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-- = --LYMAN J. BRIGGS,
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es DEPARTMENT OF- AGRICULTURE.
: _ BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 188.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL
AND EVAPORATION 4

BY

LYMAN J. BRIGGS, —
PHYSICIST IN CHARGE OF PHysicaL INVESTIGATIONS,

AND

JO. BELZ,
ASSISTANT IN PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

IssureD NOVEMBER 5, 1919.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1910,

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Chief of Bureau, BEVERLY T. GALLOWAY.
Assistant Chief of Bureau, G. HAROLD POWELL.
Editor, J. E. ROCKWELL.

Chief Clerk, JAMES E. JONES.

PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.
J. O. Belz, Assistant.

J. W. McLane and Julia R. Pearce, Laboratory Assistants.
188

D. OF D.
wcv 23 1910

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau oF PLant INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF CHIEF OF BUREAU,
Washington, D. C., June 9, 1910.

Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 188 of the series of this Bureau the
accompanying manuscript, entitled ‘““Dry Farming in Relation to
Rainfall and Evaporation,” by Dr. L. J. Briggs and Mr. J. O. Belz,
of the Office of Physical Investigations of this Bureau.

This manuscript has been prepared for the guidance of prospective
settlers in regions of limited rainfall, and contains a discussion of the
relation of the quantity and character of the rainfall and of the
evaporation to crop production under dry-farming methods in vari-
ous sections of the Western States. Tables showing the normal
rainfall for these States have also been compiled from the numerous
publications of the Weather Bureau, and are appended for the con-
venience of prospective settlers. The writers desire to express their
obligations to the United States Weather Bureau, and _ particu-
larly to Mr. P. C. Day, of the Climatological Division, for assistance
in the preparation of these tables. The illustrations, 24 in number,
consisting mainly of state rainfall maps, have been specially pre-
pared by the writers in order that the distribution of the rainfall in
each State may be more readily understood.

Respectfully, | 3
Gor. PowELr,

Acting Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WItson,

: Secretary of Agriculture.
188

Co

CONTENTS.

Page
Sone Mi Mise MOIR ee cree ere I RG ele lle a als wade ges ee 7
a -mieanom! Ol@iny-latmmine TePIONS. 2240.2 -.22 cece oe oe Geis ee hee ee set 8
iimportanee of knowing the normial rainfall.....0.:2....-2.-022.2.2222.-5 2... 8
Many rainfall stations necessary on account of local variations in rainfall... ..- 9
The distribution of the annual rainfall in dry-farming regions................- 10
Comparison of the monthly distribution of rainfall in the Great Plains, Inter-
mountain, and Pacific coast regions. gale LSet eee Wy
The olen of monthly distribution of carr talll 4p ie m practice eh ee Step ee 118}
The relation of the character of rainfall to its usefulness...........-.- 5 rat ota 14
Pere lmonminneavoOrrential TAINS. = 1505.8 occa 82S ee see i ele Lins nee 15
FER soon ocke ot bruh Gal a see aT tS Re eg a SO 16
Peoracion im anry-tarmine SeChioMms.--26.5.-.02 2. Sco he eke nee eee eee 16
Evaporation as influencing agriculture in the Great Plains............ Se ee 20
Pelimoneoney tela. to, rainiall:. oso. 28 ele Le eae ae oun een 23
Relation of yield to rainfall in the Great Basin............- se 23
Minimum rainfall necessary for wheat seed meron ? in he Scineaet, Bape a : 24
velanionvor yield to rarmiall im the Great Plaims:.----...2.2-.....+..-...- 25
Rioecidhinrelation to rainfall im southern Dexass: ...-. 22.2. 2...5..6.--.. 54 30
dure uoreesyears record at Sam Antonio 200222 -22.)....5206 66.062 30
Sommer uilacve at saneNmMbOmMlOn se. 50. 2 soc ok ek we cele oh
Normal precipitation of the westerm United States..-:-...-...2...5...225-25+- 32
STEN cg cals SN Gest Oe eee aI UR DR ec ee ee 67

ILLUS ERATIONS:

PLATE.

Page.

PuaTe I. The instrument inclosure at the Hays Experiment Farm, Hays,
WOMS.. «Spc 3b setae eee ee ee ree aE Frontispiece.

TEXT FIGURES.

Fic. 1. Chart showing the distribution of the annual rainfall in the dry-
farming sections of the United States,.<-2 25.20 =.) 10

2. Chart showing the monthly distribution of the rainfall at representa-

tive stations in the Great Plains, Intermountain, and Pacific coast
VOQTONS. ..0s ssc Se. SUSE Oe BE e ey eee See ee 12

3. Chart showing the average monthly precipitation at different points
in the western United States::. 2252.02 122)! 202 ee 14

4. Chart showing the evaporation in inches during the six summer

months from April to September, inclusive, for various points in
the United Statess.. 2.0% -t4. Sate ee eo ees te Se ee 17

5. Outline map of the States in the Great Plains region, showing the lines
of equal. rainfall and lines of equivalent rainfall..............22.228 22
6. Rainiall-map of Arizona:i 202 2 erence oe 33
7: Rainfall map of Caliiormias: 5.2 225i ess 2 eo ee 34
6. Raimiall mayor Coloradovesst sees soe PEO eS NM cle i eS 2 30
9. Rainfall map*of Idaho. 732303 5 Sc ask ee 36
10. RaruaialPmmaip ot Kamsas20 i. eee ere ee Ree 37
ll. Ramifallmajp-of Montana ..2. 422 222 oe? - Se 37
12. Rainfalivimap-ot Nebraska s22 39-2 ee Reese 38
13.. Rainfallmap of Nevadar..<2520 2 22. oo. ee ea 38
14 Raintallmap of New Mexicos isa. = eee 42a sees eee Ree 39
15;, Rainfall map of North Dakotas... 2ts.. 2) aoe 2 ee er 40
16.° Rainfall map-of Oklahoma. 3.22 e225 ee ee 40
17. Rainfall map of Oregons: soes2 nee oe a ee 41
18. Rainfall map of South Dakotas ees sso. ee 8 a 41
19. Rainfall map of Texas, westerm part..2. 2-2) ese eee 42
20, Raintall map of Texas, easternmpanh-srec- soe cae ee ee ees 43
21, Rainfall map of Utaley: soe ee ee es ke 44
22." Raintall map of Washingtomas-s- 2/2 2a.5. 42 8e See eae 45
25. Raintall map'ol Wyoming. 2/2 .< 3422) ea- =e eee eee MEE 45

188

6 -

B. P. I.—586.

DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL
AND EVAPORATION.

INTRODUCTION.

This bulletin contains a discussion of dry farming in relation to
the amount and character of the rainfall and evaporation in the
western United States. Usuallyin discussing dry-farming conditions
the annual precipitation is the only feature of the rainfall that receives
attention. But there are other factors in connection with the rain-
fall that have much to do with the successful production of crops.
The seasonal distribution of the rain, the rate at which the rain falls,
and the amount of rain that is lost through run-off from the surface
all have an important part in determining the percentage of the total
rainfall that is really available for the use of crops. Finally, the
amount of evaporation which takes place during the growing season
determines to some extent the amount of rain that is needed to pro-
duce a crop, and this varies greatly in different localities. Prospec-
tive settlers in these regions are apt to give very little attention to
climatic features other than the total rainfall. They often do not
even assure themselves that the figures given for a region represent
the normal rainfall and not simply the rainfall for a single year.
They ignore almost completely the seasonal distribution of the rain,
the frequency of torrential rains, the loss of water through surface
run-off, the occurrence of hail, and the amount of evaporation. It is
the object of this paper to bring the importance of these factors to the
attention of prospective settlers in regions of limited rainfall.

Tables are also appended showing the normal rainfall for prac-
tically every station in these regions where precipitation records are
available. Accurate information regarding. the precipitation in
many sections of the West is now available as the result of the
extended observations of the United States Weather Bureau. These
records, which are often complete for many years and so become of
ereat value to the prospective settler, have been used in computing
the rainfall tables which are given in the concluding pages of this
bulletin. The precipitation tables are also supplemented by state
maps which show at a glance the distribution of the rainfall in the
State. Lines showing points of equal annual rainfall have been

188 7

8 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

drawn on these maps where sufficient observations were available.
’ Maps of this kind have not before been available for these Western
States.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRY-FARMING REGIONS.

Dry-farming regions are naturally classified on the basis of rain-
fall. In this country dry farming is usually considered to be con-
fined to those regions in which the annual rainfall is less than 20
inches and more than 10 inches. This classification must be con-
sidered as only a rough approximation, since dry-farming districts
can not be outlined on the basis of the annual rainfall alone on account
of the great influence of the evaporation and the monthly distribution
of the rain in growing dry-farm crops. Furthermore, it is impossible
to say just where ordinary methods of farming leave off and dry-
farming methods begin. Dry-farming methods are usually under-
stood to mean those which lead to the conservation of moisture, but
the conception of what these methods actually are varies greatly in
different sections of the country. The dry farmer in the Great Plains,
where the rainfall is from 15 to 20 inches, usually gets his best results
with annual cropping methods combined with good tillage. On the
other hand, the dry farmers in that part of the Great Basin where the
rainfall is less than 15 inches follow the method of alternate cropping
and summer tillage almost exclusively. Between these two classes |
there is a third operating under conditions where summer tillage may
be necessary to insure returns on every crop, but where it frequently
pays to take chances on producing a crop on the land each year.

The method of alternate cropping and summer tillage is gener-
ally recognized as the most highly developed dry-farming method
because it gives better returns with a lower annual rainfall than other
methods. There are considerable areas in central Utah that are cul-
tivated in this way where the annual rainfall does not exceed 13 inches.
It must be remembered, however, that this is a region of winter rain-
fall, and that the method of alternate cropping and summer tillage
is particularly adapted for such regions, as we shali show later.
Therefore, while the method of alternate cropping and summer fallow-
ing is recognized as the most highly developed dry-farming method,
it does not follow that it is the best method for all dry-farming
regions or that it will always give the best returns. In dry-farming
sections where the rainfall is not so limited as in Utah, and espe-
cially in regions having a summer rainfall, other methods give as
good or better returns.

IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING THE NORMAL RAINFALL.

The rainfall in all parts of the United States is subject to wide
fluctuations from year to year. The West does not appear to be
more subject to these changes than the East, but the fluctuations

188

MANY RAINFALL STATIONS NECESSARY. 9

are felt more by the dry farmers because they are working upon a
closer margin. Crops in the East are often lost through drought and
not infrequently under conditions where the up-to-date dry farmer
would have produced a good crop. On account, then, of the fluc-
tuations in rainfall in any locality from year to year, it is necessary
in judging the rainfall of a region to know the average annual rainfall,
or, as it is called, the normal rainfall. This is the only safe basis
upon which the rainfall of any region can be judged, and the longer
the records the greater is the dependence that can be placed upon
the normal. While two years’ or three years’ observations are safer
than a single year’s records, it is not uncommon for two or three wet
years or for two or three dry years to follow one another in succession,
so that the yearly rainfall obtained at such times would be too high
or too low. Records for at least five years, and preferably for ten
years, are necessary to obtain the normal rainfall of a region, and
the longer the records the more reliable will be the result obtained.

MANY RAINFALL STATIONS NECESSARY ON ACCOUNT OF LOCAL
VARIATIONS IN RAINFALL.

In studying the rainfall of a region too much dependence must not:
be placed upon the records of a single station, especially if this station
is located in a mountainous region. Under such conditions marked
differences in the annual rainfall are often found between stations
located on the highlands and those in the valleys. The cooling of
the moisture-laden air through expansion as it rises over a range of
hills causes precipitation, so that the windward sides of mountains
have a greater rainfall than the leeward sides. This is well illustrated
in the very heavy rains which oceur all along the west slope of the
Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and northern California,
while the rainfall on the east side is very much less. (See the rain-
fall maps for Washington, fig. 22, and Oregon, fig. 17; also the chart
shown as fig. 1.) This is also well illustrated in Riverside and San
Bernardino counties in southern California (see map, fig. 7), where
a great change in rainfall occurs as we go eastward a few miles.

These sudden changes in normal rainfall are not, however, confined
to the mountainous regions; marked instances of this kind occur in
the Great Plains, where changes in elevation are comparatively slight.
For example, the rainfall in the district around Aberdeen, in Brown
County, S. Dak., is nearly 5 inches above that of the surrounding
sections. (See the South Dakota rainfall map, fig. 18.) This differ-
ence is based upon observations extending over twenty years o1
more; and the effect upon the crops has been so marked that the
farmers generally recognize that good crops may be found in this
section when the surrounding regions are suffering from drought.
It is important, then, to have as many rainfall stations as possible
in order to measure accurately the annual precipitation.

188

DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

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western United States, and has been prepared by the writers with

particular reference to dry-farming regions.*

Yi) ABOVE LO INCHES.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANNUAL RAINFALL IN DRY-FARMING

States.

«This chart is based upon the state rainfall maps (see pp. 33 to 45), which include
188

Fic. 1.—Chart showing the distribution of the annual rainfall in the dry-farming sections of the United
the available rainfall records of the Weather Bureau to January, 1910.

sented in the chart has been divided into zones, the boundaries of the

zones being represented by lines along which the rainfall is uniform.
For example, the heavy curved line marked 20, starting in the north-

DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL RAINFALL. 11

eastern corner of North Dakota and passing southward through
central South Dakota, central Nebraska, western Kansas, and the
Panhandle of Texas, passes through points in these States where the
normal annual rainfall is 20 inches. The average annual rainfall of
the country lying to the east of this line is in general more than 20
inches and to the west of this line less than 20 inches. This line,
representing points having a normal annual rainfall of 20 inches, is
about 4° of longitude, or approximately 200 miles, farther west
in Texas than in North Dakota.

The line representing an average annual rainfall of 15 inches ex-
tends west in North Dakota nearly to the western boundary, then
bends eastward and passes through the center of South Dakota, then
runs westward through the southwestern corner of Wyoming, and
making a detour in the mountainous region of Colorado passes
through the eastern part of that State and southward through the
central portion of New Mexico. The country lying between this
line of 15 inches annual rainfall and the line of 20 inches annual
rainfall to the east has, then, an annual rainfall of 15 to 20 inches,
the rainfall becoming greater as the 20-inch line is approached. A
second region in which the annual rainfall is between 15 inches and
20 inches is shown in central Montana and northwestern Wyoming.
A third region having this rainfall is to be found in northwestern
Wyoming and central Idaho and northeastern Oregon. Similar
areas exist in northern Utah, in the mountainous part of Arizona,
and in northeastern California.

The line representing 10 inches of annual rainfall passes north
and west through the central part of California and through extreme
western Nevada, southeastern Oregon, and western Idaho, then
bends sharply southward, making a great loop in the State of Utah,
then runs through southwestern Wyoming, extreme western and
southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, and northern
and western Arizona. The unshaded area lying within this boundary
has an annual rainfail of less than 10 inches. This area as a whole
has not sufficient rainfall to make dry farming profitable, as it is
carried on at the present time. The conditions are much more
severe in the southern part of this area, owing to the higher evapora-
tion. It is possible that grain may eventually be produced along
the extreme northern border, particularly where other conditions are
especially favorable.

In southern Washington a second region is to be found in which
the annual rainfall is less than 10 inches. The evaporation in this
region is much lower than in the sections just mentioned. It has
been found possible to produce wheat successfully within the borders
of this region on an annual rainfall of about 9 inches, using the
method of alternate cropping and summer tillage.

188

12 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

Those areas which are included between the 10-inch and 20-inch
lines of annual rainfall serve, then, to represent in a general way the
dry-farming areas of the United States so far as they may be defined
through rainfall. It must be constantly borne in mind, however,
that conditions are more severe in the southern part of the region
than in the northern part, owing to the high temperature and greater
evaporation; so that regions having the same rainfall are by no
means Eni well adapted to the production of crops.

COMPARISON OF THE MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL IN
THE GREAT PLAINS, INTERMOUNTAIN, AND Beg COAST
REGIONS.

The monthly distribution of the rainfall in the western United
States can be divided roughly into three types—the summer rainfall

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Fic. 2.—Chart showing the monthly distribution of the rainfall at representative stations in the Great
Plains, Intermountain, and Pacific coast regions. The length of the black lines in each diagram rep-
resents the monthly precipitation at that place, beginning with January on the left. The scale in
inches given on the right of each diagram can be used to find the actual amount of the monthly rainfall.
For example, the average monthly rainfall at Bismarck, N. Dak., for June is seen to be 33 inches, while
for July it is only a little more than 2inches. It will be noted that in the Pacific coast region the rain
comes principally during the first and last months of the year, that is, in the winter, while in the Great
Plains the rain comes principally during the middle of the year, that is, in the summer months.

of the Great Plains, the winter and spring rainfall of the Inter-
mountain district, ail the winter rainfall of the Pacific coast region.
These three types are illustrated in figure 2, which shows the monthly
rainfall for three stations in each of these se It will be noted
that for Bismarck, N. Dak., North Platte, Nebr., and Amarillo, Tex.,
which are typical Great Plains stations, the rain occurs principally
during the months of June, July, and August, and that the winter
188

—_ .

ae

RELATION OF MONTHLY RAINFALL TO FARM PRACTICE. 13

months are very dry. In fact, about three-fourths of the total rain-
fall of the year at these stations occurs during the six summer months,
from April to September, inclusive.

In the Pacific coast region, on the other hand, the rainfall occurs
almost entirely during the winter months, and it will be seen from
the chart that the summer months are very dry. The rainfall dis-
tribution in the Pacific coast region is, then, exactly opposite to
that found in the Great Plains. In the Intermountain region the
maximum precipitation occurs during the late winter and spring
months. Thus there is here a distribution intermediate between
that of the winter precipitation of the Pacific slope and the summer
precipitation of the Great Plains.

The monthly distribution of the rainfall over the western portion of
the United States is presented diagrammatically on the map shown
as figure 1, which has been adapted from Bulletin N of the United
States Weather Bureau. The change from a summer rainfall in the
Great Plains to a winter rainfall on the Pacific coast is very marked,
and the intermediate types are shown in the intervening country.
In Arizona we find that the rainfall is divided into two periods during
a year, a rainy season occurring during the winter months and a
second rainy season in July and August, the latter being the greater.

THE RELATION OF MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL TO
FARM PRACTICE.

In regions where the annual rainfall is low the monthly distribu-
tion of the rainfall determines to a large extent the farm practice of
the region. A comparison of the systems of dry farming employed
in the Great Basin and in the Great Plains will make this clear. In
Utah and in a large part of the Great Basin country the precipitation
comes largely in the winter and early spring. In consequence, spring
wheat is not a successful crop in this region for two reasons: (1) The
land can not be fitted for sowing until late in the season, owing to the
spring rains, and (2) the driest part of the season occurs just when
the spring- eat crop would be maturing. On the other hand, the
conditions in this region are almost lel for growing winter alent
on summer-tilled land. The land is plowed in the fall so as to be
left in the best condition for holding the snow and the winter and
spring rains. It is then kept well tilled during the summer and con-
tains sufficient moisture to start the crop in the fall. If a fall rain
occurs about seeding time conditions are especially favorable. The
fall-sown crop is then able to take advantage of the winter and spring
precipitation and matures before the driest part of the season is
reached. Clean summer fallowing (summer tillage) is considered

absolutely necessary in this region in order to be sure of a successful
188 | i

14 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

crop on account of the low rainfall in the autumn months and for
the purpose of supplementing the low annual rainfall.¢

In the Great Plains the monthly distribution of the rainfall is
quite different from that of the Intermountain region, the greatest
monthly rainfall occurring in June, July, and August. Summer till .
age for moisture conservation is not so well adapted to this region.
The frequent rains during the summer months repeatedly pack the
surface mulch on the summer-tilled land. This requires frequent
cultivation in order to avoid the loss of water by evaporation, and so
increases the expense of maintaining the mulch.. Owing to the high
evaporation in the Great Plains during the summer months, very
little water will be stored in the summer-fallowed land unless the
mulch is carefully kept up by thorough cultivation after every rain.
The higher annual precipitation in the Great Plains and the increased
cost of maintaining a good mulch on summer-tilled land have thus
combined to make summer fallowing in this region much less popu-
lar than in the Great Basin country. Furthermore, the blowing of
the dry surface mulch of the summer fallow sometimes becomes very
serious in the Great Plains owing to high winds.

For the above reasons annual cropping is largely used in preference
to summer tillage in the Great Plains, although in some parts of the
area summer-tillage methods are considered necessary to insure
sufficient moisture, even at the cost of the increased labor necessary
to maintain the surface mulch. Spring grains are generally used
under the annual cropping method, since the crop escapes the dry
fall and winter, and the land, having been recently worked, is in the
best condition to absorb the summer rainfall. The shade of the
erowing crop partially protects the ground from excessive loss of
water by evaporation, while the small summer showers that are use-
less on summer-tilled land always help the growing crop. Thus we
have a radically different system of farm practice in the Great Plains
from that found in the Intermountain country, owing in part to the
difference in the distribution of the monthly rainfall of the two
regions and in part to the greater rainfall in the Great Plains.

THE RELATION OF THE CHARACTER OF RAINFALL TO ITS USE-
FULNESS.

The way in which the rain comes has a great deal to do with its
usefulness. Summer-fallowing methods, for example, are not well
adapted to regions in which the rainfall comes largely in the form of
little showers from one-tenth to one-half inch. Rains of this kind
penetrate the soil only a few inches, and the water is practically all

tural Experiment Station; also ‘‘Dry Farming in the Great Basin,’ by C. S. Scofield,
Bulletin 103, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 8. Department of Agriculture,
188

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(Avayune y3HLVaM ‘N NIL3TINa Wou4)

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Bul. 188, Bureau of Plant Industry, U S Dept of Agriculture.

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AVERAGE i
MONTHLY PRECIPITATION WY L | KZ
IN THE = a veal, e:
WESTERN UNITED STATES aaEnEan at a fica i
(FROM BULLETIN N, WEATHER BUREAU.) . Is
ay is

The diagrams showy average monthly wpeaciptation, ia
inshesy Beginning wilh Jonuary of the left.
figures at the right of each diagram indicote inches
an pat itotion

oo

te or

Fic. 3.—CHART SHOWING THE AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. THE LENGTH OF THE BLACK LINES
IN THE LITTLE DIAGRAMS ON THE MAP SHOWS THE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION, BEGINNING WITH JANUARY ON THE LEFT. A SCALE IN INCHES IS GIVEN ON THE
RIGHT OF EACH LITTLE DIAGRAM.

62102—10. (Face p. 14.)

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~.

RUN-OFF DURING TORRENTIAL RAINS. 15

lost through subsequent evaporation even when the surface of the soil
is cultivated after the rain, since the rainfall does not penetrate below
the depth of the mulch. These small rains are, however, usually
sufficient to pack the mulch and form a surface crust, which must be
broken by cultivation as soon as possible; otherwise, evaporation will
go on so rapidly from the surface of the soil that far more moisture
will be lost than was gained through the rain. At North Platte,
Nebr., during the month of August, 1908, the total rainfall was 1.9
inches, which came in the form of nine showers. None of these rains
was sufficient to wet thoroughly the mulch on the summer fallow
and all were useless so far as storing water in the soil was concerned,
and yet they necessitated a good deal of work in order to keep the
mulch in good condition. Such rains are, of course, useful to grow-
ing crops that cover the ground, but for storing water in the soil
showers of one-half inch or more are necessary.

RUN-OFF DURING TORRENTIAL RAINS.

If the rainfall is of a torrential character, the rain falling at the
rate of an inch or more per hour, the loss through run-off becomes
very serious. ‘These torrential rains occur occasionally in all parts
of the West. The records of the Weather Bureau show that they
occur more frequently in the southern part of the region. It is impor-
tant for the dry farmer to study the best methods of handling his
land so as to absorb as much of these torrential rains as possible.
Our recent fieldwork has shown that even on summer-fallowed land
provided with a good mulch the loss through run-off during a torrential
rain may be very great.

Measurements made by Mr. F. D. Farrell at the Nephi substation,
Utah, in 1908, showed that during a heavy rain of 2.5 inches in four
hours summer-tilled land absorbed only 0.5 inch of water, while
near-by wheat stubble-land, which was very dry and contained many
surface cracks, absorbed 1.5 inches. In other words, the run-off on
the summer-tilled land was 80 per cent of the total water falling,
while the loss on the stubble was 40 per cent. The high loss on the
summer-tilled land was probably due to the driving rain, which packed
the fine surface soil so that it would not absorb the water freely.
Similar measurements by one of the writers (Belz) at the experiment
farm of the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, at Dalhart,
Tex., in 1909, showed that during a torrential rain of 2 inches the run-
off from cultivated plats was from 20 to 60 per cent of the total rain
falling. In another instance, with a rainfall of 1.1 inches, the average
loss through run-off from seven cultivated plats amounted to 35 per
cent of the total rainfall. All of these measurements were made on
practically level land,

188

16 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

These results indicate that a fine surface mulch on summer-tilled
land, while ideal in preventing evaporation, packs during a torrential
rain and so fails to absorb the water freely. A rough, uneven, lumpy
surface, including stubble, with finer soil beneath, is preferable under
such conditions to a fine surface mulch. The rough surface material,
combined with the finer soil below, still makes an effective mulch.
During windy, dry weather, the rough, lumpy surface will protect
the soil from blowing. During a torrential rain the rough sur-
face will tend to prevent the soil from washing, and by holding the
water to some extent will make the soil below absorb more. The
treatment of the land so as to absorb all of the rain that falls is a
matter of great importance to the dry farmer.’ This subject is now
being given special attention at the experimental farms of = Office
of Deka Agriculture Investigations.?

HAIL.

Hail is one form of precipitation that is the dread of every dry
farmer. MHailstorms are likely to occur in almost any portion of the
Great Plains during the summer months and frequently do great
damage to standing grain. These storms take place somewhat more
frequently in the southern parts of the area, and in some districts
seem to occur more often along the river courses and valleys than

upon the table-lands. They do occur, however, on the table-lands |

and divides, and their path is generally narrow and very sharply
defined, the hail sometimes completely destroying standing grain in
part of a field and leaving the remainder uninjured. About the only
precaution that the prospective settler can take is to try to avoid
locating in regions which are known to be in the track of such storms.
The grain should also be cut at the earliest possible date. Other-
wise, the dry farmer must take his chances upon the occurrence of
hail just as he must upon the occurrence of unusually dry weather.
Many new settlers who feel that they can not afford to risk the loss
of their crop insure against hail just as they insure against loss by
fire. Established farmers as a rule find that it pays to carry their
own insurance.

EVAPORATION IN DRY-FARMING SECTIONS.

The rate at which evaporation takes place in any given region has
a marked influence upon the quantity of rainfall necessary for suc-
cessful dry farming. The accompanying map (fig. 4) shows the
evaporation taking place from a freely exposed water surface during

the six summer months in different parts of the United States. The —

aSee article entitled ‘‘Dry-Land Farming in the Great Plains Area,’ by E. C.
Chilcott, Yearbook of the U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, 1907.
188

i

EVAPORATION IN DRY-FARMING SECTIONS. u

figures on the chart represent the total evaporation in inches from
April to September, inclusive.

The circles represent stations where dry-farming experiments are
being conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry. The figures for
these stations can be compared directly, since they have all been
obtained from tanks exposed in the same way. Most of these tanks
are 8 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep, and are sunk in the ground so
that the top of the tank is 4 inches above the surface of the ground.
(See Pl. I, frontispiece.) The water level is kept about 4 inches
from the top of the tank. The amount of water that has to be added
to keep the water at this height, together with the rain that falls”
into the tank, gives the total evaporation for any required time.

lad
a —
eA ie Nea Sa ee
SiS

Fic. 4.—Chart showing the evaporation in inches during the six summer months from April to September,
inclusive, for various points in the United States. The circles show stations where evaporation measure-
ments are being made in connection with the field experiments of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The
evaporation at these stations is measured in the same way and can be directly compared.

Three years’ records have been obtained for some of these stations,
and there is little change in the evaporation from year to year.
These figures representing the evaporation for equal periods then
become very useful in comparing the conditions in different sections
of the country from a dry-farming standpoint.
Table I presents the results from which the accompanying map (fig.
4) was prepared and shows the total evaporation which took place
from tanks during the six months from April to September, inclusive,
for a number of points in the United States. The figures have been
obtained from widely scattered sources, and the measurements were
made with tanks of different sizes and exposed in different ways.
52102°— Bul. 188—10——2

18 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

All of the results are not, therefore, directly comparable. The meas-
urements at stations printed in heavy-faced type have been made
as a part of the physical investigations carried on at the dry-farming
stations of the Bureau of Plant Industry and can be directly com-
pared.

TaBLE ].—Evaporation from a tank during the six summer months from April to
September, inclusive, at various points in the United States.

[The figures given represent the total number of inches evaporated during this period.]

