furry and
so dense that it should be difiicult to find the skin. The
Euf and Frill especially should be very full. There
should be but little feather on the fore-legs, and none
below the hocks on the hind-legs. Colour immaterial.
The dog should be a fair length on the leg, and his
movements wiry and graceful; he should not be toe
small ; height of dogs from 22 to 24 inches, bitches from
20 to 22 inches. The greyhound type is objectionable,
as there is no brain room in the skull, and with this there
is to be found a fatuous expression, and a long powerful
jaw. The setter type is also to be avoided, with a
pendulous ear, full soft eye, heavily feathered legs, and
straight short flag. The smooth collie only differs from
the rough in its coat, which should be hard, dense, and
quite smooth.
Disqualifications. — Domed skull, high peaked occipital

■'""i.

«(/M\i^^.i'*f\'\y

Useful Companions of Man. 85

bone, heavy pendulous ears, full soft eyes, heavy feathered
legs, short tail.

Competent judges of the collie will scarcely be satisfied
with some of the foregoing statements, notably those with
reference to the eyes being "widely apart," and "almond
shape." Surely the dog with such points would be an
oddity, and useless for his calHng. For other useful
strictures, the reader is referred to the monograph by
Dalziel.*

The Smooth Collie is believed to be a separate
breed by many fanciers, who fail to see that he is the
facsimile of the rough-coated dog. His points except the
coat are the same, and he therefore needs no special
comment. Puppies of the smooth variety are not
infrequently met with in the litters of rough-coated
collies, over which every care has been exercised. There
are, however, two varieties of this dog, which are as
widely different in their capabiHties as in their outward
conformation. In his natural place the former is trained
for work among the sheep of the bleak Highland regions,
about which he proceeds with a dignity and grace
unknown in the other. The Lowland dog finds his
service commonly among cows, and he lacks the energy
and experience of his aristocratic rival of the Highlands.
The head of the Highland collie, taken as a whole, is a
perfect study ; the set of the ears, and the intelligent
gaze of his eyes combine in assuring you " the dog kens
what ye are talkin' aboot, and what ye are thinkin' aboot
tae."' The slightest utterance, or movement of the hand
is ample for his quick intelligence, and he bounds away
with the speed of the antelope. His attachment to his
master is based on his special intelligence, for in this
respect he is above all other dogs. We have known a
collie to follow his master hundreds of miles, taking his
place on the steamboats, visiting the usual places of call,
and after an unsuccessful search in distant towns, return
home by the same route, tired, hungry, and almost
prostrate; and on meeting the object of his solicitude,

* " The Collie." London : E. Upcott Gill,

S6 Ladies' Toy Dogs.

throw himself at his feet, and yell with delight. A
little later he rests on the rug before the blazing fire, his
huge paws covering his beloved master's feet, and as he
steadily gazes you read in those starlit eyes the petition
" Ye'll gang awa nae mair."

The Pomeranian or Spitz, like the St. Bernard, can
scarcely be called a dog of the British Islands, but, Uke
that dog, it is now so common as to be almost naturalized
among us. It resembles, in shape of body and head, the
Scotch collie, but is a size smaller, carries the tail over the
back, and is generally of a pure white colour. The ears
also are more pricked, being quite fox or wolf-like in
their character. Hence it is often called in France by
the name hulou. No points have been assigned to this
breed as yet.

CHAPTER V.
LADIES' TOY DOGS.

Kins Charles Spaniel— Blenheim Spaniel— Italian Greyhound— Pug-
Maltese Dog— Toy Terrier — Poodle.

Fashion changes her toy dogs just as often as her
costumes, and the favourite of one year is turned into the
streets (metaphorically) the next. Poodles, spaniels,
terriers, Italian greyhounds, and pugs, have eacli had
their reign, but at present it would be difficult to deter-
mine which has the pre-eminence. As a rule, the short-
haired dog makes a better drawing-room pet than his
long-coated rival, and especially when his skin is pecu-
liarly free from smell, as is the case with the pug dog and
Italian greyhound. Hence it is no wonder that these
little animals fetch £:^o apiece, though we have known
;^5o paid for a King Charles spaniel ; and this being the
highest sum I ever heard of as paid for a toy dog, I shall
commence with that breed.

Ladies' Toy Dogs, 87

The King Charles Spaniel is now always either
black and tan without white, or a mixture of these colours
in handsome patches, the tan spot over the eye in the
latter case being always an important feature. In the
time of Charles II., from whom the dog gets his name,
the colour, as shown by Vandyck, was liver and white,
which colour was in vogue until the present century, when
the black and tan superseded it, and is now considered tlie
speciality of the breed. Nor is the modern shortness of
face of old standing when carried to the extreme which
now prevails. Vandyck's dogs are quite sharp-nosed,
and those which I remember early in the present century
were at least only halfway on the road to the state in
which they are now exhibited, with faces like those of
the bulldog. At present the dog should weigh about 7 lbs,
(not more than 10 lbs.) Perfection in shape is seldom
attained below 7 lbs., but if it can be obtained in smaller
compass, so much the better

He should have a round skull and large round promi-
nent eyes, with a deep indentation or "stop" between them.
The lower jaw should project beyond the upper, and
turn up. Large ears " touching the ground " are highly
esteemed, but this is a figurative expression. They must
droop close to the head and be thickly coated. The back
of all the legs must be densely feathered, and the feet must
be almost lost in the feather, which ought to project
beyond the nails.

The tail should be carried low, the dog should stand
on short legs, and appear compact. Any protrusion of
the tongue is most objectionable.

His coat should be silky, straight, very abundant, and
of the richest colour. The black should be intense, the
tan vivid and rich. The dog should be altogether free
from white. He should have tan of this rich red quality
on his cheeks and the inner margin of the ear. His lips
should be tan, and he should have a spot of the same
colour over eacli eye ; the larger this spot is the better.
His cheeks should be well tanned, also his chest or
" mane," all his legs, his belly, the feather of his haunches,
his vent, and the under plumage of his tail.

88 Ladies* Toy Dogs.

The following scale oi points is in general acceptation :
— Form of head, lo ; nose and formation of jaw, lo ;
eyes, lo ; ears, lo ; coat and texture, lo ; form and com-
pactness, lo; brilliancy of colour, lo; feather of legs
and feet, lo ; size and weight, lo ; carriage of tail, lo —
total, ICO.

The Blenheim Spaniel was thus described in the
Field oi^t^t. 15, 1866:—

" This drawing-room favourite derives his name from
the celebrated seat of the Dukes of Marlborough, where
he used to be carefully bred ; the town of Woodstock
being some years ago the fountain-head for pure Blenheim
spaniels, which could also be purchased wonderfully
small and well marked at Oxford about twenty-five years
since.

" It is very difficult indeed to trace the origin of this dog,
which judging from Vandyck's pictures, was cherished at
Courts in the days of Charles I. Sir Godfrey Kneller,
we have heard, has painted small red and white spaniels
at the feet of several Court beauties, or nesthng in their
laps. We are also informed that portraits from his hand
are to be seen at Blenheim Palace and Arundel Castle,
and that the small 'comforter' of this colour was in
favour in the reigns of Charles II., James II., and up to
the end of the time of Queen Anne.

" It has been called the ' Marlborough spaniel ' by
some authors, who assert that it was first crossed with
the King Charles, otherwise known as the King James
spaniel, by a former Duke of Norfolk, who had a large
number of them at Worksop.

" It has been asserted that the same description of dog
was a favourite in the time of Henry VIII., that it was
much esteemed by Elizabeth, and that the small ' dogg '
which was found under the clothes of Mary Queen of
Scots after her execution was of this breed. As we have
before stated, it is almost impossible to give positive in-
formation as to the first origin of the Blenheim ; and we
incline to the opinion that it sprang from a race of
cockers of that colour, for which the first owner of Blen-
heim was celebrated, and that the small race known by

Ladies' Toy Dogs, 89

that name derived their origin from in-and-in breeding,
and jealousy to preserve the breed.

"Good specimens were the great exception; and about
the year 1841' perhaps but two or three good specimens
existed in the neighbourhood of Blenheim, and of these
we can call to mind but one of surpassing excellence, a
bitch named Rose, belonging to A. R. Reingle, Esq., of
Oxford. This bitch would at the present time bear com-
parison with anything to be purchased in London, and
she quite came up to the description we shall give of a
true ' Blenheim.'

"This charming spaniel did not weigh more than 4I lbs.
or 5 lbs. Her head (exquisitely modelled and full of cha-
racter and intelligence) was in exact proportion to her
size. Her coat was soft, silky, shining, luxuriant, and of
transparent wmteness, except where it was stained in
patches with the genuine rich 'Blenheim orange,' whilst
her feet and legs were almost lost in the exuberant feather
of her ' mane,' body, and thighs.

"At the time Rose was in her glory we were receiving
instructions from her owner, and possessed many oppor-
tunities of marking her beauty and intelligence — two
properties which are not always found together in pet
spaniels.

' "The Blenheim is at the present time rare,. but, com-
pared with the King Charles, it does not connnand a
large price. About a year ago it was with the greatest
difficulty we procured one; although of perfect form and
exceedingly diminutive, only ^1^ was asked for it, whilst
a King Charles of equal excellence would have been
cheap at double the money.

, " The points of the Blenheim do not differ from those
of the King Charles. The main difference consists in
the colour and markings, and in the texture of the hair,
which may be more waved in the Blenheim than in the
other breed. He should have the same round skull, the
same prominent, large, round eyes, weeping and wet at
the corner, and leaving a wet trace down the cheek. He
must also have the deep stop, the projecting lower jaw,'
and the short black nose. He should have large, well-

go Ladies' Toy Dogs.

coated ears ; but we must not expect to find them so
dense or so deep and large as in the King Charles. He
must be compact, well coated, and the feather of his legs
and thighs must be profuse. His tail should be bushy,
< well flagged,' and carried low. He should not exceed
5 lbs. in weight ; and if he weighs 8 lbs. or 9 lbs. he is of
very little value.

" His head should be well marked, a white streak
should run down his skull, and his lips and chin should
be white, freckled with red. In the centre of this white
blaze, or rather in the centre of his forehead, he should
have the ' spot ' about the size of and as round as a six-
pence. His chest must be exceedingly well coated ; and
to this point of beauty great attention should be directed
by any judge, as the ' mane ' has always been a great
point in Blenheims.

*'The markings of the body are not of very great im-
portance, provided there is no preponderance of either
colour, and that both are distinct or clear. Freckled legs
are not in favour; and although a few spots would not
prejudice a judge, the fewer of these spots the better.

"The 'red' should be brilHant, and of a yellow or
golden hue, by no means approaching the deep sienna
stain of the black-tan spaniel or Gordon setter; and many
admirable specimens of breeding are of a positively sandy
tone. This colour is not, however, Bknhewi colour, which
ought to be rich, pure, and defined. The well-bred animal
is lively in temperament, but is more capricious and snap-
pish than the King Charles ; and occasionally it forms
deep and lasting attachments to those with whom it as-
sociates."

I give the/^////Jof the Blenheim thus:— Form of head,
15 ; eyes and ears, 15 ; coat, 10 ; compactness and form,
10; brilliant colour and spots, 20; feather of legs and
feet, 10; size and weight, 10; and tail and its position, 10
— total, 100.

The Italian Greyhound.— All authorities unite m
the opinion that this beautiful little dog must be an
English smooth greyhound in everything but size, which
is tantamount to stating that it must be one of the most

Ladies' Tov Dogs. 91

graceful, or, perhaps, the most graceful and racing-looking
creature on the face of the earth.

Bewick gives no engraving of the Italian greyhound,
which is to be regretted ; and without doubt he would
have given one if a specimen could have been procured.

In Italy it has always been a favourite, and we gather
from the pictures of Antoine Watteau, the celebrated
French painter, that it was much esteemed by the lords
and ladies of his country at the close of the seventeenth
or at the beginning of the eighteenth century ; but they
were known and in the hands of the rich — as graceful
and perhaps as small as at the present time — in Milan in
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Hogarth has represented a pair of dogs, somewhat of
the breed, in one of his pictures of "Marriage a la Mode,"
and this dog occasionally appears in the portraits of our
old English families ; but as we have before observed, it
has always been scarce, and it is exceedingly delicate and
hard to rear.

It is neither more nor less than a small greyhound, for
which Italy was celebrated, and which perhaps was origi-
nally bred as a distinct breed. It must have become
dwarfed from climate or constant " in-breeding," but it
has never been in any way deformed by the means
adopted to decrease its size.

The externaT form of the Italian exactly corresponds
with that of the smooth English greyhound. I will ob-
serve that the head should be wide behind, and larger
in circumference if measured over the ears than over the
eyebrows. The jaw should be very lean, with a good
muscular development of the cheek. The eye of the
Italian variety, however, shoul I not be so large or full as
that of the English dog.

It has been settled that the ear of the Italian should be
exceedingly small, and falling flat, except when the animal
is animated. It may then be slightly raised, but never
pricked.

Blue and fawn are the favourite colours; the latter
should be of an auburn hue. Various colours, however,
are fashionable for a time, and then fancy changes. At

92 Ladies' Toy Dogs.

one time cream-coloured dogs commanded the highest
price, then white with black nose. At one time black
muzzles were in vogue, and we believe they are preferred
at the present time, and party-coloured dogs are not
thought much of. When these dogs are self-coloured,
they should be free from any white, and this may be pre-
dicated of every description of dog or hound. Fawn
dogs should have black toe-nails. All of the breed should
have very glossy coats and a compact form. The tail
should be very fine, and though coated, and not bare or
showing the caudal vertebrae, it should be void of all
roughness.

The weight must not exceed 8 lbs. or 9 lbs., and the dog
is valuable in proportion as he weigns less than this.
Specimens have been bred, which, at maturity, did not
reach 5 lbs., but they were very delicate and shy. Some
of the best shaped and most perfect greyhounds of this
description have reached from 14 lbs. to 18 lbs., and at
this weight they are certainly more robust than the more
valuable dwarfs, occasionally becoming fat and losing the
beautiful lines of their kind. The bitches are much less
than the dogs.

Some very charming specimens have been shown in
London. We have a lively recollection of Mrs. Burke's
Silver, Dr. Palmer's Garibaldi, and Mr. Hugh Hanly's
Psyche. Some very good ones have also appeared at ali
our metropolitan exhibitions. But at the present moment
it would be exceedingly difficult to obtain a first-class
specimen, and I have no hesitation in saying it is the
rarest dog of the day.

It has been crossed in Staffordshire with the small bull
terrier with advantage, and the produce displayed no
delicacy and lost none of its courage. I have seen many
of these in "the black country." They were slate-coloured
or blue-tanned, and very like the blue terrier known in
London as the " Blue Peter," which I suspect is bred in a
similar manner.

Although the pure Italian greyhound is generally deli-
cate and nervous, it now and then displays wonderful
affection and fidelity, and we remember hearing that a

Ladies' Toy Dogs. 93

celebrated bitch of the breed, named Fly, the property of
the same gentleman who possessed the Blenheim Rose,
once jumped from a third-story window into tlie street to
follow her master, and alighted without injury.

) This dog was used as a model by more than one sculp-
tor, and we believe that she was the original of the cele-
brated and artistic model in parian published by the artist
potter of the day. The points of this animal are of course
identical with those of the smooth English greyhound,
but some preference in marks must be given for the
fashionable colour at the time when the award is made.
They are, therefore, as follows: — Head, 15; neck, 5;
legs and feet, 15; shoulders, 10; hind quarters, 15;
back, 10; symmetry, 10; tail, 5 ; colour and coat, 10;
size, 5.

The Pug Dog is now again in fashion, but between
the years 1836-46 it was the rarest breed in Great Britain.
About the year 1843 one or two specimens were obtained
by a member of the Willoughly family, and, under his
fostering care, admirable examples were produced. The
old and absurd system of cropping off the whole of the
ears prevailed, and this cruelty was excused because it
occasioned that wrinkling and puckering of the forehead
considered essential in a pug dog. The barbarous fashion
was continued simply because it had been followed in the
days of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers, at any
rate up to the year 1804, when the dog was the rage; and
very beautiful specimens thus mutilated have been ex-
hibited at our modern dog shows. Within the last
^t'N years this unhappy custom has been on the wane,
and where expediency cannot be pleaded, owing to
the dog's occupation, we trust such torture will be aban-
doned.

The pug, it is said, derives his name from a Greek
word which forms the root of the Latin pugnus, a fist, as
his profile closely resembles a man's hand when tightly
clenched. This is open to question. It is more hkely
to have arisen from a study of the countenance, as well
as general appearance of the animal. The jet-black

94 Ladies^ Toy Dogs.

muzzle, or mask, secured for him the term "carlin,**
from the resemblance to a harlequin who was famous in
France during the middle of last century. Previously the
breed was known in that country as " doguins " and
"roquets," names still retained in various parts. The
breed was carefully propagated, and highly esteemed
during many years, exclusively as parlour pets, many
wealthy families having their specially pure and cele-
brated " pugs." Such was the rage of fashion that no
lady was seen abroad without her pet, and when the
owner sat for his or her portrait, that of the pug occu-
pied a prominent place in the foreground. The old
English breed was distinguished by a black patch on the
head, known as the " black velvet," but the best breeds
of to-day are destitute of the mark. In Holland, and
Italy also, the breed has been highly prized, but in sym-
metry, colour, and special marking, the dogs are entirely
behind in all points of excellence. The Dutch dogs are
large, coarse, dull, and heavy, with crooked legs, those of
Italy being spoiled by impure crosses. The pug is a
perfect aristocrat in all his ways, especially in the pre-
sence of other dogs, but at heart he is minus the pluck
of our terriers. He nevertheless makes an excellent pet,
and settles down most admirably in the ways of ease and
luxury.

Some years ago a strain of all black pugs was intro-
duced, it is said, by the late Lady Brassey, some of
which were exhibited, showing the characteristics of the
breed. As a contrast to these, others have been pro-
duced almost or altogether white.

The origin of the black pug has been ascribed to
various sources. In one instance it is said to be the
result of pure accident, being a *' sport," descended from
an unusually dark coloured strain owned by a working
fancier in the north of London. Setting aside various
improbabilities, it is certain that Lady Brassey owned
several of these dogs, and although at the time it was
kept a close secret, it now seems to be well known that
they were Chinese or " Peking " pugs, obtained by her

Ladies' Toy Dogs. 9$

during her memorable voyage in the " Sunbeam," There
is now, therefore, no doubt that by subsequent mating a
distinct breed has been produced, with, however, the
tendency in some instances among individual members
to be grey instead of black. The present development
of the breed is largely due to three individuals — viz ,
Mrs. Fiefield, of Eastleigh, Southampton, Miss " Morti-
vals,'.' (Miss M. D. Robinson), Takeley, Essex, and Mr.
A. Bond of Gravesend.

The black pug is somewhat altered by breeding in this
country. He stands on shorter legs and is thickly set or
" cobby " in appearance, while the head and face in
conformation possess the characteristics of our ordinary
pug-dog. Judging from the experience of the past, it is
not unlikely that he will perpetuate a true type, notwith-
standing some of the adverse criticisms which have been
launched against him.

Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, Mr. Morrison, of Walham
Green, the late Mr. H. Gilbert, Mr. John Anderson, Mr.
Jardine, Mr. Hinks (the owner of Madman, the celebrated
bull terrier), and Mr. Henry Brown, of GiUing Lodge,
Haverstock Hill, one of the most reliable breeders of
valuable dogs, and certainly one of the best judges in
England of toy dogs — all these and many others have
bred and exhibited beautiful specimens of the old English
pug dog ; and we may gather from tlie favour the dog
has met from high quarters that the breed is in no danger
of extinction.

The true English puo^ should be of a fawn or nu*tv-
colour, devoid of any smut approaching blachiess. Clear-
ness and purity of colour are essential, so as to render the
various markings (which I shall proceed to describe) as
clear and sharp in outHne as possible. The dog should
stand on short legs, as straight and well made as a fox-
hound, but with long " hare feet," the toes well split up.
His head should be round, and the forehead high and
monkey-like ; nose short, teeth level, jaw square. The
eye should be full and black ; the ears are small, silky,
black, and close to the head. A black mole should be

96

Ladies Toy Dogs.

clearly marked on each cheek, with three hairs in each.
The mark should be black and positively marked with
well-developed wrinkles in the skin ; the neck should be
strong and thick, devoid of all loose or puckered skin.
The chest should be broad, the back and loins wide and

'"''''''"^'1 %''''' "'''I ' ■'Sl''il!i!''?V''''!!''''''''

MP'

Maltese.

strong, and a black line or " trace " should run down the
back to the end of the tail. The tail should be tightly
curled over the side or hip, having a second curl, and
the point coming out. The ribs should be round—this
is a great point, as a ragged or narrow dog of this de-
scription is considered deformed.

It will be seen that compact form, pure colour, and

1^ S

Ladies Toy Dogs. 97

distinct marking form the principal points in these dogs;
but perhaps hardly any toy dog requires a more experi-
enced eye. As all " toys " are beautiful by comparison,
no one can form a correct estimate of a dog's relative
value unless he is pretty well informed upon the subject^
and the rivalry of breeders leads to one excellent example
giving place to another.

A narrow or poinied nose is a very great disfigurement ;
so is a woolly or dead coat. The coat should be sleek
and shining, short, and soft to the touch. Round feet
are also bad, so are white toes, or indeed, white any-
where. If the black of the mask melts gradually into
grey, and is softened until it mingles with the fawn, the
dog loses much of its value.

ThQ poifits of a pug we give below : — Head, 10 ; ears,
10 j pure colour, 15; distinct mask, 10; black trace, 10;
cheek moles, 5; quality of coat, 10; curl of tail, 10;
compactness, 10; hare feet, 10 — total, 100.

The Maltese Dog resembles in general appearance a
diminutive Skye terrier, differing chiefly in being of much
less size, shorter in the back, and far more silky in coat,
which should be of the purest white. Most of the breed
are very animated in expression, and in every way are
well adapted to be made drawing-room pets. Mr. Mande-
ville, of London, has of late years carried all before him
at the various shows, and indeed, has had little opposition,
so completely have the claims of his strain been recog-
nised.

This pretty, diminutive animal has long been an
especial favourite as a pet or parlour dog, but by some
strange absurdity has been commonly spoken of as a
terrier, of whose blood not a drop flows in his veins.
His pedigree is long, stretching away far back in the
annals of the ancient races. Few, if any, older variety
exists. History associates them with the high-born
dames of Greece and Rome, who lavished large sums on
the importation of the Maltese lap-dog. What they were
in those days it is impossible to say, as to form, size,
colour, coat, and actual weight. Records are strangely

98 Ladies' Toy Dogs.

wanting, even in the original home of his birth. Nothing
of the breed, as we know -it at this day, exists in the
Island of Malta. As a drawing-room pet, it would be
impossible to find a dog so thoroughly adapted for the
purpose. Besides being diminutive, he is even-tempered,
sagacious, and firm in his attachment. No breed of dog
is more cleanly in his habits. He is surprisingly intelli-
gent, rapidly discovers the mind of his teacher, and
easily becomes proficient in various feats. He is full of
life and spirits, moves with the alertness and grace of the
squirrel, and by his innocent cunning and clever antics
proves himself an indispensable companion. One of the
most perfect dogs of this breed is said to be " Prince
Lillywhite," by " Prince Leopold," ex " Queenie." He
is the property of Mrs. Watts, of Antwerp House, 48
Lordship Road, Stoke Newington, N.

The points are as follows :— Head, closely resembles
that of the Skye terrier, but the hair covering the face is
more flossy. The general coat is as long also, but more
transparent and soft, sometimes running into a fine species
of wool ; tail carried over the back, but very short with a
brush of silky hair. Colour white, with an occasional
patch of fawn. Weight, not more than 6 lbs. or 7 lbs.,
and as much less as possible.

The points are :^— Colour, 30 ; coat^ 30; nose and eyes,
20; tail and carriage, 15 ; symmetry, 5.

The Toy Terrier.— Each variety of the terrier when
bred less than 5, or even 7 lbs., is considered to belong
to the toys. If black and tan, the colours should be very
distinct and rich, without a speck of white, and on the
tan each toe should be pencilled with a fine streak of
black, reaching to the knee. This is a point greatly in-
sisted on by fanciers. In other respects the description
of this dog already given will apply. Blue and fawn
smooth terriers are also prized highly, but they are not
so handsome in my opinion as the black and tan.
Smooth white terriers should be without a speck of
colour ; but they show too much of the pink colour of
the skin for my taste. These dogs have generally their

Ladies^ Toy Dogs. 99

ears clipped, with tails left perfect, but some people
prefer both left as Nature provides them. The rough
blue fawn, silky coat terrier, makes a very pretty toy
dog, and so does the dwarf bull terrier — both resembling
the larger breeds in all points. The Italian greyhound,
crossed with the terrier or spaniel, is often passed off as
the pure toy terrier, especially the latter, which may be
known by the full eye peculiar to the spaniel breed.

The Poodle. — This dog is not unlike the terrier in
general conformation, very intelligent, and quick in
learning various tricks. In temper he is apt to exhibit
peevishness, and even to bite. The colour is black or
white, the coat being curly, and, when not cropped,
grows inordinately from head to stern, reaching even to
the ground. This peculiarity affords opportunity for
many owners to practise " trimming " or " clipping,"
portions here and there being entirely removed, while
others are allowed to remain like tufts, circlets on the
limbs, or lobe-like folds reaching to the ground. The
general appearance is then supposed to be greatly en-
hanced, particularly if the animal is used by the peripa-
tetic player or street conjuror, whose performances admit
of ample scope for showing the tricksy capabilities of the
animal. The following are the points laid down by the
Poodle Club :

The Perfect Black Poodle. — The General Appear-
ance is that of a strong, active, and very intelligent dog ;
well built, and perfectly coated with curls or long ropy
"cords." Head: Long; the skull large and plenty of
room for brain power; wide between the ears and a
slight peak ; the parts over the eyes well arched ; the
whole thickly covered with curls or cords. Muzzle:
Long (but not " snipey "), strong, square, and deep ; the
" stop" should be defined, but not to a very great extent.
The teeth should be perfectly level, strong, and white.
Eyes : Small, dark, and bright, wdth a very intelligent
expression ; they should be set at right angles with the
line of the face. Nose : Large, and perfectly black in
colour, with wide open nostrils. Ears : Very long, close

ICXD Ladies^ Toy Dogs,

to the cheek, low set on, and well covered with long
ringlets or " curls." Neck : Well proportioned, and very
strong, to admit of the head being carried high and with
dignity. Chest : Fairly deep, but not too wide; strong,
and well covered with muscles. Legs: Forelegs per-
fectly straight, very muscular, and *' set on racing lines ;"
they should be long enough to raise the body from the
ground, but without legginess. Hind legs very muscular,
fairly bent, with the hocks well let down. Feet : Large,
strong, and rather wide, but standing well on the toes,
and of good shape -, the nails perfectly black, and the
pads very strong and hard. Back : Short, with body
well ribbed up ; the loins very strong and muscular, but
without fat. Tail : Carried at an angle of 45 degrees,
having long ringlets or cords hanging down. Coat-.
Thick and strong. If corded, hanging in long, ropy
"cords"; if curly, the curls close and thick. Weight:
Large, 60 lbs. ; medium, 40 lbs.; small, 20 lbs. and
under.

The Perfect Red Poodle. — All the foregoing po'nits
hold good for this variety^ with the followi7ig exceptions : —
Eyes : Yellow, and free from black rims round the eye-
lids. JVbse : Liver colour. Avails : Liver colour. Back :
The ticks (spots) on back should be red or liver, and the
whole body should be free from black ticks.

CHAPTER VL
GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE DOG

General management of Dogs— Of Whelps— Dressing— Kennels-
Management of pet Dogs.

General Remarks. — The management of the grey-
hound and foxhound as to their kennel management, feed-
ing, exercise, and training, belongs rather to a treati se on
sport than to this little book. We therefore refer our

General Management of ttj^e Dog. i o i

readers for information on this subject to British Rural
Spo?-ts^ by Stonehenge. Of the treatment necessary for the
pointers, setters, spaniels, retrievers, and Newfoundland,
we must say a few words.

All these dogs are, in the usual way, chained up to a
wooden kennel, with a length of chain which allows of no
exercise ; and the only advantage which they have over
neglected hounds is, that they are generally kept clean for
the sake of appearances. But too often they are fed irrc
gularly and on improper food, and almost invariably proper
exercise is denied them. For these dogs Indian meal is
by far the cheapest and the best kind of food, and with
greaves- it will keep them in good health, if they are only
sufficiently exercised every day. But in many cases horse-
flesh, being at times very cheap, is given raw, and often
unmixed with vegetable food \ and the master is then sur-
prised if an eruption appears over the bodies of his dogs,
when the chief reason for wonder is that any ever escape,
with such a diet to stimulate and inflame their blood, and
nothing to carry it off. This improper feeding and neglect
of exercise are fertile sources of madness, and should be
avoided by all who value their own safety ; but besides
this motive, which some may perhaps disregard, there is
another, which every sportsman will carefully consider,
namely, that dogs so mismanaged are almost always de-
ficient in nose. It is very often said that there is no scent
for pointers or setters early in the season, but quite as
frequently they have not come to their noses, and it is only
after a fortnight's work that they carry off the stimulating
results of bad feeding. No sporting dog ought ever to be
neglected, for he will seldom entirely regain his health, and
without a full share of that commodity he will not be
capable of making out a scent. Servants, therefore, ought
to be well watched during the spring and summer, that the
dogs may be attended to by them ; and if they do their
duty there will be very little reason to complain of birds
flushed, or of sore feet, or knocking-up. Sporting dogs
(not including greyhounds) will seldom exercise themselves
at a fast pace unless they are allowed to hunt ; and as this
is impossible in the summer, they should be taken out

102 General Management of the Dog

with a man on horseback once or twice a week on the road.
Very little flesh should be given them, which is only-
wanted when they have severe work, and can seldom then
be procured. Greaves, with meal, and occasionally pota-
toes, form the best food ; carrots, cabbages, or turnips
should be given once or twice a week ; and a dose or two
of castor oil, salts, or jalap will do good tw^o or three times
in the summer, or an aloetic ball.

Management of Whelps.

Coursing will equally apply to other sporting dogs.
Few people will take the full amount of trouble which
should be bestowed on whelps, but it will suffice if the
whelps are sent into the country to be reared at the
butcher's, or the tanner's, or at the small wayside public
house. When milk or buttermilk can be obtained, it is a
good article to rear all whelps upon ; but it is seldom
afforded to ordinary dogs. The accidents likely to occur
in whelping are alluded to in the part on the diseases of
the dog.

Dressing.

Dressing Avith a mixture of sulphur and train oil is very
generally adopted every year with sporting dogs, and if
they are mismanaged in their feeding, it is absolutely neces-
sary ; if, however, they are clean in their skins, it is not
required. Soft soap and soda kills their fleas, and white
precipitate, ticks ; but the latter should only be used with
a muzzle on, to guard against its being taken into the
stomach by the tongue. Carbolic acid, diluted with twenty
or thirty times its bulk of water, likewise kills fleas, but it
also requires a muzzle.

Kennels.

Sporting dogs, as, for example, pointers or setters, are
often kept in such numbers as to require a kennel or ken-
nels. When such is the case, an open yard paved with
glazed tiles or blue bricks must be added, but it is better
not covered in. The lodging-room must be in proportion
to the number of dogs, but it is better not to have more

General Management of the Dog. 103

than three or four together. The whole of this part
should be boarded and raised 18 in. or 2 ft., with a lining
of board i ft. high, to keep the backs of the dogs from
the wall. An opening 3 ft. high and 2 ft. wide is left
for the dogs to go in and out, and this should be provided
with a wooden door, hinged at the top, and kept partly
open by A-shaped sides, so as to allow the dog to jump
up and down freely, and yet keeping the wind and rain
from entering. This is a \vonderful improvement on ken-
nel doors, which I introduced, and which ought to be gene-
rally adopted, as it is the only plan by which kennel beds
can be kept clean, and at the same time airy, without
admitting the rain and wind. When the bed is to be re-
moved, the door with its sides is lifted up, and the atten-
dant easily enters.

Management of Pet Dogs.

The food of pet dogs is almost always too heating in its
nature, considering that they are generally deprived of a
proper amount of exercise.

I am sometimes induced for the sake of brevity to
recommend correspondents to diet their dogs as they do
their children. But unfortunately the latter are also often
crammed with all sorts of improper articles of food ; and
I should perhaps be less liable to mislead my readers if I
advised them to give their dogs the same kind of food
w^hich they would think right for the children of their ac-
quaintances. Theory and practice are often widely sepa-
rated, and many a mother is so weak as to allow her own
child to tease her into giving creams and pastr}', which r he
would, " on principle," refuse to another not holding the
same power over her maternal feelings. We all know how
well bachelors' wives and old maids' children are managed,
and therefore I would in a few words wind up the general
principles of managing pet dogs by suggesting that, if the
plans so often recommended by the wise virgins of this
world for feeding their nephews and nieces are carried out
in favour of pet dogs, a great improvement will be effected
in their heaUh and appearance.

104 General Manage iiient of the Dog.

To begin with the beginning, however, I will suppose
that a puppy six weeks old, and of a breed not exceeding
15 lbs. weight, is presented to one of my readers. What-
is to be done? First of all, if the weather is not decidedly
warm, let it be provided with a warm basket lined with
some woollen material, which must be kept scrupulously
clean. The little animal must on no account be per-
mitted to have the opportunity of lying on a stone floor,
which is a fertile source of disease ; bare wood, however,
is better than carpet, and oilcloth superior to either on
the score of cleanliness. In the winter season the apart-
ment should have a fire, but it is not desirable that the
puppy should lie basking close to it, though this is far
better than the other extreme. Even in the severest cold a
gleam of sunshine does young creatures good, and the
puppy should, if possible, be allowed to obtain it through
a window in the winter, or without that protection in the
summer. It will take exercise enough in playing with a
ball of worsted or other materials indoors until it is ten
weeks old ; but after that time a daily run in the garden
or paddock will be of great service, extending to an hour
or an hour and a half, but not so as to overtax its limbs.
After this age, two or three hours a day, divided into
periods of not more than an hour each, will be of service;
but it is very seldom that young pet dogs can reckon
upon this amount of exercise, and, indeed, it is not by
any means necessary to their healthy growth. Until after
the tenth week, cow's milk is almost essential to the
health of the puppy. It should be boiled and thickened
at first with fine wheat flour, and after the eighth week
with a mixture of coarse wheat flour and oatmeal. The
flour should be gradually increased in quantity, at first
making the milk of the thickness of cream, and towards
the last adding meal in quantity sufticient to make a
spoon stand up in it. If the bowels are relaxed, the
oatmeal should be diminished, or if confined, increased.
This food, varied with broth made from the scraps of the
table, and thickened in the same way, will suffice up to
the tenth or twelfth week, after which a little meat, with
bread, potatoes, and some green vegetables, may be

General Alanagcnictit of the Dog, 105

mixed together and gradually introduced as the regular
and staple food. The quantity per day will of course
vary according to the size of the puppy ; but, as an ap-
proximation to the proper weight required, it may be laid
down that for each pound the puppy weighs an ounce of
moderately solid food will be sufficient. From the time
of weaning up to the tenth week it should be fed four
times a day; then up to four months, three times; and
afterwards twice until full-grown, when a single feed will,
in our opinion, conduce to its health, though many prefer
going on with the morning and evening supply. When
the puppy is full-grown, meat, bread, and vegetables
(either potatoes, carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, or pars-
nips), in equal proportions, will form the proper diet, care
being taken to avoid bread made with much alum in it.
Dog biscuits, if sound, answ^er well for pet dogs; but the
quantity required is so small that in most houses the
scraps of the bread-»basket are quite sufficient. Bones
should be supplied daily, for without them not only are
the teeth liable to become covered with tartar, but the
digestion is impaired for want of a sufficient secretion of
saliva.

If the above quality and quantity of food and exercise
are given m combination with the protection from cold
recommended, the pet puppy will seldom require any
medical treatment. Sometimes, in spite of the most
careful management, it will be attacked by distemper con-
tracted from some passing dog infected with it ; but with
this exception, w^iich \\\\\ not often occur, it may be anti-
cipated that the properly treated pet dog will pass through
life without submitting to the attacks of this disease,
which is dire in its effects upon this division of the canine
race. If care is taken to add oatmeal and green vege-
tables to the food in quantity sufficient to keep the
bowels from being confined, no aperient will ever be re-
quired ; but som^etimes this precaution is neglected, and
then recourse must be had either to castor oil or the
compound rhubarb pill — the dose being one drop of the
former or half a grain of the latter to each pound the
puppy weighs. If the oil is stirred up with some milk,

1 06 General Manageuietit of the Dog.

the puppy will take it readily enough, and no drenching
is required ; but care should be taken that the quality is
good, and that the oil is not the rank stuff sometimes
used in kennels of sporting dogs. The compound rhu-
barb pill may be given by opening the mouth with the
left hand, and then dropping in the pill. It must be
boldly pushed well down the throat as far as the linger
will reach, no danger being risked in effecting this simple
process. If the liver is not acting (which may be known
by the absence of the natural gingerbread colour of the
evacutions), from half a grain to a grain of blue pill may
be added to either dose, and repeated if necessaiy every
day or every other day till the desired effect is produced.

Very young puppies should not be washed even in the
summer season, as they are very liable to chill. After
they are three months old, however, a bath of warm
water, with or without soap, wdll do good rather than
harm, provided that care be taken to dry them well
aftenvards. For white dogs, white soap is required to
give full effect to this operation ; and it may be either
curd or white soft soap, whichever is preferred, the latter
being most effective in cleaning the coat. Long-haired
dogs, such as spaniels, the Maltese and Skye terriers,
require combing and brushing until they are dry, which
should be done in the winter before a fire ; and in the
latter breeds the coat should be parted down the back
with the comb in the most regular manner. If the hair
has become matted, a long soaking will be necessary, the
comb being used while the part of the dog submitted to
its teeth is kept under water, which will greatly facilitate
the unrolling of the tangled fibres. After the coat is dry,
where great brilliancy is demanded, a very slight dressing
of hair-oil may be allowed occasionally ; but the brush is
the best polisher, and when " elbow-grease " is not spared,
a better effect will be produced than by bear's grease at
half-a-crown a pot.

With the exception of fleas, pet dogs ought never to be
infested with any vermin. Sometimes, however, they
catch from others either lice or the ticks which infest
the canine race. The appearance of the first two parasites

General Managemeiit of the Dog. \o^

is well known to every one; but the tick is not among
the things commonly presented to the eye, and we may
therefore mention that it may be known by its spider-like
shape, and by its close adhesion to the skin by means of
its legs, with which it digs into the surface. In size it
varies from that of the head of a small pin to the mag-
nitude of a small grain of wheat, but not being so long
in proportion to its width. The colour changes with that
of the dog, and with the quantity of blood imbibed,
which always gives a greater or less tint of bluish red ;
but in very young ticks the colour is a pearly grey. In
destroying fleas, the best remedy is the insect-destroying
powder sold by Butler and M'Culloch, of Covent Garden,
and by Keating, of St. Paul's Churchyard, which may be
well rubbed in without fear of consequences. Lice and
ticks require a stronger drug to destroy them, and this
should be used with more care, as, being a mercurial pre-
paration, it is liable to be absorbed if the skin is wetted,
and then produces serious n-vischief, accompanied by sali-
vation; or, if the dog is allowed to lick himself, this
effect is still more likely to follow. The dog should
therefore be kept carefully from all wet for at least twelve
hours, and during the application of the remedy it should
either be carefully watched and prevented by the hand
from licking itself, or it should be muzzled. The remedy
is white precipitate, in powder, well rubbed into the roots
of the hair over the whole body, and left on for six hours,
after which it should be brushed out. At the expiration of
the week the application should be repeated, and possibly
it may be required a third time ; but this is seldom
needed.

-♦—

lo8 Diseases of the Dog.

CHAPTER VII.
DISEASES OF THE DOG.

General Observations — Health and Disease — Pathology — Fever : Simple,
Symptomatic and Specific— Inflammation— Abscess— Serous Cyst— Preven-
tion of Disease— Classification of Disease.

The public health is largely determined by the con-
dition of our domestic annuals, notably those which
mmistcr to the wants of mankuid as a provision for
daily lood. Although the djg does not hgure in the
general influences exerted in thac direction, he is in other
respects, as tne close companion ot mankind, capable of
developing somewnat dismal consequences. To main-
tain a uniiorm standard of health is an absolute neces-
sity ; otherwise, not that only, but the lives of the human
population are laid under serious peril.

