JOHNA.SEAVERNS I \ •; 99 TRAIN YOUR DOG TO TAKE HIS " SPRATT'S BISCUIT DRY ! ! ! AVOID SWEETENED, SOFT, AND MEDICATED FOODS which cause indigestion, loss of coat, and attendant evils. The name of "SPRATT'S" on an article is THE HALL-MARK OF QUALITY. . . Ash your Tradesman for "SPRATT'S" and see you get them. Send Postcard for Pamphlet on "COMMON-SENSE TREATMENT OF CANINE PETS" to— 24 and 25 Fenchurch Street, London, E.C. PARIS :— " Society Francais, Spratt's Patent," 38 Rue Caumartin. BERLIN :— Spratt's Patent Akt. Ges., Rummelsberg, Berlin, O. AMERICA :— Spratt's Patent (America) Ltd., 450 Market Street, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A. CANADA :— 988 Notre Dame Street West, Montreal. FOR HARD MUSCULAR CONDITION. DOG CAKES GIVE AS CHANGE OF FOOD MEAL FOR DOGS. IN THREE GRADES: Fine, for Puppies and Toys ; Medium, for Medium-sized Breeds ; Coarse, for St. Bernards, Mastiffs, and Large Breeds. In Sealed Bags, per cwt, 20/-; also in Smaller Bags, and in 3d Packets. PUPPY WHEATMEAL "RODNIM Contains sufficient Meat, Wheatmeal, and other ingredients to make a successful diet for Puppies. Per Cwt. Bag, 21/- ; also in 6d and 1/- Bags. YOUR TRADESMAN WILL SUPPLY YOU. s Patent, Ltd. 24 and 25 FENCHUKCH STREET, LONDON EC. FOR BULLDOGS AND TERRIERS. SPRATT'S PATENT BULLDOG & TERRIER MEAL A Valuable Alternate Diet with SPRATT'S PATENT DOG CAKES. Sold by all Dealers, in Packets and Sealed Bags. Pamphlet on Kennel Manage- ment post free. kSpratt's Patent ,Ltd% 24 & 25 Fenohuroh St., LONDON, E.C. For Puppies and Small Breeds, SPRATTS PATENT PUPPY BISCUITS . . FISH PUPPY BISCUITS (A Phosphatic Bone Maker). COD-LIVER OIL DOG mcrillTC (Small Size). For Pet DIjUUII 3 Dogs and Puppies. MALT AND COD-LIVER OIL BISCUITS. PET DOG BISCUITS. For Dogs requiring very little meat. "TOY PET" MEAT FIBRINE DOG BISCUITS. For very small Lap Dogs. SPRATTS PLAIN PUPPY \MVAI For healthy Pups from M.L1AL1. weaning time. ORPHAN PUPPY FOOD. Substitute for mother's milk foi till weaning time. BONE MEAL. For Puppies ?•«%-> Puppy Wheatmeal "Rodnim." Your Tradesman will supply you. Send postcard for Pamphlet on Puppy Rearing and General Kennel Management to SPRATTS PATENT LTD., 24 & 25 Fenchurch Street, London, E.C. NEW FOODS FOR CANINE INVALIDS. FOR ASSISTING RAPID RECOVERY AFTER SEVERE ILLNESS. RECOMMENDED BY EMINENT VETERINARY EXPERTS. "INVALID BISCUITS.' 1s- per Tin- Can be given dry, or soaked in milk or broth. INVALID FOOD. 1s. per Tin. This preparation is in a granulated form, and can be either given dry, or mixed with milk or broth.-1 YOUR TRADESMAN WILL SUPPLY YOU. SPRATTS PATENT, LTD, 24 and 25 Fenchurch Street, London, E.C. Parish's Steam Jacketed Cookers S3U For FARM, and KENNEL. By pouring Cold Water into Geyser Attachment, Hot Water can instantly be obtained with- out stopping cooking operations. Illustrated Price List and Testimonials Free from PARISH'S PATENT STEAM JACKETED COOKER CO.; LTD,, E& ft 37 Duke Street, Manchester Square, London, W» Makers of- VETERINARY AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. Illustrated Catalogues sent Post Free on application. TELEPHONE NO. 1413 PADDINGTON. TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS: "SURGICAL, LONDON." THE NEW NEBULA SPRAYER For Veterinary, Horticultural, and General Disinfecting Purposes. Emits a Cloiid-like Vapour which, when used •with suitable liquids, damps without wetting. BY ROYAL LETTERS PBIEr. KEEPS THE COAT SLEEK ERDMOTES HEALTH. THE ACME OF SIMPLICITY & EFFECTIVENESS Plain Zinc, 5/- ; Nickel-Plated, 6/-. THE NEBULA SPRAY CO., 123 Waller Rd., New Cross, S.E. The Value of Benger's Food for Young Puppies. " Baronshalt, The Barons, Dear Sir, E. Twickenham, March, igoj I send you some photographs of my 1st prize litter of Pug puppies, which were fed on ' Benger's Food' as soon as they could lap. I think they show how well the food suited them, and they were much admired for their good condition at the Toy Dog Show. When any of my Pugs (Puppies or Adults) get at all out of show form I give them Benger's and find it does them a lot of good, and there is never any difficulty in getting the most dainty dog to take it. I remain, yours truly, C. Rosa Little." Benger's Food is sold in tins by Chemists etc., everywhere. PEARSON'S ANTISEPTIC DISINFECTANT The World-Renowned Non-Poisonous and Non-Irritant Disinfectant, for KENNEL, STABLE, HOUSEHOLD and AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. Literature, Price Lists and Pedigree Forms on application. Pearson's Antiseptic Co., Ltd., 15 Elm Street, Gray's Inn Road, London, W.C. THE DOG'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY H 5> THE DOG'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE DISEASES, THEIR DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT, AND THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOG BY A. J. SEWELL, M.R.C.V.S. Canine Surgeon to H.M. the King, also to H.M. the Queen, and to the Kennel Club, the Dogs' Home, the Dumb Friends' League, the Bulldog Club, etc., etc. With numerous DIAGRAMS, ILLUSTRATIONS, and PORTRAITS of Prize Dogs LONDON : GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO. 1907 LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS Fox Terrier 'Cesar,' the property of H.M. the King. The Copthorne Brussels Griffons, the property of Mrs. Handley Spicer. French Bulldog ' Sans Pareil,' the property of the Countess Sponneck-Mayer. Pointer 'Pitchford Ranger,' the property of Colonel Cotes. Poodle Champion 'Orchard Admiral,' the property of Mrs. Crouch. Chow Chow Champion ' Red Craze,' the property of Mrs. Scaramanga. Bulldogs 'Buck Stone,' 'British Stone,' 'Dick Stone,' ' Rex Stone,' the property of Mr. Walter Jefferies. Old English Sheep Dog Champion 'Ragged Man,' the property of Mr. Aubrey Hopwood. Smooth Fox Terrier Champion 'Donna Fortuna,' the property of Mr. Francis Redmond. Japanese 'Chibi of Toddington,' the property of Mrs. Hugh Andrews. Toy Spaniel Champion 'Windfall,' the property of the Hon. Mrs. Lytton. THE DOG'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY Abrasions : Symptoms : The outer skin or epidermis is rubbed off, leaving a raw surface. Treatment : Clean thoroughly with hot boracic lotion, made by dissolving a teaspoonful of boracic acid in half a pint of hot water ; carefully dry, and apply boracic ointment ; bandage the part, and prevent the dog from licking. Abscesses : Symptoms : Swellings, the result of the forma- tion of pus — commonly called matter — accom- panied by fever. Treatment : Apply hot linseed meal poultices, over which should be placed a piece of oil silk to keep in the heat. Repeat poultices often. When swelling quite soft, it should be freely opened, all matter carefully squeezed out, and the cavity washed out with warm boracic lotion. The wound should afterwards be covered over with a few layers of boracic or carbolic gauze, and a bandage applied. Keep wound open two or three days. Acidy, or Gastric Catarrh: Symptoms: Great thirst, occasional sickness, loss of condition, and the passing of a quantity of clear-coloured urine. Treatment : For few days give following mixture : — Acne J [Acne Recipe : Bicarbonate Soda, Tincture of Rhubarb, Tincture Nux Vomica, Tincture of Gentian, Liquor Bismuth, - Water to i scruple to 2 drachms. 1 drachm to 4 drachms. 12 minims to 1 drachm. \ drachm to 3 drachms. 2 drachms to 1 ounce, ii ounces to 6 ounces. Dose : Half a teaspoonful to one tablespoonful l three or four times a day one hour before food. Diet: Underdone mutton or veal mixed with Spratt's charcoal biscuits, or stale bread or toast, broken up small, and mixed with a little soup. Avoid fatty or starchy food, and give no sugar. Acne: Symptoms: Small red spots about the body, head, and limbs. There is not much irritation. More often noticed in the spring and autumn. Treatment : Apply following lotion frequently : Recipe : Milk of Sulphur, Glycerium Boracis, Liquor Bismuth, Water to - 1 ounce. 8 ounces. Give following powders twice a day with food : — Recipe : Reduced Iron, Bicarbonate Potash, Sulphate Magnesia, Mix. 6 grains to 2 scruples.1 1 scruple to 2 drachms. \ drachm to 4 ,, 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Albuminaria] O [Alopecia Divide into 12 powders — one to be given twice a day with food. Diet : Some meat mixed with green food (boiled dandelion leaves), and bread or biscuits. Albuminaria : Symptoms : Though the dog may be very hungry, and eats well, he loses condition ; is generally very thirsty ; coat staring ; passes water frequently and often ; and misbehaves in the house, especially at night. If some of the urine is boiled, a thick white sediment forms, due to coagulation of the albumen. Treatment : Limit the quantity of water sup- plied to dog. Barley water or skimmed milk is better than plain water. Give from one to six grains 1 of ammoniated citrate of iron in water three times a day. In some cases, when symptoms very acute, from the tenth to a grain1 of powdered opium three times a day is useful. Diet : Underdone mutton or veal, with toast or ship biscuits; also boiled fresh fish. Alopecia : Symptoms : Loss of hair ; baldness, the skin being clear and free of irritation. Treatment : The Lotion : Tr. Cantharides, - 2 drachms. Oil Rosemary, - - - - 2 „ Glycerine, - - - - 4 „ Water to 8 ounces. Mix. Apply twice a day. Avoid the parts near eyes. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Amaurosis] 4 [Anaemia Or the application of kerosine, just dabbed on, may be tried. In obstinate cases a single painting over the bare parts with liquor epipasticus is useful. This remedy should only be applied to a small part of the skin at one time. Amaurosis : Symptoms : A disease of the eyes attended with a diminution or total loss of sight — result, paralysis of nerves of the eye. The eyes are clear, with pupils largely dilated, which do not contract when exposed to strong light. Treatment : Generally incurable. Following lotion may be tried : — Recipe : Sulphate Eserine, \ grain. Distilled Water to i ounce. One or two drops to be placed in the eye three times a day. Tincture nux vomica, from one x to five drops, should be given in water three times a day after food. A blister or seton may be tried at the back of the head (pole). Anaemia : Symptoms : Mouth and eyes pale, caused by deficiency in quantity and quality of the blood. Loss of condition, often great thirst, constipation. The dog is very languid. Treatment : Good food — plenty of underdone or raw meat, also milk. The arsenic and iron pills recommended for eczema. If there is 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Anaesthetics] 5 [Anaesthetics constipation, add from two to twelve grains of rhubarb to each dozen pills. When the stomach is very irritable, from a half to three grains1 of reduced iron may be tried alone. The dose should be given three times a day with the food. Anaesthetics: The best way to administer chloroform is by one of Krohne & Sesemann's inhalers. When this is used, it is almost impossible to have any bad results, as the chloroform is given so slowly. Failing one of these appliances, it may be given on a napkin folded so as to make a pouch in which the nose should be put ; but it is necessary to muzzle the dog before commencing, otherwise he will be sure to bite the operator. In giving chloroform it is necessary to commence with very small quantities ; about twenty * drops to half a drachm should be poured inside the pouch formed in the napkin, and then placed over the dog's nose. This should be repeated every two or three minutes until the dog lies quietly, and the eye is insensible to the touch. When a dog is under the influence of chloroform it is most important to watch the breathing, and if it becomes very slow, discontinue giving the chloroform immediately. If the breathing stops, remove the muzzle, draw the tongue out as far as it will come, and hold to the nose, on a piece of lint, a few drops of strong ammonia, and resort to artificial respiration. Dogs always struggle very much against taking chloroform, 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Anaesthetics] u [Anaesthetics therefore one should always be prepared with one or more assistants to hold the dog securely whilst it is being administered. If the patient is an old one, instead of giving pure chloroform, give a mixture consisting of equal parts of chloroform, ether, and alcohol mixed together, given in the same way as chloroform, or pure ether may be given. In this case it is necessary to give this anaesthetic very freely, the dog being muzzled. A dessert- spoonful, or tablespoonful, should be poured on a napkin, and held tightly over the dog's nose. This quantity should be repeated every few minutes until the dog is insensible. A Simple Way of giving Chloroform Cocoa, coffee, or other cans with holes punched round and tied over muzzle. A — Hole in the upper part of can to pour anaesthetic. Another good way of giving chloroform, or the compound mixture mentioned, when a proper apparatus is not at hand, is out of a round tin canister, perforated round the sides to allow plenty of air to be mixed with the chloroform. Anaesthetics] / [Anaesthetics At the bottom of the canister a piece of sponge or lint should be fixed, on which the chloroform should be poured. More of the anaesthetic as required may be syringed through one of the lower holes. The tin can be fastened on the nose by tapes, which should be passed behind the ears and tied. Cocaine, a Substitute for Chloroform : Cocaine is an alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the Erythroxylon Coca, which grows as a kind of shrub in Bolivia and Peru. The hydrochlorate of cocaine is the preparation mostly used, as it is more soluble in water. Cocaine is equal in its effects to chloroform in many operations where the parts to be removed are not very deep-seated ; besides, its use is much more economical, as not only is the drug itself of less expense, but when operating it is not necessary to have a separate attendant to administer it, as is the case when chloroform is given. Then it is much more easily given (by a hypodermic syringe), and the dog does not resist it at all ; whereas, chloroform is resisted by the patient with all its strength. In some cases three or four assistants are required to hold a big dog whilst it is being administered, and I have known some dogs to struggle so violently against taking chloroform that one has been obliged to discontinue giving it, for to have persevered would have endangered the doom's life. This alone is sufficient reason to make cocaine a more favourable anaesthetic than chloroform. Anaesthetics] ° [Anaesthetics Then as to the danger, there is no comparison between the two. I have only once had any bad results from the use of cocaine ; but with chloroform, sometimes, in spite of every care and precaution, the dog will, when under its influence, suddenly collapse. Besides, when a dog, in a case such as I have just described, struggles very much against receiving the chloro- form, it takes longer to get him under the influence of the drug than one taking it quietly ; and then, often as a consequence, the dog at last becomes exhausted, and if the chloroform is persevered with, it takes too strong effect — the heart's action becomes weak, the breathing heavy, and collapse may occur — the result is, one is obliged to leave off the operation to administer restoratives to save the patient's life. In many operations, as the excising of tumours (even large ones, weighing six or seven pounds), removing thorns from the eye, sewing and dressing painful wounds, cocaine is equal to chloroform in its effects, for it completely deadens for a time the parts to which it is applied, though the animal retains complete consciousness. It is particularly valuable when removing mammary growths, so frequently seen in bitches. On many occasions I have removed a growth of this kind weighing, in some instances, seven to eight pounds, without subjecting the dog to the least pain ; and I may here remark that the application of cocaine does not in any way retard the healing process. Cocaine for most purposes is best used dis- Anaesthetics] 9 [Anaesthetics solved in water ; the quantity of the solution required depends upon the size of the growth that is going to be removed. For small tumours, say the size of a large walnut, a four per cent, solution is generally sufficient. Of this about twelve minims should be injected under the skin, say three drops at each corner of the growth, then in the course of about ten minutes the parts will be completely insensible to pain and ready for operation. The same strength of solution is also strong enough for eye opera- tions, including the removal of growths on the haw. In such cases the solution of cocaine must be dropped into the eye. About five or six drops is all that is required ; one drop to be placed into the eye every minute until the quantity required is given, then wait ten minutes for the cocaine to take effect. In cases of operation for inverted eyelid, the use of cocaine is invaluable. When removing large growths; a five per cent, solution is necessary, giving the same quantity — about twelve minims — injecting one minim just under the skin all around the tumour, and where the skin is £oino- to be cut. There are other local anaesthetics as eucaine, which is said to be safer than cocaine ; but in my opinion it is not nearly so good, at any rate with dogs, and the latter is perfectly safe when used in proper doses. Eucaine is also used in conjunction with adrenalin, which has a wonderful power of preventing and stopping bleeding ; but in my Anal Glands] IO [Aneurism experience, when injected under the skin previous to an operation, the wound does not heal so readily, in consequence, I consider the blood- less condition of the skin, which continues for some time after, due to the application of this drug. Anal Glands, Congestion and Irritation of: Symptoms : Dragging themselves along the ground, which is often supposed to be due to worms, frequently licking the anus, suddenly looking round behind and tucking the tail in as if there was something pricking. In these cases there is a small swelling on each side of the anus due to an accumulation of the natural secretion of these glands. Occasionally a painful abscess forms. Treatment : In simple cases all that is required is to squeeze the glands and evacuate the con- tents, and this, as a rule, gives immediate relief. In some dogs these glands require attention every three or four weeks. If an abscess forms, the swelling should be fomented with hot water, and when soft freely opened, the contents evacuated, and the cavity syringed out with a warm saturated solution of boracic acid. The wound should be kept open for a few days. In troublesome cases it is best to have the glands removed altogether by operation, and so save further inconvenience to the dog. Aneurism : Symptom: Dilation of an artery. Difficult to detect in a dog. Treatment consists in ligaturing the artery. Angina Pectoris] * * [Anus Angina Pectoris : Symptoms : Acute pain in chest, fainting, pallid tongue, difficult breathing, limbs feel very cold. Treatment : Hold to nose, on a piece of blotting-paper doubled in shape of a funnel, from one x to five minims of nitrite amyl. Repeat in half an hour if necessary. Diet : For a day or so after attack feed on Brand's beef or chicken essence and Benger's food with milk. After a day or two put patient on a raw meat diet, which continue for some time. Anthrax: Uncommon disease in the dog. Symptoms: A carbuncular swelling, commencing as a pimple accompanied by high temperature. Disease runs a quick course and is generally fatal. Treatment : Free opening and scraping of the affected part. Apply hot linseed meal poultices, which should be freely dusted over with powdered charcoal, and give stimulants, as brandy or whisky, freely. If temperature over 105 degs. F., from one1 to ten grains of phenacetin may be given as well as the stimulants. Repeat medicine once in four hours. Anus, Prolapsus of: A complaint often seen in young puppies, though it may occur in full- grown dogs. It is generally the result of straining caused by diarrhoea. Symptoms : The lower bowel or rectum pro- trudes for an inch or more from the body, which, if not relieved, becomes inflamed and swollen, and the patient is constantly straining. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Anus] 1 2 [Anus Treatment: Return the protruding part as quickly as possible. This is best done by holding the dog up with the hind legs, and then after vaselining the part, applying firm pressure with the fingers, and the prolapsus will slip in. This is very simple and easy, but the difficulty is to keep it in. There are several ways of trying to do this, but first of all give a small enema, from one 1 to four teaspoonfuls of thick boiled starch, with from five * to twenty drops of laudanum to stop the straining. In a recent case this may have the desired effect, and the prolapsus not return ; if it does, then it must be put back as before, and to keep the bowel in, a couple of strong sutures should be placed through the anus, one from above downward, and the other crossways, or what is called a purse-string suture may be inserted. Another way is by inserting and fixing in the bowel by means of tapes the lower insertion portion of an enema tube, the tapes should be passed across the outside of the thighs, then crossed under the belly and tied over the back. But often, in spite of every care and treatment, the dog will keep straining and force the bowel out time after time. In such cases, the only thing to do is to remove the prolapsus by operation. This operation requires a consider- able amount of care, or fatal haemorrhage may occur, or the peritoneal cavity may be opened and peritonitis set up. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Apoplexy] 1 j [Appendicitis Apoplexy : Symptoms : Generally affects old dogs. Suddenly falling to the ground, convulsions, loss of consciousness. Tongue generally turns dark in colour, eyes prominent and congested. May be in an unconscious state for some time. Paralysis to a more or less extent may follow. Sometimes the head is only held on one side from muscles of neck being paralysed : blindness may result. Treatment: Free purge from one1 teaspoonful to four tablespoonfuls castor oil, mixed with half the quantity of syrup buckthorn. Put dog in hot bath and apply ice to head. If convulsions are severe, give bromide of potassium and hydrated chloral. From two grains to one scruple of the former, and half the quantity of the latter, with water. Repeat every three or four hours until convulsions cease. Do not attempt to force any- thing- down the dog's throat whilst in convulsions or unconscious, and if this continues some time, give double dose of the medicines by enema. Diet : Liquid food, milk with bread or Sanatogen, and light soup with bread or toast. Appendicitis : This disease, strictly speaking, does not occur in the dog as there is no appendix to the caecum — but they do occasionally suffer from inflammation of this part. Symptoms: Tenderness or pain over the seat of the caecum, which is about the centre of the abdomen ; vomiting and diarrhoea, or even dysentery ; sometimes bowels constipated. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Appetite] J 4 [Appetite Temperature often rises two or three degrees. Loss of appetite. In some cases the caecum may be easily felt, and is generally hard and swollen when inflamed. Treatment : Rest and free administration of laudanum, from two x to fifteen drops, given in water every four or six hours. In cases due to the impaction of some foreign body, as a stone, coin or key, etc., in the caecum, which may easily be detected by means of the Rontgen rays, an operation is necessary. The caecum may be removed with a certain amount of safety. Appetite, Want of: Treatment : When not the result of actual disease, but to want of tone of stomach, often seen in delicate dogs, try following mixture : — Recipe : Bicarbonate Soda, - 12 grains to 1 drachm.1 Spirits of Nitre, - 1 to 4 drachms. Tincture Nux Vomica, 6 minims to \ a drachm. Water to - - - \\ to 6 ounces. Dose : One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful x three times a day one hour before food. Try a change of food, as raw meat. For little dogs, grilled chicken's liver or kidneys, with stale bread crumbs ; also stewed rabbit with rice. Appetite, Morbid: Symptoms: Picking up and eating all kinds 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Arthritis] 1 5 rArthritis of rubbish and filth, stones, coal, and when out in the streets, horse dung, etc. Treatment: Always give worm medicine in these cases. Dust over anything you know the dog will pick up with some cayenne pepper. In many cases one is obliged to resort to a muzzle, and make the dog wear one when out. Very often when this is persisted in for some weeks, the dog gets out of the habit. Arthritis, Inflammation of a Joint : Symptoms: The joint is swollen and very painful ; dog is very lame, and in some cases unable to put the foot to the ground. Treatment: During acute inflammation rest is necessary, soothing remedies should be applied, hot poppy - head tea fomentations, or the following lotion : — Recipe : Laudanum, 2 drachms. Goulard's Extract of Lead, - 1 drachm. Water to - - - - 6 ounces. A piece of lint, large enough to cover and go round the joint, should be saturated with the lotion and applied. This should be covered entirely over with a piece of oil silk, and a bandage applied to keep dressing in place. Change the dressing three times a day. A dose or two of aperient medicine should be given. When acute inflammation has ceased, the Asphyxia] * ^ [Asthma joint should be massaged, and later, if the joint remains stiff, the dog should be made to swim. Asphyxia : Symptom: Interruption to breathing, from drowning and other causes. Treatment: Dash hot and cold water alter- nately over the head, and inject stimulants, as ether or brandy, under skin — from ten1 to twenty drops of either. Artificial Respiration: When the condition is due to partial drowning, hold the dog up, with his head downwards for a minute that the water may escape from the lungs, then place the dog on his back, draw the tongue out, and with the hand placed on the lower part of the chest — that is just where the chest and abdomen join — press downwards and forwards wjth some little force, then suddenly raise the hand to allow the chest to expand. This should be repeated every three or four seconds. Do not attempt to make the dog swallow whilst in an unconscious state. Asthma : Symptoms: Heavy breathing, troublesome cough. If the ear is applied to the chest a crackling noise will be heard with each in- spiration. The heart is weak and the pulse irregular. Treatment: Aperient medicine should be given, and be repeated once or twice a week, also the following mixture : 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Bad Breath] l 7 [Bad Breath Recipe : Liquor Morphia, - - \ to 3 drachms. x Hoffman's Spirit, - - |to3 drachms. Paregoric, - - - - 1 to 4 drachms. Syrup of Squills, - - 2 to 8 drachms. Water to - - - - \\ to 6 ounces. Doses: One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful three or four times a day, or from ten drops to a teaspoonful of glyco-heroin in a little water may be given three or four times a day.1 When the condition is the result of heart disease, which is often the case, give the following mixture : — Recipe : Tincture Digitalis, - 20 drops to i| drachms.1 Tincture Nux Vomica, - 12 drops to i| drachms. Compound Sulphuric Ether, \ to 3 drachms. Syrup, - - - - 2 drachms to 1 ounce. Water to - - - 1 \ to 6 ounces. Mix. Doses: From one1 teaspoonful to one tablespoonful three times a day after food. Aperient medicine should be frequently given. Diet: Raw or very tender-cooked meat, given in small quantities, three times a day. No other food. Back (Injuries to) : See Appendix. Bad Breath: Symptoms : General result of a diseased condition of teeth, the accumulation of tartar on the teeth, and as the result, ulcers form on 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Bad Breath] l ° [Bad Breath the gums and cheeks. Bad breath may also arise from a disordered condition of the stomach, or as a result of some disease of the lungs, or the membrane lining nasal passages. Treatment: Remove the cause. If it arises from the condition of the teeth, remove the tartar by scaling, and clean mouth and teeth twice daily, using a small soft tooth-brush and the following" wash : — Recipe : Salol, x drachm. Tr. Myrrh, ----- 2 drachms. Spirits of Wine, - . - 10 drachms. Formalin, 1 drachm. Mix. Half a teaspoonful to be added to half a tumblerful tepid water. If the breath remains offensive after the mouth has been made healthy, give a pill three times a day containing from a quarter * to two grains of permanganate of potash, or twice a day give from two to ten grains of salol.1 When the condition is the result of some disease affecting the lungs, suitable remedies for this must be administered ; or if the result of an offensive discharge from the nose, a dessert- spoonful to two tablespoonfuls 1 of the following lotion should be syringed up each nostril once or twice a day : — Recipe : Chinosol, 6 grains. Water to 8 ounces. Mix. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Balantitis] * 9 [Bed-sores Balantitis : Symptoms : Purulent discharges from prepuce. Treatment : After thoroughly cleaning prepuce out with tepid water pumped into sac with syringe, syringe twice a day into the passage from one to four x tablespoonfuls following lotion : — Recipe : Chinosol, 6 grains. Water to 8 ounces. Mix. Sometimes this complaint is very obstinate. In such cases the base of the penis should be ex- posed and painted with a four per cent, solution of nitrate silver. Repeat twice a week. Baldness: See Alopecia. Bed-sores : Symptoms: Dogs, after severe illness, when they have become very thin, often have large, unhealthy-looking, offensive-smelling wounds, or ulcers form on the hips, points of the buttocks, shoulder, and other parts. Treatment: Well foment and thoroughly clean parts with a warm saturated solution of boracic acid or Pearson's fluid diluted sixty times with warm water two or three times daily. Gently dry and then freely dust over with powdered boracic acid or amyloform powder. Take pressure off wound by encircling it with a ring of thick felt fixed with some adhesive material. In obstinate cases powdered iodoform 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Biliousness] ^O [Biliousness may be used to dust (sparingly) over wound instead of boracic. Baths: A tepid bath should register about 90 deg. F., a warm bath 100 deg. F. A soothing bath for an irritable and red skin can be made by adding to three gallons of tepid water, one ounce of borax, eight tablespoonfuls of fine oatmeal, in which the dog should be immersed for ten or fifteen minutes, and re- peated two or three times a week. When the dog is dirty he may be cleaned whilst in the bath by rubbing the yolks of three or four eggs into the skin and coat, and then rinsing off with the oatmeal water. A suitable bath for the treatment of eczema and to destroy insects on the skin, may be made by adding three tablespoonfuls of Pearson's disinfectant fluid to a gallon of tepid water. Sulphur Baths: A valuable remedy for skin diseases. Are made by dissolving one ounce of sulphurated potash in a pail of tepid water, in which the dog may be immersed for ten minutes. Biliousness : Symptoms: Severe vomiting, great thirst, occasionally diarrhoea, refusal of food. In bad cases the skin, eyes, and mouth turn yellowish. Treatment: First give dose castor oil, say half teaspoonful to two tablespoonfuls,1 with from two l to ten drops of laudanum, or a pill containing from a quarter to two grains of calomel, with the eighth to one grain of powdered opium. Later, if sickness is persistent, give from three to ten 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Bites] 2 l [Bites grains of carbonate of bismuth shaken dry on the tongue, or the following mixture may be tried : — Recipe : Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, - - 20 drops. Liquor Bismuth, - 1 ounce. Water to 6 ounces. From one1 teaspoonful to a tablespoonful every three or four hours. To keep strength up give occasionally every hour, from a quarter1 to a teaspoonful Brand's beef essence, allow Vichy water and milk in equal parts to drink — no plain water — but the patient may have some ice to lick. When sickness is very persistent, the stomach should be given complete rest for about twelve hours, and the dog's strength kept up during this time with peptonised meat suppositories (B and W), one being given every three or four hours. When these cannot be obtained, an enema of peptonised milk with from five1 drops to one teaspoonful of brandy, may be given every three hours. Hot linseed meal poultices to the stomach are sometimes useful. Bites: A deep punctured wound caused by the bite of a dog, if allowed to scab over, usually results in the formation of an abscess ; so the wound should be kept open for a few days by being fomented often with a warm solution of boracic acid lotion. When not fomenting, the wound should be covered over with a piece of 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Bladder] 2 2 [Bladder lint (once doubled) soaked in a solution of boracic lotion ; this should be entirely covered with a piece of oil silk, and a bandage applied. This treatment may be continued until the wound has healed. When the wound consists of a tear of the skin, after thoroughly cleansing the parts with some disinfectant — as a solution of Pearson's fluid — the wound may be sewn up, a few layers of carbolic gauze laid over the wound, and a bandage applied. It is best to renew the dressing daily in these cases, as there is always a danger of suppuration, and if such occurs, two or three stitches should be removed at the lowest part to allow the pus to escape. After an abscess has formed, the parts require keeping very clean, and should be kept covered with carbolic or other gauze. A dog should not be allowed to lick a wound. Bladder, Irritable: Symptoms : Constantly straining to pass water even when indoors ; urine high-coloured and often cloudy, strong smelling. Blood may be mixed with the water, or come in drops after the passing of water. These symptoms must not be confounded with those the result of a cystic calculus (stone), for in these latter cases the dog strains continuously, and if a small calculus happens to pass from the bladder into the passage (urethra), it generally becomes fixed in the canal just behind the bone in the penis, and the dog is unable to micturate at all, or only in drops. When a dog is seen to be frequently straining, he requires careful watching Bladder] 2 3 [Bladder to see the kind of urine passed, or whether any is being passed at all. Treatment: If there is much pain, give every three or four hours from two x to fifteen drops of tincture of hyoscyamus in water ; if there is not much pain, a course of hyposulphite of soda is all that is required, and should be continued for some time. Dose : From three grains to half a drachm * in water, and a careful diet of milk, with bread or Spratt's biscuits, or Force, milk puddings, etc. Milk and barley water may be given to drink. When the irritation is due to calculus urgent surgical assistance is required. Bladder, Paralysis of: Symptoms : The dog at first is unable to pass water, later it dribbles from him. May be the result of general paralysis caused by injury to spine, or brain, or to the abdomen ; it may also be the result of stone in the bladder. It sometimes occurs in dogs of very clean habits as the result of being shut up for a long time, and the bladder becomes over distended, and can be felt in the back part of the abdomen as a large ball. Treatment : Relieve the bladder. If there is no mechanical obstruction as from a stone in the canal, the bladder can be emptied by pressure on the walls of the abdomen over the seat of the bladder ; if this fails, a catheter must be passed. Speaking of catheters, for very small dogs o.o size is required. For terriers, No. I size in 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Bleeding] 24 [Bleeding diameter, and about fourteen or sixteen inches long. For dogs size of collies, etc., No. 2 size, and about eighteen or twenty inches long, and for larger dogs one about four inches longer is necessary. If there is a small stone or gravel in the passage, there is sometimes difficulty in passing the catheter, but with care a passage may generally be made with a fine grooved silver probe. When there is an absence of mechanical obstruction and inflammation in these cases, to improve the tone of the bladder give from one to seven1 minims of tincture nux vomica three times a day, in water and after food. In chronic cases iron (ammoniated citrate) may be added to the medicine. Nux vomica must not be given when there are any signs of convulsions. Bleeding, From Stomach : Symptoms: Vomiting of blood, sometimes of a bright red colour, at other times dark red or venous blood ; and when it has been retained in the stomach some time, it comes up liquid of a coffee colour. Treatment : Give the following mixture : — Recipe : Tincture Thalaspi, - - - 24 drops. Liquor Bismuth, - - - \ ounce. Water to - 3 ounces. Doses: One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful l every three or four hours. Diet: Milk, also Benger's food with milk, 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Blindness] 2 5 [Blisters kreochyle with Vichy water. Brand's essence and milk, either peptonised or plain, is the best food. When sickness is very severe, stomach should be rested for twenty-four hours, and the dog fed with nutritive enema, say from one1 to six tablespoonfuls peptonised milk every three hours alternately, with a beef suppository (B and W). These may be purchased in different sizes. Blindness, Amaurosis: Symptoms : Eyes clear and bright, pupils large, with a greenish look. Loss of colour to eye — as the iris is so dilated, cannot be seen or scarcely seen. Sometimes follows distemper ; a result of fits ; great excitement or exertion, as violent vomiting. Pupil will not contract when exposed to light, except very strong sunlight. Treatment : Disease seldom curable. Try following eye drops : — Recipe : Sulphate Eserine, \ grain. Water to 1 ounce. One drop to be placed in the eye three or our times a day. Give one 1 to seven drops tincture nux vomica three times a day in water after food. Blisters or seton to back of neck can be tried ; also galvanism. Blisters: Collection of blood, water, or serum under first skin ; result of a burn as a rule. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Blisters] ^6 [Blood Poisoning Treatment: Cut blister, squeeze out contents, apply boracic ointment on lint, and bandage. Blisters, To Apply : It is somewhat difficult to raise a good blister on a dog — much more so than on a horse, or even a person ; but a fluid called liquor epipasticus will do so if properly applied. The hair should at first be cut off closely from the part where it is intended to apply the blister ; the skin should be then thoroughly washed with warm water and soap, and afterwards well dried. Then the blister should be rubbed on with a piece of wool tied around a stick for about five minutes. The person applying the blister should be careful not to get any of it on his fingers, as it may make them very sore. Over the blister put a piece of either grease-proof paper or brown paper, and apply a bandage. This blister is very poisonous, and the dog must not be allowed to lick it on any account. The next day, if the skin is not well blistered, rub in for two or three minutes a little red blister ointment. Forty-eight hours after the first application of the blister it may be washed off, the parts carefully dried with a soft cloth, and then anointed with boracic ointment. Blood Poisoning : Symptoms: Rise of temperature, 104 deg. F. and over ; shivering, vomiting, congested eye, thirst. If complaint goes on for some time, ulcers form in mouth, and breath becomes very foetid. Often caused by retention of a dead puppy, or urine, diseased kidneys, also inflammation of womb (metritis) from bitch taking cold when on heat. May follow severe and deep bites. Boils] 2 7 [Bowels Treatment: Remove the cause. I fan abscess, open freely at once, evacuate contents, and syringe cavity out with solution Condy's Fluid, one teaspoonful to half-pint water. Give large dose salicylate quinine one 1 to ten grains ; repeat in six hours ; give brandy somewhat freely. If patient cold, apply hot-water bottle to back and feet. Boils: Small red swellings, which suppurate and break. Situated, as a rule, on inside of thighs, arms, and belly, but may appear all over dog. Sometimes seen in cases of distemper ; also seen in young puppies, especially on inside of thighs and belly, when suffering from worms. Treatment: If accompanied by distemper, no special treatment required ; if very painful and sore, anoint with Balsam Peru ointment. When affecting young puppies, give worm medicine ; afterwards small doses of chemical food. Bowels, Inflammation of, Colic: Symptoms : Pain in abdomen ; patient restless, and, if a puppy, whines and cries ; generally diarrhoea, and quantity mucus passed ; may be constipation ; vomiting a frequent symptom. Seldom a rise of temperature without case very acute, though the pulse is often much quickened. Often caused by worms and indigestion, and may be result of chill. Treatment: As a rule, a doze of castor oil, say half a teaspoonful1 to two or more table- spoonfuls, with from two1 to fifteen drops of laudanum, is the best treatment at first. After 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Bowels] 2 ° [Bowels this has worked off, if pain continues, give following mixture : — Recipe : Laudanum, - - - i drachm. Chloric Ether, - 2 drachms. Liquor Bismuth, ... 4 drachms. Water to - - 3 ounces. Dose: One x teaspoon ful to a tablespoonful e very- two, three, or four hours until pain relieved. Apply hot salt bags continuously to belly. Later, worms should be removed by suitable remedies. Bowels, Intussusception of: Symptoms : This is a disease that more often attacks young puppies than adult dogs. It may- be caused by worms ; it also results from eating stones and other hard substances, and may be due to colic as a result of indigestion. The pain is very acute, the dog constantly crying and whining. During the early stages there may be vomiting ; there is also diarrhoea, and the passing of mucus tinged with blood. If the abdomen be manipulated with the fingers, a long hard swelling will be felt, due to one portion of the bowel telescoping into another. Treatment : Give fairly large doses of laudanum, say for a fox terrier puppy two or three months old, five drops every four hours with a dessertspoonful of water. Give nothing but liquid food as milk or Benger's food, or beef tea. If no better in twenty-four hours, the puppy should be relieved by operation. If the operation 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Breast] 29 [Breathing is postponed too long, it is as a rule not successful, but when done during the early stages there is every chance of effecting a cure, and giving the puppy immediate relief. Besides, the operation, when done early, is much easier, for then, as a rule, the intussusception can be reduced by pulling on the bowel. After such an operation no food should be given for twenty-four hours ; and then liquids only for a few days. Breast, Inflammation of: Symptoms : Gland is swollen hard, red and very painful. There is a rise of temperature which shows pus is forming. After two or three days the swelling becomes softer, points, and breaks and freely discharges. Treatment : Hot poppy-head fomentations, and the application of hot linseed meal poultices frequently changed. Lance abscess directly soft. Give aperient medicine. Sometimes it is necessary to remove puppies, when milk should be drawn off two or three times a day. Breathing, Difficulty in Bulldogs: Many bulldogs, especially those with a very short face, have a chronic difficulty in breathing. Each inspiration is performed with an effort ; the sides heaving, and the dog is constantly bringing up quantities of white frothy mucus, especially when first let out. In some instances, especially of toy bulldogs, the inspirations are so difficult that if a dog gets much excited it may fall over partly asphyxiated. In these cases the heart is always weak. Bronchitis] 3^ [Bronchitis Treatment: The principal thing to do in these cases is to give a diet composed entirely of raw meat, cut up in small pieces, given three times a day, so as not to overload the stomach at any time. Also after each meal give from one * to seven drops of tincture nux vomica, according to the size of the dog, in a little water, immediately after food, or for a change, from three * to six grains of lacto-peptin. In some cases I have attempted to relieve these distressing symptoms by an operation, that is by removing the false palate, but it has not been altogether a success, though I have sometimes thought it has given some relief. Of course an operation of this kind must be done under the influence of chloroform. Bronchitis : Symptoms: Severe and frequent coughing, difficult breathing, rattling of phlegm in windpipe. In bad cases, dog unable to lie down. Treatment: Place in fairly warm room, and keep a kettle going to moisten air. When breathing very difficult and the throat seems full of phlegm, give an emetic. Recipe : Hydrochlorate of Apomorphia, - \ grain. Water to i ounce. Dose: Half1 to two teaspoonfuls ; repeat in one hour if it has not caused vomiting. When sickness stopped, commence following mixture : — 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. c - 1 = 07S v ° U = ° a Bronchitis] 3 L [Bronchitis Recipe : Liq. Morphia, i drachm. Hoffmann's Spirits, 2 drachms. Paregoric, i^ drachms. Ipecacuanha Wine, i drachm. Syrup of Squills, - i ounce. Water to 3 ounces. Dose : One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful * every four or six hours. Apply hot linseed meal poultices to throat and front of chest. Give aperient medicine. The emetic, if the cough and breathing remain bad, may be repeated in two days. When the active symptoms have passed and the cough better, petroleum emulsion may be given. During early stages light diet should be given ; later meat. Bronchitis (Chronic Husk): Symptoms : Though the dog may appear very well, with good appetite, there is a frequent dry, hard cough, which is generally worse at night and early morning,' but any exertion or excitement induces a fit of coughing. After each attack, the dog retches as if he had something in his throat, and was going to vomit. Treatment: Give aperient medicine occasion- ally, and the following mixture : — Recipe : Tinct. Nux Vomica, 24 drops. Ipecacuanha Wine, - 1 drachm. Water to - 3 ounces. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Bruises] 32 [Burns Doses : One teaspoonful to a tablespoonful l three times a day. When cough is very- troublesome give a dose of the mixture recom- mended for acute bronchitis at night, or from fifteen x drops to one teaspooarful of Smith's glyco-heroin in a little water. Diet: The diet in these cases is very important, and I find under-done meat the best possible food, as it nourishes the dog well without distending the stomach and causing pressure on the chest. Bruises : Symptoms: Discoloration of the skin from effusion of blood under result of injury. Treatment : Apply following lotion often : — Recipe : Goulard's Extract Lead, i drachm, Liquor Opium, i drachm, Distilled Water to 8 ounces. When in a suitable part, so that a bandage may be applied, the lotion is more efficacious if applied on lint, which should be covered over with a piece oil silk, and then a bandage. Give aperient medicine, and keep dog at rest for a few days. Burns : Symptoms : The skin may be scorched and the coat frizzled, but the roots not destroyed ; or the skin may be destroyed and a large blister form, which sooner or later suppurates. Burns, the 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Calculi] 33 [Calculi result of boiling water, are practically as severe as those of fire, for in either case the hair never grows afterwards. Treatment: When the skin only is scorched, apply lime water and linseed oil. One part of the former, mixed with two parts of the latter, should be dabbed on two or three times a day. In severe burns the part may be smeared over with boracic ointment, and when the blister has broken the same ointment should be applied on lint, which must be kept in its place with a bandage or coat. Repeat dressing two or three times a day. Calculi (Stones in the Kidney): Symptoms : Blood, and also in many cases pus, is passed with the urine. The dog at times seems very ill, the temperature may go up to 103 or 104. Pain on pressure over the loins, sickness, loss of condition, and great wasting. In severe cases there is collapse, and death follows the result of uraemia poisoning. Treatment : Open the bowels freely. Apply hot fomentations or poultices to the loins, and give following medicine : — Recipe : Bicarbonate of Potash, - - 1 drachm. Boro-citrate of Magnesia, - - 1 ounce. Mix. Give from sufficient to cover a sixpence to a teaspoonful,1 two or three times a day, mixed with food or milk. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. c Calculi] 34 [Calculi Diet: Give plenty of milk mixed with equal parts Vichy water. Also Benger's food with milk, tripe, and fresh boiled fish, with well-cooked rice. Avoid red meat. Calculi in Bladder: Symptoms : In the dog the stones are generally small, varying in size from a millet seed to a pea, though occasionally one does find a large one. In bitches the stone is generally not dis- covered until it has become a good size, and set up irritation of the bladder. In the dog, when the stones are small they, as a rule, do not seem to do any harm or cause inconvenience until one or more escape from the bladder, pass into the urinary passage or urethra, and become lodged in the canal just behind the bone in the penis where the passage is smallest. If the stone is quite round — which, fortunately, is not always the case — it acts like a cork in a bottle, and the dog is unable to pass any water. He stands or stoops like a bitch, and keeps strain- ing ; but nothing comes away, except, perhaps, a single drop occasionally of blood-stained urine. If the stone happens to be not quite round, then he is able to pass a small quantity of highly- coloured water by great effort. To ascertain for certain if these symptoms are the result of gravel or stone, a small sound or catheter should be passed ; and if there is any blockage in the passage it is easily ascertained, for in that case it will be impossible to pass the instrument for more than a few inches instead of from 6 to 24 inches, according to the size of the dog ; Calculi] 3 5 [Calculi and besides, the hard piece of gravel or small stone will be felt. In some cases when the stone is not quite round the instrument will pass to the side of it, and then one can easily feel the grating of the stone against the instrument as it passes, more especially as it is withdrawn. Treatment : Medicines are of little use, though a sedative like hyoscyamus will sometimes relieve the spasm of the parts, and enable the patient to pass a little water when the passage is not com- pletely blocked ; when it is, the stone may sometimes be pushed back to where the passage is larger, and thus enable the dog to relieve himself; but in all these cases arrangements should be immediately made for an operation, which is the only cure. In bitches the symptoms of a calculus in the bladder are somewhat similar to those shown by the male : she is constantly straining to micturate, even after the bladder is emptied of water ; the urine is high-coloured and smells strong, and often a few drops of blood are passed at the end of micturition, or the water may be blood- stained. Treatment: Operation. Dogs once suffering from calculi are always liable to a recurrence. This may sometimes be prevented by giving occasionally a course of the following : — Bicarbonate of Potash, 2 drachms, Boro-citrate of Magnesia, 2 ounces. Mix. Cancer] 3^ [Caries Doses: From sufficient to cover a sixpence to one teaspoonful 1 twice a day with food or given in water, and continued for a long time. Avoid meat as much as possible with the food. Cancer : Symptoms : A tumour which usually sooner or later ulcerates, emitting an offensive-smelling discharge mixed with blood. The animal loses condition and becomes very weak. A cancer may form anywhere, but the most frequent parts affected are : the mouth, inside of the throat, milk glands, the rectum, and the organs in the abdomen. Treatment: An early operation is the only chance of effecting a cure ; once suppuration has commenced, the case is practically hopeless. Caries : Symptoms: Ulceration of bone — generally result of some injury. Abscesses form, resulting in unhealthily discharging wounds which are difficult to heal. If the parts be probed, roughened exposed bone may generally be felt, which after a time separates from the healthy structure and escapes with the discharge. Treatment : These cases must always be given time for the dead bone to separate from the healthy bone. Hot linseed meal poultice, dusted freely over with powdered charcoal, should be applied, and repeated two or three times a day, and as soon as the dead structure is loose, the wound, if not large enough, should be dilated with a knife and the dead bone removed. If this is successfully done, the wound generally 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Cataract] 37 [Cataract heals quickly. In some cases when a limb is affected, and the inflammation has been very extensive, amputation may be necessary. Dogs do very well with three legs. If after the dead bone has been removed the wound does not heal, syringe into it every other day about half a drachm of tincture calendula, and apply boracic ointment on lint and bandage. Wounds in cases of caries require keeping very clean with some disinfectant, as a saturated solution of boracic acid, or a solution of Pearson's fluid ; Condy's fluid is also useful. Cataract : Symptoms : The formation of an opaque spot in the lens or pupil of the eye. In young dogs, when it occurs, which is not frequent, the whole pupil seems to be involved at once, but in old dogs it generally commences as a small speck, and gradually increases. The cornea or front of the eye generally remains clear. Of course there is loss of vision of the affected eye to a more or less extent, according to the size and density of the cataract. Treatment : The following drops improve the sight when the cataract does not affect the whole pupil : — Recipe: Sol. Sulphate of Atropine, - - 10 drops. Sulphate Zinc, - \ grain. Distilled Water to - - i ounce. Operation, except for improving the appearance Catarrh] 3" [Catheter of the eye, is useless in the dog, as wearing of spectacles is impracticable. Catarrh of the Nose: Symptoms : Generally follows a chill from exposure to cold or from careless washing ; shivering and sneezing, thin mucous discharge from nose, which is not sticky as in distemper ; water discharge from eyes ; a husky cough. The dog is dull for a few days, and perhaps off his food, but as a rule there is no rise of temperature as in distemper, and the teeth do not become discoloured as in the latter disease. Treatment: Keep quiet in a dry, warm room for a few days, and give the following mixture : — Recipe : Tr. Aconite, .... 24 drops. Spirits of Nitre, - 2 drachms. Concentrated Solution of Acetate of Ammonia, - 1 drachm. Water to 3 ounces. Doses: From half a teaspoonful to a table- spoonful x three times a day. Give sloppy food for two or three days, and then the ordinary diet and cod-liver oil. Catheter, How to Pass : The passage (called the urethra) to the bladder is very small in the dog in consequence of there being a bone in the penis. It is also very long. The best kind of catheters are made of gutta-percha, and for small dogs the size called o is large enough. For 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Catheter] 39 [Catheter dogs the size of terriers No. i size is required ; for collies, etc., No. 2 size ; and for larger dogs No. 3. These numbers refer to the diameter. As to length, they must, of course, vary also according to size of the dog — 10 inches, 12 inches, 18 inches, and 2 feet respectively. Before being passed, the catheter must be well smeared over with vaseline, and the wire left in. The dog should be placed on his left side, with the right hind leg well drawn forward ; the penis should be exposed for some inches, and held by means of a soft cloth ; the catheter may then be gently passed. After going a short distance, that is to where the penis bends round, it will stop going in, or, at any rate, at this point it will be found a little more force is required to pass the instrument. When this part is reached, the wire should be drawn out for one or two inches, according to the size of the dog, then it will be found the catheter will pass on easily again ; and when the bladder is reached, if it is full of water, it will commence to drip or dribble away — it never runs away fast, as the orifice in the catheter is small. Let the catheter remain in so lono- as urine continues to flow, and then gently withdraw it. « A catheter should never be passed more than twice a day. The instrument, when not in use, should, without the wire, be kept in a basin of saturated solution of boracic acid. The wire should be thoroughly cleaned and vaselined, and be put into the catheter just before being used. Cerebral] 4° [Chalky Cerebral Congestion: Symptoms: Often seen in distemper. The dog may be dull and heavy, or he may be very excited ; eyes very congested ; temperature high, 104 to 1050 F. ; constant working of the temporal muscles. Dogs in this condition are often ravenous for food, and diarrhoea may be present. If relief is not given, convulsions usually follow. Treatment: Keep dog absolutely quiet in a darkened room. If bowels constipated, give purgative medicine, also give from three grains to one scruple of bromide of strontia x in water three or four times a day. Apply ice in a water- proof sponge bag or sheep's bladder to forehead for fifteen minutes or so at a time several times a day. Diet: Liquid food should only be given, as milk with Benger's food, egg and milk — the yolk of the egg should not be given if there is much diarrhoea; some mutton broth or Brand's essence may be allowed occasionally. In severe cases a blister or seton at the back of the neck should be applied. Chalky Stones: Symptoms : Affects principally the knees, hocks, and stifle joints occasionally of old dogs — the result of the deposit of urates. Treatment: From a quarter to two grains of iodide of potassium three times a day, or from five x grains to two scruples of the boro-citrate of magnesia in water thrice daily. This medicine 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Choking] 4 * [Choking may be given with the food. Vichy water to drink instead of plain water. Choking : Symptoms : Dogs frequently choke themselves when eating bones, especially chop or cutlet bones ; also occasionally with a large piece of meat which may become impacted in the gullet. But this is not so serious, as it can easily be pushed down into the stomach if it cannot be pulled upwards. When an offending bone or other matter becomes lodged in the back of the throat the dog coughs and retches violently, and may even die from asphyxia. But as a rule the bone does not stop there, but passes down until the gullet passes over the heart, where it is rather smaller, and then the bone is stopped, which causes the dog great distress. He keeps gulping as if trying to swallow, and occasionally retches. In a day or two the distress passes off and the patient seems fairly well and often ready to eat, but if any solid food is taken directly it reaches the part where the obstruction is it is brought up, and this continues to happen so long as the obstruction remains, but the dog as a rule is able to swallow liquids as milk, egg and milk, beef teas, etc. Dogs, especially puppies, often swallow needles and pins, which generally become embedded in the back of the tongue, but sometimes they reach the gullet and pass through, causing a bad abscess to form in the throat just behind the angle of the jaw. Treatment : When the bone or meat or other matter becomes lodged in the back of the throat, Chorea] 42 [Chorea it is generally easily removed with the finger. Failing this, forceps must be used ; but the symptoms are often very distressing, and prompt relief is necessary. When the bone has passed far down in the gullet and become fixed just over the heart, relief is much more difficult. Sometimes if the dog can be induced to take a few pieces of meat it will force it on. If this fails, forceps must be tried, and if the bone cannot be removed with them, then one must try to push it downwards into the stomach with a probang. Too much force must not be used or the gullet may be ruptured, which is fatal. If it cannot be removed, the dog must be fed on liquid food, and in time the points of the bone may become dissolved, and then it will be easier to push it down with a probang. In removing needles from the back of the tongue or fauces, which is best done with forceps, care must be taken not to break them. The tongue should be drawn well forward out of the mouth by taking hold of it with a cloth so as to bring into view the back of the tongue and fauces. Chorea, St. Vitus's Dance : Symptoms ; Irregular contraction of the muscles. Almost any part of the body may be affected, and even the tongue, the dog poking it out of the mouth constantly. But the disease more often affects the limbs, perhaps one fore leg and one hind leg, or the muscles of the shoulder and neck ; occasionally the muscles of the abdomen, the dog always appearing to be suffering from hiccough. The temporal muscle is a common Coins] 43 [Coins seat of chorea, and in such cases the dog is constantly snapping his teeth together. It is almost invariably the result of distemper. Treatment; In bad cases the disease is incurable, though often with time — in the course of months — the twitching becomes less, but never entirely disappears. There is no specific for chorea ; what appears to do one case orood seems to do harm in another. Small o doses of arsenic with bromide is sometimes a useful remedy, as the following mixture :— Recipe : Bromide of Strontia, - - i drachm. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, - 48 minims. Water to ----- 3 ounces. Dose : From half a teaspoonful to a table- spoonful x three times a day after food. In other cases Easton's syrup answers better- Dose: From three or four drops to half a drachm,1 in a little water, three times a day after food. Later, especially if there is much wasting, cod-liver oil should be given. Coins, etc., Swallowing of: Symptoms: The dog has a big swallow, and it is astonishing what can pass down his throat into the stomach. I have known small dogs as fox terriers to swallow coins the size of a penny, and smaller dogs still to swallow brooches, ear - rings, and finger - rings, and also keys, without even seeing any bad results to 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Coins] 44 [Coins the dog, though the owner has been much alarmed as to what was going to happen ; but corks are dangerous, as they block up the intestines, and so are big round stones, but small stones dogs swallow with impunity. Dogs, even small ones like pups, swallow occasionally meat skewers, but even such things as these do not always prove fatal. I recently had under my care a small puppy who swallowed a hat-pin ten and a half inches long, the head passed into the stomach all right, but the puppy was too small to take the whole length of pin, and the point, piercing some of the vital parts of the throat, killed him. As a rule, a dog does not show much discomfort after swallowing things like coins, bones, small stones, etc., when they once have reached the stomach, though with young puppies the latter often cause severe colic ; but large round stones and corks often cause serious mischief by blocking up the bowels, inducing inflammation, which, if not relieved by operation, soon causes death. Skewers and long hat-pins when swallowed seldom pass beyond the stomach, where they often remain for some considerable time, but sooner or later the point generally pierces the stomach, and peritonitis follows, which quickly terminates fatally ; but sometimes the sharp point passes direct from the stomach through the walls of the abdomen and skin, and it may be seen sticking out and can be removed. The dog seems none the worse after a few days, as the wound soon heals. It is often difficult by manipulation to detect Cold] 45 [Colic things that have been swallowed, for as a rule, as before mentioned, they remain in the stomach for a considerable time before passing into the intestines. I have known coins to remain there for five or six months before being passed ; how- ever, with the Rontgen rays coins, keys, jewellery, stones, etc., can always be detected. Treatment: Unless the foreign body swallowed is doing the dog visible harm, it is best left alone. Feed on solid food as suet puddings, rice, bread, meat and such like foods, so as to distend the bowels as much as possible and to cause big motions, and the foreign body, in all probability, will pass out safely ; do not give purgative medicines, which only cause contraction of the bowels and do harm, but if there is pain give from two x to ten drops of laudanum in a little water, three or four times a day, or oftener. When the substance swallowed causes real obstruction in the bowel, the laudanum may be given a trial for two or three days, but as a rule an operation becomes necessary, which consists in opening the abdomen, finding where obstruction is, and opening the bowel and removing the offending matter. It is an operation requiring aseptic pre- caution and some care, and the sewing up the incision made into the bowel wants carefully doing or a stricture may result. Cold in the Head : See Catarrh. Colic : Symptoms: Generally affects puppies from eating rubbish, but may also affect adult dogs, especially 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Collapse] 46 [Collapse after receiving strong medicine as worm medicine. Restlessness, crying and whining, or even howling when pain very severe ; abdomen tucked up and muscles feel hard and rigid. The attack may be accompanied by severe vomiting and diarrhoea. Treatment : Give immediately, if there is no diarrhoea, a dose castor oil, which should be followed by an enema if it does not operate in about an hour. The enema may consist of half1 to two teaspoonfuls of glycerine, mixed with one l to eight tablespoonfuls of warm water. Also, give following mixture : — Recipe : Chloric Ether, Laudanum, Water to 1 1 drachms. \\ drachms. 3 ounces. Doses: From half a teaspoonful to a table- spoonful1 every two, three, or four hours until pain relieved. Collapse : Symptoms : The dog lies in a semi-unconscious condition ; the body feels cold ; the membranes are pallid, eyes glassy ; the breathing slow and heavy ; pulse weak. This condition may arise from shock, and is often seen in dogs after being run over. It may also occur as the result of haemorrhage. Treatment: Allow the dog to lie perfectly quiet on his right side. Give stimulants, as brandy, with from one1 to ten drops of tincture nux vomica if given by the mouth, but only 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Coma] 47 [Coma half if injected under skin. If this cannot be done, give an enema of milk and brandy, or strong black coffee. If body very cold, put hot- water bottles round it. Coma: Sy7iiptoms: Entire loss of consciousness, heavy breathing, pupils dilated, etc. This condition may result from injuries to head ; sometimes follows a severe attack of epilepsy, apoplexy, and it is the last stage previous to death of many illnesses. Treatment : This entirely depends on the cause. If as the result of epilepsy, the patient is best left quite alone for many hours ; if the body becomes cold, hot-water bottle may be placed under it and also to the back. After some time, if there are no signs of return to consciousness, the body and limbs may be well hand-rubbed, and brandy injected subcutaneously. If the result of injuries to head, should the skull be fractured an operation may be necessary ; but if there is simply concussion of the brain, you must give the animal time — the condition may last three or four days, and yet the dog may recover. Besides quietness, there is not much to do. Should the dog be very restless, apply an ice-bag to head ; and to maintain strength give about every four hours an enema of peptonised milk, from one tablespoonful to a cupful,1 or one or two meat suppositories. When coma is the result of the last stage of illness, there is little to be done. The inhalation of oxygen may be tried ; brandy or 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Condylomata] 4" [Constipation strychnine, -o^th to T£oth of a grain x may be injected under the skin, and an enema of strong black coffee given. Condylomata : See Warts. Conjunctivitis (Sore and Weak Eyes): Symptoms : The conjunctival membrane lining the inside of the eyelids is much congested, and of a dark red colour, there is a constant flow of watery discharge ; in bad cases there is a discharge of white pus which causes the lids to adhere tog-ether. The hair falls off around the lids, and the cornea, or front of the eye, may become cloudy and ulcerate. Treatment: In simple cases an application of boracic lotion, made by dissolving half a teaspoon- ful of boracic acid in half a pint of water, which should be applied often, is generally sufficient to effect a cure. In bad cases when the discharge is purulent, the following should be used : Recipe : Chinosol, ----- 3 grains. Water to 6 ounces. Apply several times a day, letting a little run on the inside of the lower lids. Iodoform dusted on the inside of the lower lid is also useful. The edges of the eyelids should be kept smeared with vaseline to prevent them from sticking together. Constipation : Symptoms: The motions are big, hard, and dry, and difficult to pass ; and instead of having 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Constipation] 49 [Constipation an action at least once a day, the dog may only have one every two or three days. Treatment : A good deal can be done by diet. Spratt's biscuits have a tendency to keep the bowels open and regular ; for small dogs the Pet- Dog biscuits should be given, and for large dogs the big biscuits. They should be broken up and soaked in some soup, and mixed with a little meat and some green vegetable added ; this makes a very good principal meal. For a second or evening meal the biscuit may be given dry. For a change of diet give meat, brown bread, and green vegetables in equal parts moistened with soup. In obstinate cases some laxative may be necessary. Milk of sulphur answers very well ; from sufficient to cover a threepenny-piece to half a teaspoonful * may be given daily for a fortnight, or a teaspoonful * to two tablespoonfuls of Dinneford's fluid magnesia may be given every morning in a little milk. In some cases salad oil answers best, from half a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful * mixed daily with the food. In chronic cases a course of the following pills is useful : — Recipe : Ext. Belladona, - i to 6 grains.3 Powdered Rhubarb, 3 to l8 n Reduced Iron, 4 to 24 „ Powdered Nux Vomica, i to 6 „ Mix. Divide into 1 2 pills — one to be given twice a day after food. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. D Consumption] 5^ [Convulsions Consumption : Symptoms: A rare disease in dogs. At first a dry cough, later becoming looser with ex- pectoration of phlegm ; wasting, though appetite may at first be fairly good ; the patient gradually becoming very weak, and occasionally having diarrhoea. There is always present one or more degrees of fever, and the temperature is generally higher at night. If the phlegm be examined with a microscope the tubercle bacilli will be found if it is a case of consumption, ki bad cases there is bleeding from the lungs, the blood coming as a rule through both nostrils. Treatment: Seldom curable, but the best chances of a recovery are obtained by letting the dog live out of doors and giving cod-liver oil. Feed liberally, giving plenty of meat, also fish, milk, raw eggs, and cream. The patient should be kept away from other dogs, and certainly should not be allowed to sleep in a room where there are people. Convulsions in Puppies : Symptoms: Young puppies, generally as the result of worms or during second dentition, often have convulsions. The immediate cause of the attack is generally due to excitement, more par- ticularly on a hot day. The puppy, which may be apparently quite well, suddenly tumbles over on its side, kicks violently with its legs, champs the jaws, and froths at the mouth. In a minute it gets up, and looks about in a dazed manner ; then, if not restrained, gallops off barking, not knowing where it is going. Sometimes one attack may Corns] 5 ' [Corns follow another in quick succession until it dies from exhaustion. Treatment : The puppy should be held to prevent it knocking itself about. (I may here remark that there is not the least danger from a bite of a dog when suffering- from fits of any kind.) As soon as the puppy can swallow, a dose of the following mixture must be given : — Recipe : Bromide of Potassium, i drachm, Hydrated Chloral, - i drachm, Water to - 3 ounces. Dose ; From a teaspoon ful to a tablespoonful * to be given every two, three, or four hours, according to the severity of the symptoms. If the puppy is unable to swallow, double the quantity should be injected into the bowel, mixed with equal quantity of tepid water. In severe cases a hot bath is beneficial ; also ice may be applied to the head. Keep the puppy in a dark room for some hours after the attack. To prevent a recurrence of the convulsions, treat puppy for worms. Feed on a milk diet for a few days. Corns : Horny elevations which form on the pads of the feet. Treatment : They may be removed by cutting, or destroyed. The best way is by the application of a solution of chromic acid, one in four. It should be applied sparingly to the part with a glass rod about twice a week. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Coughs] 52 rcuts Coughs : Symptoms : May arise from many causes ; but a simple cough, the result of some irritation of the larynx caused by cold, is of a common occurrence during the winter and spring when the winds are cold. Treatment : Give following mixture : — Recipe : Liquor Morphia, - - - 2 drachms. Syrup of Squills, - 1 ounce. Syrup of Lemon, 1 ounce. Water to 3 ounces. Dose : From half a teaspoonful to a dessert- spoonful three or four times a day.1 When it is difficult to give a mixture, the following pills may be tried : — Recipe : Hydrochlorate of Morphia, - | to 1 grain.1 Powdered Ipecacuanha, - - 1 to 6 grains. Powdered Rhubarb, - - 2 to 12 grains. Compound Squill Pill, - - 6 to 20 grains. Mix and divide into twelve pills, one to be given night and morning. A dose of aperient medicine should occasionally be given. Cuts: Symptoms ; Division of structure, generally described as a solution of continuity ; there is generally more or less bleeding. Treatment: Thoroughly cleanse the cut with 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Cystitis] 53 [Dandruff a warm solution of boracic acid, Condy's fluid well diluted, or one per cent, solution of Pearson's disinfectant fluid. Stop bleeding by applying pressure with fingers, or a pad of absorbent boracic wool, and bandage. When very severe, apply a ligature to the vessel above the part. After cleaning the wound and stopping the bleeding, the edges of the cut should be brought together with a few stitches, about a sixth of an inch apart ; a pad of some disinfectant gauze applied, also a bandage. If no swelling or dis- charge, the dressing need not be disturbed for about six days, when the stitches can be removed. Afterwards re-bandage for another day to protect the part from dog's tongue. Cystitis : See Bladder, Irritable. Cysts : Symptoms: A sac containing fluid or semi- fluid substances, or even hair and other foreign substances. A form of cyst often seen in flap of the ear. Treatment: Cysts can only be removed by cutting. In the case of the ear, it should be freely opened at the most depending part and a tube inserted, or at any rate the wound should be kept open for a few days, otherwise fluid will collect again. No other treatment required except keeping the parts clean. The dog must not wear a collar. Dandruff (Scurf) : Symptoms : Dryness of the skin and hair, and the rising of branny greyish-white scales from the former, and mixing with the coat. Deafness] 54 [Deafness Treatment: As a rule, a thorough wash once a week, using a tar soap like Sherley's shampoo, and putting a little borax in the rinsing water, with daily brushing of the coat, will effect a cure in mild cases ; but in bad cases greasing the dog all over with some such preparation as the following is necessary : — Recipe : Oil of tar, i drachm. Almond Oil, \ pint. Mix. To be thoroughly worked into the skin twice a week, and after a few days washed off, using the soap mentioned. A course of arsenic is useful ; give from one1 to eight drops in water twice a day for two or three weeks, but it must be discontinued if it causes sickness or diarrhoea. Deafness : Symptoms : In many cases, especially in white dogs, as bull terriers, it may be congenital. In ordinary cases it is often due to an accumulation of hard wax, or from growths in the canal of the ear. In old dogs it may be due to thickening of the drum of the ear. Treatment : When congenital it is incurable. If result of growths in the ear, these must be removed by operation. When caused by accumulation of hard wax, a little warm almond oil should be poured into the ear, and the next day the ear should be thoroughly syringed with five ounces of tepid water in which has been 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Debility] 5 5 [Deformities dissolved a scruple of carbonate of soda. When the deafness is due to a thickening of the drum of the ear, which is often seen in old dogs, there is nothing to be done. Debility : Symptoms : May be due to constitutional causes, as is often seen in highly-bred puppies, or it may result from severe illness, particularly after distemper. The pulse is quick and weak, loss of appetite, and disinclination for exercise, poor condition, and membranes pale. Treatment : For puppies, Sherley's chemical tablets answer well. When result of illness, the following tonic may be given : — Recipe : Ammoniated Citrate of Iron, - | drachm. Tincture Nux Vomica, 40 minims. Tincture Gentian, 3 drachms, Water to 3 ounces. From half a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful l three times a day one hour before food. Deformities, Congenital : These are numerous in the dog. Inverted eyelids : puppies are some- times born without eyes, squinting small eyes, eyelashes growing in. Hare lip, cleft palate, pig jaw, deformities of the feet and limbs : particularly the stifle joint, the patella being out of its place, and the leg contracted or drawn up. Deformities of the chest : this condition is common in Japs, but seems to do no harm. Puppies are sometimes 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Deformities] 5" [Deformities born without tails ; though a good feature in schipperke and bob-tail sheep dogs, one does not like to see a pug or a dachshund without a tail, and when he is good in all other points, it is disappointing. A screw tail is objectionable in all breeds except the bull-dog, and some people object to it in these dogs. Absence of one or both testicles. Treatment: Many cases of deformity may be remedied by operation, but in others there is nothing to be done. Inverted eyelids can be cured by operation, an elliptical piece of skin and also the muscle underneath being cut out immedi- ately under the lower eyelid, when that one is affected, or immediately over the upper eyelid, if it is that one that is turned. The cutting is best done with curved scissors, and should extend nearly the whole length of the lid. As the wound made heals, it draws the lid out. In-growing eyelashes must be plucked out with forceps from time to time. Very often as the puppy grows older and stronger, the lashes assume a normal position, and cease to be a trouble, but if they continue to turn in after the dog is twelve months old, a similar operation as for inverted eyelids is recommended, but in these latter cases it is not necessary to divide the muscle, but only the skin. Squinting may be cured by operation, but it is not recom- mended, as the defect does no harm, and with Japanese spaniels, who often squint, it rather adds to their quaintness. In cases of unnatural small eyes, which often Deformities] 57 [Deformities occur in fox terrier puppies, an operation is not of any use ; but with time, it may be months, perhaps a year, the condition often improves. Matters are helped by giving the puppy affected something to stare at, as, for instance, placing his food for a time behind some railings, so that he can see it, but cannot get at it. Anything, in fact, that attracts attention, and causes the puppy to stare. A stuffed cat behind the railings does for a change, a lump of raw meat or a bone. Hare lip can be cured by operation, but in consequence of the position, it is difficult to keep the edges of divided lip together after sewing them, as the puppy will rub his nose on the ground if he has a chance, besides constantly licking at the stitches. The operation should not be undertaken before the puppy is three months old, and then just before operation a good square meal of meat should be given ; this will take some time to digest, and will satisfy the puppy for a long while ; at any rate, nothing more should be given for twenty-four hours, by which time the healing has made good progress, and for some days after the operation the puppy should be fed from the fingers, piece by piece, certainly no dish should be given for him to rub his nose in. As to the operation, the edges of the split lip should be freely scarified, and also be loosened from the gum by cutting through the mucus membrane, then the two edges of the lip should be brought firmly together with pin sutures, and a few layers of collodion painted over the external part, and dusted over sparingly with powdered Deformities] 5* [Deformities iodoform. It is not necessary to give chloroform for an operation of this kind, a few drops of a 4°/0 solution of cocaine injected into each side of the divided lip is sufficient. There is no cure for cleft palate, and a puppy born with this condition should be destroyed. Pig jaw is incurable. As to deformities affecting the feet, a dog may be born without toes, or with only two or three toes ; in such cases, of course, nothing can be done, but sometimes there may be an extra toe. If a show dog, it spoils the appearance of his foot, and interferes with his gait, and so must be removed. Dew-claws are not a deformity, but they are a useless appendage, and should be cut off close to the leg about three days after birth ; if left they are a constant nuisance, either through being frequently broken, or torn off at the quick, or else turning and growing into the flesh, which causes a good deal of pain. Nothing can be done for deformity of the stifle joint, it causes no pain, though it renders the leg useless ; but if the subject is a bitch, and well bred, she may be kept for breeding purposes. A screwed tail may be remedied, if not too badly twisted, by breaking, setting it straight, and applying an adhesive bandage. In cases of absence of one or both testicles in the scrotum, there is nothing to be done. A dog with both testicles absent is useless for getting stock, though he is able and will serve a bitch, but in cases where only one is missing, it does not prevent such a dog being useful for stud purposes. Delirium] 59 [Destroy Delirium : Symptoms : Restlessness, constantly howling and barking. Dogs in this state lose flesh very rapidly. Delirium is seen in some bad cases of distemper. Treatment : Unsatisfactory ; bromide of strontia may be tried ; from two 1 to sixteen grains in water three or four times a day. Ice bags should be applied to head. Diet : Give easily digested food — as Benger's with milk, kreochyle with water, and well-boiled tripe or fish, with rice or stale bread. Destroy Dogs, How to : There is no doubt that the quickest and most painless way of killing a dog is by shooting, providing it is done properly, and the man is a good shot and can be relied on. The best place to hit a dog is either behind the ear, or in the middle of the forehead ; but there are many people who don't like an old favourite destroyed in this way. Personally, I don't like it. I con- sider a large dose of morphia, and then chloroform, is better. At any rate, it does not seem such a harsh way of taking an old favourite's life. To destroy a dog with morphia and chloroform, from half to two grains of acetate of morphia 1 should be injected under the skin ; then after waiting until the dog is in a heavy sleep, chloroform should be slowly administered. It is necessary to do it very slowly indeed, or else the dog will wake up. In this case don't place 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Diabetes] °° [Diabetes anything over the dog's nose at first, but pour a trifle on a handkerchief or napkin, and hold it from six to eight inches away from the dog's nose, then gradually get nearer and nearer until at last you cover the dog's nose over with the cloth. The chloroform must be continued until the dog has stopped breathing for five minutes. The administering of half1 to a dram of prussic acid is also a very sudden and quick way of destroying a dog, but it is a debatable point whether this causes acute pain. At any rate, the dog invariably cries out loudly after it has been administered a few moments, and so he often does when going under the influence of chloroform. However, death by freshly prepared and strong prussic acid is very certain and sudden. When administering this acid, one should be very careful never to stand in front of a dog, for if he coughs while it is in his mouth, and some goes into the eye of the person giving it, the con- sequences may be serious, as it is most deadly. Diabetes Insipidus : Symptoms: Increased secretion of urine of a watery nature — great thirst. For a time the dog's condition does not alter, but if the disease is not checked then he loses condition, the muscles waste, the legs become thin, the ribs prominent, and the abdomen distended as the result of the large quantity of water taken. This is a disease to which old dogs are particularly liable. Treatment : Limit the quantity of water given 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. ^ PQ * &u A Diabetes] " * [Diarrhoea the dog to drink ; for a small dog, say half a tumbler- ful * to a couple of pints for a large dog. Feed on dry food. For medicine, give from half a drop x to two drops of Fowler's solution of arsenic in water three times a day before food. If this does not benefit the case, give from an eighth ! toa grain of powdered opium twice a day in the form of a pill. Treatment is often unsatisfactory. Diabetes Mellitus: Symptoms: Large quantities of urine con- taining sugar are passed ; great thirst, voracious appetite, and gradual wasting of body. The tongue is dry and parched, and is of a red- brick colour ; coat stares, and the dog looks generally unhealthy. Treatment : Food containing sugar or starch must be avoided ; meat given nearly or quite raw is the best diet. As to medicine, though it is practically an incurable disease, codeine does in some cases mitigate the symptoms. Of this medicine, give from a twelfth1 to half a grain three times a day. After a fortnight or so the dose may be doubled. Diarrhoea : Symptoms : Frequent watery motions, which may vary in colour — white, slate, brown, black, and sometimes green — accompanied very often by great thirst and loss of appetite. Treatment: In most cases a small dose of castor oil at the commencement of the attack does good, and in many cases effects a cure. Should the symptoms continue after the effects 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Diarrhoea] " 2 [Diarrhoea of the oil have passed off, give from five1 to twenty grains of carbonate of bismuth three or four times a day before food, or the following mixture : — Recipe : The Mixture for Diarrhoea : Laudanum, i drachm. Tincture of Rhubarb, - - 4 drachms. Peppermint Water to - - 4 ounces. From one teaspoonful to two tablespoonfuls l three times a day. Or the following pills may be tried : — Recipe : Pills for Diarrhoea : Extract of Kino, ... 1 drachm. Powdered Ipecacuanha, - - 12 grains. Powdered Opium, ... 6 „ Ex. cip. q.s. A sixth, fourth, half, or the whole l may be mixed and divided into twelve pills. One to be given three or four times a day. If the motions are very offensive, from two1 to ten grains of salol may also be given three or four times a day. Diet : At first liquid, as milk, thickened with equal parts of arrowroot and Benger's food ; after two or three days, raw beef cut up very fine may be given alone or mixed with equal parts well-boiled rice; rice water to drink. In chronic diarrhoea a liquid diet should be given for some time, and in addition to the milk diet 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Diarrhoea] "3 [Diarrhoea previously mentioned, home-made beef-tea (with all fibrine removed) may be given slightly thickened with isinglass, and the following mixture tried : — Recipe : Diluted Sulphuric Acid, - 2 drachms, Laudanum, i drachm. Water to - 8 ounces. Dose : From a teaspoonful to two table- spoonfuls1 three times a day. When there is much straining accompanying the diarrhoea, it is a good plan to give an enema consisting of one teaspoonful to two tablespoonfuls 1 of thick- boiled starch, with from three x to fifteen drops of laudanum mixed. When the diarrhoea is due to disordered liver, which is generally the case when the motions are white or grey, from one1 to six grains of grey powder may be given at first instead of castor oil. Diarrhoea in Puppies : Symptoms : Very often the result of worms, but may be due to indigestion, the result of improper or too much food. Motion liquid and frequent, generally of a yellowish colour. Treatment: If worms are suspected give Sherley's worm tablets for puppies, otherwise first give a small dose of castor oil, and after it has worked off give from two1 to six grains of carbonate of bismuth every four hours. If the diarrhoea is accompanied by colicky pains give also from two1 to ten drops of paregoric in a little water three or four times a day. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Discharge] 64 [Discharge Diet: If the patient has been kept on a milk food, discontinue this, and give scraped lean raw meat, a small quantity four times a day ; but when a meat diet has been given and the diarrhoea continues, then give milk with Benger's food or Plasmon. In very obstinate cases from a quarter1 to one grain of grey powder once or twice a day for three days is often useful. Discharge from Ear (Canker): Symptoms : The canal of the ear is red, inflamed, and painful ; in slight cases there is often a brownish discharge ; in chronic and severe cases the discharge is foetid and generally purulent, and may be tinged with blood. In these cases the ears are very painful, and the dog cries when he shakes his head. Treatment: In very mild cases cleaning the ears daily with a weak solution of Condy's fluid will often effect a cure ; but if the ears are in flamed after cleaning them the canal should be painted twice a day with the following lotion : — Recipe : Lotion for Ears : Benzoated Oxide of Zinc Ointment, - 2 drachms. Almond Oil, - - - • - - * ounce. Well mixed. Each time before dressing the ears they should be carefully wiped out with medicated cotton wool. In bad cases, when the discharge is purulent, 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Dislocations] o 5 [Dislocations the ears should be syringed morning and evening with two tablespoonfuls of methylated spirits added to half-a-pint tepid water, and after letting the dog shake his head, wipe the ears out as dry as possible with absorbent cotton wool, and then fill with powdered boracic acid by the aid of a quill and a piece of india- rubber tube attached. If this treatment does not cure, then wash the ears out night and morning with peroxide of hydrogen — x vols. Some cases of canker are very obstinate. Dislocations : Toe, Dislocation of: Symptoms : The dog is very lame — in fact, cannot put the foot to the ground ; the joint is swollen, and painful to manipulate. If the injured toe is compared with a sound one, it will be found that the lower bone which assists in forming the joint that is dislocated sticks up much more than is natural. Treatment : As a rule, especially in a recent case, the reduction is not difficult. The toe should be pulled straight with the fingers of one hand, and with those of the other the projecting bone should be pressed into its place. In some cases it may be necessary to give chloroform. A padded splint extending from the back of the knee or hock to just below the foot should be put on, and a bandage applied to prevent the foot being used for a kw days. Knee, Dislocation of : Symptoms : This generally occurs in conjunc- tion with fracture of the radius, but it may happen alone. The dislocation generally occurs sideways, Dislocations] °° [Dislocations and the foot either turned outwards or inwards. The parts are very painful, and soon swell. Treatment : The reduction should be attempted as quickly as possible after the accident, other- wise it will be necessary to wait until the swelling is reduced, and this can be helped by the appli- cation of crushed ice placed in a woollen bag and applied right round the joint. It is best to give the patient chloroform before attempting the reduction of a dislocated knee ; and when the dog is well under the influence of the anaesthetic the foot should be seized with one hand and pulled in straight direction from above downwards, and with the fingers of the other hand, during the pulling, the joint should be pressed into their place. As a rule, in dislocation of the knee the ligaments of the joint are often much injured, therefore when the reduction has been completed padded splints and bandages should be applied, as is recommended for fracture of the radius or arm, and be kept on for about three weeks. Elbow, Dislocation of : This does not often occur in adult dogs, but is not uncommon in delicate puppies as the result of some violence. Symptoms : Lameness, and if the dog attempts to put weight on the leg, the elbow turns out. The joint as the result of the dislocation is wider than the one on the other side, but there is not much pain on pressure, as is the case of fracture at the elbow when the inner condyle of the shoulder bone (humerus) is broken off. Dislocations] 67 [Dislocations Treahnent : In reducing this dislocation chloroform is not necessary. The arm should be flexed on the shoulder, and then by bearing pressure on the head of the bone and a twist of the head of the bone inwards the reduction is completed. The joint is to be afterwards fixed in its place with strips of adhesive plaister applied as depicted in the illus- tration annexed. If the bones cannot be kept in their place with the plaister, a splint cut out of thin zinc and of the shape of the elbow joint must be applied. The inside of the splint should be slightly concave to fit the leg, and of course well padded before being put on. Shoulder Joint, Dislocation of : Symptoms : Lameness ; pain at the seat of injury, which is increased by putting leg forward ; and some slight swelling, and the leg is perceptibly shortened. When there is any difficulty in diagnosing the case, all doubt is removed by making the dog stand evenly on both fore legs and comparing the sound shoulder with the injured one. Treatment: In all cases I have seen of dis- How to bandage the fore- leg for fractures and other injuries Dislocations] ^)* [Dislocations location of the shoulder joint the head of the shoulder bone, which fits in a cup at the bottom of the blade bone, shoots upwards — of course only to a slight extent, as the bone is held in its position by strong muscles and tendons as well as by the capsule of the joint. Chloroform having been given, an attendant must hold the dog firmly by clasping his hands between the fore legs in front of the chest, or by fixing a towel in a similar position ; and then the operator, seizing the paw with one hand, must pull the limb in a forward and downward direction, and at the same time with the fingers of the other hand press the head of the shoulder bone into its position. It is well afterwards to put a wide bandaging on round the chest over the shoulder joint, and keep the dog quiet for a few days. Hock, Dislocation of: This does not often occur except in con- junction with fracture at this part. Symptoms : The dislocation occurs generally sideways, and may be either outwards or inwards, the foot being placed almost at right angles. The joint quickly swells, and is very painful. Treatment : The reduction is carried out in a similar way as advised for reducing a dis- located elbow ; afterwards the same kind of splints as recommended for treating fracture of the tibia are to be applied with bandages, and should be allowed to remain on for at least three or four weeks, and even after this it may Dislocations] 69 [Dislocations joint with a few is a small bone be necessary to support the strips of plaister for a time. Patella, Dislocation of: Symptoms : The patella situated in front of the stifle joint, and is more liable to dis- location than any other part, especially in small dogs. With some dogs it is con- stantly slipping out of its place when running along, and then after a few steps it goes back again of its own accord. The bone almost always becomes displaced towards the inside of the leg, the dog in some cases being un- unable to put his foot to the ground ; if he does attempt to put any weight on the leg, the stifle joint bends outwards. There is little or no pain caused by this dislocation. Treatment : The patella is easily returned to its place, but as often as not it slips out again. The best way of reducing this dislocation is to How to bandage the hind leg for fractures and injuries to the stifle, &c. -Sticking-plaister Bandage -Linen Roller Bandage Distemper] /O [Distemper straighten the leg and draw the foot towards the elbow of the same side, and then with the fingers of the other hand push the patella into its place ; afterwards, to keep it there, bind the joint with several layers of Mead's plaister as depicted in the illustration. The plaister should be continued for some distance above the joint. Distemper : The first symptom of distemper is a rise of temperature — if a dog is dull and off his food, take the temperature. It is best to take it in the rectum, where the normal is 101 degs. to ioi|- degs. F. ; if taken under the arm or inside of the thigh it is i deg. lower. If the thermometer registers 2 or 3 degs. of temperature above normal, you may be sure there is some- thing wrong-, and the dog should be isolated at once ; and by doing this the infection may often be prevented spreading. If the disease is distemper, other symptoms will soon develop, as a husky cough, loss of appetite and condition, and occasionally vomiting. The eyes are weak and sensitive to light, and there is often a little gummy discharge which collects along the edges of the lids ; the breath is offensive, and the teeth become furred. Diarrhoea may, or may not, occur. If the illness is only some passing ailment, the temperature will soon be normal, and the dog assume his usual condition. But the temperature, even in distemper, after two or three days, may go down to normal ; but do not be deceived by this, and think the dog is all right, but look out for some of the other symptoms mentioned, and if the dog is in for Distemper] 7 * [Distemper that disease they are sure to appear, and the fever will return again in a couple of days or so. People often think a dog cannot have distemper unless there is a discharge from the nose ; this is a mistake, but it certainly does occur in most cases, though it does not appear as a rule until the dog has been ill for some time. If the lungs become affected, the breathing is short and quick, not panting with the mouth open ; the chest is tender on pressure. At first there is no cough, but after two or three days there is a suppressed painful cough, with retching. The pulse is often much accelerated, the beats varying from no to 140 per minute. In some cases the pulse is very slow, and may only be 48 to the minute ; of course, this refers to a big dog. A pulse of this kind is worse than a fast one with pneumonia. When it is between 60 and 70 in a small dog, it is also serious with lung complications. The heart's action in dogs is very frequently intermittent even in health. The eyes during distemper are often a source of anxiety, and in those dogs with prominent orbits, as spaniels, pugs, etc., there is always an inclination for ulcers to form, which are extremely painful. The worst complications of all in distempers are those affecting the nervous system ; the brain and its membranes may become inflamed, and fits follow, or the spinal cord and its membranes attacked, and paralysis or chorea, or perhaps both, occur. These complications Distemper] 7 ^ [Distemper of the nervous system may often be prevented by not letting the dog out too soon after dis- temper. The temperature should be regularly taken, and the patient not allowed to go out of doors or be excited in any way until the temperature has been normal at least ten days. Sometimes suddenly changing the diet from liquid to solid food will induce fits. Occasionally in distemper a crop of pustules appears on the inside of the legs and over the stomach — in fact, in some cases all over the body. This is rather a good sign than other- wise, for they seem to relieve the system of the distemper poison. To treat distemper successfully, good nursing and dry, warm, comfortable quarters for the patient are the two essential things. For out- door dogs, a loose box in a stable makes a capital place, and in cold weather the temperature should be kept as near 55 deg. F. as possible. Dogs who are in the habit of living indoors should be put in a well-ventilated room, and the temperature kept up between 60 and 65 deg. F. It is a good plan to cover the floor with sawdust, which should be changed at least once a day, and oftener when neces- sary. The dog should not be let out of the box or warm room for anything. Very often at first there are difficulties with very clean dogs, but it can generally be overcome with perseverance. Sometimes a little soiled straw from a kennel thrown down in the room is useful. Some dogs may be taught to use a Distemper] 73 [Distemper tray or box filled with sawdust or mould. Directly a dog shows signs of distemper he 'should be sewn up in a flannel coat to keep the chest warm. As to diet, if it is only a slight case, a light meal of bread or crushed biscuit with gravy or milk may be given three or four times a day. — ^-V^*5 A coat covering the chest ; useful in cases of distemper to keep the chest ■warm, especially when lung affected For a change, a little well-boiled fish with rice, or sheep's head broth and rice, or bread. Milk may be given freely to drink. In all cases of distemper it is important to keep the eyes free of discharge by cleaning or bathing them frequently with some warm boracic lotion, made by dissolving half a teaspoonful of Distemper] 74 [Distemper boracic acid in half a pint of warm water. When the discharge is very free and continues, in addition to keeping them clean with this lotion a little of the following may be run on to the eyes, especially on the inside of the lower lid : — The Lotion for Eye : Chinosol, 3 grains. Water to - - - - - 6 ounces. To be applied three times a day after cleansing with the boracic. In severe cases where the discharge is very profuse and offensive, a little powdered iodoform may be dusted over the front of the eye two or three times a day. If ulcers form they are to be treated the same way : and if the eyes are very painful, add to every half-pint of boracic lotion four grains of hydrochlorate of cocaine. As the dog recovers from distemper, and the discharge ceases, if there is any opacity of the corners left, the following ointment should be used : — The Ointment for Eyes : Yellow Oxide of Mercury, - 1 grain. Vaseline, ----- 1 drachm. Mix. A small piece should be placed between the lids, and then gently rub the upper eyelid over the eye for one minute so as to work Distemper] 75 [Distemper the ointment in. Repeat twice a day. In some cases the opacity is very obstinate, and cannot be removed by the ointment, then the following drops may be tried : — Divine Stone, 2 grains. Solution Sulphate Atropine, - 12 maximum. Distilled Water to - - - |- ounce. One or two drops to be placed in the eye twice a day. The dog should be held for a few minutes after this lotion has been applied or he may rub the eye. After distemper, eczema often follows as the result of weakness ; tonics should be given and the disease treated in the ordinary way. Some dogs during distemper, especially in bad cases, discharge a thin, purulent, offensive matter or pus from the skin around the mouth, head, under the neck, and inside of ears. This condition, which is more often seen in blood- hounds than other dogs, is a very bad sign. The parts should be thoroughly cleansed once a day by being washed with Pearson's Antiseptic diluted eighty times with warm water, carefully dried with soft cloths, and then freely dusted with some absorbent powder, as anylyform, or with the following : — Powdered Burnt Alum, - - 1 ounce. Powdered Boracic Acid, - - 1 ounce. Powdered Starch, 6 ounces. Mixed together. Distemper] 7^ [Distemper Tonics, especially quinine, are indicated during this condition, as the discharge is very weakening. When the appetite is very bad, the patient may be tempted with some giblet soup or a little well-stewed rabbit and bread, or rice. Very often, in bad cases, the dog absolutely refuses all food ; he must then be drenched with strong meat tea, or with milk thickened with Benger's food. When there is an inclina- tion to diarrhoea, the beef tea and milk should be thickened with cornflour or arrowroot. One of the best ways of making meat tea is with beef, mutton, and veal, say half a pound of each cut up very fine ; this should be gently simmered with a pint of water for three or four hours, and then strained off. Of this, from a tablespoonful 1 to a small teacupful may be given every three or four hours alternately with the milk food. In addition to this, if the doer will drink raw beef tea, which they will often do, it may be given freely. This is best made as follows : Half a pound of lean raw meat passed through a sausage machine ; to this add half a pint of water, and place in an earthenware jar in front of a fire for two or three hours, stirring occasionally ; then strain off through a cloth. Some pressure is required to get all the juice out of the meat. It requires to be made fresh every day. When the patient is very weak and exhausted, feeding is necessary every hour or two, as only very small quantities of food can be retained. Then strong meat extracts are 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Distemper] 7 7 [Distemper required. Plasmon may also be tried mixed with milk, and Valentine's meat juice with milk. Of this latter from fifteen x drops to a teaspoonful, with one1 to four teaspoonfuls of milk. Invalid Bovril may be given instead of Valentine's for a change in the same proportions, but fresh meat juice from raw meat is as strong as anything. As to stimulants, there is no doubt, when the doe is very low and the pulse weak, from ten 1 drops to a teaspoonful of brandy does good. When the dog is eating all right himself, it may be given in a little water after food, but when one is drenching the food it should be mixed with it. There is no doubt that dogs who continue with a good appetite through distemper do much better, and have a better chance of recovering, no matter how severe the attack may be, than those bad feeders who refuse food and have to be drenched. A little food taken voluntarily does much more good than a lot forced upon the dog ; therefore I advise tempting the patient with a variety of diet, so as to get him to eat something himself — of course, given in small quantities, particularly when the case is bad. I always commence with soup and milk alternately, mixed with bread, biscuits, or rice ; as the dog gets tired of these, I add a little meat, say from a sheep's head or stewed neck of mutton ; for a change some fish, boiled tripe, or stewed rabbit, and if the dog goes off these I try scraped raw meat. I never commence forcing food if I can help it, for I 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Distemper] 7" [Distemper find, once this is started, there is always a difficulty in getting the dog to eat anything himself. As to medicine, the more experience one gets the more one finds this is quite secondary in treating distemper. I do not believe in specifics, and, do what one may, the disease under the best circumstances will run a certain course. In simple cases, where the temperature is not very high, an occasional mild dose of syrup of buck- thorn and castor oil is often all that is required. This is necessary, as the dog cannot go out and take exercise ; therefore the bowels often get constipated, and if this is neglected troublesome diarrhoea may occur. After the temperature is normal and remains so for a few days, and the dog does not feed well, then some tonic is useful, as the following : — Recipe : The Pills : Salicylate of Quinine, - - 12 grains. Extract of Gentian, - - - 30 „ Mix, and divide into 24 pills. Dose : From half to two pills l to be given three times a day. Quinine does not suit all dogs, for in some cases, instead of improving the appetite, for which it is given, it has the opposite effect, when the following mixture may be tried instead : — 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Distemper] 79 [Distemper Recipe : The Mixture : Tincture Nux Vomica, - - 40 minims. Diluted Nitro-hydrochloric Acid, 1 drachm. Compound Tincture Gentian, - 5 drachms. Simple Syrup, 1 ounce. Water to - - - - - 6 ounces. Dose : From one teaspoonful to a table- spoonful three times a day.1 It is not necessary to take notice of a relaxed condition of the bowels so long as the motions are not very frequent, but diarrhoea (frequent watery motions) must not be allowed to go on. As a rule, a small dose of castor oil — say from one teaspoonful x to a tablespoonful — will usually stop it by removing the cause. If it continues after the oil has acted, give, shaken dry on the tongue, from 31 to 15 grains of salicylate of bismuth three or four times, or oftener, a day. Thicken the food with cooked arrowroot, and give boiled rice with soup and meat if the latter is being given. If bismuth does not stop the diarrhoea, try the pills as per prescription below : — Recipe : The Pills for Diarrhoea : Powdered Extract of Kino, - 1 drachm. Powdered Ipecacuanha, 8 grains. Powdered Opium, - - 6 „ Mix, and divide into 12 pills. Dose : From half to two pills to be given three or four times a day.1 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Distemper 1 *0 [Distemper In complications affecting the lungs, as soon as they are noticed the chest should be sewn up in gamgee wool covered over with flannel. I have no faith in ordinary liniments ; and poultices, unless they are applied by a pro- fessional hand, often do more harm than good. In very acute cases the hair may be closely cut off over a small patch on each side of the chest, and strong liniment of iodine applied with a camel's-hair brush. This may be repeated in four hours, and again four hours later, if the application has not made the skin inflamed and swollen. Of course, the size of the patch must vary according to the size of the dog — from a five-shilling piece to the palm of the hand. No very special medicine is required unless the heart is affected, which is often the case, when the following mixture is useful : — Recipe: The Mixture Tincture Digitalis, - - i drachm. Tincture Nux Vomica, - i drachm. Concentrated Solution of Ace- tate of Ammonia, - - 2 drachms. Water to - - 6 ounces. From one1 to four teaspoonfuls to be given every four or six hours, according to the severity of the symptoms. If the fever is very high, from two l to ten grains of bicarbonate of potash may be added to each dose. Some brandy may also be given with advantage, from 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Distemper] ° l [Distemper ten 1 drops to a dessert-spoonful every two or three hours, given as previously recommended. When the nervous system becomes affected during distemper, or just afterwards, it is always a serious matter ; in fact, when the brain is attacked and fits are the result, the case is prac- tically hopeless, and if the fits are very severe and frequent it is better to destroy the dog at once, rather than waste time and money in con- tinuing*; the treatment. When the disease attacks the spinal cord, St Vitus's dance (chorea) generally follows. This is also practically an incurable disease, and in severe cases it is best to put the dog out of its misery, for if it lives it will always be a hopeless cripple. Slight cases improve with time and judicious treatment, but the twitching never entirely disappears, though the dog may recover sufficiently to be shown, and also to be bred from. The disease is not heredi- tary, though I have sometimes thought that puppies of parents suffering from chorea are more disposed to the disease than others. Again, as the result of distemper, the patient may become paralysed to a more or less extent in different parts of the body or limbs — generally the back legs, though occasionally the fore ones are affected, and sometimes all four legs become useless. I have seen some cases when only the tail has been affected, the dog not being able to move it in the least. In other instances the eyes are the seat of the mischief, and amaurosis is the result. Unfortunately, treatment is quite useless in this 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Distemper] " 2 [Distemper latter case ; in fact, I never saw a dog recover. The blindness may not be complete at first, but this paralysis of the eyes is a progressive disease which no treatment seems able to stop. I may here mention in amaurosis that the eye remains clear and bright, and to the casual observer there is nothing to be seen except a widely dilated blue pupil, which ordinary light does not cause to contract, though exposure to the strong rays of the sun will do so slowly. If the owner of a patient thus affected is anxious to try some treatment, then I suggest the following : — Recipe : The Lotion : Sulphate of Eserine, - - - i grain. Distilled Water to - - - - i ounce. One drop to be placed into each eye three times a day. For medicine, give nux vomica as the following : — Recipe ; The Mixture : Tincture Nux Vomica, i drachm. Water to ----- 6 ounces. Doses : From one * teaspoonful to a table- spoonful three times a day after food. Later, the following mixture may be tried : — Recipe ; The Mixture : Iodide of Potassium, 36 grains. Water to 6 ounces. Doses : From one x teaspoonful to a table- spoonful three times a day. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Distemper] °3 [Distemper A seton may also be placed in the back of the neck just behind the ears, and galvanism may also be tried. As to the treatment of distemper fits, if they are noticed at the commencement, before they have become severe, something may be done. Large and frequent doses of bromide of strontia should be administered, from 3 to 15 grains,1 in from a teaspoonful1 to a tablespoonful of water every three or four hours at first, or so long as there are any fits ; when they cease, give the medicine less often — say, every six hours, or four times a day. After a few days, three times a day will be often enough for the medicine, and later twice a day. If there is no diarrhoea, give aperient medicine, and feed on a very light and sloppy food, as bread, with soup or milk, Benger's food, egg and milk, etc. Keep the dog absolutely quiet, and in the dark as much as possible. When the bromide in laro-e doses is continued for some time, one often notices weakness or partial paralysis of the limbs ; this passes off when the medicine is discontinued. As to the treatment of chorea, I know of no specific ; in fact, medicine has little or no effect over this disease at all. Strong doses of medicine like nux vomica or Easton's syrup do more harm than good during the early stages, whereas later small doses of these drugs are beneficial. Directly the twitching is noticed the bromide of strontia should be given, from two l to ten grains three times a day. In the course of a week, if the 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Distemper] "4 [Distemper twitching does not increase, some arsenic may be added to the bromide, as from one x to five drops of Fowler's solution to each dose. Later, in about a month or so, when all inflammatory symptoms have passed, the eyes clear, and the temperature has been normal for some time, some nerve tonic is useful, but it must be given with caution, or the twitching will increase. Easton's syrup is as good as anything — for very small dogs like Japanese spaniels five drops three times a day in a teaspoonful of water is enough ; after a week, six drops may be given ; and a week later, seven drops for a dose. The dose for toy spaniels weighing about eight pounds is eight drops ; full-sized fox terriers, ten drops ; collies, etc., fifteen drops ; St. Bernards, etc., twenty drops. In each case the dose may be gradually increased. If the dog is in very poor condition, petroleum emulsion may be given with the Easton's syrup instead of water. In any case, it is a matter of months before any improvement is noticed. In ordinary paralysis as the result of the distemper, when there is an absence of twitching, bromide in any form does more harm than good. In these cases some preparation of nux vomica is required, and the following pills I have found useful : — Recipe : Compound Nux Vomica Pills : Powdered Nux Vomica, - 2 to 8 grains. x Ergotine, - - - - 5 to 18 grains. Reduced Iron, - - - 12 to 60 grains. Ex. cip. q.s. Mix. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Docking] 85 [Docking Divide into twelve pills, one to be given three times a day. If there is no improvement after a short time, a blister applied to both sides of the neck in cases of paralysis of the forelegs is often useful, and in chronic cases of paralysis of the back legs a blister should be applied to the loins. The blister may be repeated in a fortnight, if necessary. Galvanism is also useful in cases when of long standing. The bowels should be kept open with mild aperients, and vermifuge medicine given if there are any signs of worms. Dogs suffering from paralysis, the result of distemper, generally recover with time and care. Docking : Puppies should be docked when three or four days old, and the operation should be done with a pair of sharp scissors. The skin should be drawn well forward before severing the tail, then afterwards it slips back and well overlaps the bone. There is, as a rule, little or no bleeding ; at any rate, not sufficient to be of any importance. Should there be, it can easily be stopped by the application of a little tincture of perchloride of iron, or of Friar's balsam. It is well after docking a puppy to keep the mother away for half an hour or so. Different breeds of do£s have their tails docked at different lengths. The fox terrier should have three-fifths of his tail left. Irish and Airedale terriers rather less than half. Doses] 06 [Dosing Spaniels, about two-fifths of the tail should be left, and griffons about a third. Doses : In consequence of the difference in the sizes of dogs, it is always difficult when giving a general prescription suitable for dogs of all breeds to make the doses quite clear for dogs of different sizes. However, to make it as clear as possible, I have divided dogs into eight different sizes, as for instance, griffons and others, 4 or 5 pounds weight. I call No. 1 size, spaniels, pugs, etc., weighing 10 or 12 pounds. No. 2 size, fox terriers, Irish terriers, etc., weighing from 18 to 25 pounds. No. 3 size, bull dogs, field spaniels, etc., weighing about 40 pounds. No. 4 size, collies, retrievers, greyhounds, etc. No. 5 size, bloodhounds, etc., and other dogs weighing about 80 pounds. No. 6 size, great Danes, etc., weighing about 120 pounds. No. 7 size, bigger dogs, like St. Bernards. No. 8 size, mastiffs, etc. Therefore, if the dose advised is from half a teaspoonful to a table- spoonful, it is intended for No. 1 size, half a teaspoonful ; No. 2, a teaspoonful ; No. 3, a teaspoonful and a half ; No. 4, two teaspoonfuls ; No. 5, two teaspoonfuls and a half ; No. 6, three teaspoonfuls ; No. 7, three teaspoonfuls and a half; and No. 8, four teaspoonfuls or a tablespoonful. When pills or powders are prescribed, they are to be divided in the same way. Dosing : People who are not in the habit of administering medicine to dogs often have a Dosing] 87 [Dosing difficulty in giving it. Liquid is best given out of a bottle. The person about to give it should stand on the right hand side of the dog, place the left hand around the muzzle, then slightly raise the head, and place the neck of the bottle inside the cheek, and pour a small quantity of the fluid at a time into the pouch formed by the cheek. If the muzzle is held tightly with the left hand, there is no danger of the dog biting the bottle. If the How to give fluid medicine or liquid nourishment to a dog reader is afraid to use a bottle, the fluid may be given with a spoon, but then a second person is required to hold the dog's head, and with the finger pull out the side of the cheek so as to form a pouch in which the medicine should be poured. This is by far a better plan than forcing the dog's mouth open, and pouring the fluid right on his tongue. To give a pill, stand on the right hand side of the dog's head, with the left hand placed Dropsy] [Dropsy- OVer the muzzle, forcing the dog's mouth open by pressing the cheek between the teeth, then he cannot bite you. Slightly raise the head, and drop the pill into the back of the mouth, and then with the forefinger of the right hand just push it into the throat. Close the mouth quickly, and the dog will swallow it. Dropsy : Symptoms: In dropsy, the result of heart or kidney disease, the limbs often become Giving a pill swollen, as well as the abdomen becoming enlarged and pendulous. The fluid may be detected for certain in the abdomen by placing a hand on one side of the stomach, and then gently tapping the other side of the abdomen, and if fluid is present, an undulating motion will be felt like striking a bladder full of water. In dropsy, no matter from what cause, the dog becomes thin about the neck and chest, and the muscles of the limbs waste. Dropsy] °9 [Dropsy As the fluid increases, the size of the abdomen increases ; the breathing becomes distressed, and the dog walks with difficulty. In many cases, when relief is not obtained, the dropsy extends to the chest, which of course increases the difficulty of breathing. Many cases of ascites are due to diseased liver, which may become much enlarged, but the condition of the liver may simply be due to defective circulation. Treatment: Unless the patient is very old, relief may generally be given with the following mixture, continued for some time : — Recipe : The Mixture : Acetate Potash, 3 drachms. Tr. Digitalis, 1 drachm. Tr. Nux Vomica, - - \ drachm. Spirits of Nitre, - - 2 drachms. Water to - - - - - 6 ounces. Doses: From one teaspoonful to two table- spoonfuls1 three times a day. Also give three times a day in water, after food, from fifteen drops l to two teaspoonfuls of Hollands gin. Once or twice a week a dose of purgative medicine should be given, as from three to fifteen grains * of jalapine. When the liver is affected, give from two l to eight grains of grey powder once or twice a week, instead of the jalapine. In severe cases of dropsy tapping is necessary, but as a rule, in ascites it only gives temporary relief. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Dysentery] 9*-* [Dysentery Dysentery : Symptoms : Frequent liquid motions, consisting principally of mucus and blood, accompanied by severe straining. The abdomen is very tender, there is often vomiting and great thirst. Treatment : Give at once a dose of castor oil and laudanum, from half to a tablespoonful x of oil mixed with from three1 to fifteen drops of the latter. About six hours afterwards, commence to give carbonate bismuth from five to twenty grains l every three or four hours, also two or three times a day give an enema of thick boiled starch (from one1 to four teaspoonfuls), mixed with from three1 to twenty drops of laudanum. The enema should be just warm, given very slowly, and the dog should be kept quiet for a short time afterwards, to prevent his ejecting it. The following mixture may be tried, if the symptoms continue in spite of the bismuth : — Recipe : Chlorodyne, 2 drachms. Prepared Chalk, 4 drachms. Tr. Catechu, - - 4 drachms. Sol. Gum Acacia, - - 4 drachms. Water to - - - - - 6 ounces. Doses: From one teaspoonful to a table- spoonful x every three or four hours. Diet : Feed on milk thickened with arrowroot (boiled), also give white of egg beaten up with 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. is a O* JS a q > D, ^ J J § _-.re ">,-•= •S ..23 « y"--i! lo g. ^ c MS = C3 0 .!> J « - 3 ^ = S3 3 = -d.S Equal parts. Salad Oil, ) Well mixed. Doses : From half a teaspoonful * to two table- spoonfuls, fasting, in the morning. For little dogs suffering from constipation, salad oil mixed daily with the food answers well. Give from a half1 to a teaspoonful once or twice a day. Some does refuse to take their food with oil in it. In these cases, fluid magnesia is a nice mild laxative ; and one,1 two, or three teaspoonfuls may be given with a little milk at breakfast-time. A little gingerbread cake, given at night, keeps a small dog's bowels very regular ; besides, it is appreciated. For a purge for small dogs, one or two of the following pills may be given : — 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Purgative] 262 [Purgative Recipe : Extract Colocynth, Extract Jalap, Septandrin, Extract Gentian, Podophyllum, - Gingerine, - 12 gra 6 3 6 3 ns. Mix. Divide into 12 pills. Sometimes it is difficult to give a dog a pill. In these cases, a powder may be administered, as jalapin. Two grains is the dose for a very small dog, and twelve grains for a big one like a great Dane or St. Bernard. It may be just shaken dry on the tongue or mixed with a little thick gruel. The following is a good cathartic pill for dogs varying in size from a fox-terrier to the biggest kind : — Recipe : Barbadoes Aloes, 24 grains. Gamboge, - - - - 12 Jalap, ----- 24 Colocynth, - - - - 12 Powdered Soap, - - - 12 Calomel, - - - - - J 2 Gingerine, - 3 Excip. sufficient. Mix. Divide into 12 pills — one, two, three, or four1 to be give on an empty stomach. In cases of skin disease, when purgative medicine is necessary, Epsom salts is the best. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Purpura] 2"3 [Pyaemia The dose varies from fifteen grains to one ounce,1 given in some sweetened milk. Purpura : Symptoms : Extravasation of blood into the skin in very small pin - like spots, or may be in large patches. They are first bright red, then turn darker, and afterwards become brown in colour. The same symptoms may occur on the tongue, also the cheek, and on the white parts of the eye, and they occur also on the internal organs. Treatment : When the spots are very small and few in number, no notice need be taken of them ; but when there are large patches of extravasated blood, give from half a grain1 to two grains of ergotine with double the quantity of reduced iron, made into a pill, two or three times a day. After a few days, commence a course of arsenic, give from one1 to six drops of liquor arsenic (P.B.) three times a day in water after food. In these cases, avoid giving much meat. Pyaemia : Symptoms : This is an uncommon disease in dogs, but when it does occur it usually runs a rapid course, death often taking place in a few days. It generally results from some severe internal operation, though it may not come on until some months after the operation has taken place, then a large abscess forms in the liver. The attack commences, as a rule, by severe shivering, the temperature rises 3 or 4 or more 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Pyrosis] 2"4 [Pyrosis clegs, above normal ; the pulse is very quick, often going- up to 150. The dog refuses all food, is very thirsty, frequently vomits, and loses condition quickly. If the abscess bursts in the abdomen, peritonitis follows, and death soon takes place ; but if it dries up (becomes caseated), then the dog gets better for a time, but other abscesses are almost sure to form, if not in the liver, kidneys, or lymphatic glands, they may in the lungs, when there is a recurrence of all the symptoms previously described. Treatment : There is little to be done in these cases ; a large dose of salicylate of quinine, say from two to ten grains,1 should be given, and repeated once in six hours. If no improvement takes place by the following day, it is worth while to see what a surgical operation will do, though the chances of a cure by this mode of treatment are never very bright. The dog's strength should be maintained with good strong beef- tea, also Plasmon with milk, and nutritive suppositories and enemas. Brandy, too, should be freely given. Pyrosis : Symptoms : The rejection from the stomach of a quantity of watery fluid. This is generally preceded by discomfort and restlessness, and rumbling in the stomach. Treatment : Put dog on a milk diet for a few days ; it may be given with Benger's food, Plasmon, or Spratt's invalid food, or toast ; also three or four times a day, about a quarter of 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Rabi93] -u5 [Rabiea an hour before food, give from two1 to ten grains of subnitrate of bismuth. Do not give any meat. Rabies : Symptoms : As in all illnesses, this one commences with a loss of appetite, and a rise of temperature from 2 to 3 degs. above normal. The dog may be constantly licking himself at one particular spot, which is probably the place where he was bitten and inoculated. The dog's disposition entirely changes, the cheerful one becomes morose and sullen, the quiet one is restless, and the good-tempered dog quarrelsome, and there is an inclination to hide in dark corners, though when called by his owner he comes forward and is very affectionate, licking the hand and even the person's face if allowed. A rabid dog is generally depicted with a quantity of frothing saliva flowing from the mouth, like one suffering from epilepsy. This is a mistake, the mouth may certainly be a little moister than usual at first, but it soon becomes dry and of a dark red colour. The rabid dog is much inclined to attack others, the small, timid pet will, without provocation, bite both small and large dogs, and it is generally done cunningly, for he will often go quietly up to his victim and smell him, in the usual doggy way, and then suddenly bite him, and perhaps give a sort of howl immediately afterwards. A rabid dog's voice is quite altered, and it is very characteristic of the disease, but it is rather 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Rabies] 2^6 [Rabies difficult to describe on paper ; it is half a bark and half a howl ; it commences with a bark and finishes up with a dismal howl. A rabid dog is much disposed to wander if he can only get his liberty, and once he gets out he often goes for miles on a sort of jog-trot, with head and tail down, going out of his way to attack other dogs, but not so much people, unless they get directly in his way, or interfere with him. He may wander for hours, or perhaps a day and a night, and then return home. A rabid dog, though he refuses good food, will gnaw and eat all sorts of foreign substances ; for instance, if he is in a kennel, he will gnaw and eat the woodwork ; if behind railings or chained up, the ironwork, even to the extent of breaking his teeth. If confined in a room, he will gnaw the door, legs of chairs, carpets, curtains, etc. I have known one to eat his way through a two- inch door in a couple of hours. A rabid dog is not afraid of water ; in fact, he drinks a good deal at first, before the symptoms are fully developed, and even during the latter stages, though he is unable to swallow, he will thrust his muzzle into a basin of water and try to drink. As the disease advances, he becomes weak in the back legs, and ultimately quite paralysed, and if not killed, dies within four or five days ; but some have been known to live as long as seven days. In dumb rabies, so called, the lower jaw is dropped in the early stages through paralysis, and the dog is unable to close the mouth. This Ranula] ~^7 [Ranula is sometimes rather deceiving, as a person may think, perhaps, there is a bone fixed on the teeth, and opening the mouth to see, may get wounded by the teeth. It is not often a rabid dog will attack his owner unless the person tries to restrain him ; but he will generally go for a stranger without hesitation or provocation. Rabies cannot arise spontane- ously, or from any other cause whatever but inoculation by a bite from a dog suffering from the disease. The inoculative period varies from a fortnight to six weeks ; it has been known to extend for three months. There is no doubt that the saliva from a rabid dog's mouth, going into the eye of another dog, would in all proba- bility induce the disease. Treatment : There is no cure for this disease. Directly it is established, the dog should at once be destroyed, and shooting is the best and safest way of destroying such an animal. I wish to dispel the idea which so many people have, that if a dog bites another, or even a person, and that dog should ever go mad, the dog and also the person will go mad too ; such a thing is impossible, even though the disease may be lying latent in the dog the time he inflicted the bites. Pasteur, who was a great authority on rabies, used to say that a bite from a dog, even two days before there were any visible symptoms of the disease observed, was not dangerous. Ranula : Symptoms : A large, bladder - like swelling under the tongue, which prevents the dog eating Redness] 2b o [Redness properly. Saliva, as a rule, flows freely from the mouth, and in some cases the dog is unable to close the teeth together. The cause, in some cases, is due to some blockage of the duct of the gland which is situated under the front part of the tongue. Treatment : A probe passed through the duct generally allows the accumulated fluid to escape, but in some cases the fluid in the swelling has become so thick that it cannot escape through the natural passage, even though cleared with a probe ; then the sac should be freely opened, and after squeezing out its contents, the cavity should be syringed well out with a solution of boracic acid — a teaspoonful of the acid to half a pint of warm water. Redness of Skin : Symptoms: A flushed or red condition of the skin often occurs in white dogs. It is particu- larly noticed on the inside of the flaps of the ears, the inner side of the thighs and skin of the belly, or it may be general. The redness disappears on pressure, but returns when pressure is removed. Treatment : Dust the part over three or four times a day with finely-powdered boracic acid. Treat dog for worms, and give some tonic medicine, as following pills : — Recipe : Sulphate of Iron, - - 6 to 24 grains.1 Sulphate of Quinine, - - 3 to 18 „ Confection of doses, q.s. Mix. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Respiration] 2°9 [Rheumatic Divide into 12 pills — one to be given twice a clay. A mild saline aperient should be given once a week. Respiration (Artificial) : When a dog has been nearly drowned, before resorting to artificial respiration he should be held upside down for a few moments, to drain the lungs of water, and then placed on his back with head extended, and after drawing the tongue slightly forward between the teeth, so as to keep throat quite clear, apply pressure to the chest (just where it joins the abdomen) with the open hand, in a forward and downward direction, so as to expand the chest — this should be repeated from eighteen to thirty times a minute, according to the size of the dog. After pressure, the hand should be re- moved quickly, that the walls of the chest may assume their normal position. Whilst this is going on, another person should inject brandy under the skin, and rigorously work the legs so as to try and promote circulation. As soon as possible put hot-water bottles around the dog. Rheumatic Gout : Symptoms : There is no doubt that dogs do occasionally suffer from this disease, it affecting generally the knees and hocks, but other joints may be attacked. The dog is very lame, the joint swells and is very tender, and there is a difficulty in bending it. Even after the inflammation has dispersed, the joint remains thickened and stiff for some time, in some cases permanently. Treatment : Give a brisk purge, and also from Rheumatism] 27° [Rhetimatism two to fifteen grains1 of salicylate of soda three times a day in water after food. If joint very painful, use following lotion : — Recipe : Tr. Opium, - ... 4 drachms. Water to 6 ounces. Soak a strip of lint in the lotion, which wind round the joint ; cover entirely over with oil- silk and bandage ; change every six hours. When the inflammation and pain is less, cut the hair closely off over the joint, and paint with strong tincture of iodine, which repeat once in twenty - four hours. The iodine must not be applied to flexure side of joint. When the joint remains enlarged and stiff for some time, a course of iodide of potassium, say from a quarter x to two grains, may be given three times a day in a little water after food. Rheumatism : Symptoms : This disease may affect almost any part of dog, and also dogs of all ages, though old ones are no doubt more liable to it. When it attacks the muscles of the neck, it often assumes a spasmodic form, and the pain is sometimes very acute ; the dog is unable to move his head in any direction, the muscles, from contraction, appear swollen, are very tender to the touch, and the dog cries with the pain. The attack generally lasts some hours, then it gradually subsides, and the do£ seems all riorht for a while, when it may come on again. Then, rheumatism often affects the shoulders, and when it does, it is 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Rheumatism] 2 7 J [Rheumatism called "Chest Founder". The parts are painful and stiff, and the dog walks with difficulty, dragging the fore feet along the ground. Bitches, when in low condition after rearing- a litter of puppies, often suffer from this form. Then the loins, again, are the frequent seat of this disease, and when it affects this part it is called lumbago. The dog walks with arched back, and very stiffly — and as when the other parts of the body are affected, there is a good deal of pain. As the result of lumbago, a dog often loses the use of the hind legs for a time, and in fact becomes quite paralysed. The disease is not confined only to these parts mentioned, as the joints of the fore and hind legs are liable, and a very characteristic symptom of rheumatism is its changing about quickly from one part to another, which is unlike any other disease. For instance, one day the dog may be going dead lame in one of the back legs, the next day the other hind leg may be affected, and the one that was bad the previous day quite free of pain, or the disease may leave the hind parts and go to one of the fore limbs. But this is not always the case, as the disease may settle in a joint, or some muscles, say of the loins, and remain stationary for a long time. Treatment : This is practically the same at first, at any rate, whatever part may be affected. The thing is to try and get the disease out of the system. It is always a good plan to commence with a good purge ; after this has worked off, give a course of salicylate of soda, from two to Rheumatism] 2/2 [Rheumatism fifteen grains1 three times a day, either in tabloid form, put up in cachets, or even dissolved in a little water. If this medicine does not give relief in twenty-four hours, try aspirni or salicine, the doses are the same. When the muscles of the neck are affected, the pain is often very acute, as mentioned before. In such cases it is frequently necessary to administer some sedative medicine, and for this I find there is nothing better than giving, subcu- taneously, from the twentieth to the eighth of a grain l of acetate of morphia, with from g^th to yi^th of a grain 1 of sulphate of atropine, the two to be dissolved in from five1 to ten minims of water. The dose should be repeated night and morning for a few days. At first these injections may cause vomiting, but this soon ceases. In cases of chest founder, or rheumatism in bitches in a weak condition, which occurs after rearing puppies, salicylate of quinine is often the best medicine to give, in doses from half to three grains * (made into a pill), three times a day. Dogs suffering from rheumatism should be kept quiet, the affected parts covered over with a thick layer of thermogen wool, and bandaged or rubbed with some liniment, as the following : — Recipe : Methylated Chloroform, - - 4 drachms. Laudanum, .... 4 drachms. Spirits of Camphor, - - - 1 ounce. Soap Liniment, 1 ounce. Well mix. Apply with friction night and morning. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Rickets] 273 [Rickets Diet : Unless the patient is in poor health, should be light, red meat being avoided ; and so should meat extracts and soups to a great extent. When the disease has assumed a chronic form, and settled in some joint, like the knee — a favourite place — strong tincture of iodine should be painted over the front and on each side of the joint every day for three days, or a strong blister applied, and iodide of potassium, in from half to two-grain x doses, be given two or three times a day. Rickets : Symptoms ; A disease affecting puppies ; if it does not commence before six months of age, it is not likely to occur. In some puppies it commences before they have left the nest, but, as a rule, it does not show itself before the puppy is two months old. The joints, especially the knees and hocks, become enlarged and irregular in shape ; the pasterns weak, the puppy walks on the backs of his legs ; the arms are bowed, the stifles enlarged and standing out, whilst the hocks turn inwards, giving a "cow-hock" appear- ance. The bones of the face may be swollen, and there may be a curvature of the spine. The puppy, when suffering from rickets, is always dwarfed in growth, very thin and miserable - looking, with pot belly, and always more or less in pain. The cause of rickets is improper feeding, want of sufficient fresh air, light, and liberty ; also worms. Treatment : Puppies suffering from this disease, 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. s Ringworm] -74 [Ringworm when much below their normal size and weight, and badly crippled, should be destroyed. When it is decided to treat a case, give worm medicine, also some chemical food, from ten drops * to a tea- spoonful twice a day after eating, either in water or mixed with cod-liver oil. Bathe the limbs with sea water, or a solution of sea salt twice a day; but if very weak, bandage with strips of adhesive plaster, applied so that it does not interfere with the bending of the joints. The puppy should live out of doors, in a big gravelled yard if possible, and where there are people about to attract attention and to encourage movement. Give plenty of raw meat on a bone, if possible — the act of gnawing it off much improves the digestion ; also give Spratt's malt and cod-liver oil biscuits, dry, as well as soaked in good soup. The puppy may have milk to drink instead of water. No treatment is of any use without fresh air, sunshine, and liberty. Ringworm : Symptoms : Almost bare and nearly circular patches of skin, which is rough and scaly, and sometimes there are a few small red pimples on the places and a few short stumps of broken hair. The disease is very contagious to other animals, and also to people. Rats and mice are very subject to ringworm, and frequently infect dogs. Treatment : Dress all the spots daily with sulphurated calcium lotion, applied with a brush. After a week, dress the spots daily with borate of glycerine. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Rupture] 2 7 5 [Scalds Rupture : Symptoms : A swelling in the groin, navel, scrotum perineum, etc. ; and it may occur at any part of the abdomen, the result of an injury, when it is called ventral hernia. The swelling may be round or elongated ; it is generally broader at its free extremity than at its point of connection with the abdominal surface. It becomes enlarged when the dog strains, or when constipated, and it also has a tendency to increase in size as the dog gets older. Treatment : Navel rupture, which is generally congenital, has a tendency to become smaller as the puppy gets older ; and often by the time he or she is a year old it may have quite disappeared. Trusses are useless in the treatment of hernia in dogs, they fidget the animal so ; but a radical cure can be effected in most cases, with every chance of success, by a surgical operation, which is not a dangerous one. (See Hernia.) Scalds : Symptoms : Skin inflamed and red, and very painful ; blisters appear, which break, and matter forms. Unhealthy wounds are the result, which take a long time to heal. Hair removed, the result of a burn or scald, never grows again. Treatment : To remove the pain and inflam- mation, dab the parts freely with a dressing made of lime-water one part, linseed-oil two parts, mixed together. Later apply boracic ointment on lint and bandage. The wounds must be kept clean by being occasionally sponged with warm boracic lotion. Sea] 276 [Seton Sea Sickness : Symptoms: Depression, loss of appetite and vomiting. Some dogs, when on a voyage or living on a yacht, the first few days appear very listless and dejected in spirits ; and although there may be no sickness, food is refused, and they get very thin and miserable- looking. Treatment: It is not a serious matter, as a rule, for the nausea generally soon passes off, and the dog starts to eat ; but if it continues more than a couple of days, a small dose of bromide of potassium, say from two1 to ten grains, may be given in a little water three or four times a day, and the dog encouraged to take Vichy water and milk in equal parts ; and some tempting food, as a little chicken and stale bread-crumbs, or stewed rabbit with rice, may be offered. Once the dog commences to eat, he generally quickly regains his former condition. Seton, How to put in a : Clip the hair closely over the parts of the skin for about the size of half-a-crown where the needle is to enter the skin, and also where it is to pass out ; then wash with warm water and soap, and dry. The needle should be slightly curved and sharp-pointed, and threaded with a piece of half-inch tape, which should be smeared over with a little turpentine ointment for about two inches in the centre, which is the part that is to be left under the skin. The 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Seton] 277 (Seton dog being muzzled, a fold of skin from an inch and a half to four inches1 should be well raised between the forefinger and thumb from the muscles underneath ; then the point of the needle should be passed quickly through the raised skin where the hair has been removed ; then draw the needle right through, and detach the tape. A knot should be tied at each end of the tape, about half an inch from the wounds, to prevent the seton coming out. The ends of the seton must be drawn backwards and forwards twice daily to allow the discharge to escape, and a little turpentine ointment rubbed on the tape Seton every day for three or four days. The wounds must be kept very clean. A seton may be allowed to remain in from one to four weeks. A seton placed on the back of the neck, running from just behind the back of one ear to the other, is a useful form of counter irritant in cases of chronic epilepsy, also for distemper fits. In cases of general paralysis, when all four legs are affected, a seton placed on either side of the neck, running along the course of the spine, often do good ; and so they do when 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86, Sexual] 27" [Shaking placed in the loins, one on either side of the spine, in paraplegia or paralysis of the hind quarters. In pneumonia a seton may be placed in front of the chest, running from the inside of one shoulder-joint to the other. Troublesome cysts that are difficult to dis- perse, like those found in the flaps of the ear, may often be cured by running a seton through it, and keeping it there for a few days. A small seton placed in the throat, just in front of the larynx, is useful in cases of chronic cough. Sexual Excitement : Symptoms : Some dogs are constantly worrying themselves, getting on people's feet and legs, and working their body, which is, to say the least, most disagreeable. Very often any amount of chastising fails to stop the disagreeable habit, but if the dog is young, there are always hopes that he will improve with time, for, as a rule, when he is a year old the disagreeable habit ceases ; but there are dogs who continue to misbehave them- selves whenever an opportunity occurs the whole of their lives, and the only cure is to have them castrated, which is a certain cure. This operation does not seem to affect a dog's health or spirits. Shaking Palsy: Symptoms : Trembling of the limbs, particularly the back ones, when standing, although when walking the dog may go with a normal gait. It is a condition that is more often seen in big dogs than small ones, particularly those with Shockl 279 [Snake straight hocks and stifle joints. It may also occur as the result of advanced age even in small does. Treatment: Medicine is seldom of any use, although sometimes a course of Nux Vomica appears to do some good, and is worth a trial, unless there is some physical defect. The dose is from one to eight drops,1 given in water after food, and repeated two or three times a day. Shock : Symptoms : The dog is generally in a semi- comatose or unconscious condition, lying on the side ; the breathing is feeble and slow ; the pulse almost, if not quite, imperceptible ; the mouth and also the membranes of the eyes are quite white ; the limbs are cold, and if the tem- perature be taken, it is often 5 or 6 degs. below normal. This condition may be due to loss of blood or the result of internal injury, as after an accident — for instance, being run over with some vehicle. Treatment : Place the dog on his right side, and keep the head low ; give stimulants, as brandy, from ten drops to a couple of teaspoon- fuls * in a little water. If the dog is unable to swallow, inject from ten l to sixty drops under the skin. This may be repeated in half an hour, if necessary. Also apply hot-water bottles to the back, and well hand-rub the limbs. Snake Bite : Symptoms : Swelling, redness, and great pain 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Snoring] 2°° [Snorting at the part bitten. The breathing becomes heavy and laborious ; paralysis sets in ; and later, convulsions and death. Treatment : A ligature applied as tightly as possible above the part bitten, and the appli- cation of a saturated solution of permanganate of potash (Condy's fluid undiluted) to the wound. Give stimulants, as brandy or sal volatile, freely, the latter well diluted with water. Snoring : Symptoms : This condition is particularly noticed in old, fat dogs, especially pugs, and other dogs with a short nose. Treatment : When a dog has naturally an exceptionally short nose, there is little to be done. Sometimes when the snoring is worse than usual, a dose of purgative medicine gives some relief. When the dog is very fat, take means to make him thinner. (See article on Stoutness.) Snorting : Symptoms : The dog stands with all four legs outstretched and nose extended, and draws the air sharply through his nose as if trying to remove some obstruction in the nasal passages or throat. It may occur at any time, but more often when first going out of doors into the cool air. Snorting often occurs after a cold or dis- temper. It is also a symptom of a polypus in the nose, and worms in the nasal passages ; and dogs suffering from stomach disorders often snort. Treatment : When the result of some simple Spaying] "i0 * [Sprains obstruction of mucus, as from cold or distemper, syringing the nose thoroughly with a solution of common salt (five grains to each ounce of water) gives relief. If the irritation proceeds from the fauces or throat, an emetic should be given, and purgative medicine is indicated if the stomach be deranged. When the condition is due to a polypus, a surgical operation is necessary. Para- sites in the nose are difficult to dislodge, but sometimes an ounce of a solution of Pearson's disinfectant fluid (one in a hundred) syringed up each nostril has the desired effect. I may add that worms in the nostrils of dogs living in England are of rare occurrence. Spaying : This is an operation occasionally performed on bitches to prevent breeding. Though it succeeds in this respect, it seldom prevents the bitch operated upon coming into heat to a more or less extent, and being troublesome with male dogs. For this and other reasons, the operation is not recommended. Sprains : Symptoms : Pain and swelling of the injured parts, followed, as a rule, by discolouration, lameness. Treatment : If where a bandage can be applied, the following lotion on lint is recommended : — Recipe : Goulard's Extract of Lead, - i drachm. Laudanum, 2 drachms. Water to .... 6 ounces. Mix. Stifle] 282 [Stifle A piece of lint should be soaked in the lotion, placed over or around the injured part ; this should be covered with a piece of oil-silk, taking care that it entirely covers the lint, and then a bandage applied. Repeat every eight hours. If the injury has occurred where a bandage cannot easily be applied, the following liniment is recommended : — Recipe : Chloroform, 4 drachms. Tincture Hyoscyamus, 4 drachms. Spirits of Camphor, - 1 ounce. Soap Liniment, 2 ounces. Mix. Apply with gentle friction twice a day. In cases of sprains, keep the dog quiet for a week or so, and then give gentle exercise, swimming, for preference, if the weather is suitable, and the dog takes quietly to the water. In these cases, a free dose of purgative medicine, given as soon after the accident as possible, is beneficial. Stifle Joint, Injury to : This joint appears to be a particularly weak one in dogs, and is very liable to injury, due from slipping, or twisting of the leg. Symptoms : The dog is very lame, and often carries the leg. If he puts it down, he stands with only the points of the toe touching the ground, and placed just behind the other leg. The joint becomes swollen, more particularly on the inside, and is very painful. Treatment ; These cases are always long ones, Stingsl 2^3 [Stings and a bad injury to this joint means the dog being lame very often for two or three months. If the case is taken in hand at once, hot poppy- head fomentation is the best application, which should be applied two or three times a day. After three or four days, the following liniment may be applied night and morning all around the joint, but particularly on the inside, where the principal swelling is : — Recipe: The Liniment: Chloroform, .... 