Num-
State. City or town. ber of Date. Ee
years. :
ATIZON ATi Se ee ATU CSO MI Stree ee aoe a 8 | 189243H420 ecco tec eee eee a 54.2
Wim ahd Sect ee 3 Been Sey We re Oe ee b 57.8
1904: Sore Sea eens € 53.9 56.0
TOV Tc cisnes.s Vie Rae tales 56.4 |;
Wallonia seeee aera Calexico. 2 aeen eae ese Bs | 1908 42.2 hoe eee 471.8
Kingsburg Bridge........... 4°) 1882-3-4-6.4 2. baht see €49.2
WWakeportie. cca toes cee 2) | L901, 1902. .2..20 52 eee F 25.3
akelRahoenseres= ce seer DOOD see een ae oa ee g 20.7 21.1
HOOVES SRE es cea nae h 21.6
ROMONALs ceeke cs eee "| 1908-41 22. be ee d 44,4
SWECUWALELE a eeee eerie eee 5 | 1889-90-91-92, 1897...........- 439.0
Mulan es, BU gs Rew nhac rate Wf W908 +4 bs elle d 56.6
Coloradon=seee a eee OT ee See ee erties 2 | 1908 to 1909, inclusive......... 45
OREO ONIN See eer N55] 1887 tolS02 252 sees eee eee j 29.3
GrandaVialleyeee- sree aa 1 as (ie 1910) tea eh ie ns k 36.5
Rocky ord tee aseene eae. P| A90L os 2. (eee eee 161.6
AaNSaS 7, See eee ee TAY Sevecc ee. 2a. Semper ce 3 | 1907 to 1909, inclusive... -.-. nae 45.2
GardeniCity==2"--4--2 2 | 1908 to 1909, inclusive......-.. 59.9
Massachusetts........- Boston:
‘Beacon Fill. neo. ee aE os aitacs.o te ere ee m 25.8
Chestnut Billo. 2.. Snes Shee ee eee eee eee Lee n 28.6
Michigan eee se WEtrOit sa 22 Skee Hee eee 4 | 1861 to 1864, inclusive........- 0 32.1
MOMROCR eee a ets eee eee 5 | 1863 to 1867, inclusive......... 0 30.9
Rhunder Bayes: a= seeeee ee 4 | 1862 to 1865, inclusive......-.-. 0 30. 2
Moniandeer= ss eee eer Judith Basin..-.-.....----- 11909 oc ke le ee ee 32.6
Nebraska) sac c2-2 ee eee EAN CON ssp eae eee 11 | 1899 to 1909, inclusive........- Pp 34.8
North Platte... -.......------ 3 | 1907 to 1909, inclusive........- 41.3
IN@vad ate. Bee neon Hallonie ser eee ress 2 | 1908 to 1909, inclusive......... 51.0
RenOtg ays sce ce aen meee a Vad eo39 a ee ene q 37.5 \ 39.9
ASOO: coe ae 7 42.3
New Jerseys oor eee eee New Bronswick sess yo esse 2 OOO S190 sae ees $29.1 \ 29.5
WOOUED 7. eae oes t 29.9
New Mexico..........- Carlsbaditesc epee cere WAS 99. 2 Seeker u 54.6
WLas'Crucess ss heen: oats SH) 18995 L900) TOONS see eee eee v 40.1
ING Wi MOT ee er ee Rochester: sates ome Dal ala advice {EOS a Eee w 26.7
NortheDakotaes=soeeee Dickinson. 2.252200! 2 eee 3 | 1907 to 1909, inclusive. .......- 31.4
Bideeleyiig3 5-62 se eee 3 | 1907 to 1909, inclusive........-. 29.8
Williston <o52 sehen eras 1 | 1909. cd ecco < phen ioe eee nee 30.0

a Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 27.

b Engineering News, vol. 51, p. 248.

c Water-Supply Papers, No. 133, p. 32.

d Engineering Record, vol. 51, p. 430.

e Water-Supply Papers, No. 81, p. 27.

fIidem, p. 382.

g Idem, p. 21.

h First Annual Report Reclamation Service, 1902, p. 230. Estimated from 5 months’ record.

2 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 45, p. 26.

j Fifteenth Annual Report Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 205.

k ieee Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1901, p. 284.

lIdem, p. 31.
m Transactions American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 15, p. 606 (1888 omitted, the records for that year

uot being complete).

n Idem, p. 618.

o Report Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1868, p. 978 (May 4 to October 5).

Pp Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. Data furnished by Prot. E G. Montgomery.

q Water-Supply Papers, No. 81, p. 22 (May 11 to October 30).

7 Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1900, p. 151 (May 4 to October 24).
s Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1901, p. 353 (April 4 to November 30).
t Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1902, p. 247.

uTdem, p. 31 (May 1 to November 11).

v New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 59, p. 43.

# Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 45, p. 27.

188

EVAPORATION IN DRY-FARMING SECTIONS. 19

TaBLE I.—Evaporation from a tank during the six summer months from April to
September, inclusive, at various points in the United States—Continued.

Num- E
State. City or town. ber of Date. Veena
years Babs
OUD 2 Saas a e Cleveland 22) sera ae ae 6 | 1862 to 1867, inclusive. .......-. a 24.6
South Dakota.......... Bellefourche. .............- 2, | 1908 to 1909, inclusive-..----.- 38.0
Hiehmone: estrone ee dT 07 cea aah fee eater ea te eee BBY
TGS ESN Skies ene eee ANNA UO Me arte eyes ee once 3 | 1907 to 1909, inclusive........- 52.4
Dalhante er Saree lea Sees 2 | 1908 to 1909, inclusive......-.-- 54.6
San Antonio........-.-...-- 3 | 1907 to 1909, INGIUSIVE See eee 45.7
UE Da eo Ie ee COmINN OS kes eget ete cients MNEs hrc USO) ee ee a area a yy eRe tee 6 40.1
OTe OU SAS = emer eee HRS 9 OU 2a yee certain ¢ 30.7
UO DANN Cras ee Sore ore oie a Rate en ee ons ar Cie rel See es d 34.3
Ne phic esse 5.2 ee ees 2 | 1908 to 1909, inclusive. .......- 42.0
Washington........-..- IPTOSSOT ay ees Ce ne een Delesl OO) Mersin us emer 8 4.6 b 27.6
; IO pe IS Es oe ee a 30. 6 2
NWVASCONSIM a5 222 s5-- 20 Milwaukee: cece! 3 oo. Beye Hull SOS sCOMUOOUeme a cpee ee. ses tee € 26.9
SiEV@GMS IPOH astecnccebsose BN NGOs to. 5 Te ae } 28.2 28.8
OOD earasn ey AR ee g 29.4 rea
WV OIMING Ss 25-22. 2525: AGAIN CBee ie See oe ee Se 7) UCSBSMSS WN coo ebootesde ook h 39.4

a Report Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, 1868, p. 978.

b Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1901, p. 31 (May 18 to November 9).
(The records for Prosser are for 1900, May 9 to October 29, and 1901, ‘April a» to October 28.)

c Water-Supply Papers, No. 7, p. 20.

d Utah Agricultural College Bulletin 80, 1901, p. 77.

e Report Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. 1868, ,p- 978.

f Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1901, p. 335 (estimated from 3 months’
records).

g Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1902, p. 232 (estimated from 4 months’
records).

h For records 1893 to 1898, inclusive, see Water-Supply Papers, No. 81, p. 21.

WeeBioasess 37.1 inches (estimated from records April 24 to September 30).
1894...... 38.5 inches (estimated from records April 26 to September 30).

IO eooese 37.1 inches (estimated from records April 17 to September 30).

SOG Ree. ci 40.5 inches (estimated from records June 1 to September 39).

SO eps < 42.0 inches (estimated from records April 24 to September 30).

PROS S eee 42.3 inches (estimated from records April 15 to September 30).

For records of 1901, see Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 52, p. 50.

ESO eee 38.2 (estimated from records May 9 to September 30).

The rate of evaporation from a wet soil surface is about the same
as from a freely exposed water surface in a tank.* Consequently, if
the surface of the soil were kept constantly wet the evaporation from
the soil would be approximately equal to that found by means of the
tank. The fact that we find the evaporation as measured by the
tank to be so much greater than the rainfall shows how efficient our
methods of cultivation must be in order that we may have any water
at all left for the use of thecrop. Ina region having an evaporation
during the six summer months of 45 inches and a rainfall of 18 inches,
most of which occurs during the summer, we are able through culti-
vation to cut the evaporation from the soil down to approximately

_@ This statement must, of course, be considered as only approximate. Very wet,
dark-colored soils fre ly exposed in the sun will usually lose water by evaporation
more rapidly than a free water surface, since the dark soil surface absorbs a larger pro-
portion of the energy from the sun than the free water surface does. The evaporation
from light-colored soils when wet agrees more closely with that taking place from a
free water surface of equal area. As the soils dry out the rate of evaporation gradu-
ally decreases. This shows the advantage in using a clean, freely exposed water sur-
face In measuring evaporation, which avoids the errors arising from changes in the
nature of the evaporating surface.
188

20 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

half the rainfall and so. save the remainder of the rainfall for the use
of the crop. In establishing a mulch it is necessary to sacrifice all
of the moisture in the surface layer of soil that is used to form the
mulch. Any rain, then, that simply wets the surface mulch is of no
value in storing moisture in summer-tilled land, since it must all be .
evaporated in order to establish the mulch again.

EVAPORATION AS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE IN THE GREAT
PLAINS.

The increase in evaporation is very marked as we proceed south-
ward through the Great Plains, the seasonal evaporation in the Pan-
handle of Texas being 54 inches, or about double that in North
Dakota. The influence of this increased evaporation upon the agri-
cultural operations is seen by comparing the agricultural operations
along the line of 20-inch annual rainfall in the two States. This line
in North Dakota passes through the head of the Red River valley,
where the rainfall has been ample for the successful growing of wheat
upon the same land year after year. In Texas the 20-inch line passes
through a country which is still largely grazing land and where agri-
culture is confined to the most drought-resistant crops, such as kafir
and milo. It is evident, then, that in dry-farming sections having
equal rainfall the North has a decided epee over the South-
owing to the lower evaporation.

Dr. H. L. Shantz, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, finds that the
distribution of a eee erass is a good index of the rainfall required
in different sections of the Great Plains. Short grass, which consists
chiefly of buffalo grass and grama grass, is well suited for this purpose,
since it occurs from Montana to Texas. In each section the grass
crows as far west as the opposing influences of rainfall and evaporation
will permit. Its growth to the east is checked by competition with
the prairie grasses. Thus we have a strip of short grass extending
from Montana to Texas, limited on the west side by drought and on
the east by competition with other grasses. Therefore the increase in
the annual rainfall as we go from north to south in the short-grass
region represents the additional amount of rain needed to offset the
increased evaporation. In Montana, short grass unmixed with other
erasses occurs in districts having an annual rainfall of approximately
14 inches; in Colorado, in regions having a rainfall of 17 inches; and
in the Panteadie of Teed in regions having an annual rainfall of 21
inches.?@

The same type of native grass requires in Texas 7 inches more of
rain a year than in Montana. This gives us at once a measure of

a The authors are indebted to Doctor Shantz for this preliminary account of his
investigations on the distribution of the vegetation of the Great Plains, which will
shortly appear as a bulletin of the Bureau of Plant Industry.

188

EVAPORATION AS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE. Or.

the additional amount of rain required for a grain crop in Texas as
compared with Montana. Furthermore, the evaporation in Texas
during the six summer months exceeds that in Montana by about
20 inches. Therefore, if the summer evaporation at one place in the
Great Plains exceeds that at another by 3 inches a corresponding
increase in the summer rainfall of approximately 1 inch at the first
place is needed to offset the increased evaporation. A rainfall of 21
inches in the Panhandle of Texas is therefore really no better for
growing crops than 15 inches in Montana or Dakota, owing to the
greatly increased evaporation on the Texas plains.

The influence of the amount of evaporation in different sections of
the Great Plains upon the effectiveness of the rainfall in crop pro-
duction is illustrated in the accompanying chart (fig. 5). The heavy
curved line marked ‘20”’ passes through points in the Great Plains
States having an annual average rainfall of 20 inches. From what
has already been said, it is evident that the conditions determining
crop production become more and more severe as we pass southward
along this line, owing to the increase in the evaporation. It would
therefore be necessary to move more and more to the eastward from
the line representing an annual rainfall of 20 inches as we go south-
ward through the Great Plains, in order to find conditions that are
equally favorable for crop production so far as rainfall is concerned.
The broken line which is coincident with the line of 20 inches annual
rainfall in the northern part of North Dakota and which becomes
more and more separated from it as we move southward through the
Great Plains passes through points having a rainfall equivalent to
20 inches in North Dakota. The actual rainfall along this line
mcreases as we go south through the area until the lowlands of Texas
are reached, but owing to the increased evaporation it is no more
effective in growing crops than is 20 inches in North Dakota or
Montana.

To the west of the line of 20 inches annual rainfall will be found
a second line which passes through points having an average annual
rainfall of 15 inches. In connection with this line of 15 inches annual
rainfall there is given on the map a second broken line which passes
through points having a rainfall equivalent to 15 inches in North
Dakota or Montana. It will be noted that through southwestern
Nebraska and northwestern Kansas this broken line is practically
coincident with the line of 20 inches annual rainfall. In other words,
15 inches of rainfall in Montana or Dakota are equivalent to 20
inches of rainfall in southwestern Nebraska or western Kansas. In
southwestern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and in Texas this line lies
wholly to the east of the line representing 20 inches annual rainfall.
Throughout this latter section, then, more than 20 inches of rainfall

188

92 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

would be required in order to be equivalent to 15 inches of rain-
fall along the Canadian boundary. These lines of equivalent rainfall
have been established from a consideration of.the distribution of the
short grass through the Great Plains and from a study of the evapo-

ad

Fic. 5.—Outline map of the States in the Great Plains region, showing the lines of equal rainfall and
lines of equivalent rainfall. The solid lines marxed 15 and 20 pass through points of equal rainfall;
the corresponding dotted lines pass through points having a rainfall which is equivalent to 15 and
20 inches, respectively, on the Canadian boundary.

ration. Their position should be considered as only approximate,

but they serve to emphasize the great influence of the increased

evaporation upon the amount of water required for crop production.
188

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT BASIN. 28
RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL.

In order that the prospective settler may form an idea of the
yields that he can reasonably expect to obtain in regions of limited
rainfall, there is given in the following pages a summary of the yields
permed at a number of experimental farms conducted under state
and federal supervision.

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT BASIN.

During the years 1904, 1905, and 1906 the Utah Agricultural
Experiment Station conducted experiments at six dry-farming sta-
tions in Utah.* The following table shows the average yield of
wheat obtained by summer-fallowing methods at these stations dur-
ing the three years. The table shows the yearly precipitation, the
precipitation that occurred during the growing season from April 1
to July 20, and the corresponding yield.2 The location of the coun-
ties may be seen by referring to the Utah precipitation map, page 44.

TaBLE II.—Relation of precipitation to yield of Lofthouse wheat on summer-fallowed
lands at six dry-farming stations in Utah.

[From Bulletin No. 100, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.]}

Yearly pre-| Seasonal :
cipitation, | precipita- | _Yield of

County and year. August 1 | tion, April wheat 125
fo Julys3t. | Pte July-20.| 9 2°%*:

Tron: Inches. Inches. Bushels.

WOE e SOR Sey eS Baie ae a ee 13.4 3.8 6

1G () SeperEe Sheen nce eR lob a ee es Moe 2 BSS ee eee 9.9 2.8 0

HOG 6 ercrci hE Sek ee eS ee I epee a epics reo lea a ele a Re 15.9 3.2 7
Juab:

HOD S 6 woe cis eS is ee a eae ee ta ee ee 15.4 3.9 20

WO a 3) ah SE slg RS ae ey RE ge cae a Se OE iil, 83 Sel 15

TCG os cores Ss cS SR eB a Se 18.4 6.3 31
Tooele:

DOMES Sec ee a SS Oe a a 18.5 4.6 13
TQ & Sci PS eee ieee a Ce ena cp er 12.4 Bi 11
G0 Gemeente ear le ee Vie lhe ob ee ale 13.0 4.5 16

Sevier:
HO) () Aarne aves ieteeteer Si aninion at pn etien, PUN te eee a a 13.2 6.0 8
HOS cs ed SE Ie a ES Pe an AC Ae a iL 4.1 5
WEB 5 oS ye Beis ere aR See eae ey ca ne 15.4 4.6 8
Washington:
Rn Rhein: Kee es Sep ee eee Ne eu So eh Dae NEL 13.4 2, 2
ee So ae Be SA SRI SDD ae eG IE oes epee ees ST Te rere en 10.9 2.9 4
COG ore SEA a a eg No le a le 16.6 Amal 9)
San Juan
WOO Ss Se ee eee ee 6.6 2.8 0
NOOB oy Se eS ce eee AI te A eg ear 19.0 Sao 21
HG OG epee eerepiny ners ge meres Deere Oa aa tei a Se us ee 20.0 4.8 29

2 Bulletin 100, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, by W. M. Jardine.

b The writers are indebted to Mr. W. M. Jardine for assistance in compiling the
yields given in this table. The figures are based upon the average yields of Lofthouse
wheat plats and represent in most cases the average of the Lofthouse wheat yields
in the variety tests, in the depth-of-plowing tests, and in the time-of-seeding tests,
3 to 5 plats in all. In the depth-of-plowing tests the yield of the plat plowed 8 inches
deep was taken when possible, and in the other cases the average of the yields from
the plats plowed 5 inches deep and 10 inches deep was used. In the time-of-seeding
tests the yields of the plats sown on dates recommended in the bulletin were used.
These figures, therefore, represent the yields of wheat grown under conditions generally
advocated in the region, viz, on land plowed 8 inches deep and summer-fallowed.

188

94 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

The cost of producing an acre of wheat on summer-fallowed land
in Utah, including seed and harvesting, is about $7,% which with
wheat at 75 cents would be equivalent to about 9 bushels of wheat
per acre. On this basis wheat production proved profitable during
the three years in Juab and Tooele counties. In San Juan County
in 1904 the rainfall was less than 7 inches and the crop was a failure.
During the next two years, however, the rainfall was about 20 inches
and good yields were obtained. The yields at the other three sta-
tions during the three years do not cover the cost of growing the crop.
The records of Juab County show clearly the influence of the amount
of rain on the yield, the yields varying from 15 bushels with a rainfall
. of 11 inches in 1905 to 31 bushels with a rainfall of 18 inches in 1906.
Jardine emphasizes the importance of having at least 4 inches of
rain during the growing season from April 1 to July 20.

To summarize, in Tooele and Juab counties, Utah, profitable
yields were obtained when the rainfall exceeded 13 inches. At the
other stations in Iron, Sevier, and Washington counties a rainfall
of 15 inches was not sufficient to produce profitable crops. The
evaporation from a freely exposed tank of water has been found to
be about 42 inches during the six summer months in Juab County.
We may conclude, then, that with this amount of evaporation an
annual rainfall of 13 inches represents about the minimum under
which farming can be profitably carried on in the Great Basin.?

MINIMUM RAINFALL NECESSARY FOR WHEAT PRODUCTION IN THE
COLUMBIA BASIN.

There is probably no other region in the United States where dry
farming is successfully conducted with so low a rainfall as in the
Columbia Basin, in southern Washington and northern Oregon.
This is the result of a combination of favorable conditions. The
evaporation is considerably lower than in the Great Basin, the rains
come mainly during the winter season and are not torrential, and
the basaltic soils absorb the rainfall readily. As we have already
seen, the system of alternate cropping and summer fallow is especially

a a Grace Brothers, who ppemie a large farm in Juab County, Utah, find the average
cost of growing wheat on summer-fallowed land to be $6.85 per acre. This figure
includes all charges except an interest charge for the land. (See Second Annual
Report Dry-Farming Congress, p. 170.)

The cost of growing spring wheat on fall-plowed land in Minnesota, as given by
E. ©. Parker and T. P. Cooper, ranges from $4.30 (on a large farm) to $6.40 per acre.
These figures do not include land rental or the cost of hauling the grain to market.

Other things being’equal, it is to be expected that wheat production under the
system of alternate cropping and summer fallowing would be somewhat more ex-
pensive than under the annual cropping system, as in Minnesota, owing to the increased
cost of maintaining the summer fallow.

b Prof. L. A. Merrill, of the Utah station, places the minimum annual rainfall for
profitable dry farming in that section at 12 inches.

188

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 95

adapted to such conditions and is the method uniformly followed in
that part of the Columbia Basin where the rainfall is hght. Summer
tillage of the fallow land is also carried on quite generally throughout
the region.* ‘The rainfall records in the drier portions of the Columbia
Basin are very broken, so that it is not possible at the present time
to determine the relation of yield to rainfall with exactness.
Hunter,? who has made a special study of the conditions in this
region, states that while wheat is being produced on an average annual
rainfall as low as 8.5 inches, 10 inches is about the minimum for suc-
cessful wheat production. A great deal of wheat is grown around
Ella, in Morrow County, Oregon, and in other parts of the northern
tier of counties in Oregon where the rainfall is no greater than that
of Ella. The average annual precipitation at Ella, Oreg., during the
last ten years has been 9.5 inches. During this period the rainfall
has varied from 12.8 inches in 1906 to 5.2 in 1908. During a year
of heavy rainfall the yield of the wheat crop grown on summer-
fallowed land at Ella is from 20 to 30 bushels per acre, or even more.
When the rainfall is 6 or 7 inches the crop is sometimes not worth
cutting and the yields are frequently only 6 or 7 bushels per acre.
No wheat is grown in the driest part of the basin in the vicinity of
Pasco, Wash., where the annual rainfall is only about 6 inches.

It appears to be established, then, that wheat is being grown at
a profit in this region by summer-fallowing methods on an annual °
rainfall of 10 inches. The minimum rainfall necessary for a wheat
crop that will return more than the cost of production appears to be
about: 8.5 inches, although actual yields in connection with rainfall
records are not yet available to establish this minimum definitely.
The yields on the same rainfall of course vary considerably according
to the methods and care employed in the production of the crop.

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT PLAINS.

The Office of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations of the Bureau of
Plant Industry has been conducting extensive investigations since
1906 to determine the cultural methods and systems of crop rotation
best adapted to the conditions in the Great Plains. The following
table has been compiled from the results of these experiments, which
are now available to the end of the season of 1909.° The results of the

a For a description of the methods of tillage used in this section, see the paper by
Byron Hunter, entitled ‘‘ Farm Practice in the Columbia Basin Uplands,’’ Farmers’
Bulletin 294, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, 1907.

b The writers desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to Mr. Byron Hunter, of the
Office of Farm Management of the Bureau of Plant Industry, for the information
relative to wheat yields in the Columbia Basin.

c¢See “‘A Study of Cultivation Methods and Crop Rotations for the Great Plains
Area,’’ by E. C. Chilcott and members of the field staff of Dry-Land Agriculture Inves-
tigations, Bulletin 187, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1910.

188

-

296 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

work cover experiments at eleven stations, extending from Montana
to the Panhandle of Texas.

TABLE III.— Variation in yield of spring-sown wheat with rainfall in the Great Plains. ©

[Based upon the field experiments of the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations.]

Hania for | Rainfall for
4 Rain- the year. the season.
Ordi- | Conser- Ti ee ied cea
nary | vation | SUM. | tions, | age | anrii-| fall
Station and year. os : mer til-javerage| yield 2
meth- | meth- ; July, | for the Be- Be-
lage. of 7 Of. 10) 4: i Above Above
ods. ods. 7 inclu- | year. low low
plats. | plats. | “ve Tt *) nor: | ee ee
mal. cael mal. raat
Judith Basin, | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. In. In. In. In. In. In.
Mont., 1909... .- 33.0 33.4] 340 34.6 34.3 14.0 25-6 |) 1074- [eee 1.4:
Dickinson, N. |
Dak.:
1908-2226 -2 See 24.3 Lied 33.8 Sa Vr) 10.5 19.5 45: | See 2.3: |Coe
LSO9 see 26.8 2oe2 35.7 36. 4 34.3 1 So) 20.9 5:9) | eee 0 ae
Edgeley, N. Dak.
1907 eS 4.1 7.0 9.9 BAL 9.9 6.7 1 a seer ce 8. 0a eee 4.8
1908. ate see eee esas 15.3 16.0 el 16. 4 9.2 AZ sig se ae 23s ae VAs 3:
f RAT 9 Weare geet 28.3 23.3 27.0 29.7 28.7 10.8 155685 22ee ae 4. | ee 7
Highmore, S.
Dak.:
1GOG ees a 28.8 29.7 30.0 28.2 28.6 ileal Sok pee 1 a Beek
IGOR Ss eR ee | 26.3 19.7 30.7 Dose 25.4 1255 22.4 5507| 2s Dine
Bellefourche, S
Dak 1909222. 23.8 Dames 32.2 29.1 28.3 7.9 (@). [L222 Se
North Platte,
Nebr.:
1] aeeeieees aoece 24.5 26.0 31.8 2% Ti 24.8 12.3 19.1 L. One eee | T24ee
IG08 Se eos ABT Dine 40.5 28.9 29.3 12.8 20.0 1 eee 127) ae
1G OOS Sea ee 23.0 15.3 18.0 20.1 19.7 133,7/ tS ee eee nes 26) ee
Akron, Colo., 1809. 14.3 10.3 18.5 17.0 16.2 10.2 22.4 3.3 [5-20 ae eee
Hays, Kans., 1908. ie, 4.5 4.2 3.8 Soul 14.2 Doe L9/ne eee LsSa|neeaee
Garden City,
Kans., 1909 -.... eH 5.2 6.7 3.0 Bae 1s 2250 Sra aac Of ee
Dalhart, Tex.,
19Q0E See ae .0 .0 10.5 ile 1.8 8.3 16.0 |..23-22312.2-2. |e
Amarillo, Tex.:
1008 = 205. se tee 17.0 14.0 16.0 10.5 12.1 12.6 1 AO es lel Key ape se 33555 Li Silas
1909s = 5 eea Se .0 2.8 10.5 | 1.4 23 8.5 Tee ee ee 451) |S 232s 2.9

a Year not complete.

The first column of the table shows the station and State in which
the field work was conducted and the year in which the experiments
were carried on; the second column gives the yield of spring wheat
in bushels per acre under ordinary methods of cultivation—that is,
shallow spring plowing and no harrowing of the grain after planting;
the third column, headed ‘Conservation methods,” gives the yields
of spring wheat on land plowed 8 inches deep in the fall, put in good
tilth in the spring before planting, and harrowed after the grain was
up in order to conserve moisture; the fourth column, headed “Sum-
mer tillage,” gives the yield of spring wheat grown on land summer
tilled the preceding year; the fifth column, headed “ Rotations,”
gives the average yield of wheat in seven different rotations carried
on at each of the stations; all of the methods employed and the yields
obtained are described in detail in the bulletin referred to. In the
sixth column is given the average yield of wheat from the ten plats
previously considered, namely, the seven rotation plats and three

188

es
a
wy

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 27

tillage plats; in the seventh column is given the rainfall from April
to July, inclusive, in inches. This period is selected as coinciding
most nearly with the average growing season at the different stations.
The eighth column gives the total rainfall for the year, while the last
four columns show the amount that the total rainfall for the year
and the season was above or below the normal for that station.

Referring to the last columns of the table, it will be seen that for
the 18 series of experiments reported the rainfall for the year in 9
instances was above the normal and in 6 instances below the normal.
While the yields in the greater number of cases have been obtained
during wet years, very trying conditions were encountered at some
of the stations. At Judith Basin, Mont., and at Dickinson, in the
western part of North Dakota, the rainfall has been unusually high,
ranging from 5 to 10 inches above the normal. The effect of this is
well exemplified in the yields at Judith Basin, ordinary methods of
cultivation giving as good yields with a bountiful rainfall as either
conservation or summer-tillage methods. At Dickinson somewhat
higher yields were obtained with summer tillage, but not enough to
justify this method if the bountiful rains could have been foreseen.

At Edgeley, in the southeastern part of North Dakota, three dry
seasons were encountered. In the first less than 7 inches of rain fell
during the growing season. The yield on spring-plowed land was 4
bushels per acre; on summer-fallowed land, 10 bushels. In 1908,
with a rain of 9 inches during the growing season, the yields were 13
and 16 bushels, respectively; and in 1909, with 11 inches of rain dur-
ing the growing season, the yields were 28 and 27 bushels per acre.
The effect of a slightly increased rainfall during the growing season
upon the yield is very marked at this station. In 1907, with a sea-
sonal rainfall of 7 inches, the average yield was about 10 bushels per
acre; in 1909, with a seasonal rainfall of 11 inches, the yield was
about 29 bushels per acre, or a gain in yield of 19 bushels for an
increase in rainfall of 4 inches.

The results at Edgeley show an increased production on summer-
tilled land during 1907, which was very dry. It isimportant to note,
however, that the average yield from the rotation plats was even
higher than from the summer-tilled land at this station during this
dry year. In fact, the rotations gave better yields than summer-
tillage methods for each of the three years during which experiments
have been conducted at this station. This indicates that summer
tillage is not profitable on the soils of the Edgeley district even during
years of deficient rainfall.

An average yleld of about 28 hinahell was obtained at the Highmore
station in South Dakota during the season of 1907 under a normal
rainfall. In 1908 an average yield of 25 bushels per acre was

188 .

98 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

obtained at this station. The rainfall during this year was 5 inches
above the normal, but it will be seen from the table that the rainfall
during the growing season was only 1.4 inches above that in 1907.

The lower yield at Highmore in 1908 is probably to be explained by
the fact that the last three weeks of July and the first week of August _

were very dry, less than 1 inch of rain falling during this time. These
results show the necessity of knowing the seasonal rainfall when study-
ing the-relation of yield to rainfall in the Great Plains. Frequently,
as in this case, a knowledge of the monthly rainfall is not even suff-
cient, but the daily distribution must be known to determine the
influence of the precipitation upon the yield.

At Bellefourche, in western South Dakota, in 1907, a yield of 24
bushels was obtained on spring-plowed land as compared with 32
bushels on summer-tilled land and 29 bushels as the average yield on
the rotation plats. These yields were obtained. with a rainfall of about
8 inches during the growing season. It will be noted that while sum-
mer tillage gave the highest yields, the yield from the rotation plats
was nearly as high. Therefore, on the heavy gumbo soils repre-
sented by the Bellefourche district, with a seasonal rainfall of 9
inches, the results indicate that crop rotations will give much better
returns than summer tillage, considering the fact that a crop on
summer-tilled land is obtained only once in two years.

At North Platte, Nebr., the seasonal precipitation has been very
uniform for the three years during which experiments have been con-
ducted, varying from 12 to 14 inches. The yield of wheat during
these three years, based upon an average of 10 plats, varied from 20
to 29 bushels. We will consider briefly the cause of this fluctuation
in yield. |

The soil at North Platte is a silt loam of loess formation and absorbs
water readily. The season of 1906 was very wet, so that the season
of 1907 opened with a good supply of moisture in the soil. Conse-

quently, good yields were obtained in 1907, although the influence

of a rather dry spring is shown in the lower yields of the spring-
plowed plat.

The fall of 1907 and the spring of 1908 at North Platte were very
dry, only 3.5 inches of precipitation occurring from October 1 to May
1. In May, June, and July there was abundant rain. It is under
such conditions that moisture-conservation methods become most
effective. The moisture stored in the soil by conservation methods
is sufficient to carry the crop through a dry spring, and when supple-
mented by abundant summer rains is sufficient for the production
of large crops. Thus, during 1908 a yield of 40.5 bushels was obtained
from summer-tilled land as compared with 22.7 bushels from wheat
sown on spring-plowed land.

188

*"

.

a
‘

;
¥
1

E
a
ts

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 29

In 1909, on the other hand, the highest yield of wheat at North
Platte was obtained from spring-plowed land. The seasonal rain-
fall was the highest of any of the three years. But the rainfall was
not the factor which controlled the yields during this season. There
was abundant moisture for all the crops. In this case the tempera-
ture was the controlling factor. The wheat sown on the conserva-
tion plats encountered freezing weather for five days just as it was
coming up. In the spring-plowed plats, where conditions were not
so favorable, the germination was retarded and the plants were not
injured during this cold weather. More freezing weather occurred a
week later, which injured the more advanced grain to such an extent
that it never recovered, and the wheat sown on spring-plowed land
consequently gave better yields.