The knowledge acquired by companionship with bur
domestic animals is first evident in our judgment of their
being in health. Subsequently, and otten by mere intui-
tion, we discover the antithesis, and acquire the power to
interpret the sign language of disorder and disease. The
"Bloom ot Health" is a state which the experienced in
canine lore comprehend at a glance. The clear bright
eye, sleek coat, maintenance of general function, cool,
moist, and sweet odour of the mouth and breath, dewy
state of the muzzle and general vivacity, present- a spec-
tacle on winch a true lover of the lower animals will gaze
with unwearied delight. On the otner nand, the signs
of disorder are reauily comprehended by similar intelli-
gence. Tney are recognised by their being the reverse of
health and spirits. 1 he animal is dull, heavy and list-
less, the coat, having lost its sleek and glossy appearance,
is more or less dull, dry, harsh, or staring, and probably
fouled by accumulations of scurf and dirt which the

Diseases of the Dog. 1 09

creature does not care to remove. The month is pro-
bably hot, foul, and dry, or slimy, and the breath foetid.
The functions of secretion and excretion are irregular or
suspended, and the faeces are hard, small, irregular, and
probably offensive; the urine is also deficient, highly
coloured, and emits an odour not consistent with health.
To these may be added coldness of the ears and legs, a
hot, dry muzzle, &c., all of which suffer more or less
modification or intensity with specific additions enforced
by the various organs involved.

With regard to appetite or taste, the dog is not a clean
animal. Designed by Nature as the scavenger of the
earth, he devours the most disgusting filth with obvious
enjoyment, and digests his dainty morsel without suffer-
ing systemic disturbance. Notwithstanding, he lays claim
to the possession of a depraved appetite under disease,
and, to satisfy the morbid demand, hesitates not to
swallow sticks, stones, sand, paper, rags, and the filthiest
of decomposing material, even human excrement, or that
of other dogs as well as his own.

The department of science which determines the state
of an animal under disease, and defines its nature, is
known as Pathology. In order to realise the various
morbid conditions which are comprehended within a
given word, the practitioner resorts to numerous methods
of observation, specific testing, and comparison of the
several signs exhibited by the suffering animal. The
usual signs of disturbance are first carefully noted, and
often by negative forms of examination he may decide
which organs are free from morbid disturbance, while
others exhibit special indications which lead conclusively
to their identification with some unusual process. This
property of acquiring information during life is greatly
assisted by examination after death, the morbid processes
revealed by Pathological Anato7ny being highly useful in
turning the attention of the practitioner to the diseased
organs during life.

In the treatment of disease the department of Materia
Medica^ or the nature, actions, uses and doses of medi-
cines, as well as their legitimate combinations affords a

1 10 Diseases of the Dog,

vast amount of usefulness. In ignorant hands medicines
often prove as so many violent poisons ; great care and
sound judgment are therefore essential in all cases, but
especially when the amateur aspires to the office of
physician and surgeon.

As a preliminary to the study of general diseases, we
turn to a consideration oi fever, inflammation, &c.

Fever, as understood by the practitioner, consists of a
general disturbance of the vital functions, in which the
system is bordering on a state of more serious derange-
ment, which, if not checked, is eventually located in
some important organ, and confirmed disease is the inevit-
able result. Three kinds of fever are recognised — viz.,
Simple or ephe?7ieral, Symptomatic or sympathetic, and
Specific.

Simple Fever is defined as the short-lived, or ephe-
meral disturbance common to highly-fed and pampered
animals, taking little or no out-door exercise, and sub-
jected to a close, warm atmosphere, and soft downy beds.
All the animal functions, as respiration, circulation,
temperature, &c., are accelerated, and a hot, dry mouth
is associated with constipation and diminished secretions
generally. Such conditions are by continuous occurrence
developed into serious diseases, and should be met with
the needful remedies, as more frequent exercise in the
open air, a less stimulating diet, and the substitution of
laxative materials. This form of disorder is too fre-
quently neglected, the result being that local or general
states of a congestive nature are induced, followed by
slow and insidious structural changes in important organs,
which finally end in serious disease or death.

Sympathetic or Symptomatic Fever is a form ot
aggravated disturbance of the system consequent upon
the development of disease in some important organ, or
set of organs, and may be thus defined : severe accidents,
such as fracture of one or more limbs, ribs, &c., produc-
ing violent shock, the whole system is seriously disturbed,
and by nervous sympathy the functions are deranged or
suspended. In such cases the lungs as a rule suffer
acutely by congestion or engorgement with blood, or they

Diseases of the Dog. 1 1 1

are inflamed, and the disease being violent the effects
upon the system, already influenced by the initial shock,
is more than it can bear, death arising, not from the
result of the original injury, but from the impediment
raised within the circulatory system. In other words, the
constitutio7ial disturbance in its magnitude and severity is
the cause of death, and being the indication of the serious
nature of the original injury, it is understood as being
symptomatic in its real nature.

Specific Fever is a similar, but more frequently a
milder, form of constitutional disturbance, resulting from
some form of animal poison within the system, and pro-
pagated by contact with other subjects of the disease.
Contagious fevers supply the needed examples, which
differ from the subjects in the preceding class in their
slow and insidious nature as a rule, the absence of violent
shock, and few sudden deaths.

Treatment of Fever. — The rule is embodied in the
apt expression : " Remove the cause and the effects will
cease." This is an easy procedure with Simple Fever.
Change of diet, lodging, a supply of fresh air, light, and
water ; more frequent exercise, cleanliness, friction to the
skin, &c., will usually effect the desirable changes; or
when the causes have been long applied, a moderate
purgative, or a dose of alkaline medicine, is probably
effectual. As regards Sy^jiptomatic Fever the case is widely
different. The causes are more powerful and destructive.
We cannot replace arteries, veins, and nerves, as well as
muscular and other tissues destroyed or disorganised by
violence in one form or other, or forces of the most
subtle character which wait upon injury and disease in
all their fulness and potency for evil.

Inflammation. — The infallible signs are heat^ pain^
redness^ and swellifig. The first and second are usually
evident, but owing to the dense covering of hair in many
animals, redness and swelling are not so readily observed.
In small pet animals, with light-coloured or white coats
and thin skin, the difficulties are not so great. Inflam-
mation is the result of violent causes, consisting of an
increase of blood in the affected part, with more or less

112 Diseases of the Dog.

suspension of function in the contiguous structures, as
well as in the integral parts of the blood itself. Acute
Inflammation is characterised by severity and activity ; it
is ato?tic or subacute, when by reason of low vital force it
proves slow or tardy. Closely allied to this state is a
peculiarity of the circulation, common to the larger organs
having abundant vessels and elastic tissue, known as
Congestion. It is sudden in its origin and departure,
sometimes attended with dropsical states, and is probably
confined to the venous system.

Inflammation terminates in various ways — viz., Resolu-
tion^ or gradual decline, the parts shortly regaining their
original state ; in suppuration, or the formation oipus^ in
some cases discharged from the surface of membranes, as
in catarrh, or otherwise collected within a cavity between
muscles, or in deep-seated tissues, when it is known as an
abscess ; in effusion from the surface of membranes, as
water (serum), or mucus, or by lymph within or between
structures inflamed, by which permanent union, thicken-
ing and enlargement is the result. Inflammation is further
distinguished by the structures involved : thus, we have
serous and ??iucous inflammation, as the serous and mucous
membranes are implicated; when the substance of organs
is the seat, it is known as pare?ichymatous ; if it seizes the
ligaments, tendons, and coverings of joints, it is rheu-
matic; and inflammation of the skin and deeper-seated
tissues is termed erysipelatous.

Treatment of Inflammation may be local ox general.
The former consists of liberating the vessels of the afl"ected
parts by scarificatiofi or slight incisions across the surface
by means of a small lancet, as in conjunctival ophthalmia,
or by means of blisters, the hot iron, &c., in the case of
important organs. General treatment consists of attack-
ing the system by internal remedies known to be effica-
cious in controlling the circulation and nervous force.

Abscess. — The collection of pus, or matter, within a
cavity in soft parts of the body, is termed an abscess. The
si;7ns are heat, unusual tenderness, and defined swelling ;
and as the process of ])us formation matures, the swelling
and tende»"ness are confined to the central part, which

Diseases of the Dog. 113

becomes first moist, then denuded of hair, and, later, by
internal absorption or ulceration of the skin; the contents,
now become fluid, are readily felt by the fingers. In-
ternal pressure, the result of pus formation, and the action
of contiguous muscles, &c., now causes the abscess to
bulge outwards, and ultimately forces the skin at the
weakest part, when the contents are evacuated.

Treatment. — The maturation of an abscess often causes
much pain and systemic disturbance, and to avoid this
the surgeon, after investigation, detecting the presence of
pus, hastens the process of recovery by plunging a lancet
through the point where maturation is evident. Thus,
as a rule, ends the malady. With the evacuation of the
contents healing proceeds rapidly and safely, all that is
required being the usual means of cleanliness to prevent
the accumulation of dried pus or dirt around the orifice.
In the case of deep-seated abscesses, or those situate
below or between muscles some distance from the surface,
much judgment and skill are required in order to decide
upon the exact locality, and the requisite form of surgical
treatment which can neither be understood nor practised
by an amateur, and, therefore, calls for no farther comment
here.

Serous Cyst, otherwise known as Serous Abscess, is
mostly located superficially, and is the result of blows,
falls, or severe local pressure. It is not of frequent
occurrence in the dog, neither serious in its nature nor
consequences. The contents being serum or a red-coloured
fluid, having the density of water or thereabouts, the
produce of the blood-vessels involved in the injury, the
accumulation is regulated by the surface involved. Ab-
sorption of the contents is also delayed by the formation
of a dense lining membrane of cellular tissue, and the
swelling may remain for weeks or months.

Treatment consists of liberating the contents of the sac
by means of a lancet or curved bistoury. The former is
plunged through the centre, and the orifice widened as
the instrument is withdrawn. The bistoury is preferable,
being passed through the skin on one side and across to
the opposite, when it emerges ; it is then turned edge

8

114 Diseases of the Dog,

upwards, and the whole skin between the two points is
divided. Pressure is next applied by means of a pad of
soft tow, &c., saturated with some healing fluid, and re-
newed from time to time as cleaning is carried out.

Prevention of Disease. — This is a department of
social economics which is regarded more frequently as
Utopian than real, or possible, from the circumstance
of its introduction within recent years. The usual plan
has been for every man to do that which seemeth right
in his own eyes, a legacy which we have come to regard
as sacred, and not to be interfered with by others.
This excessive liberty is the cause of our towns and
villages being infested by numbers of dogs, whose sole
use and purpose is to annoy the inhabitants by tlieir
furious barkings, and numerous attacks on the person,
especially of children, and on other dogs under enforced
control. Besides this, the animals breed indiscriminately,
and the progeny are a nondescript race, which "walk in
the ways of their forefathers," or when opportunity serves
they are ruthlessly drowned in some river or ditch^ where
the bodies lie rotting and polluting the water and atmo-
sphere to the great disgust of pedestrians seeking open
air exercise. Like produces like. Thus all the defects of
race are handed down by the careless mating of animals,
including the idiosyncrasies of their nature, which in
most cases determine the hereditary latency of disease.
If we desire strong and healthy animals, the parents
must be sound. Regularity of Feeding is also an im-
portant item. Without this, the process of digestion is
interfered with, and the assimilative powers weakened,
by which nutritive material is imperfectly transformed,
more frequently proving deleterious than nourishing or
sustaining. Fresh Air and Cleanliness have a large
share in the maintenance of health. The effect of the
former on the blood is to facilitate the process cf com-
bustion or formation of animal heat. Thus, not only the
rich principles of food, but the deleterious portions, with
the effete or waste products of the body are burned and
suitably transformed to ensure their expulsion by the
proper channels from the system. The effect of cleanli-

Diseases of the Dog. 1 1 5

ness is to promote the movement of fresh air. Foul and
dark habitations interfere with true ventilation. The
system breathes the poison thus generated, which acts as
a powerful sedative on all the functions of animal life,
predisposing it to diseased conditions. The system, in
other words, acts like a sponge, and constantly imbibing
impure elements, becomes fertile soil in which the seeds
of disease may find the needful sustenance of their nature.
Regular Exercise in the Open Air, apart from actual
work, is essential for the promotion of organic function,
many varieties of which are going on incessantly, besides
eating and drinking. Food and exercise produce waste,
the latter being mainly essential in the process of
eUminating the waste, as the result of consumption of
the first. Systematic Feeding is also essential. The
character of the food should vary with work and rest.
When animals come from hard work to partial or com-
plete idleness, the food should be suitably changed. Rich
aliment as flesh, should be replaced by smaller allow-
ances, the usual bulk being supplied by adding vegetables,
as boiled greens or potatoes, &c. Linseed mucilage
may be suitably added to meal, porridge, &c., when the
faeces are dry and hard. If they should become dark-
coloured, or black, and offensive, which may arise from
the ingestion of raw, decaying animal food, as dead
rabbits, &c., a dose of the castor-oil mixture, or simply
raw linseed oil, should be given, containing 5 to 60 drops
of the ''Sanitas Fluid." The Abuse of Medicines is a
constant source of ill health in many establishments.
Proper food, water, and rest, will often do more good
than medicines, which should never be given without a
clear knowledge of the requirements of the case and
their suitability for it. Frequent and Lidiscriminate
Drugging is the basis on which blatant quackery thrives.
Those who practise the first are responsible for the latter,
and have no cause to complain when their malady be-
comes intolerable. Lastly, the means of pro?noting health
includes the use of good and reUable antiseptics, the
effect of which is the destruction of offensive odours,
which act powerfully through the medium of respiration,

n 6 Materia Medica.

and subsequent absorption by the blood. Our experience
of " Sanitas " preparations is such that we confidently
recommend them as especially suitable for kennel use in
a variety of ways, as specified in the directions which
accompany the various forms.

Classification of Disease. — In order to present the
subject in a simple and comprehensive form, we have
arranged the maladies of the dog, as far as possible, in
accordance with their supposed nature and causes :
thus^ many are conveniently included under the head of
Blood Diseases ; others as due to Specific, or Contagious
elements ; while the majority, probably arising from
interference with normal organic function, injury, &c.,
are more conveniently dealt with in their respective
classes.

CHAPTER VIII.
MATERIA MEDICA.

The Dispensing of Medicines— Nuising— Doses of Medicines— Alteratives-
Anodynes— Antiseptics— Antispasmodics— Aperients— Astringents— Blisters
— Caustics— Clysters, Enemas, or Injections— Cordials— Demulcents— Dia-
phoretics — Digestives — Diuretics — Electuaries — Embrocations or Lini-
ments—Emetics—Expectorants—Febrifuges—Fomentations—Hypodermic
Injections— Inhalations— Lotions— Ointments — External Parasiticidts —
Poultices— Stimulants— Stomachics— Styptics— Tonics— Worm Medicines :
Internal Parasiticides.

The continuation, as well as the proportions of reme-
dies for the treatment of disease, are details which
demand careful attention. In ignorance of the exact
nature and action, &c., of drugs on the animal body,
strange and often baneful compounds are prescribed.
By simple mixture they may become inert, or possibly a
deadly poison. The truth should be kept in view by all
who prescribe without the needful intelligence which a
lengthened study of the subject provides.

Materia Medica. 1 1 7

The following are examples of each class of remedies
suitable for the dog, and to render the plan of admixture
as well as administration intelligible, reliable formulae are
given, from which the reader may suitably make choice.

The Dispensing of Medicines. — Canine pharmacy
is a department of no little importance. Next to the
selection of suitable remedies ranks the judicious com-
pounding and admixture, an art which can only be ac-
quired by great experience of the nature and properties
of drugs.

Medicines are prescribed in several forms — viz., the
bolus^ ox pill, electuary zxidid7'aught. These are adminis-
tered by the mouth. In some cases it is advisable to
administer remedies in the form of enemas, or by sub-
cuianeous i?iJections (see p. 132).

The bolus, or pill, is a compound of two or more reme-
dies, which, after being reduced to fine powder, are
worked into a plastic mass by means of honey, treacle,
&c., to the requisite size, and subsequently covered with
fine paper. The latter is often indispensable in order to
prevent nausea, which may cause rejection of the dose.
ThQform of the pill mdiy be cylindrical, or spherical. In
the first the paper is rolled on to the mass and tucked in
at the ends. A spherical pill is placed in the middle of
a small square of thin or tissue paper, when the circum-
ferent edges are drawn together and twisted to a point.

To administer a pill the dog is taken on the knee,
supported by the left arm placed across the shoulder,
while the left hand seizes the lower jaw, the thumb and
fingers being pressed on each side of the mouth. This
has the effect in most cases of separating the jaws, when
the lower is quickly and firmly grasped, and simulta-
neously the pill, held between the thumb and forefinger of
the right hand, is passed to the back of the tongue. At
the same moment the grasp of the lower jaw is removed,
and the fingers and thumb secure both upper and lower
jaws with firmness, yet without absolute punishment.
The result as a rule is that the dog swallows almost im-
mediately the jaws are approximated. If he fails to do
so a few gentle passes of the forefinger over the front of

ii8 Materia Medica.

the nostrils will hasten the needed result. Older dogs
often become experienced patients in deception, some-
times feigning to swallow, and on their release will walk
to a distance and calmly eject the pill, not simply once,
but frequently. Some practitioners seize the jaws from
above by the left hand, and press the cheeks on each
side into the mouth, thus causing the animal to separate
the jaws. It is obvious that only small dogs can be thus
treated. Large animals are usually held between the
knees, while assistants, by means of a tape or cord looped
behind the tusks, forcibly separate the jaws.

The Electuary is a semi-soft or pasty preparation, the
base of which is honey, treacle, &c., containing the need-
ful remedy. Successive portions are placed on the
tongue, which the creature seldom dislikes, and during
the consequent insalivation pass to the stomach (see
p. 128). ^

The Draught. — This is a fluid mixture contauimg the
requisite quantity of each remedy, the whole of which is
to be given as one dose. A ??iixture is usually under-
stood to be two, three, or more doses, for the apportion-
ment of which specific directions are given.

To administer a draught the operator proceeds as follows :
Fairly manageable animals are taken on the knee by an
assistant, who steadies the head by means of the left
hand, the thumb being placed across the nose, and the
fingers beneath the lower branches. The operator in-
serts one finger of the left hand into the angle of the
cheek of the right side, and drawing it away from the
teeth a suitable pouch is formed, into which the fluid is
poured in successive quantities as the animal swallows.
Small and even some large dogs are often successfully
managed by practitioners without any assistance. The
medicine, being prepared, is put into a one or twoounce
bottle, and manipulated by the right hand. The dog is
raised to the knees, encircled by the left arm, and the
nose firmly held by the left hand. The mouth of the
bottle is placed within the angle of the lip of the right
side, when the thumb presses from the outside, the effect
being to capture the cheek, draw it from the teeth, and

Materia Medica. 1 19

form a pouch, into which the fluid is gently poured in
successive quantities as the animal swallows. By care
and tact many dogs may be treated for severe illness
during lengthened periods without tiring or rendering
them obstinate or vicious.

Nursing. — The importance of careful nursing cannot
be overstated. The term, although of acknowledged
scope, is minus one important essential. Plenty of food,
water, warmth, or ventilation, cleanliness, &c., are liber-
ally conceded, but the creature mopes and pines, making
no progress ; some, indeed, die, because the surroundings
are ungenial. Perhaps the attendant is not so studious
of the state and requirements of the patient as he should
be, neglect and coarse treatment having the effect of
rendering the sufferer absolutely miserable. We have a
somewhat extensive and vivid experience of the value of
gentleness and kindness to canme patients. They are
exceedingly susceptible to kindly treatment, and fre-
quently yield obedience to a firm and salutary discipline,
the effects of which are evident in the memory of the
animal during long subsequent periods.

In the various formulae now to be considered, the
maximum or full dose is intended for mature dogs of the
Setter and Retriever class ; one-half for other breeds half
their size and weight, and one-third, one-fourth, or even
one-sixth, &c., for puppies and the breeds of correspond-
ing diminutive proportions.

The Bloodhound, St. Bernard, Mastiff and the like,
will require double, three-fourths, or one-half in addition
to the proportions laid down for Setters, size and age
being considered.

Alteratives. — A variety of substances are included
under the term which is neither precise nor commendable.
It is usually understood to refer to remedies which re-
store healthy functions to organs previously disordered.
If the definition be correct, all remedies are alteratives.

I. Sublimed sulphur, 5 grs. ; powdered nitre or
saltpetre, i gr. ; linseed meal, i or 2 grs. ; lard or palm-
oil, sufficient to incorporate the whole as a pill.

The above ingredients may be given in form of a

120 Materia Medica.

draught, in which case the lard or palm-oil is omitted,
and the dry powders are mixed in a tablespoonful of
linseed tea or thin gruel.

2. ^thiops mineral, 2 to 5 grs. ; powdered ginger,
\ to I gr. ; powdered rhubarb, 1 to 3 grs. Mix, and
form a pill with syrup, to be given every evening.

3. Plummer's pill, 2 to 5 grs. ; extract of hemlock,
2 to 5 grs. Mix, and give every night.

Such remedies are usually made use of during slight
febrile conditions, attended with defective appetite, slight
liver disorder, &c.

Anodynes. — These are remedies which allay pain, and
soothe the nervous system. In this way they remove
spasm, as in colic, diarrhoea, tetanus, &c. Opium, bella-
donna, hyoscyamus, &c., are chief examples.

1. For Simple Diarrhoea. — Prepared chalk, 2 drms. ;
aromatic confection, 1 drm. ; tincture of opium, 5 to 8
drms. ; rice water, or cool flour gruel, 8 oz. Mix. Dose,
two tablespoonfuls after each fluid evacuation.

2. Continued Diarrhoea. — Dilute sulphuric acid, 3
drms.; tincture of opium, 2 drms.; compound tincture
of bark, i oz. ; water, 6 J oz. Mix. Two tablespoonfuls
every four hours.

3. Castor or linseed oil, 2 oz.; tincture of opium, i oz,
Mix by agitation. Dose, a tablespoonful night and
morning during the diarrhoea.

4. Powdered opium, \ to 2 grs. ; prepared chalk, 5 to
10 grs. ; catechu, 5 grs.; powdered ginger and powdered
carraway seeds, of each, i to 3 grs. Mix, and form a
pill with simple syrup, and give every three hours.

5. " Sanitas" Fluid in doses of 10 to 30 or 80 drops,
in cold whey, flour gruel, mixed with the usual medicine,
is an invaluable agent in the protracted forms of diarrhcea
attended with off"ensive odours.

6. For Cramps or Spasms. — Powdered opium, J to

2 grs. ; spirit of chloroform 10 to 20 drops j camphor

3 to 10 grs. Mix, and give in a tablespoonful of
glycerine.

Antiseptics. — Antiseptics, or Antiputrescents, are
agents which prevent the septic or putrescent stage, and

Materia Medica. 12 i

thus arre?;t or destroy the noxious odours whirh are the
result of putrefaction, Thev are l^tri^^elv called for in
m^intainins; the purity of dwellings where t^">e I wer
animals are retained, especially when contagious diseases
are present, or offensive effluvia arise from the bad state
of the floor or drains, and to cleanse woodwork, &c.,
fouled hv animal discharges. When used for the latter
purposes thev are known as deodorisers or disi7ifectants.

1. *' Sajiitas " Oil stands pre-eminent for service in any
of the above-named departments when used in accordance
with the simple instructions furnished with each supply.
It has also a useful place in the treatment of some internal
diseases attended with putrid discharges, as diarrhoea,
metritis, cystitis, &c. For this purpose, and also for
promoting the healing of wounds, ''Sanitas" Oil has been
employed in the following form :

2. Antiseptic Mixture. — " Sanitas " Oil, 2 parts; gly-
cerine. 4 parts ; olive oil, 6 parts. Mix, and agitate
thoroughly, and keep in a well-corked bottle.

3. " Sanitas " Fluid is even more portable for many
purposes, needing only admixture with water or glycerine
for internal or external use.

4. Condfs Fluid is also effective when applied as
directed.

5. Any of the mineral acids, as sulphuric, nitric, muri-
atic, or acetic, diluted with 100 parts of water, form useful
antiseptic lotions for wounds and chronic discharges.

6. Chloride of zinc, 3 grs. ; distilled water, i oz. To
form a lotion, or as No. 8.

7. Lunar caustic, 5 grs. ; distilled water, i oz. To
form a lotion, or as No. 8.

8. Solution of sulphurous acid applied by the spray
producer, or as a lotion.

Antispasmodics. — Medicines of this class are also
anodynes (which see). They have the property of allaying
spasm or cramp ; hence the name.

1. Tincture of opium and sulphuric ether, of each,
5 to 60 drops; camphor mixture, i| drms. to i oz,
Mix, and give every two hours, during the attack.

2. Iniectioti. — Tincture ofopium, tincture of belladonna,

122 Materia Medica,

and sulphuric ether, of each i to 2 drms. ; gruel, 3 to 6
ozs. Mix, and use as required by means of an enema
syringe.

Aperients. — Aperients are mild, gentle purges. They
are also known as laxatives; and when required in
powerful form are termed cathartics.

1. A Mild Oleagi?ious Purge. — Castor oil, 4 drms. to
I J fluid oz. N.B. — For young dogs equal parts of castor
and linseed oil forms the best purgative.

2. Castor Oil Mixture. — Castor oil, 3 parts ] syrup of
buckthorn, 2 parts; syrup of white poppies, i part. Dose,
I dessert to i tablespoonful. Shake well before adminis-
tration.

3. Active Aperient. — Powdered jalap, i to 3 or 4
scruples ; calomel J to 2 grs.

4. Blue^ or Liver Pill. — Blue pill, 5 grs.; powdered
colchicum, 6 grs.; extract of colocynth, 10 grs. Full
dose.

5. Liver Pill, No. 2. — Blue pill, 5 grs. ; compound
extract of colocynth, 10 grs. ; oil of peppermint, or oil of
cloves, 3 to 6 drops.

Astringents. — Medicines of this class constrict animal
tissue, acting directly when applied to the part, or re-
motely when administered by the mouth or rectum.

1. Mixtures for Lnternal Use. — Tincture of opium, 25
drops; powdered catechu, 15 grs.; flour or powdered
starch, 2 drms. Mix, and administer promptly.

2. Powdered opium, 3 grs.; powdered alum, 10 to 15
grs.; ground ginger, 20 grs. ; strong tea, 2 fluid ozs.

Dissolve the alum in the tea, and add the other in-
gredients.

Nos. I and 2 are useful in protracted diarrhoea, &c.
When the evacuations are offensive, 5 to 10 drops to i tea-
spoonful of " Sanitas " fluid may be added.

Astringent Boluses for the dog useful in —

3. Diabetes or LJamorrhage. — Powdered opium, 2 to 3
grs. ; gallic acid, 4 to 6 grs. ; alum, 5 to 10 grs. ; pow-
dered bark, 10 grs. Linseed meal, enough to form a
bulus, to be given to a large dog (or divided for a small
one) two or three times a day.

Materia Medica. 123

4. Nitrate ol silver, \ gr. Crumb of bread, enough to
make a small pill, to be given twice a day, or divided
according to the size of the dog.

5. Astringent Wash for the Eyes. — Sulphate of zinc,
5 to 8 grs. ; water, 2 oz. Mix.

6. Goulard extract, i drm. ; water, i oz. Mix.

7. Nitrate of silver, 2 to 8 grs. ; water, i oz. Mix.

8. Wash for the Penis. — Sulphate of zinc, 6 to 10 grs.;
water, i oz. Mix.

9. Chloride of zinc, \ to i J gr. ; water, i oz. Mix.

10. Astringent Ointment for Piles. — Gallic acid, 10
grs. ; goulard extract, 15 drops ; lard, i oz. Mix.

Blisters. — Blisters are irritant applications designed to
produce inflammatory action in the skin. Their action,
when continued, is attended with the formation of vesicles,
or bladders, by which deeper-seated disease is overcome.
They are also known as counter-irritants. Prompt rising
of the blister is essential to successful treatment \ if these
results are delayed or absent, the original disease proves
refractory, and fatal issues may be expected.

1. Fluid Blister. — Olive oil, 20 parts; powdered
cantharides, i part. Mix, and heat in a water bath for
2 hours, then stand aside to cool. The fluid is then se-
parated by straining through fine muslin, after which add
2 drms. of oil of origanum. Apply a small quantity, and
rub well into the skin before the application is repeated,
otherwise the fluid will gravitate to lower portions and
produce unnecessary irritation.

2. Blistering Oi?itmeiit. — Powdered cantharides, i part ;
pure lard, 8 parts. Mix. This should be prepared
sometime before use.

3. Powerful and immediate action, when called for in
severe inflammation of important organs, may be induced
by the application of a rag saturated in spirit of turpen-
tine, or solution of ammonia, which should be covered
with a piece of oil-skhi or paper, and closely applied.

4. Mild Blister Ointtnent (counter-irritant). — Hog's
lard, 4 oz. ; Venice turpentine, i oz. ; powdered can-
tharides, 6 drms. Mix, and spread.

5. Stronger Blister (9/«/w^«/ (counter-irritant). — Spirit

124 Materia Medica.

of turpentine, i oz. ; hog's lard, 4 oz. ; powdered can-
tharides, i oz. Mix, and spread.

6. Very Siro?ig Blister (counter-irritant). — Strong mer-
curial ointment, 4 oz. ; oil of origanum, \ oz. ; finely-
powdered euphorbium, 3 drms. j powdered cantharides,
\ oz. Mix, and spread.

7. Rapidly Acting Blister (counter-irritant). — Best
flour of mustard, 8 oz., made into a paste with water.
Add spirit of turpentine, 2 oz. \ strong liquid of ammonia,
I oz. This is to be well rubbed into the chest, belly, or
back, in cases of acute inflammation.

8. Sweating Blister. — Strong mercurial ointment, 2 0z. ;
oil of origanum, 2 drms. : corrosive sublimate, 2 drms. ;
cantharides powdered, 3 drms. Mix, and rub in with
the hand.

9. Tincture of Iodine^ which should be painted on
with a brush daily, until it causes the cuticle to exfoliate.
It may then be omitted for a few days, to be resumed
after that interval.

Caustics. — Substances capable of exerting chemical
action on the living tissues are known as caustics, such
action being simply burning or decomposition. The
most familiar example is the actual or potential cautery,
or heated iron. Chemical agents as caustic soda, caustic
potash, and lunar caustic, or nitrate of silver, are also
variously employed. The general use is to stimulate
indolent wounds, repress luxuriant granulations, also
removing tumours, or parts destroyed by sloughing, and
arresting the flow of blood from injured vessels.

1. Caustic Potash is conveniently sold in sticks or
pencils, and requires a suitable holder for operating with
it. Its action is prompt and powerful, but being liable
to become fluid when exposed to the atmosphere, its
use is sometimes limited.

2. Lu?iar Custic, or nitrate of silver, is by far the most
manageable, and effective. It is sold in pencil form,
and also requires a holder of silver or platinum for its
preservation.

3. Sulphate of copper, burnt alum, verdigris, red pre-
cipitate, and corrosive sublimate are used in powder as

Materia Medica. 125

dry caustics. The last is often a dangerous remedy in
the hands of unskilled persons.

4. Muriate, or butyr of antimony, is a powerful caustic,
- useful for fungoid growths, &c. The addition of water

effectually destroys it. When dilution is needed, tincture
of myrrh is the proper agent.

5. Sulphuric, nitric, muriatic, and acetic acids are
also povveiful caustics, and with No. 4, are usually
applied by means of a small mop of cotton wool.

Caustic Lotions are made of any required degree of
strength, by the addition of water as follows :

6. Nitrate of silver, 3 to 15 grs. per ounce.

7. Corrosive sublimate, 3 to 10 grs.; muriatic acid,
J fluid drm.; cold distilled water, 7 J fluid drms. An efl"ec-
tive remedy for fistulous sinuses, indolent tumours, &c.

8. Sulphate of copper, 3 to 6 drms. ; sulphuric acid,
\ fluid drm. ; water, one pint.

9. Chloride of zinc, 3 to 5 grs. ; muriatic acid, 3 to 5
drops ; distilled water, i fluid oz.

Caustic Ointments find their base in hog's lard, vase-
line, cocoa butter, &c.

10. Verdigris, finely powdered, i to 3 or 4 oz. of one
or other of the bases named.

11. Sulphate of copper, finely powdered, i oz. ; to 3
or 4.

12. Burnt alum, i oz. to 3 or 4. Mix, in each case
causing thorough incorporation.

Clysters, Enemas or Injections. — Tv;o kinds of
clyster are in common use, fluid and gaseous. The
first are used to unload the rectum, remove obstruction,
relieve spasm, and promote intestinal action in debility ;
also to convey nutritious fluids to the bowels during the
process of wasting disease ; gaseous enemas are eff'ective
in allaying spasm, as in colic, &c.

I. Warm fluid clysters are constituted as follows:
They are used at a temperature of 90° to 100° F. Soft,
or hard soap, 2 drms. Cover the soap with boiling
water, and when the former is dissolved, add sufficient
cold to secure the above-named temperatures. Inject a
teacupful as required.

1 26 Materia Medica.

2. Common salt may be substituted for the soap when
a direct irritant action is required.

3. Medicated etiemas consist of some remedy added to
warm water, beef-tea, linseed mucilage, &c.

4. Flour, oatmeal, gruel, or beef-tea, 4 or 5 fluid ozs.,
spirits of nitrous ether, 2 to 4 drms. Useful when the
animal is unable to take food.

5. Tincture of opium, i fluid oz. ; powdered catechu,
4 drms. ; solution of starch, as used in the laundry.

\^^^^^^^^gm

Enema Syringe.

Enema Funnel.

thickened by boiling, i pint. Mix, and inject one-fourth
part as needful in persistent diarrhoea, dysentery, &c.

6. Gaseous Enema. — In some instances the fumes of
burning opium are useful as a means of reducing spasm
in colic and other affections of the bowels, but in all
cases the treatment calls for the greatest care.

Enema Funnel. — Various forms of apparatus are used
for administering an enema, the simplest being the
common funnel shown in figure annexed. The pipe, first
smeared with simple lard, oil, or soap, is carefully passed
within the intestine to the extent of two inches. The bowl
being upwards is filled with successive portions of the
fluid, which readily disappear with a gurgling sound. In

Materia Medica. 127

some instances a syringe, a cut of which is also given, is
made use of, the fluid being passed into the intestines by
means of pressure. Both instruments are to be obtained
from Messrs. Arnold & Sons, 31, West Smithfield, E.G.
Cordials. — The various warm aromatic seeds, ginger,
pepper, &c., are included in this term ; also fluids, as
nitric ether, &c., in certain instances. The seeds are
employed in the form of powder to assist the action of
mineral tonics in recovery from severe illness ; and the
latter is added to enemas to assist the general action
when needful, or given by the mouth with tincture of
cardamoms.

1. Cordial Pills. — Powdered carraway seeds, i\
drms. ; ginger, 20 to 40 grs. ; oil of cloves, 3 to 8
drops. Mix. Make 10 to 20 pills.

2. Cordial Drench. — Tincture of cardamoms, i drm. ;
aromatic spirits of ammonia, i drm. ; infusion of gentian,
I drm. ; camphor mixture, i oz. Mix. Divide into
doses of I or 2 drms., as needful, and give in linseed
mucilage. See Demulcents.

3. Liquorice powder, \ oz. ; gum ammoniacum, 3
drms. ; balsam of Tolu, ijdrm. ; powdered squill, i drm.
Linseed meal and boiling water, enough to form into a
mass, and make into 12 or 24 pills, or draughts as No. 2.

Demulcents. — These are a useful class of agents,
although destitute of any specific medicinal action. They
are, more correctly speaking, foods, which, containing a
large amount of mucilage, render them useful as
mechanical agents in providing a thick smooth protective
covering to irritable and inflamed tissues, notably the
intestinal mucous membrane, and those lining the lungs,'
kidneys, bladder, &c.

1. Linseed Mucilage. — Linseed, 4 oz. ; cold water, i
quart. Mix, cover up and set aside, frequently agitating.
In twenty-four hours it is ready for use. Add warm
water as required.

2. The above quantities may be boiled to expedite the
bursting of the seeds, and used when cool.

3. Marshmallows, a double handful ; boiling water, i
quart. Strain, and use when cool.

128 Materia Medica.

4. Gum arable, finely powdered, 4 oz. ; water, i pint*
Mix, and agitate frequently, until a mucilage is formed,
and administer 2 to 4 oz. for a dose.

Diaphoretics. — The power of promoting transpiration
from the skin of the dog, as in man or the horse, is a
matter of extreme doubt. The only reliable method of
accelerating the normal functions is by a judicious use of
stimulants, as ammonia, assisted by warm clothing or the
vapour bath.

Digestives. — These are agents used to promote the
discharge of pus, in stimulating the tardy or chronic
action of wounds, and thus promote healing. They are
also used for smearing setons with a view of hastening
desirable suppuration. In canine surgery they are not
largely made use of, simple resin or cantharidine oint-
ment being all that is required.

Diuretics. — Medicines which exert their beneficial
effect by stimulus of the kidneys are known as diuretics.
They reduce the watery parts of the blood and thus pro-
mote absorption, by which dropsical states are removed.
They also exert a sedative etfect on the circulation,
the object of which is to reduce the tendency to fever
and inflammation.

1. Bolus. — Nitrate of potash, i drm. ; extract of gen-
tian, sufficient to make a paste. Divide into 6, 8 or 10
pills, as may be required.

2. Draught. — Dissolve the required dose of nitrate of
potash in I or 2 oz. of Imseed mucilage.

Electuaries. — Electuaries are syrupy concoctions for
conveying medicines to the mouth for sustaining local
action. They slowly dissolve, and are carried by the
tongue to all parts of the cavity, exerting a beneficial
action when movement of the jaws is painful, or the
animal is unable 10 swallow.

I. Muriate of ammonia, i drm. ; camphor, i drm. ;
gum kino, i drm. Pulverise separately, and further
triturate the whole to an impalpable powder, then
add treacle sufficient to form a soft paste. Dose, half
a teaspoonfui placed on the tongue three or four times
a day.

Materia Medica. 129

2. Powdered catechu, i drm. ; linseed meal, i drm. ;
honey or treacle sufficient. Mix, and use as directed for
No. I.

Further remedies may be alternated with the foregoing
— viz., tannic acid, powdered galls powdered alum,
boracic acid, &c. &c.

Embrocations or Liniments. — These preparations
are for external use only, and should be distinctly labelled
as such, as powerful poisons are in some instances incor-
porated. They are designed to reduce pain, inflamma-
tion or swelling, especially old standing enlargements.

1. Stimulating. — Olive oil, 4 oz. ; liquor ammonia,
I J fluid drm.; oil of origanum, i drm. Mix. Apply
with friction.

2. Sedative. — Tincture of opium, i fluid oz. ; tincture
of belladonna, i fluid drm. ; olive oil, \ pint. Apply
with gentleness to the affected parts.

3. Soothing a7id Stimulating. — Soap liniment (opodel-
doc) 4 fluid oz. ; tincture of opium \ oz. Apply with
gentle friction to enlarged joints in the latter part of the
acute stages of inflammation.

4. For Dispersi7ig Enlargements. — Add to No. 3
tincture of iodine i oz., and agitate thoroughly. Apply,
as required, with smart friction.

5. Mustard Embrocation. — Best flour of mustard,
6 oz. ; liquor of ammonia, i J oz. ; oil of turpentine,
\\ oz. Mix with sufficient "water to form a thin
paste.

6. Stiviulath'ig Embrocation. — Camphor, J oz. ; oil of
turpentine and spirit of wine, of each \\ oz. Mix.

7. Sweating Embrocation for Windgalls^ ^c. — Strong
mercurial ointment, 2 oz. ; camphor, \ oz. ; oil of rose-
mary, 2 drms. ; spirit of turpentine, i oz. Mix.

8. Another^ but stronger. — Strong mercurial ointment,
2 oz. ; oil of bay, i oz. ; oil of origanum, \ oz. ; pow-
dered cantharides, \ oz. Mix.

9. A most Active Sweating Efnbrocation. — Red iodide
of mercury, J to i drm. ; powdered arnica leaves, i drm. ;
soap liniment, 2 oz. Mix.

N.B. — This must be repeated until a blister is raised,

9

130 Materia Medica.

which usually takes two or three applications. It may
then be omitted for a week.

Emetics. — Emetics are sometimes required for the
dog, though not so often as is commonly supposed.
Vomiting is a natural process in that animal, and seldom
wants provoking; indeed, if emetics are often had re-
course to, his stomach becomes so irritable that neither
medicine nor food will remain on it. Hence their
administration should be carefully kept within the bounds
of absolute necessity.

Under proper regulations emetics have a useful place
in canine medicine. They greatly assist other remedies
or measures by the facility with which they cause
rejection of the contents of the stomach, and produce
a direct sedative effect on the system, which proves
beneficial in active diseases as pneumonia, hepatitis,
enteritis, &c.

Prescriptions. — i. Tartar emetic, | to i gr. ; powdered
ipecacuanha, 4 to 5 grs. Mix, and dissolve in a little
water, to be given as a drench, and to be followed by
2 to 8 oz., of lukewarm water, in a quarter of an hour.

2. Coi7i77ion Salt Emetic. — A teaspoonful of salt and
half this quantity of mustard are to be dissolved in half
a pint of warm water, and given as a drench.

Expectorants. — Remedies of this class are employed
to assist or relieve the lungs by promoting discharge
from the mucous lining of the air passages, in which office
they prove eminently useful. They restrain irritation
and thus remove the cough which it occasions, promote
tranquillity, affording rest and comfort to jaded spirits,
and greatly facilitate recovery.