4 drachms. Tincture Hyoscyamus, - - 4 drachms. Spirits of Camphor, 1 ounce. Soap Liniment, 2 ounces. When the inflammation has passed, the dog often continues to go lame for some time, due to the joint being stiff. This condition is relieved by rubbing the swelling, which will be found on the inside of the joint, daily with colourless tincture of iodoform. In all cases of injury of the stifle joint, the dog should be, for the first two or three weeks, kept absolutely quiet, and then gentle walking exercises may be given, and later, it is a good plan to give the dog swimming exercise. Stings : Symptoms : Pain, swelling and redness of the part. A dog sometimes gets stung on the tongue with a wasp, and the swelling which afterwards occurs is often serious. Treatment : When possible, extract the sting, and apply a solution of ammonia ; ammoniated Stoutness] 2°4 [Stye tincture of quinine is one of the best preparations for this purpose. When the tongue has been stung, after extracting the sting and applying the ammonia sparingly, ice should be applied to reduce the swelling. Stoutness : Symptoms : A general increase of the fatty- constituents of the body ; the neck becomes thick and seems shorter ; the body is enlarged, especially the abdomen, which is hard and distended. The dog walks with difficulty, is constantly panting, and often has an asthmatical cough. The heart's action is generally weak and feeble. Treatment : More good is to be done by dieting in these cases than medicine, and often great benefit is derived by feeding sparingly and entirely on lean raw meat. As to quantity, this, of course, must depend on the size of the dog, but if half the quantity in bulk is given to what the dog has been in the habit of having, this should be about the right amount. Feed twice a day. Also give, at least once a week, a dose of purgative medicine, and make the dog take some exercise, which should be gradually increased. Do not allow the dog to drink much water. Stye: Symptoms : A small hard red swelling on the edge of the eyelid. This condition sometimes occurs in dogs during or after distemper. Treatment : It can often be cured at once during the early stages by extracting the eye- lash around the roots of which the stye has Suffocation] 2°5 [Suffocation formed. If treated later, the parts should be fomented with hot poppy - head tea, with the addition of boracic acid. This should be made by boiling for ten minutes two crushed poppy- heads in a quart of water, then strain through fine muslin and add a dessertspoonful of boracic acid. Apply with piece of absorbent wool for ten or fifteen minutes as hot as can comfortably be borne. Repeat three or four times a day. Suffocation : Symptoms : Those of interruption to breathing. May be the result of partial drowning, also from a piece of food or some foreign body being fixed in the fauces or throat. The dog gasps for breath ; the eyes are staring and prominent ; the mouth is generally fixed open, and the tongue is of a dark blue colour. Dogs are often suffocated in hot weather whilst travelling, through being shut up in a too small or badly-ventilated box. As a rule, such cases are not found out until the dog arrives at his destination, when the box is opened, and he is found lying dead at the bottom of it. Sometimes the dog is not quite dead, though unconscious. The breathing is very slow and shallow ; the pulse imperceptible. The body is cold, and the tongue a dark blue colour. Treatment : At once remove the cause if possible. If some foreign body or food is lodged in the throat, it must be removed — brought up or pushed down. If no forceps Superfluous] 2b O Superfluous are at hand, one can often remove the sub- stance with the finger, bent in the form of a hook. If it cannot be brought up, it must be pushed down, so that the breathing may be relieved as quickly as possible. If the dog is unconscious, dash cold and hot water alter- nately on the face ; slap the body hard with the hand. If the suffocation is due to partial drowning, artificial respiration is necessary. (See article on that subject.) In cases, the result of insufficient air, take the dog out into the open, that he may have as much air as possible. Hold from one to three drops ! of nitrate of amyl upon a piece of blotting-paper or handkerchief to the nose ; repeat in ten or fifteen minutes. Well hand-rub and work the limbs to promote circulation ; and if not soon better, bleed rather freely from the jugular vein if possible; if not, then from both ears. Superfluous Hair : Symptoms : The only place that I have seen this occur in a dog is on the cornea of the eye, which causes a constant watery discharge ; and there is a tendency to keep the eye closed, or partially so. Treatment : Nothing but an operation is of any use. This consists in carefully cutting off the small piece of skin on which the hair grows. There is little or no blemish the result of the operation. Afterwards, for a few days, bathe the eye occasionally with boracic lotion, half a drachm to six ounces of water. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. •- >, «. 0. " "3 ? < v'~> a. . if. = CTD rt a * 5 < Ix. 0 <^i; y. — c £ 5:2 O §■■= CJ H g- Synovitis] 2°7 [Tail Synovitis (Inflammation of a Joint) : Symptoms: Great lameness, the dog probably not being able to put the leg to the ground at all. The joint is much swollen, very painful, and red. It is generally the result of an injury. Treatment : Give at once a dose of purgative medicine, and use the following lotion : — Recipe : Goulard's Extract of Lead, - i drachm. Laudanum, .... 2 drachms. Distilled Water to - - - 6 ounces. Saturate a piece of lint sufficiently wide to cover the joint, and long enough to go round it ; cover over entirely with oil - silk, and apply a bandage. The lotion should be repeated every four or five hours. If, after the pain and inflammation has passed, the joint remains swollen, rub sparingly into the part once a day a liniment made with equal parts of colourless tincture of iodine and soap liniment. Should the joint become stiff and callous, it may be necessary to apply a mercurial blister. Tail, Sores at the Tip of: Symptoms : Big dogs with long tails, especially great Danes, and those confined in kennels, frequently suffer from a sore at the tip of the tail, which, in many cases, is most difficult to cure. Treatment : Thoroughly cleanse the wound with a solution of chinosol lotion, ten grains to eight ounces of water, and when well dried, dust Teats] 20° [Teeth over with powdered iodoform and cover the sore with a few layers of gauze, and as it is impossible to keep a bandage on, several layers of Mead's plaster should be placed over the end of the tail, which prevents further bruising. In some cases it is necessary to make the dog wear a leather bag over the tail. This should be fastened around the loins. The part covering the tip should be of double thickness. When well, it is a good plan when a dog is always banging his tail about, to pad his kennel with sacks stuffed with straw, to prevent his injuring it again, for once a tail has been hurt, it remains tender, and is more liable to injury. Teats (Crack in) : Symptoms : A bitch, when nursing puppies, often suffers from the teats cracking ; the parts become swollen, inflamed, and very painful. Treatment : Keep clean with boracic lotion, and anoint night and morning with boracic ointment. A few grains of bicarbonate of potash, mixed with the food, cools the blood. Teeth : Dogs, like most other mammals, have two sets of teeth. The first are temporary, and, from their whiteness, they are often called the milk teeth ; they are twenty-eight in number. The second set are permanent, and therefore not deciduous ; they are forty-two, and sometimes forty-four, in number. A set of teeth consists of three different kinds. Those situated in front or anterior part of the mouth are called the incisors, and those placed Teeth] 2%9 [Teeth immediately behind the incisors are called the tusks or canines, and behind those are the molars. Each tooth is divided into three parts. The free, or part that is seen when looking into the mouth, is called the crown ; then there is the neck or constricted part, which is encircled by the gum, and divides the crown from the fang or root, which is inserted in a cavity (the Alveolus) in the jaw-bone. Each tooth is made up of three different structures. The external, or enamel, which gives the new tooth its beautiful white appear- ance, and consists only of a somewhat thin layer, and covers the crown of the tooth only. Im- mediately underneath the enamel, is situated the ivory or dentine, of which the tooth, including the fang, principally consists. In the centre of the fang is a foramen, or small cavity, containing the pulp, consisting of a membrane nerve and small blood-vessels to supply nourish- ment, etc., to the tooth. The incisors, twelve in number, both in the temporary as well as in the permanent set, are for distinction divided into nippers, which are the two centre ones ; the intermediates are those situated between the nippers and corners, the latter being placed next to the tusks. The crown of an incisor tooth presents three prominences — a middle, which is the strongest, and two lateral. On the internal surface of the tooth is noticed a slope, somewhat resembling that found in an ox's or sheep's tooth. The root Teeth] 29° [Teeth is well developed, longer than the crown, and flattened on both sides. The tusks, four in number, in both sets are strong, elongated organs, conical in form, and curved in an outward and backward direction. The upper fangs are the strongest, and there is a small space between them and the corner incisor teeth, in which the lower tusks are situated when the mouth is closed. Most of the molars terminate in sharp lobes, and, conse- quently, are well adapted for tearing and crushing. They are, as a rule, twenty-six in number, seven on each side of the lower jaw, and six on each side of the upper one ; but sometimes there are seven on each side of the upper jaw, the same as the lower. It is not an uncommon occurrence for a dog with a short face, like bull - dogs, spaniels, and pugs, to have only five upper molars, and six lower molars. But there are only twelve temporary molars — three on each side of both jaws. A puppy, when born, has no teeth visible, though the milk ones are formed and in the gums, and in some cases, their outline may be seen through the mucous membrane. The milk teeth are smaller, softer, and more pointed than the permanent ones, and they are not situated so closely together. The tusks, too, are slightly pink in colour just above the neck, which is not the case with the second ones. Puppies of different breeds vary in the time when they cut their teeth, those of the larger kinds cutting them earlier than small dogs ; and Teeth] 29I iTeeth though a fox-terrier puppy's teeth appear earlier than a toy terrier's, yet St. Bernards have them still earlier. The process of dentition of the milk teeth is usually carried on without any trouble at all to the puppy. Such is not the case with respect to the cutting of the permanent ones, for it is a very common occurrence for puppies at this time to have convulsions. In other cases, at this period, eczema is very often troublesome, which, in some instances, continues after dentition is completed. With regard to the cutting of the deciduous teeth, the first that appear, in most cases, is the middle molar on each side of the lower jaw. These pierce the gums in puppies of large breeds like St. Bernards, about the eighteenth or nine- teenth day after birth. Puppies, like greyhounds, retrievers, fox-terriers, and others of similar size, do not cut these same teeth until about four days later, whilst puppies of the toy class are often a week later still. About a day after the second lower molars have appeared, the upper incisors show them- selves ; the nippers and intermediates are the first to make their appearance. These are followed the next day by the upper corner incisors, and about the same time the lower corner incisors pass through the gums, and the tusks are erupted ; but it often happens that all the incisors pass through the gums together, and the tusks at the same time, or just a day or so later. About the fourth week, the last or third lower Teeth] 292 [Teeth molar, and also the first one, have been cut, and are fairly well up ; and about two days later, the middle upper molar is just appearing. In a day or two more, the last upper molar is erupted ; and a couple of days afterwards, the first upper molar, which is the last to be cut, now makes its appearance. By this, it will be seen that large puppies, like St. Bernards, have a complete set of milk teeth by the fifth week. Puppies of the smaller breeds are, as previously stated, a few days later. It may be here remarked, that bitch puppies invariably cut their teeth rather better, and some- what earlier, than dogs. Winter puppies are a little later in getting their teeth than those born in the spring. The milk teeth are seldom placed close to- gether, and as the puppy grows, they become still wider apart. This fact is useful in helping one to ascertain the age of a puppy. The deciduous teeth are much softer than the permanent ones, and when a pup is three months old, if it has had any hard food, the points of the tusks and incisors are worn off. When a puppy is about three and a half to four months old, the upper incisor nippers are loose, and sometimes have fallen out, and the permanent ones are just coming through the gums at this part. At the same time, the fourth upper molar, which is the fourth from the tusk, makes its appearance. (It will be noticed that though the lower tem- porary molars are cut before the upper ones, the reverse is the case with the permanent Teeth] 293 [Teeth teeth.) In the course of another few days, or a week, the other upper deciduous incisors are shed, and the permanent ones appearing in their place, then the lower milk incisors commence to fall out, and the new ones to make their appear- ance. About the same time the tusks are showing themselves through the gums. In some cases, the tusks do not appear until all the other teeth are up. This is about the general order in which the teeth are cut, but of course there are exceptions, and in some instances, the permanent tusks appear just after the eruption of the upper centre incisors. It does not always happen that the temporary teeth are shed before the permanent ones appear, and the latter shoot up either beside, in front, or behind the milk teeth. Then the latter teeth should always be drawn, or the permanent ones may not come straight and regular. With regard to the permanent molars, the first to appear, as previously stated, is the fourth one. It makes its appearance just behind the last temporary molar. Before it is fully up, the fifth upper molar has passed through the gum. At about this same time the fifth, or large permanent lower molar, is appearing ; this is quickly followed by the sixth, and again by the seventh. About the same time as these two latter teeth are erupting, the temporary molars in the same jaw are falling out, and their places are being filled by permanent ones. About a week later, the first lower milk molar is shed and the permanent one cut ; this is followed by the Teeth] 294 [Teeth second and third ones. The corresponding teeth on each side of the jaw, as, for instance, the fourth molar on the left and right sides, are erupted simultaneously. By the time puppies, such as St. Bernards, mastiffs, retrievers, and others of similar size, are about four months old, the process of dentition is complete. Fox-terriers, and other dogs of this size, are in some cases a fortnight later, and small toy dogs are often from six to eight months of age, or even later, before the mouth is fully furnished. It is impossible to tell the age of a dog with any certainty after dentition is finished, but up to then one can judge the age to within a fortnight, if it is borne in mind how the teeth are erupted. After this time, and up to a year or eighteen months, if, together with the condition of the incisor teeth, whose middle prominences at this time show signs of wear, one takes into con- sideration the general appearances of a dog, a fair judgment as to age may be formed. Later, the wear of the teeth gives no good idea of the age, because so much depends upon the kind of food the animal eats, whether it is hard or soft. When a dog is fed on bread and gravy or meat, the teeth will show little or no signs of wear when he is two or three years old, while the incisor teeth of another dog of the same aofe will commence to become blunted if biscuits form the staple food. The teeth become still more worn if a large number of bones are given as a part of the diet. And again, dogs who are always playing with and carrying stones often Teeth] 295 [Teeth wear the incisor teeth right down to the gums, and the tusks become worn in the course of a few years. As a rule, if a dog is fed on a mixed diet, as bread and vegetables, soaked biscuits, etc., and not given many bones, and is not allowed to carry stones, then the teeth (incisors and tusks) preserve their shape and position until the fourth year. But by this time the teeth have lost their very white colour, and have become of a palish yellow colour. As the dog advances in years the teeth become still more yellow, besides becoming coated with tartar just above the neck of the tooth, if they have not been occasionally scaled. The tusks, too, now become blunted, and to some degree are altered in position, being inclined to take a more outward direction. It is, therefore, an easy matter to distinguish between an old and a young dog. The teeth of dogs that are pig-jawed, and those that are undershot like bull-dogs, do not, of course, wear to the same extent as when the incisors meet, forming an even mouth. When the permanent teeth come up crooked, it is a most difficult thing to redirect them, especially when the tusks are at fault, and they are generally the offenders ; for these teeth are so firmly and deeply fixed in the jaw-bone that it is impossible, without employing great force, to move them, and from their conical shape it is almost impossible to fix a rubber band or wire to them unless a small niche is made in the enamel, and this damages the teeth Teeth] 29° [Teeth and renders them liable to decay. When the tusks grow inwards so as to injure the palate, I have, after a great deal of trouble, fixed a wedge made of hard wood between the two tusks of the lower jaw, but it always comes out within a few hours. Again, when the incisors, or front teeth, come up twisted or crooked, and one tries to turn them with forceps, the operation is seldom successful ; the tooth is almost sure to break, as dogs' teeth are so brittle. More good is to be done by pressing the erring teeth in the right direc- tion with the fingers ; and when they are not very badly misplaced, a good deal of benefit may be derived by this simple treatment. It should be done two or three times a day for ten minutes at a time. Pressure of this kind is very useful to the upper or lower incisor teeth in slight cases of undershot — that is, when the lower incisor teeth project in front of the upper ones ; or when the upper incisor teeth project in front of the lower ones — called " pig"Jaw-" Either of these conditions is a great drawback to a terrier ; and some judges, who are particular, and examine the mouth, will often put a dog back for this defect. In bad cases I think he is right to do so ; but it is rather hard on the dog when there is only a slight unevenness, because I think he can hold just as well as one with an even mouth. There is no doubt a pig - jaw is a much more serious malformation than one that is underhung, as it is absolutely impossible for Teeth] 297 [Teeth a dog with a mouth like this to bite or seize his prey firmly and hold it. This is a very common deformity with collies and greyhounds, and very ugly it looks — the former are not required to bite, but at the same time the con- dition, when very marked, should disqualify a dog on the show bench, for there is no doubt that it is hereditary. Another condition of the teeth, and one which judges often put a terrier back for, is canker. It is a diseased condition of the enamel, which gives the teeth a speckled appearance. In my opinion, canker of the teeth is not hereditary ; and it is in nine cases out of ten the result of a dog having distemper in early life — I mean before the eruption or cutting of the permanent teeth. The high fever which accompanies distemper seems to eat away the enamel. Teeth when badly affected in this way are soft, and wear away quicker than sound ones ; besides, they look bad. There is nothing to be done in these cases, except brushing them occasionally ; to scrape them does harm. Toy dogs' teeth go wrong much quicker than bigger ones, more especially Yorkshire terriers, spaniels, and pugs. I have seen many a York- shire terrier three years old with half the teeth gone, and the remaining ones covered thick with tartar. The condition, in a great measure, is due to feeding, but some bad teeth are no doubt also hereditary. All dogs should have something hard to gnaw every day, either a hard dog-biscuit or bone — not game or poultry bones, of course, or cutlet or chop-bones, for these are more dangerous Teeth] 29° [Teeth than game bones, but a good big bone ; for small dogs a leg-of-mutton bone, and for large ones a marrow or some other such bone. Puppies, from the time they are weaned, should be given bones, as this often prevents their eating stones and other indigestible articles. Tartar should never be allowed to remain and accumulate ; it irritates the gums, and causes them to recede, and then the teeth soon get loose. Therefore, in all cases where there is a disposition for tartar to collect, it should be scraped off from time to time. As a rule, if it is done about three times a year, the teeth may be kept fairly clean. Once the teeth are cleaned, they may be kept white if people will take the trouble to brush them daily, using some powder. The best kind I know of is carbolated eucalyptus powder, as prepared by Messrs. Hucklebridge, of 116 Ebury Street, London, S.W. I mention the name and address, as I do not know of anyone else who makes it, and carbolic powder is not suitable for dogs. The scaling or scraping of the teeth may be done with the point of a penknife or an ordinary steel nail- cleaner, but one must be careful in using these instruments or the gums may be injured. To lessen the risk of doing so, it is much better to buy a proper instrument, which can be bought for half-a-crown at a place like Krohne & Sesemann's, Duke Street, Manchester Square, London, W. Loose teeth should be removed, as they only do harm when left, besides causing inconvenience to the dog whilst eating. Sometimes it becomes Teeth] 299 [Teeth necessary in very old dogs to remove all the teeth ; and when the food is given soft, and cut up small, they appear to do very well without them, and their breath is certainly a good deal sweeter. Occasionally an abscess forms at the root of the large upper molar tooth ; the face swells just under the eye. The abscess, after a few days, generally breaks. The swelling should be fomented with hot boracic lotion, but to effect a cure, the tooth must be removed. It is a difficult one to extract unless it is loose, and no amateur should attempt to do it. An anaesthetic ought always to be given. Teeth, Cutting the Tusks : It is sometimes necessary with sheep dogs, dogs used for catching deer, and dogs in the habit of biting and fighting, to cut the tusks level with the incisor teeth. This is best done with a pair of strong bone or wire nippers. The operation apparently causes very little inconvenience or pain, for the dog is always ready to eat immediately afterwards. Teeth, Tartar on the : Symptoms : Dogs always fed on soft food and never having anything hard to eat, get their teeth covered with brown-coloured tartar early in life, even sometimes before two years old. If this is not from time to time removed, it continues to increase, until at last the whole tooth becomes thickly en- crusted, and to such an extent, in old pet dogs particularly, that the mouth is unable to be closed. As the result of the tartar, the gums become swollen, inflamed, and tender ; they recede from the neck Temperature] 3®0 [Temperature of the teeth, which become loose. A dog with teeth in this state is always dribbling, and eats with difficulty, and the breath is often most offensive. Treatment : Dogs should always be encouraged to eat something hard daily — a piece of dog-biscuit does very well ; if this is refused, a hard bone, one that cannot be eaten, should be given to gnaw. This, of course, is only a preventative, and when repularly attended to, the teeth and gums remain good and sound for years. When once tartar has accumulated, nothing will remove it but scraping ; which should be done regularly two or three times a year, and if this is done, and the teeth daily cleaned with an ordinary tooth-brush, moistened with warm water and a little of the following powder sprinkled on it, they will keep clean and white, and the breath sweet so long as the doof lives : — Recipe : Tooth Powder : Powdered Boracic Acid, - 10 grains. Camphorated Chalk, - 1 ounce. Well mix. Removing the tartar from a tooth that is somewhat loose does not tighten it, though it preserves the tooth, and for a time often prevents it becoming looser. It is impossible to remove tartar from a very loose tooth, and for the dog's comfort, it should be extracted at once. Temperature : To know the temperature of the body is very important in treating disease, more especially in cases of distemper ; for it is a Temperature] 3^ I [Temperature fact that so long as a dog does not have a high temperature when suffering from this complaint, the attack is not a severe one, and the dog, bar accident or relapse, has a good chance of recovery. When the temperature is high, say, 104 or 105, and continues so for some days, the case is always a serious one, and if it continues, complications, especially those of the nervous system, are almost sure to ensue. These remarks not only refer to distemper, but to all other diseases in which a high temperature is one of the symptoms ; as, for instance, inflammation of the womb, blood poisoning, pneumonia, peritonitis, diseases of the brain, formation of abscesses, etc. In many cases it is not necessary to take much notice of the temperature beyond watching it carefully, and keeping a daily record of its rising and falling, but when it keeps persistently high, say, such as over 104, then special medicine must be given to try and reduce it. There are many medicines which have the power of reducing the temperature, and when they are going to have a good effect they generally work quickly, and if they do not succeed in reducing the temperature, say, within forty-eight hours, they should not be persevered in, as then they only do harm. Antipyrin, in doses from two1 to ten grains, given in a cachet, is one of the best antipyretics. Phenacetin, given in doses varying from half a grain l to five grains ; salicylate of soda, aspirin and salicine, in doses from two to 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Temperature] 3*-* 2 [Temperature fifteen grains1 in a cachet, tablet, or dissolved in water, and repeated three or four times a day. In some cases when these fail, salicylate of quinine will have the desired effect, in doses from one1 to five grains, given in a cachet. If this fails to reduce the temperature, then an ice-bag may be tried, applied to the top of the head for an hour at a time, and then all medicines discontinued. A little brandy, say, from five drops1 to a teaspoonful, given in water or milk every two, three, or four hours is advisable. A very low temperature, say, when the thermometer will not rise above 95 degs. F., is much more dangerous than a very high temperature. In such cases, prompt measures must be taken to try and warm the animal. Hot sponges should be applied to the head ; also hot- water bottles applied to the back and to the feet. From five x to twenty drops of sulphuric ether may be given every hour or so, in from a teaspoonful1 to a tablespoonful of water. Strong coffee may also be given, from a teaspoonful1 to a table- spoonful, repeated every half hour. If the dog is very much collapsed, and unable to swallow, strong coffee may be given as an enema, say, from a dessertspoonful1 to two ounces, and repeated every half hour. Brandy may also be given, injected under the skin, say, from ten drops x to a teaspoonful, or very minute doses of strychnine may be given, from the four hundredth part of a grain1 for a small dog to the one hundred 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Testicle] 3®3 [Testicles and fiftieth part of a grain for a large one. This medicine may be given dissolved in from two * to ten drops of tincture digitalis. In such cases as these the dog must be given, if he will swallow, small doses of some strong beef essence, as from ten drops x to a teaspoonful of Valentine's beef juice, in from a teaspoonful l to a tablespoonful of milk, and repeated every half hour or so. Testicle (Inflammation of) : Symptoms : The gland is swollen and very painful to the touch, the scrotum is generally inflamed, red, and thickened. The dog walks with stiffness in the hind legs, and there is generally a rise of two or three degrees of the temperature. Treatment : Frequent hot poppy - head tea fomentations, made by boiling for ten minutes two crushed poppy-heads in a quart of boiling water and then straining the solid matter out through fine muslin. Aperient medicine should be given and the dog kept on a light diet for a few days. Testicles (Enlargement of) : Symptoms : The gland or glands are more or less enlarged, and they have become so as the result, in most cases, of some injury ; but occasionally the causes cannot be traced : this is especially so with old dogs. The condition is not of an uncommon occurrence. It is not often that both glands are affected. Treatment: Medicinal treatment in these 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Tetanus] 3°4 [Tetanus cases is useless. If the gland is much enlarged and continues to increase in size, it should be removed by operation ; but very often after getting to a certain size it ceases to increase, and if it does not cause any discomfort by hanging very low and interfering with the dog's walking, or looks very unsightly, it may be left alone, especially if the patient is an aged one, and it is an old dog's complaint. Tetanus : Symptoms : A rare disease in dogs, but does sometimes follow a bad wound, parti- cularly to the eye. Often it is difficult to account for the cause. The disease, when it attacks dogs, generally only affects the muscles of the jaw (see Lock-jaw), but when the whole body is affected, it commences with stiffness of the muscles of the limbs and neck, followed shortly afterwards by violent spasms of the whole body, including the muscles of the jaw, which cannot be forced open, and the throat is also affected, making it impossible to swallow. The pain during the spasms is acute and the temperature very high, often over 107. The disease generally terminates fatally. Treatment: Keep patient quiet in a dark place, and relieve spasms by giving from one-twelfth1 to one-fourth of a grain of acetate of morphia, with from ^ioth1 to iiroth of a grain of sulphate of atropine in a few minims of water, injected under the skin. The dose may be repeated every six or eight hours. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Thermometer] 3^5 [Thermometer To keep up the strength, try and get the patient to swallow white of egg and milk ; also Sanatogen mixed with milk or water. When unable to swallow the strength must be maintained by nutritive enemas, as peptonised milk, from one * to six tablespoonfuls given every three hours alternately with one or two pepto- nised beef suppositories. Brandy, if necessary, may be given with the milk. Thermometer: The little instrument for taking the temperature, or for ascertaining whether there is fever or not, is called a clinical thermometer. The kind used for animals is the same as used for people. Those that register the heat of the body in half a minute are certainly the best for dogs. The temperature is best taken in the rectum — bowel, for here there is less danger of breaking the instrument, but it may also be taken in the mouth, as well as under the arm or inside the thigh. The normal temperature in the mouth is 99*6, under the arm 100*4 to 101, in the bowel 101*4. When it is intended to take the temperature in the bowel the point of the thermometer should be greased, and inserted into the bowel for an inch and a half, so as to be sure the mercury is quite covered. When the temperature is taken under the arm or inside the thigh, care must be taken that the point of the instrument is well buried in the skin, or a 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Thirst] 3°6 [Thirst wrong temperature may be taken. At least a minute and a half should be allowed when taking the temperature in these parts, even when a half- minute registering thermometer is used. Thirst : Symptoms: Excessive drinking of water in large quantities when it can be obtained. A dog, when he is suffering from catarrh of the stomach or diabetes, which induces great thirst, will drink anything, the craving for fluid being so great, even soapy or muddy water, and he will even lick up his own urine when other fluid cannot be found. There is loss of condition, the appetite is poor, the muscles waste, particularly about the neck and limbs, whilst the stomach often becomes full and pendulous. Treatment : The quantity of water allowed in these cases must be regulated. Dogs in health drink very little except in hot weather, or when taking hard exercise, but under the abnormal circumstances in question, much more than what is taken in health may be allowed. Small dogs may be given half a pint a day, divided into four or five lots, and big dogs two quarts a day, similarly divided into small quantities. For medicine give half a drop1 to two drops of liquor arsenicalis (P.B.) three times a day, mixed with the drinking water. If after a week the thirst continues, give from the eighth ! to a grain of powdered opium two or three times a day made into a pill. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Throat] 3°7 (Tickg Diet : Avoid meat, but you may offer stewed rabbit with rice, also fish, tripe, milk, pudding, etc. Throat (Sore) : Symptoms : The back of the throat (fauces) is inflamed and slightly swollen, causing some difficulty in swallowing ; the lips are moist from excessive secretion of saliva, and the glands about the outside of the throat are enlarged. The dog is often off his food, dull and listless. Treatment : Give a teaspoonful of following medicine frequently : — Recipe : Chlorate of Potash, - - - i drachm. Water to 6 ounces. Mix. A light diet should be given for a few days, and the external enlarged glands rubbed gently, night and morning, with spirits of camphor. If the fauces remain inflamed after a few days, paint the parts night and morning for two or three days with a two-per-cent. solution of nitrate of silver. Ticks : Symptoms : These parasites are generally obtained from sheep in England. They are small, blue-coloured little creatures with pointed heads, with which they dig into the dog's skin and suck the blood, and as they do so they gradually increase in size to a tick bean. They naturally cause a good deal of irritation, and make the dog bite and scratch. Treatment : They should be carefully picked off the dog with forceps, avoiding breaking Tongue] 3°" [Tongue them if possible. The little spot caused by the bite of the tick soon heals, and does not require any special treatment. Tongue (Chorea in the) : Symptoms : The tongue is continually being popped in and out of the front of the mouth for an inch or more. This is a rare disease, and I have only seen one case, and that was in a collie. As in ordinary chorea, it is the result of distemper. Treatment: See Chorea. Tongue (Inflammation of) : Symptoms : Swelling and redness of the tongue ; it often hangs out of the mouth, the result of temporary paralysis, and the dog is unable to lap. The condition is generally caused by injury from the teeth, as a bite during a fit, or a sharp tooth. Wasps' stings will also induce the same condition. Treatment: Wash the mouth and tongue thoroughly several times a day with a solution of borax, one teaspoonful to half a pint of water. To any wounds or ulcers apply sparingly night and morning a two-per-cent. solution of nitrate of silver. When the tongue is very swollen and protruding beyond the mouth, apply ice. Tongue (Paralysis of) : Symptoms : The tongue hangs out of the mouth generally, to one side sometimes, but not often, in front, and there is inability to retract it. The protruding part has a dead and cracked appearance, and loses its natural pink colour. There is a difficulty in eating and drinking. This condition may follow injury to the head ; it is sometimes present in cases of general paralysis, Tongue] 3°9 [Tongue the sequel of distemper or from other causes, and it is often seen in old dogs, especially those with a short face, as pugs and Japanese spaniels, due to loss of teeth. Treatment : Medicine has little effect in these cases. When the result of injury or distemper, as the dog improves in general health the tongue regains strength. A course of Nux Vomica as recommended for general paralysis assists. Tongue (Warts on) : Symptoms : Small greyish - coloured excres- cences appear all over the tongue, as well as on the cheeks and lips. Warts on the tongue and mouth are only seen in puppies. I do not remem- ber seeing them in an adult dog. Sometimes they appear in such numbers as to inconvenience a puppy when feeding. Thick, dirty-looking saliva dribbles from the mouth ; the breath is offensive. They are contagious from one puppy to another. Treatment : Wash the mouth out two or three times a day with a teaspoonful l or a drachm of common washing-soda dissolved in half a pint of warm water. Do not cut the warts to make them bleed, as that only increases the number. When the solution of soda does not take them away dress the warts (only a few each day) with a five-per-cent. solution of chromic acid applied sparingly on the end of a wooden match. In obstinate cases a course of Donovan's solution of arsenic does good ; give twice a day after food from one to five drops1 in a little water, or it may be mixed with the food. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Tongue] 3 * 6 IToothache Tongue (Wounds and Ulcers of the): Symptoms : The wound may be a simple, punctured one induced by one of the tusks during a fit, or the tip of the tongue may be bitten off, the result of an accident. Abrasions and ulcers occur along the sides of the tongue, due to friction against the molar teeth when thickly encrusted with tartar. Very severe and dangerous ulcers appear on the sides and point of the tongue in cases of acute gastro-enteritis or German distemper, and occasionally in this disease the point of the tongue sloughs off. Treatment : In ordinary wounds of the tongue, when there is no suppuration, simply washing the mouth often with borax and water — one teaspoonful to half a pint — several times a day is sufficient, but when there is suppuration and ulceration of the parts, besides keeping clean with the borax, the ulcers should be painted twice a day with a five-per-cent. solution of chromic acid. The teeth should be thoroughly cleaned by scraping, especially on the inside. When the point of the tongue dies — in which case it turns to a greyish-white colour — it should be clipped off with scissors and the wound caused by the operation dressed two or three times a day with the chromic acid lotion. Tonsilitis : See Throat (Sore). Toothache : Symptoms : Dogs' teeth, as the result of their formation, do not often decay, but as the result of the accumulation of tartar the gums recede, the fangs become exposed, and suppuration takes Tumours] 3 * * [Tumours place around the neck of the tooth, which extends into the socket or alveolar cavity. The adjoining gum becomes swollen and tender. Treatment : As a rule, in these cases it is best to extract the tooth at once, which quickly gives relief, but this is sometimes objected to by the owner. In these circumstances the tooth should be thoroughly cleaned by scraping, and strong carbolic acid applied very sparingly around the neck of the tooth on a piece of sharp wood or a pointed wooden match. The mouth should be kept clean by being sponged night and morning with a saturated solution of boracic acid. The offending tooth has to be extracted sooner or later. Tumours : Symptoms : New growths, causing swelling and enlargement of the part of the body in which they appear. A tumour, unlike an abscess, generally forms slowly, and is at first usually not painful, and moreover, is not accompanied during the early stages by a rise of temperature as is found when an abscess is forming. Treatment : It is seldom that a tumour of any kind can be reduced or removed except by a surgical operation. I have sometimes thought that gently rubbing the tumours formed on the milk glands, especially when small, daily for some time with iodine vasogen has checked their growth. Directly a tumour has been diagnosed, unless the patient is a very old one, it is best to have it removed before it has developed into a large Ulcers] 3 * 2 [Ulcers growth ; the operation, unless the tumour is situated in the neck, is a simple one, and the wound, with ordinary aseptic precautions, heals in seven or eight days. Of course there are some exceptions, as, when the tumour is a cancer or some other malignant growth, it is not always advisable to sew the wound up after operation, but then of course it takes much longer to heal. Ulcers : Symptoms : These are unhealthy wounds or sores left after decay or destruction of some superficial parts of the body. Treatment: Keep them clean by sponging two or three times a day with Pearson's fluid — one teaspoonful to half a pint of water. For a day or two apply either hot linseed-meal poultice dusted over with powdered charcoal, or a piece of lint soaked in a saturated solution of boracic acid, placed over the wound and covered with oil-silk, then bandage. When the wound looks cleaner, healthier, and discharges less, and there are signs of healing by the formation of new skin around the edges of the wound, simply cover it over with some carbolic gauze squeezed out in a solution of boracic acid, and apply a bandage. When an ulcer is healing very slowly, lint dipped in the following lotion and applied to the ulcer stimulates healthy action and healing : — :ipe : The Lotion : Tincture Calendula, Sulphate of Zinc, Water to Mix. 3 drachms, i scruple. 6 ounces. Uraemia] 3*3 [Uraemia Apply as directed two or three times a day. In some cases dusting the wound over with a powder made with one part of iodoform mixed with eight parts of boracic acid. Amylo- form is also another good healing powder. It is necessary to keep the dog's tongue away from it, otherwise he is continually licking off the new skin as it forms. Uraemia : Symptoms: This condition generally follows some severe illness affecting the kidneys or bladder when the suppression of the secretion of urine has occurred. Anything that stops the flow of water from the bladder, as stone or stricture, may cause it ; it also occurs in bad cases of stone in the kidney. In these cases the dog is very ill, there is an entire loss of appetite and often severe vomiting ; a heavy, sleepy condition soon comes on, and the temperature is very high. The white of the eyes are greatly congested, and any urine passed is of dark colour and may be mixed with blood. Sometimes there are convulsions, but the dog soon sinks into a comatose state. As a rule these cases terminate fatally. Treatment : It is often difficult to give medicine by the mouth in these cases as the vomiting is generally so severe and frequent, but the dog is able, as a rule, to drink milk and Vichy water in equal parts. If possible, give a purgative, Epsom salts being about the best. The dose is from fifteen grains to one ounce,1 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Urethritis] 3 1 4 [Urine given in water, or with milk and Vichy water if the dog can be persuaded to take it. Small doses of urotropine stimulates the action of the kidneys, from one1 to eight grains in a cachet may be given every four or six hours. Hot linseed-meal poultices to loins relieve the kidney congestion. As to diet, milk and Vichy water are quite sufficient to sustain the dog for two or three days, when, if patient is better, fish may be given, but when this cannot be digested, pep- tonised milk, from one to six1 tablespoonfuls, may be given every two hours. Urethritis : Symptoms : Pain when passing water, or when handled ; mattery discharge often tinged with blood from passage. The penis is swollen and red from the inflammation. This condition is generally caused by the passage of gravel, and it may also be the result of frequently passing a catheter. Treatment : Hot poppy-head fomentations do good. For medicine give from three1 to twenty grains of hyposulphite of soda in water three times a day. If there is much pain, from two1 to ten drops of tincture of henbane may be given with each dose of the above. Feed principally on a milk diet ; some boiled fresh fish may be given, but meat must be avoided. Urine (Incontinence) : See Incontinence of Urine. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Urine] 3*5 [Uterus Urine (Sediment in) : Symptoms : The urine may be passed white and cloudy, or clear, but of a high colour, and when cold there is a thick, yellowish-white deposit. Treatment: When accompanied by some ill- ness with a high fever, no special treatment is necessary, as the condition will pass away as the health improves, but when the symptoms described are present and the dog seems other- wise apparently well, give a course of hypo- sulphite of soda, from three to twenty1 grains two or three times a day in water or a little milk. A dog will generally take this medicine himself when mixed with milk. Diet : Milk, tripe, stewed rabbit, etc., with rice or bread, but avoid red meat. Urticaria: See Nettlerash. Uterus, Inflammation of (Metritis): Symptoms : This disease generally occurs after heat, and is a condition which old bitches are more subject to than young ones. The exciting cause is generally due to something which stops the natural discharge, as a chill, the result of washing a bitch during heat, or from getting wet by rain. Once this disease has occurred it often follows every period of cestrum. The signs of inflammation of the womb do not come on very suddenly like other inflammations, there is for two or three days a loss of appetite and dulness, the bitch is thirsty, and if the temperature is taken, 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Uterus 3 1 6 [Uterus there will be generally found two or three degrees of fever. There is generally loss of flesh, though the abdomen will be noticed large and harder than usual, and painful to the touch. The symptoms gradually increase in severity, and the bitch becomes very ill and weak and refuses food of all kinds, and if forced with any it generally induces vomiting. About the third week there are signs of some discharge from the vagina, pinkish in colour and very offensive, which quickly increases in quantity and seems to pour away, a small bitch often getting rid of half a pint or more in a short time. Once the discharge commences, the bitch appears better, the temperature falls, she is brighter and is inclined to take some nourishment, but there is always a danger of the matter accumulating again. When the discharge does not come away through the natural passage, the womb ruptures, inducing acute peritonitis. Then there is a sudden collapse of the patient, the mouth and limbs go cold, the abdomen is very painful, the pulse becomes very rapid and almost imperceptible, and death occurs within twelve hours. Treatment: There is little to be done in these cases. The bitch should be kept very quiet, in a dry, warm place ; hot linseed-meal poultices should be applied to the abdomen for four or five hours daily — of course, being changed from time to time. When the poultices are removed, a flannel bandage is to be placed round the abdomen. Hot boracic Vagina] 3*7 [Vagina lotion should be freely pumped into the vagina night and morning to relax the neck of the womb. Medicine is generally not of much use, though, if the discharge does not come away, from a half to two1 grains of permanganate of potash made into a pill with resin ointment, and given three times a day, is beneficial in some cases. It is important to keep the patient's strength up. Give plenty of milk ; if it is not retained try it with equal parts of Vichy water ; also give Brand's beef essence and raw-meat juice. Tripe and fish may also be tried, and when there is great weakness and food is not retained by the stomach, peptonised beef suppositories may be made use of. Small quantities of brandy occasionally do good. Once the discharge has come away tonic medicine is to be given, as the following pills : — Recipe : Salicylate of Quinine, - - 2 to 12 grains.1 Reduced Iron - - - - 6 to 36 grains. Extract of Gentian, q.s. Mix. Make twelve pills — one to be given two or three times a day. Once the temperature is normal, scraped raw meat and other strengthening foods must be given. Vagina (Discharge from) : Symptoms : Bitches occasionally suffer from a 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Vagina] 3 1 ° [Vagina white mattery discharge from the vagina, some- times before or more often after being on " heat ". Sometimes after pupping a bitch will continue to discharge a thick, tarry-looking blood for weeks, which causes weakness, and often upsets the milk. Treatment : In the former case, if the bitch is coming on heat, do not interfere with it beyond keeping the external part clean by sponging occasionally with a weak solution of Pearson's antiseptic fluid ; but when it occurs after the heat, even though the bitch may have been served, means must be taken to stop the discharge, which is very weakening. Syringe the vagina night and morning with a warm solution of burnt alum, say ten grains to every ounce of water, and use from two to ten l ounces of the solution each time. The syringe should be one with a long nozzle, and after being vaselined be passed into the passage as far as it will go. Tonics should be given as from half1 to three grains of sulphate of iron made into a pill. Repeat twice a day after food. When the discharge is of a bloody nature, as occurs after pupping, syringe as just recom- mended, and give from half1 to two grains of ergotine added to each iron pill. Vagina (Injuries to) : Symptoms : Occurs sometimes during the birth of a puppy, even when being naturally expelled, and it is often caused by instruments carelessly According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Norman May &• Co , pholo.\ Japanese Chibi of Toddington (imported). The properly of Mrs Hugh Andrews, Toddington, Wmchcombe, GIos. [face p. Vaginal O r 9 [Vagina used to extract a puppy. Injuries to the passage at this time are always dangerous, as blood- poisoning often follows. The vagina may also be injured by dragging apart a dog and bitch when " locked " together. This is quite an un- necessary procedure, as they will quickly separate if the dog's testicles be gently but firmly pressed. The vagina is also frequently injured by the passage of some foreign substance into it, as a peg or stick, as I have seen done in cases of prolapsus of this part. In these cases there is generally a mattery discharge, and when the injury has occurred during the birth of a puppy it may be very offensive, and in these cases there are symptoms of blood - poisoning, as a high temperature, loss of appetite, vomiting, etc. Treatment: In the latter mentioned cases — that is, when the injury occurs during parturition, the passage should be first thoroughly washed out with a tepid solution of perchloride of mercury, one in three thousand, using from two to twenty tablespoonfuls,1 and about two minutes afterwards all traces of this should be removed by again syringing the passage with water that has recently been boiled, used just warm. Afterwards repeat the injections night and morning, now using a saturated solution of boracic acid. If tempera- ture is high, give from one to five grains * of salicylate of quinine in a cachet, and if tempera- ture is not reduced in six hours, repeat the dose. In ordinary cases of injury, simply washing the 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Vagina] 3^0 [Vagina passage out night and morning with a saturated solution of boracic acid or with a solution of permanganate of potash — one grain to every ounce of warm water — is sufficient. Vagina (Polypus of) : Symptoms : A pear-shaped growth with the narrow end attached to the membrane of the vagina. In these cases the bitch is frequently straining to pass water, and she is constantly licking the parts ; and there is generally some mucus discharge. After a time, especially when she comes in season, the growth may show itself externally. Treatment: It consists in drawing the growth gently out as far as it will come, and placing a ligature of strong silk or catgut tightly round the neck or narrow part, then severing the polypus by cutting through the neck between the ligature and growth a full half-inch away from the ligature. Afterwards syringe the passage out night and morning with a warm solution of boracic acid. Vagina (Prolapsus of) : Symptoms : A condition that only occurs during the "heat" or oestrum of a bitch. It is more common amongst large and bull - bitches than other and smaller ones. It shows itself as a pinkish, glistening body at the entrance to the vagina (vulva). As the parts become more relaxed during the " heat " the protrusion increases in size and prominence, and in a large bitch may be as big as an orange. As the result of exposure, and being rubbed along the ground when the bitch sits, the parts become Vagina] 3 2 1 [Vagina sore and inflamed. The protruding part is merely a fold of thickened and relaxed membrane of the vagina, arising just forward of the passage to the bladder. The swelling, which has a broad base (and in this respect is unlike a polypus, which has a narrow constricted base), can be usually easily returned, but it comes out again almost immediately. Once a bitch has suffered from prolapsus of the vagina it generally occurs afterwards at each period of heat unless removed by operation, though sometimes when a bitch has been bred from, it does not occur again. Treatment : The swelling disappears of itself as the "heat" passes, and when the prolapsus is small and does not cause much discomfort it is just as well to leave it alone, especially in cases where it is not intended to breed from the bitch, and even when one does wish to breed, the swelling can be returned just immediately before service and then there is no difficulty, and under ordinary circumstances she will prove in pup. When the prolapsus is very large and there is a difficulty, or it is impossible to return it, it should be removed by operation, which is not dangerous if ordinary aseptic care is taken, especially if an ecraseur is used. When the prolapsus is removed by ligature, as recom- mended by some, blood-poisoning and death sometimes occur. After removal, all that is necessary is to syringe the vagina out night and morning with a warm solution of boracic acid for a few days, and keep the bitch on a light diet. Vagina] O 2 2 [Vagina Vagina (Stricture of) : Symptoms : This frequently occurs with bitches, more particularly with griffons and bulls. It does not cause any inconvenience, and it is seldom found out until it is wished to breed from her, and then proper service is not possible in consequence of the passage being constricted with a sort of fibrous ring". Treatment : It consists in forcibly dilating the passage either with dilating forceps, or if these are not at hand it can easily be done with a well- greased finger. It is best to pass the point of the small finger first, and then afterwards the forefinger. Care must be taken not to use too much force to injure the parts. There is no objection to the bitch being served immediately after the dilatation has taken place. Vagina (Tumour of) : Symptoms : The vagina is subject to a variety of tumours, as cancer, sarcoma, and particularly to a form of growth of a malignant and con- tagious nature to which bull - bitches seem especially liable. They are red, with broad base, and have the appearance of a ripe rasp- berry, but often larger. They vary in size from a raspberry to a Tangerine orange. They are particularly vascular, bleeding at the slightest touch. The growths extend inwards and out- wards, often eating the vulva away. There is always more or less of a blood-like discharge. Treatment : There is no cure for cancer or sarcoma when once established : the bitch should be mercifully destroyed. With regard to Varicocele] 3^3 [Varicocele the other form of tumour described, with treat- ment the disease can be checked and the bitch may breed, but it is seldom or ever radically- cured, and it is a question whether it would not be the soundest policy to destroy all bitches affected with this disease in consequence of its contagious nature, for although one bitch does not contract it from another, a bitch going to a dog when affected in this way is certain to infect the dog, and it may be some time before it is found out with him, and in the meantime he may, if a popular stud dog, have infected many bitches. If treatment is decided upon, the affected parts should be thoroughly curetted or scraped, and when the bleeding has ceased the raw surface from where the growths have been removed should, with the aid of a speculum, be dressed with chromic acid mixed with equal parts of water. The caustic must be repeated once or twice a week, and the scraping occasionally, if there are signs of the tumours growing again. The treatment is often a long and tedious one. Varicocele : Symptoms: A swelling, varying in extent in the scrotum and along the spermatic cord, feeling not unlike a bag of worms. It generally occurs on the left side. The affected testicle of the same side generally gets smaller and soft, and the complaint is sometimes accompanied by a good deal of pain. Treatment: Attend to general health, keep bowels well open, give regular exercise, and avoid much meat. The local application of cold Vertigo] 324 [Voice water often does good. When no improvement takes place, and the condition causes the dog much discomfort, it is advisable to have the testicle of the affected side removed by opera- tion. Such treatment does not interfere with stud work. Vertigo : Symptoms: Old dogs suffering from chronic asthma, accompanied by a weak heart, often turn giddy and fall after a severe attack of coughing. The attack seldom lasts for more than a few moments, and the dog jumps up again looking rather vacant, but is soon himself. Treatment: Give a good dose of purgative medicine, as from two to twelve x grains of jalapin, as the liver is often engorged with blood in cases of chronic asthma or chronic bronchitis. Afterwards, a course of the following mixture is advised : — Recipe : Tincture Nux Vomica, i drachm. Tincture Digitalis, 2 drachms Water to - 6 ounces. Doses: From one to four1 teaspoonfuls three times a day after food. For small dogs a quarter or half the above quantity of mixture may be made. Diet : Raw meat. Voice (Loss of) : Symptoms: Dogs sent away from home or 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Vomiting] 3 2 5 [Vomiting confined anywhere, and are constantly barking one hour after another as they will do, often lose their voice, and after a time, when attempting to bark, they simply make a husky noise. Treatment: The condition soon rights itself when the cause is removed and the dog leaves off trying to bark. A teaspoonful of glycerine and water, or a little vaseline, soothes the throat in these cases. Vomiting : Symptoms : Vomiting is a symptom of disease, as indigestion, gastritis, gastric catarrh, kidney trouble, peritonitis, enteritis, stoppage of the bowels, biliousness, poisoning, etc. Treatment : This must depend on the cause, and the case treated accordingly. Many cases of simple vomiting may be checked by giving iced Vichy water to drink, also allowing the dog to lick ice, and in severe cases the following mixture will often be found useful : — Recipe : Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 24 drops. Liq. Bismuth, 3 drachms. Water to - 3 ounces. From half to two1 teaspoonfuls to be given every three or four hours. Small quantities of Brand's beef or chicken essence, or Benger's peptonised beef-tea, may be given in jelly form. When the sickness is very obstinate the stomach 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86, Warts] 326 [Warts should be given absolute rest for six hours or longer, and if there is great weakness nourish- ment should be given by rectum, as just warm peptonised milk from one1 to six tablespoonfuls every four hours alternately with peptonised beef suppositories. Warts: Symptoms: Excessive growth of the papillae of the skin, resulting in the formation of small nodules of a roughened and scaly nature. They grow or develop in all parts, and old dogs, especially dachshunds, are very subject to them. Treatment : When the wart has a narrow neck it is best removed by tying a ligature of silk tightly round it, but when it has a broad base this treatment is not practical ; then some mild caustic should be applied, as acetic acid, tincture of iodine, or a twenty-five per cent, solution of chromic acid. It is only necessary just to touch the wart with the caustic on the end of a wooden match once a day. When the wart is very large, it is best removed by being cut out and the skin wound brought together by a few stitches, and then treated as an ordinary wound. Warts on the eyelids must never be cauterised, but always removed by ligature, unless there is a broad base, when they should be cut out with the points of a pair of probe-pointed scissors. Warts on very old dogs are best left alone unless they are troublesome and are frequently bleeding, when they should be removed in the ordinary way. 