The stations so far considered are located in the central and
northern part of the Great Plains, where the conditions are not so
severe owing to the lower evaporation. The remaining stations are
located in a section subject to high winds, hail, and high evaporation.

At Akron, Colo., in 1909 the spring was cold and wet. Under these
conditions we would not expect marked differences between spring-
plowing and summer-tillage methods. The average yield at the sta-
tion was about 16 bushels, with a seasonal rainfall of 10 inches.

At Hays, Kans., in 1908 the average vield was only about 4 bushels
with a seasonal rainfall of 14 inches. This low yield was due to high
winds and dry weather in the sprmg months. The crop in 1909 was
destroyed by hail. ,

At Garden City, Kans., in 1909 the average yield of wheat was 3
bushels per acre, with a seasonal rainfall of 11 inches. There was 2
inches of precipitation in March, which provided sufficient moisture
for the germination of the wheat, but there was practically no pre-
cipitation during April and the first half of May, which so weakened
the crop that the later rains could not be utilized.

The crop at Dalhart, Tex., in 1908 was destroyed by drought. In
1909 the spring was very dry, less than 3 inches of water falling from
September 1 to May 1. Wheat grown on summer-tilled land was the
only plat that was able to withstand this weather. A hailstorm on
June 19 completed the destruction of those crops that had been weak-
ened by the drought, and injured the wheat on the summer-tilled
plat, which, however, gave a yield of 10.5 bushels per acre, with a
seasonal rainfall of only 8 inches.

Spring wheat at Amarillo, Tex., during the season of 1907 was a
failure, owing to the extremely dry weather of the spring and early
summer, combined with the severe hailstorm of June 3. The aver-
age yield was only about 2 bushels per acre. In 1908 an average
yield of about 12 bushels was obtained on a seasonal rainfall of 12.6
inches. March was very dry during this season, but good rains were

188 |

30 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

recorded in April and May, which explains the equality in yield of
the spring-plowed and summer-fallowed plats.
May were very dry, while good rains fell in June. Here again we
find the conditions under which conservation methods become espe-
cially effective, namely, a dry spring followed by timely summer rains.
The wheat sown on sprmg-plowed land at Amarillo during this season
was a failure, while the wheat on summer-tilled land gave a yield of
10.5 bushels on a seasonal rainfall of 8.5 inches.

In comparing the seasonal rainfall with the yields for all the stations
it will be seen that when the rainfall from April to July, inclusive, is
less than 8 inches the yields are hardly sufficient to cover the expense
of producing the crop. With a seasonal rainfall of 8 to 10 inches
the yield of wheat grown on summer-tilled land is generally consid-
erably higher than wheat grown on spring-plowed land. When, how-
ever, the seasonal precipitation is above 10 or 12 inches, the increased
returns from the method of alternate cropping and summer tillage
do not exceed the returns from wheat grown in rotation or on spring
plowing by an amount sufficient to offset the increased cost of sum-
mer tillage.

YIELD IN RELATION TO RAINFALL IN SOUTHERN TEXAS.
THE THREE YEARS’ RECORD AT SAN ANTONIO.

Field experiments have also been conducted by the Office of
Western Agricultural Extension of the Bureau of Plant Industry,
during the past three years, at San Antonio, Tex. The normal rain-
fall of this region is about 26 inches, but the evaporation is equal to
that on the high plains of Texas during the summer months, which,
combined with the irregularity of the rainfall, often results in drought.
The following table shows the yields of some of the standard crops
of this region during three years in which there was a marked varia-
tion in the seasonal rainfall.

Taste LV.—Relation of yield to rainfall at San Antonio, Tex.

In 1909, April and —

i Seasonal | Annual
Crop and year. Yield per acre. rainfall. | penaraill
Corn: Inches. Inches.
1907 Game eye Me en, eK GSH il ee oe oe te code io OUShelss ase 9.3 26
1908. SR SB a RE Saeed age Os ene ey Sree a ee DigAsDusSHelSeanee re 10 27
1, Rane lies aR A Ee Re A ae el! Se nea yoe OGD uswelss = assess 4.4 13
Cotton:
DOO T wore 8 oc tie ral Se pe ere Ie Cee ae eee eee SMa DOUNOS ssa ae 13 26
LOO B ere Soke Rial i a oe See are ci ae 1,096 pounds. ..... Ibs 70 Bi
POO o et 5a be VE La ese Oe Bi oe Ree eee ee 640 pounds: 2.22.2 9.3 13
Sorghum: ~
: LOOT oi: een ons See ecw oe toe ee a ee ee ee a ere CIOS ee eee 11.3 26
ip |: (1): a ae mi NR OE ee oh Ie pe ee ON Seen IS tOnSsce tes 16.4 27
1900 oc ee ne si ee eo a ee eee HONE OTIS: ee eres 852 13

Referring to Table IV, it will be seen that the total rainfall for

the year 1909 was only one-half that of either of the two preceding

188

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN SOUTHERN TEXAS. ol

years, in which the rainfall was about normal. The rain which fell
each year during the growing season of each crop is given in the col-
umn headed ‘‘Seasonal rainfall.”’

The seasonal rainfall for corn is taken from March 1 to July 1;
for cotton, from March 1 to October 1; for sorghum, from April 1
to October 1.. The cotton yields include weight of both seed and
fiber. The sorghum (Sumac) was grown in drills for forage, and two
cuttings were made, the total yield being given in the table. The
figures in all cases represent the average of a number of plats, varying
from 8 to 46 in number each year in the case of the corn and cotton
crops and from 3 to 4 in the case of the sorghum.

It will be noted that the yields increase with the seasonal rainfall
in every instance except that of the cotton crop of 1907. The low
yield in this case is due to an extremely dry August and September,
only about 1 inch of rain falling during this time, which is a critical
period in the growth of cotton in this region. The effect of the rain-
fall on the growth of sorghum is especially marked, the yield varying
from 1.9 tons with a seasonal rainfall of 8 inches in 1909 to 13 tons
per acre with a seasonal rainfall of 16 inches in 1908. This latter
yield, which issextremely high, was the average of four plats, of which
the lowest gave a yield of over 12 tons per acre. All of these four
plats were cropped to either sorghum or cotton the previous year,
and were plowed the preceding fall in time to take advantage of heavy
fall and winter rains. The water which was stored in the soil-as the
result of the fall plowing, amounting probably to 6 or 8 inches of rain-
fall, was thus available to the crop in addition to the seasonal rain-
fall of 16 inches. But even granting that the sorghum had 24 inches
of water during its growing period and assuming that the forage con-
tained 20 per cent of water when weighed, this crop still shows the
remarkable efficiency of 1 pound of dry material produced for every
260 pounds of water used.

SUMMER TILLAGE AT SAN ANTONIO.

The increased yield obtained on summer-tilled land during a dry
season is strikingly illustrated in the results given in Table V, which
were obtained at the San Antonio Experiment Farm in 1909.

TaBLE V.—Comparison of yields from crops grown on summer-tilled land and on land
cropped the preceding year at San Antonio, Tex., 1909.

Crop On land cropped | On land summer
F in 1908. tilled in 1908.
(CHOCO Ra ye ea i cs MEN Ce tea ere py o pOUMCS Hess 783 pounds.

QUOTED) © EIS ee ees ete cae ea oe eB eS en See es eae te aro DUShelSe ae. ee 22.6 bushels.

“SOT SCHOTT rs ee Rta ee Os hese ce ipa ty 1ORTONS Sea - = eee 5 tons.

OO 2a Smee etc ia Wigs Foo ace one ts ey NEL Serey oar iy ged NSN IL O:0"tonee Staccato s 1.25 tons.

—

32 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

Table V shows a comparison of yields obtained on summer-tilled
land and on land cropped the preceding year. With the exception of
the cotton crop, the increased yield resulting from summer tillage
is very marked. The cotton on cropped land was greatly helped by
seasonal rains during July and August, a critical period with this crop.
The yield of corn on the cropped land was only one-sixth and of
sorghum one-third that on summer-tilled land. Oats grown as a
hay crop during the winter months were a failure except on the
summer-tilled land. These results were obtained during an exceed-
ingly dry year. Usually the rainfall of this region is sufficient to
make crop rotations practicable, although —— = crops should
be used as far as possible.

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES.

Table VI has been specially compiled for this bulletin, principally
from the numerous reports of the United States Weather Bureau,
and includes the rainfall records available to January, 1910. The
table gives the station, the county in which the station is located,
the elevation of the station above sea level, the normal precipitation ?*—
that is, the average annual precipitation for a number.of years—and
the eee of years of records upon which the normal is based, ending
with the year given in the table.

In the state rainfall maps (figs. 6-23) each number on the map
represents the normal rainfall at the station located at that point.
These maps, which were prepared from the figures given in the tables,
show the distribution of the rainfall in each State. The heavy curved
lines drawn through the maps pass through points having apprexi-
mately the same rainfall. The amount of rainfall in inches repre-
sented by each line is shown by the numbers at the ends of the line.
These lines have been drawn when possible to represent differences
of 5 inches in the rainfall. For example, in the Kansas map one line
passes through points having an annual rainfall of 20 inches, another
line through points where the rainfall is 25 inches, and so on. In
some States there are found separated regions which have the same
rainfall, as in Colorado. These lines have been located by means of
the figures given on the map, so that the figures are to be considered
rather than the lines. The county boundaries in each State have
been revised to date from the maps of the Post-Office Department.
The precipitation tables and maps will be found arranged alphabetic-
ally according to States.

2 The term ‘‘ precipitation ’’ is used so as to include both rainand snow. The snow
that falls into the gauge in the winter is melted, and the water is measured and treated
in the records as rain. The records, then, include the total precipitation for the year,
whether rain or snow, but measured always as rain.

188

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. ae

Fic. 6.—Rainfall map of Arizona. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

02102°—Bul. 188—10——3

34 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

Fic. 7.—Rainfall map of California. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188 -

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. oo

rs
eels 19 |
i A CLEAR CREEK =
3 mM iTS rey LerreRsen 3 ARAPAHOE .
lars —- o-oo a oe

MONTROS E€
ae
Sour ays"

L.-.- —

>

SAN MIGUEL i |
x AH INSDALEL

: ~

i

I
[MINER AL, !

Rid GRANDE!
I | -

—_———

ee

\

‘ \
ARCHULETA CONEY OS,
\ i

Fic. 8.—Rainfall map of Colorado. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches,

i188

36 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION,

>]
i

28
ite 28 -<

ee
a

LATAH
=

Fic. 9.—Rainfall map of Idaho. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. ab

i | Brown | i es
aynete Ml WARSHht ve Mat 35 i s
P37 .

32
23 Repuawiel
RAW GINS loecat ua) NORTON: jess”

ej

cHevenne!

f tie =—
36 Io NOLTAW ACHE: im

of

Ss a LI, ! \
| (een, : ee
Ba | : Bea egal wit
ae Boyt NI ig Sle Pare OG digthe tre
i i ! | ! | 1 een ay wo “sHAWNEE! ~
woes 4 IWwagavnsed

ee gene Eniscort| Lane’

‘a | : : i i
ita MEPHERBCN) marion | t 38
a ICE | 33 . 3 j CHASE ! ha lanhenson{ Io

|
a sere pe i j t——{
Kees = 4!
28 <

ae —eowanos| 2s" ‘

aie oan \Woeeaeee .
FORO [~ Spy ceree A
: i SEI | (Pas | fms ee ~jwie ON | NEOS °
- KIOWA he 1 aj oat

poke ee SS | ai —— =" + om ame ‘ ELS L Pane fis, =

-' ; — —- os. *
: I - 1 24} | a

Rol MEADE ict Agy fcorranen BARGER i

: i ‘21
20 25 30

Fig. 10.—Rainfall map of Kansas. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

- 2S —
AmAvaccil®
ere

Fig. 11.—Rainfall map of Montana. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188

88 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

20

| 29

|
| xfu_o * Icevary

m5 wIADE 1S UN [STANTON ae BURT

32

fon rea ey

Sei i
ae em | 4 |

22 [o3 | 29 a4!
| HERMANI HOWARD
! 28) sgh oo
Sediment areata? Ale
26 30 1, 29° |

BUFFALO'H ALL

{
| l
28 | 27 {i a0e!
ii Gat AD ue c 29 ifs 20s oe ees aa Fecaers Leer
|

20! 8i 2012r 9

30 sates ! 34
33

RICH AROS
331

20 . 25 30

Fig. 12.—Rainfall map of Nebraska. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

10

HUM BORO FT

A ie nas 3 J 9

ya 7

1
1
1
1
!
i
i
!
i
i
i
i
j

g 9

ss oe,

ae eee ee

ESMERALOA

5

Fic. 13.—Rainfall map of Nevada. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188

ee oo ee ee

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 39.

a
| |
SANDOVAL,

SE | VS

[

VALENCIA | SUADALUPE i

|
1 | 17 l
Fetaiical NoGeO) tiny

{SHER RAI

Fig. 14.—Rainfall map of New Mexico. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188

40 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION,

~.'6 MOCLEAN
hee oe er
{

|
VKIDDER?

i
pee

ae aes oe Se

feMMONS Eee =

I yerntosnH |
i 18

Fig. 15.—Rainfall map of North Dakota. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

Pres

; 45|
6

za ee = J
fs. 3s =
a ae

Fic. 16.—Rainfall map of Oklahoma. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188 ‘

:

——

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 41

108 = AWASHINGTON 3
i

? {
SOAMEBECY |
ad

roo —.—-

sy. WALWORTH 19
-\ ED

| cuanasoef DEWEY

ne ew eo me ce + es oy ee eee ce es ees

ARMSTRONG

eer
4.
Sa

a

ee ee
y)
u

ES

eu BROOKINGS
STANLEY et

BB 2h el 2B
|

val ye ses
)
d
|
\

=

DOFTABAUGH | MELLETTE

“Sloss
19 | SSE BENNE ts Weng

Fig. 18.—Rainfall map of South Dakota. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188

492 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

| ae
cals me:
=e
PARMER ae pc ae CHILD

“He a

BAILEY ‘es FLOYD |MOTLEY|coTTLE
‘
ie mt
pole, ae
ge Pal |

ANDREWS MARTIN FHOWARD

SCHLEICHER
04. KIMBLE
PRESIDIO

EDWARDS

Fic. 20.—Rainfall map of Texas, western part. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188 :

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 43

: 30
lie id Ce
a :

A
DENTON |COLLI |
| 39

oe
i

ZAVALLA

a

Gas
CS
DIMMIT LA SALL [M© MUL
i
\ WEBS

Fic. 19.Rainfall map of Texas, eastern part. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188

44 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

ols
\SALT LAKE. IQ 22

wt \h oe

\ N,

© Cae ¢ Gib) Wa + come: eee + ces + es cme > cos

J U A

Fic. 21.—Rainfall map of Utah. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 45

SEF OR EIR IS ON ie =

US nt

ve 5!

7Kitsae) 37

pubs kK
qT

j .
[TRSR sTON wa,

—- SN,

YELLOWSTONE 3

NATIONAL
PARK

jo eae « om s eae = es = ces aoe

Fic. 23.—Rainfall map of Wyoming. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches.

188

46

DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. |

TaBLe VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped

according to States.

FASO OTD WOON OW OTOH COD ROOTINWOMODORWWHIWNDMOWOWDO RH OH BR ROOMBRHUNWOURNUANERUOOWHONDWHOWNG

ARIZONA.
Number Normal
Station. County. Bie of years Eras precipi-
* | recorded. sane tation.
Feet. Inches.
Alaires Ranch cecis- see cceae eee cee Cochise: 25-2 ere 4,184 12 1908 ine
Arizona (CanaleDamise. e+ s4- soos eee Meni CO pass eae ees ey} 16 1908 9.
PATO CS Se SG Wo Sade. AEN rs Be EE UMA. <Sacscee ance 492 10 1908 4.
BONS cio 8 6 Se el ee oc eee = eed ee Cochises essere ene 3, 523 24 1908 9.
IBISbeG 2 Shee fie ie ee ek ee me en GOR ae ee 5, 500 18 1908 Vie
BOuiba seh \.t oh ct re sec ek ee mee oe Graham sean eee 4,916 28 1908 13.
IBOWiGs 2 Macnee so ie ete eee Cochises {sean ees 3, 756 9 1908 10.
Buckeyene <2 ae eee eee Manicopas een n aa 980 17 1908 Te
Casaorandeé 8-2 o..56 005 es eat ee Teh eee Ss Se ee 1, 396 21 1906 ie
CUTCOTSg Aree as cen Se kee seer eee Grahame ne ee open sass 3, 610 16 1907 13%
CO )) Ua SNe ete Sate ee eh Tet OE at Wie, le «bie Gila oe a sce eae 2, 300 9 1908 1155,
COChiSes 22 3687 ee ee ee CochisOs te: 42 oee 4,219 10 1908 10.
Govt 1a) ig Re See Ge eee AGAVE A era ener eae 1, 900 10 1908 15.
Congress! sat eee ee. oe Se ae GON eee eee 3, 688 12 1908 tee
Crittendeny Camp eae 2 sae et PAINE, ees es Sage pee 2, 000 5 1872 16.
Date: Creek. ;Gamips:-js0 ec ee Waviapal yee estes oe 3, 726 6 1873 14.
DOW GIRS) oe aes ae ee eae Cochise: arene ses eies 3, 930 6 1908 i133:
Dragoon.....-- ee VIA te Uh rete ee a Cochises een eso ee. 4,611 9 1902 iy
Diddley villese eo set os oe ee ee Pinal. ve ul reek mee 2, 360 20 1908 14.
Experiment Station Farm...........-- Manicopas ae eae 1, 092 15 1907 ike
Pa Ss tat cok oy cass See eee ee ec Coconino: seen 6, 907 17 1908 23s
PIOREN CELA Fes a ek oy eo ae ume ee Dale 2 ae 22 eee IL RE 9 1890 9.
RoriApachere so. . ony te ne enemereine NG VAIS. sae oe eee 5, 200 29 1908 18.
ORC US OW Chas Sark Mie fe ee eee ae Cochise: Sas cose 4,781 23 1890 15.
ForteDehancews estes cake eee YAS ACI Cy peetpn art ae es 6, 950 8 1905 13.
MOT GGA ese tees same eh alee gl ern Grahame oe aes 4,916 23 1903 14.
Hort Au achi cas sas yee ee COCHISC2E ere ee 5, 100 23 1908 18.
ortowellcc 5: eh ose eee eee Pima joe oe eee 2, 400 19 1890 i.
BORG MCD OWell ye ee er ee WLEWNCOOR, 62 5454 Soanne 1, 250 24 1890 10.
Kort Mohavestsos528 a= anos Mohavietess Sue are o ts 604 15 1904. 5.
ort Whomashos 4 hee eee ee Grahame eee 2,700 10 1890 ible
Bortavierde:. = = =... Se a Oar at eae ae Wave ayaa see teen 3, 160 22 1890 13.
Gila Bere ee eee ea etal cae Maricopassaso sees 737 18 1908 is
Globes Yd 8 ss ok ie ep ma es 70 NIA ST Stee a 3, 525 6 | 1908 16.
VOLO Oe AO eee ee ee ee a a INV ONS cy ar er ees 5, 069 19 1908 8.
JOON so Oe mea are pias AVA PAS meee fae 4,743 12 1908 18.
Rei rrn ats Foe Ee Te eee a Mohawess.. aes 32 3, 326 7 1908 i,
IMaTICOp ale). sci: 5 he ee tae ce oe Pana Se eee 1, 186 26 1908 6.
IMesae 23252 22 Jae CNA Lee oid Aa oe ay poe eae Mani CO amare aes ae 1, 244 13 1908 8.
MobawikaS Umamnaiiiessstees. a ae eee TY UMA hee tere eee 538 H 1907 3H:
Mount lluachtieasaas =e eee ene Cochise sie ce eee 5, 000 12 1902 18.
NatiralaBridieers Seren cee. teen GUID «Be ee ae eee 4,990 18 1908 PA
Oracles 23. eee ee aly ae BAU oc. gee eae 4, 500 13 1906 17.
OTron es: .6)ss20, a ee Grahams a eee. 3, 610 11 1904 12.
Pantano: fos boo eee PIM Gee ee ee 3, 536 10 1900 ies
PARKERS sce at et et ek Pk geen ed AAI As see a ee ee 345 10 1905 4.
POOR a He Sus pets oy a ge ee cee Mani Copan seer 1, 200 9 1900 8.
Phoenix.) 33 eo. es See we ee GOS as ene 1, 108 14 1908 ts
PWOCNIX(CA) Ao oe ase ee ee | a GO meee ele 1,092 18 1908 fhe
Pinal Ranch.....- i ae Seg yey a a we tes Pati ail Sao ee Peete 4, 520 14 1908 24.
IPRESCO tise aae ee a ee ete Wavapal seme eee 5, 660 29 1908 17.
Roosewelite sci 22 eke ee oer eget 11 A A eae apes a 1, 983 4 1908 Pile
St Mee wel ak sae Pi eter is ten ae ASD ACHES a: ene tee ets 6, 950 12 1908 13.
San (Carlos: teen. 5 sae eee Gilaros seu eo ee 2, 456 21 1908 1p
Salt: Simos 2,.cees ses ee ee Cochises! >a 25-0 5 aes 3, 609 19 1908 6.
Sentinel? 5.2 ces See ee ee Manico passes seeesee 685 10 1908 3}
Sto wilowt aie 2 oh Se See ee DVD) Ose Sees koe eee ag 1902 15.
Stemal sa 20 5 bes aoe t Dees eee Mohaviensss. 222 ssseee" 1, 652 16 1908 Te
Sila wDenry aos! to eee ps ||5Coconinoseenss soso 5, 875 5 1901 2
A iiey.c2Yoeis eRe: ee | ee aa oes ROTA Sean revey eee es 353 11 1899 344
TOMIDStONes serosa ee Ps SiS Cochisesaan. ss neers 4, 550 10 1908 14.
TMoabas5-.2 eee eee Mer, eer ee ae COCOMINO: 222 See ee cee 7 1906 6.
TUuCSOMs.,6 3253 eee ee ee WIM Ae Se ett eS ee 2,390 29 1908 10.
Veil 22S ie a oe lee Gore e cae 3, 241 10 1908 5.
Walnut Grove: <2 255 sa coh ene eee oe WiaVaDaleee conse oe 3, 649 14 1908 12.
Witkenburg >. os. se. seer eee eee NManicope=ese=seeeeeree 1, 400 7 1885 9.
Willcox 2.206.255 Soe eee ee eee ae Cochises.f25- ee eee 4, 164 27 1908 8.
WihiamMs =). 2.22.2 cuits eles eee COCONINO: Swanson ee 6, 750 7 1908 21.
Warnell ga sea een oe ae ae Vavapal. ce tececs os oe 4,700 11 1908 18.
AUT ty ee re chek cals Sh ee eee Bi fab en eis ys ae 141 28 1908 3's

a Except for December.

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES.

47

“Taste VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

188

CALIFORNIA.
Number Normal
Station. County. Bes - of years geen precipi-
recorded. tation.

Feet. Inches.’
ESET 5 pet ya a ee ae Sanita; Clanaa ee se eee 30 a 1898 13.9
ADSI 2 SE Sa eg area Los Angeles... 2... ..- 600 6 1886 25.4
ROTI. 5. cca ee SSMS ei Reet Ree prreeee - Wepenr at RIA Cen aati eee ae 3, 612 16 1885 42.1
ANEGIT STO je Ae ete Oeteraee rele Wag ey ey a Oranvery awe ee 134 27 1904 15
NTEEO 2 = SN op RA tee me Re ees AR aren sake ee 208 6 1905 5.6
JESS UOCID S 6s IE ae ee a a Conitrar Costa: o=-s25. 6 46 29 1907 12.6
PUES rere Se eee ek Sanita Cruze] see 102 24 1908 25.6
PARTI MOMs meee tet hin wl. ett INMieTCe Cartes ane alpen 3 te 2 5 | 1890 Wes
JeISNOUTSEON, eer Re ee ee ga ne PLACE Tite ea we es 1, 360 38 1908 33.5
TOD) 3 CBSE So eT ae ee Los Angeles........-. 540 11 1908 13.9
LESAGE OLS eS i nee ee San Bernardino..-..--- 784 6 1908 4.5
SPIRE T SR CLC me ee anes A, ake 5 Kenia sete omen 404 20 1908 4.8
IEC ESUIC WY be 3 St eee eee Oe San Bernardino......- 2,105 6 1908 4.1
IBemICTAPBaInae@ks 0.0 28 226 tse no's Le Solamopeetaeeee es 64 36 1890 16.3
IEG THBTAOUO): Bie 8 ee Tee eR IMadenattsas.. era eer. 256 11 1899 10.1
EV ORICCLE pene oe a ot I Salk lam edema ates 317 22 1908 26.4
Bren Wmye Creeks 9 ef. IRTESTO tee eee Se Sai 435 7 1878 16.6
IEEE SS ae ae re i NSU UC eee eee ie eh a 98 10 1908 21.8
TE TSOIG(O) 22's Se Bs ee ee ee TMV Ow Sra eye eae 4, 450 13 1907 4.7
FESO AIO nie, ye ee RIB COT ence cree iteen Lon 4,695 10 1908 64.1
TE DGG ka a2 AA Re ae ee ene ING Wada ec iy Spill 35 1904 20.1
LEDC SS ees 2 a a MON Ose. aioe seas §, 248 12 1906 13.0
JBYC SRG ISAS. is 25) ace eer a le en ESN Os a ey! 328 16 1890 9.0
atldeniG@reeke ss hj8. oa eee bos oe SamtanC ree eee ee 470 iol 1899 59.6
ESO WAITS aM es) Pe INEVadae aie as 5, 500 25 1903 71.4
EAS COMME a ee ee ee ee Mendocinot <2 22.22 2, 000 9 1908 88.8
SS RTRENIO OM sets eee Contra; Costas s-2 es 80 20 1899 13.5
LSUTTE NNT bee ss aN an ae RO sacramento. .......-.. 53 13 1890 17,2
LB EIROS Js Slee a ae oe Re ae Conia Costae= 25 Fee 33 26 1905 13.0
CAIDA Gii. SiS ere ae ene ee eae RAINES Gee eee 1,779 13 1908 9.6
CAMBS 2 ae fi ee ee Se eee GY ae rae eae pears 1, 290 33 1908 10.6
KC MUSHO Pee yea ee heh Sty Oe PING Oe) = aaa eee oe 363 37 1908 30-0
GO E Wieee eae Sete Samba Olanaa= yaaa 217 12 1908 13.2
WasthOnglCe st ee Ae Ue Monterey ss. 9-2-2 52 17 11 1899 17.0
Wien anvilleaeemeen 8 oan 3 A eh: MOdOC SANs 4,675 15 1908 13.9
Wemumoleeoimpee oe oh Le IMGRCE Ce Me eee ee 117 7 1886 9.7
SiMe ONTO. SS ee Slee ee IESG EC seater ce eee |e eee 7 TE 11 1884 - 44.9
CUTOD 22 . 5 0S ae eee ee (eee COPA ee a 189 39 1908 22.4
CURDS: 2 Ske ane eee pene | San Bernardino....--. 714 16 1908 eZ
GSCOMP rere see ee ee TEAR ees pees ee Wore ea 5, 939 39 1908 49.7
OP PEMIOM ted es oe cols cle Sie cee on WoszAmoeless ai ey 1, 200 17 1908 16.0
LOVERC ale ieee Nr OE et Sonoma. am eee 340 7 1908 47.9
COMBED TEL SE = pee a eee eae Los Angeles........-- 300 8 1890 21.3
Clipe 5 oe a SUAS a Oe ae ne ae TRAGEY CLS) Puce ete al 2 ee ape 2, 421 39 1908 46.6
ROCCO Mees ae a eee a i t San Bernardino.....-- 965 28 1904 10.5
(COIS Bre 22S et OS Ek Es Fein res enc Colisae ee eye oc ied 60 26 1908 16.6
(CS Terrase 9 NE apes at ea ea 9he) avehiraiey ye o e 277 23 1908 20.8
Grationuilllenate wh ele eee San Bernardino......- 1, 759 17 1908 Iss il
Preceemi Oiyer sen. fone ee Delonte see men: 50 18 1907 70.2
EVs SOPMEES eo. ok ke blk SanuMeateouss a seen 220 9 1884 38. 2
Oiiiycha Ga eee ye yt tee San DIieron ee eet eee 4,677 10 1908 37.4
TDD AINSI Sn ees VOL OR eee lee 51 37 1908 16.5
De AHORE Se eee el ee ue te BEKCG Ten see aa og i eter 319 33 1908 6.1
Wet eer ee ate oe ah ey S IES Gare ere et ge 1,138 26 1908 60.1
ararep ly emery ee ier en oe Fc Be AR anew poe ae: iene 335 6 1899 8.6
ELON ee ee ne need VATIUAGLO Ta eet eee eae 790 13 1904 29.6
NPs ee ee ee WiOlOm ee ee alee 65 32 1908 19.1
ASEM eee tl ee Se ee (SuISslyO Usp ek eee 2, 285 20 1908 56.3
TOAST Gad 2 OS = NE a aaa Cece ete ar eget ae) IBIS Gee e see ae 160 25 1908 23.7
Beste trotherGL, Hi.) =. <:-.-2.0l- 22a: ComtraiCostan=-saeeeee 63 15 1890 8.3
TEL a PIRIMAS Seen eee ne 4,730 10 1902 70.7
ROOM ee Se eS Sane Dies oh eee 482 9 1908 8.5
iL. 25 UTEN C2 ae Hidorado: 2.2 ules 1, 609 15 1903 37.2
2 So aie Sesh ee San: Toaquing <2 325-5 76 8 1878 8.9
TEUNSOTRR on Be ae Say Se ence eee te Solange 2c oee econ 75 18 1903 22.3
JELSEST MOYOV beat St UR i Siamislause ace eee 126 8 1907 10.3
PRISE ORG an emene es cee oy i ee. EGIVETISIG Cane ee ee 1, 234 14 1908 11.0
ite Vierano cs so: 3. a ne aeP ig Reet Besa Sonoma ne 104 10 1899 36: 4
SRST AM Games snore. ds eae ee fee Placer eee ee ae 5, 230 35 1908 qollerd
SEO COM aay pls tegen bh aie oy a Same Dieeore se eee 657 21 1908 13.5
15 (SUES rz NN ee a Eg se Ennmalbolditn sees ae 64 23 1908 45.9
BERET erent Se re Ee Lane on eS ANAT Gece ee: ieee aire 392 7 1899 9.5
BB LOO Ks eres (ke eee yak LOR ee SanuDiegar & se 700 28 1903 17.3
werMloM sland. +. Oh ate es San Francisco-.:....- 30 6 1908 18.9
LC STREING C401) 01 es en ee eae San Joaquin .....-.... 111 31 1907 16.3

48 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

TaBLeE VI.—WNormal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

CALIFORNIA—Continued.