I. Bolus. — Carbonate of ammonia, finely powdered,
I drm. ; gum asafoetida, i drm. ; extract of belladonna,
12 grains. Pulverise the ammonia and gum separately,
using to the latter a few drops of spirit of wine, then
mix and triturate together, finally rubbing in the extract
with linseed meal and treacle to form a paste. Divide
into 12, 18, or 24 pills according to the size of the
patient.

2 Carbonate of ammonia, and carbonate of potash,

Materia Medica. 131

of each i drm., finely powdered ; extract of belladonna,
12 grs. ; powdered squills, i drm. Mix by trituration,
and work into a paste with careful and small additions of
oxymel squills. Divide into pills as directed for No. i.

3. Draught. — Spirit of nitrous ether, or aromatic
spirit of ammonia, i or 2 drms. ; oxymel squills, 2
drms. ; tincture of belladonna, i drm. Mix, add 7
drms. of linseed mucilage, and agitate thoroughly. Dose,
\X.o \ drm. (30 to 60 drops).

4. Ipecacuanha powder, i to \\ gr. ; powdered
rhubarb, i to 3 grs. ; compound squill pill, i to 2 grs. ;
powdered opium, J to i gr. Linseed meal and water,
enough to make a bolus, to be given night and morning.

5. Ipecacuanha powder and powdered opium, of each
a grain. Confection enough to make a pill, to be given
every six hours.

6. All Expectoratit Mixture for Chronic Cough. — Friar's
balsam, 10 to 15 drops; syrup of poppies, i drm. ; diluted
sulphuric acid, 5 to 10 drops ; mucilage, J oz. ; water,
\ oz. Mix, and give two or three times a day.

7. An Expectorant in Recetit Cough. — Tincture of
lobelia, 10 to 15 drops ; almond emulsion, i oz. ; extract
of conium, 2 to 3 grs. ; ipecacuanha wine, 5 to 10 drops.
Mix, and give two or three times a day.

Febrifuges. — Fever medicines or febrifuges comprise
a large number of substances having more or less direct
influence upon the heart and circulation, probably
through the nervous system, and the excretory channels.
They reduce existing febrile states by neutralising or
destroying the causes, rendering the process of inflam-
, mation less powerful under their presence and action.

1. Bolus. — Nitrate of potash, i drachm; camphor, 15
grains; digitalis, 12 grains. Reduce each separately to
powder, and afterwards triturate together, adding t
drachm of linseed meal, and treacle sufficient to m.ake
the mass. Divide into 12, 18 or 24 pills as needful.

2. Substitute 12 grains of extract of belladonna for the
digitalis in No. i.

3. Calomel, i to 3 grs.; digitalis, -J gr. ; nitre, 3 to
5 grs. Confection to form a pill, to be given every night,

132 Materia Medica.

4. Nitre, 3 to 5 grs. ; tartar emetic, Jth gr. Confec-
tion to form a pill, to be given night and morning.

5. Fever Mixture, — Nitre, i drm. ; sweet spirit of nitre,
3 drms. ; mindererus spirit, i oz.; camphor mixture, 6 J oz.
Mix, and give two tablespoonfuls every six hours.

6. Solution of the acetate of ammonia, 2 drms. ;
tincture of belladonna, i drm. ; sulphuric ether, i drm. ;
linseed mucilage, 4 drms. Dose, 60, 30, 15, or 10 drops
several times daily.

Fomentations. — In canine therapeutics this class of
remedy has no special advantages. Far better results are
produced by carefully immersing the sufferer in a warm
bath not higher than 76° F., the head being supported
above the fluid. This is a useful proceeding in cases of
internal spasm, nervous affections and other functional
disorders requiring soothing and sedative treatment. On
removal from the bath, which should not be continued
longer than ten or fifteen minutes at the most, the patient
should be quickly dried, at least as far as all means will
allow, and enveloped in a blanket and other coverings to
protect him from cold until he is quite dry. When the
hot bath proves too much, causing a disposition to faint,
or show any signs of distress by panting, &c., he should
be quickly removed, and revived by 5, 10 or 15 drops of
the aromatic spirits of ammonia.

Hypodermic or Subcutaneous Injections. — The
advantages of this method of treating disease in the lower
animals are such as to commend the practice in numerous
instances. It is not only cleanly, as waste is entirely
avoided, but the speediest results are secured, and animal
suffering frequently subdued, if not totally arrested, with
remarkable promptitude and permanence. By means of
a suitable syringe, provided with a tubular needle, the
administration is thus effected. A fold of the skin, seized
by the left hand, is raised from the body, and the point
of the needle is passed through the first layer, parallel
with the structures beneath. The fold is then released,
and spread or smoothed by the hand, when the piston
is pushed home, and the fluid permeates the interstices
of the connective tissue. Absorption is rapid, and the

Materia Medica. 133

physiological action of the remedy is often immediately
demonstrated, especially when powerful agents are made
use of.

It is essential to remind the reader that the greatest
attention will be necessary, in order to avoid an overdose,
or too frequent repetition. The remedies should be
carefully prepared solutions, and the exact degree of
strength must be ascertained. Indifference towards these
precautions will result in bitter regret and disappoint-
ment.

Inhalations. — The class of remedies useful as inhala-
tions have not as yet been put to an extended use.
Warm vapour is' very helpful in catarrhs by promoting
discharges from the nostrils and frontal sinuses. Medicated
inhalations are conducive also towards arresting the
progress of disease in catarrhs, especially those of an
influenzal or purpura type, "Sanitas" oil, or the fluid,
eucalyptol, &c., being added to the vapour, or used by
means of the spray distributor.

The inhalation of chloroform may be now so success-
fully administered as to be considered as near perfection
as possible. Humane proprietors will have no difficulty
in meeting with humane surgeons who successfully
conduct operations by means of this agent, thus reducing
many to the least possible degree of suffering or danger.

Lotions. — Lotions are usually solutions of one or
..nore remedies in water, and their principal uses are for
the healing of wounds, or the application of cold and
sedative influences to parts under inflammatory action.
They have but a limited use in canine practice, as the
natural habit of the animal to lick the part so treated
forbids the use of sufficiently potent remedies. When
it is desirable to adopt such, the animal must necessarily be
muzzled, the possibility of using the tongue being abso-
lutely prevented,

T. Cold water constantly applied is efficacious to in-
flamed limbs, &c.

2. Solution of the acetate of ammonia, 4 fluid oz. ;
spirit of wine, 4 fluid oz. ; water, one pint. Apply as
No. I.

134 Materia Medica.

3. Lotmisfor Sprains. — Tincture of arnica, 2 fluid oz. *,
spirit of wine, 6 fluid oz. Mix. Apply a thtn bandage
to the affected part, and keep it constantly wet with the
lotion to ensure cold by evaporation.

4. Goulard's extract of lead, 2 fluid oz. ; dilute acetic
acid, 2 fluid oz. ; distilled water, i pint. Apply as
No. I.

N.B. The dog must be muzzled to prevent his licking
the application.

5. Healing Lotion for Wotmds. — Sulphate of zinc.
I oz. ; sugar of lead, i oz. ; soft water, i quart. Shake
well before using, and dash the fluid, upon the wound
direct from the bottle. Muzzle the dog.

6. Cooling Lotion in Bruises or Cuts. — Extract of lead,
I drm. ; tincture of arnica, J to i drm. ; water, \ pint.
Mix, and apply constantly by means of a sponge.

7. Cooling Lotion in Stiffness from Bruises or Work. —
Tincture of arnica, i drm.; spirit of wine, 7 drms. Mix,
and rub well into the part, before the fire, with the hand.

8. Lotion for the Eyes. — Sulphate of zinc, 20 to 25 grs. ;
water, 6 oz. Mix.

9. Very Strong One, and only to be Dropped in. — Nitrate
of silver, 5 to 8 grs. \ distilled water, i oz. Mix, and use
with a camel-hair brush.

10. For Lnternal Canker. — Nitrate of silver, 10 grs.;
distilled water, i oz. Mix, and drop in every night.

Ointments. — Unguents, or Ointments, are soft com-
positions finding their base in pure hog's lard, with which
some special curative remedy is incorporated, examples
of which will be found under Anodynes, Astringents,
Blisters, &c. They are easily applied, and as a rule
remarkably effective, the emollient action of the grease,
combined with needful friction, being conducive to the
free absorption of the remedy which gives the essential
character to the compound.

1. Ointment for Mange. — Iodide of sulphur, i drm.;
pure lard, 10 drms. Mix, and apply with moderate
friction. Being non-poisonous, there is no fear of danger
from absorption, or being licked by the patient.

2. Green iodide of mercury, i drm. ; lard, 10 drms.

Materia Mcdica. 1 35

Mix, and apply as directed for No. i. In this case the
animal must be carefully muzzled to prevent licking.

Parasiticides. — The agents of this class are such as
possess the power of destroying parasites. Of those
common to the dog, two kinds are recognised — viz.,
External^ or those infesting the skin, and Internal, or
those common to the digestive organs, and included
under the familiar title of Worms.

External Applications for Mange.— i. Sublimed
sulphur, 8 oz. ; whale oil, 8 fluid oz. ; oil of tar, and blue,
or mercurial ointment, of each h fluid oz. The whole
should be thoroughly mixed before use.

2. Whale oil, 6 fluid oz. ; oil of turpentine, i fluid oz. ;
sulphur ointment, 6 oz. Mix. The above are for mild
cases only.

3. Creasote, \\ fluid oz. ; rectified spirit of wine,
15 fluid oz. ; water, 11 to 14 fluid oz. (Gamgee.)

4. Balsam of Peru, i oz. ; alcohol (spirit of wine),
4 fluid oz. (Fleming.) An effective and very safe
remedy, especially adapted for house dogs.

N.B. The above remedies are useful for sarcoptic
mange. The following are especially prepared for
follicular mange.

1. Olive oil, 14 fluid oz. ; creasote, i fluid oz. ; liquor
potassae, i fluid oz. Mix, and agitate thoroughly. Apply
by means of a piece of rag to all diseased parts every
third day, the dog having been thoroughly washed and
dried a few hours before dressing. (Hunting.)

2. Balsam of Peru, i part, dissolved in 30 parts of
alcohol. (Fleming.)

3. Nut oil, oil of tar, and spirit of turpentine, equal
parts, well shaken together. (Mayhew.)

Carbolic Acid Preparation. — Take carbolic acid (No. 5
preparation), i oz. ; soft soap, i. oz. ; water, 2 pints. Put
the soap into the water, and boil until it dissolves,
after which add the acid, and the moment the fluid boils
remove and set aside to cool. Use i part to 40 for local
applications, and i to 50 for extended use.

For Fleas and Lice. — Oil of aniseed, i fluid oz. ; gly-
cerine, I fluid oz. \ spirit of wine, 2 fluid drms. ; olive

136 Materia Medica.

oil, 4 fluid oz. Mix, and apply thoroughly to the skin
and hair, placing the dog meanwhile on a temporary bed.
After a few hours wash with warm water and " Sanitas "
dog soap.

For remedies for Internal Parasites, see Worm
Medicines.

Poultices. — The remarks already made in reference
to lotions apply also to poultices. The best substitute,
under the restrictions of a fine wire muzzle, is spongio-
piline. A piece of suitable size is selected, dipped in
hot water ^ partially wrung out, and rapidly bound upon
and around the limb if possible. For renewal, a second
piece is required, that the attendant may immediately re-
place the fresh, hot covering, on the removal of the first.
This material is made in various degrees of thickness,
thus presenting a most effective and cleanly method of
applying the best means for promoting suppuration in the
case of abscess, or as a fomentation to injured parts.

Medicated poultices also claim our notice. Their object
is the application of some remedial agent as well as heat,
for which purpose spongio-piline is eminently useful, cleanly
and effective. The arrangement consists of cutting the
spongio-piline to a size suitable for an entire covering to
the affected parts, after which it is plunged into hot or
cold water, as required, and quickly pressed to remove
superfluous fluid. It is next spread out and saturated
with the remedy, and applied to the affected parts with-
out delay. When the application is to be hot, the remedy
should also be heated by admixture, as with water of suit-
able temperature. Heat or cold, to prove serviceable,
must be continuous to the well-ascertained end of the
operation. The reverse brings inevitable disaster and
disappointment.

Purgatives, see Aperients.

Stimulants. — By this term is understood those sub-
stances which excite the action of the whole nervous and
vascular systems \ almost all medicines are stimulants to
some part or other, as, for instance, aperients, which
stimulate the lining of the bowels, but to the general
system are lowering. On the other hand, stimulants, so

Materia Medica . 1 3 7

called, excite and raise the action of the brain and
heart.

I. Stwiulatifig Mixture. — Aromatic spirit of ammonia,
I 02. ; tincture of cardamoms, i oz. ; camphor mixture,
6 oz. Mix, and give two table-spoonfuls every six hours.

Stomachics. — Stomachics are medicines given to im-
prove the tone of the stomach when impaired by bad
management or disease.

1. Stoviachic Bolus. — Extract of gentian, 6 to 8 grs. ;
powdered rhubarb, 2 to 3 grs. Mix, and give twice a day.

2. Stomachic Mixture. — Tincture of cardamoms, \ to
I oz. ; infusion of cascarilla, 7 oz. ; carbonate of soda,
\ drm. Mix : give one or two table-spoonfuls twice a day.

Styptics. — Styptics are remedies which have a ten-
dency to stop the flow of blood either from internal or
external surfaces. They are used either by the mouth,
or to the part itself in the shape of lotions, &c. ; or the
actual cautery, which is always the best in external
bleeding.

Internal Styptics. — i. For Bloody Uri?ze, or Bleed-
ing from the Lungs. — Superacetate of lead, 12 to 14 grs. ;
tmcture of matico, J to i oz. ; vinegar, 2 drms. ; water,
7 J oz. Mix; give two table-spoonfuls two or three
times a day to a full-sized dog.

Tonics. — Tonics augment the vigour of the whole
body permanently, whilst stimulants only act for a short
time. They are chiefly useful after low fever.

1. 7<?;?zV /*///$•.— Sulphate of quinine, i to 3 grs. ; gin-
ger, 2 to 3 grs. Extract of gentian, enough to form a
bolus, to be given twice a day.

2. To7iic Mixture. — Compound tincture of bark, i oz. ;
decoction of yellow bark, 7 oz. Mix, and give two table-
spoonfuls twice or thrice a day.

Worm Medicines (Parasiticides). — AVorm medi-
cines, or vermifuges, are given in order to expel worms,
which they do partly from their specific action upon the
parasite itself, and partly by their purgative qualities,
which all ought to possess, or to be followed by medi-
cines of that class.

I. For Worms Generally, — Two drachms of powdered

1 3 8 Blood Diseases.

areca nut to be given mixed up in water as a drench, and
followed by a dose of castor oil. This is the dose for a
very large dog. It may be regulated for all sizes by
giving 2 grains of the nut for each pound the dog weighs.

2. Medicines for Round-Worm. — Infusion of Indian
pink, I to 3 table-spoonfuls, on an empty stomach.

3. Santonine, 3 to 4 or 5 grs. ; jalap, 5 to 10 grs. ; pow-
dered ginger, 3 to 5 grs. ; extract of gentian to make a
pill.

4. For Tapeivoi-m. — Kousso, 2 to 4 drms. ; lemon
juice, J oz. Mix, and give as a drench, with the addition
of a little water, on an empty stomach. This should be
followed by a dose of castor oil eight hours after.

5. For Tapeworm (another plan). — Root of male fern,
I to 4 drms.; powdered jalap, 15 grs. Liquorice pow-
der or linseed meal enough to form a bolus with water.

6. Oil of male shield fern, 20 drops; sulphuric ether,
60 drops ; oil of turpentine, 30 drops. Mix. Add the
white of one egg ; 2 drams of glycerine, and beat to-
gether. iVhen thoroughly incorporated administer to the
dog when the stomach is empty.

CHAPTER IX.
BLOOD DISEASKS.

Plethora— Obesity— Anaemia — Rheumatism — Rickets or Rachitis— Inter-breed-
ing— Crooked or Eandy-legs — Leuchsemia — Jaundice — Uraemia— Apncea.

The blood in its circulation or movement through the
numberless vessels of the body is exceedingly liable to
deterioration by admixture with various foreign substances.
The vital constitution is more or less depleted, and when
the causes are continued, it fails to nourish the body in
its integral parts ; or the excess of foreign materials,
although strictly speaking they are food elements, but

Blood Diseases. 1 39

insufficiently elaborated, may induce severe general
disorder ; still worse results may follow the not infrequent
decay or degeneration of such food elements, which are
retained in consequence of the attendant inability of the
system at the time to expel them. Suspension of function
more or less, is a constant sequel to over-repletion. The
system suffers frequently, but regains the power to throw
off the offender ; at length it fails to recoup itself, vital
stamina is impaired, and the next attack has removed
the conditions from the area of simple disorder. Vital
action is impaired by reason of structural decay or
permanent change, and the conditions are those of
disease, with the possibility that the changes are not only
of permanent duration, but functions essential to life are
seriously interfered with or destroyed, and the end,
sooner or later, is death. Such conditions are recognised
in one or other of the following forms.

Plethora or fulness of blood, consists of an excess of
nutritious elements derived from the food, which, circu-
lating through the body, gives rise to rapid growth and
development known as "blooming condition." The
absence of needful exercise largely favours these states
and renders the consequences dangerous. Overfed, obese,
and inactive dogs are the usual subjects.

Symptoms. — In addition to the conditions already
named, the animal exhibits a generally bloated appear-
ance ; the skin is hot, dry, and red. The mucous
membranes are also injected, or highly coloured. The
mouth is dry, or slimy, breath faint, or disagreeable,
bowels constipated, urine highly coloured, and probably
offensive. The creature is indolent, drowsy, tires on the
least exertion ; the artery is full, and the circulation
unusually accelerated, imparts a strong resistance to the
finger, and the general temperature is increased.

Treatment. — Reduce the blood pabulum by purgatives
occasionally. Change the food, substituting a less
quantity, of less nutritious quality, and especially
institute regular exercise to stimulate the natural func-
tions of waste, decay, and expulsion of the effete
products.

140 ^lood Diseases.

Obesity. — Following hard upon the conditions of
Plethora is the disposition to accumulate fat. The
degrees of this are various, culminating in a state of
superlative inability, associated with positive ugliness.
Internally the organs are surrounded by accumulations
of fat, which impede the essential functions, and often
cause sudden death. Even the muscles are replaced by
fat, and the animal is a trouble if not a torture to
himself.

The Causes are those enumerated under Plethora, a
discontinuance of which must be ensured before curative
measures can be successful.

Treatment. — Avoid the causes which generate Plethora.
Institute gentle exercise, gradually increased as the effects
are fruitful. Substitute a less fattening diet. In spite of
these measures some cases refuse to yield even to the
exhibition of strong medicine of an aperient character.
In such an event regular doses of iodine should be
given in conjunction with aperient medicines at stated
intervals.

Anaemia. — Deficiency of Blood. — This definition indi-
cates the exact reverse of the state known as Plethora.
The deficiency applies to the pabulum or rich elements
needful for building up the body. It is the disease of
badly fed dogs, especially puppies, in which the organis-
ation lacks vigour and development. It is the outcome
of overcrowding, bad smells, ivant of light and fresh air.,
especially when unsuitable, or unnutritious and in-
digestible food is supplied.

Symptoms. — Weakness, often amounting to prostration,
precarious appetite, indisposition to rise, generally
depressed spirits, cold limbs, which sometimes swell,
pallid membranes, staring coat, scanty excretions, with
general inability for any exertion. The mouth is cool
and the gums with the tongue are remarkably pale.
Diarrhoea usually supervenes and terminates fatally.

Treatment. — Remove the cause. Supply good food
judiciously^ together with fresh air, water, etc. Treat the
diarrhoea by means of half or quarter doses of oil and
laudanum, and when successfully arrested, commence

Blood Diseases. 141

carefully with a course of iron tonics with quinine in
small dcses.

Rheumatism. — This disease owes its origin to the
state of the blood as the result of impaired digestion and
assimilation : it is charged with elements inimical to its
constitution, an arrest of certain functions being the
cause of their accumulation and retention within the
organism. The disease exhibits a preference for particular
tissue, such as the joints and ligaments, when it is known
as articular rheumatism; and in the muscles, especially
their terminations and attachments by tendons. The
latter form producing much stiffness of the body,
especially, has been known for generations as the "chest-
founder " of the old farriers, and lumbago of more recent
days. In sporting dogs the disease appears as the result
of cold and damp quarters, hence the term " kennel-
lameness."

Two forms are observed, the acute and chronic, the
first, as a rule, subsiding into the latter, assuming per-
sistent and incurable states, extremely liable to aggrava-
tion by adverse states of the temperature and moisture
of the air. The acute form is also liable to become
periodic, and heart complications, as valvular disease,
of a serious and fatal nature are common.

Symptoms. — In the acute articular form the joints are
hot, swollen, and intensely painful. Movement causes
intense agony, which the sufferer avoids, but yelps
piteously when forced to change his position.

In the muscular form or " chest-founder," the sufferer
is more or less unable to advance the forelegs, or move
the shoulders, which are stiff, the whole of the limbs
being carried in a piece, and with extreme care. The
sufferer objects to being handled, and yells loudly when
the limbs are manipulated, especially if abducted or
moved away from the body. Considerable fever is
present.

In lumbar rheumatism the same objection to move-
ment is evident. The back is arched upwards, the feet
being near together, movement in any direction causing
intense agony, and as a result, the creature refuses to be

142 Blood Diseases.

disturbed, and pressure, or forced movement rouses his
anger by the intense pain which attends the least change
of position.

Constitutional disturbance is severe in each of the
forms, the temperature being increased, the pulse rapid,
hard, and sharply defined, respiration accelerated,
tongue coated with mucus, breath foul, bowels con-
stipated, and the urine deficient, depositing a sediment
on cooling. The same tendency to move from one part
or go out to another as seen in the human subject,
characterises the disease in canine sufferers, and an
intensely inflamed joint may be apparently sound in a
few hours, the disease being transferred with all its
severity to another. The erratic nature of the disease is
particularly striking, and serves an important purpose in
correct diagnosis.

Treatment. — The bowels should be moved in the
earliest stages, assisted by enemas. Give the fever bolus
No. I, page 131, or one of the draughts there pre-
scribed. In the early stages of extreme constitutional
disturbance one or two minims of Fleming's tincture of
aconite may replace the belladonna. It, however, re-
quires great care, and must not be continued too long.
In addition, and between the other remedies, 20 or 30
grains of the bicarbonate of potash or soda may be given
in half or one ounce of water.

In the chronic form, the disease appears to be milder.
There is less pain and little disposition to move from one
part to another. Deformity of limb is common and is
associated with enlargement, which sufters aggravation in
changes of weather. In this instance a modification in
the essentials of treatment is called for, the most useful
remedies being salicylic acid and colchicum, or iodide
of potassium with the carbonate of soda, or potash.
Blisters, and setons to the affected joints are sometimes
serviceable.

As damp and cold are undoubtedly active agents in
the development of the disease, prevention depends on
the adoption of warm, dry, and airy quarters ; and when
dogs are washed, to ensure they are carefully dried

Blood Diseases. 143

subsequently by friction with towels, &c., being quickly
removed to sheltered places, free from direct draughts,
and having a normal temperature.

The complication, valvular disease of the heart, will
be referred to under diseases of the circulatory system
in Chapter XII.

Rickets or Rachitis. — The deformities which charac-
terise this aifection are the evidences of an abnormal
state of the digestive and assimilative functions. Flesh
and fat may be greedily partaken of, but the power to
convert earthy or calcareous matters into true, solid
bone structure is absent. The disease is not so common
or widespread as generally supposed. Many crooked,
bow, or bandy legged dogs, especially whelps, are met
with, but these form a totally distinct class, often deriving
their characteristics from the irregularities of their
mongrel descent. The ricketty whelp is sickly, weak,
and ailing, always morbid, and rarely worth the trouble
which the apparent gravity of the case demands.

The symptoms are briefly as follow. The bones are
the seat of the principal abnormalities, swellings of
variable size being present on the limbs, sometimes in
connection with the joints, attended with more or less
inflammatory action, pain, and lameness. The latter is
so pronounced in some cases as to render the animal
incapable of rising from the bed. The legs are thus
deformed by bends, or twists, the weight of the body
being instrumental in their production. Bulging of the
facial bones, or jaws is also somewhat common. The
spine and ribs are more rarely affected, but the same
want of earthy material is evident with more or less
softening after death. The coat stares, the flanks are
hollow, the loins narrow, and the whole vertebrae develop
the razoi back appearance. The mucous membrane and
the " white " of the eye, are singularly pale, and the
creature as a whole is a miserable and profitless being.

Treat metit.-'^MZQ.t^s attends only upon those cases in
which the disease is of a recent or slight nature, and
when fresh air, light, suitable food and freedom from
cold and damp are ensured. The food should contain

144 Blood Diseases,

the elements necessary for bone formation, as lime water,
finely ground bones or egg shells, good oatmeal porridge
forming the medium as well as the bulk of the daily food.
Cod-liver oil, glycerine, or linseed oil should be variously
alternated with the foregoing to promote assimilation,
and impart warmth. Additional advantages will be
derived from daily, but suitable and gentle exercise.
As a general medicine, the following may be advan-
tageous : — Cod-liver oil, or linseed oil, and lime water,
of each 8 fluid ounces ; solution of dialised iron, one
fluid ounce; aromatic spirit of ammonia, one fluid
ounce. Mix the oil and lime water together and shake
well; next add the ammonia and again agitate; finally
put in the iron solution and mix. The dose should vary
from one teaspoonful to a tablespoonful twice a day,
age and size of the patient being considered.

It remains to be stated with emphasis \hdXricketty dogs
should not be used for breeding purposes. Male and female
alike hand down the defects and hereditary taint, which
effectually frustrate the designs of the owner to improve
his animals through that means.

Inter-breeding, or breeding from animals of close con-
sanguinity is also set down as the cause or origin of
rickets as well as many other diseases. This is un-
doubtedly true when one or both parents are unsound
from existing disease. We need to remember that a
close system of in-breeding has given us our famous
flocks and herds, as well as unrivalled studs of the finest
horses. A true system of in-breeding is based on careful
selection of the healthiest as well as the best formed
animals, and the results are inevitably favourable, even
with animals of close consanguinity. Health, hardi-
hood, vigour, conformation, (S:c., are fortunately as
hereditary as the taint of scrofula, or any other specific
disease, the value of the progeny being in direct ratio to
the soundness or otherwise of the parents.

Crooked or Bandy Legs are peculiarly common to
some breeds of dogs, and of late years the deformity has
gradually come to be esteemed as a peculiarity of breed.
The Dachshund and Basset Hound are of this class.

Blood Diseases. 145

It is not improbable that originally the defect, for such
it must be considered, had its origin in the hereditary
transmission of a weakly constitution, and later in
attenuation of form and physical development. The
absence of sound judgment in the selection and mating
of canine animals is evident in the various deformities
of the heavier breeds, as the Mastiff and St. Bernard.
The system of feeding also, as inducing weight of body
while sacrificing the essentials of the bony skeleton is
probably the immediate cause. What we v/ould think of
the builder who places his superstructure on an inferior
foundation ? The breeding from animals possessing
heavy carcases set on inferior legs, composed of deficient
osseous material is a practice of similar kind, having the
same inevitable results.

Leuchsemia or Leucocythsemia, otherwise ivhite
b/ood, or white cell bloody is described as occuring in canine
and other animals, as well as the human subject. As its
name implies, the corpuscles of the blood are white, the
characteristic red or crimson colour being absent as a
result of disease in the blood-producing organs — viz.,
the spleen, lymphatic glands, or spinal marrow.

Dogs and cats suffer most of all domestic animals,
usually at or about the middle, or in advanced life. The
cause appears to be due to engorgement of the spleen
with blood, and later to its becoming thickened, hard,
and anaemic, finally involving other organs as the liver,
kidneys, etc., and ending in death.

The disease is identified with difficulty, examination
of the blood during life being the only reliable test.
The outlines of a cure have not yet been defined.

Jaundice or Icterus, is essentially a disease of the blood
owing to retention of bile products, and indicated by a
deep yellow colour of the tissues. As the original cause
is disease of the liver, the subject will be suitably con-
sidered in connection with the several maladies of that
rgan. (See Chapter XIII.)

Ursemia is the state of blood poisoning by retention
of elements which should be expelled by the kidneys.
The skin exhales a strong and sickly odour of urine in

10

146 specific and Contagious Diseases.

fully developed cases, the mouth being slimy and equally
offensive, and the feces are small, hard, glazed with
mucus, and emits the same disagreeable odour. The
end soon comes on. Dulness is followed by insensibility,
the animal lies stretched on the side, and life gradually
passes away. Uraemia may be due to disease of the
kidneys, but as a rule it is the result of obscure causes,
without special disease of those organs.

Apncea.— This is a form of blood-poisoning arising
from an arrest of the functions of the skin. It is mainly
due to the use of large quantities of resinous ointments
and other agents which prevent due transpiration.
Among horses and sheep the disease is more or less
prevalent, but in dogs, as the skin is less active, this form
of disease is not so common.

CHAPTER X.
SPECIFIC AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

Anthrax— Cholera— Diphtheria— Distemper— Eczema Epizootica— Glanders-
Measles —Rabies— Relapsing Fever— Septicaemia— Tuberculosis— Variola
or Small Pox.

The specific diseases of the blood in canine animals
have received much greater attention in later years, and
close observation has been rewarded by the recognition
of various forms from which the system of the dog was
believed to be practically exempt. This may possibly be
due to the extension of the causes, the majority of which
bear close relation to our international relations with
other countries of the world. They present a wide field
for study, especially in their relation to the diseases of
mankind, and in a few years hence the present list may
be considerably extended and enriched by further dis-
coveries, removing many diflftculties we now experience.

Anthrax, or Charbon, otherwise coal, derives its

specific and Contagious Diseases. 147

name from the dark coloured or black state of the
blood.

The usual form of infection is by means of the flesh of
cattle which have died of the disease, or when the dog
has been allowed to forage among the excrement of those
suffering from the intestinal form. The disease has
appeared with violence among foxhounds, from which the
losses have been serious, but as a rule dogs resist the
poison better than cattle.

Symptoms. — The intestinal form of the malady is most
common. It commences by violent colic, during which
the bowels are moved, the evacuations being mixed with
blood. Vomition is likewise severe, the contents of the
stomach being largely mixed with blood. Recovery is
more common in the dog than among cattle. In some
instances the lymphatic glands about the throat and neck
rapidly swell, with local tumefaction and serous infiltra-
tion of the surrounding tissues^ which greatly interfere
with respiration. The skin and parts thus implicated,
together with the membrane of the mouth, and tongue, is
spotted with blood effused beneath, and shortly becomes
gangrenous; viscid saliva copiously flows from the mouth,
and the bowels discharge fluid faeces largely mixed with
blood. The affected animal usually dies within three to
five days, or recovery is betokened within that time. As
a result of the contagion entering by the mouth, the
buccal membrane lining the whole cavity is often studded
with blebs or pustules, which occasion severe fever and
irritation. Such states are believed by the ignorant to be
the result of an encounter with a toad, snake, &c. It is
said that a dog aff"ected with anthrax will convey the
disease by attacking with his teeth. If this is correct,
may we not suppose it is due to the presence of blood or
other matter on which the animal has fed previously ? If
it is proved to be conveyed by the saliva, or discharges
from the blebs, &c., in his mouth, we realise the formid-
able nature of the complaint, and the need for the
greatest caution.

Treatment must be regulated by the attendant circum-
st-ances. The milder forms., and only when the dog is

148 specific and Contagious Diseases,

valuable, should be treated, as great risk is imminent
from the conveyance of fatal blood-poisoning. The care
of the patient properly rests with a qualified veterinary
surgeon. '^Sanitas" disinfectants should be largely made
use of for purifying the litterj floor, &c., fouled by the
discharges, and as a wash for the mouth, nothing answers
better than *' Sanitas" fluid diluted with an equal bulk of
water. One or two fluid drachms with one ounce of cold
water will form an excellent medicine, which may be
given several times daily; and a fluid injection, say two
to four ounces of tepid water containing one teaspoonful,
will materially aid in correcting the offensive dejections.
Otherwise the warmth and general comfort of the animals
must be ensured.

Cholera. — The communication of cholera to the dog
or cat may not be improbable. Both these animals in their
association with mankind run serious risk during an
outbreak of the disease. They may partake of the malady
by their disposition to seek deUcate morsels from the
evacuations or vomited matters ; they may also become
carriers of contagion, and spread the disease far and wide
among the population of the district. With regard to the
first, the evidences of cholera in either dog or cat are by
no means clear. During visitations of the plague in
certain countries, cats and dogs have suffered extensively
from an epizootic form of disease which has been recog-
nised at the least as of a choleraic nature, and exceedingly
fatal even after a few hours. The chief symptoms were
severe vomiting, &c., with violent as well as profuse
diarrhoea ; the animal appeared to be suddenly reduced,
having a " pinched " or wasted appearance, and the eyes,
sunk deep in the orbits, added considerably to the woe-
begone or dejected condition. After death the internal
evidences very closely agreed with those witnessed in the
human subject. It has, however, been carefully ascer-
tained that notwithstanding the great similarity in the
post-mortem appearances, the true choleraic poison was
probably not present.

Diphtheria. — Prominently among the discoveries of

specific and Contagious Diseases. 149

recent years is the susceptibility of dogs to diphtheria.
The cause is ascertained to rest with the defective state
of the drainage, the gases from which are inhaled, or by
the access of putrilage to the system, the medium being
the food. By nature the dog is surprisingly immune as
to many putrid forms of disease, as he is almost the only
scavenger in many countries; yet it appears to be possible
for the system to become susceptible as the animal is
exposed to the operation of causes while under con-
strained or domestic conditions. My late friend Professor
Robertson, in his extended observations was enabled to
witness the effects of the disease in a number of horses,
as well as a kennel of greyhounds, and I give the results
of his experience in the following observations.

Some of the cases were characterised by high fever at
the outset, when the inflammation was acute, the mouth,
fauces, tonsils and palate being of a dark red colour,
tense, smooth, and glistening, as a result of distension
from sub-cellular infiltration. The gland structures were
swollen and tender, which rendered swallowing difficult
or impossible. The early signs were increase of temper-
ature, accelerated pulse and respiration, and when this
increased functional activity subsided, the animal was
depressed, and hstless from a want of muscular energy.
The end of the disease was betokened by emesis,
diarrhoea and death. In those surviving twenty-four
hours were the characteristic grey coagulable exudate,
sometimes arranged in spots or stripes, but always
adherent to the mucous membrane ; more frequently
the exudation was glossy, tenacious, soft, and devoid of
structural arrangement, or granular miaterial was thickly
deposited in some parts, or almost absent in others.

In another form there was less fever, and the power of
swallowing was only slight.

In the third form the disease was principally located in
the nasal passages, being characterised by dulness, and
fever of a low type, with sore throat, sanious discharge
from the nostrils, and a similar fluid, mingled with saliva,
flowed over the tongue when the mouth was examined.

150 'Specific and Contagions Diseases.

Of the few which recovered, one became blind of both
eyes from infiltration of the layers of the cornea, but
ultimately sight was restored. Another, affected a fort-
night later, was seized with clonic spasms of the
muscles of the face and cervical region, followed in a few
days by paraplegia. After a tedious convalescence this
animal recovered his full nervous power.

Examination of the drains proved them to be full of
filth, which had percolated through the floor of the
kennels, and escape of effluvia took place through a
perforated grating, conditions which fully accounted for
the fatality.

Other writers have noticed the occurrence of diphtheria
in dogs from the consumption of the excreta of human
patients under the disease. And Professor Law also
alludes to croup as occurring in the dog, probably
due to the confinement within buildings to which
mephitic vapours have gained more or less constant
access.

Distemper. — In the list of canine ailments distemper
probably ranks first in importance, prevalence, severity,
and fatality. It is a specific disease, and usually believed
to be closely associated with early life, a peculiarity which
may, to some extent, be responsible for its fatality. In
later years the belief in a contagion by which it is carried
from one animal to another, has included it among the
highly infectious maladies, yet some who accept the
theory of its being " self-generated," also admit that
many dogs safely pass through the vicissitudes of life
without contracting the disease. It is also in evidence
that one attack does not always ensure immunity from a
second, or even a third. Various attempts have been made
to establish identity witli various diseases of other animals
and the human subject, which, it is almost needless to
state, have failed. In our student days, we assisted in
the inoculation of numerous dogs as a preventive, the
belief of our teacher in that day being that the disease
resembled smallpox of the human subject.

JSlatiire. — The evidences gained by a careful study of
the disease are decidedly in favour of its being dependent

specific and Contagious Diseases. 1 5 1

upon an altered condition of the blood, leading to an
asthenic or debility of a peculiarly low type. It may be
located at one time in a special set of organs, and during
a succeeding attack the manifestations are removed to a
totally distant part : thus, at one time it is wholly catarrhal,
and in other instances it proves to be either pulmonary,
intestinal, hepatic, or cerebro-spinal, all of which may
suffer modification in their special characteristics under
various circumstances.

Causes. — Contact with diseased animals is perhaps the
chief. The exciting causes are those which by inducing
debility, impoverishment of the blood, &c., favour the
attack, such as bad or insufficient food, damp, over-
crowded, or ill-ventilated dwellings, over-feeding, want
of exercise, &c. &c. Worms and teething also contribute
their share in reducing the natural stamina of the system.
As we are assured of the demonstration of a special
disease producing bacterium of micrococcus characters,
we may content ourselves in the inevitable assurance of
the contagious cause under all circumstances.

Symptoms. — The most recent views of the nature of
this disease are that, primarily, it is a specific form of
catarrh, in which the mucous membrane of the air pas-
sages, or the upper alimentary track, as far as the stomach,
are involved, degenerating, as already stated, into one
or other of the forms of pneumonia, hepatic or bilious,
enteric or intestinal, and cerebro-spinal or nervous
disease.

The earliest signs of disorder are dulness, lassitude,
snuffling or slight husk, or coughing fit, at the close of
which the animal attempts to vomit. Somewhat later he
is found trembling, with staring coat, a fit of shivers
ushering in a subsequent stage. The pulse and tempera-
ture are increased, the latter rising to 104° or 105° F.
The respiration soon becomes accelerated, and the
mucous membranes slightly reddened, which provokes a
watery discharge from the eyes and nostrils, and a fre-
quent blowing of air from the latter. In a few hours the
watery discharges become muco-purulent, or partly
mucus and pus, the mouth is hot, and the tongue coated

152 specific and Contagious Diseases.

with dirty-looking mucus. Shortly the throat is inflamed
and sore, outward pressure causing pain and coughing,
the urine scanty and highly coloured, bowels constipated,
legs and ears cold, and appetite very capricious, any
attempt to swallow provoking vomition. In mild cases
these signs prevail some days, and the patient may
recover, or the change may be in the development of
severe complications, often ending in some incurable
form of disease, or death within a few days.

There are also conditions which merge from the simple
catarrh at the outset, which we must now notice. The
disease may appear to be mainly located in the nose,
eyes, &c. The discharges grow exceedingly thick and
tenacious, accumulating around the eyelids, on the face
below, and about the nostrils and lips. The eyelids are
closed and even united by the hardened discharge, and
the breathing is impeded by similar accumulations in the
nostrils, relief in either case being gained only by care-
ful soaking with warm water, and removal of the en-
crustations. Blood circulation and supply are deficient,
the result of which is that the parts affected are not
nourished ; the discharges are offensive, and contain
blood, the resuH of ulceration, which appears in the form
of numerous sores on the nostrils, lips, and even the
gums, tongue, &c. The eyes are likewise involved,
opaque spots first appearing on the eyeballs, and by sub-
sequent ulceration or abscess, perforate the tissues and
the aqueous humour escapes. In those cases which
recover, the process of repair is wonderfully rapid and
effective, the eye being ultimately clear and sight unim-
paired. Similar results are not uncommon with respect
to the general state of disease. The animal is fearfully
prostrated, and each day is thought to be his last. A
few hours decides the issue of the case, and he suddenly
pulls himself together, enters on the path to recovery,
and in a few days is convalescent. In other cases, and
in the earlier stages, improvement is suddenly apparent
by the absence of all the severe symptoms ; shortly, how-
ever, he appears weak in the back, is unusually excitable,
and at length the worst that can befall him is seen in the

specific ajid Contagions Diseases, 1 5 3

evidence of epileptic fits, St. Vitus's dance, or paralysis.
Sometimes, owing to bi"ain complication, the sufferer
engages in a continual walking in one direction, and in
the form of a circle, evidently in a state of stupor or
partial insensibility, which terminates in complete coma
and death.

The Respiratory or Pulmonary form of Distemper is
essentially that of Bro7ich,itis of a low and aggravated
character, the post-mortem evidences being those
common to the usual disease of that name, but asso-
ciated with general specific blood derangement. i^See
Bronchitis.)

In the Biliary or Hepatic form jaundice is conspicuous
by the yellow colour pervading the tissues generally.
The tinge, more or less intense, is seen to great advan-
tage in the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue,
nostrils, eyelids, eyeball, the haw, vulva, and rectum. It
is associated with intense depression, a feature which
adds considerable difficulty in combating the associated
blood poison and its destructive effects. {^Scc Jaundice.)