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Water] 3-7 [Weaning Water on the Brain: See Hydrocephalus. Weaning : Puppies must not be weaned suddenly, but by decrees, as the milk continues to be secreted, and if not drawn off by the puppies or artificially, it collects in large quantities, causing much pain and often abscesses to form. When there is a large litter, and the mother is not very strong, the youngsters may be taught to lap, when three or four weeks old, artificially prepared bitches' milk made as follows : — Recipe : Cow's Milk, .... 15 ounces. Casein or Plasmon, - - - z\ ,, Cream, 2\ „ Water, - - 5 „ Mix the casein into a paste with the water, then add the milk, thoroughly stirring. Put in an enamel saucepan and bring gradually to a boil, and boil for two minutes. Set aside to cool, and when cold, add the cream, and well stir again. For a change, Sanatogen may be given with milk or Spratt's invalid food. Cows' milk diluted with water should never be given as is often done, and the puppy's digestion ruined by over-dilating the stomach, for the puppy has to take such a quantity to get sufficient nourishment, whereas dogs have only a small stomach and require concentrated food. Puppies should commence to be weaned when about six weeks old. The bitch at first should be kept away from her offspring during the day, say Wen] 32° [Wind for three or four days ; afterwards she should be allowed to visit them night and morning', say for about an hour each time, so long as there are any signs of milk being secreted. To help to disperse the milk, a dose of castor oil, from one teaspoonful to three x tablespoonfuls, may be given the bitch occasionally. If anything is rubbed on the milk glands, like methylated spirits and water, or spirits of camphor, etc., it must be carefully washed off before the bitch is allowed to return to the puppies. If the glands become hard and knotted they must be kneaded with camphor- ated oil until soft, and then the contents drawn off with the fingers or a proper breast-pump. For hints how to feed young puppies, see article on Feeding in the Appendix. Wen: Symptoms: A small roundish or oval tumour of smooth surface situated just under the skin, and one that moves freely about, it being unattached. It is a simple growth and quite painless. Treatment : The only thing to be done in these cases is removal by operation, which is quite a simple matter, for when the skin covering the wen is cut through the little tumour is easily squeezed out. The wound should be afterwards sewed up, some carbolic gauze applied, which should be kept in its place with a bandage or jacket. Wind in the Stomach: Symptoms : Dogs, especially big ones, occasion- 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Wind] 329 [Wind ally suffer from a very bad form of " wind or gas in the stomach ", which is a very serious illness, often terminating fatally in a few hours, due to rupture of the stomach, the result of over- distension. The gas is formed by a germ gener- ally present in all dogs' stomachs and bowels, and called " Bacillus Communis Colli ", and sometimes without any apparent reason or cause they take on an active form with the result as above mentioned. The attack usually comes on shortly after eating. The dog becomes restless and breathes quickly, the abdomen is full and tense, the dog has an anxious look, the eyes are congested, and the pulse very quick and small. The distension continues to increase, the abdo- men often assuming an enormous size and hard as a drum, and the pain is acute. Unless relief is quickly obtained the dog suddenly collapses, the stomach having ruptured and the contents escaped into the abdominal cavity. Acute peritonitis sets in, and the dog dies in a few hours as much from shock as the disease. Treatment: It is generally unsatisfactory, as the symptoms are so acute that there is little time to do anything before the dog becomes collapsed ; however, now and then benefit is derived by giving a strong dose of antiseptic medicine, as cyllin, from two to six1 minims, which can be obtained in gelatine capsules ; the dose may be repeated in a couple of hours. If cyllin cannot be obtained give from two to fifteen l grains of Naphthol Beta in a cachet ; this also may 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Womb} 3 3° [Worms be repeated in a couple of hours. Failing this medicine, then give from five to forty l drops of Pearson's Antiseptic Fluid in a gelatine capsule or cachet, and this too may be repeated in a couple of hours if necessary. Sometimes benefit is derived by washing the stomach out with a solution of the fluid just mentioned diluted two hundred times with tepid water, using from one ounce to half a pint of the solution.1 This must be done with a stomach pump. When everything else fails, it is advisable to submit the dog to an operation, which consists of opening the abdomen, and then puncturing the stomach to allow the gas to escape, but care must be taken not to let any of the contents of the stomach escape into the abdominal cavity. The wound made in the stomach must be afterwards carefully closed by Lembert's sutures. Womb (Inflammation of): See Uteris (In- flammation of). Worms in the Heart (Filaria Immitis) : Symptoms: A common disease in China and not uncommon in Japan, but I believe there has never been a case in England when the dog has been born here, though some few dogs that have been imported from the countries named show symptoms of suffering from these parasites soon after arriving in this country by frequently suffering from convulsions, weakness in the back legs, and in some cases paralysis. A dog's heart is often irregular in action, but in these cases it is particularly so, and after some great exertion 1 According to the size of the dog, See p. 86. Worms] 33^ [Worms the dog dies suddenly, the result of the worm interfering with the action of the heart. In making post-mortem examinations of dogs having died from the effect of these parasites, I have found as many as sixty worms in the heart, many of them measuring seven inches long. Treatment : There is no known treatment that is likely to be of any service. Worms in the Stomach and Bowels : Symptoms : Round worms are more frequently found in young puppies than tapeworm, but occasionally the latter are found in puppies six or seven weeks old, whilst the round kind, called Ascaris Marginata, are present in puppies ten days old, when they look like pieces of cotton about an inch to an inch and a half long, and pointed at both ends. When present in such very young puppies they generally cause enteritis and death. A puppy suffering badly from worms does not thrive and grow, he generally eats voraciously. The stomach is distended sometimes to a very great extent, causing difficulty in breathing, the muscles waste, the legs and neck becoming quite thin. The action of the bowels is irregular, but as a rule, there is diarrhoea to a more or less extent, and sometimes vomiting, when the worms have passed into the stomach, and, if the worms are not got rid of, rickets is often the result. With tapeworms the symptoms vary con- siderably. Some dogs may be infested with worms and yet not lose flesh, but as the result suffer from eczema, which disappears when the worms have been expelled ; but as a rule, a dog Wormsi O 0 z [Worms eats well but does not put on flesh, and has a tucked -up appearance. The bowels are often irresfular, the breath offensive, the coat dull and staring, and the dog is listless. The most positive symptoms of worms is when segments looking like small pieces of dried rice are found about the underneath parts of the tail and on the dog's bed. Worms occasionally cause paralysis of the hind legs. People often wonder how dogs get worms, especially pet dogs, who seldom leave their mistresses' side, but it is easily accounted for, first, when it is taken into consideration how susceptible they are to these parasites ; a dog, for instance, fed on raw meat or uncooked milk, or if he eats grass where there are sheep or rabbits, or if he drinks out of a pool which drains from land on which sheep are grazing, he is almost certain to get tapeworm, for sheep and rabbits are the intermediate host of some of the most common kind. Lice, again, act as the intermediate host of other sorts. I may here mention that tapeworms do not breed in a dog, but the eggs or larvae must pass out of him and be swallowed by some other living creature, who is called the intermediate host. Here they develop into cysts or bladder-worms, and if these in their turn are swallowed by a dog they develop into a tapeworm, and so the cycle is completed. Treatment: It is most important that house dogs should be kept free of worms, for if by chance or accident a person swallows an egg or larva from a tapeworm there is the danger Worms] 333 [Worms of a cyst or bladder - worm forming in one's liver, which is a most serious and often fatal disease. As to the treatment of worms in young puppies, unless the case is serious it is not advisable to commence dosing before the puppy is five weeks old, and then a dose of the following medicine may be given three times a week, half an hour before food : — :ipe : Worm Mixture : Santonine, .... i scruple. Liquor Senna Dulc, i ounce. Glycerine, .... A- ounce. Syrup Aniseed, 3 A ounces.1 Well mix. Doses: For small puppies like griffons, etc., when five or six weeks old, a quarter of a teaspoonful ; fox - terrier puppies, same age, half a teaspoonful ; retriever puppies, etc., same age, three-quarters of a teaspoonful ; St. Bernard puppies, one teaspoonful — to be given half an hour before the first morning meal. Repeat twice a week. The doses may be gradually increased, according to age and size of puppies. The bottle must be well shaken before pouring out the dose. If the mixture is not retained, from an eighth1 to half a grain of santonine, with from half1 to two grains of jalapin, may be given, made into a pill, twice a week half an hour before food. When six weeks old, fox - terriers and other breeds of similar size and strength, and also, of course, bigger ones, may be dosed with 1 According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Worms] 334 [Worms powdered areca nut and santonine. Give one grain of the former to every pound the dog weighs, and to the dose of this medicine add from the eighth1 to half a grain of santonine. This may be given in a cachet, and about half an hour afterwards give the puppy a drink of warm milk. Should the bowel not operate freely in the course of an hour, from half1 to two teaspoonfuls of castor oil is recommended. Repeat the vermifuge in the course of a few days. "Ruby" is also an excellent remedy for worms in young dogs. It is a good plan to dose puppies regularly from time to time, say once a month, for worms. With regard to the treatment of tapeworms in adult dogs, there is nothing better than the old- fashioned remedy, freshly powdered areca nut. The dose is one grain to every pound the dog weighs, but more than two drachms should never be given at a time to the biggest dog. Unfor- tunately this medicine often induces vomiting, but if it is given in cachets it is less likely to do so. About half an hour after the medicine has been administered some warm milk or clean soup may be given the dog to drink, and a couple of hours after the dose from a dessert- spoonful 1 to two tablespoonfuls of castor oil should be given. Another good remedy for tapeworm is the oil of male fern, and the doses are the same as for areca nut. This medicine may be bought in gelatine capsules, but castor oil must be [ According to the size of the dog. See p. 86. Worm] 335 [Wounds given afterwards, as recommended after the previously mentioned remedy. It is advisable to dose all adult dogs for worms, whether they exhibit any symptoms of having- these parasites or not, about three or four times a year. Worm (Maw) : Symptoms : A dog is said to have maw worms when pieces or segment of tapeworm are found adhering to the back parts. These are not distinct worms, but segments of tape- worm, which come away naturally when a worm is breaking up in the bowels, due to natural causes and changes. Treatment : The same as for tapeworms. Wounds : Symptoms : There are five kinds. An incised wound is a clean cut with a sharp instrument ; a lacerated wound is when the skin and other parts are torn ; contused when the skin, etc., is torn and the edges are bruised, as when caused by a blow by some blunt instrument or a fall. A punctured wound is one made by some sharp - pointed instrument. A wound of this kind is also often caused by the bite of a dog, one of the tusks penetrating the skin and underneath tissues. Then there is another kind of wound called a fistulous wound, which generally externally is small, but runs deep into the tissues as in fistula of the anus ; but the most common seat of a fistulous wound in the dog is in the face, just under the eye, caused generally by some external injury which Wounds] 336 [Wounds may not break the skin, but injure the ridge of bone called the zygomatic ridge, resulting in the formation of an abscess which will not heal until the large molar tooth (which is situated underneath the fistula) is removed, and then it heals of itself quickly even though it may have been running for months. Fistulous wounds may form anywhere when an accident has happened to a part and a bone has been injured, and as the result of the inflammation the bone dies, and the wound will not heal until the dead bone comes away either naturally or by operation. Another example of a fistulous wound is found when a dog has swallowed something sharp, such as a pin, needle, bone, or a corn sheck, which may pierce that part of the gullet situated in the neck ; as the result, a large abscess often forms, and until the foreign body has come away the wound, the result of the bursting or lancing of the abscess, will not heal. These cases are often very troublesome, as the foreign body causing the mischief may be buried very deeply in the tissues, and when small is difficult to find even with the assistance of the X-rays. Treatment : The first and principal thing to do in the treatment of all wounds is to clean them ; but sometimes if the bleeding is very severe it may not be possible to do it thoroughly at once, for the dog may bleed to death, so when there is severe haemorrhage this must be stopped as soon as possible. As a rule, a thick pad of Wounds] 337 [Wounds medicated wool or antiseptic gauze, or failing either of these, a clean sponge wrung out in some hot water and bandaged firmly over the wound, will generally answer. This is cleaner and better than applying a stringent, as the tincture of iron or Friar's Balsam, though in some cases it may be necessary, and the pressure afterwards applied. Four or five hours after- wards the temporary dressing may be removed, and after cutting off the hair from the edges of the wound it should be thoroughly cleaned with a solution of Pearson's Disinfectant Fluid, i in 1 20 of warm water, or with a teaspoonful of boracic acid in half a pint of warm water. All dirt, clots of blood, hairs, etc., must be removed, and if it is an incised wound the edges should be brought together with stitches of strong silk, catgut, or silver wire ; failing any of these, pin sutures may be used in the following way : A pin should be run through the skin on either side of the wound about a quarter of an inch from the edge, and the severed edges brought close together and kept there by winding a piece of cotton, figure-eight fashion, round the pin. Each pin should be placed about the third or half an inch apart, and after applying the cotton the point and head should be cut off. Afterwards cover the wound over with a few layers of dry antiseptic gauze, and bandage. Two days afterwards the gauze may be changed, but the wound need not be inter- fered with so long as it is dry and there is no swelling. If there is much swelling, one suture Wounds] 33° [Wotinds should be removed and the fluid gently squeezed out, afterwards apply the dry dressing as before. When there is much discharge the dressing must be repeated once or twice daily, the surface of the wound being cleaned with a solution of Pearson's Fluid or boracic acid. On the sixth or seventh day the sutures may be removed, but the dressing should be continued for another day or two or until the parts are quite sound. Lacerated and Contused Wounds require practi- cally the same treatment ; they must be thoroughly cleansed with a warm solution of some disin- fectant, all shreds or loose and hanging bits of skin removed with scissors, then dust over the wound a powder made with powdered iodoform one part, powdered boracic acid eight parts, mixed together, a few layers of antiseptic gauze applied and the parts bandaged. When there is much discharge the dressing should be repeated twice a day, otherwise once a day is sufficient. Do not continue the compound iodoform powder for more than three or four days. After a week or so, if the wound is healing very slowly, apply instead of the Q^auze some boracic ointment on lint, which may be occasionally changed for the following lotion : — Recipe : Sulphate of Zinc, - - - i scruple. Tincture Calendula, - - - 2 drachms. Water to 8 ounces. This should be applied on a piece of lint doubled once and just big enough to cover the Wounds] oo9 [Wounds wound, which should be covered over with oil- silk and then bandaged. Repeat the dressing twice a day. When proud - flesh, or excessive granulations — that is, the newly-formed tissue to fill up the wound — forms and grows above the surface of the surrounding skin, nitrate of silver in the form of a stitch should be applied by just wiping it once across the surface of the parts. These wounds often take a long time to heal. In treating punctured wounds the principal thing to do is not to let the skin heal before the parts underneath have, otherwise an abscess is sure to form, and there is a danger of blood- poisoning. A puncture wound may be cleaned by being syringed out with a solution of some disinfectant, then a small strip of disinfectant gauze should be placed in the wound to prevent its healing. This is to be covered over with a few layers of gauze and a bandage applied. Repeat the dressing twice a day, and so long as there is any discharge the wound on the skin must not be allowed to heal. Fistulous Wounds are sometimes very difficult to heal, and often require operating upon before they will do so — especially in cases of a fistulous wound in the anus which may extend to and open into the bowel. However, before submitting the patient to an operation try the following lotion : — Recipe : Chloride of Zinc, 6 grains. Tincture Calendula, i drachm Water to i ounce. Wounds] 34° [Wounds A little to be gently syringed into the wound once every other day. In cases of fistulous wounds the result of diseased bone, time must be given for the dead bone to come away. The application of hot linseed - meal poultices dusted over with powdered charcoal do good, but it is often a matter of weeks, sometimes months, before the dead bone separates from the healthy bone. When the case is very obstinate the services of a veterinary surgeon should be obtained. Wounds the result of the bite of a dog suffering from rabies should be immediately and freely cauterised with fuming nitric acid or a saturated solution of chromic acid, but unless the dog is a very valuable one, he should be destroyed, as it is running a great risk to keep a dog that has been bitten by one suffering from this disease. Besides cauterising the wound, the bitten dog should be very securely isolated for three months so that he cannot possibly come in contact with either man or other animal. APPENDIX Back, Injuries to: May be the result of a blow, or due to a sprain when jumping. It often occurs as the result of a dog being run over across the back. Symptoms: Pain on pressure to the part; in bad cases the dog walks with difficulty, and with back arched and tail down. In slight cases, though there may be pain on pressure, the dog walks, when first starting out, fairly well, and seems bright ; but after going a short distance he soon lags behind, loses his spirits, and droops his tail. In other instances of a slight nature, the dog is able to walk easily but is unable to jump, and, if he attempts to, he cries out. Treatment: It consists principally in giving the dog rest. Sometimes several weeks' quiet are necessary, as well as rubbing the back with some anodyne liniment, as the following : — Recipe: The Liniment: Chloroform (meth.), - - - \ ounce. Tincture Hyoscyamus, - \ ounce. Spirits of Camphor, - - - i ounce. Soap Liniment, i ounce. Mix. Apply with gentle friction once or twice a day to the painful parts. A dose of aperient 34i 34 2 Appendix medicine does good, and whilst the dog is at rest a light diet should be given. Feeding : Dogs require concentrated food, and to keep a dog in the best condition, meat should form half his diet. Taking first the toy breeds. When puppies are weaned, it must be remembered that the mother's milk is far stronger than cows' milk, and when possible, goats' milk should be given ; cows' milk thickened with Plasmon is a good substitute. The mother should be allowed to feed her puppies during the night in the initial stages of weaning. At five weeks old, puppies should be given a little scraped raw meat — very small quantities, a small eggspoonful once a day — and they should be treated for worms. As they get stronger, and are entirely weaned (at six to seven weeks), Benger's food, a little rusk and broth, rusk and milk, and scraped raw meat, can be given alter- nately four times a day in small quantities. Directly the teeth begin to come through, one of Spratt's invalid biscuits should be given them to amuse themselves with. At four months old, the meals should be reduced to three in number, say, stale brown bread and milk in the morning, raw meat, or cooked meat, and stale bread in the middle of the day, and some puppy biscuit at night. At six months old, two meals a day will be sufficient, consisting of dry biscuit in the middle of the day, and at night a raw meat meal, twice a week ; on other days, fine Rodnim or Appendix 343 stale bread with broth, sheeps'-hearts or skirts, and other cooked meats, chopped up finely, mixed with it. Non-splintering bones are very good for puppies to have once or twice a week, as it helps them during teething, and with dry biscuits, acts as the dog's tooth-brush. Bones of game and poultry should on no account be given. Both in the matter of biscuits and meat foods, the greatest possible variety obtainable should be given. Sheeps'-heads and hearts, tripe, skirts, New Zealand mutton, bullocks'-heads and hearts, and fish, all help to vary the dog's diet. The same remarks apply to the terriers and dogs of that size, but fine Rodnim, a little meat and broth, and less expensive foods will obtain the same results, as the dogs have stronger constitutions than the toys. In the lar^e breeds where size and bulk are required, two meat meals should be given the puppies from four to six months old, and those who have a plentiful supply of eggs will find that raw eggs, although costly, help to increase growth. The same number of meals should be given as directed for the toys. When the puppy is full-grown, unless he is taking a great deal of exercise, hard biscuit and Rodnim, with a small quantity of meat added, and broth poured over it, should be sufficient. Onions boiled with all these foods, and mashed up in the broth, will be found excellent. Other fresh vegetables should not be given, although lentils and rice are both good. SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Adrenalin, 9 Amaurosis, 4, 25 Anus, fistula of, 119; inflam- mation of skin about, 234 ; licking of, 10 Arsenic poison, 216 Artery, dilation of an, 10 Artificial respiration, 16, 269 Back, broken, 130 ; injuries to, 341 Baldness, 3 Bark, loss of, 324 Bite, snake, 279 Bites, 21 Bladder, calculi in, 34 Blade-bone, fracture of, 124 Bleeding gums, 143 Bleeding from nose, 193 Blisters, to apply, 26 Bone, diseased, 190 ; inflamma- tion of the membrane cover- ing, 210 ; ulceration of, 36 Bowel, lower, protrusion of, 11 Bowels, inflammation of the, 27, 106 ; worms in, 331 Brain, inflammation of the membrane of, 1 79 ; water on the, 149 Breast, inflammation of, 29, 179 Breath, bad, 17 Breeding, 238 Bugs, harvest, 144 Bulldog, difficulty of breathing in, 29 ; how to muzzle, 185 Burn, blisters after, 25 Carbolic acid poison, 220 Catarrh, nasal, 38, 188 Catheter, how to pass, 38 Cervical vertebrae, fracture of, 130 Chest, acute pain in, 11 Chloroform, 5 Chronic gastritis, 137 Claws, dew, 58, 186 Cocaine, 7 Cold in the head, 38 Colic, 27, 45 Compound fracture, 128 Conception, false, 116 Condylomata, 326 Congenital deformities, 55 Congestion, cerebral, 40 Consciousness, loss of, 46 Convulsions, 13, 50 Cracked feet, 117 Crack in teats, 288 Cutting the teeth, 299 Cystitis, 22 Defective lactation, 167 Dew-claws, 58, 186 Discharge from vagina, 317 Disinfect kennels, how to, 165 Drowning, 16 Ear-canker, 64, 92 Ear-flap, cysts in, 53, 95 Eclampsia, parturient, 206 Elbow, dislocation of, 66 Emetics, 102 Enema, 104 Enlargement of prostrate glands, 233 ; of testicles, 303 Eucaine, 9 Excessive lactation, 167 Excitement, sexual, 278 Exertion, exhaustion, result of great, 1 1 1 545 346 Supplementary Index Eye, disease of (glaucoma), 141 ; formation of an opaque spot in the lens or pupil of, 37 Eyelashes, ingrowing, 56 Eyelids, inverted, 56 Eyes, blind, 25 ; diseased, 4 ; sore and weak, 48 ; un- naturally small, 56 ; weak (ophthalmia), 201 Fatness, 199 Feeding, 342 Feet, corns on, 51 Femur, fracture of, 125 Fever, 118; puerperal, 236 Filaria immitis, 330 Fits, 50, 108 Foods, invalid, 159 Fracture, compound, 128 Inflammation of a joint, 287; of bowels, 27 ; of breast, 29, 179; of heart's sac, 209; of kidneys, 190 ; of membrane covering bone, 210 ; of mem- branes of the brain, 179 ; of prostrate glands, 234 ; of skin about anus, 234 ; of testicle, 200, 303 ; of tongue, 308 ; of uterus, 315 ; of womb, 315 Inguinal hernia, 146 Injuries to back, 341 ; to stifle joint, 282 ; to vagina, 318 Insects in coat, 175 ; (ticks), 307 Internal inflammation, 157 Intussusception of bowels, 28 Iodine and its compounds, poison, 223 Irritable bladder, 22 Itch, 175 Gas in the stomach, 120, 328 Glands, prostrate, enlargement of, 233 ; inflammation of, 234 Gleet, 19 Gout, rheumatic, 269 Green stick fracture, 129 Gripping, 45 Groin, hernia, 146 ; swelling in, 274 Growths on penis, 208 Hair, loss of, 3 ; superfluous, 286 Hare lip, 57 Haw of eye, growth on, 113 Head, water in the, 149 Heart, worms in, 330 Heart's sac, inflammation of, 209 Heat, the, 201 Hock, dislocation of, 68 ; frac- ture of, 124 Humerus, fracture of, 123-4 Husk, chronic, 31 Hydrophobia, 150, 265 Hypodermic syringe, how to use, 150 Jaw, fracture of the upper and lower, 132 ; lock-, 172, 304 Joint, inflammation of a, 15, 287 Kidney, inflammation of the, 166, 190 ; stones in the, 33 Kill, how to, a dog, 59 Knee, dislocation of, 65 Lead poison, 230 Lice, 158, 207 Liniment, 170 Lock-jaw, 172, 304 Lumbago, 173, 270 Lupus, 171 Lymphadenoma, 140 Maw worm, 335 Medicine, how to give, 86 ; purgative, 260 Membrane covering bone, in- flammation of, 210 Mercury poison, 221 Metacarpel bone, fracture of, 121 Metatarsal bone, fracture of, 121 Supplementary Index 'A7 Metritis, 315 Milk, 181 ; defective and ex- cessive secretion, 167 Mouth, 143, 171, 288, 310 Muzzle, how to, a dog, 185 Neck, fractures of bones of, 130 ; swelling on (goitre), 141 Nose, bleeding from the, 109 ; catarrh of the, 38 Nursing, 194 Orifice of prepuce too small and too large, 212, 231, 233 Otorrhcea, 92 Oxide of zinc, poison, 227 Palate, cleft, 58 Palsy, shaking, 278 Paralysis of bladder, 23 ; of one side, 145 ; of tongue, 308 Parasites, nasal, 189 Patella, dislocation of, 69 Pelvis, fracture of, 127 Perineal hernia, 146 Phosphorus, poison, 219 Pig jaw, 58 Piles, 143, 212 Pill, how to give, 87 Pimple, 11 Poisoning, blood-, 26 ; lead, 169, 230 Polypus in ear, 97, 190 ; of vagina, 320 Prepuce, opening of sheaf of, too small, 212, 231 Prolapsus of vagina, 320 Puppies, convulsions in, 50 ; diarrhoea in, 63 Purgative Medicine, 260 Radius, fracture of, 123 Respiration, artificial, 16, 269 Ribs, fracture of, 130 Ringworm, 116,274 Rubbish, eating of, 15 St. Vitus's dance, 42 Santonine, 229 Scapula, fracture of, 124 Scrotum, swelling of, 149, 323 Scurf, 53 Scurfiness of ear-flap, 97 Sediment in urine, 314 Seton, how to put in a, 276 Shoulder-bone, fracture of the lower extremity of, 123 Shoulder-joint, dislocation of, 67 Sickness, 325 ; sea, 276 Skin about anus, inflammation of, 234 Skin diseases, 98, 99, no, 151, 152, 235, 263, 273 ; irritation of, 163 ; redness of, 268 ; outer, rubbed off, 1 Skull, fracture of the bones of, 131 Sluggish liver, 171 Snoring, 280, 284 Sore eyelids, 113 Sores at tip of tail, 287 Sore throat, 307 Specific gastritis, 137 Spermatic cord, swelling in, 323 Spot in the lens or pupil of the eye, 37 Spots, small red, about the body, 2 Squinting, 56 Sterility, 153 Stifle-joint, deformities to, 58 Stomach, bleeding from, 24 ; gas or wind in, 120, 328 ; ulcer of, 135 ; worms in, 331 ; stones, chalky, 40 ; in bladder, 34 ; in kidney, 33 Stricture of vagina, 322 Strychnine, poison, 213 Swallowing of coins, 43 Syringe, hypodermic, 150 TAIL, cutting (docking), 85 ; fracture of bones of the, 129 Tartar, emetic poison, 225 ; on the teeth, 299 Temperature, how to take, 300 Testicles, absence of, 58 ; inflammation of, 200, 303 Thermometer, how to use, 305 148 Supplementary Index Thigh-bone, fracture of, 125 Thirst, great, I Tibia, fracture of, 124 Toes, dislocation of, 65 ; dog born without, 58 ; swelling between, 117 Tongue, chorea in, 42, 308 Tonsilitis, 307 Tumour of vagina, 322 Turpentine poison, 226 Ulceration of bone, 36 Ulcer of stomach, 135 tongue, 310 Ulna, fracture of, 123 of Umbilical hernia, 146 Urine, incontinence of, 154 Urticaria, 191 Vulva, discharge from, 170 Warts on the tongue, 309 Water, frequent passing of, 92 on the brain, 149 Wind in the stomach, 120, 328 Womb, inflammation of, 315 Wounds of tongue, 310 Zinc, oxide of, poison, 227 THE END Printed by Cowan & Co,, Limited, Perth. 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