- Number Normal

Station. County. ive of years Res precipi-

recorded. tation.

Feet. Inches.
MONO MG Fak ncn eo eee Re eee Santa Oruzaseeme eee 275 10 1899 50.6
Bermandoe. gee 52 eee eee Los Angeles... 2 x. -- 1, 066 26 1903 14.2
Pirebaueh: 232 eos oe eee coe eeeens BYTESNOM Ge ee een a 150 14 1886 8.8
PIOrenGe fee e = ae oe ee Los Angeles.......... 153 10 1899 ‘ee
MOlSOms : Sie ees A ee eee ee Sacramento. ...-sss.25 252 3 1908 23.6
Bordyce: Dams. . <2 ase eee Nevadatcseess en eee 6, 500 14 1908 70.7
Hori Bidwelleaeen.--ese.= Bere Bea ae oe MOdOG.Ss cso on eee 4, 640 24 1890 20.8
One Gaston stesso Fea es 2 ae Ree ene Eumiboldtass=-eeseee" 397 29 1890 55.4
Hort: Miuntboldite 2 seas cose cee eer lhe ee GOEL Pass ees 50 13 1866 34.6
OLE TROSSa ete ao ee oene in: Paneer nee SOUOMAs.c Se oae ee a 100 33 1908 50.7
Mort Yum as Pesce eae eee nmiperialesc see aes ‘276 28 1883 3.2
IETPESTIO 218 2h aia he Or eevee om INTESN OMe oe cee ee ; 293 22 1908 9.0
IE PUTCO ot ee: Se a ea Glennie ssa he ees eee 624 20 1908 20.9
AGEN GS Nags = eA Pr a oie a Sacramento.........-- 49 31 1908 18.2
Georgetown ssoe. = = oS: ee ae ee Hidorados ease eee 2, 650 36 1908 Gy iad
LPO = nc ee ee eee SE Ee Ee Santa Claraseeeseseere 193 35 1908 19.5
GATT 2, 5 ohre tee een na Se eee AROTIS Se eee ee See 3, 302 11 1899 Daa)
Glen @ora3.328o Peat ek aes MospAngeless a. 2hec2ce|eeeeee eee 5 1899 27.6
Golds Roan taea ae oe ea es See eee PAGER: = ne Pecans 3, 222 10 1908 51.3
Gonzales 5328 5-5 eee eee a eee Monterey. 22: seeessece 127 10 1908 10.3
Goshen Junchion- «sees = eee eee Tulare aks kis eee se 286 21 1899 ip
Grandeislandeecs : = anes eo oe eee Collisqes ee ee aise 65 6 1899 23.0
Grass, Viele yas ec, 2a eee race eee INGVadarep. cee aes 2,090 25 1899 50.8
Gray SON 2 oe a Ae a ae eee Se SLAMISIAUS= ene se oes 55 14 1884 11.9
Greenville: se aes oe eee ee PlWmMaS sy eee 3, 600 15 1908 40.9
Guadaloupest as .si23552 cece = ee eee SVU ISIN OP eS Sooo slesesoonoss 6 1899 THO
Guusin dd ae ae eee aoe eres WiOlOs a le eee 350 11 1908 19.6
Hanford czas saree Sees Sole eee eee KINGS. atae seek wees 249 9 1908 8.2
Hay Wards. aor ace cc eo neceebe naaeee eee Alamedasseeeee ieee 75 9 1899 Palak
Healdsbure S225 2. G2ce conn eee SOMOWN = oe on osSsusus 52 16 1908 40.9
Helen Mine! 2232225 eee er ae eee eee Wake ioe) Je 2. Se see 2,750 8 1908 93.5
TOMISTER ae se cee ae ee ee SaneBenitoneseeeeeeer 284 35 1908 PRS
OmMpTOOk. eee. Sam cee oe be icine SISkiVOUS a -eeeeas eee 2,154 19 1907 14.4
ISlrbanoyolColn(Gbe ISB) Ae Le oe eae ium boldteessseees a 8 15 1890 33.8
PELTON |S aes Go eee a oat ne TeSNOL se eee 367 11 1902 4.6
Rdiyllwaild)o: see sae sae oe ee UIVETSIGO# Scene e eee 5, 250 8 1908 23.8
independence An5-<2 ses cee eee eee TM Y Oe See ce sees 3, 907 13 1908 5.6
TNO. =: Sele RA ee ee oe eee Riversideteas-s eee —20 31 1908 2.4
TONG hon Soe oe eee eee ATMA CON ae eee 287 31 1908 19.9
Mo wah GTN ae ay ee ee IIACET ce eae 2,825 30 1908 52.2
Tsabellac sae ae secon neers Nae (2) Deere Sears 2, 500 7 1905 7.8
Jacksoni(Glean) > see 2 eee eee AIMador= eee eee 1,900 19 1902 32.8
JAMeSIOWN .\3ee2e seek es ee ee eee Puolumnesoe assess 1, 471 6 1908 38.4
JOON Sh o=n 2 seis cee ee sete eee Monterey =. oo.sc laces seoceemeee Ls 1899 19.2
Keelerss 5232 te akan ee eee eee NY Ove mae csceeeeee 3, 620 24 1908 2.6
Keene == ba aa eae es ee ae HEGTM a eet ce ais see eae 2,705 21 1899 14.5
Kennedy Gold Mines. 5-2. se eeeeee AMAdOTnA=: eee 1, 500 il 1902 41.9
Kemville: 33 Bi. see eee eee 1 LES) 10 pate een Le 2, 600 5 1899 8.3
Kein (Citys. Wetec se Soe eel se ere Monterey =-see- oe ener 333 22 1908 10.9
Kangsbure’. Seen ste oars sens IRTCSNO Lee 2c eee eee 301 20 1899 8.7
Knights andi co eee Pere eee YV Oloezscetasaeeee eee 45 29 1906 18.2
Konolayee aie cca as eae ea se ones Wakes 3 Seles ee eee es 1, 325 21 1902 29.5
ea: Grance. ee. ea alee eee See Stanislauss sees eeee 250 23 1890 16.6
Lakeport \(mear) Maca: Ses eee see eee ee BKOs ch aciew Cerone 1.325 22 1903 22.8
ya ROrte beers fee ee er ers PEASE Aes eee ere 5, 000 15 1908 78.1
Lathtop: eo oscececs zs: oa cee oa sein Uopxebiit 445-5554. 25 21 1899 12.5
are) 338. Cae oo eee eee ae eee SantaiCruzpen. seecee = 910 11 1899 EX Ff
BerGrand: ) sesh. .1G. Sake eae eee eee Merced cere seat cee 255 9 1908 1202
Lemon (Coveic tice. aoc ees eee (Rularesetencesee te eee 600 10 1908 12.5
LGMOOIG so.5 hae ee ees eee ee SINISE Sige ee eee 227 20 1899 7.5
Lick, Observatorynee- sos ---eee eee Santa) Claraysceemeces= 4, 209 28 1908 32.2
Livermore 22 ot soviet ee eo teenie eee Alameda:..cesensecseee 485 38 1908 15.3
WOOT <2 Jeet eaet ec Rae eee eee Sha dopvejbniimes scoa5o 45 21 1908 19.8
Los Anveles: 220) 20. 0 oe ae a eee Los Angeles.........- 293 32 1908 17.3
0S: Ban0Sns sent cocudo-ceeetoodepmee ee Merced): > .weoseeerre 121 36 1908 7.6
GOS IGatos. .cecsecceacts eee neers eae Santa Claraz.......... 600 24 1908 32.4
Mammoth Danke: 25952 oe asso see imperial... soe ee ee 257 31 1908 1.8
MANZONI sis telres< Se Sees toe eee eee Los Angeles. .........- 2,850 8 1901 5.8
IAT PIED S ciskis ccs ones ee a ee Contra.Costals. 2... =. 10 21 1899 19.2
Marysvalllb: ac. cece = = 2 Leas ae eee bee PMMA. wcucsete scenes 67 38 1908 17.5
MONO ObA nic ode 5s oS ete Sees ee ere Fresnoios.ke cscs 177 14 1907 5.9
Menlo lParkks oot ei ee ee eres San Mateo. ....20.¢.s< 64 31 1908 16.4
MGICEO tcc mer. Scpeeeeace bea ociee Mercediiccscancccseaer 173 35 1908 10.3
Mitlfon.:2 ee ol ee ee Be ee Calaverasecc2.25. 4.2088 660 19 1908 22.4
MOdeStO he orcas kt csose pe nemerceee Stanishatis.........---- 90 38 1908 9.9

188

A
a
i
:
7
%

9 ea lpapd PIONS ta

m

neat el el

wb Ne a ie lant

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES.

TasBLE VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States

according to States—Continued.

CALIFORNIA—Continued.

. \
Number
Station. County. ae of years
* | recorded.
Feet.
WIOTAMC Mae ect n= hee cede teoeseeec INCI sane te one eee 2,751 31
Molkelumme Hill ..02 22 ...22e Seeks @alaveraSaeeeseee see 1,550 16
IOI CUO Ses sis are stelaie esos eee tee SUS nocccoscsoude 2,450 30
IMIGINE SOW. Oe Gane eee Gere aereeea aes ae Monterey eee seca 15 51
NOMEN ORR tack a oases Soda h eames tiene G)H Oe eee Suara eis 4,500 9
WWM JBAyaaNliOI aes oe eo eeeooeeese SaibayClanas eee 4,440 10
Moumiabamal pals: . 22 ..ceccss0.4226-5° Manin sec techn ss 2,375 10
Mountain Vaews. 25... 0222.22. 02522.5. SAA Cleve Goavcspcuclawcooscass 13
IN@jiom. CHIN Seoce PONE ee ee eee IN BD ota co seth 20 31
INGO SEL) ere ce oe cicis See ee ashe oeloes oe GO Sees eee 60 32
ISSAC NESS SEG Sy eee ta ee San Bernardino....... 477 15
ING VAC) OUN Ee Baa ae eee amen aeaeea INeviad afer erase ee 2,580 38
INewaAllimaden:. 2:2 f.sc6 5.62 sage cece: Sey our) Cleves sosconas55 340 12
INIGUIOITS SSA ee ae eon PACLAIMC UA ieee oe 25 10 |
INGNICA SUG See Seere Se eee ee Placercigeh cc eee tie. 970 16
ING@wWIiNa|I: Be See Cee eee eee Los Angeles. .......-.:. 1, 200 32
N@WIOIN 2 Sarena eeese eeete eee eee SiGMVS AWS. ccocsovease 91 20
INTCOIAIIS. So Saleen oe BEBE ener Beere Subtersecass- sare 42 12
INTIS COS18)) Ae ee ete ne JNCNINCCE) 5 cesccaesac00- 87 21
INonditomi(@Mear): . 2.2.5.2. .5220522-0-55 WEENIE 6 5 caccdonossse 3, 210 8
Nort Biloomitield 9-22.22... 5.....-.--- Nevada nas eae: 3, 200 27
North Hill Vineyard.......-.---...... COIEWOIES . cancacasasns 660 13
Nonlin @mbaniOn. sae cscincs cc esses sso. San Bernardino....... 1,750 6
INOREOES AMP MAME 2-6 o asc ee fae eek ee INGNEO Dip aoduasouseace 2, 130 7
INORWAIK (ao co So Ree aera eee ee eee ILOSAOGOES cecccacese 95 10
ANC IBIIO 5 oS ey ere eral cee ene a ec eee SUBMIS oc sacacsoose 156 15
Oksana Gemeaares Sas sae cos ee eo INNING ccseddeoscas 36 35
Ocullby meres heats VaGerues eee. o ompe pial yee eee 354 14
OUGIR Sos cigs ce NE Ee ieee eee AMA ONS e aes aac eee 1,510 10
ONmAmlOn (MCAD). 2<ce.o Secs e cscs se secs an eeeaercine Baer 860 11
Oe ai ae ve Oe Gules nk eos oS id 254 27
OPIGRIOS. 5 25. hia Ge eee ee eel ee Hanpoldt Seale Foe Jae 520 6
@nowilles@ean) ss 24555) 9 ee ese eke BWttess cease ee 250 25
PAGO. ob nadbd aa eee pe aerate eee WIOMUIGIOW o scascaacosue 22 25
IPRONINOs ac coabeetacene aoe se Coa ee WII Sree tere ise cata 213 18
lay hin Spores os eae ae ee eee eee Riverside. .......-...: 584 20
eA A GLeMACey ee ee Stical ec. sss Seer oe WospAmeelessyee sae eeee 828 6
ASOPLVOWLES Eee tes ohe 2. Socios gecsies cess San Luis Obispo...... 800 22
IPESCRAIIG | ot co seRnen Gees Eee en ea eeee S@MOM Bes scccosocusste 190 13
IPSN OMTIC iss 6 Se ae A eee ete (KO) serch emt Omit ee 10 19
Pe OM pe OlMibe estes. ne as Soe ec ok ke ce San MiateOns ss ames. 150 13
ARCIGOS NER Aen cia ee se ote igs eee e wcile cee ClO ey arene eon 620 20
HsUlOGRONCOK se om ee es os hed ee eee Eidoradoeeeeeeessee ee 4,000 5
JET (Cine S Rs as ae eee eee Santa Barbara. ....... 1,000 11
Hal acemvallllese mene tie srs a5 ae ak wet cicte IIGOHACO so sagososese- 1,875 32
IPIGA SINTON Ske SE ae ae I erates INEMTCCE csocccseacse = 353 21
Point Ano Nuevo (L. H.)...........-. Sane Mia teonmrsecrese ser pases: 15
oimpeArenas (Ie To). a. on. cee es Mendocino............ 156 15
oi Bonmita(dueH.)e2 7.20...) ..25.2- QIN athe eS ere cere 124 15
Point Conception (L. H.)............-.- Santa Barbara. ....... 258 14
OM PIUODESMe er Lee ee eee ns San Francisco. ........ 250 16
WOREMUOSPAMICCIES . seis geet ccs ese Los AngeJes........... 25 6
RormGalonivanar Gas ElS)c ss. oe ee SanyMiateOr, is asew ae lances 5 =e 15
JFONOG INOW coe ae a eee Wulf) ep OE eee ene ee eee 490 17
IPOS 6S Se SR REE ee eee ee nae eee RESO es eee eee 1, 200 6
ROMMOMA ME eae ick Cry ec Se oe ee WospAneeleseaeee eee 860 9
SPARTA BIEN TL She a ce AUN ATCA GS Aas tee ise 464 20
IRONED Veer es ae eee ee a ae) eee te el AM De ROL 652.5 35.084 460 25
PAUMCOKOM wines faci oe cee a c.cs sane ohare OS OOUUSE a acca aan aoesee 57 14
PUGH seSes eke Se B Eee eee ae eee Los Angeles. ........-. 320 10
Q)OUNTO NY ee ici SER ae ea a et PUM ASH as se ek eas ee 3, 400 14
TRGB QUANT Ss es Se ee rr oe Los Angeles........... 2, 262 19
TR @xG! TBSNONGT 3 Se 0 ee Sane rg ee a eee nc Meh amass se sas eee 307 32
TR XG UTAY ER ah a NS dee a Slras tae sense eee 552 34
JCI WAGISN Sere oS 6 Sekai eee ee a Pee a San Bernardino....... 1 By 16
IROOGHONR ES Eg So ARE Ge Ra a ae eee nee ESROST OM ery ce ete 347 9
IRGOIOS YS See ah Aen a ee eee ee Sacramento........... 305 12
AMOS ta vlOMes «se sees eels coerce oe ee San Barnardino....... 4,300 8
IRAN ESIC. Clee ee fic eed ee ec eee oe oe toe Riverside. ............ 851 27
TROT. WISE Se SOlMNORE sae eee 28 14
TES OCOUSIN GL eps ae et al eae ate es ee ee RACER as rere eee eee 249 38
HEVOSE WOO) eee ea nee pte ale Mehnamass ov cease cee 865 10
SachaimentOir sane oo soa co ewe eos ao sce Sacramento........... 71 32
Sacramento (2) Bp ne Pee care NL ER SMe A GO Sree Sat ry een 35) 59

52102°—Bul, 188—10——4

Record
ended—

1907
1908
1908
1908
1907
1890
1908
1899
1908
1908
1906
1908
1899
1899
1908
1908
1908
1889
1906
1905
1908
1902
1902
1903
1899
1908
1908
1903
1901
1904.
1908
1908
1908
1899
1908
1908
1899
1908
1908
1890
1888
1884
1899
1908
1908
1899
1890
1890
1890
1890
1908
1899
1890
1908
1902
1902
1908
1908
1887
1899
1908
1899
1908
1908
1908
1908
1904
1882
1908
1906
1908
1903
1908
1908

49

grouped

Normal
precipi-
tation.

a we)

RH NONNK eS NNHE KR wWNH hee
SOM SNSN POP APS Wie 109 ORO oH
BOO WDODOMP WAH RH OIN SN WR O10

50 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

Taste VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped

according to States—Continued.

CALIFORNIA—Continued.

Number
Station. County. ee of years Hecetg
OD -\reeorded. |" a
Feet

Salinas’: cisj<.ceeeee cee eee ee eee Nontetey:ce<-2 seer 40 35 1908
San Andreas Reservoir. -........--..-- San -Mateoce dese: aan. 377 16 1884
SansATOO: = ecko. = 2 cee ee oe ee Monterey ao eee eee 236 28 1902
San Bermardino- 3. .- te. 65h eases oe San Bernardino....... 1,054 38 1908
San Diced. Sees. soe ee ee eee all Dies Orr e eee 93 38 1908
Sans Prancisc0..22 ee ea ee San Francisco. ........ 207 38 1908
San Gabriel: emis see ede ene Los Angeles .......-.. 452 10 |} _1899
San Goreonioseass nee cnese = eee San Bernardino....... 2,560 10 1887
DAN ACNE Ose ee ee eee Bs oataoe, RAIVeESIGes a oon ee 1,550 16 1908
SAN TOSC: Bk sane! Ge a eas aire ale Santa Clare -eeesnaae 95 34 1968
San Weangdror qetas- Sete eee WMWamedax cis i Se se Sey) 12 1906
San dois Opispoe sero ee eee San Luis Obispo...... 201 14 1908
San Mateo. ssa 2 - eee te eee panuMateo.: 6. ase susie. 22 35 1908
SansMjouels Soke See es ee, © OS San Luis Obispo. .-..-- 616 22 1908
San Miguel Island ss see. foe eee Santa Barbara...-.... 500 8 1901
San Pedro: «basa toss Meee Ibos-Ampgelessa 2 see. a= 10 10 1899
Sail FCAlaelc wash. cays. 2 ce reece MATIN o 6 So eae ee i ekg 56 1 1904
Danvers. tose. eee eee ene WresnOs= 2.25052 ee 371 20 1908
Santa .Aga “ete seer Sa ee ee Oranve:2 2 oe ee es 137 14 1902
Santa Barbarass- 32 5-S2> -C ee eee eee Santa Barbara.....-.- 130 41 1908
Sanita, Clara see. Sateen oe ener ae Santa Clapao. an 90 27 1908
Dante (Cruz eeees Cs ec = eee Salta. Cruze een ae 20 31 1908
Santa Mareantaln: ee oe ee San Luis Obispo...... 996 20 1908
Sanita UMariy 22-62 3 eee es Santa Barbara. ....... 220 23 1908
Sarita iMOniCalas. 52 see ne eee eee =| SuOS-Ameeleseaemane ae 110 24 1908
Santa. Paula tect 28>. 2 eee eS Venture. os: tess. 350 15 1903
Sanita JOS. ee ae as Se SONOMA. <2 s seen ee 181 20 1908
Scott, Valley ss cet ei a ee ee SiISkiviG Het = =o. eee 2,570 30 1889
Selma, oe ee ee HW ECSNO pest es See 311 23 1908
GHASt Aus ses Matt ee oe re See Shastaise sss ase. hee 1,049 13 1908
Shingles Pringsis. 94 2e ae eee eee eee Eldorad0mes--eoeeeeee 1,415 10 1899
Sierra (Madrenene): 22 aoe ee eee Los Angeles........... 1, 400 12 | - 1908
SISSON: (2s he Se hc eee eee SISkMyOU eae eee 3,555 20 | 1908
Simartville:2 ee ea eae eae Valais ees see ee 800 9 1880
Soledad? s.35 fear ea i ae Monterey: 222 sss25- = 188 35 1908
SONOMA 2. ese See es ees SOMOMAss sete eee 30 18 1906
South Vallejo:tenc2 sso 3322 eee Solano: 22) 755554 ee 23 18 1890
Spadra..cb. owes see Bee eee ee os: Angeles: 25-0555. 705 15 1890
Stockton (S: aap sees ee ae ee Sal JOAquinl= ss assee- 23 59 1908
SiGKeye 5: 52 SR Se ps ney pane Maderais= sete eens 296 9} .1908
SUISUN ois. Sa ees eile: a ne ane SOlANO/ ae en eee 20 29 1908
Sumimperdales ess ee ee ae eee eee Mariposa 2 s--se-eeee 5,270 12 1907
Simin. 2-2 Seg ee ees San Bernardino.....-. 7,017 38 1908
Gumi Or 2 he AS a eee ae ey ee RGeninese eee ee ae eu ee 422 14 1888
Susan valle Seo ee ee MASSON ee ae 4,195 20 1908
Pehachapis 23 sss oe ae ee eee ee 12S) 1h eee ee a oh 3, 964 30 1906
Tehama: Saas ak SES eee a eae ‘Mehom a... = ses eeeeo 220 38 1908
Peon kK aAnechoss... see ee eee 1h) i) cheer eae eet See 1,500 Gi 1905
Teniupleton . esau: Fee eee San Luis Obispo....-- 773 12 1899
Pennant + eee ee ee ae Santana aes 335 ii 1885
Tequisqiuita Rancho-cs225.0-2eeeees 25 eee C0) 2 244 8 1906
Owe 32 2 ise eS eC rele See PIGCer 2323 ee eae 3, 704 23 1908
DA CY A oes eee eee eee eee Seve dopve leave | A lee: 64 29 1908
IRrAVeCLS: Soe Se sea coe eee ee Tare se eo eee 291 13 1899
(PROPICO’, £22 ees ae ae eee Ihos -Ameelestce 2 ee 4s 428 11 1899
TM TriGkee.. 22. feel ae ee See ees INe@Wadal aera eee 5,819 38 1908
Tulare (near ees.) heen cee ee eee oe Ula G stay Se ee 274 15 1908
MT lOGK ae eae oe ee ee ee Sbamislaus sess ee. 106 21 1899
Taare Se lee es ee ene Mendocino... - 252-25. 620 32 1908
Upland’, so 5eeeee on sets tee ee eeEn San Bernardino....... 1,750 12 1908
Upper Lake seeee: tee et se eee QECs sc 5) eee eee 1, 350 24 1908
Upper: Mattolen: 1.222225 2 sacar ee {SlibhaglofoKolig eee ee se 244 17 1903
Vacaville 22 Bee Seas eee SONOS A = eo ae aly) 29 1908
Valley Springses oa ee os ee es Calaveras -. 22> ese 673 20 1908
Wien tra: >. 5 eee eae ae eee ee VWenturacsis eu eee 50 14 1905
WADA Sos ois SOR ee eee ee ee Mehannas sae ee eee 213 14 1902
Visalia. .... 2 S. et SOF eee ee ae Pwlare =. seo eeee eee 334 21 1908
Volcano Sprinps'... 3.5 te. o-oo eee Imperial. 3s a 220 17 1905
Walnut Creeks: . foe eee Contra Costas ses. -e- 75 10 1899
WVASCD ce Moto Cute oe aoe eee OTT: ain Slee eee 336 9 1908
Weatsonvillesn 22. ieee eee Sanita Crizn- 2s! 26: nae Ds 13 1908
Wicaverville S2le. +2 fee Se CO eee STIMU Vee eee Deltee 16 1885

Westley... ete. 3 bee eee Stanisialist sce eo ae 90 20 1908 -
West Bitte: tere 3 ie en ee ce eee Uther. 90 10 1889
Wiest OMte cnt. wee cee eee MAlaVErasicu soe eee eeaee Bee 6 1899

188

Normal
precipi-
tation.

Inches.

oo
SE

Reh RR Heeb WwW Hw Rh NWR EEN NSH HEH WH HH NN NBSP DPN He
DUD PWWOADOARHMNONH HON NOONE IN AN AUCOHMAWOWDRWOONSONE PROONNORE ROR OHNIMNOOMDNTBPONUNWNHMNONOS

FE SN SAAR RSNPS ROSH ES ANOHSNMADHOOUNADSOSHBILGHAS PAHWSNRSANSNESSEPAYVSESAKS Ho

Nore ROR Ne

NNNNONHEWH

Wweewrno re
PHEOWwW kor cd

43
4

I

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES.

according to States—Continued.

CALIFORNIA—Continued.

a aes Eleva-
Station. County. aia
Feet.
WWateaGlaniGes ec coo eke eek eek Pea ie RU NGUNND Biare reser ae se ness a 84
WV LOUIS VST He a as I ee WoseAmgelesss935— eeee 239
NRL AINI Gert enh ean oe Lea eee ye Colusan te es ee 89
WTO SpA ee eee mean ee one ee Glennie sears oe 2 136
LEV UTR O1TS) el op a de a MOL OM eee a 136
WY suey TBR Ko eo ees me ies ye tee PIACCRE Sea eal see 565
“WY GOCE WING ES ee a ae ke BYOL Oye cone enka 63
Menba mena Gl. A.) oo... s25ck seh San Francisco......... 345
TIGR 5 bis Oo ER SIGIMNOUlgoccseccccunne 2, 635
WIG (CHEST 5 2 Ae sea ae gee ee ee SUMS Crecce eee uonaese 70
COLORADO
JEROME 25 SSA Eee oie ee ee ee Washington esse eee 4, 650
BANCO RC Mpa ees en ee ee ee MB ATT OTe eyes See Ce ee eos ale
ANTIT Go e PIEe E S e EAH el eae Is eae ene ee 10, 228
AGINGIOMG: 2 SOG AEE at aman oe mene es TPNGE Wale A See loeae teeta A 9, 483
TEA) lin ern eee wy ae ee Wl UB a se IBA Case eter ee eigen ie 3,935
TENT ADUNGU ETT 1 Wa na a ne Sa Boulderw in eee 5, 347
TaYOR JEMIG GL Ge Sc ae aI VISTA Bes ees tears abe I A
TEAC) 3) 0) 0 Cle SWUNG coesoessecsos 9, 536
IBC OI 1 ae Kaiti Cansonee eae eeeeees 4, 160:
(CevaiaOa Cilit\ Saas ee eee she ae MremMOnite: a4. 5, 329
(CastlemnOcleen ae spk Lo Doulas 455s ene 6, 220
COVE LE GNC aoe a na STS GE ee a2 xe eyes ey aha 6,175
(Cheesmani anaes ace Suk ee Jemersom==.- 222 25222 6, 890
GinevenmewWiellsic. ) 5.32 bose cn aoe e @hevyentieae see sss. 4,279
(CLOSE WEEN So ee ee te ee ere ree Las Animas.........-- 9, 500
(COMMON 2 5) La ie MICS a meee Ra 6, 000
Colonadomsprings - 3522.02. 5..62-2-<-- RP ASOl S22 Sue bas ce 6, 098
COBO. Se hee 5 ae are eee ee Wiasbime tone esl e ee
pnpple Ginsalice Aes ee Mee Sa ee Se aeaA HOW e Reeves te) Ek gene ies 9,396
GROOMER 6 5. Sc Se eee eres WO CANS Siem loons 2s 3, 695
Dele pen ey Ske es eg TD) Cl Cais Sotee a maar 4,965
DOTICT evs ono Sec eocciae beeen < IDYSIORC Pas eee Peet 5
ID UOT Res Sk SS a res ee a Clear Creek... ...2...- 8,000
EDV CITEAYT <OPM ee eek ee a ee apie tases oscar 6, 534
HOntACOMIMGEs as pao ee ko sk Wanimer 2 eee. 4,985
MOTieGanlandio.. ete Se eee Costilla see pes ees 7, 937
HO IAI C WAS Nas Gate om ee avPlatar see jtiano 8, 500
LBOTaGy ny OmMere = ein es oad SO Benita eee len ei 4,000
Hon, Massachtsettse:.. 20.25.2282 222. LUerianOe senate eee 8, 365
Hoty IW ICGRE SEW OTA FS, pout tear mite eID eee i MOT Paar ae cuisines te 4,319
wy Go ts TS et a gg SYGATE S04 8 Oe ea panes Galt kg st
mania aS RS A Rg eo a WES ei ee ROU RS UN d en Dee 4,510
(CIATETOG UE SS i Oes nla Costilla se eae as nor 7,576
EOI OCUOWMG fees 2 sles Ste we Clear Creek....-..--.-. 8, 550
(Giga yah SER Ss Sa eee cea er 1 Be Ved Veet ca Wn ra 8, 500
Glenmebnu RiGee oie kre BER ASOfe sais ect a ei 6, 500
Glenwood Springs (near).............- Gantieldt== eee ee 5, 823
GrandeManetioneis secs... bese IMGs Hee ene ee et oes 4, 608
Granda Vialleyesu os sne sk. a Vea Gantiel daisies ics oe 5, 089
(GTECI ON gene rae aoe oo eee Viel Ceri Sk Ae ie tte 4,637
GCI SO eee ark ois Sees Gunnison.....-.-- een 7,670
IAT SEMERE Me ee sek ee eee Dee Mbertis ay As See 5, 400
FEEITIMN OSA Pee ye. a elke nas RUC io Wake latent tees ow le 6. 700
ieloebme: (mean): 22... s eee cede Las Animas........... 5, 700
ELON 5 SS Ee SR ee ere pete IPNOWEES: =o cick coco ee 3, 386
TOI OK Che eo ery saat ou os gee: 122] yt Wt Os Ave sree seas eae ye ae eg
TSUREO scien Meee ae a ae Ge ees TEA GVSYO) h averted tea ee ee 5, 068
HaMISGeCE (MEARE hess be cee bee ese RP ASOn ee eer 6, 596
HclanOrSPEINesMen sey ee Ok ee Clear Creek.......... 7, 543
WACeMOTdINe ee oc ee Se oe SP aSOn a ie epee 10, 265
TMOG ITE EPs Fae ge ee IPTOW CIS ee eek 3, 592
ONL Ci e ee pia ok oie ey EG en se ATCT na see 5, 069
WASPAMMIMAS tie ieian ol bee ek sooo: Benita ule 3, 899
TLSBAS is et IN es GMA at A pm on mano et HVOUG Ese nes Pica Nae 6, 162
iiesdville beget AR RE ie toe a EINE sean a Neale coe te Mean apes 10, 248
WenRoy (ear... s. 42.22. o 2: si CRN NE OS AM ey yeas fon ays 4, 380
GNMETIMOMbe: ate CL Pee Pe athe Boulders ces ites 4,935
tones beak (wear): 2300.22. leno. WaATiINeh a eee 8, 600
JLB COOS © Spies es Sa gC Montezuma.........-- 6, 960
188

Taste VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States

ol

grouped

Number Normal
of years aeecerd precipi-

recorded. tation.
Inches. °
22 1908 21.0
14 1902 1252
29 1905 12.9
30 1908 15.5
15 1903 23.6
8 1901 33.8
36 1908 W765 0
12 1890 19. 4
29 1901 16.8
11 1902 22.0
6 1908 19.1
ily 1905 17.8
10 1896 14.1
9 1909 19.7
18 1909 11537
14 1909 18.2
12 1902 16.6
19 1908 2555
7 1909 20. 4
21 1909 WP},
18 1909 Wier,
11 1902 ili, 33
7 1909 14.3
16 1909 16.6
7 1906 22.9
17 1909 15.0
30 1909 14.3
13 1909 19.5
9 | 1909 Wee
7 1899 15.9
20 1909 8.1
38 1909 14.0
10 1900 18.6
17 1909 17.8
28 1909 14.8
22 1883 1123, 7
10 1890 vey
20 1889 Wil al
6 1858 Whe A
12 1909 1253
12 1903 16.6
11 1909 10.3
17 1909 6.6
8 1909 125)
14 1903 19.2
18 1909 15.9
11 1908 13.1
19 1909 8.5
18 1909 12.6
19 1909 12,3
7 1909 9.3
iLy/ 1909 14.0
7 1882 14.3
18 1909 13.9
15} 1909 14.8
i 1902 15:2
7 1901 16.5
18 1904 15.8
10 1909 5, 1
16 1909 25n
20 1909 16.0
19 1909 15.6
42 1909 ile 7
16 1909 12.5
14 1909 13.8
21 1909 16.5
8 1896 15.2
13 1908 19.0
11 1909 17.9

52 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

TaBLeE VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

COLORADO—Continued.