Enteric or Intestinal Distemper is principally confined
to younger dogs and puppies, which are peculiarly liable
in their immature state of physical development to con-
tract a state of blood disease, even under the least
favourable circumstances. Worms in the intestines, also
teething, often prove exceedingly trying to these creatures,
and under their continued effects, without due care as to
suitable food, exercise according to capacity, comfortable
quarters, &c., the causes of blood derangement are not
far distant.

In ordinary Distemper the tendency to a loose state of
the bowels is general, thus completing the list of signs
which are characteristic of blood diseases. A state of
looseness is often present from the first, the faeces being
laden with mucus shed by the lining membrane of the
bowels. Further action induces congestion of the tissues,
which is followed by rupture of the minute vessels ;
blood oozes, and being irritant as well as an animal
poison, causes stoppage and sloughing, when an ulcer
forms, another source of bleeding; thus the faeces

1 54 Specific and Contagious Diseases.

soon become dark-coloured, or black, emitting an
offensive odour. Severe colic accompanies the changes
referred to, and great depression is evident, the pulse is
now running down, temperature declines rapidly, and the
animal dies in agony. When this is the case a portion
of the intestine may be observed, on post-mortem ex-
amination, to be firmly contracted, congested, and
probably infiltrated, as well as ulcerated. Some cases
do not proceed thus far, death arising from blood-
poisoning and coma.

Ecze?na of a severe form is another serious compli-
cation. Innumerable pustules form over the body, or
perhaps only over the surface of the belly, some of which
are so small as to resemble the puncture by a pin ;
others are larger and well defined, while a third form
consists of a confluence or union of these which raise the
cuticle over a wide area as a large swelHng. The system
then suffers violently from pain, shock, and an enormous
drain, and from this period the patient becomes weaker,
and finally dies in the majority of cases. In milder
forms the pustules mature, burst and discharge their
contents, which proves the welfare of the system, but in
the severe states the poison is re-absorbed, to the great
detriment of the circulation.

Treatment. — This is of two kinds, preventive and
remedial. With regard to the first, vaccination or
inoculation with the eye or nasal discharges, has been
set forth as all sufficient. Upwards of forty years ago we
had the privilege of assisting the late Professor Barlow, of
Edinburgh, in a great number of trials for the sole
purpose of testing the value and usefulness, if any, of the
operation. It is almost needless to state the results were
nil, and to the present day that experience has been
repeatedly verified. If, however, we regard the presence
of bacteria as the sole cause, the use of cultivated fluids
may solve the mystery. Let the sick be rigidly kept
apart from the healthy, observing all necessary rules of
sanitation, with a judicious employment of antiseptics of
known value, of which "Sanitas" preparations take

specific and Contagious Diseases. 155

leading rank. This caution is of the utmost importance
in dealing with the profuse discharges from the eyes and
nostrils, as well as the faeces, &:c. The former should be
frequently and carefully removed to avoid puf-ulettt
iiifectio7i^ using the most gentle means, as the ulcerated
skin is exceedingly sensitive, and irritation causes intense
agony. For this purpose one part of " Sanitas " Fluid to
four or five of water will sweeten and soothe the parts.
An injection of the same should be used when diarrhoea
makes its appearance ; and a draught composed of ten,
twenty, to sixty drops in water may be given by the
mouth.

It is good practice to administer an emetic in the
earliest stages, for which form No. i or 2 will be
useful. A laxative judiciously follows the emetic when
the effects have subsided, its action being facilitated by
an enema of warm water only. Airy, but warm, dry
quarters are absolutely essential, and feeding must be of
the most careful kind, in order to avoid constipation or
diarrhoea by direct overloading of the stomach, or irrita-
tion from unsuitable or indigestible aliment. Stimulants,
as No. I, will be found useful when debility is evident;
or when the cough comes on, expectorant bolus or
draughts will be called for. In either case the addition
of one grain of the sulphate of quinine will be useful
against threatened depression.

The insertion of a seton in front of the chest for sore
throat or bronchitis is often recommended in the very
early stages ; afterwards they may prove worse than
useless. The seton is also recommended when the eyes
are implicated. In this case it is placed at the back of
the neck, behind the ears. Opacity of the cornea may
be caused by general cloudiness or by small circular
spots or depressions, the commencement of ulceration.
For these a small quantity of oxide of zinc or calomel is
laid on the tip of the finger and held opposite the eye,
the lids being separated, and the powder is blown upon
the cornea.

The various complications of Distemper, such as

156 specific and Contagious Diseases.

Bronchitis, Enteritic diarrhoea, Jaundice, Eczema, &c.,
will be dealt with under these heads.

As long as the disease can be confined to the catarrhal
stages we have found as a rule the appropriate measures
to be fairly successful. It is, therefore, impossible to lay
undue stress on the importance of thorough cleanliness,
an unremitting use of disinfectants for the floor, &:c., of
the habitation, with antiseptic dressings for the various
points of discharge. In clearing the latter small pieces
of soft rag should be used with extreme gentleness,
and at the end of the operation consigned to the fire.
The attendant also should wash the hands frequently,
and always after operating on the patient, the " Sanitas "
Fluid being used as directed.

A Maligtiant fonn of Distemper occasionally makes its
appearance, the general manifestations being those of
extreme debility, diphtheria (which see) and severe skin
eruption. In such cases little or no good can be done
unless the appropriate medical treatment is adopted at
the outset. {See also Eczema Epizootica.)

Eczema Epizootica, one of the scourges of the bovine
race, is known to be transmissible to the dog and the cat,
the medium of conveyance being the milk of diseased
cattle. It is very probable that as this disease appears in
conjunction with diphtheria as a malignant form of dis-
temper, the source in all probability is the milk from
dairies where not only diseased cattle are present, but
the water used for washing the utensils, &c., is polluted
with sewage. (See Diphtheria.)

Glanders. — The dog is highly susceptible of the
poison of glanders, which may be communicated in co-
habitation, by direct inoculation, spreading the matter on
open wounds, or injecting it within the veins. In the
latter instance, the operation being carefully performed,
the induced disease generally proves fatal ; in the other
instances, it is thought the eff"ect of the operation is to
create immunity from subsequent attacks. This, how-
ever, is not sufficiently demonstrated to be set down as
an admitted fact. Glanders in the dog is not marked,
as in the horse, by chancrous sores on the nasal mem-

specific and Contagions Diseases. 157

brane, &:c., yet bloody discharges are common, associated
with dropsical swellings of the head and eyes, the mem-
brane of the latter being acutely reddened. More or
less fever is also present with lung disturbance and a
lingering death, the illness in fatal cases extending over
several months. Spontaneous recoveries are, however,
quite common.

Measles. — The transmission of this disease from the
human subject is set down as quite possible, a case having
actually occurred in a pet dog which was allowed to lick
the hand of a child affected with measles in a severe
form. The animal sickened in twelve days, a discharge
from the nose appeared shortly after, and in four days
died from resulting congestion of the throat and air
passages generally. {^Veterinary Joiirnal^ 1876.)

Rabies, — From whatever aspect we view this disease,
there can be but one, the inevitable conclusion that it is
one of the most dangerous and formidable, the possibili-
ties of which are fearful to contemplate. The number of
human victims who are said to succumb to the effects of
the poison is not the only horror which comes of its
prevalence, however large the quotation may be. In the
minds of those who are called to minister to the sufferer,
no description can portray the amount of mental agony
and utter dismay they undergo while unable to offer the
least assistance calculated to assuage the bodily sufferings,
or impart solace to the distracted mind. From this
point of view it is not surprising that, by general consent,
we regard the mention of rabies as synonymous with
general prevalence, the cry of "mad dog" having an
electrical effect upon a whole population. Nervous
subjects, especially those who know little or indeed
nothing of rabies, at the mere mention of the name often
work themselves into a fearful state of apprehension, not
unfrequently attended with serious consequences. Such
being the case, it is high time that all interested in canine
pets should become acquainted with the general charac-
ters of the disease, the usual mode of origin, possibility
of communication to other animals as well as ourselves,
in order that means for its delimitation at least may

1 5 8 Specific and Contagious Diseases.

be secured if we cannot immediately suppress its exist-
ence.

Rabid dogs, it has often been said, exhibit method in
their madness. A state of fury is uncommon or at least
associated only with certain forms of the disease; in
many cases the creature is perfectly docile, the owner
himself having not even the vestige of a suspicion against
his pet. Rabid dogs have been known to fondle, caress,
and lick the hands of their owners as on other occasions,
which in some instances have proved fatal, the virus from
the saliva gaining entrance to the system through a
scratch or other slight form of wound. They show their
intense dislike to other dogs in preference to human
beings as a rule ; even in sleep they rise and violently
rush at the object of their fury, which exists only in their
disordered imagination ; they will also snap as at flies, or
other unseen objects, and from apparently sound sleep
suddenly rising to the attack have been known to fall
exhausted by the effort. The desire for freedom is
peculiarly manifested, often with a degree of cunning for
which even the dog would scarcely be credited. Once
free he commences his wanderings, often covering
immense distances, and when unmolested returns to his
lair completely prostrate, or partially paralysed, and in a
short time wholly so. It is rare that he attempts violence
during this remarkable journey, but when provoked is apt
to commit fearful havoc. The wisest course, therefore,
when a dog is " on the march " and correctly recognised,
is to give him possession of the road, as in all probability
he will never molest any person. His evident desire is to
get aivay from the disease, and to this end he devotes
himself with a concentration of will that is remarkable in
the brute creation.

In the furious sta^^es the dog is inclined to make
sudden attacks, the victim receiving one or more grips,
and probably thrown down or rolled over, the march
being resumed in search of others. Thus, in the space of
a single night, not only dogs, but a large number of
sheep are bitten, and being unobserved, the circumstance
has favoured the surmise that the disease had a spon-

specific and Contagious Diseases. 159

taneous origin. The disposition to bite is evidently due
to the condition of the brain, amounting not only to a
loss of the normal sensation, but also to mental aberration.
This is shown sometimes by apparent violence in the
attack as well as seizure, shortly relinquishing his hold
after a harmless grip, then turning to resume his way as
if nothing had happened.

In the form known as din/ib rabies the lower jaw drops
from paralysis, the tongue hangs loose and becomes of a
dark purple hue, the throat also swells. The eyes are
dull, heavy and affected with strabismus or squinting, in
some cases the pupils being turned towards the nose.

As a result of previous violence the head is often
swollen, and the teeth are broken ; the lips and tongue
are likewise swollen and lacerated from the violence of
attack on other animals or objects, as well as in unsuc-
cessful attempts to gain his liberty. Perverted taste is
evident from the very earliest period of the disease, which
causes the sufferer to take up all kinds of foreign bodies,
large accumulations of which are found in his stomach
after death. Vomition, sometimes expelling blood, is
present only in the early stages, after which paralysis sets
in followed by death. The fondness for urine is deemed
a sure evidence of rabies. Sexual excitement is often
intense before other really diagnostic signs are recognised ;
sometimes also the desire to lick the genitals of other
dogs. Fever is present and increases with the develop-
ment of the disease. There is a bright red or lurid
appearance in the eyes, probably with squinting of both,
pus accumulates in the angles, and a discharge flows from
the nostrils. As the disease advances the breathing is
loud and hollow, and in subsequent stages it is per-
formed mainly through the nostrils. The voice is also
peculiarly affected : the howl of a mad dog is an experience
which will never be effaced from memory. It is utterly
impossible to convey its characters by any selection of
terras. It must be heard to be really understood. Confined
to his cage or otherwise secure he sits on his haunches,
the muzzle directed upwards or resting his head on the
wall, he attempts an abortive kind of bark which curiously

i6o Specific and Contagious Diseases.

develops into a succession of equally abortive howls.
This is most common at night after the routine of bustle
and noise is stilled, and is consonant with the usual re-
cuperative efforts of the system at this season, which have
the tendency to aggravate existing disease. At this stage
also signs of local irritation may be present, the cause
being the cicatrix of a former wound inflicted by another
dog suffering from the disease. He Hcks at first, but
eventually bites or even tears the skin which at this part
exhibits the gangrenous stage. This is the inoculation
point, which, as a result of the introduction of the virus
heals but imperfectly, and is subject to the consequences
of irritation and ulceration, one of Nature's efforts to rid
herself of the poison. The issues are constantly fatal,
death taking place from two or three days in some of the
most acute cases, or it is otherwise delayed until about the
seventh day.

The Post-mortem Appearances in fully developed cases
are remarkable. The body very shortly enters into a
state of decay. At the back of the mouth, and within
the stomach, foreign bodies of the most strange character
are found, as sticks, stones, dirt, fc-eces, bits of iron, tin,
leather, &c. The back of the tongue and the mouth,
with the lining membranes of the windpipe, also those of
the pharynx and larynx, are highly congested and streaky,
particularly about the epiglottis, and the vocal chords arc
not uncommonly ulcerated. The salivary glands are in-
volved in the general congestion, which extends to the
stomach and intestines, portions of which exhibit patches
of extravasated blood, some of which have already entered
on the ulcerative stage. As a result of this process within
the stomach, considerable effusion 'n the form of a coffee-
coloured fluid — abnormal blood material — is present
in addition to the usual heterogeneous accumulations.
Blood spots are found upon the heart, pleura, peritoneum,
and elsewhere. The spleen, liver, and lymphatic glands
generally are enlarged by congestion ; also the substance
of the brain, medulla, and spinal chord with their several
coverings. In addition, there are indications understood
only by the scientist, assisted by a powerful microscope.

specific and Contagions Diseases. i6i

&c., without which no investigation can be said to be
complete.

In animals recently bitte?i by a rabid dog, a?id summarily
destroyed, the post-mortem appearances afford no evidence
of rabies. The simple reason for this is that sufficient
time has not been allowed for the development of the
actual disease. Without disease there can be no alteration
or destruction of tissue. For similar reasons the ifiocjilation
test is equally barren of positive indications. The subse-
quent appearance of cerebral symptoms in the inoculated
victim is no proof whatever.

The bite of a healthy dog is regarded by many nervous
and timid persons as the probable communication of
rabies. This is impossible. Even if rabies developed at
a later stage in the same animal, the subject of the bite is
perfectly safe. If this were otherwise, the writer would
have never penned these lines. The healthy animal,
however angry and furious he may be towards strangers,
cannot induce or develop within his system the poison of
rabies, he must first receive it, the usual source being so?ne
other rabid animal. Under the exercise of fear engendered
in ignorance of the above fact, the biting dog is labelled
" mad," pursuit instantly commences, he is run down and
killed, and there is the end of him. But the sufferer lives
on in doubt and fear, harassed, tormented, and can never
be consoled, probably the end being long delayed, with-
out the least sign of the canine disorder. The mistake
occurs in the haste to kill the dog. Had he been spared,
his death or survival, either of which could be ascertained
in all probability within a week at the most, would reveal
the true state of the case.

Another popular error exists in the belief that rabid
dogs have a great aversion to water. There is no such
fear as far as our observation has been conducted. We
have witnessed animals in both forms of the disease en-
deavour to slake the burning thirst, which they were
unable to accomplish, owing to the want of nervous power
which is present from the first, but especially developed
in the mute or dumb form. With these truths in evidence
it is incorrect to speak of a rabid dog as being affected with

U

1 62 specific and Contagious Diseases.

hydrophobia, or the human subject as being rabid. The
dread of water applies to the latter, in whom the disease
is correctly hydrophobia.

Frothing or foaming at the mouth is also believed in as
a sure sign of rabies. It is a certain condition of this
disease that the secretion of foam, or large quantities of
saliva worked into innumerable air bubbles, is often
impossible, by reason of the congested state of the blood-
vessels and the salivary glands.

T\\Q fits of epilepsy Ylbnq frequently been mistaken for
rabies. It is almost needless to state that rabid dogs do
not become unconscious and fall, as is common with the
epileptic sufferer, or the young dog in distemper.

There are, doubtless, other conditions which may
resemble, more or less, certain stages of rabies, but on
careful consideration it will be found they are unassociated
with the disease. Hasty conclusions must be carefully
avoided, and in the absence of absolute proof it is a zvise
proceeding to withhold decisive judgment; place the suspe-ted
animal in a seaire cage, rooin, 6^^., andwa't the issue of a
syste7natic course of observation.

With regard to curative methods and remedies sug-
gested, their name is legion and the results of their
application ;///. The truly rabid dog should be sum-
marily destroyed before he commits any damage, unless
some special reason exists for sparing his life. The body
should be burned as the only safe and expeditious
method of destroying the virus also, thus limiting the
possibilities of spreading the disease. Thorough cleans-
ing and disinfection of yards, kennels, beds, baskets, &c.
&c., occupied by the sufferers (the object being the
destruction ot <tiiy saliva) should follow, and as an
efficient agent black ashes in boiling water cannot be
surpassed. Its great drawback is its effectual removal of
paint from woodwork ; where this is an objection, strong
soap solution with crude " Sanitas " will answer effectu-
ally. Those who engage in this work should first see
they have no open sores or scratches on their hands, &c.,
and in all cases the first ivashings %\iOw\di be accomplished
by means of brushes having long handles ; subsequent

specific and Contagious Diseases. 163

courses may be carried out with scrub brush, flannel, &c.
The drains also demand attention ; effectual flushing by
large volumes of a strong solution of black ashes, boiling
if possible, will be eminently useful, and in its absence a
strong mixture of crude " Sanitas " with water will be
equally efl'ective. The recurrence of subsequent cases,
be it remembered, will in all probability be due to some
lurking virus, and that which proves dangerous to the
dog may be equally fatal to the human subject; effec-
tual cleansing must therefore be insisted upon ; a few
shillings spent at this time may save many pounds later
on and prevent serious loss and discomfiture.

The seizure of a mad dog is often a most difiicult pro-
ceeding even with the most fearless. When confined to
a stable or other building he should be approached from
above if possible and, by cautious movements, seized by
the lasso, which, on being pulled tightly, will strangulate
the victim; this is often preferable to shooting; the
liabihty of a marksman to miss the vital spot renders
death less certain, while the creature is seriously alarmed
and roused to violence. When at large the lasso may
also be useful, providing the operator is well up to the
business, which needs to be done determinedly, fearlessly,
and above all quietly. For this purpose the lasso should
be attached to a stout stick at the end of which the loop
is arranged ; the operator grasps the stick as well as the
returning cord, and following the dog, projects the loop
over and beyond his head ; immediately the cord sur-
rounds the neck it is pulled by one hand, the other
holding the stick steadily, the dog is securely arrested,
and if necessary at once strangled. Iron pincers, formed
to encircle the neck, are likewise useful if available at
the time. This, however, is the great difficulty, and in a
sudden emergency men and others who witness the
escapades of rabid dogs, work themselves into afi excite-
ment which often paralyses their judgment as well as
efforts, and the worst thing is probably done. Seriously
aggravated by the treatment, the dog becomes violent,
and bites right and left. Presence of mind, cool judg-
ment, and quiet movements are best calculated to secure

164 specific and Contagious Diseases.

the victim ; he may be cajoled into a building, yard, or
enclosure, and there be summarily dealt with.

Prevention of rabies. — Various means have been sug-
gested for this purpose, and to the present day the record
is an admission of disappointment. Absolute extermina-
tion of the canine race would not secure the stamping
out of the disease, as other animals, notably the fox and
cat in this country, contribute to the perpetuation of
the virus, not among themselves alone, as they are
undoubtedly answerable for the sudden appearance of
the malady among straying dogs in locaHties where it has
not previously been seen for long periods. Homeless and
mo?igrel dogs should be regularly seized and summarily
consigned to the lethal chamber. The 2ince7-tain or inde-
finite period of incubation of the disease, suggests the
detention of many animals in a dog's home should be
conducted with great care, otherwise the mingling of
various breeds may ensure the propagation of rabies
when they return to liberty. For similar reasons qiiarafir
tine, unless the animals are isolated from the first and
retained over six months, would likewise prove a mis-
take. An efficient system of prevention must sooner or
later receive the consideration of our Government with
the view of their taking over the direct control. A serious
matter of this kind should not be left to the hesitating
policy of local authorities. It is a matter of surprise and
regret that the fell disease should have escaped the atten-
tion of the legislature when framing the Contagious Diseases
(Animals) Acts, by which the movement of dogs could be
effectually controlled. Probably our rulers in their zeal
for the chase were oblivious of the denizen of the town,
whose nocturnal slumbers are disturbed by the miserable
and worthless curs which render night miserable by their cry.
The tax is systematically evaded by many who, scarcely
knowing the source of their next meal, harbour the non-
descript wanderers and mongrels which form the subjects
of a constant trade. The local rnuzzling order, we believe,
is a mistake, and produces a needless irritation among
well-meaning and law-abiding owners. The muzzle is a
cruel torture to most dogs ; its general utility is question-

specific and Contagious Diseases. 165

able. The really spirited fellows obstinately refuse to
appear in public when so distinguished ; others, docile
and often useless creatures, take to it quietly, and know-
ingly put up their heads to passing strangers inviting its
removal. The honest boys of the locality are swift to
comply with Fido's request, and hang the trapping on the
owner's railings or throw it into the area; but the
ubiquitous arab, with an eye to business, hands it to the
marine store dealer for "a consideration," a large trade
in these articles having been done during the rabies scare
of 1895 and early months of 1896. Meanwhile Fido's
owner is summoned to the police court and is released
on payment of a fine, minus the assurance of a speedy
abatement of the nuisance.

The wearing of a collar securely locked, on which the
name and address of the owner is legibly engraved,
serves useful purposes, as the restoration of straying
animals to their proper owners, and the means of learning
whether the tax is paid. A further security would be
ensured by the collar bearing the County initials, or
device, and registration number. This should be some-
what ornamental and light, and supplied free with the
licence. Dogs thus furnished, and secured by a suitable
chain or leather leader, might be allowed, at all times
Rnd with perfect safety, to take outdoor exercise under
the care of their owners, &c.

Dogs at large in public places need special care. {See
Balanids.) The general adoption of a suitable leader is
not only a useful training to follow and keep close to the
owner, but an efficient safeguard against the unprovoked
and savage attacks of jealous animals, which the muzzle
does not prevent. It is remarkable, especially in towns,
how few are the dogs which, by absence of training, do
not disgrace their liberty by their brutaUty, often encou-
raged by their owners, who are oblivious of the panic, or
otherwise prohfic in abuse when reasonably appealed to.
This cannot be said of dogs used for sport, as the fox-
hound, setter, pointer, &c., which are broken to work.

Besides the seizing and destruction of homeless curs
and cats, which need especial watchfulness, why should

1 66 Specific and Contagious Diseases.

we hesitate to include the fox ? Surely when he is known
to be " on the mad march," it would be safe to bring him
down before he commits any serious damage. The
farmer sees such an animal now and again, his errand
being the spreading of the virus of rabies by means of
his bite, and on he goes again with a business purpose,
until he dies from exhaustion. Powder and shot accu-
rately applied have a strictly legitimate use in this direc-
tion. A grain of prevention is worth a hundredweight
of cure.

Regulations to these ends properly enforced, aided by
useful information printed on the back of the annual
Dog Licence, would prevent many mistakes, and bring
the disease within a small and manageable compass.

After all, rabies is not so prevalent, except in the dis-
ordered imagination of persons ignorant ot the disease,
as is generally believed. Among the three hundred
thousand dogs which have passed through the home at
Battersea in twenty years, the Manager informed Dr.
Gordon Stables that he had never seen one suffering
from rabies. The majority of animals destroyed tor
supposed rabies are doubtless epileptics, and such results
are inevitable so long as pohcemen rank as scientists in
such matters.

The rastetirian System.— ThQ utterly futile nature of
remedies propounded for the cure of hydrophobia in
the human subject has led to diligent search for others.
The great difficulty which confronts the practitioner is
the extremely rapid and fatal course after direct inocula-
tion. In utter defiance of the physiological action of
remedies the fell disease proceeds without deviation, and
the inevitable end in death cannot be averted. Thus
far internal remedies have failed, but the lact has stimu-
lated research in other directions. The disease has been
studied from other aspects. Its existence is beUeved by
some to depend upon the presence of a microbe, but
Pasteur, whose investigations have been extensive, has
not endorsed the view. His efforts were directed towards
sterilising the poison within the system of the person
bitten by the mad dog. Briefly, the operation consists of

specific and Contagious Diseases. i6y

inoculation with a specific virus which has been culti*
vated by transmission through other animals, as the ape,
until it is deprived of its power to induce rabies, while it
renders the individual immune or proof against the
disease. In order to ensure the greatest results, frequent
inoculation of the same patient is sometimes resorted to,
many thousands of persons said to be bitten by rabid
dogs having been submitted to the test, with, however,
variable success. In the state of present experience it is
obvious that the end is not attained, yet in the interest
of suffering humanity, as well as the brute creation, the
issue of further investigation in other directions is
eagerly looked for, and with the fervent hope that the
inevitable end will be an irreversible good.

T/ie Treatment of Rabies. — In La Presse Veterinaire
for December 1895, ^- Pourtale invites special attention
to his treatment of rabies in the dog, which he states has
afforded "absolutely positive results." He employs a
mixture of sulphate of soda, chloral hydrate, and decoction
of linseed which calms the attacks, and produces a
purgative, as well as refreshing action. Enemas of
similar character are also used. Recovery, it is said,
occurs in eight days generally ; and from his experience,
M. Pourtale is persuaded that if the treatment is applied
to the human subject affected with hydrophobia it would
bring about his recovery.

Septicsemia,. or Blood Poisoning. In the evident
enjoyment of putrid offal and decomposing filth of
various kinds, the dog exhibits a remarkable immunity
from disease of a fatal character. If, however, he should
happen to imbibe the elements of decomposing flesh by
means of a wound, the results are more serious.
Varying, of course, with the amount of inoculation, he
may succumb to an attack of fever of a severe typhoid
nature, marked by speedy collapse, or, under less severe
blood impregnation, he surprisingly recovers after acute
as well as profuse diarrhcea, attended by repulsive
odours. This form of septicaemia is most commonly
observed in females, when, in protracted parturition, the
foetus is undergoing decomposition, and the lining

1 68 Specific and Contagious Diseases.

membrane of the uterus or womb has been removed by
abrasion or laceration, &c. Inoculation is thus complete,
and the usual symptoms are observed in about eighteen
or twenty hours. The usual signs, as dropsy of the
tissues with the never-failing blood spots, are sufficient to
mark the character of the case. The animal tissues also
pass into speedy decomposition. During life the creature
becomes weak, loses power, and at length is dull, unable
to stand, becomes unconscious and dies from exhaustion.
The Treatment should be prompt and energetic. Anti-
septic lotion, as the "Sanitas" Fluid, chloride of zinc, or
perchloride of mercury solutions are the most useful.
The first only is non-poisonous to the dog. The uterus
or womb should be carefully and repeatedly washed out
by the solutions, which should be used at a temperature
of 99° or 1 00° F. Internally^ tonics of a stimulating
nature are particularly called for.

Tuberculosis. — True pulmonary consumption, due
to the presence of the tubercular bacillus, has only recently
been definitely recognised in the dog. A variety oi false
tuberculosis has long been observed, consisting of irregular-
shaped masses, the debris of altered tissue, enclosing
small worms which have migrated thither by means of
the blood. Such, however, have not developed the
serious conditions of true phthisis. The question of its
existence in the dog is no longer a matter of doubt as
set forth by Professor Stockman in the Veterifiarian for
August 1896. The subject was a Scotch terrier, two
years old, which had been in poor health upwards of two
months, with rapid loss of condition. The symptoms
consisted of great debility, difficult breathing, and tem-
perature 103° F. Percussion revealed no dulness, and
auscultation failed to detect abnormal sounds. As small
round worms passed from the bowels, it was thought the
animal might be suffering from verminous anaemia, and
he was treated accordingly. The persistent chest trouble
induced the Professor and several colleagues to concen-
trate attention upon the organs of respiration, but with
negative results. Temporary amendment, followed the
use of tonics, the temperature falling to 101°. Shortly,

specific and Contagious Diseases. 169

the digestion was disturbed ; fluctuating tubercular
tumours were discovered in the abdomen, and on testing
the lungs the sibilant rale was distinctly heard. There
was no cough, and still the chest was elastic and without
dulness on percussion. An injection of tuberculin was
made at i p.m. At 11.30 p.m. the temperature had fallen
to 99° F., and at 12.30 a.m. it was 98° F. Shortly after-
wards the animal died. xVn examination revealed the
presence of tubercular nodules in the lungs, varying in
size from a pin's head to larger areas, but they were firm,
thus accounting for the absence of rales. Bacilli were
found in the mucus of the bronchial tubes, and the
tubercular areas consisted mainly of epithelioid and
spindle-shaped cells. A few bacilli were also found.
The stage of caseation does not appear to have com-
menced. Miliary tubercles studded the mentum, liver,
and spleen. The mesenteric glands were enlarged,
hard, and fibrous, and in one a large abscess existed. A
few bacilli were also found. The absence of caseation,
or cheesy degeneration, so common in this disease, is
fully accounted for by the action which resulted in the
free development of fibrous tissue around the diseased
points. The Professor concludes with a suggestion as
to the value of tuberculin as a diagnostic in this disease
of the dog.

Variola or Small pox in canine animals closely re-
sembles the form usually observed in mankind as well as
the sheep ; one of the means of its introduction being
the consumption of the flesh of sheep dying of the
disease. It appears in the usual forms of mildness or
malignancy ; it may be discrete or separate, confluent or
running together, and in further stages are those of
erythema, nodule, vesicle or bladder, and pustule, the
latter assuming the flat or concave surface from the usual
internal changes. Subsequently desquamation proceeds,
leaving hairless spots, which are hollow or concave scars
or " pits." The thin skin of the belly and insides of the
fore-arms or thighs are especially invaded.

The Symptoms, in addition to those already enumerated,
consist of febrile disturbance from the first, which

1 70 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.

moderates as the pustules cease to form and indicates a
tendency to decline. This is the usual or benign
condition. Other forms exhibit a tendency to induce
bronchitis^ pneumonia or broncho-pneumonia, in which
extensive pustular discharges flow from the nostrils, with
cough, mucous rale, &c., and in fatal cases stertorous
breathing. In the Intestinal form profuse bilious and
often offensive evacuations take place. All the forms are
attended with extremely fcetid breath and excretions, the
skin also emitting the same unpleasant odour. Young
dogs are especially liable to contract the disease in whicli
mortality is always the greatest, the various stages being
developed and merging into each other with remarkable
rapidity.

Treatment of the patient comprises diligent and careful
nursing, with mild febrifuges, stimulants and tonics. In
warm or mild weather the eruption proceeds most favour-
ably, particularly if the animal is sheltered from draughts,
but cold winds and exposure generally checks the process
of pus -formation, and leads to fatal terminations by
implication of important internal organs. Animals re-
covering from variola are stated to be free from future
attacks of the disease.

CHAPTER XI.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Catarrh or Coryza— Ozaena — Parasitic Ozasna — Epistaxis — Polypus — Laryn-
gitis—Aphonia — Snoring — Bronchitis— Pneumonia— Pleurisy — Parasitic or
Verminous Bronchitis — Chronic Cough — Asthma.

Catarrh or Coryza. — Common cold in the head is
the colloquial term for this affection. It consists of
congestion of the lining mucous membrane of the nasal
cavities, which, after some sensation of stuffiness or slight

Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. '171

suflfocation, develops the usual symptoms. The causes
are exposure to cold draughts, severe cold weather,
particularly east winds, after the comforts of close and
warm quarters.

The Symptoms consist of fever more or less severe in
proportion to the intensity of the congestion, which is
attended by a discharge, first of a watery nature, but later
becoming opaque, white and thick, as mucus and pus is
mixed with it, the attendant irritation causing the animal
to snuffle and snort, with attempts to eject the accumula-
tions. A watery discharge flows from the eyes, and this
also becomes purulent. Extension of these conditions
to the sinuses of the head produces heaviness with
dulness, with noisy respiration or "snuffling"; difficulty
of swallowing and breathing, with cough, may also arise
from the throat (pharynx and larynx) being involved,
when the fluids or food partaken of return by the
nostrils.

Treatment. — In mild cases removal of the causes
usually suffices for cure. Advanced and severe forms
must be met by expectorant draught No. 3 or Bolus
No. I or 2. Support the strength by nutritious food of a
laxative nature. Frequent steaming of the nostrils is
highly useful. Avoid purgatives and emetics. The early
use of tonics is essential.

Ozsena. — This term implies a chronic and often
offensive discharge from the nostrils, the result of con-
tinued or neglected nasal catarrh, and occasionally it is
caused by a polypus, portions of vomited aliment, or pus
from the lining membrane. {^See Polypus.)

The Sig7is are a constant discharge of bad-smelling pus
from the nostrils, sometimes bloody, loud snuffling and
dulness of the spirits. The disease is also due to a
certain conformation, having contracted nasal chambers,
as seen in pugs and bulldogs.

Treatment. — The nostrils must be kept clean, and the
passages frequently washed out by syringing with "Sanitas "
Fluid, solution of the chloride of zinc, or permanganate of
potash.

Ozsena due to Parasites is somewhat common in

172 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.

the dog. The offender is a formidable-looking object, a
representation of which is given in the accompanying
figure. It is the mature form of the parasite common to
man, the horse, and other animals indigenous to various
parts of Europe, in which it occupies
the digestive organs, &c., and is
known as the Feiitactonia de?iticiila-
fum. Dogs frequenting butchers'
shops, slaughter-houses, and horse-
slaughterers' yards gain access to the
viscera which contain the parasite.
It is taken to the mouth, where it
attaches itself by powerful booklets,
and eventually era wis to the nostrils ;
some indeed pass direct, first attach-
ing themselves to the outer side of
the lips, &c. Armed with formidable
and powerful hooks, they set up
violent irritation as they migrate to
and from the various passages,
causing the sufferer to push his nose
into the soil, or rub it with his feet ;
he also sneezes, champs the jaws,
rolls violently on the ground, or
passes into a violent convulsive fit,
in one of which he sometimes dies. The parasite
requires twelve months to develop, during which it thus
tortures the dog whenever from any cause it is obhged
to change its quarters by cold or frost, of which it
appears to^ be peculiarly susceptible. Tfie effects of its
residence in the nasal chambers of the dog are inflamma-
tion, thickening, and probably ulceration of the lining
membrane, with more or less disease of the turbinated
bones, and even harder structures.

TV^^?/;;/^;//.— -Inhalation of various volatile substances,
fluids, &c., as iodine, chloroform, chlorine gas, tobacco
smoke alone or combined with other agents. The
application of iodoform may be effectual. Sometimes
these are useless, as the parasite is located within one of
the sinuses. When such is the case, and the exact

Pentastoma Denticulatum
(after Kiichenmeister).

Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 173

position is made out, the cavity may be opened with the
trephine, when the intruder is dislodged by direct appli-
cation and destroyed.

Epistaxis, or Bleedi?ig from the Nostrils^ sometimes
arises from plethora during hot weather. It is more
common in hot countries than Britain. Blows or falls, by
which the bones forming the cavities are subjected to
shock communicated to the lining membrane, are common
causes. {See Polypus.)

Treatment. — Cold water externally; astringent injec-
tions into the nostrils, and perfect quietude are essential.

Polypus, or Tumour i7i the Nostrils^ is a morbid fibrous
growth, covered by a continuation of the nasal membrane,
and is sometimes observed from the exterior or front of
the nostrils ; it may also extend backwards to the
pharynx. Its presence is denoted by more or less inter-
ference with breathing, ozsena, or haemorrhage, which may
be slight, or issuing in a stream.

Treatf?ie?it consists of removal by ligature or excision,
to determine which the veterinary surgeon is indis-
pensable.

Laryngitis, or Sore T/woat, is often a troublesome
affection in some dogs. As the result of extreme change
from the warm fireside to a seat in an open vehicle
during cold or damp weather. Yard dogs and dogs at
shows, constantly barking and running the length of the
chain, suffer from the disease in an aggravated form.
{See Aphonia.) The adjacent glands sometimes swell
considerably, which renders swallowing not only difficult
but painful. Food and liquids taken into the mouth
return by the nostrils, and cause great inconvenience.
The saliva, which is secreted largely and mixed with
mucus from the inflamed membranes, has a foetid odour,
and flows in a continuous stream from the lips. The
breath is also oftensive, and respiration more or less
disturbed ; the heart-beats are rapid and forcible, the
eyes are dull and discharging fluid. Cough is frequent
and depressing, feet and ears probably cold, and bowels
confined. The voice is lost, and replaced by a hoarse
and feeble attempt, often interrupted by cough. As the

1 74 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.

signs are likely to be mistaken for choking, or the fixing
of a bone between the molars, a special examination of
the mouth should always be made ; or the disease may
be confounded with " dumb rabies " in which the mouth
cannot remain closed.

Treatment. — Wash or gargle the mouth frequently with
astringent lotion of tannic acid, alum, boracici acid, &c.,
or use one of the electuaries. Relieve the tumefaction
of the throat by means of hot fomentations. Spongio
piline as described under Poultices. Do not attempt to
give food or medicine by the mouth, but support the
system by injections of beef tea or mutton broth free from
fat, in which half a drachm or more of nitrous ether may
be given. With diminution of the sore throat, appetite
will return, when food may be given by the mouth in
small portions, carefully prepared, until the symptoms
have disappeared. In some severe cases the attendant
swelling necessitates the opening of the windpipe to
admit of respiration; blisters may also be required
to hasten suppuration in the glands, or to reduce ihe
irritation in the throat, the use of \/hich must be
adopted only after careful consideration of the existing
conditions.

Aphonia, or Loss of the Voice, is a state in which the
bark is reduced to a rough and husky kind of sound,
resembUng a forcible expiration. The vocal chords being
inflamed and relaxed from incessant barking, the sudden
shocks from the collar in running violently to the end of
the chain also bruise the larynx, which aggravates the
complaint. Aphonia arises in conjunction with laryngitis,
which see.

Snoring proceeds from a relaxed state of the laryngeal'
or throat apparatus, as induced by cold in which the
vocal chords and velum palati are involved. It is removed
by the remedies prescribed for laryngitis ; but when it
occurs in pet dogs highly fed and pampered, taking 'itile
or no exercise, the treatment must consist of a reduced
diet, regular exertion, gentle cathartics, and subsequently
tonics.

Inflammation of the Organs of Respiration con-

Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 17$

tained within the chest of the dog is not usually, as in
larger animals, confined to one in particular. The
general tendency is for all to participate, while the inten-
sity of disease is resident in one in particular — at least this
has been our experience, which is confirmed by other
observers. It will, therefore, be more convenient as well
as consonant with the view, to consider the several affec-
tions as a whole, giving prominence to special manifesta-
tions and conditions which may serve to render the
elucidation complete. There is also much in common
with reference to the needful treatment of the affections
which will be given in usual course.

lih-Q first indications, as a rule, are those of fever more
orless severe. He pants and blows, being teased by a
constant cough, the ears and extremities are cold, the
coat in smooth dogs stands loose and staring, and fits of
shivers recur at intervals of greater or less duration. The
cause is not far to seek ; undue exposure to cold in some
form or other is satisfactorily made out, and this probably
not long after previous attacks of sore throat, nasal
catarrh, &c. The systemic disturbance is now located in
some part in particular, and there the chief manifestations
will be found, while the whole of the respiratory organs will
afford evidences of sympathetic derangement.

Bronchitis, or Inflammation of the Bronchial
Tubes, is denoted by accelerated but even respiration, a
cough, probably dry at first but becoming moist, and
attended with a discharge of mucus from the nose, as well
as from the lungs during the act. As congestion of the
lesser tubes within the lungs proceeds, the ejected fluid is
also tinged with blood, the cough is severe and frequent,
and a wheezing or hissing accompanies the respirations ;
the mouth, tongue, and nose are dry as well as hot, and
the expired air is likewise indicative of a heated state of
the lungs ; the pulse is accelerated, the heart-beats felt at
the chest are strong in the early stages, and the tempera-
ture, as shown by the thermometer placed in the rectum,
is high, probably 103° or 104° F. Auscultation furnishes
the mucous rattle as soon as the disease is established.
From this point recovery is denoted by a cessation of the

I '/6 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.

severity of all symptoms, and the creature every hour
becomes " more like himself." In fatal cases prostration
is soon manifested, with troubled respiration, indefinite
pulsation, coldness, sinking and death.

In Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs,
the ear placed at the side of the chest detects a crackling
sound within, and tapping the ribs with the fingers elicits
a dull heavy sound. The breathing is rapid and op-
pressed, the animal is unable to expand the lungs. A cough
is present, not frequent but weak, and resembles a loud and
forcible sigh ; the expired air is also hotter than natural,
and the pulse is rapid and oppressed ; the ears and ex-
tremities are intensely cold, while the nose, instead of
being hot and dry as in bronchitis, is very cold and moist
or very wet. The temperature is increased in the early
active stages, but the tendency to congestion within the
lung tissue creates a somewhat early decline, which
denotes sinking and death. Before the end the sufferer
persists in silting on his haunches with his fore legs apart,
and later he stands on all four legs, which are separated,
until he drops dead.

Pleurisy, Pleuritis, or Inflammation of the
Pleura, the lining membrane of the chest as well as
covering of the lungs, dr'c., has also its special significations.
The breathing consists of a prolonged inspiration which
is somewhat slowly and carefully performed, and a sharp
or somewhat halting or jerky expiration. The ear at
the side detects in the first stages a sound of friction
as the pleurae of the lungs and ribs rub over each other
in breathing. Later, this sound is gradually lost, disap-
pearing from the bottom upwards as the accumulation of
serum proceeds. The eftusion of lymph also, which takes
place during the active stages, serves to deaden the sound
l3y uniting the lungs to the side and limiting their move-
ment. A cough is present from the first, but it is short,
paroxysmal, and evidently arrested by the extremely
painful condition of the parts involved. Pressure on the
sides or between the ribs inflicts severe pain, and the
muscles of the sides may be observed to twitch or con-
tract quickly. The state of the circulation causes the

Diseases of the Raspiratovy Organs. 177

pulse to be small, hard and frequent. Animal temperi*
ture is also high. Expectoration is absent. A character-
istic sign of pleurisy also in the later stages is the dis-
position to sit on the haunches as in pneumonia, and
finally to stand until he drops dead.

In each of the foregoing diseases the animal indicates
much suffering on account of the difficulty in breathing ;
he actually struggles for air as he sits or stands ; the
breath is offensive and the tongue hangs from the mouth
apparently useless and is livid and extremely foul. As
the chest fills with water, usually on one side only, the
patient would lie, but the inconvenience he suffers causes
him to rise almost at once. Dropsical swellings now
appear, the respiration is laboured and painful, and the
muscular spaces between the ribs are pressed outwards by
the fluid within the chest. If the hand be carefully laid
on these the heart-beats will be felt as a thrill as the fluid
is moved by the pulsations. The tendency of the disease
to attack one side only often renders the progress slow
and protracted, the immediate cause of death being a
form of internal drowning.

The Treatment is based on similar principles in each
instance. Pure air is not only essential but curative, and
is therefore indispensable in the routine. The best of
nursing is required in .order that comfort, warmth, and
quietude may be ensured, and this, in conjunction with
all known means of supporting the system by nutritious
and digestible food, will fortify the system against the
many depressing phases of disease, as well as aid the
physiological action of remedies in the way of cure. With
regard to medicines, the choice will lay vvidi those of a
stimulating, expectorant, and febrifuge character in order
to support the system, control the circulation and promote
free expectoration as a relief to the usually overcharged
lungs in pneumonia and bronchitis. Bloodletting, emetics,
and purgatives are so much poison and must be scrupu-
lously avoided. To relieve the oppression of the chest
the spongio-piline, as described under poultices, is an in-
valuable remedy; a good substitute is opodeldoc to
which a small proportion of strong ammonia or turpentine

12

17S Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.

is added, say one fluid drachm to one ounce of the former.
This should be well rubbed into the sides. In the later
stages vegetable tonics with the iodide of iron, one to
three grains, will promote absorption of the chest effusion,
or tapping must be resorted to, the trocar being passed
through the space between seventh and eighth ribs, im-
mediately above the sternum. In pneumonia and bron-
chitis nothing answers so well as the castor oil mixture,
or mild salines for producing a lax state of the bowels,
actual purgation being highly prejudicial.

In the Distemper forfus of the two first-named
diseases, which are characterised by great debility, the
list of Expectorants will furnish appropriate formula for
bolus or draught.

Verminous Bronchitis. — This form of disease, due
to the presence of small worms in the air passages near
the lungs, has been seen chiefly in young dogs. The
parasite is located in numerous small elevations on the
mucous membrane, giving rise to considerable irritation.
The sy/nptoms are those of bronchitis, the cough being
short and husky, death following convulsions in most
cases.

Treatment. — Stimulants and tonics should be given
internally, and the patient caused to inhale dilute
chlorine gas. The best method is the intra-tracheal
method, or injection of the remedy direct into the wind-
pipe by means of a suitable syringe. The most effectual
remedies are " Sanitas " Oil or the "Sanitas" Fluid, tur-
pentine, or solution of carbolic acid, three to ten drops of
one of these being mixed with twenty or thirty of glycerine,
to which three to ten drops of chloric ether is added, and
the whole well shaken.

In the dog the worm proves to be one of the species
known as Strong}' ins, a small white, slender, thread-like
parasite, the male being about one-fourth of an inch in
lengtli, and the female not more than one-sixth or one-
eighth of an inch. The mature female brings forth her
young alive. The parasite has been named Strongylus
canis bronchialis^ and may possibly prove to be a stagal
development of the Strongylus filaria of the sheep, &c.

i

Diseases of the Rcspiraiory Organs. 179

Chronic Cough, by which is denoted a constant
effort to discharge from the lungs, attended by a dry,
harsh sound, usually commencing on the least exertion,
short, and somewhat feeble, is common to animals taking
little exercise, highly fed, and accustomed to warm
rooms and soft comfortable beds. Violent paroxysms
ensue on the infliction of unusual exercise, and the
animal appears to be choking, the respiration being
disturbed, and froth is ejected from the mouth. There
are probably signs of indigestion with irregular bowels,
&c., by which reflex nervous action upon the breathing
apparatus is induced, leading to limited secretion and
undue relaxation from want of nervous energy.

Cure depends upon removal of the causes, which should
be carefully ascertained, the chief of which is doubtless
chronic forms of indigestion inducing disturbance of the
functional powers of the liver, spleen, pancreas, &c.
Treatment of the cough alone is useless.

Asthma. — This painfully distressing disease finds its
origin in a chronic form of bronchitis associated with
thickening of the mucous membrane of the tubes, with
more or less structural changes in the lung tissue as the
result of high feeding and idleness. As dogs thus
privileged grow old, the changes are completed : a fully
distended stomach with increasing fat, exercising pressure,
limits the respiratory act, and fully accomplishes that
which is necessary to unfit the tissues for healthy
function.

The Symptoms at the outset are those of indigestion, a
depraved appetite, offensive mouth and breath, frequent
vomition, flatulence, constipation, enlarged or hard
abdomen. Piles are also common, or, if not developed,
they are indicated by the animal drawing the anus over
the ground, the hind paws being elevated on each side
of his face. The animal is soon tired, hesitates to follow
his owner, suffers from palpitation, has a capricious
appetite, but is voracious after flesh. He is teased by a
constant cough, which assumes such paroxysmal severity
as to prostrate the suff'erer, and he lies as if he were
choking, but, after throwing out frothy matter, gains

1 80 Diseases of the Circulatory System.

relief. Usually the dog appears to be dull, heavy, out of
condition, and his coat is rough, and the skin sometimes
has an unpleasant odour.

Treatment. — Aged animals should be destroyed by
inhaling an overdose of chloroform, the most humane
method of depriving them of life. In recent cases, when
the animal is especially valuable, slight inhalations of
chloroform, or the administration of chloric ether in
doses of five to fifteen drops in a teaspoonful of water,
may afford the needed relief. In less urgent cases one
or other of the Expectorant formulae will be useful as
daily medicine. A hot bath, or stimulating liniment
to the sides is also useful in cases of more or less urgency.
In those of less severity, the patient being young, daily
exercise is of great importance, the diet of flesh must be
reduced, and vegetables substituted for the deficiency, or
Spratfs Fibrine and Beetroot cakes may form the entire
diet for some time. The action of the skin should be
induced by regular cleansing and the use of the brush
and comb. Aperients are called for to promote regular
action of the bowels. Avoid such causes as cold and
damp, especially while the health is precarious.

CHAPTER XII.
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

Fatty Degeneration of the Heart— Rupture of the Heart— Valvular Disease-
Pericarditis— Invasion by Parasites.

The organs engaged in the circulation of the blood in
canine animals are not subject to an extended list of
maladies, as in the horse, for instance. The circum-
stances of food especially bring the dog within the limits
of a special susceptibility to disease of the digestive track,
but changes in the system of breeding, especially with

Diseases of the Circulatory System. i8i

reference to efficiency in various forms of sport, may
remove the animal into the sphere of a new danger. Be
this as it may, at present our Hst of diseases in connec-
tion with this particular class of organs is surprisingly
limited.

Fatty Degeneration of the Heart is the common
associate with asthma in pampered pets and constitutes a
serious condition, the muscular tissue being replaced by
adipose or fatty substance. The obvious result is a want
of tone and energy" in the beats or pulsations, and
inability to propel the nutrient fluid along the channels
of circulation. The various tissues therefore lack nourish-
ment, become pallid and weak, which unfits the animal
for any exertion, and a serious condition of the brain and
nervous system is induced, not only in the want of
nourishment, but in the defective supply of blood,
syncope or fainting being a common symptom, sooner or
later resulting in death. The disease is incurable, but
may be prevented by permitting the animal to take
regular exercise and other means of stimulating the
natural functions.

Rupture of the Heart is not of common occurrence,
but it is known in connection with improper feeding and
want of judicious exercise. Dogs subjected to "a feast
and a fast," and other treatment calculated to militate
against health and condition, are likely to induce some
form of degeneration of the organ, and in a moment of
excitement, whether of play or work, rupture takes place
at the weakest part, and death is certain.

Valvular Disease is not uncommon as the result of
chronic rheumatism. It appears in the form of a deposit
of fibrine from the blood, which may exist only as a
roughness on the surface or be so large as to form a clot,
and thus block up the opening to the vessels. Such con-
ditions in their mildest form seriously interfere with the
proper action of the valves, greatly diminishing the
needful flow of blood ; and when clots have formed the
results are intensified, causing the patient to fall in
repeated fits of fainting, or by completely plugging the
vessels, sudden death is induced. Treatment is only

1 82 Diseases of the Circulntoyy System.

palliative in the mildest forms of the disorder, the most
useful agents being mild doses of calomel given altern-
ately with iodide of potassium, the animal needing perfect
quiet.

The Pericardium or Heart-Bag surrounds the
heart and provides the fluid which moistens the surface
during action. It usually suffers from disease in company
with the pleura, or lining membrane of the chest, from
which it derives a layer, internally, and externally. An
abnormal accumulation of thin reddish-looking fluid
(serum) is the common result, producing inconvenience
in proportion to the quantity, such as interference by
pressure with the functions of the heart, as indicated by
feeble pulse, obscuration of the heart sounds, tendency to
fainting, anaemia, local dropsies, and eventually death.
The disease is, however, rare in the dog, but as a result
of injury is most common, bruising, puncture, or rupture
from violent causes being the common forms.

Invasion by Parasites. — Canine HcEmatozoa is not
an unfrequent event in dogs of the British Islands. The
records of other countries where malarious influences
abound furnish more frequent evidences. Two worms
have been recognised : Filaria inimitis or Ca?iis co7'dis,
and Filaria sanguinolenta^ the former being generally
understood to be the embryonic form of the latter.

Filaria imviitis is said to be probably present in at
least two-thirds of the dogs in the Chinese Empire, as
estimated by microscopical examination of the blood.
Singularly enough the embryos, though so numerous, do
not occasion any appreciable inconvenience to the host,
but move about briskly in a serpentine form within the
blood-vessels. When fully developed as parent worms
they take up their position within the heart, in some
instances bundles or clusters of them being found, and
individuals varying from one or two inches to six or seven
in length. The general results of the presence of these
worms is their interference witli the valves, between
which they may be forced by such bodily efforts as induce
an inordinate flow of blood. The effects are seen some-
what later, as at the end of one or two days the animal

Diseases of the Ciradatory System, 183

exhibits a difficulty in respiration, dulness, and oppressed
circulation, with great irregularity of the pulse, epileptic
fits, &c., while fever is entirely absent.

Filaria sanguinolenta has a decided preference for
various tissues of the body as well as the large aortic
vessels, chiefly embedded in a mass of tumefaction, the
result of their movements. In this they remain some
time and bring forth their ova, which are subsequently
hatched, and escape in all possibility as the mature worm,
capable of propagating its species.

The tendency of the parasite to bore into the sentient
structures gives rise to local irritation and the formation
of small tumours. These are sometimes present on the
surface or otherwise embedded within the deeper seated
layers. Aggregations of such tumours occurring in
various parts give rise to serious functional disturbance,
consonant with the nature and position of the organ
thus invaded.. Pleurisy also appears to have had its
origin in some cases by the escape of the worms from
the tumours in the substance of the gullet direct into
the cavity of the chest, where they have been found
crawling in the midst of recent tumefactions or adhesions
created by their presence. Paralysis of the hind limbs is
also seen, and is supposed to be the result of plugging of
the small blood-vessels of the spinal cord by ova escap-
ing by the aorta or chief artery. It is singular that the
brain does not appear to suffer, the tumours, it is said,
being seldom seen among the tissues in front of the
heart. Doubtless, however, as may be hereafter demon-
strated, other affections in various organs or viscera, as
the kidneys, intestines, &c., may be due to similar
causes.

1 84 Diseases of the Digestive System.

CHAPTER XIII.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The Teeth: Caries— Abscess of the Jaw— Diseases of the Tongue: Glossitis,
Wounds, Paralysis — Ptyalism — The Lips — Pharyngitis— Choking — Struc-
ture of the Gullet— Indigestion— Vomition— Gastric Catarrh— Gastritis-
Foreign Bodies in the Stomach— Ulceration— Worms in the Stomach— Colic
—Diarrhoea— Dysentery — Constipation— Impaction — Enteritis — Prolapsus
— Piles— Atony — Tnickening — Hernia — Worms in the Bowels — Peritonitis
— Ascites or Dropsy— Hepatitis, Acute and Chronic — Fatty Degeneration —
Parasites in the Liver— Diseases of the Spleen and Pancreas— Goitre.

The Teeth are subject to disorder and discoloration
from accumulations of so-called tartar at the neck,
producing also irritation of the gums and the tooth
cavity, usually ending in caries or displacement of the
teeth and ulceration of the gums. The subjects are the
well fed and pampered pets, especially old dogs, which
contract a chronic form of dyspepsia, accompanied by
offensive breath, flow of saliva from the lips, pain and
inconvenience, until the animal becomes "broken
mouthed " — that is, having scarcely a sound tooth.

To prevent these conditions the dog should be allowed
to use and clean his teeth in the natural manner, namely,
the picking of bones and other food sufficiently solid to
require breaking down. For this purpose the Fibrine
Cakes of Spratt's Patent are highly useful.

Broken Teeth are the result of carrying hard or
heavy articles. Displacement is the result of irregular
growth or accumulation of tartar, absorption of the
alveolar margins, and ulceration of the gums. Extraction,
with the after observance of hygienic rules, are the means
of remedy.

Caries of the Teeth is the result of indigestion and
improper feeding, probably derived from hereditary
predisposition or taint. Breeders should especially note
this fact. Excessive foetor, unusual salivation, dulness,

Diseases of the Digestive System, 185

evidence of pain and fever, looseness of the teeth, which
are encircled by deposits of tartar, evidence of pain on
pressure, refusal of food, &c. The tooth is somewhat
raised, and the gum inflamed, as the result of disease in
the fang. Treatmcftt consists of extraction, cleansing
the mouth by antiseptic fluids as " Sanitas," &c. &c., and
paying attention to the diet, exercise, and general welfare
of the patient. When profuse bleeding follows extrac-
tion, a suitable plug of cotton wool steeped in a solution
of alum or sulphate of iron will be usually sufficient.

Abscess of the Jaw, vulgarly known as Canker of
the Mouthy results from neglect of the conditions essential
to heaUh, which leads to extensive caries and abscess of
the fang of the tooth. Removal of the tooth is usually
sufficient to liberate the pus ; but in protracted cases the
bone of the jaw swells, and the gums assume a spongy
condition, with a liability to bleed profusely, causing
high fever, salivation and inability to take food. These
states may result in the discharge of matter by a
fistulous opening.

Treatment, — Evacuate unopened abscesses ; remove
diseased teeth, and dress the parts regularly with
astringent lotions, or simply " Sanitas " Fluid. Wash
out the mouth also with the latter to remove the fcetor
and sweeten the breath ; and use a plug saturated in
"Sanitas" for the cavity from which the tooth has
been removed. Good food with stimulants and tonics
will be required to restore the health and spirits of the
patient.

Glossitis, or Lrflam^nation of the Tongue, arises from
punctures, bruises, scalding with hot food, the action of
caustics, &c. Swelling and protruding of the organ
from the mouth, profuse salivation, and probable soreness
of the throat, with high fever, are the general signs.

Treatment. — Perfect quietness is essential. Syringe
the mouth frequently with a solution of alum, or use an
electuary as directed.

Wounds of the Tongue, incised or piuictured, may
be treated with astringent lotions thrown into the mouth
by a syringe. During this treatment the animal must

1 86 Diseases of the Digestive System,

be fed on fluid rations, as Fibrine biscuits bruised and
soaked in hot water or milk, and given when cool.

Paralysis of the Tongue is not common, but it
occurs now and again in bulldogs and spaniels, hanging
loosely and useless from one side of the mouth in a dry
and often discoloured condition. In most cases the
ascertained cause is nervous disorder. It is congenital
in some animals, and therefore incurable.

Treatment comprises the use of nerve tonics, as
strychnine. Purchasers of valuable dogs should be on
the alert for this deformity, as unscrupulous dealers
practise the surgical art of amputating the portion visible
on the outer side of the teeth.

Ptyalism, or Excessive flow of Saliva, arises in the dog
from the incautious use of mercurial ointment as a
remedy for the mange, also when the mineral has been
too frequently or too largely administered internally,
when such Symptoms as the following are present : Dis-
coloration or perhaps looseness of the teeth, sore and
swollen gums, and in long-standing cases disease of the
bones. Saliva drivels from the mouth, and when the
jaws are separated the flow is largely increased. The
animal is dull, highly sensitive to cold, and the body
generally is cold, especially the ears and legs. A close
examination is essential in order to decide accurately, as
ptyalism arises from other causes, as defective teeth and
disease of the mouth, <S:c. {See Mercurial Poisoning.)

The Lips are liable to invasion by warty growths,
which sometimes affect the outer cheek, as well as
internally, together with the tongue and palate. Increase
in size, and their possible recurrence, may prove highly
inconvenient and troublesome, besides being a serious
disfigurement. The most effective treatment is that of
constant excision by suitable sharp scissors or the knife,
the parts being afterwards touched with lunar caustic.

Inflammation of the Pharynx or Pharyngitis
always accompanies Laryngitis (which see), one of the
common results being permanent thickening or ulcera-
tion of the Hning membrane, the disease having assumed
a chronic character. Free dressings v/ith nitrate of

Diseases of the Digestive System. 1 87

silver are recommended, the mouth being kept open by
means of the gag.

Choking. — Notwithstanding ample provision in the
dog for bolting the food, this accident sometimes
takes place, the usual seat of obstruction being the
entrance to the pharynx. The Symptoms are frequent
attempts to regurgitate or force out the obstruction ;
fluids passed into the mouth return immediately. There
is also frequent cough, profuse salivation, great discom-
fort, an anxious look in the eyes, and sometimes the
obstruction may be seen and felt on the outside.

Treatment. — Previous to actual surgical interference
the nature of the obstruction should be ascertained, as
sharp or angular substances are sometimes serious
offenders, and should not be pushed downwards. A
whalebone probe or a flexible tube specially made for
the purpose will answer for pressing down a piece of
meat, pudding, &c., but when bones or other hard and
dangerous things are lodged in the passage, the throat
forceps alone are useful, by which the body is seized and
drawn through the mouth. During the operation the
dog must be fixed securely, and the mouth held open by
the gag. These methods may fail in consequence of the
offending substance moving downwards and again re-
tained within the gullet. In this case, seeing no direct
possibility of moving the obstruction any further, the
surgeon will not hesitate to open the gullet by incision
from the outside, as experience shows the surprising
aptitude for heaHng in the portions subjected to the
operation. A fluid diet and attention to the wound
comprise the after- essentials for a week or more.

Stricture of the Gullet is the probable result of
repeated choking, considerable injury to the mucous
membrane and even the muscular layer, arising from the
swallowing of hard, and probably sharp, angular sub-
stances, as bones, &c. Similar states are also due to the
presence and burrowing of a small round worm known as
Filaria sanguinolenta.

The Symptoms are frequent and usually slight attacks
of choking, which subside without treatment, or otherwise,

1 88 Diseases of the Digestive System,

after a dose of chloric ether in cold water. Its existence
in sporting and other dogs which require heavy food is a
serious drawback, the use of light and highly digestible
food only being tolerated.

Inappetance, or absence of desire for food^ is often a
sign of being overfed and the beginning of serious
states, and may arise from decayed teeth, sore tongue,
mouth, or gums, choking, or muscular inability from
paralysis of the jaws. The treatment must be based on
the discovery and removal of the cause.

Indigestion is a disease of common occurrence in
canine animals. The wandering mongrel alternately
suffers from absolute want and over-repletion with
unsuitable and highly indigestible food, and the highly
favoured pets are the victims of a depraved appetite
brought about by want of exercise, over-repletion, and
often most unsuitable aliment. Allied causes are disease
of the mouth or irregularities of the teeth, a torpid liver,
worms or foreign substances in the stomach.

Symptofns. — A depraved appetite associated with
frequent vomition, the ejected material passing down the
nostrils. The bowels are constipated and distended by
air, the result of fermentation, giving rise to colicky pains,
dulness, and often excessive peevishness or unusual anger.
The patient is often sensitive to cold, and seeks absolute
quiet and warmth ; the coat is rough, harsh and staring,
and the temperature of the body irregular and unequal.
In old-standing cases the sufferer lays on much fat, the
hair falls off, and the state becomes one of general
debility or anaemia.

Treatment. — Change of food and regular meals, sub-
stituting more digestible or less stimulating varieties as
may be needed. Fresh air, regular exercise on foot.
Purgatives are required for constipation and colic, assisted
by occasional enemas ; carbonate of soda or potash in
water to relieve acidity and irritability of the stomach,
and vermifuges to expel worms when they r.re known to
be present.

Emesis or Vomition in the dog depending upon
special nervous endowment, under ordinary conditions is

Diseases of the Digestive System. 189

a salutary process, intended as Nature's safeguard in the
many dangers to which, as the scavenger of the earth, he
is necessarily exposed. Thus irritant food is speedily
ejected; and the organ also becomes specially excited
under the stimulus of numerous ailments, when enforced
discharge of the contents has the effect of a powerful
sedative on the system. This special sensitiveness has
led to egregious abuse in the employment of emetics for
almost every disease, irrespective of the torture to which
the creature is subjected. Their adoption should be
regulated by great care and judgment, as they are likely
to produce serious gastric disorder with Continuous
Vomition, a condition usually indicative of acute
irritation when it arises independently of medicinal
agents.

Gastritic Catarrh, or Catarrh of the Stomach, vulgarly
called " husk," consists of a congested and irritative, and
more or less inflamed condition of the extensive mucous
lining, arising from injudicious as well as erroneous
feeding, the presence of parasites or indigestible foreign
bodies.

The Symptoms comprise some amount of fever,
irritability of the stomach, with frequent vomition, the
fluid being of an acid character, and contains no food.
Pressure over the region of the stomach causes severe
pain in most cases. The animal is dull, dispirited, and
tormented by a constant cough. By extension of the
disease to the bowels, a fatal diarrhoea sets in, and the
termination is usually fatal.

Treatment. — This is not always successful, the reten-
tion of food or medicine by the stomach being a matter
of extreme difficulty. Small quantities only of anything
should be given, and at frequent intervals. The best
remedies appear to be prussic acid, chlorodyne, or opium,
alternated with the carbonates of potash or soda. The
injection of remedies beneath the skin offers a suitable
method of treatment, thus avoiding the dilution as well as
waste by the constant vomition. Some practitioners find
great benefit from the administration of a pill containing
one to three grains of opium, and sulphate of iron five to

190 Diseases of the Digestive System.

ten grains given morning and evening. If the vomition
can be arrested, the use of vegetable tonics, as gentian
or quinine, will be called for, and, in chronic cases, nux
vomica in small and repeated doses.

Gastritis, or Inflammation of the Stomach of a true
character, is seen only in connection with poisoning by
irritants.

The Symptoms greatly resemble those of indigestion,
developing slowly, and consist of thirst, fever, a habit of
licking cool objects, depraved appetite, and subsequently
frequent vomition. Pain is evinced by frequent whining,
restlessness, moving from one place or position to
another, and by stretching at full length, to present the
abdomen to the ground. Pressure over the stomach
causes pain ; the pulse is accelerated and small, and
animal temperature is increased. The mouth and tongue
are dry, dirty and foul, breath offensive, mucous mem-
branes injected, and vomition proceeds first by the
ejection of simple fluid, which occasionally contains
blood.

Treatment. — Precise measures consist of the adminis-
tration of an agent which by chemical union with the
poison renders it inert, details of which will be given
under Poisons. Frequent draughts of soothing muci-
laginous and alkaline solutions are advisable, and the
application of counter-irritants, as mustard, in the form of
plasters, is indispensable. With full abatement of all
the symptoms, the animal enters upon the stage of con-
valescence, when vegetable tonics and alkalies will serve
to promote sound recovery, during which the greatest
care must be exercised in feeding.

Ulceration of the Stomach is occasionally seen as
the result of malnutrition dependent upon wasting dis-
eases, as distemper, or bad and insufficient food, with
confinement in unsanitary places. The condition of
defective health thus induced also secures the existence
of other local evidences, tlie cornea being the common
seat of the disease.

Foreign Bodies in the Stomach of the dog are
common. Their name also is legion and we cannot

Diseases of the Digestive System. 191

enumerate them. The more common are stones, &c.,
which the animals are taught to seize or carry, which may
be swallowed. Others have sharp prominences, and may
seriously wound some of the structures, producing a train
of morbid signs not always of simple interpretation, death
only revealing the true nature of the case as well as its
cause.

Worms in the Stomach. — These consist of several
varieties of round as well as tape-worm, the chief of the
former being the Ascaris marginata, or marginated round
worm, and the Spiroptera sanguinolenta, and of the latter
Tcenia cucu?nerina, and more rarely Tcenia ccenurus, or gid
tape- worm of the sheep.

Symptoms. — Nausea, retching, and vomiting proceed
first in order, accompanied with foetid breath, and a dry,
troublesome, husky cough. Subsequently the bowels are
irregular and colic ensues, with increase of the foregoing
symptoms, especially gastric disturbance, often termina-
ting with convulsions and death. Some dogs exhibit a
voracious appetite in the early stages ; notwithstanding the
animal becomes poor and even emaciated, and towards
the close there are signs of brain disturbance.

Treatment. — An effective remedy consists of oil of tur-
pentine, one or more teaspoonfuls, proportionate to the
size and build of the dog, in combination with one to
three ounces of pure glycerine, followed in two or three
hours by a dose of olive oil, or the Castor Oil Mixture.
{See Aperients.) If needful these medicines may be
repeated in three days.

Colic or Spasms, vulgarly known as Gripes, is a sign
of bowel derangement, spasmodic in nature, and unasso-
ciated with tendency to inflammation. The Causes are
irritants within the bowels, or the spasms may be due to
reflex act on arising from morbid derangement in other
organs, mostly the former, the irritants being foreign
bodies, impacted food, disease of stomach, bowels, liver,
or other contiguous organs. Colic is often present in
diseases induced by mineral poisons, as in lead colic^ and
also those dependent upon animal poisons developed
during certain diseases, as Distemper ; it is also a common

192 Diseases of the Digestive System.

sign of worms. Puppies suffer frequently from changes
in the quaUty of the mother's milk, and it also appears
in pregnant bitches as a result of pressure on the neck of
the bladder.

The Symptoms usually arise suddenly, the animal ex-
hibiting signs of discomfort by moaning. The sleep is
disturbed and he cries, rises, turns round, draws himself
together, again lies down, but soon rises and repeats the
various acts. Increase of pain is betokened by sharp and
frequent cries; he is more restless and assumes every
variety of position ; the back is arched upwards, and the
abdomen is distended when the colic is due to flatulence,
or small, hard, and contracted in obstinate constipation.
Fever is not present in true or simple colic.

Treatment.— '^omo, practitioners resort to an emetic in
the first instance. Others prefer to put the animal at
once into a warm bath (90° to 104° F.), which frequently
reduces the spasm, and promotes free action of the
bowels, especially when conjoined with smart friction
over the surface. If the pain is severe, anti-spasmodic
draught No. 2 may be given at intervals of two or three
hours ; and mustard plasters may be applied to the sur-
face of the abdomen, or a stimulating liniment should be
rubbed in. When, however, some known irritant is
present, an oleaginous aperient should be given in the
first instance, as removal of the cause is specially
curative.

Diarrhoea consists of a frequent passing of liquid
faeces, attended with pain, spasm, or colic, and more or
less straining. Acute cases have their origin in the
presence of some irritant, which induces a catarrhal state
of the mucous membrane, and inordinate secretion from
the numerous intestinal glands as well as the membrane
itself. Such irritants are food, intestinal worms, &c.
Diarrhoea is also the result of blood disorder, terminating
in wasting disease, or •* breaking up of the system." It
also depends upon an excessive secretion of bile, and
may be caused by repeated overdoses of purgative
medicines, inducing super-purgation. Chronic cases are
denoted by intractable indigestion, and great debility in

Diseases of the Digestive System. 193

addition to the above, with more or less ulceration of
the bowels, as seen near the anus, the opening of which
is relaxed and dilated:

Treatment. — The patient demands the most careful
nursing and strict deaiiliness, with freedom from ex-
posure to cold, otherwise acute cases have the tendency
to assume the chronic form. A suitable dose of the
castor-oil mixture {see Aperients) should be given in the
first instance, which by removal of the original cause
determines the recovery of the patient. If, however, the
case assumes the chronic stage, one of the anodyne
formulae must be adopted, with astringent diet, as the
symptoms indicate. Simple glycerine, vaseline, or
*'Sanitas" jelly, especially the latter, are eminently use-
ful in soothing the anus and bowel, when smeared over
it. When liver disorder is evident, calomel or podo-
phyllin will be of service. Young puppies often suffer
from a form of diarrhoea while deriving their sustenance
from the mother. In that case the latter should receive
a mild purgative ; afterwards lime-water to drink, or a
solution of carbonate of soda (5 to 10 grains to each ounce
of water) mixed with the food. The disease is also a
common associate with the early stages of distemper, the
probable cause being the ingestion of unsuitable food
and filth, or inhalation of the odours arising from drains,
accumulations of manure, &c. Worms are a common
cause.^ The usual remedy is half a dose of castor oil,
with one to three drops of laudanum. Chronic forms
degenerate into dysentery.

Dysentery consists of inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the large bowels as a rule, followed by
ulceration and discharge of blood. The evacuations
contain no fceces, except at intervals, when solitary, dark,
small, and offensive lumps are voided. The causes are
those common to diarrhoea largely aggravated.

Symptoms. — In addition to the above, the animal
suffers from abdominal pain, with rapidly forming de-
bility and emaciation, also emanations of sickly odours
from thd skin and mouth. Shreds of the intestinal
mucous membrane pass with blood among the offensive

13

194 Diseases of the Digestive System.

evacuations ; the pulse and respiration are quick, nose
dry and hot, mucous membranes injected, great thirst,
but no appetite, gradual sinking, arid death.

Treatment must be careful and persistent.

Constipation or Costiveness is the result of tor-
pidity or comparative inaction of the bowels, the animal
passing no faeces, or, otherwise, they are voided with
much effort and pain, and are dry, small, and hard. The
disorder is common to animals under confinement, es-
pecially when fed solely on animal food. Constipation,
associated with fever, is one of the marked symptoms of
liver disorder, but constipation pure and simple is not
necessarily attended by fever, neither is it of long dura-
tion, and is amenable to ordinary remedies.

Treat??ient. — Change of diet is almost always essential.
The flesh food should be reduced and the deficiency
made up by vegetables, and a weekly feed of boiled
liver will be helpful, conjoined with regular feeding \.\mts
and proper exercise. In some cases the accumulation of
faeces in the rectum is large, producing colic, and they
may be felt on manipulating the abdomen by the hand as
well as being evident in the bulging of the anus. Accu-
mulations of this extreme nature sometimes prove fatal
within a few hours in house and pet dogs. Removal of
the accumulation of ingesta must be effected by means
of the oiled finger, or when necessary broken down by
he handle of a spoon, assisted by injections of .warm
water. A dose of the castor-oil mixture {see^ Aperients)
should follow, and subsequently an occasional dose
should be given if the disorder does not abate.

Impaction of the Bowels by means of various sub-
stances, as a bone of considerable size, or several pieces,
a stone, accumulations of hardened faeces, or fibrous
vegetable matter, which have been swallowed, constitutes
an\egravated form of constipation. The formation of a
calculus IS of rare occurrence, but one such proves to
be the cause now and again. Colic, constipation, and
sometimes vomiting are present, especially after oleagi-
nous purgatives have been administered. Enemas,
assisted by external manipulation of the abdomen, often

Diseases of the Digestive System 195

facilitates passage of the mass to the rectum and
removed. A itvf days may be required for this purpose,
during which the animal should receive only fluid laxa-
tive aliment, with opiates or other antispasmodics.

Enteritis, or Liflajnmation of the Intestines. — The
muscular coat of the tube is the seat of the malady, the
causes being impaction by indigestible substances, the
passage of one portion passing within another, or some
other form of strangulation ; exposure to excessive cold
and wet after removal of the coat ; exhibition of poison-
ous doses of medicine or deliberate poisoning. It is also
apt to arise from the absorption of local remedies used in
excess for the eradication of mange.

.5;7////^>'//j-.— Continued pain and distress is evinced by
cries and the appearance also of the eyes, with severe
abdominal pain, high fever, and increase of temperature.
Pressure on the abdomen increases the suffering ; yet the
animal finds some comfort in stretching himself on the
ground, courting the coolness of the stones or earth to
counteract the heat of the abdominal muscles. As a rule
he seeks the quiet of a secluded corner, where he may be
found, lying in perfect agony on his side and uttering
piercing cries. The bowels are confined and the urine,
voided only in very small quantities, is highly coloured
and has a strong odour. The pulse is small, hard, and
rapid ; the nose is hot, thirst is considerable and the tail
is firmly contracted over the anus and forward upon the
abdomen. When the disease is due to poisons, vomiting
is constant, the ejected fluids being mixed with blood.
The mouth, ears, and legs become cold, the body smells
disagreeably, the abdomen enlarges, the pulse and heart-
beats becomes faint and at length imperceptible, and
convulsions terminate in death. A chronic form of the
disease may occur, which is indicated by intermittent
colic, alternate constipation and diarrhoea, with tense
abdomen, flatulence, «Sic., and more or less continuous
vomiting, terminating in weakness, collapse, and death.

Treatfnent. — First learn the cause. If the disease
arises from impaction, foreign objects, worms, &c.,
admiruster a ?nild dose of salad oil. Enemas of warm

196 Diseases of the Digestive System.

water will be useful, if assisted by breaking up of the
faeces by the finger inserted within the rectum. Crude
opium (one to three grains), chlorodyne, Indian hemp,
&c., given in one or two teaspoonfuls of barley water,
may be given to counteract pain and spasm, and may be
repeated hourly as needed. Enemas containing one of
these remedies are also of great value. A warm bath
often proves highly beneficial if due care in drying, &c.,
is observed. In recovery the greatest care in feeding,
&c., must be observed, or the animal when approaching
convalescence will suddenly change, droop, and die from
a recurrence of the malady. Poisoning must be met by
appropriate remedies or antidotes. {See Poisons.)

Beef-tea, broth, milk, or cod-liver oil should be given
with the medicines by the mouth, and by the rectum
with astringents. Violent pain must be met by opium
(one to three grains) hourly, or at longer intervals as
needful to subdue the pain. Some practitioners add
sulphate of copper with manifest benefit. A hot linseed
poultice, or the spongio-piline {see Poultices) applied to
the abdomen is often highly beneficial, and suppositories,
or injections of an astringent nature should be employed
in conjunction ; iced water is sometimes added. Clean-
liness, with fresh air, are all important in the means of
cure.

Prolapsus Ani, or D?'oppiHg of the Bowely appears in
the form of an unsightly tumour beneath the tail, which
often suffers considerable enlargement with the discharge
of faeces, while some pain and difficulty attend the act.
The usual causes are debility, the result of age, neglected
constipation of a general character, as well as impaction
of the rectum itself. It is also common in over- fed and
idle dogs. It may be partial, consisting of the mucous
membrane only, or the entire rectum may be everted, in
which case swelling ensues with more or less strangula-
tion, inducing changes which greatly militate against a
speedy and successful return as well as retention of the
organ.

Treatment consists of returning the bowels within the
abdomen by means of careful side-pressure and manipu-

Diseases of the Digestive System. 1 97

lation with the fingers (the animal being held with the
hind quarters raised considerably above the body), and
afterwards dressed with cold astringent dressings. Injec-
tions or suppositories of the same nature should also be
continued for several days, and the food should be fluid
and laxative until the evidences of cure are established.
In chronic cases the organ may become so mutilated and
enlarged as to call for excision. To prevent the disease^
avoid constipation of the bowels by a periodical feed of
uncooked liver, boiled greens, or purgation.

Hsemorrhoids or Piles constitute a frequent disease
in aged dogs, and those subject to constipation and a
general state of relaxed fibre. Primarily they appear as
simple bulbs or tumours located on the outer-side of the
anal opening, or upon the lining mucous membrane
within. They are, therefore, known as external or
internal Piles, and consist of the enlarged veins of the
locality, their condition being due to the pressure arising
from straining to void faeces during constipation. "Such
pressure being long continued induces a tendency to
ulcerate or slough, by which a number of sores are formed
attended with more or less haemorrhage constituting
" bleeding piles." Further aggravation leads to the
formation oi fistula^ yAi\Q}c\ is an opening in amass of
condensed or diseased tissue, leading to a cavity, the
situation of a former abscess. The lodgment of sharp,
angular bones, or impaction by hard faeces lacerating the
rectum, are also common causes. The liver is under
disorder in most cases.

Treatment. — An oleaginous aperient is best for simple
cases ; but when the liver is at fault, an aloetic pill with
calomel or the aperient blue pill should be given. In-
digestion must receive appropriate treatment as detailed
under that head, cod-liver oil forming a daily portion.
Local treatment should consist of the application of cold
water or ice for both forms, the latter being put inside
and allowed to remain. Lotions of alum or the sulphates
of zinc, copper, or iron, are also highly beneficial, but no
permanent good can result unless the feeding is improved,
and sufficient exercise is given to promote healthy

198 Diseases of the Digestive System.

function of the digestive organs in particular, and the
system generally.

Atony of the Rectum is common to old dogs
unable to take exercise. The gut is enlarged from
constant impaction, and the glands of the vicinity
discharge a foul-smelling fluid ; the anus is also enlarged
and ulcerated, from which a swelling arises and is con-
tinued downwards between the thighs along the course
of the abdomen. It is common also to other diseases as
a complication, viz., chronic diarrhcea and dysentery.

Treatvmit consists of supporting and improving the
system by internal tonics and laxatives ; the regular
removal of fsecal accumulations, and constant administra-
tion of tonic astringent enemas, as solutions of tannic
acid, sulphate of iron, &c.

Thickening of the Bowel, leading to Stricture,
sometimes attended by dilation, is somewhat common to
the duodenum. Such cases are always clearly manifested
during life, and . are usually traced to the action of
some chemical or other irritant on the tissues of the
bowels.

Hernia, or the passage of some portion of the intes-
tines and their appendages, is not of common occurrence.
In puppies hernia of the navel is now and again seen. It
consists of the omentum or caul, which may be returned
Avithin the abdomen, and maintained by a bandage or
truss, or excision of the whole protrusion by means of the
ligature may be tried. Other forms need not be discussed
here, as they are only of interest to the scientific operator
in surgery.

Worms in the Intestines. — Several species of worms
find their abode within the intestines of the dog, being
chiefly of the classes commonly known as round and tape-
worms. Their presence is in obedience to certain laws
which regulate and ensure their being called into exist-
ence, as well as subsequent changes and developments.

The Symptoms generally denoting the presence of
worms in the bowels are as follows : irritation, more or
less persistent, inducing disorder, as variable and depraved
appetite, loss of hair, and a rough unhealthy state of the

Diseases of the Digestive System. 1 99

skin ; irregularity of the bowels, producing a discharge of
faeces and fluid, which is sUmy, exceedingly offensive,
and contains the parasites; irritation of the anus, as
shown by the creature licking it, or endeavourmg to
remove the annoyance by dragging himself in a sitting
posture over the ground. As these signs continue, a
state of general ancemia sets in, from which the animal
dies or otherwise recovers and goes through similar
suffering. Occasionally during life the worms migrate
from the intestines to the stomach, from which they may
be expelled in the resulting vomition ; instances are also
on record in which they have been known to pass to the
windpipe or lungs and produce fatal consequences. The
remedies for worms are numerous, formulae for which will
be found in Chapter VI 1 1., one of the most efficacious
being No. 3. p. 137.

Peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum or mem'
brane which lines the cavity of the abdomen and invests
the bowels, is frequently confounded with enteritis. It
may be only partial ; it is more frequently complete. The
causes are external violence as severe blows, punctured
wounds, &c. ; it may also result from hernia, constipation,*
or exposure to damp and cold, and in females is apt to
follow parturition.