5 Number Normal

Station. County. prvades of years aoe precipi-

recorded. tation.

Feet. Inches.
Meeker: bos) BALE to Sea eee iO Biancoee sa ees 6, 182 18 1909 eal
Minneapoliss a0 22 see eae ee ace IBaGa aw c oe pea ater lt 3, 935 9 1899 17.0
Montrose oe ek Montrose.......2 2222) 5, 811 21| 1909 9.5
INOR ATG eee ae So ears aches Uae Tsarimter.@ hai see as 7,775 lz 1906 16.9
PAC OCA: eke Vee ee ee See ice see eens ements RoOuUttg ees een 6, 500 19 1909 18.3
IRAOTM aS Ne Eee 5 Sahel ne ee ane ee Delia eee se alee 5, 694 15 1909 12 1
Parachutes 2.2 24.28 See eee Gantiel dea 2 yas ema 5, 105 10 |}- 1904 11.0
IPSS Cae seen es Fl es air oe ae MIP aso: xe teeth ee 14, 134 15 1888 28.7
Platte'Cannonts= soso. 5 eee Jetiensonm2 = 5 5as- see 5, 492 6 1908 15.4
IPE DIO. he Ror = ep eae Cie pec nee Pitebloete ss yee 4,734 22 1909 12.1
Rangeley fre iat nt i mrs Same teh ae ay ah Rio Blancopses -easee" 5, 050 11 1909 9.7
Ve CaCl iia ee rn ee ent Wa cleka? Woe See 8, 500 7 1896 23. 0
RICO eter ee a a Ge eee eee DOlOneSs 53423 Sse 4s 8, 737 6 1896 22.8
Rocky. Hord=(meah) aeeeace. seeaeeee eee OlerOr sy ASt eats eee 4,177 | 21 1909 13i1
Rogers Mesa: Cre 2 ekg ee ew on ae ae Deltas reese oer 5, 345 10 1903 9.8
UU Yess Sia acca ot ah tee A aes Gunnison.......------ 10, 000 8 1902 50. 0
DAM UAC ds hs acme ees ts ys eee en SPS WEXO NE = S32 soo oeese 7,745 17 1907 i,
SPIN ic fe Ramee ae SO Sosa Re oe ees Ne Chatiee ss eit ee 7,035 1] 1909 oP)
SOU DUIS ioe rahe it sence el ee ee COstHla ce ee eee oe 7,794 19 1909 11.4
SamitaCl arate ar raece ee eae a iE@entanow eee ae 8, 500 11 1909 Dh
Selbente: ae ea eee el Meee Keli Carson sees 4,705 10 1901 15.0
Sheridanibalkess 1 sae ess eee ee HGIO Walesein® 95s Ue ene 4, 065 9 1909 14.9
Silt (mean ies ee Papen eee ele oan eae Gariield f2340 sera 5, 441 12 1906 iP
Smokey? HallsMane. =e 2s eee Boulder, -22 sos o-oo 7,800 9 1898 24.6
SPN SHEIA cc vast erent Ree BACAS saab tw eeeee= ne 4, 400 8 1899 19. 0
StamiflOnde sale eee ee ea WaseAtmimilas= see 9, 500 9 1898 24.6
SlLeam DOA oO Prings == sees sae eee ROUGE Stee eee 6, 683 7 1909 18.8
POE Fee) al (02 ea yt Saye See | Be et Boulderg55 a5 2242 7, 800 13 1903 24,4
Subface (Creeks sack sasacehec es cee ee TDCi a sae est ee es 6,175 6 | + 1897 11.9
ASO thins cos Sine eas eae ence eet eee bens en aerate 6, 500 9 1896 12.1
VAT rita AKG (eK UR aay ene a ae hens Be es eh as Anmimasy. 0-222 5-- 5, 994 12 1906 ie)
TR WAT TG AROS ose ev en ay eed Ee ee ) D2) eae Cag Lars 9, 200 9 1902 14.7
CUS RATACN OR. oc aecenteneames Sree eneeeee MCSA Ree Gam Awe Saar sere 5, 200 15 1901 11.3
AVG EN y a em pi get ap tel anette ak ad oe PV ACAz Nee. cake eae oe ees 4,155 19 1909 14.1
Wagon Wheel Gap.......-.. te! enone Minerals. {oe kee 8, 434 8 1906 11.9
Wiel lems ees ee ee eens ese TACKS OLS Wee Naa | aera ae eee 6 1901 9.6
Wallet aie ee a eerie ee ers Kaiti Carson oe: Moers | eae ae 8 1902 17.9
Wisterdalesc-22 ce en a ee ae IGONTMV OT tye 5 =e a 5, 206 15 1909 16.0
Wiest Chih Bee eee oe 5 oe eS Custernse sie Pee ee ates 7, 864 16 1909 16.1
Wihite Pines. 2 26. ee cen erence Gunnisone eee e eee 9, 500 9 1909 17.7
WARY) ot spare See eee See ee ee nies WUE es gee eee 3, 512 15 1908 18. 0
SYGUNTTT ass RRS Siew te ener gee et Ons See 4,128 19 1909 17.9

IDAHO.

J NII] 3) (Oya ERR cy eee ee Meee oo Cassige: eee tie Pees comme 5 1904 isial
American} Malllsi oes Sen nate ate ie Oneidarseoseene cee 4,341 16 1908 14.1
A amie) toe eee ae eee PlIMOLeS ses 8 shee 7,000 5 1899 28. 6
iPlackiootl bass.) pea Se ee Bingham ess see 4,503 13 1908 9.7
Bilwe sakes: tse: 6 tay Sec doe Spey ages eincoln. =... eee ae 3,225 2 1904 11.9
IB OISG: 2 ne ARES te Oe een eee AGA a. Sone a eee 2,770 23 1908 12.7
Bhs Se SSeS Foe aya eee te eee Wana sss6eesbhee 3, 800 2 1908 12.3
IBUrnSid en ee ieee eee Premontes. eee eee ee 5, 500 11 1903 10.4
Caldiwiellieee se te Se Sie cee aie CamyOne hen ater oe 2,372 3 1907 Wh
Camibridges a. 2: eee een St ee ae ee Washing tonees22 22222 2,651 13 1908 20.1
Chesterfield ace a: ce ye oe eee Bannockee-. epee eee: 5, 424 12 1908 12.3
DCm Gi ja8 See ee, BE ee ee INGAIBA ESS coe acenone 1,350 2 1908 PA fest
IDOWHEY. So ce eae oe atae te pe eee a iBannocka sce ee see 5, 425 6 1901 9.3
Hllershie: Pac ess ee ene Him ores te eee =e he 3,500 3 1907 12.6
WTI CESS it eee cote Rego Beem Canyone. oe. 0 teaseee 2,350 2 1908 11.4
BOMey.. 2. fie ease eet ane eee OY31011 0) RSL rae Wisel| Sa 12 1908 18.2
Garnet an Sessile ccr sis Sone eee HMOs eee eee 2,575 9 1908 7.3
Grangeville: . 22 455 22 es eS ee Tidal ome ek ei ere ee 3, 500 5 1904 26.8
GAs, ths bE SR oe 2 Ve nn er Bingham Aevseee mae |e see eeeie 3 1899 11.4
Haley fac ces se ae ee eee BlAIIGs. ones see ee 5,347 4 1901 14.0
HLOiS png. seer eee hs, So at Ow y Wee haan ese ee 2h Taye 3 1908 10.4
Tdahor Walser Sao eee eer eee Bing hams. esseseee 4,742 14 1908 14.6
Kellogg boo J: ond 2.2 one ee ee Sioshonegs + ote caste 2,330 3 1907 29.5
KOOLENALD. 3.2 2350 See en ee BOnner=5 5664s ose 1,750 8 1900 25. 0
NAIC ats. be cas coe ee 2 he ees eee IMO oo Soon 6, 700 16 1908 17.3
WAKCVIe Wr cee non cs a ee eee Bonner--cs = ee 2, 250 12 1908 28.7
Tandore: fob ok oes ee ste eee Washinetoneesssss-see 5,300 5 1908 37.9

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF

THE WESTERN STATES.

53

Taste VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

ID AH O—Continued.

; Number Normal

Station. County. rts of years record precipi-

recorded. tation.

Feet. Inches.
IUETCIO 3 SOR ae eee nec ee ee arene IBOISCH Ss as Su ee 5,050 4 1908 29.6
ILENTSIO Gee See eee arene es Meta Nez Percesesi3 5955554 Monk 15 1908 13.5
MOSM EMICTo ee ar eee a el ee Baines 5 aoa eee 5, 700 14 1908 9.4
IIGAGCIONPS SS ee RS a acer ee a Washington........... 3,950 6 1908 Dil,
VINCE nce yes A NR Se Aha MEWS 5 se aoe 4,097 5 1908 11.0
IMOSCO Wee ret eee cae scl c seals aee DEW ie) ae em ee Rae eer 2,748 16 1908 22.6
Mommbaimhomesa. i...22..6... 00.2 256.. PlMOTese nos soos See 3, 150 3 1908 11.3
IMENT CSS Ses Sees es eee ee Be Shoshonesrese lesa 2,790 15 1908 37.6
LOTTA GUNES ge UN aia ed De USER hes ete esa ee 2! 1908 15.4
OBEY 52 Te ee ee ne eye @assianeece Gna see 4,191 16°} 1908 9.3
1B) SoG Bee SSR een eae IROISGR eee eae 3, 100 11 1905 21.0
CHRONO). dS SERS Sia eter oe INi@zPercess 285. 285. 1,027 5 | 1908 28.4
[ERPS oboe GS OER eee arent ares ee Bear akercsee cn. 5, 946 12! 1908 12QE2)
I2ESTOWIOS. 6 Sees eae ere eee COON anceosecsscons 2,159 16 | 1908 12.0
PPOCAUBNOS -coecee a Cee tee out eeeee sae ener Banmockee eee aacs s-25) 4, 483 9] 1908 12.9
ONO CK eee Shel oe aa INGE OKO eRe ee te ee 2,050 9' 1904 14.3
Plere._o BSS a ee Canyons ee ss eo 2,425 8} 1908 | 10.3
FZOGuinillegyee ee ee ee Se Bonnlerseiand 33.82 1, 665 16! 1908 | 23.0
HAMICS UPRUIVIClere | ha fccs tae c Sos wae e tee aloes OKO areaieratemnea ac 2,078 8 | 1905 29.5
ERIC 2 25 Sooste ee ONA/NG85 c6 odhoaesorar 6, 200 3 | 10R | 12.1
i GUSEW Ons 28 ae ae ae eee eee dahon se sees 7, 250 AD 1906) | 23.4
IRUDOM asc obocs cheese eee eee incolm ees ane 4,204 2} 1908 15.1
Sib. MBS 5 oo. eee rs ee IK@OWSRA oo sciese sce 2,062 UZ | Woes | 28.7
SIL. 5.2 eee IEAM oaosedsosesees 5, 000 Bh OO 16.0
SAU 2 Ca ae ee Derrida eee eee 4,040 Bol aL908ee 10.4
SHONGCNEIE sc dS Ga a a ISONIC Ree otek sas 5, 140 14 1908 | 14.9
SUBINGIOG! Jc Caen eee OMe a ean (CORSE Geicmater ae aaau tat asi Merete 3 1908 | 17.3
SNe Viera. bee AN oes Bingham see eee 5, 434 5 1899 | 15.8
“boyy IAI Sg nal Mwvinehallse 0) io 31825 S| ies | 12.4
WODROM Gs 2 o 8 1G SS al oe eee ee ISRETM OMG Sens sere eae eee 12 1908 | 14.5
WY GSO oo Se se en i Oneida ncaa eee eee 4, 460 8 1905 | 11, IL

KANSAS

AN STUETANG s Sos & pees ET ane ee ee DICKINSON sae Il, ay 21 1907 29.7
AN GIOIA oS Be AT a ee Riawiltnse 8 as Sac oe 2,827 12 1904 20.9
Agricultural College................... SEU G psec nie: UE RN Les ae 1, 100 50 1908 30. 2
PAUL OOR Ges wren rn cad. Soh cas WISOMBE See ce tee es 815 10 1901 Sle
PAUL OMe eee ot ee uk Earners 2 eros sony aa. 1,329 11 1907 26. 6
PACS Aare Claes cece ey che Sern 2 kel JEN plete ees meee ars Sole 1,951 22 1908 21.9
PAN CIUISOMPP EM ie ay. no ood oe canoe ANI@INEOM,,. Ss sonsedasce 973 23 | 1907 37.4
TRYARR. 5 oe SU a ae ea BLOW ee aa ae. 1,182 8 | 1908 34.9
TBXS OMe 5 eee Ss Oe ea nee Mitchells sc.) 2 sscee- 1,383 10 | 1903 26.7
MS OMIM OS GOME eee) fo ee wes oe Dock se Conleyee se aac 1,010 15 1908 ilo 4!
Cllengy (Ciera ree 5 aa Ne a ee Clay Saater Se eee oe 1, 203 7 1908 35.5
COM ONT 5 1 Se Re Re en Se eet eee AMNOMASH Se aye tee ey 3,138 22 1908. 19.4
WOldateie vee ee eke ee ea Comanchese. 45-222 -- 2,090 11; 1908 22.0
MUOMUNITONIS seme Glee ee eto cae es Cherokee ook ae: 898 19 1908 44.5
Conecordia..... widest gt OO 2S Re a NOUR eee ee re see 1,398 24 1908 27.5
(Woodmen ee meres ie See annul tomes eee 3, 346 il 1908 15.8
@umminoham sec os 22 le eS se Cee Keingmmaneeae sea. eee 1, 680 24 1907 25.5
ID Ore axes, (CHiN 2s 2s Ses ens ee OUI rer MN a Sons ay 2,513 34 1908 20.8
LOSTESGIGSI see a OO a oa Be DeCaGUne ns aa eee Deel 14 1908 23.0
GOT ACO pa ce ek ne oe ee BUIGIeR Eyes ee ar 1, 291 6 1908 | 34.0
MWOO ds 252. 22 le we se ccs eek ok BarbOmen ish cece ears 1,788 22 1908 ; 24.5
TED TE] OOD ITE y= eae IDA As See eee ome 1,138 25 1908 S350
IPLOWOOU eee so he cae See ketee Clark Sata sre Le ete 1,955 14 1906 21.0
FAMWOGDTISC= verter is. <b 2 ae wck ee sae eee Dickinsoneeeesee 1,144 6 1908 28.8
SIRE omer yon ee i hag Greenwood..........- 1,093 14 1908 38.6
Sin cteerse tee seer Ne Me he ee KO Na Bes 925 | 12 1908 36.5
TIS WOR Mise ae ee ees = cals. oa Sores a: ame ners Nepean ces 2, 850 8 1908 | 20.3
Hort dveavenworth... 2. .....51. 0.25505: Leavenworth........- 788 50 1905 32.6
NOTA Cy Peer ee oo ts GCA Tay eR eer coaettcy: 1,070 4 1898 25.9
IP OWE SYCOULEE RS 5 ser ie ee mt IBOWNOMN 4 sccaccunee- 857 | 16 1908 42.4
TET RIOTPBS iets Ne a en a oe A WIENS. Skea eeeeokee 1,146 14 1908 36.6
Ganden: Cityenc a... cose scice tnee eek Igoe cuecnoseeoeae. 2,836 22 1908 18.8
Gilesamn : Sea Be ages sees ae aeete sme anes ARTE P OM ing 2 Bee 2,475 10 1899 eB
COWOS oo CSE Se ee eee ee GON Cea ee ere ee 2,750 22 1908 20. 4
GIAO Bh SEES SS Ge Re een oma ese ITE OSA I aie oe 1,116 21 1908 Bou
1S (Gener Opa Ss 2 Ee Be ee a a Ne wiellee ese ngeck ecm cty: 1, 804 a 1908 30.9
NETO Seppe ee ee SR Uae Aes INI Gey Apa ees la 2,000 39 1908 IBY. &
FEV ORGOME es eye ee ee Ae a BROW ee Soe 1,188 | 19 1908 Boul

54 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION,

TaBLE VI. —Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

KANSAS—Continued.
Number Normal
Station. County. Bes of years Bey precipi-
“| recorded. ‘tation.
Feet. Inches
HOmMe Lees cette ee Soe eee Senidanmes ss. ee mee 2,700 11 1908 20.9
Elutehinsonss saan seen ae Ren Oa aay eee eee 1, 535 18 1908 28.4
imgependencesasre. ss terre ne aaee seer Montgomery.......... 816 36 1908 37.4
T@]a shes 225 0. See Sue a ane ZN (ex eet ree Cran he 984 3 1908 Bow
JOGMIONG Eo So eine ea nee are Hodeenan Se st para 2,268 7 1908 19.1
Kansas ‘City (Mo:).. 202. 205/5. oseeeen Jackson. 2 ces ele ees 1,029 21 | 1908 Siar.
TGA CTOSSCz ys: Cee a entohn pip a ee RUS Ta ae 020) Sean aca 2,061 6 1908 21.9
Lawrence.....-. BEN Sah SIA 2s BRL es My Douglass s24i ees 874 41 1908 36.3
TCO Fs 502 92 ae eee are ea ee renters Cotley ans saae eae 1,138 22 1908 38.3
A D2 ci 0 Agere aR tet tne torah carmen Mae cigs Kearney cua < 2, 993 18 1908 16.4
(earned 2h 2 aCe co ee ie ee PPAWHVEO se eae 2,090 13 1907 22.8
eb an Ons: ho eee eae ee Gk rae Sima thin aah ieee eae 1,812 10 1908 24.9
Mic PEE SOT ee eee sees eG ores om ar McPherson........-.-- 1,495 18 1908 32.6
Mocksville sc: <3) pa 2 oth eee Statondeeeeee ae nares 2,032 15 1908 22.7
Miia ISO Tn a 8 SR eat te orcs fie wea ne Greenwood...........- 1,074 7 1908 40.7
Manhattan screeners ie Gu Rae Ge yee Sea eae eae 1,014 18 1908 B21
IN hg Oyd ieee tee ee BEML Neely ere SS) Maniomenol oot aera een 1,310 15 1908 30. 6
Medicine*Lodee nats ae Boel OY) Ca ae EN a he Ss 1,475 13 | 1905 DEY
Minmeapoliss: S22 ie = .ace Leia Ne aly as Oeta wae eas ee 1, 259 19 1908 24.7
Moraes 250.) iy heen Nye eee aie JASTOM ec as ae ey sone meen 1,098 13 1908 40.0
Mount IOpe: 2s shee ae 222 sk Sere Sedgwick....... ahs rte 1, 410 11 1908 — 27.4
N@WiGOm eae sere ak, ye re eae FLArViGV Gasca ae 1, 454 iil 1908 30.3
NIORtOR:. 25.2 ee ee etn ee art cea INOrtOnE sea 2, 284 10 1908 22.6
INGOT Cle o5e, SS 05 Fame Cou a at Kinemane ease eseee ee 1, 496 12 1908 28.3
ODER Foe Ce CN sae a ea ee De Caburys vats ces 2, 539 21 1907 23.6
OGG se Ae ae eee en PE Johnsons sass. eee 1,032 14 1908 37.8
Osage City....-...- Samu ary cee nn Osagetee nia stain 1, 081 itil 1908 35. 2
OSPOnme 52 Foe We a ry oe pee Osbormess4-2ee ease 1,557 21 1904 25.8
OS WER Oe eee Pee a 8 oS ALS enna oa abettesso...- se35.22e 899 19 1908 39.5
OPCW esa Seok Ee ca TMV OOS ee Sea ea 926 14 1908 39.5
PUMPS burs sew es aes Nee es Lees PS. ae reas 1, 939 22 1908 22.6
PICASA TCO Me eee eee eee ale aera accel ALAS Soe ewe ea 862 6 1908 39.9
Peat bitte oo Ee Ne ee ama Pratti sya emai ne 1,950 13 1908 22.1
Republics fost e ae sere oom Republics. 4.2 422- ene: 1,495 6 1908 31.8
FROM Gs yas eee nena eee SUMMONS, etapa 1, 218 22 1908 28.3
TRAUISSO DD Sco the 2 a a tp cae TRUSS CULL aes tery el tae 1, 834 6 1908 23.8
SMe See eee ee neha aoe Saline. <a tis Wate ae 1, 227 24 1908 27.4
Sedans cece eine shee ie ee Chautauqua........... 834 23 1908 34.9
Oy OY SNe ee ae ences meee Mie ST, Shawihleesaeee ue caas ee 992 22 1908 33. 8
FROKONTO Sete ceases eee et eee eee \Wicodson eae 1,040 11 1908 38. 1
TRIIDUN ee oot ey eee ee er Greeleyee Severin SOOO TIE Jeeta 1900 16.1
WW) ASISTESS erent at cee Ee nll Es Sa ON Sra Gee Se So iioee hy a ne 3, 027 11 1908 16. 6
Valley S| ee ees ce SS a eae JetersOMne 22s eee ae 913 9 1908 31.1
VAT OCIA ee Eine Nee Cn eR Mortonid 28362 eee 3,215 12 1904 17.6
Wiakeeney (near). ..222 eee e ee oe (PRE CON ane Senne 2,456 7 1907 26.1
Wiallacess (ese a (oe ane porate eerie Wialllacen ee. S258 erie 3, 303 39 1908 16.9
WW G cic eee ora a at Crawiord eee ae 940 6 1908 44.0
WiaTITe PO. 55s eerie CRO on ements Pottawatomie........- 1,002 14 1908 33.9
WA CIIG A): oat teem ee eke ee peared Sedewickeeeeeeee eee 1,377 21 1908 30. 6
Witte] dies 2 ue ese here ete ee Cowleyesie- tenes eae 1,124 iit 1908 33.5
WatesiCenter's, fae save Nepal hie ie Wioodsone sen aee eae 1, 068 27 1908 302
MONTANA
BN(0 (-) PS neMn HD = eh.d Be RA EMS Se ION Cascade. Ae ae! 5, 200 9 1907 17.9
Aenicuiturali Colleges: aon se eae Gala timipee eerste eer 4,700 11 1908 17.2
ATA CON GA): - Noses ete: serene iDecrWodgema- eases 5, 300 7 1908 Loe
AIPTISTB occas scaerts ecm eee Lewis and Clark....-. 4,071 10 1908 153.8%
Bilin gg. 5.) Beta aoe aoe eee eee Yellow Stoel. see--- 3,115 9 1908 14.9
Bolder se. aceet ee ae oe Meee ee Jeffersonian seen 4,904 12 1905 9.6
BOZEMAN: oo ett oe eee Gallatineee oe eee eee ae 4,700 5 1897 ina
BTSs ak sfc eee is Te ee FROSED Gein teers sae ee es Mayans 6 1908 14.8
IB TTEOY seh iac oe see eee ee Silver Bow..._.......- 5, 716 15 1908 13a
Cally on Benry: scececa cde soe eee Leone ee Lewis and Clark...... 3, 644 10 1908 12,1
CRIMDOK Sets 5 C2 Soca 1a ee eee ae @howbeatiny asses er ee 2, 502 9 1906 13
WROMPCAU ee one. ok ee ee eee NSCs OGM eas ay nite Maan Feteniae Oya) 6 1897 15.5
Colmmiblianmalise 2.2 cae nae RAW eaGea rn a eee 3,098 3 1908 2202
TOW Pa OCNCY. 25 5.28 ee eee eee TRIOSE DIG eee see 3, 041 26 1908 14.5
Colberisone nc seas So ee eee ee Neale eee eiseetaere 1,927 6 1906 13h
I DNAs) 0 ic oa nS MR OM OB WIgthnea ssi fades wy NBG g et as Sie 5 1908 aes
Dearborn Canyou.. 2. 2.22) eee Lewis and Clark...... 4, 590 6 1898 15.6
DANONE peace bolas Phcens eee eR eee Beaverhead........... 5, 147 9 1908 18.3

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES.

55

TasLe VI.—WNormal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

MONTANA—Continued.

Number Normal

Station. County. Hleyes: of years eacvord. precipi-

* | recorded. tation.