Symptoms. — High fever with rapid, small, hard, and
sharp pulse. Pressure on the abdom.en induces severe
pain, and to avoid being handled the sufferer seeks a
quiet spot where he lies on his side, breathing with diflS-
culty and constant pain, as evinced by frequent sharp
cries. Constipation is present from the first. As the
disease advances these signs are aggravated, the tongue
is furred, dry, and offensive, thirst is great, and the urine
is scanty and highly coloured. The abdomen enlarges
from the accumulation of fluid, the legs and ears are
cold, and death follows coma or delirium.

Treatment. — Continued fomentations, poultices (which
see) or a mild stimulating liniment may be applied to
the abdomen under gentle care ; leeches often prove im-
mediately beneficial. The only safe remedies are seda-
tives {see Febrifuges), especially aconite, digitalis, opium,
or belladonna, given every four hours as required.

200 Diseases of the Digestive System.

Ascites, or Drops of the Abdomen, is the frequent
result of peritonitis, but it may arise from conditions
totally apart from it, as anaemia following continued
asthma or skin diseases, derangement of the liver, &c.
Cold and damp are common causes in young dogs.

Symptoms. — Unusual enlargement of the abdomen,
pale mucous membranes, general coldness and wasting
of the body, rough staring coat, and faUing of the hair,
nausea, frequent vomition, and indigestion generally,
husky cough, hurried respiration, subacute fever, intoler-
able thirst, dropsical states of the body generally,
oppressed breathing, sinking, and death.

Treatment. — Tonics, with vegetable bitters and mild
diuretics are useful. Absorption of the fluid may be
promoted by regular, but small, doses of digitalis and
iodide of iron. Cod-liver oil is highly nutritive and suffi-
ciently laxative to promote free action of the bowels.
The whole of the fluid may be drawn away by what is
known as " tapping the belly," after which support must
be afforded by a bandage placed round the body, and
the operation may be required on future occasions
•to relieve the oppressed breathing from repeated accumu-
lation of the fluid.

Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver., is common
to overfed and pampered animals, especially house pets
taking little or no exercise. The disease in the acute
form is said to be more common in tropical countries,
and even the South of France, than in Great Britain,
where it more frequently assumes the congestive form.

Syjfiptoms. — The early manifestations are a dry or
husky cough, accelerated pulse and respiration, rigors, or
more commonly shivering fits, and pain on the right side
which, is aggravated by pressure ; nausea and vomiting
are present. In later stages the mucous membranes and
the skin exhibit a tinge of yellow, which becomes more
intense with the progress of the malady. The bowels are
alternately relaxed or confined, and the evacuations are
pale, the urine is deficient, having an orange colour ; the
pain of the right side is increased, and enlargement over
the region of the liver is evident ; bile mingles with the

Diseases of the Digestive System. 201

fluids ejected from the stomach. The animal is dull, the
mouth and tongue are furred and with the breath are
offensive, the abdomen enlarges and is pendulous, the
bowels contain much flatus ; there is intense thirst,
absence of appetite, and the loss of flesh is very rapid.

Treatment. — Blood-letting to a moderate extent by
means of the lancet, or abstraction by leeches after the
hair has been removed is useful, especially if the hot
(spongio-piline) poultice is immediately applied. Mustard
plasters promptly are beneficial, or the hot bath may be
tried, if the animal can be well protected afterwards.
As medicines the salines, or febrifuge No. 3, may
be given once daily for three or four days; or the
febrifuge No. 6, three times daily, in simple water,
thickened with treacle, until the acute symptoms are
overcome, when vegetable tonics may be resorted to.

Chronic Hepatitis, like the acute form, in its true
nature is congestive, due to similar causes, except in
India and other hot countries, where continued high
temperature and malaria are superadded.

The Symptoms are, in the main, those of acute hepatitis
modified or less severe, making little progress one way
or the other for some time. Jaundice and a peculiar
haggard or dejected appearance, with loss of power, are
prominent signs. The liver is generally increased, hard,
and may be insensible to pressure. The belly, particularly
on the right side, is swollen, and the animal is tormented
by thirst, indigestion, flatulence, vomition, and irregularity
of the bowels. The skin is dry, often scurfy, and
discoloured by bile, and the hair is erect. Piles are
common as a result of pressure obstructing blood
circulation ; and asthma, disease of the spleen, &c., are
frequent accompaniments.

Treatment. — Promote regular action of the bowels by
the use of saline aperient and febrifuge No. 3, or
small doses of calomel, and podophyllin, rhubarb, or
aloes on alternate days, with intermediate doses (two to
four drops) of nitric or hydrochloric acid twice daily, or the
iodide of potassium (five to ten grains) may be substituted
for a time. Great benefit may arise from an application

202 Diseases of the Digestive System.

of strong iodine liniment, or ointment of biniodide of
mercury — half strength, and repeated as needful — to the
side afcer removal of the hair. The diet must be
carefully regulated as well as digestible, and the action
of the bowels should be largely maintained by enemas
when the salines are not employed. Pet dogs recovering
from the disease may prove useful as previously, but
animals from which constant or phenomenal work is
required are rarely capable, and for breeding purposes
they should not be selected.

Fatty Degeneration of the Liver is an occasional
result of hepatitis. In some instances it is enormously
enlarged, and capable of being manipulated by the hand,
causing a largely distended abdomen, irregular bowels,
and anpemia, the patient finally becoming excessively
lean and weak, with all the indications of chronic
hepatitis.

Treatment. — Withdraw food containing fat, and sub-
stitute fibrine biscuits in moderate quantities, with
enforced excercise daily. As a treat, give a meal of
fresh liver, cut up and mixed with the usual food, and
as a medicine give ten grains of chlorate of potash twice
daily for some time.

Old and uwni-oiit dogs frequently exhibit peculiar
forms of malignant disease of the liver, spleen, mesentery,
omentum, &c., which present some of the strangest
combinations of incurable states. In all such instances
common humanity suggests their destruction by a painless
death, as prussic acid or an overdose of chloroform.

Parasitic Disease of the Liver is due to the presence
of the fluke Distovia conjujictirm in the biie ducts, inducing
inflammation and numerous small abscesses. Various
cysiic or bladder forms of parasitism are also common ;
and round worms {Filaria hepatica) occupy the substance
as well as the ducts of the liver, leading to the formation
of cysts in the walls of the intestines.

Obstruction to the functions of the liver occasionally
arises from the formation of biliary calcuh', or gall-stones.
Jaundice is a common sign, with more or less indigestion,
and acute pain, evidenced by violence during their

Diseases of the Digestive System. 203

passage along the gall-ducts to the intestines, is not
uncommon.

Treatment. — The pain is to be soothed by warm
baths and the internal administration of opium, chloric
ether, &c., measures which are also beneficial in the
removal of the obstruction as well as the resulting
jaundice. The presence of one stone suggests the
presence and constant formation of many others, therefore,
some alteration in the diet should be made, more
frequent exercise being enforced, while one of the liver
pills {see Aperients), or podophyllin and calomel are
regularly given.

Disease of the Spleen and Pancreas is rarely
recognised except in conjunction with morbid conditions
of the liver, and chiefly after death. We have, therefore,
but little information in reference to morbid signs during
life, the principal being enlargement of the spleen, which
may be felt on the left side of the front of the belly.
The organ is then sensible to pressure, and the animal
emits cries of pain when he is moved. A husky cough
is present ; the coat is rough and dirty ; the bowels are
relaxed, and the evacuations are yellow and mixed with
froth, a state which alternates with constipation. The
mucous membranes are pale, and fever is more or less
present. Emaciation proceeds with the continuance of
these signs, and the disease is practically incurable, de-
pending on conjointdiseaseof the liver and other organs.

Goitre, or Bronchocele, is not unfrequent in newly
born pups, associated with rickets, the probable result of
parental mal-nutrition. Among older animals pugs are
singularly liable, the swellings being known as "Kernels."
The disease consists of enlargement of the thyroid
glands, situate on each side of the throat, which has
been known to cause obstruction to the flow of blood in
the jugular veins, with resulting dulness, and even death.
Pressure on the windpipe has also been known to
produce suffocation. The diseased enlargement sometimes
disperses spontaneously ; otherwise painting with iodine,
after removal of the hair, with internal administration of
the drug, will accomplish its disappearance.

204 Diseases of the Urinary System.

CHAPTER XIV.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM.

Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys — Albuminous Nephritis — Calculi, or
Stones in the Kidney— Haematuria, or Red Water— Atrophy and Hyper-
trophy—Worm in theKidney— Impiction of the Ureters— Cystitis, or In-
flammation of the Bladder— Stone in the Bladder— Rupture of the Bladder
— Diabetes — Paralysis of the Bladder— Disease of the Prostate — Stone in
the Urethra— Urethritis— Balanitis and Posthitis— Worm in the Urethra.

The urinary apparatus of the dog is probably subject to
a greater number of disorders, occurring with greater
frequency than is generally supposed among animals
under confinement, especially when they are pampered
and fed on all kinds of unsuitable aliment. Disorder of
the digestive process is likely to derange the action of
the kidneys, and from thence the various organs of the
system are more or less influenced.

Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidney, arises from
numerous causes, as blows, or strain on the loins ; the
action of cold after bathing or exposure to rain ; initation
of the organ by calculi or stones, abscess, &c., and direct
or indirect action of special remedies, as cantharides or
turpentine, of which the dog is peculiarly susceptible,
whether given by the mouth, absorbed by the skin, or
carried to the stomach by the tongue, as the animal licks
off external applications.

The Symptoms are a peculiar gait indicating stiffness in
the loins, with probable pain under manipulation or
pressure. Febrile symptoms are present, the pulse being
rapid, wiry, and hard, nose and mouth hot and dry,
mucous membranes reddened, and the bowels are acutely
constipated. In females the act of urination is often
attempted, and the quantity voided is small, highly
coloured, and sometimes mixed with blood.

Treatment — Leeches to the loins, or bleeding from the
jugular vein. Castor-oil mixture as a laxative. linseed

Diseases of the Urinary System. 205

mucilage or barley water should be used as a vehicle for
medicines, as tartar emetic in doses of a quarter or half a
grain twice or three times daily ; or belladonna, opium,
and camphor as anodynes ; enemas containing one of the
three latter drugs; hot spongio-piline poultices to the
loins, frequently renewed. Bicarbonate of soda or potash
are also useful in rendering the urine less acid and
aseptic. Perfect quiet is essential, and, excepting very
moderate exercise when the patient can bear it, all severe
movement must be carefully avoided. A form of Albu-
minous Nephritis has also been noticed, constituting
true Brighfs Disease.

Calculi, or Stones in tJie Kidney^ are by no means
infrequent. One or both organs may be affected. They
give rise to inflammation of the kidney, for which the
appropriate treatment is required.

Hsematuria, or Red Water^ derives its name from the
presence of blood in the urine.

The Causes are those which induce inflammation ; more
commonly calculi are present, the angular projections of
which may seriously wound the organ or cause impedi-
ments to the flow of blood, set up inflammation, and even
rupture of the vessels.

Symptoms. — Urination is attended with pain ; heat,
with tenderness of the loins ; blood is discharged in three
forms : during the act of urination, subsequent to it, or
altogether independent of it. When it comes from the
kidneys, it is diflused throughout the urine, which also
contains threads of fibrine, not unlike small worms, either
of a pale pink colour or white. Bleeding from the
bladder is known by the first discharge of urine being
free, but towards the end the blood comes floating in the
urine. Bleeding from the urethra is unattended by signs
of disease in the kidney or bladder. The blood is
discharged pure and alone.

Treatment. — Avoid blood-letting. Mucilaginous fluids,
as hnseed tea, barley water, solution of gum, beef tea, &c.,
should be given freely, in which iron and opiates {see
Styptics) should be given. Apply hot fomentations to
the loins, the spongio-piline poultice, mustard, or

206 Diseases of the Urinary System,

ammoniacal embrocation. Enemas containing belladonna
or opium to relieve pain and spasms. Tincture of
cantharides, in doses of two or three drops in a wine-
glassful of water, is often very useful.

Atrophy and Hypertrophy, terms which signify
Wasting and Enlargement, are seen in the kidney. Few
indications occur during life.

Worm in the Kidney is an occasional occurrence.
The parasite is known as Eustrongylus gigas, a round
worm, the female of which sometimes attains the length
of three feet, and as large as the little finger. Enormous
enlargement of the organ is one of the common results.
The presence is not always denoted by definite signs
during life.

Impaction of the Ureters may arise from the ac-
cumulation of small portions of calculi or sandy matter
on their way from the kidneys, giving rise to acutely
painful spasms, which yield to the action of opiates, or
passage of the obstruction to the bladder.

Cystitis, or Liflammation of the Bladder, may arise
from the absorption or imprudent use of turpentine,
cantharides, &c., internally. Enlargement of the pros-
tate gland by disease is the more frequent cause, as it
obstructs the flow of urine from the bladder. Stricture
of the urethra, calculi, and parasites act similarly.

Symptoms. — Extreme uneasiness, colic, frequent change
of place and position, and putting the nose to the flanks,
tenderness of the abdomen under pressure; fever is also
present, with intense thirst ; the hind limbs tremble,
urine is voided in small quantities and under great pain,
the bowels are costive, and vomition usually follows.
Chronic forms greatly resemble the state of nephritis. ^

Treatment.— Yiox baths, or the spongio-piline poultice
round the abdomen and loins, witli opiates, belladonna,
&c., internally {see Anodynes), to overcome spasm of
the urethra, and permit the flow of urine. Warm enemas
are useful. Mucilage containing the carbonate of ])otash
for drink. Pass the catheter, and remove urine. Ex-
plore for calculus, and regulate the bowels by means of
a laxative dose of castor-oil mixture.

Diseases of the Urinary System. 207

Calculus in the Bladder occurs in both males and
females. More than one are usually present, the smallest
being passed with sandy matter, forming one of the best
diagnostic signs.

Sympto7ns.—Cys\\i\s of an active kind is present in the
stages of early formation, but as the calculi increase in
size and number, the disease assumes the chronic form.
The urine at first varies in colour : when blood is present
it is red, otherwise it may be yellow, from the accumula-
tion of crystals deposited from the urine. Later the flow
of urine becomes more or less constant, but of uncertain
quantity, sometimes suddenly suppressed, and giving rise
to severe pain internally, while externally the skin is
excoriated and tender over which the fluid passes.

Removal of the Sto7ie by Operation is only possible in
very large animals, and in them it is attended with risk,
from the tendency to peritonitis, which is somewhat easily
produced in the dog.

Rupture of the Bladder follows the obstruction of
the urethra by pressure from diseased prostate gland, or
small calculi becoming wedged within the urethra.

Symptoms. — The urine for some time passes only in
drops ; the animal moves very little, and always care-
fully ; shortly the signs of acute inflammation of the
bladder set in, and the sufferer soon sinks, and dies
without excitement or struggle. After death the cavity
of the abdomen contains blood and fluid, the peritoneum
is congested, and the mucous coat of the bladder is
acutely inflamed, the walls being torn in various direc-
tions. When calculi have had some share in the pro-
duction of these states, one or more may be found in
the abdominal cavity.

Diabetes, or profuse urination, is rarely seen in the
dog, except as the result of the injudicious use of large
doses of diuretic medicines. The habit of the animal to
void urine repeatedly on being liberated for a run is due
to the excitement of pleasure, and perfectly natural. It
must not, therefore, be associated with probable disease.
Paralysis of the Bladder is the common result of
continued retention of, and inordinate distension by,

2o8 Diseases of the Urinary System.

urine, in which cases, by removal of the direct cause, and
absolute rest, the organ resumes its natural contractile
powers. When it depends upon nervous diseases, injury
to the spinal cord, apoplexy, &c., the inability to dis-
charge the contents remains, when nerve stimulants, as
strychnine, or probably the iodide of iron may be useful.
Removal of the urifie may also be required at stated inter-
vals, which the canine practitioner will accomplish by
means of a suitable catheter. Animals suffering from any
urinary complaint should be removed to the surgeon's
premises, where special attention can be bestowed.

Disease of the Prostate is common in the dog. It
is generally a disease of senility, and as such proves in-
curable. The age of the patient renders treatment
undesirable and a study of the causes will confirm the
decision.

CaleiiUis, or Stone in the Urethra, as a rule,
originates in the bladder, but is retained in its passage
from that organ, and becomes the source of irritation
and stoppage of urine. In some instances it is situate
in that portion of the canal lying within the pelvis, when
removal can only be effected by an operation, for which
the canine surgeon alone is competent.

Urethritis, or Inflammation of the Urethra, in its
extended form, arises from participation in disease of the
bladder, prostate gland, &c., and the presence of calculus.
Balanitis consists of a similar state, but confined to the
lining membrane of the prepuce or hood-shaped covering
at the free extremity of the penis ; and Posthitis, or
Inflammation of the Mucous Membrane, investing the
glans penis, are two local forms of urethritis dependent
upon causes acting locally, as dirt, debility, want of exer-
cise, overfeeding, &c., and is common to pet and watch-
dogs, and others affected with mange. These forms
are common to dogs which are constantly at large,
roaming our streets, and often as worthless mongrels, are
the progenitors of the mongrel race. The disgusting
scenes which ensue are a disgrace to our local forms of
government, and their continuance is mainly respon-
sible for the perpetuation of rabies. In the urethral form

Diseases of the Urinary System. 209

the glans penis is swollen, extruded, and mostly erect, a
imall quantity of pustular fluid oozing from the opening.
Pain is evident in urination, and the animal constantly
licks the exposed member. In other forms of the dis-
ease the prepuce is swollen and covers the glans penis,
retaining the discharge to the further detriment of the
organ, but allowing a portion to escape and accumulate
in drying on the hairs around the orifice. By external
pressure, which the animal stoutly resists, a large quantity
of discharge may be obtained, sometimes having a dis-
agreeable odour; and not uncommonly the diseased
parts are invaded by abscesses and sinuses to a serious
extent.

Treatment. — After a thorough cleansing, the long hairs
should be removed to avoid the accumulation of dis-
charge and dirt, the dog should be immersed in a warm
bath, or fomentations may be locally applied. In either
case care must be exercised in order to dry the patient
and prevent his taking cold. Astringent lotions are then
needed, or the " Sanitas " mixtures {see Antiseptics) will
be highly beneficial. The bowels should be moved by
the castor-oil mixture, and tonics, combined with muci-
laginous fluids, are essential.

Parasitic Invasion of the Urethra is on record.
In an instance falling beneath the notice of M. Seon, the
worm was believed to be the male Eustrongylus glgas^
upwards of four inches long, and was detected during an
attack of urethral irritation and paroxysmal retention of
urine, occupying the entire length of the urethra. Removal
of the parasite aflbrded instant relief.

14

210 Diseases of the Generative System.

CHAPTER XV.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE SYSTEM.

Male Organs : Gonorrhcea— Imperforate Prepuce— The Penis— Amputation
— Scrotal Inflammation— Orchitis— Abscess of the Testicles— Scirrhus.—
Female Organs : Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb— Dropsy —
Inversion, or Prolapsus— Haemorrhage, or Flooding— Amputation— Tumours
in the Vagina— Inversion, or Prolapsus— Amputation— Use of the Catheter.
—Diseases of the Organs of Lactation : Retention of Milk— Mam-
mitis, or Inflammation of the Milk Gland— Malignant Tumours— Warts—
GEstrum or Heat— Parturition.

Male Organs.— Gonorrhoea, improperly so-called in
the dog, has been already described in the chapter^ on
Diseases of the Urinary Organs, under the term Posthitis.
The affection does not seem to arise from the trans-
mission of contagious principles in canine animals, as
in the human subject, therefore, the latter term is pre-
ferable.

Imperforate Prepuce occurs as a congenital mal-
formation. The patient is unable to^ void urine in
consequence of the penis being entirely invested by the
prepuce, which has no opening. Retention of urine gives
rise to considerable distress, with probable swelling of the
prepuce and contiguous parts from infiltration, &c., of
fluid. Such cases should receive prompt attention from
the canine surgeon, who will secure relief by an
operation.

The penis of the dog is subject to various forms of
non -malign ant growths, largely composed of the hyper-
trophied cells common to the epidermis, &c., sometimes
also spreading over the glands, and inner as well as the
outer surfaces of the prepuce. Such Warts, as they are
commonly designated, may be small, single, hanging by a
neck or cord, or otherwise flattened and diffused, formmg
large masses of a spongy and irritable nature, liable to
bleed or discharge a thin, watery fluid. The necessary.

Diseases of the Generative System. 211

treatment consists of removal by amputation with knife or
scissors when suitable, those of diffused character being
freely as well as regularly dressed with caustic potash,
nitrate of silver, or the mineral acids. Acetic acid has,
however, special preference. Subsequently great care is
required in order to avoid the injury of adjacent struc-
tures, which the ignorant in these essentials are apt to
ignore.

Amputation of the Penis may be required as a
result of the consequences just referred to, or by reason
of abscess from neglected warts, cancer, &c., an operation
calling for care and skill, which the qualified canine
surgeon only can be expected to possess.

Scrotal Inflammation. — The bag or covering of the
testicles is Hable to become inflamed, and under circum-
stances of neglect, undue plethora, or other adverse states
of the system, the disease is aggravated, and the tissues
assume a hard, leathery, or semi- cartilaginous nature, and
if wounded or abraided, the process of ulceration is
established, and a condition not unlike that of cancer is
the inevitable result of all such neglected cases. One of
the early causes is probably excessive copulation in
animals of a senile condition, an abnormal congestion of
the tissues being established. The scrotum is acutely
reddened, swollen, and sensible, and in a few days the
surface is covered with pimples. These subsequently
burst and discharge a thin fluid, which accumulates, and
drying, forms a thick encrustation, but ultimately falls off
and exposes an acutely inflamed and sensitive surface
beneath. Further neglect ensures rapid ulceration, con-
tinued enlargement with malformation, and finally drying,
with change to a cartilaginous state of the whole of the
scrotum ; or the parts may remain in the ulcerative
condition until death carries off the patient.

Treatment. — Brisk cathartics to open the bowels at
once, with one to four or five leeches to the inflamed
scrotum, and after the lapse of twenty-four hours diligent
bathing with hot water will be beneficial. When the
pimples have formed apply frequently glycerine, to which
boracic acid is added in the proportion of ten to fifteen

2 i 2 Diseases of the Generative System.

grains to the ounce. Internally, use the iodide of potassiuni
three to ten grains twice daily. When ulceration has set
in use lotions of alum, zinc, boracic acid, or " Sanitas "
Oil in glycerine. Sometimes the knife may be required
to remove diseased masses, or it may be advisable to
amputate completely the scrotum and testicles with
it, for which the canine operating surgeon is competent.

Orchitis, or Inflamed Testicle^ usually arises from pres-
sure, blows^ and possibly from unusual secretion stimu-
lated by access to many females, or repeated stimulation
without actual connection.

Sympto7ns. — The scrotum is full, tense, hot and
shining, beneath which the swollen and inflamed testicles
are detected by the fingers, simple pressure causing
acute pain. In walking the dog carries the hind legs
widely apart.

Treatment. — Administer a brisk cathartic, and apply
leeches as desirable. At a later period cold applications,
followed by iodide of potassium internally.

Abscess of the Testicles may follow orchitis, for
which castration may be necessary. In other instances
one or both may become scirrhous, and therefore useless,
finally wasting considerably, but not always calling for
removal.

Female Organs. — Metritis, or Inflammation of the
IVo/nl), is not a common disease.

Symptoms. — Acute fever, accompanied by an inflamed
condition of the external genitals, from which a purulent,
as well as fetid, discharge escapes. Such are the signs
consequent on the absurd system of injecting fluids
within the uterus and vagina, the object being to bring
on the condition termed "heat." The disease may
follow parturition, when, in addition to the above signs,
the animal becomes acutely sensitive to pressure over
the abdomen. Internally the finger will detect intense
heat in the vagina and os uteri. Vomition, with great
prostration is common, but the creature persists in sitting
on her haunches ; later the discharge proceeds from the
vagina, the lips of which are tumefied, projecting, and
hot, states which are aggravated by frequent attempts to

Diseases of the Generative System. 2 1 3

urinate. When the disease accompanies parturition, or
sets in soon after, the secretion of milk is usually absent,
and the disease is likely to be associated with peritonitis.

Treatment. — The comfort of the patient must, be
ensured on every hand. The hot spongio-piline
poultice is indispensable as long as the acute symptoms
remain. Opium (one to three grains) is required to subdue
the pain, with which extract of gentian should be com-
bined, or a few drops of the aromatic spirit of ammonia
may be added when the animal is prostrate. The dis-
charge from the womb, &c., may be promoted by warm
enemas, containing ten to twenty grains of boracic acid,
administered with great care, particularly if the swelling
of the passage is great.

Dropsy of the Womb, technically known as Hydrops
Uteri, and Hydrornetra, is often associated with indi-
gestion and a state of obesity, especially in old animals
which have bred largely, and indicate suppression or
irregularity of the oestrum.

Symptoms. — Gradual enlargement of the abdomen,
which may be mistaken for pregnancy, but is distin-
guished by the elastic, yielding sensation instead of the
hard masses which the foetal bodies present to the
hands. Somewhat later the abdomen, in addition to
further enlargement, becomes pendulous and heavy ; the
animal is excessively thirsty, feverish, and the appetite
is very poor or absent ; weakness and emaciation pro-
ceed, and at length she dies from exhaustion, when the
womb is discovered to be charged with fluid, sometimes
mere serum, or at others white and thick, from the
admixture of cells derived from the lining membrane of
the organ.

Treatmeyit should be instituted early. When it is
decided the fluid is the cause of the distension, it should*
be drawn ofl" by means of the catheter passed through
the contracted mouth of the womb, followed by regular
washings with a solution of chloride of zinc (three grains
to the ounce of water), the strength being supported by
the regular administration of tonics, as iron, with
gentian.

214 Diseases of the Generative Sy stern.

Inversion, or Prolapsus of the Uterus, is not

infrequent, in the partial form, but protrusion of tlie entire
organ rarely occurs. It constitutes one of the serious
accidents of parturition, being dependent on causes
which lead to violent straining during the act, such as
improper traction, irritation of the organ, as wounds,
bruises, &c. It may be mistaken for polypus, and also
inversion of the vagina only.

Hsemorrhage, or Flooding, after parturition is not
common in female dogs. If it should arise the womb may
be stimulated to contraction by an astringent injection of
one or two pints of cold water containing two or four
drachms of tincture of oak galls.

Amputation of the Womb may be called for by
reason of injury, or threatened mortification, &c. It
has been successfully performed by qualified canine
surgeons, the animals making good recovery. It is,
however, a formidable operation, should be undertaken
only after grave consideration, and by skilful hands.

Tumours in the Vagina or birth passage are not
uncommon, sometimes proving troublesome, and even
serious. They occur in sizes varying from small warty
excrescences to large developments capable of obstruct-
ing the passage entirely. Polypus is the most common,
being a smooth, vascular body, covered by the mucous
membrane, and attached by a constricted neck, or pedicle,
to the wall of the vagina, or womb. Care is especially
needed in order that the growth may not be mistaken
for inverted womb or vagina. Removal may be effected
in one of several ways, as the situation or other circum-
stances may direct — viz., ligature applied to the neck,
wh ch, causing death of the tumour, leads to its final
removal ; twisting of the neck is another form of strangu-
lation, and attended with removal by severing the attach-
ment ; the tumour may be torn away when the neck is
small ; or by means of a suitable instrument, named the
ecraseur, the neck is compressed and partially sawn
through, a safe preventive of subsequent hsemorrhage.
Tumours having a large base or diffused growth and
attachment, will require the constant application of

Diseases of the Generative System, 2 1 5

caustics, the patient being meanwhile supported by good
food and tonic medicines.

Inversion or Prolapsus of the Vagina occurs in
aged or debilitated animals during "heat," and after
frequent pregnancy, especially in those of the " bull "
breed. Protrusion appears in various stages as a smooth,
soft tumour, between the lips of the vagina, when careful
distinction must be made, the appearances being liable
to be confounded with tumour, or inversion of the womb
(which see).

Treatment consists of first clearing the organ from
extraneous matters, and noting the existence of abrasions,
&c., by the animal's movements, or sitting on it ; after
which it must be returned as described under Inversion
of the Womb, its retention being also secured by the
injection of astringents, as there detailed.

Amputation of the Vagina is resorted to in cases
where the organ has received severe injuries, «Scc., for
which the canine surgeon will be required.

The Use of the Catheter is often called for in the
female during pregnancy, and prolapsus, polypus, &c.,
of the vagina, the act of urination being interfered
with by pressure or change of position in the organs.
The passage to the bladder is situated within the vagina,
distant from half an inch to two inches, depending on
the size of the animal, and is easily reached by first
opening the lips by the finger of the left hand, and pass-
ing the tube carefully forwards along the floor. Entrance
to the bladder is denoted by the stream of urine which
flows through the tube.

Diseases of the Organs of Lactation. — Reten-
tion of Milk. — The process of milk secretion in its
ordinary course, is somewhat in advance of the period of
parturition. The mammary glands, of which there are
eight or ten, become charged with blood, and are per-
ceptibly enlarged, extending from the breast backwards
to the space between the thighs. Subsequently, near the
time of delivery, milk is actually secreted in readiness
for the young family shortly requiring it. Possibly the
secretion may be somewhat in advance of birth, over-

2i6 Diseases of the Generative System.

abundant, or the pups being small in number, do not
drain the whole of the teats ; sometimes also several teats
are rejected, although there are sufficient young to drain
the whole. There are also additional causes, as cold,
damp quarters and unsuitable food, which by setting up
disorder of digestion, seriously alter the quality of the
secretion, probably also its constitution, when its undue
retention becomes an additional source of irritation and
disorder, the end of which is inflammation. To prevent
this early attention should be given to the animal, the
overcharged glands being relieved by removal of the milk,
as the teats are carefully drawn, pressure commencing
from above and continued downwards to the apex.

Mammitis, or Inflammation of the Milk Gland^ arises
from injuries, retention of milk, and exposure to cold,
damp, &c., during lactation. Whatever tends to arrest
the process also disorders the secretion, which curdles,
forming hard masses composed chiefly of caseine, of
which the milk of canine animals contains a considerable
quantity.

Symptoms. — Febrile disturbance is severe from the
outset to the end of the disease ; the affected glands being
red, hot, hard, and excessively painful. The milk when
pressed out contains clots, and later is mixed with blood,
subsequently pus, when the milk disappears. An abscess
forms in the part most actively inflamed, and in some
cases involves every section of the gland, terminating in
lacteal fistula, openings or sinuses which refuse to heal,
constantly discharging a mixture of pus, blood, milk, &c.
The terminations are induration and functional destruc-
tion of the gland, probably causing death of the sufferer.

Treatfnent. — Bleeding by leeches in the early stages,
followed by a saline aperient and the hot spongio-piline
poultice diligently applied for hours. Perfect quiet must be
maintained, with fresh air and a comfortable bed. The
pups should be encouraged to suck, or in case of their
death, the gland must be drawn frequently in order to
avoid abscess. Injection within the gland of a solution
of carbonate of potash is highly useful, but is a somewhat
difficult task for amateurs minus a proper syringe. Some

Diseases of the Generative System. 2 1 7

good may be effected by administering the solution by the
mouth. Open abscesses as soon as pointing is present,
observe cleanliness, and use the ** Sanitas " Antiseptic
Mixture as a dressing.

The disease is apt to assume the chronic form when
the ordinary substance of the gland becomes indurated,
or hard, having a gristly constitution. Some cases also
assume the cancerous state. Induration must be met by
outward application of iodine ointment, or the gland may
be painted by the tincture. Hand friction is also useful.
When the enlargement is considerable the weighty parts
may be suspended in a bandage passed round the back.

Malignant or Lacteal Tumours are the result of
injury to the gland inflicted by the pups in suckling, or
by human violence. They are characterised by enormous
and rapid growth, and their disposition to ulceration
from even slight bruises or other forms of simple injury.
Treatment by excision under chloroform is the only
effectual course, although specially severe, as the whole
of the affected section of the gland must be removed.

"Warts are also common to the milk-gland, being con-
fined to the skin as a rule, and are neither malignant nor
extensive. {See Skin Diseases.)

Parturition. — We have now to notice certain condi-
tions relating especially to the female of the canine race,
which are of essential importance with reference to
breeding.

CEstrum or Heat is purely a physiological condition
of the system, manifested by signs indicative of desire for
connection with the male. Its occurrence and duration
varies with . climate and other conditions, as health, &c.
Spring and autumn are the seasons in which it is seen in
this country, the manifestations being excitability, unusual
liveliness, desire for the company of males, with whom the
bitch is playful. For this she will steal away, if unob-
served, frequently preferring the attentions of a number of
the ugliest curs, and if allowed full liberty, her progeny will,
as a natural consequence, be a mixture of breeds. The
greatest watchfulness is, therefore, needed at such times
if purity is desired. From the same cause also super-

2 1 8 Diseases of the Generative System. .

foeiation is common, the animal " throwing " or giving birth
to pups at intervals of two, three, four, or even seven
days, each bearing unmistakable evidences of separate
parentage. Epileptic fits occur in some animals during
the prevalence of oestrum, but subside with the attendant
excitement and as impregnation proceeds. It is also
remarkable in closely kept and unimpregnated animals,
that after the subsidence of the venereal excitement, say
from the fortieth to the sixtieth day, they behave as
though they were pregnant and about to give birth ;
they make their bed, are uneasy, constantly moving about,
&:c., while the mammary glands appear swollen, the vulva
is dilated, and the lining membrane is reddened, a dis-
charge of viscid mucus escaping from the passage. Milk
is also obtained from the teats, and such animals have
been known to rear the puppies of other females as
tenderly as those of her own body. Pregnancy is usually
detectable at the end of the fourth week, by exploration
of the abdomen. At this period the teats enlarge, the
abdomen becomes round and drooping, and by succes-
sive stages the signs are more pronounced ; when at the
end of about the ninth week, or within a period of from
fifty-five to seventy days, delivery is effected. Meanwhile
the signs already alluded to are present as conducive to
the process.

Parturition usually takes place as the creature lies
upon her side, the process extending over variable time,
and is attended by severe muscular throes which cause the
sufferer to cry piteously. Owing to the cartilaginous con-
dition of the bony framework, the pups are exceedingly
elastic and yielding, a state often highly conducive to
delivery in vialpositiou, which however is somewhat rare in
this animal. When such occurs it may be usually traced to
the mother being served by animals of larger breed than
herself, or when she exhibits the tendency of "throwing
back," that is, giving birth to pups which resemble former
sires. Untimely and persistejit interference during par-
turition is often attended with fatal results. Canine
patients possess an exceedingly nervous temperament,
and more than actual assistance is baneful. Simple

Diseases of the Generative System. 219

exploration with the forefinger well oiled, will usually
suffice to indicate the state of affairs; more than this
will often induce severe fever, and interruption to the
natural process. Removal of faeces and urine by
assisted means, or the use of a warm enema, may
conduce to a more favourable state by affording room
for the foetus. As a rule, direct interference for the
removal of the pups is not called for ; when it otherwise
happens, the services of an experienced canine surgeon
should be secured, especially when the sufferer is
valuable. Abnormal positiofis^ as a rule, occur when the
pup approaches the vaginal passage, where its progress is
impeded by various causes, but finally yields to the
application of various forms of traction. This should be
always and only exerted during the natural throes,
otherwise the strength of the patient may be exhausted.
The presentation of one forefoot only, when the head is
properly placed may not prevent delivery, providing
good hold is obtained. Unusually large heads sometimes
prove insurmountable, and such call for reduction before
delivery can be effected. As traction agents, a piece of
tape, or small cord, a loop of wire, &c., have
frequently done good service in the absence of direct
suitable instruments; but the canine surgeori has his
repertoire from which he can make useful selection.

After-treatment of the Patient consists of careful
feeding, avoidance of excess or deficiency, good beds,
comfortable quarters, &c., above all taking care that the
mother has no more pups than she can properly find
milk for. Any excess of these should be suckled by a
foster-mother. But this requires great care, otherwise
the milk so conveyed may contain the seeds of some
constitutional taint, by which the hopes of the owner
may be grievously frustrated. Should any objection be
made by the foster-mother towards the stranger, it is a
common practice to remove her own pups temporarily,
and present the stranger over which her milk has been
sprinkled. It also happens occasionally that the natural
mother will devour the foetal membranes or ** cleansing,"
so-called, and the morbid appetite may also extend to

220 Diseases of the Eyes and Ears,

her pups. Such animals repeat the vice at each parturi-
tion, the cause being assigned to a disordered digestion.
If this be correct, the exhibition of a cathartic will be of
service, and she should be zealously watched, but kept
as quiet as possible.

CHAPTER XVI.

DISEASES OF THE EYES AND EARS.

Organs' OF Vision : Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunctivitis— Cataract— Iritis—
Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena — Staphyloma — Hydrophthalmia— Distension,
and Dislocation of the Eyeball— Tumour of the Haw— Dermatoid Con-
juactiva— Ulceration of the Eyelids— Ectropion— Entropion— Watery Eyes.
Organs of Hearing: Otitis — Internal Canker — External Canker —
Abscess of the Ear-flap, or Blood Abscess— PolyTii, or Tumours within
the Ear — Squamula, or Scurfiness of the Ear-flap— Ticks — Mange of the
Ear.

Organs of Vision.— Simple Ophthalmia, commonly
known as Cotiju7ictiviiis^ or inflammation of the investing
membrane, the conjunctiva, arises from external injury,
as blows, stings, insinuation of foreign bodies, cold
winds, foul emanations in the kennel, and a chronic form
is apt to arise from mal-nutrition dependent on disordered
stomach and digestion ; it is also an accompaniment of
distemper.

Syvipto7ns. — Intolerance of light, closed eyelids, from
which flows an abundant watery secretion. On separation
of the lids, which the sufferer strenuously opposes, the
membranes are observed to be highly injected, and the
organ is susceptible to pressure or light. Unless the
disease is speedily arrested, permanent blindness by
destruction of the organ is certain.

Treatmenf. — Carefully remove all foreign substances
when present. Avoid the stimulus of light by placing
the patient in a darkened room, allowing ample fresh air.
Cover the affected member with the hot spongio-piline

Diseases of the Eyes and Ears. 22 1

poultice, and administer a mild aperient. Ordinary
cases readily yield to this treatment. Severe forms call
for the application of leeches, the spongio-piline, first
soaked in a hot infusion of poppy-heads, or it may be
saturated with hot water, pressed out, and a few drops of
laudanum poured on. The cathartic also must not be
omitted. Chronic cases are denoted by watery eyes,
opacity of the eyeball, and red membranes. Such call
for the use of astringent lotions of zinc or nitrate of
silver. Paint the eyelids outwardly with iodine, and
intermediately use cold water applications. Some prac-
titioners place a seton behind the poll. When ulceration
of the cornea is present, blow upon the spot a little dry
oxide of zinc, and repeat daily as required. Total loss
of vision in these cases results from implication of the
humours as well as the deeper-seated tissues of the eye-
ball.

Cataract. — Several' forms of this affection are observed.
It consists of the opaque deposit of inflammation more
or less interfering with the transparency of the optical
tissues, of the lens, and occurs in three forms, viz.,
lenticular, or opacity of the lens ; capsular, opacity of
the capsule of the lens, and capsulo-lenticular, signifying
that both the lens and its capsule are involved. Cataract
may be peripheral or central, limited or diffused, and on
these peculiarities depend the interference or otherwise
with the vision. Cataract is common to old dogs, but it
may occur at any age. The first is due to want of
vitality ; the second arises from causes inducing inflam-
mation.

Symptoms. — Defective vision, or absolute blindness in
proportion to the position and extent of the cataract.
On examination of the eye, an opaque speck, or body, of
variable size is seen through the pupil by daylight, or
better in a dark place by the aid of a lighted candle.

Treatment. — Recent cases in suitable subjects may be
benefited by an operation for which special talent is
required. Few dogs are worth the expense.

Iritis. — Inflammation of the iris, or circular membrane
of the eye, is the result of injury, or the membrane is

222 Diseases of the Eyes and Ears,

involved in the inflammation in common with other
tissues of the organ.

Symptoms. — The colour of the iris is changed to a
reddish brown, by the presence of blood and the
bringing into view bloods-vessels not discernible in the
healthy state, and the colour spreads also beyond the
circle of the cornea. The patient cannot bear the light,
and to shut it out the pupil contracts, and is more or
less immovable by reason of the inflamed condition of
the structures. The unopposed progress of the disease
leads to extravasation of blood, deposit of opaque lymph,
possibly the formation of pus, and total destruction of
the organ as far as vision is concerned.

Treatment. — Local bloodletting by lancet or leeches ;
hot fomentations ; secure free action of the bowels, the
patient being kept in a dark, but airy room. Considerable
fever is usually present, which must be met by febrifuges ;
and when it has subsided daily doses of iodide of
potassium with extract of gentian may be given to
remove the deposit of inflammation. A seton behind
the head is often beneficial.

Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena^ also known as Glass
Eye, is a serious impairment of vision, due to disordered,
if not structural, changes in the condition of the optic
nerve, retina, or brain, the result of violent shocks, as
falls, blows, &c. The first effect is probably paralysis,
or inflammation accompanied with extravasation of blood,
lymph deposits, or formation of tumour, with ultimate
suspension or total loss of nerve power. The disease
may be associated with extreme debility, the result of
anaemia, haemorrhage, inordinate lactation, or other
causes.

Symptoms. — Defective vision, in some instances de-
veloping slowly, and in others very suddenly. In the
first instance the animal fails to see objects until he is
close upon them, and in the latter he approaches with
great caution and uncertainty, usually relying on his
acute sense of smell as he moves about alone. Ulti-
mately the power of vision is entirely absent. Any signs
of unusual heat, pain, or redness of the eyes, or cloudi-

Diseases of tJie Eyes and Ears. 223

iiess of the pupil, which may have been observed in the
early stages, have now passed away. The pupil is dilated,
the eyelids are also widely apart, the strongest light may
be thrown upon the organ, but it remains motionless,
bright, clear, and reflecting from the posterior surface of
the rays as they fall upon it. Only one eye may be
affected at the outset, but as a rule both become diseased
eventually. Generally both are implicated from the
beginning.

Treatmefit is most unsatisfactory, except in very slight
cases, and when the disease has been attacked in the
earliest stages. The approved remedies are blisters or
setons behind the head ; the former may be rubbed in
around the orbits, or strong ointment or liniment of
iodine may be substituted. As the nervous system is
greatly at fault, nux vomica or strychnine may prove
useful, in conjunction with nutritious and easily digested
food, fresh air, and other stimuli of healthy function.

Staphyloma, so-called from its resemblance to a grape,
is the result of ulceration of the cornea, an accompani-
ment of simple ophthalmia associated with distemper. A
circular depression on the outer surface is first formed,
and shortly, as a result of pressure from within, the in-
ternal membrane is pushed forwards, assuming a conical
form, opaque from mfiltration, and often very irritable.
When it is associated with escape of the aqueous humour
and subsequent granulation and disease of the eyeball, the
latter may call for extirpation. Simple staphyloma may,
however, yield to the action of astringents, as nitrate of
silver; sometimes opacity of a permanent character
remains.

Hydrophthalmia, or Dropsy of the Aqtieous Chamber,
is usually confined to one organ, the cause being direct
injury. When the disease is congenital, both eyes may
be involved.

Symptoms. — The eyeball is prominent, enlarged, and
protrudes from the orbit ; it is also tense and unyielding
beneath the fingers. The cornea is opaque, and presents
a dull appearance from infiltration of fluid, the pupil is
stationary and the vision impaired, if not lost. The

234 Diseases of the Eyes and Ears,

disease may originate in the anterior chamber, but as a
rule both eventually suffer.

Treatment consists of draining off the fluid by means
of the trocar and cannula, at various intervals, followed
by the application of cold water, or astringent and
evaporating lotions.

Distension of the Eyeball from extravasation of
blood and serous effusion as the result of direct injury,
was successfully treated by Blaine, evacuation being
secured by means of a couching needle. He proposed
to consider such states as irawnatic dropsy.

Dislocation of the Eyeball is common to small
animals having large and prominent organs, being caused
by injuries from other dogs in combat, or by the claws
of a cat.

Treatment is by operation, which must be performed
by the practised canine surgeon.

Tumour and Enlargement of the Haw, or Car-
tilage Nictitans. — The formation of tumour may find
attachment to the substance of the cartilage, interfering
greatly with vision, and producing a copious flow of tears
known as watery eye. They are caused by various forms
of irritation, and are also congenital. Removal by knife
or scissors is the only effectual plan.

Enlargement is caused by cold, injuries, irritation,
&c., or it may be congenital, inducing pain, becoming
acutely inflamed, and producing abundant lachrymation.
Treatment consists of scarifications to the membrane,
followed by hot fomentations, or the spongio-piline
poultice, aided by a laxative internally. Subsequently,
astringent lotions to the affected parts. Complete ampu-
tation may be called for.

Dermatoid Conjunctiva. — This is usually a con-
genital defect. A portion of the conjunctival membrane
covering the eyeball is thickened, and organised similar
to the skin, bearing a tuft of strong hairs. Early atten-
tion is called to the defect by a profuse lachrymation and
inconvenience, amounting to opacity of the eyeball with
absolute loss of vision. The tuft, together with the

Diseases of the Eyes and Ears. 225

thickened membrane, should be subjected to complete
extirpation with the knife.

Ulceration of the Eyelids is a frequent accompani-
ment of mange, but more frequently arises from persistent
scratching the parts with the feet, when the eyes are
" watery." It is attended by swelling, with loss of hair
and the formation of numerous small sinuses. The best
application is the ointment of nitrate of mercury, the
animal being secured against injuring the parts.

Ectropion, or Eversion of the Eyelids, consists of a
turning outwards of the extreme edges, with exposition
and bulging of the conjunctival membrane. It is rare in
the dog.

Entropion is the reverse of Ectropion. The edges of
the lids curl inwards, the eyelashes creating continued
painful irritation of the eyeball.

Watery Eyes are the result of the latter malforma-
tion, which leads the dog to scratch with his hind feet,
and commit serious injury to the parts.

Treatment consists of a surgical operation, by which
an eliptical portion of the lid is removed from the skin,
and the parts are drawn together and maintained by
sutures. Healing of the wound causes shortening of the
lid, and consequent removal of the lashes from contact
with the eyeball.

In edropioti excision of the internal or lining membrane
is effected, and this brings the eyelid into close apposi-
tion with the surface of the eyeball.

Organs of Hearing. — Otitis, — Inflammation of the
internal structures of the ear, although in common with
other affections of the organ, is not so frequent as
formerly, yet it is by no means rare. It may be justly
termed the precursor of canker, having its origin in the
same conditions, being an irritable state of the local
nerves, evinced by pain and high vascularity of the
internal organs.

Sympto7ns. — The head is carried towards one side, and
the feet are often used to scratch the ear on the affected
side, or he rubs it on the ground, against the wall, and
other stationary objects. He a'so suddenly shakes the

15

226 Diseases of the Eyes and Ears,

head, and flaps the ears with violence, as the paroxysms
of pain occur. The roots of the ears are hot and painful
in the acute stages, and the patient is feverish ; occasion-
ally also some amount of brain disturbance is evident
in the appearance of signs not unlike those of epilepsy in
more advanced cases {see Mange of the Ear), having
their origin in disease of the internal osseous structures.
Simple cases have been known to be frequently rendered
formidable by the use of improper remedies, especially
caustics, one of the most common results being deafness^
which is also a sequel of internal canker and absurd
mutilation of the ears. The needful remedies for otitis
will be detailed under.

Internal Canker, which may be defined as an acute
inflammation of the skin which forms at the inner lining
of the external ear. In long-standing cases, the disease
is associated with External Canker (which see). The
early forms of derangement consist of swelling of the
skin, with blocking of the natural opening, by which the
secretion of the ceruminous glands is retained, creating
pain and irritation, especially from its liability to undergo
decomposition, forming at first a red, but soon changing
to a black, and offensive matter which oozes from the
canal. The discharge also dries on the surface of the
ears, induces ulceration, the formation of abscess and
discharge of pus. Cases aggravated by neglect exhibit
the formation of fungoid tumours, which block up the
passage, and discharge matter which accumulates among
the hair, and creating irritation, induces the formation
of ulcers over the entire face. Canker is especially a
disease common to dogs with long hair. The Causes
are, accumulation of dirt and cerumen in tlie ear, or, in
water dogs, the entrance of water, producing irritant and
cooling effects, disturbing the circulation as well as the
nervous power. Thus soapsuds carelessly allowed to
enter during washing have a similar effect. Dogs suffer-
ing from mange are liable to canker from extension of
the irritation to the organ. External canker is also a
further complication.

Ti'eatment comprises perfect quiet, keeping the animal

Diseases of the Eyes and Ears. 227

from entering the water, absolute cleanliness of the ears,
with repeated application of suitable remedies, and,
meanwhile, securing the ears from damage by flapping
by means of a suitable cap or bandage. Diligent atten-
tion only will be rewarded by improvement and cure.
The best applications are the ointments of carbonate or
oxide of zinc, applied once or even twice a day, after
the ears have been carefully syringed, or " mopped out "
by means of a small piece of sponge on the end of a
stick, " Sanitas " Fluid forming an admirable agent for
purifying and stimulating the parts to healthy action.
In simple Otitis a diligent use of the Fluid, with a dose
of laxative medicine will be probably all that is required.
The fever of Internal Canker is also beneficially treated
by means of a laxative, as the castor-oil mixture, or, if
unusually severe, a saline cathartic may be called for.

External Canker is the term used to denote the
diseased changes which take place on the lower margins
of the ear-flaps. As already pointed out, the affected
animal shakes his head violently, by which the ends of
the ears are caused to strike the sides of the face and
top of the head, or the collar, if such is worn, with
violence. They are bruised and inflamed \ shortly
swelling, thickening, and ulcerative changes follow, and
the disease from the first assumes an obstinate or chronic
character. As these conditions arise from the irritation
due to the existence of Internal Canker, that disease
must receive appropriate attention. The flaps of the
ears in recent cases may be first cleansed from all
accumulations of dried pus, dirt, &c., and afterwards
covered with an application of "Sanitas " jelly, calamine,
or oxide of zinc ointment. Oldei-standing cases may
call for the application of the nitrate of silver to stimu-
late healthy healing power, the ears being secured from
injury by means of a cap properly fitted and secured
over the head.

Abscess of the Ear-Flap, or Blood Abscess, is
large, painful swelling, of sudden appearance, due to
bruising by violent shaking of the head. The tumour is
tense, but is found to contain a yielding substance within,

228 Diseases of the Eyes a7id Ears.

which proves to be a large clot of blood, with a thin red
fluid, the result of rupture of the vessels and escape of
the contents within the areolar tissue. Treatment consists
of opening the abscess by free incision across its entire
extent, and liberation of the contents, dressing the
wound regularly several times daily with " Sanitas "
Fluid, or compound tincture of aloes and myrrh, and
putting on the cap.

Polypi, or Tumours within the Ear, consisting of
fibrous or cartilaginous growths, are common results of
internal canker, situate near the auditory canal. Treat-
ment consists of removal by excision, ligature, or torsion,
and the subsequent application of lunar caustic.

Squamula, or Sciirfiness of the Ear-fap, may exist in
conjunction with irritation and bruising as the result of
internal canker in the early stages, also from dirt and
the presence of parasites, one of which is the common
tick, Ixodes retiaiiatus, usually found on the margin of
the ear. The best remedy is the following mixture : —
Olive oil and turpentine, equal parts, one or two drops
being sufficient for each tick.

Mange of the Ear, or Auricular Acariasis, is a
form of parasitic disease common to sporting dogs, in-
ducing persistent irritation, recurring fits of extreme
uneasmess, and sometimes epileptiform seizures, or
violence which has been mistaken for rabies, the animals
being dealt with accordingly. The best remedies are a
five per cent, solution of sulphide of potassium, which
should be frequently injected within the ear; and, as
used by Nocard, olive oi', loo parts, naphthol, lo parts,
sulphuric ether, 30 parts : mix, and keep in a well-
stoppered bottle. A portion to be injected into the ear
daily, after which the orifice is to be closed with cotton
wool to p;event loss of effect by evaporation. Deafness
is a common result

Diseases of the Nervous Systeni, 2^9

CHAPTER XVII.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Epilepsy— Vertigo — Neuralgia — Apoplexy — Tetanus, or Locked-jaw — Choren—
Cramp — Injuries to the Head: Concussion— Compression — Apoplexy-
Encephalitis — Hydrocephalus— Paralysis— Parasitism.

The brain of the dog species is generally well
developed, and in some breeds it is of a remarkable
character, being very much larger in many of the pet
varieties, and in proportion to their bodies, than in the
dogs of larger breeds and massive corporeal development.
The natural intelligence is also acute, and many instances
occur from time to time in the experience of the canine
surgeon which are evidences of a high order of animal
instinct. Some animals are very clever in simulating
illness or lameness, and succeed in the clever deception
as to excite human pity for their apparently urgent and
serious malady. Numerous instances of this kind have
come under our observation. Recognising such acute-
ness, and the evidences also of contemporary nervous
sensibility in various forms, we shall be prepared to
admit the necessity for careful regulations in the form
and dose of all the remedies we are called upon to
administer; and likewise, as strangers, our mode of
approach or handling the patient. Neglect of these has
often had the effect of raising a tumult of excitement, or
developing a fit of convulsions.

Epilepsy, or Pits, is a state of nervous disorder
characterised by a loss of consciousness, and accom-
panied by violent convulsions, dependent upon some
peculiar form of irritation of the brain or other distant
parts of the nervous system. The Causes may be due to
the state of the blood in such diseases as anaemia,
plethora, distemper, &c. It has also been traced to

230 Diseases of the Nervous System,

lesions of the spinal cord. Worms in the stomach are
also set down as common causes.

Syinpto7ns. — During severe exertion or unusual excite-
ment the sufferer ceases his efforts, or they are perceptibly
controlled, exhibits a look of distress and suddenly falls,
foaming at the mouth with convulsive movements of the
jaws, often attended with injury to the tongue ; the limbs
being stretched at full length are rigid and tremulously
shaking, or they are violently convulsed. The eyes are
unusually prominent, but covered with the lids, which if
separated admit of our seeing the rapid rolling movement
of the organs, or otherwise the state of strabismus or
squinting. The respirations are loud or stertorous, and
the pulse is unusually rapid and irregular if not totally
imperceptible. Fasces and urine are voided involuntarily,
but signs of perspiration are not common. A succession
of attacks may prove fatal ; but in early or slight cases
the fit passes off in ten or fifteen minutes, and conscious-
ness returns, leaving the animal dazed and weak, some-
times desiring to sleep or to run away from the cause of
his seizure. Epilepsy is frequently confounded with
rabies.

Vertigo. — This disease may be also mistaken for
epilepsy. The Syfnptoms are short fits of insensibility or
fainting, seldom occupying more than a few minutes,
which may be preceded by a staggering gait, irregular
movements of the limbs, and entire absence of convul-
sions. As the animal falls, so he lies, and on regaining
consciousness, appears as well as before the attack. Dogs
in confinement wearing a tight collar and heavy chain
are sometimes sufferers. In the days of dog carts, when
the breast collar was fitting badly and too tightly,
pressing on the lower part of the neck, vertigo was
common in this country ; but now we look for other
causes, as possible disease of the stomach, liver, heart,
pericardium, &c., and the mechanical effect of broncho-
cele. In the tropics, softening of the liver is the common
cause.

Treatment. — In both the foregoing affections the
application of cold water to the head will be useful. The

Diseases of tJie Nervous System. 231

collar, if worn, should be removed. In epilepsy the owner
should first secure the sufferer to prevent his running
away, and as soon as the fit is over cold water should be
applied to the head, protection from the sun being
meanwhile secured. A dose of purgative medicine should
speedily follow, and perfect quietude must be enjoined.
The dieting, &c., must be careful, regular meals and
digestible food in moderate quantity being allowed ; the
nervous irritation and resulting fever may be controlled
by regular doses of chloral hydrate, or belladonna. In
chronic cases the blister or a seton may be advisable,
applied to the head, or the continued internal adminis-
tration of bromide of potassium, nitrate of silver, or
sulphate of iron.

Neuralgia. — It is beyond all doubt that dogs under
certain circumstances are occasionally liable to neuralgia.
The victim of the malady is seized very suddenly, the
violent pain being indicated by fits of howling or scream-
ing, arising suddenly during states of apparent ease and
composure. The head is drawn towards the side or
upwards, the animal gradually rising upon the hind feet,
finally falling over, and remaining on the ground, crying
with intense pain.

Apoplexy. — This disease is common to the hot
months of summer when dogs are put to severe exertion.
It also follows sunstroke, especially in long and tedious
cases. Tightly fitting collars, and heavy chains, espe-
cially when the dog pulls heavily, or when the neck is
short, are common causes. Plethoric and idle dogs,
especially when old, are predisposed to the disease. It
occurs as an effect of severe straining in parturition ; but
it may depend also upon sudden suppression of milk
immediately before, or at the time of giving birth, when
the animal is too plethoric, or as a result of removing
the young, and of constipation.

Symptoms. — In the early or partial stages of uncon-
sciousness, the pulse is slow and full, the eyes are blood-
shot and fixed, and the pupil dilated ; breathing heavy
and stertorous. The animal is sometimes delirious.

Treatment. — Blood should be abstracted from the

232 Diseases of the Nervous System.

jugular vein by preference. Subsequently, if the animal
lives so long, a blister should be applied to the same
part and along the spine. The best internal remedy
is ammonia. Cold water coutinuously applied to the
head is also of great service. Ammonia should be held
to the nostrils for inhalation, and the gums may be rubbed
with spirit of wine. In the parturient form of this
disease many complications arise, and the animal does
not succumb so early. A brisk purgative should be
promptly administered, the action of which may be
stimulated and nervous power restored by small and
frequent doses of the aromatic spirit of ammonia. The
milk should also be continuously drawn from the gland.

Tetanus, or Locked Jaw. — Notwithstanding the high
state of development in the nervous system, and his
liability to nervous disorders, the dog is rarely affected
with tetanus. The form with which we are most familiar
is that induced by poisoning with strychnine, in which the
jaws are fixed, tightly closed, and often including the
longue, which is seriously injured.

Treatment is unsatisfactory, perfect quietude being all-
essential.

Chorea, commonly known as St. Vitus^s dafice, is a
spasmodic form of nervous derangement, most probably
due to a low state or debility of the system generally and
the nervous centres in particular. It may assume the
local or general form.

The Symptoms consist of a series of sudden spasms or
contractions which are confined to a set of muscles, or
sometimes to one muscle, or even the part only of one,
followed immediately by relaxation. Thus, one limb or
other part of the body may be seized, the alternate con-
tractions and relaxations being continuous, induces a
varied appearance, sometimes even grotesque, but always
evidently attended with severe strain and discomfort.
The most searching investigations hitherto carried out
have failed to point out the exact condition of the nerve
structures involved, or the means of absolute cure.

Treatment, — We have found strychnine a valuable
remedy, and under its judicious use better results have

Diseases of the Nervous System. 233

been attained than with others. The dose is from one-
fortieth to one-tenth of a grain, or of nux vomica one to
two grains, twice daily in bolus, and always after a meal.
Some practitioners prefer the liquor strychnia^ one fluid
drachm of which contains half a grain of the alkaloid, as
being more effective as well as more readily administered.
The seton is also employed, together with blisters, and
sometimes mercurial ointment in chronic cases, the parts
selected being the back of the head, along the spine, &c.,
as indicated by the symptoms. The hot bath often soothes
and rests the patient. Fresh air and walking exercise
must be given according only to ability, never to tire cr
distress ; and when the strychnine can be safely dispensed
with, a change to cod-liver oil and iron tonics will be
advisable. Give plain nourishing diet, always ensuring
an appetite for the following meal. Remove constipation
by enemas only as a safe precaution against exhausting
the little strength of the patient.

Cramp differs from chorea in the continuance of
painful spasm in a portion only of a muscle, arising from
some cause local or general in its nature. Thus it may
be due to poisoning, rheumatism, or the effects of cold
after being in the water. The hind limbs are most
commonly seized.

Treatment consists of the hot bath, followed by swath-
ing in heated rugs or flannel until the body is thoroughly
dried, and afterwards removed singly. The best remedy
is the anodyne mixture No. 6, followed by friction to
the part. Subjects of the malady should have dry beds
and quarters, with freedom from cold draughts.

Injuries to the Head usually result in signs which
vary with the amount of actual damage inflicted, and
the area over which the effects are distributed. The
indications are those of eonciission and conpression of tiie
brain, with more or less dafnage to the coverings, and
apoplexy. Under these circumstances it is frequently a
question of difficulty to estimate to what extent these
conditions may exist.

In Concussion of the Brain the animal is said to be
stunned, that is, motionless and insensible ; respiration

234 Diseases of iJie Nervous System.

is slowly performed, pulse small, rapid, and feeble \ eye-
lids separated, pupils contracted as a rule, but insensible
to the stimulus of light. Sensation slowly returns, and
the patient usually vomits ; the movements in progres-
sion are deliberate and dreamy, the head is carried below
the level of the spine, and the animal moves in an
uncertain way reeling or falling against objects, having
no power to avoid them.

Recent Compression is indicated by the existence of
fracture of the bones of the skull, the plates of which are
depressed upon the brain substance. InsensibiUty is
partial or complete according to the extent of the injury ;
respiration slow, oppressed, and noisy ; the pulse also
slow, and probably intermittent ; eyelids separated,
pupils dilated and unaffected by light ; the whole
muscular system is relaxed; thus, the limbs are subject
to no control, but lie as when the animal fell to the
ground, and both urine and faeces are voided without
effort.

Apoplexy from injury to the head is due to compres-
sion by the bones of the cranium, and, as in the ordinary
form, spontaneous recovery of consciousness may result
from the brain accommodating itself to the situation;
but the recovery is attended with unequal power in pro-
gression, the animal always moving to the right or left as
the position of the injured parts will indicate.

In these cases the animal gradually acquires conscious-
ness, and with it the liability to Encephalitis^ or an
inflammatory condition of the coverings of the brain,
otherwise known as Meni^tgitis, which is indicated by
unusual excitement and probably convulsions, terminat-
ing in insensibility, paralysis, and death, according to the
extent to which the organs are involved. The animal
should, therefore, be kept perfectly quiet throughvout the
apoplectic stages, frequent applications of cold water to
the head being desirable. Blood-letting by leeches, or
the usual method, may be adopted, and the dormant
powers restored by small and frequent doses of liquor
ammonia. The injured cranium must also receive atten-
tion by the attendant surgeon, appropriate after-treatment

Diseases of the Nervous System. 235

having the object of preventing the recurrence of in-
flammation.

When Encephalitis has set in, the appHcations of cold
water to the head should be diligently pursued ; the
bowels should be moved by mild aperients and enemas,
the violence of the attack being controlled by aconite,
prussic acid, &c. Chronic states should be met by blis-
ters or setons externally, and internally by the bromide
of potassium.

Hydrocephalus, or Dropsy of the Brain, usually
common in delicate, highly-bred toy dogs, as terriers
and French poodles, is doubtless due to a senseless plan
of mating without regard to stamina of constitution. The
result is either a monstrosity or weakly and attenuated,
never useful, but always worthless and positive pests in
the household. Such creatures are fit subjects of dropsy
of the brain, and after suffering from confirmed lethargy,
somnolence, inability for any exertion, paralysis of a
partial or complete nature sets in, and the owner dis-
covers he is possessed of an object of real misery, which,
however, soon terminates in death.

Paralysis in the dog more frequently arises as the
result of other diseases or injuries than as a distinct
affection, the usual course being through their serious
effects upon the spinal cord.

Syjnptoms. — Weakness, unsteady gait, crouching and
reeling of the hind quarters, accompanied with twitchings
of the muscles locally or generally. The acute form pro-
gresses rapidly, all power being lost in a few hours or less,
and the animal falls, and lies in a helpless condition.
Palsy or paralysis signifies disablement by loss of power,
of sensation, or of both. In chronic cases the weakness
continues, other signs are delayed, and the animal loses
flesh and becomes a spectacle of misery and suffering.
Complete paralysis is common when the brain is the seat
of the injury or disease as the exciting cause. Partial
paralysis arises from disease of one side only, and it is in
the reverse side of the body. In injuries or diseases of the
spinal cord the paralysis is limited to the parts behind the
seat of disease. Vomition is a conspicuous sign in acute

236 Diseases of the Skin.

paralysis, and is often associated with severe abdominal
pain. Blindness may be also present. The disease
supervenes upon all forms of debility and anaemia, being
as common in the extreme condition of obesity as in
other instances.

Treatment of the patient should be entrusted to the
canine surgeon.

Parasitism of the nervous system of the dog is some-
what rare. The common form is the gid hydatid
Ccenurus cerebralis, derived from the sheep, which is
located in the brain, and is indicated by dulness, gradual
loss of sight, and an increasing tendency to move in a
circle, which point to compression of the brain. It is
questionable whether the animal lives long enough to
enable the parasite to effect its liberation by the usual
process of growth, invasion, and ulceration of the tissues ;
if so, the time of suffering may be shortened by an opera-
tion for liberating the offender. This is, however, some-
what doubtful.

CHAPTER XVIII.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Alopecia, or Baldness — Anasarca, or Dropsy of the Cellular Tissue — Eczema,
Surfeit, or " Red Mange " — Erythema — Warts.— Parasitic Diseases of
THE Skin, Animal Para .ites : Scabies, or Sarcopiic Mange — Follicular
Mange — The Harvest Bui,' — Fieas — Lice — Ticks. Vegetable Parasites:
Tinea Tonsurans, or Ringworm— Tinea Favosa, or Honey-Comb Ringworm.

The literature of skin disorders in canine animals has
remained incomplete during long periods ; but in recent
years observant men have laid all lovers of the race under
perpetual obligation by their diligent investigations, and
the liberal publication of their views and discoveries. It
was formerly thought that the dog could not perspire.
This statement implied the total absence of sudorific

Diseases of the Skin. 237

glands, whose especial office is the production of the
secretion commonly known as sweat. Physical condi-
tions gave the denial to this theory, as it became evident
under certain forms of disease in which the functions of
the kidneys were suspended, that the skin vigorously
eliminated in an aeriform state the effete products which
imperilled the animal's existence. The progress of his-
tology, or the study of the ultimate tissues of the animal
body, has decided the existence of sudoriparous glands in
the skin of canine animals, which assume an activity of
secretion proportionate to muscular exertion. Neverthe-
less, the office mainly consists of sending forth the waste
and useless products of decomposition in the form of
exhalation or vapour, any appreciable moisture being
probably the after-result of cooling and condensation.
As we recognise the existence of these organs, we look
in other directions for the causes v\7hich secure the genesis
of maladies formerly attributed to their absence. The
skin of the dog requires especial care. It is liable to
various forms of disease which owe their origin entirely
to the absence of proper regimen and sanitary excellence.
Deficiency of air, exercise, or food, as well as excess of
the latter, and especially when unsuitable, work out their
results in disaster and peril to general health. Mis-
inanagenmit of this kind is the sure road to the end
alluded to, general foulness of the skin being a significant
danger- signal. Immediately it is observed the proprietor
should resort to a thorough cleansing by water and
*' Sanitas " Dog Soap, using warm water in winter, and on
all occasions taking especial care to remove moisture
from the skin as much as possible by friction with dry
cloths, and with protection from cold draughts. Con-
jointly a vegetable diet should be substituted, along with
regular exercise. Spratt's Beetroot cakes admirably come
to the rehef of the owner under these circumstances, often
saving the lives of useful servants when they are being
ignorantly killed with kindness.

Alopecia, Baldness, or Loss of Hair, may be partial or
complete, sometimes being confined to a few or single
patches on various parts of the head, body or legs, or it

238 Diseases of the Skin.

may extend to a large surface by the destruction of the hair
follicles in various forms ci skin disorder, which operate
through the medium of blood supply. The state is that
of local congestion, and death of the hair bulb in severe
instances, which ensure permanent baldness. The disease
is the common result of mismanagement, as improper
food, want of exercise, fresh air and grooming. The
most efficient re?nedy is one part of the ordinary ointment
of cantharides reduced by mixing four, six, or eight of
pure lard, which should be well rubbed in twice or three
times weekly. Iron and vegetable tonics should be given
internally.

Anasarca, or Dropsy of the Cellular Tissue beneath
the skin, is generally seen below the jaws, on the breast,
and along the abdomen. The cause is some form of
local irritation, as colds from entering ice-cold water, the
effects of irritating mud or limy soil. It is also due to
debilitating influences, especially diseases of a prostrat-
ing character.

Treatment. — Remove the cause ; followed by the ad-
ministration of nitric ether, ten to thirty or sixty drops,
with five to twenty grains of powdered gentian. In other
cases the treatment will be regulated by the disease with
which it is associated.

An acute form of inflammation of the skin of the
scrotum, probably of the nature of erysipelas, has been
described in Chapter XV., on the Diseases of the Male
Organs of Generation (which see). The disease has
been considered as a form of cutaneous tuderculosis by
Continental veterinarians.

Eczema, Dermatitis, or Surfeit, commonly known as
" Red Mange," and technically ^rs:^///<7 rubrum, consists of
a vesicular inflammation of the skin, sometimes acute, or
otherwise chronic in its character. It is a common dis-
ease of canine animals, being a frequent attendant upon
other affections, as indigestion, distemper, and in females
after pupping. Sudden chills after being heated are
common causes in sporting dogs. Two forms are
observed, the local and general. The first usually affects
the head, neck, and back ; in the latter all parts of the

Diseases of the Skin, 239

body suffer, but especially the thin skin on the inner
sides of the arms, thighs, and over the belly. The skin
is very red, and covered with vesicles or small bladders,
which are sometimes isolated, or otherwise running to-
gether form larger vesicles, which shortly burst, and
drying on the surface, agglutinates the hairs into tufts or
masses of various size. Somewhat later they decompose,
emitting a putrid odour. Severe irritation follows, to
allay which the dog bites, scratches, or tears himself
severely, producing sores which, in many cases, yield to
no treatment. This is especially the case with those
which occur on the loose skin in the bend of joints, a
chronic state being general throughout the disease.
Ultimately the skin assumes one or other of the following
forms, viz., a constant state of scurfiness with loss of hair,
or the skin is immensely thickened, drawn into folds
destitute of hair, and exhibiting ugly cracks, at the bottom
of which ulceration, with more or less discharge, proceeds.
At certain local points also, large and bare tumours of
similar callous substance are found, as on the elbows and
buttocks, states especially common to animals kept in
confinement and subjected to neglect.

Treatment. — First open the bowels by a dose of the
castor-oil mixture ; or in the early stages of the acute
form reduce the dose one- third, and subsequently give
salines, as Epsom salts. Some prefer opium and calomel
in one-grain doses of each daily, a remedy seldom used
with safety in the hands of amateurs in medicine. Such
remedies secure the reduction of fever, after which tonics,
as iron and gentian, or the liquor arsenicalis, are indi-
cated, especially if debility sets in early. Special forms
of fever arising from the severity of the skin affection
may call for very active measures, as opium and calomel
internally, with repeated fomentations, or baths of hot
water containing glycerine and boracic acid, or even
opium. Chronic cases are not always manageable, yet
good may be done by repeated dressings with lunar
caustic, and the skin generally dressed with zinc oint-
ment. The disease is apt to exhibit phases of severe
excitement, the result of change in temperature and

240 Diseases of the Skin.

derangement of the digestive functions. The animal is
maddened by severe itching of the skin, and can scarcely
be restrained from injuring himself. For this fomenta-
tions with warm water containing opium may suffice ; in
some cases they afford no relief, and remedies of an
entirely opposite nature are required — viz., lotions of
nitrate of silver, ointment of nitrate of mercury, &c.,
applied as circumstances require. The diet must be
carefully regulated, less animal food being allowed, the
exercise regular and duly proportioned to the strength
of the patient. Neglect of these precautions is sure to
bring on a fresh attack of the complaint. A common
practice exists in the use of mercurial or blue ointment
for the cure of this malady. The owner who is wise will
avoid the remedy entirely except under the care of the
canine surgeon.

Erythema is a diffused form of irritation of the skin,
usually considered to be of a congestive character, pre-
ceding true inflammation, and affecting such parts as
receive a large quantity of blood for the supply of the
sebaceous glands within the structure. It arises from
disorder of the stomach or system generally, as indiges-
tion, worms, teething, chills, &c. As the active symptoms
decline, the skin throws off a considerable number of
scales or scurf, and shortly the affected parts resume
their natural appearance. This is the usual course under
ordinary management, but persistence of the cause
eventually develops true inflammation or eczema, already
described.

Treatment consists of replacing animal food by a
variety less stimulating and partially vegetable ; giving
regular exercise, especially in the open air, and away
from home. Irritation of the skin may be allayed by
water containing a few drops of laudanum, or a lotion
containing five grains of the sulphate of zinc to the
ounce may be used. Boracic acid, five to ten grains to
the ounce of water, is also highly effectual.

Warts, technically termed Verrucce, often prove
troublesome to the dog. Tney consist of inordinate as
well as deformed growths of the dermis, or deeper layer

Diseases of the Skin. ^41

of the skin, and appear to be due to some special form
of local irritation. They are to be seen on the free
edges of the ears, lips, and especially the eyelids ; and
in some animals the mucous membrane of the mouth
and prepuce is a common location. Other parts of the
skin are also liable to invasion, but probably not so
frequently as those already named. The enlargements
partake of a variety of forms. They are sometimes
diffuse, or spread over the surface of the skin, at others
they rise erect, and subsequently assume a spherical or
other form, being very mobile, and united to the tissues
of the true skin by a narrow cord-like neck. Their
presence gives rise to various forms of inconvenience,
such as friction against other objects, laceration, &c.,
and considerable irritation in old-standing cases by the
cracking of the scales, and subsequent ulceration between
them.

Treatment. — In the diffused variety the regular appli-
cation of caustic, as the nitrate of silver, or strong acetic
acid, will be required. Those attached to the skin by a
constriction or neck, are easily removed by ligature,
torsion, or the ecraseur. Early attention when the
growths are small is likely to be of greatest service.

Parasitic Diseases of the Skin. — The affections of
tins class are numerous and important. They arise from
the irritation produced as the result of the efforts of the
animal parasites in obtaining a nidus or hatching-place
for their eggs. Some of these occupy their position for
such a length of time when undisturbed as to indicate
the permanence of their home ; others are ephemeral in
their visits, being endowed with organs of free Icco-
m.otion, as legs and wings of considerable power. In
the first order we place the various forms of mange, or
itch animalcules, and in the latter, fleas, ticks, lice, and
other insects, amongst which the harvest bug is a common
example. In addition to these, we have also to notice
another variety — viz., vegetable parasites, which likewise
prove exceedingly troublesome to canine animals, as
well as disappointing to the hopes and aspirations of the
owner.

16.

242 Diseases of tJie Skin.

Animal Parasites of the Skin. — These are included
under the term Dermatozoa^ which eaibraces a great
variety in the forms of animal Hfe. Their movements
are directed in the search for suitable breeding-places, as
well as for their natural sustenance, and thus a large
amount of tissue is destroyed, accompanied by severe
irritation, which induces a form of active inflammation,
or true dermatitis. We call the disease mange, as es-
pecially the result of the presence of the acarus, or mange
insect ; it is, notwithstanding, true inflammation of the
skin. Contagion plays the essential part, as true mange
cannot exist without the parasite. It may attack the
best of animals, but the common subjects are those de-
bihtated by want of food and necessary care, whose
hunger leads them to prowl, and ferret out from the
dirtiest places the wherewith to appease their hunger, and
there meet with the acari; or it may be in the company
of infected dogs that the disease is contracted. The
differences exhibited by various forms of parasitic disease
in their potency of contagion, depends on the habits of
the acarus. Infection, as we understand it, is not a term
of suitability ; the parasite does not become aeriform,
nor is it, as far as can be ascertained, carried by the air.

Scabies, or Mange of the Dog, technically known as
Sarcoptic Scabies, is the analogue of " itch " in mankind,
and the " scab " of sheep. The producing parasite is
the Sarcoptes canis, which usually first invades the parts
least disturbed by the feet of the sufferer ; thus we find
the back of the neck is the spot where the earliest signs
may be looked for. From thence it spreads rapidly, as
the army of acari have multiplied by thousands or even
millions. Their operations give the subject no rest. He
loses his appetite, is depressed, puts on a haggard look,
and is feverish. He is continually scratching, and the
wildest paroxysms are usually evident after eating, drink-
ing, or lying in the warmth of a fire. He enjoys being
scratched by the fingers, and places himself suitably for
its being continued over the entire body. From this
point the disease becomes intensified, as every spot, bed,
&c., frequented by the patient, and also the sufferer's

Diseases of the Skin. 243

claws, become infected, and shortly provide a fresh
colony of acari ready for further attack when the dog
again visits the spot. If the reader has attentively
studied the paragraphs dealing with the symptoms of
erythema and eczema^ he will be able to realise by the
changes produced by the parasite how rapidly the dis-
organisation proceeds, constituting true forms of those
diseases. The parasite burrows beneath the cuticle, and
may be found on raising the scabs which cover the
wounded parts. This is the sure diagnostic sign of the
disease, and the essential proof that it is not simple
eczema or " red mange."

Treatme7it. — Successful issues attend only diligent and
orderly application of the remedy. The hardened cuticle
and protecting scabs are safe refuges to the acari, there-
fore, if we desire to destroy them, the above-named
barriers must be removed. The affected animal should
be placed in a warm bath, and washed thoroughly with
" Sanitas " Dog Soap, taking care to remove or break up
the encrustations or scabs, as they are swollen and
raised by the water. An ounce of potash placed in the
water will greatly promote the operation. Not a spot,
however small, must be omitted. The ears and feet
also must come in for their share of the general scrutiny
and cleansing. The owner need not be in haste to
remove the dog from his bath. The warmth will comfort
him, and, with fresh additions of heated water after the
first washing, it will be advisable to include one or two
teaspoonfuls of " Sanitas " Oil mixed with an equal bulk
of glycerine. Next comes the operation of dressing.
The dog is removed from the bath, carefully drained
under protection from the cold, and the dressing, what-
ever it may be, is patiently and carefully rubbed in. In
order to realise how much of both is required, the opera-
tor must endeavour to think how he would like to have
It done to himself under similar circumstances. The
process will be needed at intervals of at least three or
four days, long hair being carefully removed, or even
entire shaving must be resorted to. A muzzle should be
in readiness to prevent the animal using his teeth. We

244 Diseases of the Skin.

also recommend care in its selection, as some of these
appliances are perfect tortures, fitting badly and inflict-
ing pain on the suffering creature. For various forms of
mange dressings see Chapter VIII. under Parasiticides.

Follicular Mange differs from Sarcoptic Mange both
in respect of the parasite and its location. The former
is the analogue if not the identical parasite Dei?iodex
follicidorufn common to mankind ; indeed, this form of
human itch has been transferred to the dog, and back
again to mankind. The location of the parasite is the
bag or pouch-like sebaceous glands and hair follicles ; it
is microscopical, possesses a large abdomen, several pairs
of short legs, elongated after the form of a shrimp, and is
endowed with remarkable powers of multiplication. The
disease produced is much less susceptible of medical
treatment, and there is also at first much less irritation
and resulting fever. It appears in patches, first about
the head, face, lips, &c., and later it invades the legs,
loins, belly, sides, and scrotum in the male. The dis-
charge from the sebaceous glands partakes of pus as well
as the excess of a morbid secretion, by reason of which
the sufferer presents a loathsome appearance and highly
offensive odour. The animal shakes himself instead of
using his feet, and he refuses to be handled. When the
hairs are plucked singly from the follicles, the parasite
may be detected at the root by means of a microscope ;
the pus and also the secretion from the gland likewise
furnish the same conclusive evidence. The first signs of
the malady consist of small bare patches, on which
appear red spots, which proved to be the enlarged ducts
of the sebaceous glands, filled with serum, and later, with
pus. These subsequently burst and form scales, and
occasionally one or more pustules become confluent, or
united, especially when the skin is acutely inflamed ; the
hair is also freely shed over the entire body, and the
animal suffers much from cold, requiring ample clothing,
especially in adverse seasons. Further aggravation arises
from the formation of sores and cracks, the result of death
of the tissues of the skin, blood and pus flowing freely
from the discharging surfaces.

Diseases of the Skin. 245

The principles of Treatment laid down for sarcoptic
mange must be rigidly adopted in this disease. Frequent
and thorough dressing must be persisted in, especial at-
tention being directed to removal of the crusts in order
that the dressings may reach the parasites within the hair
follicles. Suitable formulae will be found in Chapter VIII.
under the head of Parasiticides. As in sarcoptic mange
the removal of hair by close clipping, or even shaving,
must be carried out efficiently and without hesitation
when desirable. The advice concerning removal of the
crusts given under sarcoptic mange is especially needed,
frequent baths and subsequent dressings, probably con-
tinued for months, being needed before any improvement
is evident. As v/e have already remarked, the parasites,
by reason of their location, are extremely difficult to attack,
and even, if we are successful, yet another problem awaits
us, viz., the ova, which may be hiding away on such parts
as have been restored by destruction of the parents. Care
must be exercised also with regard to lodging and beds.
Kennels require cleansing, and nothing answers so effec-
tually as strong and boiling-hot solutions of caustic potash
or soda, which should be used liberally by means of a
large painter's brush. The best bed is pine shavings,
frequently renewed; when they are not accessible, clean
hay or straw may be used, which should be regularly
dressed with water containing one-twentieth part of crude
" Sanita?,"and allowed to dry before being put into use.
Beds of whatever kind, having served their purpose, should
be summarily burned.

The Harvest Bug, or Leptus autumnalis, the larval
hexapod of the Tetranychus autumnalis^ proves a trouble-
some parasite to the human subject, giving rise to
painful boils. It also attacks animals, especially dogs,
during the hot months of July and August, afterwards
passing through other developmental changes, and is lost
sight of. When it reaches the skin it may be detected
by its bright red colour, and if not speedily removed it
shortly burrows in the skin, giving rise to irritation.
When the parts are rubbed the parasite ejects an acrid
secretion, which, with the burrowing operations, produces

246 Diseases of the Skin,

severe pain. In the dog it may be usually found on the
head, neck and back, which are involved in severe
eczema, and on the inflamed parts the offenders may be
readily observed by means of an ordinary lens. The disease
yields very tardily, perhaps owing to the diificulty of
reaching the parasite. Paraffin has been found effectual;
carbolic acid in glycerine is not certain^ as, owing to the
susceptibihty of the dog to the action of the drug, only
weak solutions could be used.