Feet. Inches.
FHS CMU OTE eee jee ee ao ne Chouteas 0... 2. 2, 630 29 1908 13) 2
OTIC OCR are ame ernest Bere ne Custer eo. eee 2,350 22 1899 iP i
Omi OD AN at ic) ee ey IMeaehenrssesaraase nue. 6, 000 15 1902 WAS
LEONEL Ep SUISIEITG 7S pe I ae ieee ge nae oli ge Cascadese ates Noes 3, 500 22 1908 10. 4
CASIO ic SESE a oe Fee Boe Re Walleye See canes sacar eee seme. ys 7 1900 12.0
(GHISTD GUNS Ae aoe ae es eine DawSOMte = se. ee eee 2,069 19 1907 15.4
(GrTRB ENE UREN SHS a pe Pm ee a Wascadene sae ase cee 3, 300 18 1908 14.3
ELA O MMe esc teak ote oe Ret VOU AUD etre te ee es 3,570 6 1908 ile
IBIERVTG. 5 ono eae a te efi Chowledt= snes eee 2,505 29 1908 1327
SIGE) © ccs Sere ie a a Ste Lewis and Clark...... 4,110 29 1908 12.8
JIG EGIO 5 oP ye Re a et en Pome he ee OER ae see anaes 4,590 6 1897 15.6
TEC TSG OVEN cep Se eet ee eI ares INGRANEEO pe ea soseeson- 2,965 10 1908 16.9
MAID an2 Ce ns aS nee ee sere epee penne Si EREt OME Saye os eee 4,472 6 1899 20. 2
Lewistown. ..-. LE Se nr Ne Ona aaa IRON ONS Soi eerie eee 4,010 11 1908 19.4
WAN AIESTOME cysio sn, 22025 ss noc tace ne been Bombe ce he pace eo 4, 488 12 1908 14.0
IMRAN S CCS. 8 ers ee ec ec is bee IMeaehente ye hares = me 4,800 11 1901 16.2
VI rgy siya CM ees eater. eso lye Lewis and Clark...... 5,370 13 1906 18.6
IS GISSS CHIEN 3 Sa ae esate ee Custerisa Sa aasnenee 2,371 17 1908 BEY)
LATS OTE 5 Si a ee a mp WOKSOUUB 6 Se5656 sed sese 3, 225 28 1907 15.6
(DBO 5 Se ee ee ee es Bowell eee ees 4,207 8 1907 18.2
JP Tail oyS] BYES Serco Om ae ee a Gramite nase Saye: 5, 273 5 1908 15.0
IPRS 3 20 8 a eee Sanders eee seeere 2,473 10 1908 13.0
TEGO aR oo a sO AN eae See Weoley chao ier See ene 2,020 24 1908 13.3
HCC IE OC OR atare sia = ces ceceteis sree icine «As Canoe Meee 5c oe 5, 548 8 1908 201
CH ON OMEN 8) Sipe clic ae Re Riss VeMeKSOM a. sss 4,383 10 1908 UTA
PSS DEST HAVES OF AO(0)) sy ra ane ID AW SONS eee een eee eseeee 7 1908 19.2
Sie LES OUNS 15 he i aes ere eee ee Choueauncs ss. e 4,150 9 1904 oe
Sie PSST ois are ce cea Cascadea i: se on. 4,500 5 1905 ives Uh
IRON 3 ole SURGE Coe ee ee Pe ILMIMNCGON Ne ecdeaceceune 1, 881 14 1908 21.9
VIDS G/U OY ETC oe 98 SS ae eles ea IMadiSOnmeeee eas en 4, 650 4 1905 24.1
TNO IDO ae GaSe eens Be eee Meagher sire aes sen 4, 800 12 1902 16.0
Wiican se ne rece em a Heros eee ees 5,000 15 1908 53
Wee Sire Oi ess Seren eee ee ee Madisoneesns 2s sea ee 5, 880 18 1897 15.1
BIN ib Scr SS CH ee HET OUS ves eee aes 3, 990 11 1905 122

NEBRASKA

ICBO SS Gea Re eee e Cae Bee Sena eee an ete rans SSHUOXDD Cassese aaa 9 eh er car | ene a 1906 Was 7
MGB. GaSb Sa oe SSO ee ee es TUCO es Sa ae ae aN a Soa eae 12 1903 23.9
AUIS Sep Gens SRC e SSE eae eae eee a OOM: Seite Seat 1,747 11 1906 26.6
PAULIN CO rere eee Yee ra reas ce Aad 1ByODx| OMNIS 5 se oseeosese 3, 968 11 1906 16.4
PALIT ee ere et pe ee NC Lin ae ON ole eh 8 JERI Gee a een 1,939 12 1909 24.0
LTO 0 6 SURES TS, Be an eis TRON AG pe ee cya ah see OAT ot ae 3} 1909 26.9
ASTI L GiVprerta eye ese eS aus sina Ne GUStERe Ee ance 2,307 15 1904 22.5
PMMA AOC Se ties ew i. feos a sees ak UM ASM See aoe eee 2,173 a 1901 20.4
PAMOOMV AN Geeta coe Sec esi kw eae OTK gee Nea eye Ne Ole aay Sarees.” 11 1902 27.4
ATROROU Bi SAI R os So ete ee ee re ee Walley sie eee haan ses 2,186 10 1909 26.2
ANSIDN TINCT US a ee a SAOIOCOIS bs occosesess 1,120 26 1909 30.3
ANSICHOM ESSE SE OS Sane ee eee ns Shenmaine ser seer 2,061 15 1908 23.8
BASUINO UMA ees Sree egret Sie Meg ie INemahaee Woes see 1,051 17 1909 35. 8
ANNUTEO SEIS eel Aetna IN Ba 5 ioeae eae el en eae lelenomiliole ass el bees ss 1,792 13 1908 28.8
BAIA ee AAU eee see eee iediwallloweeass22222-2 De BAS, 6 1904 19.6
TBS US ISBT Fis eee SAE ND is el eee a RoC kee ie Sita renee 2,328 6 1896 20.1
ESC aERIGE peas eh rea a ee Re NII GVO oar te EA ees a te 1, 247 18 1909 30. 2
Reaver Citys see ys cee eee acces sees BRUINS RS ey tare eee 2,147 18 1909 21.9
ICH ON Gen are eks here cea a AS OE SAD Vessco sec 1,210 27 1909 29.9
IBeMikelimanae ree 4. otek SUL Re ase DOIN oe Sos 2,968 9 1903 19.3
TESTER 2 1 he ero eal et ee Wiashinetoneees ss -se- 22 14 1909 32.2
Pre TNT ee ee cg 2 S/o cs ea Wiebsterers sas .e es: 1, 967 14 1908 27.9
TB NGENG ISIS a ie eae ar SYS OE Kee ae es 117s) 11 1909 37.5
STAC PE DOL besa ares oe car ys Se Mornillee aes are ce 3, 800 13 1909 16.1
IBTOKEMD OWS jomeeia oe Sc esc wee soo: CUSteRE Ree sae eee ATG 14 1909 25.2
BURCH ORC ye ees oe a pe eeu ase Pa Wiheeernes saris eata i Bai 14 1908 32.9
PS RWiellee eects aa ee ee So Nosy ae Garitel dept Ses 2,180 17 1907 23.1
CWallanwalivsn se es Neg Ee a eae Gusto eee eee 2, 555 12 1906 PAT
Camipridiges =. sa528 5 = Sasa neato iL tae gv se TGUIRM AS ee ieee op 2,258 2 1909 20.5
WembraltCibyencess ee ee oes INICEGIC kee eae 1,708 il 1900 23.9
Colmibus.i. .- 2%. Le aS el li tae a IPIAtbOR Sanaa oe ee 1,441 16 1909 27.0
(OTPST HEL OVA ea 8 mE eC ee ete KORA eee eee 1, 600 11 1899 24.5
(CHEO EE Boece BE yA Cen de ce Ne se ae Saline eee eral a 1, 368 26 1909 29.2
CinlbertSoni ee ee eS PUitCh Cocke eee 2, 565 21 1908 _ 19.7
(CLETUS Ae ais Sie pics Bee a en ae ee PrOMbICn: se sess eee ae 10 1905 23.5

56 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

TaBLE VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

NEBRASK A—Continued.
Number Normal
Station. County. rahe of years ae precipi-
‘| recorded. tation.
Feet. Inches.
David Cibyic-.seeee 2 oe ee eee Butlers: 26 eae re 1, 607 20 190¢ 30.1
Daws0Dics 5. ees es wee ee Riehardsone.ss- = 72. - 945 16 1909 34.0
De eens se ee a eee ROCK SoU Reece Meee or eee 10 1908 25.5
GaP 5s Scie e ie os ween ee a eee Cay ae ae NS er eae ay 15 1909 29.2
HTICSON =: |. a eae ee ee Wriheeler. See se. 8 2 S522 2,029 14 1904 22.4
BNWT p28. 0S Rina aie A enh ee ee TI OG ea Oe ee ae 1, 888 17 1909 23.4
Malnpuny.. 25-5 etee. ates eee eee eres Jetierson’.25 22.52: - 48.23: 1,316 34 1909 30. 4
Rammont! 6 hi oe fee ee pee Haillmoressseeoen eee 1, 641 16 1909 29.6
rami pas SE cutee he) het ee A ee Rrankdin: /ss.5 seep 1,817 18 1909 23.8
Bremont 2.255 soot A RE IDOGEE esac eee eae =: ee 1, 203 29 1909 30.5
ForG RObIMSONE sa ae se eee (Dawes saeers ale eae se - 3,764 25 1909 16. 9°
MigMerton! = 2 hee oo Sc et Se ee ee INSNCOS et eee eee 1, 629 7 1909 31.2
GENE Vai) hie ee a Fe ee WilMOTe Re ss ee 1, 633 19 1909 30.1
GeNOa 2 Ws capac ee AU Ae ea eee INanCe are ons. Sees 1, 584 34 1909 27.9
GOIN PE, Bet aero Wk atop cane ee ene Scottsbluii =... 3 es 3, 902 18 1908 15.4
GOSPOLS 3 cee sa os See Fe ee Gosper?. hss {ee ee eae eee 7 1909 22.3
Gothenburex. =5.6 6.4 tke Ss Scene DawSOM. Les psc cere aa 2, 557 15 1909 23.5
Grandtislands = eee ee gS yl a ee eet 1, 861 18 1909 29.7
Greeley 2.3) So aes Ses ee eee Greeley: a5 ees eee 2,021 14 1909 23.6
Gilideroek= has saan = eee ae ee ee a Wiebstersen 2 2se2. fesee 1, 546 9 1909 30.0
TART CIGT S22 Re ores ee ee ee ee Dundy2.45 es eee 3. 256 il 1902 17.8
ERAIS@ yess 2k an tS ges eee Thomas ease asso ee 2.695 al 1909 23.4
Hantine Gone. 22 a See ee eae Cedar). eee ee 1,309 18 1909 29.0
FarvaTrdss bots eee ee aes lay Soe eee oe eee 1,799 20 1909 27.3
ETOSTING Se scien See eee NGAINS 2 Aas eee 1,932 19 1909 Zag
Hayes Oenter aa. oc ost eee eee IBV OSa aes Sass Bo hes oe ee 16 1909 22.8
Hay Springs: see cs sen Sa eee plheridanessess2 eee 3, 821 22 1909 20.1
HE DTONse Be ec ae eae Se NAV CEA shoe teas 1, 458 24 1909 29.6
Ro brooke 5. Sane ee ee ee ee WUPNASE SP NE aoe 2 =r oe eee ee 5 1906 25as
HO Idreges, ess esas i ee pee ee Phelpsssg4.5 5-30 53c2 5 2,324 17 1909 25.9
EIQ O PERS S268 Senso eee eae Dodse ese 1, 228 12 1909 32.9
TMi perialins 2s ae) a ee os els sage Chaseci a. i. ae 3,278 19 1909 20.9
WKiGarneys Jos 3 a0 ae bce a Bunalon aioe eer ee 2,147 19 1909 26.9
FOTO GLY, © cf 28 Se os ee ea eae te Oey 54. 82S he ee ee 16 1906 23.0
1<G@rssll oe) UAE me Pe uae Dee Kamballiencis5- ese 4, 697 20 1909 15.7
KAR KW O00 cee. ee eee eee FROCK Sar Dex cage ed, es | een eee 14 1909 25.2
Lexington..... Stn. nd ek ea Dawsonee: se ee 2,385 20 1909 23.0
Anolis Vecsey ose Se eae Tmancastensen sane ere 1,189 30 1909 PA bests
Lodgepole. 22222 ea ae ee Cheyennes. 2.42. 2 3, 820 8 1903 14.1
OUD sok ane Seen oe ee eee Sherman’ 5asss--- eee 2, 067 15 1909 28.6
Tay neh ba ee Se pee eee Boyderen ens See ae ee ees 14 1908 2307
MCCOOK Be atieon ce ee Redwallow>).-:3--- 2, 506 13 1907 20.8
McCool Junction 224 232.2 Obese a ee RGA) 12 1909 30.9
Ma disontd) Bes cee ene ene eee ee Madisons asc Seeeeo 1, 585 15 1908 27.3
EACLE Be od ns Ben eg Poa, Se Revise. ee eee 3, 294 9 1901 14.4
Marquette 2.2655 he eee laaailpone 3 es scene ss 1, 830 30 1909 27.0
Mason Oty. a: see oe eee eee Custerzese oc 2,257 9 1909 2.5
Mindene::: 6.o22eet oe se Poe ee Kearme@ye 3s -28 sae 2.162 32 1909 31.3
IMORTOR SE oS = ee ek ee ee eee Plates eae. eek ee 1, 525 12 1909 28.4
Nebraska; Citwa2— ease co eee eee OT0Cr sre eee 961 31 1908 31.5
INES 58 Raat Re ey ee MePherson: 6222p eee i 1901 17.9
Woriolle. © 38S ya ee i Madison es oe sae re ner 1,532 26 1909 28.3
North oupo stn 2s sne oe eee Sealey es ht sea eres 1,961 21 1909 24.7
North ‘Platte ses. 6t on ee cee MeO eee wee Bae 2, 821 35 1909 18.9
Oakdale sco: 6 5 cu eee tee gare eee Avitelopes: S22 ee seat: 1,722 22 1909 252
Odell a5 Ron revs ee ee oe ee Gage iad Ly Cones 1,278 15 1909 33.0
Cyr A a eee Dourlasss couse seas ee 1,103 39 1909 30.7
Ord 23 Be Yoh a eee ae IVANOV ene ee 2, 062 15 1909 24.8
O? Nelle 35 oe seen Oa eee HOGS eee es 1,975 af 1901 22.2
Quiche. et S59 ees ee Dung yee eee ee [Bees eee 6 1896 LT
Palen 3.25 nee ak aoe 0 pees | Mermick. 23.253 3222 1,796 18 1904 25.4
Palmyra: 2 - lean ote eee Oloe et he ee 1,142 14 1908 30. 2
Pawnee City22-33 2 eee Pawnee. 2. ise eee VAS 14 1909 Soe
Platismouthe 3255p oe eee AGASSISe cpa teh eer 968 31 1904 31.6
Wivyinowthet. 22 cans ean eee eee Jetterson'-23 ese 1,419 5 1909 31.3
BUN oso ss ee ee eS an ee eee ee! ah | ee ee 9 1909 23.2
RAVENNA cbs hse. 2 eee (ele Stirs) {ole me tee a eed 2,028 32 1909 25.7
Redcloud. 25 se ee Webster: S22e5e seek 1, 687 17 1909 25.6
Repu lican 322 2.2225 ae eee Harlane sees 5 Seces 1,939 6 1900 21.8
ATO See tC ee oes ok ho a ee lI Riehardson<.<)ckass oe 842 5 1900 34.7
BE SIDONY Jt - 3 sk to 3 hhc pee ee ee Howards: 225s ee 1, 887 15 1909 29.3
Bt. Palle ees ooo ee eS oe ee AO ne ae 1,813 15 “1909 28.5
Santee........ We fe Bo at, Aa OR srs es as 21 1909 25.0
Sehuvlers. = 52-5). - 02k ee ceeeee ee Collars ey tee 1, 357 16 1909 28.8

188

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN

STATES.

57

TaBLeE VI.—WNormal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped

according to States—Continued.

NEBRASK A—Continued.
|
|} Number Normal
Station. County. pe | of years peceond precipi-
. recorded. | tation.

Feet Inches.
SSERREGHNUIR 4 s2teees 8 eS ek Ne Scottspluthe= 2. 5-4-2" 4, 662 3 1909 16.5
GIT DER ABS GE ea eee ae ee ae OMAQSEe. 2 ae eee ee 2,971 7 1900 14.8
SETTINGS ras Ce ee ere pene Seward ss ses ee 1, 435 19 1909 3152
ST ITE SEES ae oe en Cheyennienh essere 4,090 al7 1909 15.0
STEEL TA TTVE 7 ge aS ee cs a eee a IKeyapahae aaen cease essence oer 16 1909 21.4
SUITED = esas ee er Stantonee sa eee 1,472 18 1909 Pt
SURED HCI 5 ee ee Se Eitehcockise ese 2, 804 12 1907 19.7
SIP GEND PL cg Bee ee eee ee ee INuckollsie: 5-55 1,570 24 1908 ee
Soe CUISGS ESSE ae a ee ae Qloesss ae eee 1,059 32 1909 30.8
INE;ZSTETG Te eee BOR eae a me ee Se BUEnbae oes hie a eee 1,060 19 1909 32.3
pe TPCROe eter oo 0 ss IRAWNCE Sa ersee a ees 1,023 21 1909 oles
METI GED vas Ages See ees QIN ctiad JOHNSONSs see ee 1,114 31 1909 3 il
SERRE MMH oo) Sleds ne ee ele OQhOG ier eee cen se 1, 224 17 1909! 30. 4
Wirtiversity Parm =... 22k ee Se WanCastenet ace so sae eee ee eee 24 1909 28.9
WEL STIG. Oe ae ee ei A Cherry oe -2 es 2, 859 21 1909 22.5
AUB AT TO Se RE ree Sawnd@erssse- 2c. see 1,187 7 1909 Se
Vie aaY EELS ae ea ae DPKONS es eee ee 1,387 15 1909 28.9
AP SS TGS) os SUES Se ee a irene CASO eee tee eri ee 11 1909 PAL
\il GT Co NGG) ee CASS ere e ee eee 1,080 32 1909 30. 5
PM CSRMON ie ys Fes ee a Cuming. 2s See 1,313 23 1909 29.6
\iO LE DUTP Ta ye Gran feeeiet aap oe 3, 588 11 1901 18.3
VIG Se ee ee ree Soil Ci ies Pras Se ee ea 1,325 15 1909 32.8
Vo SGi Sl LG Se 2 ae ee IREN aS erate tee ee 2,298 7 1901 21.6
\ RU EEESTE] SESS en PE MUTSLOMe asses ose Sees Ieee 5 1905 30.0
\WISU G25. CoRR oe (UII ea er he 1,380 14 1909 S240
\AE PTE GIRE: cE So 2 a a el OGRE AE Oey aan age Comet 1, 222 6 1903 30.1
OTHE. oS ee ee ne BVA OT Ketaas ey ferries oon ep eens 1, 633 20 1909 29.1

NEVADA
|

AUST so aan Gee ee ae ee Ha OTNG Ope en, gece sakoey Ree 6, 594 15 1903 11.6
anblesMoOuntam! <2 25 6 eb eee ee be GOR eae) a ee 4, 843 35 1905 Tell
CMO peer eee Se INGOs ch thes Jt tenes 2a! 8,132 13 1904 10.5
[SECRET Os 2 ee a Bune Ka eee oe es 4,695 32 1902 6.4
Camiprelalleck-sa a. 1 22h a seciis 2 22 TOK ORE eee sates 5, 671 14 1886 15.0
Canip yMeEDermits :. 2.22. 2c ecccee oes Eamiboldte = 4,700 21 1888 13.2
CFG Bie oe se een emery Hsmeralda.........-.-- 5, 783 15 1904 5.0
OPTI | ok cee ieee IB O}Sa Fact Sekar ee 4,897 30 1900 6.5
WATSOMAOIEY = ao cre 2 5.2 = ection as OumSD yee eens eee 4, 660 27 1906 12.3
Cedi assesses Se See [BQ ere: Bro: Serenade erin acl 7 1877 12.5
SURE SPE ULM GC Heetee ee oes eee eed GOee FeO oe ae 5, 350 17 1904 10.0
LUT. Se ee SS AR eee ee pe eRe een en GOR ois oe epee 5, 063 31 1901 6.9
PDR tt rete Fe Be it ee White Pine. S255 2 eee 6, 000 18 1908 1S
PCR ete 5 se ees: MyOMeses oo eee ke 4, 200 2, 1908 5.6
CmleOneaet eee ye e N e e Ehumiboldit. 32-22-22 4, 697 30 1908 6.0
IER ileckermetn eee ee OE BK Oe ee ace ee ae oe 5, 631 16 1908 9.4
PITRE HORM Our ene en ns Se nsmeraldae eon. ae 4, 569 17 1904 4.4
EOD SOPEIMOS ee. ee a2 oe Es Churchill 3 4,072 20 1889 3.5
EREEEN OC heme ee ede hl at EHumibolaite.. =. 4.--. 4, 236 35 1906 a5
EOL EOL er ee ee ee eee oe GOkn ee ere eras 4,375 8 1877 7.4
IMGWERSert ci hints ge nn oe Woashoées 2. ceacce Gn» 5, 500 21 1908 26.1
Wenuelee kee een eee St et tire Ebunrboldit. 2s... 222 a. 3,977 10 1901 2.4
WE ARHEMS Eu ANCH: Hae (55.8 225202 2 ae se DOR Sek Bee degoae 4, 830 6 1904 12.0
WEEPNO Tae en ce Be aetna aes Ehnmipolditss..25ssees- 4,225 17 1905 rye,
We P Om ee Shoe Sete chee, SNe teers Pe KO meee terete eet ee foes 8 1886 8.0
LEB SETI Ge Se eae a a en Seg Bune Kasse eee Be 4,821 21 1902 8.0
AERC EL OM Ee. er SS Sek ce eo es Bsmeraldass <2 2252 6, 780 18 1907 14.6
iP GIG. ode Gad Ce eee ee SCO ieee eee is 6.110 9 1890 Whe
ORES ee PH oe a SIN Cas ee ea pa 6, 990 16 1908 aD
RCT Gpeise aa eae a) ae ee IWiShOG@2=22 oe ee see 4, 532 38 1908 10. 4
TECTIA een ea ee ee PGKO eS hepa 20 awa oe 4,812 31 1908 6.5
PROMO Pale iee tess oe es ost oe a ee INI VOR Rs ee Ne a cen le 6, 690 2 1908 10.2
ROA Omen apa se ne) eg d DUD (a aie ste nee ote eee 5,975 33 1902 8.3
“2 97] DOS Sa se ee eae al eae INV Clete serene 6, 500 10 1901 9.5
ROR GR ea pe ee eee ian. oy ak) on FL WriShOGHss 22.2 be eee 4,895 12 1901 15.8
ALS WOnb Hi se te he LE ee IWinshoes t5 5 ee 4,077 32 1903 4.3
BUS Sees Sy Se age ae eaten nen be eae IK ORS Mae eee 5, 623 30 1901 9.1
NUEEMETN ICC 3a 2 he ne a ea. Re Etumiboldite 02226225. 4, 432 30 1908 8.4

188

@ Except the months of January and February.

58

DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

TaBLE VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

Station. County. ere
Feet.

Asnienltural’ Collesessces eee eee Dong Anale.. oe sace 3, 863
AJamocordas 23385422 2e ae eee eee OteTOs).cicies ei eee 4, 338
AID ent oss os ees SE eee eae AG a (oy a ee aie A Micka ee ie 4,700
Alpwquerque 9322.2 cece: Soe Bermalilovss= sass eeese 5, 200
ATINOE e0o <5. bee he ae Se eee SOCODRO22 2) -heeceetesee 5, 500
ITEC So 5 nal NEE a A SHOWN EC Valo Ne a We es 5, 590
BellsRanchice...2et eee (eee ae an Misw eles se: sae aeas 4,500
Bernaliiog = 2a 52 ee eae ee Sandovales-sece eee 5, 200
Re Yetay saul aye) ko Wepatere Foy BR a eh es ee San Janes OS oes ee ae 5, 590
BWewater: de. 2 aes OF ea Ne eee Volenciat yn. Saher 6, 200
Camilfona yi nck 2 tee pene eae ot cr ee UN ae Sete - ee eee 4,215
Camp Burs wihtee: 392 e nec eeser Talos. Valea ete eee 7,900
Carlsbad: 2. eee ee ee ens HWdldyiec ot foe Oe 3,120
Chama 2 Ss ese ee ay Se Rio Arribac-. asses sane 7, 848
Olitfiey) 0. iee es oe oe ee Grom ys = oie 22 eae 4,470
Cloudcroit= 22-2 eS ee Otero S28 ee 8, 65)
Demin. 2 See on eae os Be ee A EG ve a ae ei OC 4, 333
WD ORSEY: fs < arse eet 2 ed eee eka heap aees Colt scss saya ea ah Sat ia 6, 000
BaglovRock manch)-.228e4.- esse aee AGT @ Tae es es 6, 000
Hasipbas*V egasteee \ ses oe ee SaneMioweletees see 6, 450
WOO yi 522 2.442 tee eee eee HG ou Sees. alee eee 3, 122
Ae oo Ha OR: ok ET ea en Chaves. foo 2s Soe Bee ae ee
1 Dg nV id [ye Nea ne > ete, WER Mer Ses Sierras eit meee 4,750
BSpanolasica. eee eee Se ee eee RiovArnba: cose oseeeee 5, 590
HOISOnD Ss S52 Se ee a ee Unions) a2 2a ere 6, 000
KortpBayard -. see oe eee ee GTQ eS 7s Se ee 6,152
OEE Craloe cae th ae ee peer SOCOMLO Ss. 2 eee 4,619
Borg Ballmore- eee eee eee Dona rAMare pees oe 3, 937
Hort Selden she te ee See ee elles GOs ees 3, 937
HOriStamtoms see ee ee ae eee IMC iN Goes sates saoSe 6, 231
Bort horn’ ss = cee eee oe DonarAnace ee 4, 500
ROLE OmMOM sos. ee es ea sae (0) 4218 Semi SA eke 6, 835
Bort Wingate: 6 asa bee eee eee Mekinley) 262 eae 6, 997
IP Robland ss. ke Rae en arte eae San iamise see eee ee 4,800
Gage so. s2bee eee wee ane Pe Saseheoe Tuna es eS ek ee Pee 4, 486
GALISTEO LSS ss Uae LR, ae ee Ak oe ea Santa h eres ee ese 6,074
Gallinas (Springses---5 sess ee eee San Miguel............ 5, 272

Aes See itis hs SER ak ere Be eae 172) 01 pape he sere ey 4,040
ITS DOTOR as ae ete ean ee eee SlCMaes. ee arene 5, 224
has i Crices:. eee a ee ee eee ‘DonarAna = =-ae ae saee 3, 500
TAS CAS. gal Sse aey f Pee eis ae Cee ree SameMvact eles anes cane 6, 884
MER VAE Sass o's Ah Cae Sr Rte aia nels Mal ai SOCOLM OM sehen 4,703
Bords bare. 2 Soo oe ee eae Grantees Bee eee 4,245
Loguivunas 22 3258 ee 58 a Valencia....... 4,900
ower Penasconise: 2-23 ae tee eee CHameSiaee no oi eee 5, 250 i
hivons Ranch: Sis.) Baa see eee Grantee see ee 4,040
Mesilla Patk: 3 2eiae aa. sae een DonarAnas == — eee 3, 868
Mountainair 2 Sate et Sie, Seas ne Torrance! 32 see see 6, 547
Puerto Gewese ee ek Ale eee oe Guadalupe: 222 ee 5, 350
Ratan. 5. 32S eee kee ee Meee eens Colfax. o2..e eee 6, 622
FRINCOMS 52cis 4 Sea ee ede ea pares Geet is Wong ,Ana=s2: see eee 4,031
Fuoswell. S505 = Wee tee oe ae ChawveS-<.2.: S22 ee 3, 578
San Marciale ao tae) eee eee SOCOLOne sacar eee eee 4,554
SantRaiiel 3a ae fee eee NWalencia2) 7. setae ee 6, 509
Santa esc essc tee a Be ee Artal ser st Say eke ae 7,013
Shaptucks’ 6468) 2. see See ee LB CKG br ghr Ricans & Seared yc 6, 000
POCONO! 5 =a ae ee Met ch kone Sep SOCORLOS tia. ere eee as 4, 600
Springer... soy et ee ee ee Coliaxe 19s c5/b nace 5, 857
StLauSS 522042 = ce eene eee eee tee eee DonacAnae terete eens 4,080
AOS Sk SR ee ee ee Ras ie 4 25 eee 6, 983
Wihite Oaks: hae 2 a eee eee incolns 2454s" eae 6, 470
Winsors’ 3.52 eee eee san Miguel. .5..-2-..- 8, 200

NEW MEXICO.

AINONIA so 2 322i. -2cn bee eee CARS che eee eee
ASIMOV 6 ia cSnaotnk: see ee Melntoshea sen 223-228
BOT ces ess 2 eee amoures 22322
Berthold <A geney .:..-./22- 52. ecuaarenee Micibeanssane tas. eece
BISTHATOK wii os. ccee she eee Burleigh: 25 2s. cee
OULMCA nose cee eee ee Bottinequ: --22)--5.-2
BUS fOG Sy teeter k eden ee eee ACTA ey oe eee ee ae
ANAC Rae oi woe ne nate ose a eee Towlet.secscen. eee

Number
of years
recorded.

1908
1905
1905
1908
1908
1908
1902
1907

Normal
precipi-
tation.

Se
Cr OO a NI

He
90 &R f= £3 $B 90 90 00 00

Bee HNP eee
HOO CO DUNN OODADWMNWOWOHRAOWONHWREANRBDOWAWUARBDWOKRWROM OWRD ror OOF 00

Re case
DOR OP AICO SR MOO SHN SOT

—
EO NL TS SO Oo eae

Nee

NORMAI, PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES.

o9

TasBLE VI.—WNormal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

NORTH DAKOTA—Continued.

; Number
Station. County. ne of years
¢ * | recorded.
Feet.
CNMECNS Merry 0, oS ots ease -eeeeens- AMM SE yes oe eee aera 1, 458 10
Codlettar vor sae eto Sl eee. Moikeam eae tee 1,901 13
Wewmlisplbakenkee As os fea Ses See TRAINSCV GE cru) iain ese of 1, 482 4
NSIT SO Weare ors e: ens E ee ee a Starks a Shoe eee 2,543 17
MoamiIpbroOkse ase 202222 le 262), eee ce Weare 55. lace yaeem & 1, 760 9
UD NGITANSY SOG Ae ek eae Oana i ee FVOLELECR aseanee see = eee eral 12
IBOROYO Gt Beets = ae meee oe ne a WaIMO Une ee eee 1, 468 8
TERISTIC Neha a rae i Dickeys gies = ese) 1, 449 12
IP AIEEO) 5 3 yas SIS ee Ree ay ee pees ee CASSE Sei ona tere ee aie 903 15
LEGER 2 Ue TS a ALC CMG eyes iemrercrs 1, 249 12
TROT YEG WTS a pee RSI eran SIG aoe ses IMOrtomiyaaaoeen oe ee 1,670 26
Mer OMeeen mae 8 kL is ce Dickey tes cece 1, 439 11
GAN EITC Raa Sa nee nee ee ee ia Grigeseer sce rates |ecicteasenee 9
(Gia 6) UTA SAG Ot Naser er ese Mortons sseetessc ee. 2,070 10
CARIOIN Ae Reo oa eee tah tee Wiallsliesr aetna os erp 827 16
JE ans aul (OAV SAE as see ase ae cee eects Remibinaeces. see ace 824 9
LATIRESWIOW Seah eRe Ee ieee ee SUUSTOMEINS soo caceecoce 1, 390 22
NATO Ge Ase eres es alee ee Grandshorkss een. se 1, 134 11
NOGGIN seen etc. as ance Sotelo AT Gis nes ee as= 1,640 15
‘ISLE rr Ace ee ena AM rule lar Mat ne aoe 975 13
WCCO SEA ae ae 1a ear enebetase 2, 225 13
Regi epee ite ies EL ee ee a ID OSLER Ais ame oae seer 1,590 12
DCEMU hs) ie Cavaliertecc ba way: 1, 586 10
IM UTBIO Tie 5 Seite es Oe Ae pee eam eee AWicin ia setuts Sentara ct 2 1, 557 11
VIAN eS ae I ee VV tall Snes Me ee ta 820 16
MIEMe WAIKOM cfs Sale 5o seep oes ee IBENSON) estes wie eas 1, 459 ui
Moonhead= Mimms. 002502012 3 ee Cla year vasione ae aoe 940 29
INAIMOLC OMe ee eeepc sa ee yas (eis oes chee OSaliets dae eee 1,955 18
INewmimelands soi. fo 4a so ok eke Hettingens. =. 22226 os.6 2, 400 13
Oki Cree ese morse Dee IDEA ase cea eee rel ere a ee 12
JE Grd OVO) eee een es bee nee ene Rembinascees-ss4sseee 789 11
POM G3 ae ere ee ee es eee Wid dieser su trees ce 1, 954 13
POWICIEG cabo OSE See aes ae eee ete Rachland see eset reece 1,020 iL?
SCC OMe as Ee. AL see elias don Jie KC ICi pes Re ee ie 1, 857 13
UIT GISIIA. Chae ee nee ee eee GrandGhorksi2eeen see: 830 17
VQ ISS (e100) 01 a ee ee eee Richland ez noose ee 962 13
IRC at a ee ee ee Walliams = 223s.) s22224 1, 875 29
Rgiblowale ily a tooee se eck Ste cs Bottineau. ses 1,471 15
WKGO GOTT Ses ll ne Pewee So Loe (CEN EWES US ie eae |e i 10
OKLAHOMA.
SANTA OYA) VOY eas he A a eS a Custer tee ee 1,575 1
AMRCINIOIOS SSeS seee noe SE eae sae eee Carteret ere ae ees 872
ISGENICr Ss jogos a. Beet ee eee ae IBCAVEI siesta aoe 2,500
IS NGC) | SSeS = ee ee ee ie ee sea Pawnee! jasc sce cesce 800
SiiiNCE Sa gades Sea een ee Pottawatomie......... 1, 200 il
liaiclleraes Sere ne ee a in colniyaae eee ee se 865
(CUEUWE EES) Me 2A tae er te ee Grady seein nee 1,091
WlouGgi@ Meier wes Phe ee sie eee Was nitaero seen 1, 400
WACOM Are ene ns ee eee sk NWOOUS see chy wy ee ee 13837 il
ID TUNREAD YRS Gesciees ew as, Sa eesen coe ME Eps Fe Bey BTV AMS eee aes 643
TELUGU eS pS re mr Gartvel deceive Soles 1, 269 10
RESP AMA LATO Gah eee AN Te A Oe Ottawaie = se eee 839 9
TEL TPE CTO a5 Tee peek ih ie oad Pal Canadian Ss leicn sie 1, 400 21
LODE, SSIs ea Se peg yore a Comanches oe eeee 1, 200 37
Fort Smith (ATK. Denese in co eae se Sebastian. yee 457 28
AS CRP eg aritieys <M I = ua ines ena BAS oe IS Berra aha yee te es 2, 136 6
Gulbhries 2 2: ee ae oe eee EO SATE pyar ne ree 1,000 16
ERE EGON oneness 5 Beas Se ea SS Roger Wills eee ae eae fe 5
Jar aVOs OY Se eee Pitts DUnea seer ae 700 10
FECA GILOUM tearye sen 2 eee oe Canter oy sae eee 900 18
IEMCMITM CSS CY eet a ajo W Semie names tees iKeinedisherae=e es oe 1, 166 12
ETO Wart aee pee eis en eto See oe GLOW ae eee ee ee 1, 396 6
HELO LGR eMail C= rates Ne ye ee ee ET CES Ee eeaeee nee 900 8
EO WelOle te apes Seka se. eee VN OCs aaa a a Rae ee 2
ViGICRS OI a eee ee he Lae a ee Grant aes sess 1, 062 15
AG ITE ee a ROE Wo tes = Se ne ace ge WOO Sit ee ae ses 1, 337 8
METEOR ye ee an i Si sa a 9 Cimarron 2. ee 4,000 8
Kingfisher... ._- Ea Us oe weg. See keingrishere] eee eases 1,046 11
ILO Calne ee opie ee Rn ae a ee a COB ei aren Ns See ee 593 8
McAlester...... eran es al Sed hee Pittsbured, ae eee 698 13
VRC Oh Dg Norte ee oes Uiic los cates Pottawatomie......... 1, 200 17

ATF TCO STF 00 CO HP Or

Record
ended—

1904
1908
1908
1908
1907
1908
1908
1904
1906
1905
1907
1908
1902
1905
1906
1905
1908
1905
1908
1908
1908
1908
1902
1908
1908
1904
1908
1908
1908
1906
1908
1906
1908
1907
1908
1904
1908
1907
1902

1908
1908
1908
1908
1902
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1899
1908
1905:
1908
1908
1900
1908
1908

Normal
precipi-
tation.

Inches.
23.0
16.9
20. 2
15.0
1253
14.9
19.5
16.3
19. 4
19. 4
16.3
Don
Wie 0
13.3
16. 8
22.0
20.0
17.2
15. 4
Dileet!
1322
16.0
16.8
16.5
18. 8
17.6
24.9
19.1
PAY,
16.1
19.8
14. 2
20.6
115}, 7/
20.5
BiB
geal
14.5
Win,

Be Ee eo COS OE AER aS

a Ora) So a eon
SCODMNORRNAIMEH Ww

60

DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

TaBLeE VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
; according to States—Continued.

OKLAHOMA—Continued.
~ Number Normal
Station. County. prithe of years eee precipi-
recorded tation.

Feet. Inches.
Maniouim.2c aS Sass oe aceon c noes GOD hays eee 1,585 17 1908 28. 2
Miarlow2<2 2. Sie ie ee Stephenshea ws -sr eee 1, 292 8 1908 37.1
Migekeyet =. 02 set iki, dee tee) alle pee ae Iincolny. 5 ee 1, 030 15 1908 34. 6
IMNISKO PCE = Seite ree Ce ee ee ae eee MiISkogee Se eeneneeeeee 614 10 1908 38. 0
INGwikinks. vk Se get yee a a ames TK BY ais eae ee eee 1,149 11 1908 36. 4
NORMAN si-n AS eee a he eee Clevelands.<- s92--262 1,180 14 1908 33. 6
Oklahomacks = sees ke ee eee Oklahoma.. .....-.-. 1, 247 18 1908 32.8
Okmirleeeza. 7; Rte ee See Se a oe Okamullgee: 2.22. 55. 5- 752 7 1908 41.2
Pa whuska: lei Beye tele cee Serene OSape Rein ante 918 10 1908 42.3
IP OTIY oi Ae ae ee epee. 1S ee age Noblewai 54. sca see ae 920° 9 1908 36. 1
fect gc Veh ast ee a meee Cy SA EL A eet a IM aROT iets os =e eae |i cere rc 6 1900 32.9
TRQVa8 fe 8 SRE ae mene oe hee Ly ene Johnstonseeseen= ee eee 796 6 1908 42.1
SEIS Gavel INC Se INGOT: 5 couscoosaesasoes imcolmi et teeese see 900 16 1908 34.5
SA WMCCR i stefan ie soos cae ee Pottawatomie........ 1,041 7 1908 38. 9
South MeAlesterss.2G2 56 nace seen Choctaw Nation...... 698 13 1905 45.3
Stillwater st = ees seas eee Payilels sreeece. eee 880 16 1908 30. 2
Mem plese. oo 5o ake Ces eee oS eee Comanche. ........... 925 6 1908 34.5
FTO GU) 5. © ith eR gk ee ee ca ha AUIS Aye es ede eles 700 20 1908 35. 9
Talhillequrali es 822. e sy ce wee ee ae Cherokee. ..........--- 790 9 1902 42.5
Talo sass cen et ok eee ae Sear CWEYc eee eee ose eee 4 1903 24.4
WA Gas ce S27 eee eee Craigs oes se ee ee 698 6 1908 45.3
VACGIME 6s See eee oe Rees ILO ganee Say soe 940 8 1900 30. 0
Wiagoner=. 5 ivory este ee Wagonerc- cece eee 588 12 1908 39. 0
Wiauikomis:c cs senscne- aeons haere Garfieldtae-see4e-cee 1, 258 12 1908 31.6
Weatherford. fetes 3 et ee eee Custer weno ae 1, 639 8 1908 28.9
Wrebbers Mallets yscme Sates Muskogee.....-.....-- 479 11 1908 40.7
Wihiteaple:. 2 seks. 3 ae a mee DYAS see ee 945 6 1908 41.9
WADTLVAC Ws net Staite nome oer On Blaine. eek sae eel es eee a 1899 28.1
Wioodwardle so2hesata ee eee Woodward...........- 2,300 6 1901 18.2

OREGON.

JANI Biraieabiaeee cb era neers ee ese eee Team see ae ee ae 214 32 1908 44.7
P31) 0) fie. eg See ee Ey ee dee eS ci ame: see nee eee 250 7 1906 87.1
TAS UTA apt Ta Fe cose fas ee Sony a eR Gilliam eee eee 855 14 1904 9.1
SA'S In letra ape 9225 ee She ors ence ye Sts Se Jacksonee-Ge eee see 1,940 21 1908 20.1
CAS TOTEM Es ar oes ane are te cea Clatsop zeeaeseecaeee ee 11 49 1908 74.5
AST OLA ENS Sapna ee cee Marionen seas een ee 144 10 1901 46.7
BAK Cr NGiiy ss oF sea cior rea e BakePass soe cscs oes 3, 464 20 1908 12.8
Band onrewac eisai. seo Pe Sar ES COOS NSE Aare eee oe ne 55 27 1899 68. 6
Bay? Citiyisessc sac ea nee ore are TilaimOokssaeeeeeeseee 225 14 1908 108.3
Bend tee Pees seer epee ene Crook pou a oe iss tac eae 6 1907 13.7
Beulain i ci.2 jae ees as cae eee Malhetrss i. 3..24 S553 3, 269 14 1905 10. 7
BIBIOCKk Ss eae ae eee ee Gilliam sae eae eee 237 10 1908 10. 4
Browns Vill@sc tke eee 8 en ee ee Te Araneae ee 346 11 1902 36.9
iBuckhorm-Harmeer se eer cece seers Josephine........-.... 1,300 10 1908 70.3
Mo bU ITH 501s ee eae arene se oats Clackamas teens o- eee 719 10 1907 76.3
IBUPnS ee 22 ore eee ee eer a ene ELarmMey ontiis. serene 4,157 19 1908 10.5
Cascade Thocks*et 52s 2 cree eee Hood River.....--.--- 100 30 1908 79.0
Comstock a3. nce oe a eee Douglas: s6 202 eee 473 il 1902 36.8
Coquille River Light-House.....-....- CO0S Patisees: ate ceeetee 13 10 1907 57.5
Corvallis... 1. 2 seas td eer eee Benton aseee ace 319 20 1908 41.8
Dayville ss: i teas te te ara a ee Grantee yA seen 1,500 14 1908 12.5
Doravilles. =: peace eee Ee ee Columibiaeeeese-s- eee 600 al 1908 49.4
AD G2) bn es ee AE ed Mee ma 3 a Douglas a3... 55 seecoss 300 6 1908 47.8
0G Os es ee oe Me ee ee tel Morrow. Soc eee es eee 11 1909 9.0
HUGE ey Sor Soka ae ee Rat eae WWaMesae sss ben see 449 18 1908 37.9
MAITVACW 3's, fe sted eee Bee ao eee COs Soe eee 142 11 1908 70.8
Ralls! City? 5382 ee eee Poles ee eo ee cases 355 11 1907 82.7
Forest Grove...... IS Aa ae anche Washington........... 220 17 1906 49. 0
Gar ginter’.. 16), 3e ene e 2 es ele na Renee Douglas ert ae cere 72 20 1908 79.3
Glenorase =) 40. ees See lr ee DillamMoOoks=) ase 575 17 1908 117.6
GoldyBeach:o. fe aie oo fos ee, See Ounnyet oe eee Fig aRe 40 6 1908 88.5
Government Camp. =-5 2-2-5. eee Clackamashe-sa- sees 3,580 11 1906 89.3
Grants) Pass: esse occe ae See ne eee Josephine.....-.:22..- 956 20 1908 44.8
Happy V alleycee:st =. 253. ee Larne yispeiaonoeee sees 4, 200 10 1899 13.2
ATO io Re. eae ee Curnysecs Si ee ee 1,342 10 1901 99.7
HCA IW OnkS es. Ota. in eae ee eee Clackamas: e.-sse-eee- 719 10 1908 82.2
Heppner. cs lc asiecewice = Hats he eee Morrow scien Saas ean 1,950 20 1908 15.5
FLOOU RAV Et cimiee es Se as Soke Meee Hood River.....--...- 243 24 1907 36. 4
intbin ofOn.. eee: -s. secae eens Bakers. 2202 o. ee eae 2,110 Ul 1907 12.9
Tryitietone:::; see Le Pe eee Multnomah. :..2--:2..- 75 12 1899 32.5
Jacksonivalle ses oasis eee ere oa Jackson ese aseeee see 1,640 20 1908 27.2

188

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES.

61

TaBLeE V1.—WNormal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

OREGON—Continued.

zs Number Normal

Station. County. ae of years econ precipi-

* |recorded. tation.

Feet. Inches.
LG ISE 0) ae eae ee ete ae oe Fe Wrallowalsa-c- sss 2e = 4, 400 19 1908 18.2
NEM HOM OIG Yeas tes ah eos asses er PATIOS Se Se Me ee es 353 11 1902 33. 6
Araby Hall swes shen a ee ee Klamath eee eee 4, 250 14 1908 14.0
WrLichy CULE See Se Re ene enlwetete ss Nacho ayll Ee ee emeee ete, 182 11 1902 42.9
IMAG EAMG Coe cos et ses ee ee. (Winio nese ese 2,784 21 1908 19.5
WAKEVIOW Sane cincsie st ce cai. oe eceibacts se KOR ee ete els 4,825 23 1907 16.9
WANGIOIS Ne ease sean oe sce See eels in @uliy ae sea sceneeoee 250 9 1899 101.8
WOnmeeRCOC Keene Preece eo oe ee eae Gilliam") <2ee eee 3,114 18 1905 14.6
Mekenzie Bridge: 2 355 -2c sco. 52. 34ss- Manne s2 -SScen eee 1,400 8 1908 (2e2
WeMinmvmilles sss... ascscs. lke SIS eee Neel ae eapease sees 180 21 1908 47.8
Wy IRS EY TSI Pisa ae a aie eee es en COOSHe tes AS See eae 12 6 1907 66.7
itor lierapepereene spent vee Ss Pe Josephinen--a--seseere 934 10 1901 34.9
Miramonte arm... 252.2252. 22522.2<22 @lackamasz=sseeeee-ee 195 17 1908 43.5
Mammoth ts eae eG Ne ROMs eee ey aoe 221 iil 1902 39.6
VEGI OC Mees eyes rece SiS ee ayaa eee IB eCntOnEs ste aeeaese ae 300 ili 1908 39.9
MommbGeAmcelema sae: soo 5s ee eee Marion essen sea 485 23 1908 46.0
INE) T SFT ye Ne I Sl a ae Aillamookssn = steers 10 13 1907 111.9
JNIGAW [2 Sa SR ee ea ee ep eee mami aes Sasa 193 9 1902 47.9
NGW DGG esas oee eee See eee IBAkKeie see h es ee ee 1,900 9 1900 9.6
INGA! Th Bac eC ESE See es ee Seen eee incolnee sass eee eee 69 19 1908 56.3
IPED! SEGA Bs Scere eee aa eee ee Wiens noagsodooocs 1272 19 1908 14.2
COR inne eee oo ee le JOSep MING Sse se sss ss | aos aes ee 4 1901 39. 2
TPYOVOT. SS 2! ils ekg SES ap ae Clackamas........---- 3,580 13 1908 85. 4
IPOH E SIS G1 Ss ones Ree dts ees eo Milinomaheee=ssass. 57 37 1908 46. 0
TE SEDIOYE 7111S eae caer eee ee ei TOO keeeie Sete eee 3,000 11 1907 8.8
Enighchemeremt eee cS enc ee a. eo Be DOWoTASE es eee 733 11 1902 29.8
UBS FAT CEIES SUG ve a ee en Mia line ung ares eye ele eee ot 5 1901 8.7
OSE MUP e een oper PS Sula aa 52 Douglasmae eo eeecnss 523 32 1908 34. 0
SOIR bel SR es eee ees Rein eae ag eee Mari Ones ss Gee ames 120 17 1908 40.5
SUTIN! 5c tps bres ete hae aie Ie eet rans ee ae Marnie cs see ess 207 11 1902 43. 0
STSCI LUG eh po MG akKeres Cee ees ee 4,700 12 1907 10. 4
STIRTGIMIGM Ce es ee ee ee ee ere oe WIGS a Oia ka ee le ae ae pea 255 11 1902 45.2
SISIRIW@Ulse.5 aot Seen ee eee eee Jacksonee scene ma serree 4,135 11 1902 29.2
SOc ok SoS nOeEeEee nee Saepoeees Bakeries tae ieee ee: 4,150 15 1906 23.9
SrTiO. Sha swe eesaee ee aes eee WAM ese Bees esse oe 476 9 1900 39.1
‘S Ty GING Lm SoS oy ae era age ee @lackamas sens aera ee meets 13 1908 32.4
TRV), LOE OSS Sm Sac WIASCOS 34 ee nea 112 34 1908 14.2
PRGICC OME en a es SoS Pubes iin colina ee see 50 19 1908 79.4
Winer aiallapee ee ese ee eee ate Wim atlases 340 22 1908 8.6
Wi ters xe ee ay ee Malheur siecsn aes 2, 450 17 1908 10.2
WCRI OITA seme har Pee ee) rs EG Saat Columbian eee 1, 238 il 1899 62.1
ROW et eer NE ee toe Sch ae NE ls Wallowa assem eeeee 2,935 7 1909 We
WAGE Spmine see 2k lo es Crookes ae a 1.600 6 1907 Tie
Wiiesiebionke gests tee. eek Dowelast ee. et saeeee. 1,046 11 1901 41.2
RES LOTIEE an Sei oR st eae aoe Wimatillasee se eae | 1,800 19 1908 24.5
\ WUT aT) ee ae ee NR ea JOSephinesas2 sss os ae | 1,368 15 1906 33.5

SOUTH DAKOTA.

PMD ET OEE Mean ae tei e SE Ae BO WMS eS fect soe 1,300 19 1908 26.9
PGE GETTIN A eee se ee @harleseVerxesis omar e sie el 10 1908 22.5
AOA Gil ee eee = 2 a see a ee ee ls EV aTSONG er nee ee 1,352 22 1908 24.6
PNET O DIE eras ee ie tee te eS A Douglasensse st eee 1,521 14 1908 24.6
ASIDORO NUE eS ae tee Meee Se eee Harding: Sees) secon 3, 192 17 1908 14.0
ISO WGlerse en 2.0 ser a ete nes Nae ass JOCHOOING SIs scaesceosane 1, 995 14 1908 19.3
BROOKINGS Er ne Gs sense es kak ee eee IBROOKINESeaee epee 1, 636 20 1908 26. 0
(CANCUN Seles Ae tenes eta eee ae oy Lean inecoln eee eae 1, 248 12 1906 26.3
@emnbenvaillerits 542222 sees ee a eae 2 [SACU O SPS Sock te eee 1, 229 12 1908 Pf} 1
Chamiberlaim=des <= os ea ee IBTULe ees Pee se 1, 363 12 1908 17.9
Chandler /(CAcademy). =.2.22-2.222-42252 @harlesi Mics. ss eee ee ed 1 1899 19.8
Whienmya@reckeras s/s. 20s ee ee pe PATINSUNONS eee eee |aeee ere 13 1907 14.0
laisse et ye wo hoo Ses ee ath aS Clarkeiicccess See 1,779 17 1908 22.6
Dea Sinha tanmen eae ese ee Dee Kanesburnye sae secs eee 1,726 16 1907 21.7
FEAR ONE eee ee een yea kl aoe TT ORs sey ore = I ez 8 1906 29. 0
Pomme lesa eset ae Renmingtonsee =. 25.2 3, 000 11 1905 13.9
PRs Orne epee se ated nae ah Sul kaee ee ee Sa 1,595 14 1908 19.5
EF (eae Nee ae Meee ee See ES ee IW OYOX0 Wien eee oe shee 1,565 19 1908 24.5
Forestburg...... SEAS SR eS a Sambonmieey= = se ecnen os 1, 231 16 1907 PAP
IROTES ECan as ees ee IO GUC TE ey ee eke ieee gs 6 1899 1s 7
TRO TE a NY We GY0 (ee EE eee eee IMiecad es 222s aa ssa 3, 624 28 1907 19.8
Gantivaleyentr ek oe coe oss oc Ie a ES Osean ete oe ee eee |e eon es 8 1905 20.7
SAID ie be BBS SSS es are ey eae DYE bs) Bacar ON ye cn 1, 484 9 1900 22.6
Grand River: Sehoolls22-: . 2-4) 30... COTS OMe Sa eee ae ae ores 2 1901 14.5

188

62 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

TaBLE VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

SOUTH DAKOTA—Continued.

; Number Normal
Station. County. Record

of years recipi-
tion. | recorded. | “2ded— Vee,
Feet. Inches.
GTECTI WOO. verses mace nena oe seme Charles Misc: ea acmeticn coe see 15 1908 23:7
Hamey..22- eee. 4 ee ee eee ee Penninetonissso2s— 555 5, 000 9 1898 18.4
Iarimian o5 Ste eae ee oe eee ere Minnehaha: ase... 55 1,474 4 1901 20.9
HMichmore.. dscse2s oes ae esac ones Ely de Sess eres os 1,890 16 1908 17.4
Hoteh City .gose8s scene See ee eee IUYINaN: o 5 an teeee ele ae oaes 13 1905 14.5
HOt SPUNES Mss: acca ees eee Pall River-22. a 3, 447 4 1900 12.5
Howard 2c 2 cscniee Sac ee ss See ae IMUM CTL Ser anet i ee ee 1, 564 17 1908 21.8
Ho wellc.). oe a sae e ae ee ee eee dc) ao bapa ae eee pes 2 AL iat RA 7 1908 18. 2
PURO N 22 2 2S ee Gloss B eee eee see Beadlezc 22 sees 1, 306 27 1908 PALM
EpSWiCh).So.-2 cate S. see ee eee BGM dS e2 ete eee 1,530 i 1907 22.6
IKad der oc 222 Zee 55 Reso oesece eee eee Marshall ee ie es aaa . 1,295 5 1908 22.4
Kimball 2.-. ssssc0 eee oto Soe eece Brule: Sack Cea 1,788 23 1908 19.3
Da Dellessasssees es oleae eee aoee Spikes ese ee eee 1, 400 12 1908 26. 2
beola 2536 -c2s eee eee ooo oe ee ee MeiPhersoniss5-53-<o5- 1,587 6 1905 19.7
Marion 2 oo asec ee set bees ec eeee neers TRUPIWeRs = ooo e2 Se eee 1, 447 8 1908 26.5
Meletite: s2c5 facs a eaaa-oo eeee Spinks Cee eee aseee 1,300 14 1908 20.3
IMGnNO= 225 soc. eaoe oS tee es ae eee Fiaichinea ipo e 1, 325 12 1908 24.4
Milbank. face cise oS eee. eee eee Tanto sess ee ea eee 1,148 18 1908 22.4
Mitchell 23-2 cone oe ee asls eee DAVISON epee ee 1,312 15 1908 23.2
Mound. City a. 232.2 222 te ee Camp belle set ese alee eee 1 1901 24.8
Nowilin...265S2c.8257. 2 S82 Sheree SSI ei feeeeneoenh Sre genet ETM eas 4 1898 9.7
OciniGhs.. 2s asactae ee on tee eee ee ee IR AURA OR eraee eee ea 3, 339 18 1908 19.4
Parker: cc.scaeeee 5-2 eee one ene ee ae (ROTM eR SS. 25 eee 1, 348 9 1900 22.9
RICE 2. -inc nemepee se cee at eee Eee ee Biughes: 22 seep ecasaeee 1,572 17 1908 16.6
Pine Rides ee cc Ste ee eee as SHANNON >. Ses eee leases 1 1901 ie:
Plankinetom: jon. 223262.) je ce eee eee AUINOLA sak ee 1,528 15 1908 Deal
IRAMSCV 5) se ooo ees eee: Sees ae McCCookse ee 1, 474 8 1965 PBS AN
Rapid Cily 2322 5. saa ee eeeeeeee Penningtows.=-ceeees 3,201 21 1908 18.7
Redfield: 2.2. -2 42 alapto- Gee eee SDI ee a eee 1, 295 11 1908 20.1
Rosebud: :.23-ab- 5. eee ks Se deeeeee aoe IMCV.eI 2 255 ere ees 2, 600 15 1908 18.3
St; WawrenCe 222 2ee. 2 ae oe oe ain ees Asean 1,580 4 1901 18.7
silver Clty--secce soca ae ere ee Renmin etonise- 2455 e5 5, 000 9 1903 20.6
Sioux PallSeck eles oo ec ee ee ee eee Minnehaha: -=-- 28 1, 400 18 1908 25.1
SissetonACeney.. hs ences see ees RObDeHIiS a lesion toe eee 5 1904 25.5
Spearfish’ 22 32 9222 tae etek e tee WaiwPen Cesees2 saan os 3, 647 19 1908 2206
Sfephan 22 emis. deme eee eee Eivden asses 1, 840 5 1908 18.1
Tyndall sor cas. ees yee eee See Bonktommesere-=---ee 1,418 14 1906 23.6
Mermillione 3652 cs2, ste ose toe eee Clay ein an Sen. al 1, 420 8 1908 29.7
Wraterlown® 2.22%. setts ees Pease eee Commneten eterna te 1,735 15 1908 2226
Wallbay iene aie Sick Se on eee ee Vet cob ster ac ees 1,813 3 1901 21.3
Wientworthes 28) shee es Nee at ee Bs Ee es ye ee Soren | Mee cee tee 16 1908 22,6
Wessineton Springs:.-2-22- 2222255222" Jerald ase eee ee ge Rty 8 1899 20. 2
WihitetS wanbenc. 2 6552 eee eee ee Charles wMEieos | shee loons eee 5) 1898 20.9
WOISGY: Sos sae ores oek heen eee Beadle........ SN 25 ane 15 1907 20.1
MCN LOM so. aac see ete Se eee Wanton’ cecss sees 1, 234 35 1908 25.4
TEXAS.
A PIUCNOH 0 ssc de ee oe 0 BER eee Ravlor i. seo 2 Sees 1,738 24 1908 24.7
Alpany jac cackee esse ise oe cee ee Shackelford. --.2.-.-.- 1, 429 15 1908 27.2
ANGI 3. 22h. cece eth oe Seien cen eel IBTAZONA -.2 oes ee 49 8 1905 52.1
Amarillos: 5o28e-2 tg AEE oes ee eee POtbers. 2i22 See 3, 676 17 1908 22.6
Arthur City cesses cane see a Se oeeeees IGAMAT... Ss cyte eee 590 15 1905 36.1
ANISH: 2: seer asic toa eee eee Ta WIS oben See eee 650 23 1908 34. 4
Ballinvert 3655.5 fhe oh eee Runnels’ veecece senses 1, 637 14 1908 25.0
Beaumont. coseeh: + -eocke eee epee JOMETSON 2 che aoe toes 29 12 1908 41.9
Beeville: 22 vecot ve cencems ee eee BOG cosa. eee 225 13 1908 29.6
Big Springs: cco. aos hentai Howardscne-seeecaoc™ 2, 396 7 1908 20. 4
BANCO. oo aera ee eee re ee Blaneo:+ soe) eee 1, 350 12 1907 29.6
IBOCING |. onsen ee ee ee ee Ken dallicsssas eee see 1, 412 16 1907 29.8
Bonham...2ha.t0s2 Lees coe ee ee HO) 00 0 eee eines ere 566 6 1908 47.6
oath 2.5 i: ce ee Fort Bend.........-.- 81 g| 1908 | 43.3
BOWIC.. 22425. cate. Se se ee ee eee Montague... soe 1, 113 9 1908 27.9
BSVAZOMIA... 2 octets Se ce ac eee BYIAZOnlaeaaee eee eee 25 18 1908 47.5
IBSCnNAM: =). cases cee ce oe ee Washinetoneeee-sc- se 350 20 1908 41.5
IBtighton. = ookioel so Sec see Oe INIWECES SS oo cone See 12 13 1908 23.3
Browns Ville. oss eee ee. eee see INCGamenrone 2 2s5.-scecees 38 20 1908 27.1
BLOWRWOOU sco sin. sch cece coe ae |SBROWIM CR. eee 1,342 12 1903 27.5
Pret ee ess GE ee eee Biurmeti se. sea oe eee 1, 295 15 1904 28.3
Ghildressio32 ce. 3) 3.3 oe ok oe cee ee | Childress: 2)scn.a--cese2 1, 869 15 1907 21.4
COleInAT 32 See hs ize ee ee ee Coleman? -22. 2222256 1,710 15 1908 27.6
Sallere: Stabhiene.> .. 202222! asses eee BYAZOS: 22k e. eacaeeeer 360 19 1907 38.4
Capra tee ee to eee | Diehl; 85 ee 2,066 18 1908 22.0

188

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 63

TaBLE VI.—WNormal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

e
TEX AS—Continued.
Number Normal
. Eleva- Recor
Station. * County. F of years ___ | precipi-
, us recorded. | C2ded cen
Feet. Inches

DITIASETEY 0 TORN pa ee eee 9 BR BLAZOLI ec) ccna ntmaees 34 20 1908 43.8
Manns GHTISb es Co 3 55's Soascc se eisk ue ses ING eCeS is. SSeee ete 20 22 1908 D2
RMREESS IGT TAS Osten gc tee Shen yee ere INAVELROSS:. sacsseeee ss 495 23 1908 37.9