Fleas, Fidex irritans, are terrible pests to the dog.
Their presence in pet dogs is a serious drawback, and
their extermination becomes a disideratum. If not
removed they cause severe and continued irritation,
seriously affect the health, and reduce the animal to a
state of anaemia and debihty. Cleanliness in the kennel,
as in all other respects, is absolutely essential to prevent
the attack, regular washing of the animal with "Sanitas"
Dog Soap being effectual. For especial remedies, see
Parasiticides, in Chapter VIII.

Lice, pediculi, do not prove so troublesome or painful
as fleas. They are, however, more loathsome, and we
shudder to think of the possibility of their transmission to
ourselves. Well-kept dogs receive them only by contact
with others infected. Mongrels and wandering curs
obtain them in the dirt and filth among which they seek
their food, or by contact with their infected fellows.
They always retire before the resolute acts of cleanliness.
Simple cases are cured by ordinary washing with
^'Sanitas" Dog Soap. Confirmed cases require the
application of a special Parasiticide.

Ticks are summer visitants, which not only produce
severe irritation by boring into the skin, but debilitate the
sufferer by sucking his blood, and by their effects on the
nervous system have been known to induce paralysis.
The species common to our dogs is the Ixodes ricinus, an
innocent offender as compared with certain varieties
common, to South Africa, which are known to kill not only
dogs, but also oxen. They are usually found in the ears,
but may attach themselves to other parts where the hair
is thin. The best remedy is to cut each tick in half by

Diseases of the Skin. 247

scissors, after which the embedded portion may be re-
moved by forceps, or a drop of turpentine will answer the
purpose.

Vegetable Parasites. — Of this class two are common
to canine animals. They are true fungi in nature, attach
themselves to the epithelium or scarf skin, as well as the
hairs proceeding from it, and are readily detected under
an ordinary microscope. They pr^ail in damp, dark,
and ill-drained places, and young animals are especially
susceptible of attack ; but in all cases want of condition
and general cleanliness predisposes the animal to their
effects. They are also communicable from other species
of animals to the dog, and he may convey them to others
besides his own, or even to mankind by contagion alone.
This may be mediate or immediate, and from the nature
of the spores, it is believed that the air may act as a
suitable medium. After being deposited on the skin,
the process of incubation commences, and occupies from
eight or ten to fourteen days, when they produce a
colony of spores, and from the circumstance of their
common arrangement in the form of a circle, the disease
they produce is familiarly known as Ringworm.

Tinea Tonsurans, or Ringworm, is occasionally seen
in the dog. It occurs in circular patches, destitute of
hair, except a few which by the action of the fungus, are
broken and lifeless, standing among the enlarged cells,
and projecting irregularly. Growth is on the external
margin ; thus, the skin first affected is left smooth, and
covered with glistening scales, or an aggregation forming
a grey crust, each of which contain the spores of the
fungus Achorion kbertii, or Trichophyto7t tonsurans.
Constant cleansing with " Sanitas " Soap and warm water,
and subsequent dressings with the tincture of cantharides,
or iodine ; dilute mineral and acetic acids, mercurial, or
nitrate of silver ointment, tincture of iron, &c. &c., usually
effect a cure. The disease is liable to be mistaken for
Herpes circinatus^ or vesicular ringworm, a form of local
eczema common in young dogs as a result of indigestion,
teething, &c., on the cessation of which it disappears.

Tinea Favosa, or Honeycomb Ringworm^ variously

248 Local Injuries.

known as Achorion Schonleinii or Tricophyton favosa^ is
a parasitic fungus of peculiar form and growth. It has
a special preference for the hairs. Having entered the
hair follicle it throws out a mass of fungoid cells around
the base, and growing, encircles the hair in such a
manner that the latter appears to be growing out of a
cup. A number of these may unite, and thus a large
and unsightly tumour is formed, with the loss of sur-
rounding tissue by resulting absorption. It is supposed
the dog catches the complaint from mice, in which it is
quite common. The tumour is usually located about
the head. It is also peculiar as emitting a smell not
unlike the urine of the cat, probably derived from the
course of destruction of animal tissue.

T?'^^/;/^*?;// consists of entire removal of all the diseased
hairs and fungus crusts by means of a paper knife or
suitable instrument, and immediately burned. The bare
fifigers vmst not come into contact with the diseased mass.
Appropriate dressings will be found in the list enumerated
for Tinea tonsurans. The most effective are solution of
corrosive sublimate (poison) and the nitrate of silver
ointment.

CHAPTER XIX.
LOCAL INJURIES.

Anchylosis, or Stiff-joint— Sprain of Muscle and Sinew— Congenital Deformity
— Dislocations — Fracture of Bone — False Joint — Lameness — Sprain of
Muscle— Sprain of Tendon — Lameness of the Feet — Carpet Fever— In-
juries by Thorns, Nail>, &c. — Raw, Bruised and Bleeding Feet — Mange of
the Foot— Overgrown Claws— Wounds— Haemorrhage, or Bleeding.

Anchylosis, or Stiff-Joint^ is not uncommon in canine
animals, being due to some injury and consequent in-
flammation, with the formation of exostosis, or bony
deposit. The latter accumulates largely at the ends of
the bones, eventually uniting them, causing the animal

Local Injuries. 249

to carry the limb in a more or less flexed position, and
is unable to put it to the ground, or bear any weight
upon it. The parts commonly affected are the phalanges,
or small bones of the feet, which suffer from being trodden,
run over, or bruising from falling objects. The elbow
also suffers as a result of dislocation which has not been
reduced. Sprains of ligament also end in exostosis and
anchylosis, and, on that account, all such injuries should
receive prompt attention. Blisters frequently applied,
and the actual cautery, are often attended with good
results in the early stages.

Sprains of Muscle and Sinew are common to sport-
ing dogs, especially greyhounds. They are met with- in
all forms, varying from slight extension, or laceration of
fibre, to "breaking down," or rupture of the sinews.
Cure is effected by complete rest, the administration of
laxative medicine, and cold water externally.

Congenital Deformities of the extremities are not
uncommon in puppies. They present such a variety of
forms that intelligible description fails in the small space
allotted. When the animal is of valuable or special
strain, the best course is to submit the case to a well-
known canine surgeon for opinion as to procedure.

Dislocations.— Displacement of bones in their union
to form joints is common in dogs of all ages. They
present various aspects as well as difficulties, and the
patient should be placed in the hands of the skilled
canine surgeon.

Besides reduction, the after-treatment of dislocation is
ofien important. Bandages and splints, as for fractures,
may be required, being retained by starch, melted pitch,
&c., until the parts have assumed a healthy condition,
the use of the limb being also suspended. Blisters, or
even firing, may be called for at a later stage in order to
hasten the cure.

Fracture of Bone is frequent in dogs. They origi-
nate from falls, blows, kicks from horses, or being
run over by vehicles ; and, as a rule, are readily distin-
guished by the crepitus, deformity, pain on movement of
the injured member, inability to use it, with subsequent

250 Local Injuries.

swelling and inflammation. The power of reparation is
ample in the dog, he is also less liable to systemic dis-
turbance, and on this account an attempt to restore by-
treatment is always advisable in ordinary cases.

The treatment of these cases should be entrusted to
the canine surgeon.

False u7iio7i may arise from bones improperly set,
when the appliances are too slack, or the animal has
used the limb too soon. In such cases the limb is bent,
unsightly, and gives rise to lameness. The'common plan
is to destroy the recent calhis by fracture, and reset the
Hmb with care, when good results may be obtained.
Such a severe operation should call for the use of an
anaesthetic as chloroform.

Lameness arising from various causes is common in
canine animals. The usual signs consist of inability to
support the weight of the body without limping, or the
limb may be carried, and during rest the affected part is
indicated by the dog as he licks or even bites it.

Sprain of Muscle is usually denoted by heat, and
sweUing and great tenderness over the seat of injury, the
limb being carried in a semi-flexed state, and the foot
near the ground. The severe forms are attended with
more or less fever and inaction of the bowels; the
injured spot is often licked.

Treatme7it. — Sprain of muscle usually yields readily to
absolute rest, and the hot spongio-piline poultice
frequently renewed to maintain heat. Pain may be
reduced by adding a drachm of the tincture of belladonna
or opium to the material after being slightly wrung out.
The bowels should be moved as directed, and when the
state of the animal calls for it, give a febrifuge.

Sprain of tendon may be detected in a somewhat
similar manner to the above, with the exception of
the evidence of immediate swelling. Pressure will, as a
rule, elicit the existence of pain, or, when a joint is
sprained, flexion and extension will succeed.

Treattnent. — Cold water applications continually are
indicated ; or evaporating lotion may be used to saturate
a thin bandage surrounding the injured part. The

Local Inju7ies. 251

bowels will also need attention as already referred to
in preceding paragraphs.

Subsequejit treaitneiit for Sprams is carried out as
follows : When the heat, pain, and inflammation are
subdued the parts may be smartly rubbed two or three
times daily by the hand, using soap liniment seven parts,
and laudanum one part. Five or six minutes may
suffice for the operation, the last portions being rubbed
to dryness of the hair, &c. When swelling or thickening
remains, and is cool, the following liniment should be
employed : Soap liniment four ounces, tincture of
iodine one ounce. Apply morning and evening with
friction as already directed.

Lameness of the Feet arises from several causes.
Foot-foiinder consists of inflammation of the skin between
the balls or pads, arising from the irritation of dust,
sand, or wet, during long and tedious journeys, especially
in dogs which have been at rest some time. It is also a
common result of "frost-bite." In such instance the
resulting pain and fever are sufficient to throw the dog
off work entirely for some time.

House a?td Pet Dogs likewise suffer from a similar but
slightly chronic form by long confinement indoors, in
which indigestion and the irritation from the heat and
dust of carpets equally contribute. The disease has been
facetiously termed "carpet fever," as indicating the
systemic character, the accompaniments being redness,
soreness, and pain of the skin in the spaces between the
pads. A cure is effected in these foot diseases by first
opening the bowels, and applying several times daily a
lotion of zinc or alum in slight cases. The " Sanitas "
Jelly also answers well for the purpose. When the pain
is severe, and fever runs high, the hot spongio-piline
poultice is the best application frequently renewed, after
a patient fomentation with hot water, or a hot bath in
which the animal may be placed if able to stand. As
soon as he is able to walk, he should wear boots or some
other protection until the feet assume their former cool-
ness and hardness. The disease is apt to recur on
application of the causes.

2 52 Local Injuries.

Injuries by Thorns, Nails, ^c, are best treated by
removal of the offending substance, dirt, &c., and the
application of " Sanitas " Jelly or the " Sanitas " Veteri-
nary Ointment, with the exhibition of a laxative, &c., as
already pointed out.

Raw, Bruised, and Bleeding Feet are the result of
long journeys and the irritating dust, &c., of the roads,'
and usually yield to continued rest, laxatives, and the
applications already advocated.

Mange of the Foot is the common result of using the
member to allay the irritation of the body, and presents
the usual local indications, with ulceration of the toes
and loosening of the claws. The latter should be re-
moved, and the usual dressings for mange applied, or
the foot may be enveloped in tow saturated with " Sani-
tas " Fluid, or well smeared with the " Sanitas " Veteri-
nary Ointment.

Overgrown Claws are the usual result of a luxurious
life, especially on carpets. In the absence of wear they
grow rapidly, and curling beneath eventually wound the
pads or the interspaces. They should be severed a
little in advance of the pad, by means of stout wire
cutters, and regular outdoor exercise enjoined.

Wounds of various kinds are inflicted on the skin ot
dogs, and include all the varieties known in animal
surgery — viz., incised, lacerated, contused, djxdi punctured.

Licised Wounds are produced by some cutting instru-
ment, the skin being evenly divided without loss of
substance. They may prove serious by contemporaneous
wounding of blood vessels.

Lacerated Wounds are caused by hooks, nails, &c.,
which tear the skin unevenly, and sometimes seriously
interfere with the vitality of the parts, and subsequent
healing. Sloughing is, therefore, not an uncommon
result.

Contused Wounds are the effects of blows, falls, Szc, in
which the tissues are more or less disorganised and the
vitality destroyed. Sloughing is a frequent after-occur-
rence.

Fu7tctured Wounds are caused by the entrance of sharp

Local Injuries, 253

bodies, as nails, thorns, or splinters of wood, &c. They
are dangerous according to the depth, especially as some
of the internal organs and cavities may be injured.

Treatmeiit consists of closing incised wounds by means
of sutures, always first ensuring the absence of foreign
bodies. Some lacerated wounds will also admit of this
treatment, but, as a rule, sutures do not answer effectu-
ally. Bandages, or other forms of support may be
needed according to the peculiarities of the case.
These, as well as contused wounds, are often benefited
by stimulating applications to the surrounding parts, as
soap liniment, containing a few drops of ammonia,
alternated with fomentations, or the spongio-piline
poultice. Punctured wounds call for the prompt re-
moval of the offending instrument, for which incision
may be required Inject healing fluids by means of a
syringe.

Wounds of Arteries and F^/;/i-.— These are distin-
guished by the colour of the blood, that from an artery
being scarlet, and venous blood is a modena red.
Remedies known as styptics are used to stop the flow
of blood by forming a plug over the situation of the
wounds. Such are astringents which act by coagulating
the fibrine, of which the blood is largely composed.
Examples are, cotton wool, German tinder, as mechani-
cal agents ; tannic acid, lunar caustic, and perchloride of
iron, are chemical styptics ; and the hot iron a corrosive
agent. A simple method of arresting blood in a limb
consists of passing a cord or handkerchief round and
above the wound, and tying to form a loose loop. A
stick is then passed through half way, forming two con-
venient handles for twisting the ligature, the result being
pressure, and arrest of the flow of blood. This being
accomplished, the local wound can be treated more
efficiently, the animal being saved from severe loss of
blood.

2 54 Poisons.

CHAPTER XX.

POISONS.

Empirical Poisoning— Accidental Poisoning— Wilful and Malicious Poisoning-
Symptoms of Poisoning — Treatment— Mineral Poisons — Vegetable Poison-
ing-Animal Poisons — Snake, or Viper Bite — Wasps, Hornets, and Bees —
Destruction of Dogs.

The death of animals by poisoning arises in three
ways :

In Empirical Practice many persons make use of
remedies the nature and action of which they know
little or nothing ; they also continue the use of a remedy
without being able to perceive that it is unsuitable, or
probably dangerous. In this way an ordinary medicine
acts with the virulence of a poison.

Accidental Poisoning takes place in a variety of ways,
chiefly through the absolute carelessness on the part of
those who have the custody of remedies. They are
sometimes carelessly left within reach of the animal, or
become mixed with the food; and preparations for
external use may be given internally. Vermin poisons
reach the meal-tub or the feeding-trough ; large doses
of medicines are also given too frequently; thus, the
remedy which might have effected a cure proves a
deadly poison.

Wilful and Malicious Poisonings happily, is not
frequent. Yet one hears now and again of a favourite
pet, or the first animal of a special strain, having won
high honours, is found dead or dying at the time, or
before, he reaches his home. Such acts characterise
fiends and fools who fail to see that others read them
accurately by their daily lives, which have a full renown
for many similar accomplishments.

The Symptoms of Poisonings as a rule, are quickly

Poisons. 2 5 5

developed, generally after a meal, or they may be asso-
ciated with some special act or circumstance, as the
giving of a tit-bit by an admiring stranger, or immediately
after the external use or internal administration of a
remedy. Such facts being kept in mind, precise attention
may be directed to the probable cause with the result of
showing whether the signs are due to malicious intent,
poisonous agents, or mistakes in medicines. Concise
information on these points, as far as they are elucidated,
should always be sent in writing to the canine surgeon
when summoned.

The precise Treatment of Poisoning must always be
left with the canine surgeon. He alone can provide the
acknowledged antidote. The owner may alleviate to an
extent the pangs and sufferings of the patient, for instance
in diarrhoea or dysentery, by the giving of milk with ^gg
beaten up, thick flour or starch with water will be useful ;
and when abdominal pain is acute a dose of laudanum,
twenty -five or thirty drops, or three to five grains of the
gum. Syrup of white poppies, one to three or four drachms,
also proves a useful agent. If vermin powder has been
taken, give broth or thick soup ; and when hellebore or
colchicum is the cause, add to the milk and eggs nitrous
ether, ammonia, or spirits, as gin, whisky or brandy, to
obviate the extreme depression which ensues.

Mineral Poisons. — These comprise a variety of sub-
stances used in medicine or otherwise, the most active of
which are preparations of arsenic, lead, mercury and zinc,
and copper.

The General Symptoms of Poisoning by Mifierals are as
follow : irritation and violent pain in the stomach and
bowels, with vomitingj diarrhoea, painful straining, the
evacuations being mixed with blood, cramps of the limbs
and collapse. The membrane of the bowels is sometimes
also removed, and may be found in the evacuations, as
in the case of arsenic, the compounds of??iercury, and even
mercurial oi?itment when largely used to the skin. To
the latter metal also is ascribed the ^nercurial eczema
which arises from long continuance of its use externally
as well as internally. Salivation is also present, and the

256 Poisons.

breath as well as the secretions of the skin are highly
offensive. Poisoning by lead^ or plumbism^ is denoted by
general failure of function in the digestive apparatus, a
blue line forming along the gums, vomition, colic, vertigo,
with gradual paralysis and death. Acute poisoning by
copper resembles that of violent irritants generally, as
already detailed ; the Chronic form greatly resembles that
of slow arsenical poisoning, as impaired appetite, consti-
pation, imperfect nutrition, weakness, and occasionally
bloody urine. In this class of poisons carbolic acid must
be included. Few remedies in medicines have had a
greater responsibility as a toxic agent than this, especially
in dogs and cats. Whether used externally, internally,
or hcked by the animal, it produces severe and immediate
depression, weakness of the heart, with ultimate paralysis
of the organ, convulsions and speedy death. In our
experience dogs have sim.ply laid down, become quite
listless, breathing slowly, with evident oppression, and
died in unconsciousness, when the medicine has been
largely applied to wounded surfaces. Whatever may be
its vaunted virtues as a sanative dressing in other animals,
the serious drawback to employment in the same direction
among canine and feline animals is that its general effects
are those of a powerful poison.

In case of absorption of the remedy sufficient to produce
poisoning, Broad, of Bath, recommends the continued
application of cold water as a spray, or by means of the
rose on a watering-pot, until convulsions cease. The
animal should also be thoroughly cleansed by means of
cold water and hard soap, or the whole of the skin may
be well rubbed with oil. The animal should receive
stimulants internally.

In Vegetable Poisofiing the symptoms are mainly dif-
ferent to those induced by the metallic salts. Strychnine,
is perhaps the most common of dangerous drugs, and
being recognised as one of the most fatal, is ignorantly
selected by the wilful poisoner. Death sometimes arises
from overdoses or long continuance of the drug. Dogs
are specially susceptible of its effects, the symptoms
being severe tetanic convulsions^ rigidity, and straighten-

Poisons. 257

ing of the spine, with elevation of the head and tail,
rigidity of the legs, retraction of the muscles of the face
and mouth, inducing a remarkable grin of the features.
All the symptoms are sudden and simultaneous. Many
antidotes have been tried, the most effectual being the
monobromide of camphor in doses of one to one-and-a-
half drachms, given by the stomach. Recovery has also
been effected by the continued use of chloroform, and
subsequently belladonna and opium; also hydrocyanic
acid somewhat later.

Tobacco, and also Hellebore Infusions, sometimes used
as Parasiticides in Mange, &c., prove dangerous as
violent poisons, being absorbed through the skin,
especially where it is rendered sore by the parasites.
The signs are great depression, with vomition, failure of
the heart's action, and death. To counteract these states
the animal should be immediately washed in clean cold
water.

Snake and Viper Bites are forms of Animal Poisoning.
The first is common abroad, and exceedingly fatal;
the latter is seen in England, and is likewise dangerous
in the dog. The affected animal suffers from extreme
distress, depression and difficult respiration, with rapid
decomposition of the blood, local swelling, paralysis,
terminating in violent convulsions. If the part bitten is
a limb, a ligature should be applied above the wound,
sufficiently tight to prevent absorption. Strong solution
of ammonia, largely diluted, should be administered
internally at frequent intervals, and the wound promptly
cauterised, or dressed freely with the undiluted ammonia.
Artificial respiration must be persistently carried on from
the first, and conjointly with cold affusions, with the
object of producing stimulus to the nervous system. The
Bite of the Dog should also receive the same treatment,
especially if he be suspected of rabies. In mankind the
ligature, with prompt suction of the wound as an
encouragement to bleeding, is essential.

It now appears to be fairly demonstrated that great
similarity of action in the poison of snake-bite also exists
in the Indian arrow-head poison, or, technically, ctcrare

17

258 Poisons.

and wouraiij death arising from paralysis of the muscles
of respiration, in addition to the action upon the heart.
In order to avert death, the utmost endeavours must be
made to promote artificial respiration, contemporaneous
with other means described, by which life is preserved
long enough for the other remedies to act in the neutrali-
sation of the toxic agent.

Wasps, hornets, bees, &c., in this country, are trouble-
some pests to the dog. Those animals used for hunting
purposes, and others which act as marauders, disturb the
insects by accidentally upsetting the nests. The hornet's
sting is often rapidly fatal, giving no opportunity for
treatment. To escape an attack from the infuriated
insects it is common to raise a dense smoke, or take
refuge behind thick bushes, and, best of all, to rush into
water when at hand. The best local as well as internal
remedy is ammonia ; the common washing-blue is also
effective externally; and a third popular agent is carron-
oil, a compound of linseed oil and lime-water in equal
parts. Such, however, is the severity of the poison,
especially that of the hornet, that the dog frequently dies
before anything can be done in the way of treatment.

The Destruction of Dogs. — An effective and speedy
method of putting useless and other animals out of
existence is a subject of importance. When they have
served us faithfully, having also grown old, decrepit, and
often offensive, a burden to themselves also, we grieve to
witness their condition, and desire to see their misery
terminated. Euthanasia, an easy or calm death, is what
we prefer ; many methods are speedy, but the results are
agonising. Thus, prussic acid is probably the most
speedy and powerful poison, but the convulsions are
horrifying. An electric shock, sufficiently powerful, is
surprisingly effective, but is cumbrous in its application.
Pithing and drow?iing 2xq objectionable on grounds so
obvious that their discussion is unnecessary. The
hypodermic method, or simply injecting the lethal dose
beneath the skin, is, perhaps, the most speedy ; but we
object to the evidences, although it is probably certain
the animal is totally unconscious of all suffering. For

Poisons. 259

large numbers of animals nothing supersedes the lethal
chamber^ in which death comes on as quietly as ordinary
slumber ; yet we hesitate to send our favourite to die in
such motley company. Dr. Gordon Stables recommenas
first a dose of chloral in the form of syrup to induce sound
sleep, during which the animal is caused to inhale an
over-dose of chloroform. In our practice we omit the
chloral as an unnecessary delay, and simply place the
animal recumbent, cover him with a woollen rug, doubled,
then introduce beneath it a sponge fully saturated with
chloroform, which is held close to the nostrils. He thus
breathes only the vapour of chloroform. Death is
speedy and minu^ all suffering, occupying less time than
is required for writing the few and imperfect lines dis-
cussing this special method.

INDEX.

Abdomen, dropsy of the, 200
Abscess, 112

,, of the ear-flap, 227
Abuse of medicines, 115
Achorion lebertii, 247

,, Schonleinii, 248
Active aperient, 162
Alopecia, 237
Alteratives, 119
Amaurosis, 222 *
Anaemia, 140
Anasarca, 238
Anchylosis 209
Anodynes, 120
Anthrax, 147
Antispasmodics, 121
Antiseptics, 121

,, importance of, 115
Antiputrescents, 121
Aperients, 122
Aphonia, 174
Apnoea, 146
Apoplexy, 231
Appetite, T09
Arrow-head poison, 257
Arteries, wounds of, 253
AscaHs marginata, 191
Ascites, 200
Asthma, 179
Astringents, 122
Atony of the rectum, iqS
Auricular acariasis, 228

Bakewell's Motto for Breed-
ing, 31
Baldness, 237
Bandy-legs, 144
" Barry," sfory of, 59
Beagle, 34

Bedlington Terrier, 75
" Belton Greys," 10
" Bernard de Meuthon," 58
Black Poodle, 99
M Pug, 95

Black and Tan Terrier, 69
Bladder, paralysis of, 207
, , rupture of, 207
,, stone in, 207
Bleeding from the nostrils, 173

,, piles, 197
Blenheim Spaniel, 88
Bhster fluid, 123
,, ointment, 123
,, sweating, 124
Blisters, 123
Blood abscess, 227
,, diseases, 138
Bloodhound, 28

,, breeding of the, 31

,, origin of, 29

Blood poisoning, 167
"Bloom of Health," 108
" Blue Peter," 93
Blue pill, 122
Bob-tailed Sheepdog, 81
Bolus, the, 117

,, for diabetes, 122
,, ,, haemorrhage, 122
,, stomachic, 137
Bone, disease of, 249
Borzoi, 50

Bowel, stricture of the, 199
, , atony of the, 198
,, dropping of the, 196
,, thickening of, 198
Bowels, inflammation of the, 194
Brain, injuries of the, 233
,, compression of the, 234
f , , dropsy of the, 235
Breaking-down, 249

,, the Fox Terrier, 41
Breeders of the Blenheim Spaniel,
89
,, ,, Bloodhound, 31

,, ,, Dandie Dinmont,

69
,, Old Enghsh Mas-
tiff, 52
Breeders of Pi'gs, 90, 915

262

Index.

Breeding, Bakewell's plan, 31
Bright's Disease, 205
Broken-haired Terrier, 70
Bronchitis, 175

,, verminous, 178

Bronchocele, 203
" Bull-cross " in Fox Terrier, 41
Bull-dog, 63

,, Terrier, 65
Bruises, or cuts, lotion for, 134

Canine H.timatozoa, 182

Cafiis cordis, 183

Canker, external, 226
,, internal, 227
,, of the mouth, 185

Carpet fever, 251

Castor-oil mixture, 122

Catarrh, 170

Cartilago nictitatis, 224

Cataract, 221

Catarrh of the stomach, 189

Catheter, use of, 215

Caustic lotions, 125
,, potash, 124

Caustics, 124

"Cecil " on the Foxhound, 32

Celebrated breeders of Blood-
hounds, 31

Charbon, 147

Characteristics of the Irish Setter,
12

Chloroform, inhalation of, 133

Choking, 187

Cholera, 148

Chorea, 232

Chronic cough, 179

,, ,, mixture for, 131
,, hepatitis, 201

Circassian Wolfhound, 51

Circulatory system, diseases of,
180

Classification of disease, 116

Claws, overgrown, 252

Cleanliness, importance of, 114

Cleanly poultice, 136

Clever Spaniel, 19

Close-breeding, 31

Clumber Spaniel, 15

Clysters, 125

Cocker Spaniel, 17

Cockermouth Beagles, 34

Canurus cerebralis, 236

Colic, 191

Collie, the, 83

Colour of the Greyhound, 28

,, Setters, 9
Common tick, 246
Constipation, 194
Contagious diseases, 146
Continuous vomition, 189
Contused wounds, 252
Cooling lotion, 134
Cordial drench, 127
Cordial pill, 127
Cordials, 127
Coryza, 170
Costiveness. 194
Cough, chi-onic, 179
,, mixture, 131
Cow Dog, 82
Cramp, 233
Crooked legs, 144
Cultivation of the truffle, 43
Curare poisoning, 257
Cystitis, 206

Dandie Dinmont, 73
Dane, the Great, 54
Dachshund, 36
Deerhound, 50

Degeneration of the heart, 182
Demulcents, 129
Dermatitis, 238
Dermatoid conjunctiva, 224
Dermatozoa, 242
Destruction of dogs, 258
Diabetes, 207

,, bolus for, 122
Diaphoretics, 128
Diarrhoea, 192

,, mixture for, 120

Digestive system, diseases of,

184
Digestives, 128
Diphtheria, 148
Disease, classification of, 116

,, prevention of, 114

,, treatment of, 109
Diseases of the blood, 138
Dispensing of medicines, 117
Disposal of rabid dogs, 162
Distemper, 150
Distoma coiijunctJ(7n, 204
Diuretics, 128
Dog, origin of, i
,, general management of.

100

Index.

263

Dog, habits of the, i
Dogs, destruction of, 258
Draught, the, 118

how to administer the,
118
Dressing, 102

for fleas, &c,, 135
Dropsy of the abdomen, 200
,, ,, cellular tissue, 238
eye, 323
womb, 213
Dislocation of the eyeball, 224
Dislocations, 249
Drugging, indiscriminate, 115
Dysentery, 193

Ear, Tumours in the, 228
Ears, diseases of the, 225
Eczema, 238

,, of distemper, 154

,, Epizootica, 156

,, rubrtim, 238
Effective poultice, 136
Electuary, the, 118
Embrocation, sedative, 129

,, stimulating, 129

Emesis, 188
Emetics, 130
Encephalitis, 234
Enema, the, 125

,, funnel, 126

,, gaseous, 126

,, syringe, 126
English Setter, 8
Enlargement of the kidney, 206
Enlargements, dispersion of,

129
Enteric distemper, 153
Enteritis, 195
Ephemeral fever, no
Epilepsy, 229
Epistaxis, 173
Erythema, 240

Essentials of the Greyhound, 24
Eustrongylus gigas, 206, 209
Exercise, importance of, 115
Expectorants, 130
Eyeball, dislocation of the, 223

„ distension of the, 224
Eyelids, affections of, 225
Eyes, diseases of the, 220
',, lotion for the, 134

, , wash for the, 123

„ watery, 225

False union of bone, 250

Filaria hepailca, 202
,, immitis, 182
Family of Terriers, 66
Fatty degeneration of the heart,

181
Featherstone Castle Setter, 7
Febrifuges, 131
Feeding, systematic, 114
Feet, wounds of the, 252
Fever, no

,, bolus, 131

,, ephemeral, no

,, mixture, 132

,, specific, in

,, symptomatic, no
Field Spaniels, 13
Filaria sanguinolenta, 182, 187
Fistula, 197
Fits, 229
Fleas, 246

,, dressing for, 135
Fluid blister, 123

„ healing, 134
Fomentations, 132
Foreign bodies in the stomach,

190
Foxhound, the, 32

,, " Cecil" on the, 32

Fox Terrier, 39

,, ,, controversy on the
Bull cross, 41
Fracture of bone, 249
Fresh air, importance of, 114
Funnel, the enema, 126

Gall Stones, 202

Gaseous enema, 126

Gastric catarrh, 189

Gastritis, 190

General management of the Dog,
100

German Badger Terrier, 36

Gervase Markham on the Blood-
hound, 28

Glanders, 156

Glass-eye, 222

Glossitis, 185

Goitre, 203

Gonorrhoea, 210

Gordon Setter, 10

Great Dane, the, 54

Greyhound, the 20

Gullet, structure of the, 187

Gutta Serena, 222

264

Index,

Habits of the Dog, i
Haematuria, 205
Haemorrhoids, 197
Hair, loss of, 236
Harrier, the, 34
Harvest Bug, 243
Haw, diseases of the, 224
Healing lotion, 134
Health, signs of, 108
Heart, diseases of, 182
Heart-bag, 182
Hepatic distemper, 153
Hepatitis, 200

,, chronic, 201
Herpes circinatus, 247
Hernia, 198

Highland Sheep-dog, 83
Honeycomb ringworm, 24;
Hot poultice, 136
Hounds, 28
Husk, 189
Hydrocephalus, 235
Hypodermic injections, 132

Icterus, 145

Importance of antiseptics, 115

,, ,, exercise, 115

Inappetence, 188
Incised wounds, 252
Indigestion, 188
Inflammation, in

of the bladder, 206
bowels, 195
brain, 194
bronch ial
tubes, 175
ear, 225
eyes, 220
liver, 200
lungs, 176
milk g'and,

216
peritoneum,

199
scrotum, 211
spleen, 203
stomach, 190
testicle, 212
tongue, 185
urethra, 208
womb, 212
Inhalation of chloroform, 133
,, ,, " Sanitas," 133

Injections, 125

Injuries, local, 245
Inter-breeding, 144
Internal astringents, 122

,, canker, lotion for, 134
styptics, 137
Intestinal distemper, 153
Irish Setter, 12

,, Terrier, 'j'j
Iritis, 221

Itahan Greyhound, 91
Itch, 242
Ixodes ricinus, 246

,, reticulattis, '2'z^

Jaundice, 145
Jaw, abscess of, 185
Joint, stiff, 209

Kennels, 102

Kibblehound, 36

Kidney, diseases of, 206
,, stone in the, 205
,, wasting of the, 206

King Charles Spaniel, 87

Knox, Mr., on points of tlic
Setter, 12

Knuckling, 37

Lacerated Wounds, 252

Lacteal tumours, 217

Ladies' toy dogs, 86

Lameness, 251

" Landseer Dog," 57

Laryngitis, 173

Leptus autumnalis, 245

LeuchcB7nia, 145

LeucocythcBmia, 145

Llewellyn Setter, 7

Lice, 246

,, dressing for, 135
Liniments, 129
Linseed mucilage, 127
Liver, diseases of the, 200

,, pills, 122
Local injuries, 248
Locked jaw, 232
Lord Lovat Setter, 7
Loss of hair, 236

,, voice, 174
Lotion for canker, 134
,, sprains, 134
Lotions, 133

Index.

265

Lotions, caustic, 125
,, cooling, 134
eye, 134
healing, 134

Lunar caustic, 124

Mad Dog, Seizure of the, 163
Maltese Dog, 97 .
Malicious poisoning, 2.54
Malignant distemper, 156
Mammitis, 216
Management of the dog, 103
pet dogs, 103
,, ,, whelps, 102
Mange, 242

,, dressings for, 135

,, in the ear, 228

,, ointment, 134
Marlborough Spaniel, 89
Mastiff, 52

,, distinguished breeders of
the, 52
Measles, i^j
Medicines, abuse of, 115
,, dispensing, 117
,, relative doses of, 118

Medicated poultice, 136
Meningitis, 234
Metritis, 212

Mild oleaginous purge, 122
Milk, retention of, 215
Mineral poisoning, 255
Mixtures for diarrhoea, 120

,, stomachic, 136
Modern Foxhound, 32

,, Retriever, 48
Mucilage of linseed, 127
Mustard embrocation, 129

Nephritis, 214
Neuralgia, 231
Newark Castle Setter, 7
Newfoundland, 55
Norfolk Retriever, 48

Spaniel, 17
Nostrils bleeding from, 173

,, tumours in, 173
Noted St. Bernards, 62
Nursing, 119

Obesity, 140

CEstrum, or heat, 217

Ointments, 134

,, blistering, 123

,, for mange, 134

Old English Mastiff, 52
Orchitis, 212

Origin of the Bloodhound, 29
,, ,, Clumber Spaniel, £

Dog, I
,, ,, Gordon Setter, 10
Otterhound, 38
Orloff Wolfhound, 51
Otterhound, 37
Otter Terrier, 39
Overgrown claws, 252
Ozaena, 171

Pancreas, Diseases of, 203
Paralysis, 235

, , of the bladder, 207

M ,, tongue, 116

Parasitic ozaena, 171
Parasiticides, 135
Parasites in the heart, 182

,, ,, liver, 202

Parturition, 218
Pasteurian system, 166
Pathology, 109
Pediculi, 246
Peking Pugs, 95
Penis, amputation of, 211

,, wash for, 123
Pentastoma denticu latum, 172
Pericardium, diseases of, 182
Peritonitis, 199

Pet dogs, management of, 103
Pharyngitis, 186
Piles, 197
Pill, the, 117
,, to administer a, 117
,, for diabetes, 122
Plethora, 130
Pleurisy, 176
Pneumonia, 176
Poisoning, 254

, , treatment of, 255

Poisons, 254
Polypus, 173

,, in the nostril, 173
., vagina, 214
Pomeranian, 86
Pointer, 4
Poodle, 99, 100
Poultice, 136
Prepuce, imperforate, 210

266

index.

Prevention of disease, 114
„ rabies, 164

Price of the Fox Terrier, 42
"Prince Leopold," 98
Profuse urination, 207
Prolapsus ani, 196
Prostate, disease of, 208
Ptyalism, 186
Pug Dog, 94
Pulex irritans, 246
Pulmonary distemper, 153
Purgatives, 136
Putrilage, 149
Pyrenean Wolfhound, 51

Rabies, 157

Rabid dogs, disposal of, 162

Rabbit Beagle, 36

Rachitis, 143

Recent cough, mixture for, 131

Rectum, atony of, 198

Red Poodle, 100

,, mange, 238, 243

,, water, 205
Relative doses of medicines, 119
Regularity of feeding, 114
Remedies for worms, 137
Respiratory system, diseases of,

170
Retriever, 48
Rheumatism, 141
Rickets, 143
Ringworm, 247
Rough Terrier, 70
Round worms, remedies for, 138
Rupture of the heart, 181
Russian Setter, 6

,, Wolfhound, 50

St. Bernard Dog, 58
St. Vitus's Dance, 232
Saliva, flow of, 186
"Sanitas," inhalation of, 133
,, preparations, 116

Sarcoptes canis , "2^2,
Sarcoptic scabies, 242
,, mange, 242
Scab, 242
Scabies, 242
Scotch Collie, 85

,, Greyhound, 20

,, Setter, 10
Scurfy ears, 228

Sedative embrocations, 129

Seizure of mad dogs, 163

Septicaemia, 167

Serous cyst, 113

Setters, 6

Sheepdog, 81

Siberian Wolfnound, 50

Simple fever, no

Skin, diseases of, 236
,, parasites of, 241

Skye Terrier, 71

Small-pox, 169

Smooth Collie, 85

,, English Terrier, 67

Snake bites, 257

Snoring, 174

Sore throat, 173

Soothing embrocation, 129

Spaniel. 13, 18

Spasms, 191

Specific diseases, 146
,, fever, in

Spiroptera sanguinolenta,
191

Spitz Dog, 86

Spleen, diseases of, 203

Spongio piline, use of, 136

Sprains, 250

,, lotions for, 134

Staghound, 32

Staphyloma, 223

Stiff joint, 248

Stimulants, 136

Srimulating embrocation, 129

Stings of wasps, 258

Stomach catarrh, 189

,, foreign bodies in, 190
,, worms in, 191

Stomachic bolus, 137

Stomachics, 137

Stone in the bladder, 207
,, ,, kidney, 205
,, ,, urethra, 20S

Stricture of the bowel, 199

Strongylus filaria, 178

Styptics, 137

Subcutaneous injections, 132

Surfeit, 238

Sussex Spaniel, 14

Sweating blister, ,124

,, embrocation, 129

Symptomatic fever, no

Symptoms of poisoning, 254

Syringe, clyster, 126

Systematic feeding, 115

Index.

267

"Tailor no Tail," 82

Tcenia cucumerina, 191
,, ccenurus, 191

Tapeworm, remedy for, 138

Teeth, diseases of, 184

"Tell," measurements of, 61

Terriers, family of, 66

Tetanus, 232

Tetranychus autumnalisy 245

Ticks, 246

Tinea favosa, 247
,, tonsurans, 248

Tongue, diseases of, 185

Tonics, 137

Toy dogs, 86
,, Terrier, 98

Treatment of abscess, 113
disease. 109
fever, in
inflammation, 112
poisoning, 255
rabies, 167
serous cyst, 113

Try cophy ton favosa, 249

,, tonsurans, 247

Truffle, the, 43
dog, 44
,, ,, training the, 45

Tuberculosis, 168

Tweedside Spaniel, 18

URiEMIA, 145
Ureters, impaction of, 206
Urethra, stone in, 208
Urethritis, 208

Vagina, amputation of, 215
,, inversion of, 215
,, tumour in, 214

Value of Spaniels, 90

Valvular diasases of the heart, 181

Variola, 169

Vegetable parasites, 247

,, poisoning, 256
Veins, w^ounds of, 253
Verminous bronchitis, 178
VerruccB, 240
Vertigo, 230
Voice, loss of, 174
Vomition, 188

,, continuous, 189

Warts on the Skin, 240
Wash for the eyes, 123

,, ,, penis, 123
Wasp stings, 258
Wasting of the kidney, 206
Water Spaniel, 18
Weight of Italian Greyhound,

92
Welsh Cocker, 17
,, Terrier, 79
Whelps, 102
Whippet, 80
Wilful poisoning, 254
Wolfhound, 51
Womb, amputation of, 214

,, prolapsus of, 214

Worm medicines, 137

,, in the kidney, 216

M ,, urethra, 209

Worms in the intestines, 198

,, stomach, 191
Wounds, 252

,, lotion for, 134

, , of arteries and veins, 253

,, of the feet, 252

,, ,, tongue, 185

Woiu-ali poisoning, 258

Yorkshire Dog, 70
Youatt on the Setter, 7

Printed by Ballantvne, Hanson 6-- Co.
London and Edinburgh.

Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine
Cummings School of Veterinary i^Jiedicine at
Tufts UniVbi'sity
200 Westboro Road
North Grafton. MA 01536

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