BETO oo ae ee nye ee oe ee WMewihivsas.o2e eee 177 20 1908 34.1
LS LSE ASS SS ee eg eee aeye oe see Malasas a= Se eee tere 466 10 1908 35.5
Dai@eiee ee 2 ee ere eee Wihartons. o-oo ee 145 13 1908 45.9
TS at TEV UN SER ek ei aa ere lee pa Mal vierd@ act sen 2 22. 952 3 1908 26.8
NTE BN NCR ee ee one Be Sse ee Cherokee... 5 = Sees: 575 7 1904 41.6
LOOPLIND . 3a ae Se ee eee Bra then eae 1, 466 14 1908 29.2
PS ESP DL ais oS eet RTAVIS He Seo soem ee 820 20 1908 30.8
PEL @ TESS ae ee eee Mavenieke-es. 5-2-2 os- 800 20 1908 21.6
PREIS Ose este ec citaia ia Sota ee se BB aSO). koe: ee etna in 3, 762 30 1908 9.8
LD SUELO SOS ae ae ae ee es ene Mallace-ce aes Soe 614 11 1904 82.1
[DUTTR ESF] OTUs a ne Momtagilens 552 Sone sesh cre aioe 6 1903 33.9
BpEEED OWE < =2.2. oo lee oS n co Cameronee! sce aati 57 16 1905 20.6
Pert Clark. <.)-+...- De eee oe ee aoe ROME Wise Sees 1,050 22 | 1908 PPT
HPS een Soe ee oS eel td Jer eDavis- 22. sean 5, 000 10 1905 14.0
BORG ert OsMe 2 2 oc Se Sa TEN OS Gas MUS say 460 22 1907 WES
MORE RUIMaP Ol. oe = see ee StAnE esate state ates. 230 20 1905 16.8
LE QITTE tS ADSL SG 1 ee RAT ME CCOGR Ete oo clay Sea cee 3, 050 26 1908 15.9
TRITINE WAVY CED ng SREY S G2 01 Ree eee eee ee ee 670 13 1908 26.9
RCUCMERSDUER. - 5 s52-s 02 4ccc ek fount d Gillespie: 2.3 s2--esee55 1,742 20 1908 28.4
CRTDTIVES ALLE ee ge Cooke...-..- Hora eae 738 20 1908 SY/8°
SENS NOSES be ea eee Galveston... 622 ss: 69 38 1908 47.1
ETRE T SENT a ae Parpant. «<2 s<. shee 670 19 1908 36.3
CRCORRELOWM oe oasis tecces ssa dec ch ist Williamsont= 52-2222 750 14 1908 3525
NPRCEUIGEN Ct rege Oe Seok cae RU eee 550 9 1908 42.1
[BD ECO See ee ea een eee alee aoc ty eee ee 3, 000 12 1905 21n2
Te ol EIGN OE See ee ee ee ee VACA ie cla coer wee ee 235 18 1908 SEL
TELPSnG ee Oe ee ae ey ee ee askelle e222 eee 1, 553 14 1905 21.6
[EGRET ES EA ESS See ee ae Robertson aaacses. see 305 17 1905 34.1
1S VETTES ES es a ee (EN GS sat eoeesamaeeet 915 11 1905 26.9
TEIGSUTR PS Ge ae ey Gece nt ee Melennan <2 see es5o5. 664 15 1908 36.7
15, DCO ONS ee ee tee ge Medina 5.25 fa eis a 901 13 1908 28.1
[2 ONO Sek = ac Ge eee eee a PLOTS 2 cies cat See 5) 20 1908 48. 4
ERM ut er pee ass. So a ee ee Wralker serene see 400 21 1908 45.2
UTA SE SS a ee ee Kauimantsaccee oasne se 448 u 1908 44.4
TAGR Es 62 ae Se ae ee BRR ASO ne see sa ere see se eee 12 1903 12e2
TECHN ATT LS So Snr 1g ee a aera eee 1,650 14 1908 29.8
USO) DTH See Sas ee ee BOSGUCE sac ce aeeeee 576 18 1908 33.5
Maat pasdsS eee sen ate bss. Oke pammipasasso- soos. 1, 026 18 1908 29.5
L.-@, [ERT 3 oR ee oe ee eee Live Oak 3 5 Po alg | ERE RO 1903 21.9
(eT = = Ges ee en ee ee NaNO sees. ae ee ee 1,040 17 1907 22.4
MEOW WIOWie see noe os Sots ecsnet tess Groep eek oe ease ee 336 20 1908 47.1
[LLEL PEI = GS Re as Sr cee ey @aldiwelle-e-- 3 -eeea 418 20 1908 29.2
NVIRSCHINURC Vie ae ae Ss Si) Collinkeas2 ss. 028 osc 612 6 1904 32.8
WCHOECRVINGR ans ee en WE Mienardeessan = ee 1,900 16 1904 21.9
POMBE ARGOES aac 2 oso oe @roshy=se- eno tee 2,750 23 1908 21.3
Ripemroe neste 2 25 55 bk SSL ade - iINacosdochese-a==.5--= 271 10 1908 oiee
Gye PAURNehS Sosy ie Goma Noe een ee oe 720 18 1906 29.4
reSGIMe manera en Clea Le Sp So IANGERSON Ks ssanee cee 510 27 1908 43.0
PPOTIUSE Se ieee Se a ee eee ee TE MOO Reeiises ee eee 1,000 17 1905 32.5
PEERS See eee ne eo se PAN a eee ua ee 592 20 1908 34.6
IPG AACR eee ok olf Colhouns2 eee 20 8 1908 Alen
ES RMEERO LAT Chey eee cars ee J Khao el ee eA Se et Ae ee ear 11 1906 23-4
TESTIS ee TIS GW SS | OE oe a ee Colorado 5.3-es: 254 8 1906 41.3
LRT CRG a MO ee se a See eee AINE Sie a 308 14 1908 30:2
San Antonio (1) Rae Sees aes eon ee ete ane IBGxakeige cco aes 701 24 1908 26.8
SEIU IE ROS oe terpenes aae ELAS Secea cee pees 588 16 1908 31.3
Gain, Syyge RS OSs eae eee ee ee oe ase on pee San sabaweaa acoso cee Wer 5 1908 23.4
Sabine GERUGHOeS «oo: Sie ance See ee Se INTECC OS heen Semis seins ie eo cre tes Uf 1908 24.1
SSMCHIM eee ee 5 Se ceo Graysomee sa. anes ce ee 728 15 1907 34.2
SINE ae S26 5 ee ee eel SULtORE oso 90S eee 2,200 6 1908 3.6
SOB AM Ole erase es eae ni ao ee ee ce Hor Bendes aes 79 11 1908 44.2
Sulphur Springs’... 0 225.52. .<.sse ke | ELODGINS Saeceee eee 530 16 1907 39.0
“SENN E) Beses peers cles oe ge Williamson = -2-225-2 583 8 1908 35.5
ene Gh) pease ee sie ac Bell ee cate = ee es 630 15 1908 34.9
FREXARK ONAL sion | Gere. ac ke Sh oe IBOWIe =n coco eee oe 295 10 1905 Slee
“(NG he Se Sey eae ie SwiSheneess- eee mneee 3, 501 11 1908 27.0
TANT LIG) Bits SR sii Se ed pea ee oe SMG mee oe a eee 531 17 1905 38.4
“TP OTT Reh” DRESS Sige eee WiiGhOTi ae ya ree ec 187 17 1908 36.5
NEGO) - ESRI eae SP tres By SSE ea ee ae IiMGBennanees 4-5 424 20 1908 36.9
Wikexehnaehies sae. < ok ee IBALTGS pete re ec 556 13 1908 35.4
WHE RHeGOnG 0) sh cee Baers se erect 864 20 1908 S162
MUCHNGA RAL Sao. ce Meee ee Wh Ghia wae oa eee 958 14 1904 28.8

188

64 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

7

TaBLeE VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

UTAH.
Number Normal
Station. County. ks of years econ precipi-
* | recorded. tation.
Feet. Inches.
AIPINeG:. biioe so aeons abe ose ae eoeeeaere Witaliirestsaeisiocacesces 4,900 9 1905 16.4
AaTe ths 8 sos ses toe ec = oer tae SPildeVaS Sco gesosue 4,800 5 1905 6.7
Ammnaipelle:(mear):.2 Sees. .scaee eee SOVAGr so iu < espe aes es 5, 250 4 1909 1Be7
BGAN Ere roxas cpsck Bee tray Ae eee Beaver 22 ease 6, 000 6 1909 13.6
TELEX oe Gore) cay i ce egeeey ciel A Weis Bie AD eyes Da at Muillandicys tt a ee 4,872 4 1904 8.4
IB WEI Cneelke Ne aco Eee ees a aetee tern Boxelderess sarees: 4,387 26 1903 8.4
GES UA Te sa laes seas eee ee ce eat epee tae | eee GOTe.2s cae nies 4,379 5 | ~- 1899 18.8
Camp Douglas. 2 oa. sos ee eae Salitavalkews eee riac 4, 800 22 1890 17.4
Castile: Dale: cet ages hae os ae ee IMCL 2 eases ye ee 5, 500 10! 1909 7.4
Castle Rock2eses Rite. ao eee ee SUMMG@ ho soo oe oos ones 6, 244 6 1909 16.1
Coalwille@sis et Ss8 2 ceca ee ee GO? sas eceetaes 5, 630 8 1882 13° 7
Corimme 0% eee ea eee ine see Boxeldenze-2es55----— 4,240 39 1909 12.3
DeSerélstas-e eee Coe arene Millardias2e2 2s sSsosee 4, 541 15 1909 729)
IOUS Aza Beco a oe ator men oe ice tenis Emery: seca eee 6, 260 8 1908 4.1
IB Scalamitene fee eee ate ee gece ee Garfield eee tee a 5, 700 9 1909 11.2
Rarmingtomeess. ci seeacsene eee aes Dawis. <2 ee Nae 4, 267 9 1909 21.0
IRM ORC ki. SERS Seo ae on Millandlai3 eas ee 5, 100 19 1909 14.1
Ori uchesne sea: aaa ae eine Wiimntaees eves eee 5, 000 21 1909 eal
RV ISCO:c 382s oeee cee Osi Oe soe iBeavierss: \Siece weasels 7,318 15 1909 8.1
Giarrisonys atte v1 2ee Aptana ee Millardinjx as see ees alll oe tes 6 1909 6.6
GOS waite et Senos Ryne Se ene Waynes eee eeeeee ee 4, 000 10 1905 5.1
Government: Creek? 2-5-2245 see secre. MOOClE Hs Ba Sai ee eee 5p PAGE 9 1909 14.0
Grantville (meats) sei So eee selene COs sees eee Dae ee Wee 4 1909 13.6
GTA VSOM 5-35 Soe eee on rae ee ee eee Sale) ae 5, 750 5 1909 20.9
Green Riverssas S25 eee ascse see ae Himerye 223: Senoe eee 4,080 11 1908 4.7
Grower (Mlean))s J. 3 see ees Seineies ates VACUA Cazes ofertas 5, 800 8 1903 6.8
(Gb er a2 Saccmee ea cae nts aaa Wiasatchts..2caesrsee 5, 606 16 1909 ane)
ERCMICIGE Acc eee easels oa oe eee SUMMA so oocucecemse 5, 301 10 1909 18.2
SETI E Gay no Se RE ys oe ae oe Gorfieldis2s Gee ee 3, 000 10 1909 6.7
Eumitswilles seers ooh ae coy soa anoer Wiebens eke. sees 5, 100 14 1909 20.4
LEC) oes eee ee eae te rere Set tet Boxelder: 22a soee nee 4, 230 31 1909 6.2
OVEN A coa.3 Wyre Ree ee ee ee JwabessSe base ee 5,010 19 1909 16.0 *
TOBE eres af ates eae cy ee re Waynes ee 7,000 7 1909 6.6
BOgam hess. Pes she ees ok Game ees aes Cachels.235 4s ras 4,507 18 1909 15.5
IVC TiAl Es: eat gs AIS re nt ty! hs ae Sanpete: <4 22835220255 5, 575 15 1909 12.0
MEAT TOWN 25.4 fete Bate eae ee ete eee ee ean pes SWIMS oonosusecedae 6, 750 5 1909 21.6
Marysvalex(mean) ce. fnc aee pees Piiteurs te. aioe ee 6,180 10 1909 11.6
Meadowville.-.......-.-..- Se scan LRG) Nepean. ets SNe 6, 200 10 1907 14.7
Mil walllesc, She se Sera ace ace aae ee Cache sare ne eee 4,848 14 1909 18.0
Minerswilleieees ce sone ae ao eer Beavers: 222s ieee eee 5, 070 ~ 110) 1907 9.7
MIO BMD Sak Ree Ae oS a ea eee eee Grandin ass eee 4,000 20 1909 8.3
Modenacte eet. abe 2 eee ie, Sees InOiier ot 26 eee et 5, 479 9 1909 10.2
Morgane MecSe ee iste.p ee soe nee seer Morgan 2 iss2.2 ees 5, 080 6 1909 20. 2
Mount #Niebosan cris s.5c ste eee emeniese Utah? cscc as. <steseee: 4,650 8 1909 10.0
Mount: Pleasantt.sctee sce eeeee eee Sanpetes4:2-ses- eee 5,859 112 1904 12.4
Nephi. 5.) See 25 Sse Soha oee ss eer JUa Deen 2 aa ee eee 6, 059 6 1909 Wie
Nephi, (ear) eas -2 5 Se Re rahe te ore evellleecie GOs Aes sdts eee es epee e er malas aese se: 1909 18.1
Ogden (i) Rea ao eee eee aaa Wiebers oo ee eae aes 4,310 8 1909 21.0
Opgdeni(2)\a. Soke ee 3 eee eee ee doh. eee sere 4,310 38 1908 13.9
Pabreal) chee sono, cohen deerme sess 1°G) 0 epee ie ae. iain 4,000 5 1899 9.6
Rar ke City Xe eye ee ease ec a tere eran SUMMIT eeeeee eee 7, 800 5 1901 19.0
RATOWONE w.crrtete es nee eee eee eae KOM Kas Sao eee 5, 970 18 1909 12.4
Payson ie. feces ies eee seein etre Witah ook ewes aos 4, 637 6 1909 20.1
PiMtO ssn eee tas Bee eaere eee eee Washington.....-...- 5, 907 12 1909 15.1
Promontoryrcsssc2 siemens eres Boxeldenieee ss sa see ee lsen eee 21 1890 7.6
PLOVO sesso Sis ooh nee oa ee ee Witali ie, c.4. cee 4, 532 W7/ 1909 13.4
VAN Cine beccetoe Seelam e ee ae oree IKEA T eye va te ee 6, 700 8 1909 23.1
Randolph see se see Aothelidie eee RI Chee ecjassec eee 6, 442 6 1909 11.2
Richtee. eee A ee eee RSLS Ke) ee PUNT ee cha 5, 350 19 1909 7.4
Sts Georges cacse aa wee sees toae eer eee Washington......-..- 2,880 22 1908 6.8 ©
Salt wake City ee aon boa aaa oeaee Saltlalkesce es swe se 4,366 35 1909 16.0
SCIPIO. f)- eaeee oeeeeeeneeeeiaes Millardiics-ajneteeee: 5, 260 14 1909 14.7
Snow Ville. Se s22 SS ese emre sere setetge ts Boxelderi ce seers ne 4,360 18 1908 10.9
Soldiers Summiltcn 2 eee sae eee LOE omen eben hehe eee eos 7,474 12 1904 14.1
Merrace.. J. iatkaow ssscesl cee emcee Boxelderscccsc2 cee 4, 550 34 1903 4.7
PDISte aH: bee ase bee ee creeper ieee Wtah nee ese 5,075 16 1908 12.9
MOOG Cs 6) 522.-88s acetic te oem teenie Nooele:. 2 vee <cleose are 4,900 13 1909 5.71
TOPIC = c8ic, ee Ase eee - Ac eee Garfieldieicrs- vam 7,000 12 1909 10.2
Vernal (mean)es fas. beens c seer Wintae: oc seekee eres 5, 050 14 1909 9.5
WiOO0OTUM Ss 2 o52..03 decors see emer Aa) (Gd OS ee EaeC Ae mea caec 6, 500 10 1907 8.5

188

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES.

65

Taste VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according to States—Continued.

WASHINGTON.
Number Normal
Eleva- Record 5
Station. County. : of years | precipi-
: en recorded. ended tation

Feet. Inches.
PMOL CCME 0 sate a Cars tee eS nerd Chehalis: 2.2225. 162 17 1907 86.9
PAMINACOMUES I siete fet oh cit area sine Sikapitiaer an sees So 60 15 1908 28.0
ENGIONNOSRO LRT, ae ie Oa Se ee CRN eeees rhe hy gee PIERCED Soka eee es 1,779 12 1906 71.8
elim ba my = erase saclaletcaae bare ese: Wiha tcoms acces 60 14 1908 31.5
TBS ey Vases Se A cl hae ere era enh we Le GOR 2 See eee 53 12 1908 42.8
BREMMORLOME epee rs eee eo ook RASA inj ye Seer ene ce 10 1908 43.9
FS MUIMMO Maree ree oeeinc cn veow Soc oe VOUASONY scassodesscor 80 8 1906 (fi)
CSW OMIA oe eae ae sc iccatynelsie cee ibe SLCVEMS on sees eae 3, 000 12 1905 20. 4
(CEDIA) eR Gease cee oe ee eee eee Me WSS ee eran errs 212 16 1908 46.6
(GINGINEYY, 9. 55) SAGE A OPEN nee ree SOONG 6 So s5ascanuee 2,351 10 1908 17.2
Wileamwatere Sisk eae e ee cc ree ee eee Jetersonwecenas. eae 135 12 1907 127.6
(CH LOT Ca NG aye ees es Ee eee eae he pe a Keittitaseni seis seen) 1,930 10 1908 26.7
COMA. Stele Bee Gee eine eres ams ee Whitman............- 2,300 20 1908 23.0
(COIN MNO Se Ee Cece Sees eee ie ene cee meng SEGVENSE tie ee nae ae 1, 635 9 1908 17.8
Woncomulllliy ore hae ss ges 2s. eee Okanogan = -a- eee: 2, 300 9 1908 16.7
Womlpevallet ese eee ee etre tome ne Islandia cree kee ass 150 13 1908 Pl Tl
WReSGO mie eye sees isch ite reiictee ats ene SS Wimed ime et eee 2, 250 8 1907 17.8
CUSTIOIR 3.25 SE BEBE ECE Sat eee seiner SLCVENS ee eee 2,050 a 1905 23.9
IDBAVKOVALS 5 i Scie ere eRe ea eon se ee Columbians seseaaae 1, 700 23 1908 2352
ISASG SOUND. Ae ee a eoBepoeeeoree oaeer Sein Jibei. joosaduocabe 500 14 1908 31.8
MEMS Gamer ek aa. 2. ose sj ssee sce se Reittitasn. 3 see-es aac 1,571 21 1908 9.9
MOMMCAMID VS ehh... c sce ceact jee sels PACH CHa ete ee cee 179 30 1898 54.1
ROG SMCCOn Ee ees een eae eee Malkin serayseis ere snd Seen 11 1898 9.3
HORi SPOKAMC irs ses o4. Sy cc ees ese lee Wincolnee eee 1, 400 15 1898 13.9
(CamGeMiound se oe ce TAUNStOMe eae, vee ae 162 9 1903 52.6
Gramiberiallsisee sal. c- cei sheds. Snohomish...........- 397 6 1905 60.3
OO WeTenee eres oo ae ee ee ee ae Walaitrme ne eee 1,083 5 1903 12.4
TS LID Ua ESTES) Sees ech ee ea ee en SUSVEMSE ee erence elaine ike ee ae 5 1898 20. 4
Emme WiC Ker er neh chee oe eed Bentone tenss ee 367 12 1906 6.7
IDG) OC OUE NE ses a es ee a an ea a Clanker certs cies eu 250 12 1908 55.0
IVAIROSIC Ga UGS ae Sa Or epee opener eee, SMILE Chelance see wae ee 1,116 18 1908 12.7
QDS. SSI cs ie eS wae eae ares eed @lallame ee soe seen aee 15 5 1898 85.8
LTTE a cl ok ee eee eg INGEN Ouse SES oe Sah Eee 1,700 9 1905 11.8
LOOMS <i Sd odsetGees soem mae acme ane Okanogan Sern tatette a: 1, 200 9 1905 lsh 7
IL SMBs a SS ae pCa ae ae ee ee lickutaiey ee asc 600 15 1907 26.3
IMIICMOM CRE ee ye cme seid wiccne ane ese KGiSap Neeser ae 75 21 1898 44.5
Mia ele se la ee he WOMAS) iia tee et 300 9 1902 65.9
Mottimeers) Hanchii 3552.25. .5622..6. IB EMUOM a oo aeo ee seae 307 9] - 1908 9.3
Mountpeleasamt “=<: sncsc 52. ch eek Gicamantasies ee 650 9 1908 55.5
Moxee (North Yakima).-.-...-........ Wen) shige ae ee eens anne 1, 000 17 1908 8.9
Nie alos ayer oe eres ene ei ca Clallamny raya \oais Se es 50 20 1901 116.7
INI@IRGOY TELGRNGCIS 7 irre Reet eee sen eae eee IEE UIKO Sine cee aaa asaseus 211 7 1908 45.8
INOTEMMRORE iy ease Ro ak el es SUGIOUISS Boe saben oaoc 1, 950 10 1908 20.8
COIN a AC crepe esta are dere ae el cat Shin) UU eS ocesosuue 30 19 1908 30.3
Olympia seeke aa o ae Se ek a oh AU MBER KOV SS ebeosescdes 200 31 1908 55. 2
OS COM pee sciences Se een Reco OME Bramikslina seas see ecc 360 1 1901 6.5
IPOMNE ROW soba e eee Renae See tee Garfieldhae sas -eeeen eee 1,500 15 1908 19.0
ROnIMCKeSCeMb 6. 8 ee ea ee Clallams eee 259 14 1908 42.2
Ronusowmsendecs: 62. be soe! Jefferson.............. 80 19 1908 20.6
Pullman (Agricultural College)........ Waitara ee 2,550 17 1908 22.4
JERE] OVO! OLN Oey sees eae ea ILS EL AY es eek ae 2, 628 9 1908 18.0
URSIIUGZZ UIT cP A Ne sel rate ere ee eg ee YANG EINISH es Bis sees 1,825 10 1909 9.8
TRY GIS HEN is TAS LS ee Sie er al ea Wala or WilalinoeVa.s sb ss5esas5- Dano 16 1907 20. 2
[SENG ES Re or ae aa a ee JOA aN ANE ee ae 123 18 1908 36.7
SEGiO-WioOlley Gece e ieee Sor ce po) ee IS a ec a er 38 12 1908 46.8
Silanes nis Genie ee oe esas Mee ee Snohomish.) 11/10 35 10 1903 36.4
(SHO) OOOO ST OU aS ee ea Se I I ah GOREN ees 50 14 1907 45,2
Smog walmileialishs=o) eeseee seer eene USHER S Le Seceee ae 667 10 1908 59.5
SOMME Cra ies) e Ue cee Ue ee es BACH CE ere a ce. 16 14 1908 90.5
NOULMPEWensbUNg= —o oases sues eee MKTG GIDAS Mae ee ey 1,570 11 1904 9.3
SOLO TIS a ere ents Te SOOMKBINAs sdcsascceses 1, 943 28 1908 18.9
SOURAV 8 Ci Sls ieee, tee ae I ance E i Isic o lee Rhee 1, 908 6 1904 15.1
SUMMIT STEM meme ee aed Pee eR ene iy VCE PTAC Ne otic ua tet 764 12 1906 6.6
PRACOmmareee ren cen a 2 ie BiGhGer eno eee. 213 23 1908 45.4
IRENROOSISWAE S21 ar sa eae pe ee ean ean rae Clallam merase oe esee 86 23 1908 88.8
SSVI SOO eos 2S le eee er are ee Ne COTE Rete te 6 2 1900 66.5
WiMrOns@iG yaa = cere tea MAS ONG yeti ns a 10 14 1906 83. 4
VAAN CO UIC ET Bony i aictiedh at ees Lib eas Clarkes ie aio tse Mac 100 34 1908 38.7
Vashon LS ay a\(G Laer Re pace oy eae ND RTO eae Ne arate ea Eacct 110 20 1908 42.0
WWiallaeWallats oe eo apa er Wiallawallay: 225-2 5222. 1,000 23 1908 NaC
WWisitieravilllergs x eset ea tte ec aee Douelasse c/a Oise 2, 624 18 1907 13.2
NVienatehee (hear). Teele 22), OWelantee ees See sn 1,169 10 1908 15.5
NOMEN UC Giles once ee as ere es Wahaitcomme saan 60 9 1903 31.9
NATO) DPIC ce ents WARSI OF 8 Neel Dod eae Im Colnveeese emery a. 2, 203 10 1908 15) 2

52102°—Bul. 188—10——5

66 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

TaBLeE VI.—Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped
according. to States—Continued. :

WYOMING.

Number Normal

Station. County. Heya: of years pecord precipi-

recorded. “a |) tation,

: Feet Inches.
MGGOMsosc02.53 Sashes se ete een Uinta es eis 6, 200 4 1906 18.2
AN COV ss cee see Rae ee See eee INPRO soe uscooseosne 5, 366 6 1904 9.4
Barnum: 24 Saas eas ee seh Oe eie Johnsonyse- = 4222522. 5, 500 3 1907 12.0
AGUIAR a <5 ee a I Ty cee ie IBS JEONOsesoocee so aoe 3, 862 11 1909 5.8
Bediords. 3355. seesaccnae ets acoemetioee Uinta eee ese 5, 906 9 1907 18.4
BORG eR s 09 i. 5a88 <n) elo eae ee ee AG Ol Seis a see yeeros 6, 085 8 1909 14.1
TS WT AN eee Se, ie hee hcl PN Johnson sssees eee 4, 635 ~ 16 1907 10.9
Centenmia 28.243 acacia ATID AI erat eee eee 8, 700 4 1902 16.9
Cheyenne tse 3e 2 ae aS rea ee Laramie......-. eee 6, 088 39 1909 SHG
Chie waterksa 2 jst eet soo nee eee GOr sas eee ne . 8,282 9 1909 16.0
BIG a ees cbs See Beit bree he eS ‘Pankeace sce ase 4,320 3 1907 11.6
Daniels. 2 a i2 pistes ao ap ope eee Wanita sce eee eee 6, 740 il 1909 11.6
HlikeMountalmease: ee eee eae eee Carbone: a2) sacra: beeen aa ae 3 1907 18.8
IER aNS LOM Ae ee eee aes ge yee nee Wintel ae sae eee 6, 860 14 1909 14.0
Bort: aramien2s8s se Senaane. Se ase aremes seo ee eee 4,270 33 1909 12.2
Ort Wiashalkien ai Nonsense eee Hiremontee- pe sse sees - §,462 22 1905 12.3
Moun ary Se 7 Maye 2 oie eal eee 2s ye ge Big) Hors 2855525244" 6, 500 11 1903 11.3
Granite’ Canoneasas. 2 ae see eee Maree See: eh es 7,373 3 1907 16.9
Granite Springs Reservation..........-|..... (CUO een et rial (at nee 2 1907 16.8
GreenRiviers series oct see eet oo ee Sweetwater........... 6, 083 3 1907 8.5
GiB OSRr es eRe eaten he eee epee ee VOSS 5 Sas 555555585 4,700 7 1907 14.4
Trons Mountaineer: assis oes eres (aTramies - 33.2. 6, 605 4 1902 11.6
Kay C66 as Sco seniven sacs eee veers JOWNSOM.s 22%: ai4gs Gow Bellsaeete see 8 1908 14.8
GGG ye Se re ere ics seer ee a oe cee Ae ea Conwerse! oo eas ceee ite eer 4 1907 16.3
LUE OCG eVects oi esteat ste Marea eae WRAONO Mpsceaveleaancas 5, 372 18 1909 13.9
B SPeW fe) G0U Ks Nene ee Peete ee es ARE rR ce hd Albany i 7, 188 19 1909 10.2
COS etree Bee abi aces aa Carbontasie 352 eee es 6, 878 9 1909 9.8
WolabamapsRanchies ss —-er ees ark igen nok ome 7,052 5 1906 11.8
MIS aise Bere ae crete ae Couvyerses! ee ia 5,007 20) 1909 14.0
IMOOrCrOlt Sasa aoe ee a nee TOOK sates eo Sree 4,211 5 1907 15.1
MQOLCE Se: oe niente te oe Sere eee Ailbanyie. Pea eee ae 6, 000 7 1907 14.8
Rat hfimd erin ses eoep eee ergs are ee ea ee INURE oocesece cae 5, 735 4 1909 9.7
d 21 aUU IE oS Peea Pewee eRe Sa yr ey ene la Waramies. 22.55 scence 4,900 6 1908 17.4
A Edt Oe) 231] CUCM ae Se gennemen es Sem Ee eee ae uh (C aye ee ent en ple 5, 038 9 1908 15.0
Tee wil si 2. 55/2 e ee ee ceel eeeree Carbonee ess seers 6, 744 8 1907 11.3
RVOCK Springs ee Gan ses eee Sweetwater..........- 6,500 8 1902 6.9
Saratoga site ee ea nee el ae eerie Carbone hoses bees 7, 300 11 1907 13.5
Sheridan); cacce eee ascosc se eee ee Sheridaneaseeeseseeaee 3, 790 15 1909 15.0
Sheri dan(2) ea yeas eye Se yee eee doses. emia Soe 3, 738 15 1909 15.0
Soldiers) Homepcasic8! sao eee ee eee JOHNSONES Ss seas s eee oe 4,635 18 1909 11.3
SouthtPass Cityeteasast asta soca eee remoniteeee sesso see 7,873 6 1905 14.8
AB aya Cos sy rete we tee an oy Se ae Uinta eae se es ee 5, 900 7 1905 14.8
‘Rhermopolis:s2te-.2 eee ese eeeeee Fremont ys). eae 4,700 5 1903 12.1
ClIS3 53 See eon ae eee Winters poe ates ce 7, 785 3 1906 Wo
Wiheatlandl® see ane ere i eee Laramiesaies s.caresse 4,741 12 1906 132
Yellowstone Parks. ..-eece sae eee National Park......... 6, 200 22 1909 18.8

188

Page
mito. Colo evaporatione 24) 2.222. cce lan Yo Sek ee Seats tty seme erat a 18
relation of rainfall toiyieldolwheats<.4..5 22/25. 52-225.....2-- 26, 29
Mee UMM One es FeV OM OLAMOM ie ls Ae oe ee ees oe owe Se oe 19
THILO | ee ga Age Eee ie er oy ee age ae ae 12, 26, 29-30
relanrom tor yieldiokwheatee. 2s. .22 =) oc oeches s3h. 26, 29-30

Arid regions. See Regions, dry-farming.
Panam eC Vo Ondo MtaAlOles cir eee ye Sey e oh aN ose ol eon 18
TEND OE WUL SG TEY Ola eae ea ste cue nes an ee eRe 6 GLE oe 33
WE OUGE hee, cael eas aa Ag net ke ge ee eee UNE eit ie NEES wai Dua 46
Bellefourche, 8. Dak. _ svapoention. 3 ela Ce a eR Se OCR ee 19
relation of rainfall to yield De awhicates ie a 26, 28
meri Gs. on Mun-o durine torrential rains < 2-22.26. oe ghs cede des ae ns - 15-16
Pewee \ a Mak momtiniy rarmialle 2 oc doer hisses ccs eke ke oe 2
Beis erdaho. monthly rainiall 2.3 so sepes cet he be ed Pegg or Sauna 1
fosiemre ass evaporation. <0. 222 5.252... 2 eee el ce he Phe eM citagag aE 18
PeeMicom Ole rene mOraui@lryae. 2. Beh ye jak We sss cele nese ddagaec elise. 18
a eouinlagevamorawon table. 2 222-2 4a. otra aS ae eek aw snexg o 2-2 ss 18
rainfall map.-....- Pa eee mene on ON mises US Mgd) Sue tae se ee eee 34
MRC. 3d eSBs Soa Se ee ee ee ASS Oe eee Cree rae 47-51
aacbeare Ney Vex. Evaporation 92. kee yao eee igen nek eee eqs. bess 18
Chilcott, EH. C., on cultural methods and crop rotations..2...:.. -.2. + -s0m.---2* 25
Cleveland, Ohio, evaporation. .......--...--- Us fae ee Pe eT aS iP eo 2 19
Colorado, evaporation table. ..-.....- foie abe She eve as Go uo gO Cres mR Cte eae ee 18
HNC RTA OMEN eer tt Se ee Sat ls ea i alae BE we a 35
UIC FS SR ES eas eee PRR i ss ecg RN any ae ga antec SenieS 51-52
Columbia Basin, rainfall, necessity for wheat production..........--4...----- 24-25
Cooper, T. P., and Parker, E. C., on cost of wheat growing in Minnesota. ....- 24
RamtmnemU tale vaWOraulOne) soo ss. 2g a Tes ie eden eens Se 19
Sirovieldb relaiionrel, raimtall im, Nexas 2... 2226 6 es io tee ews geci nen ede eee 30-31
Canon neld. relation of rainfall in Texas. ....-.. 222-2. eects se te te . 30-31

Crop rotation. See Rotation.
yleld. See Yield.
Cropping, alternate, and summer tillage, highest development of dry eerie 8
Cultivation methods. See Methods, cultural.
Cultural methods. See Methods, cultural.

T DEVE DSNTT ETN tet SNYREY OL CHEER CC). ey ee kt oe ee EO 19
reenuol ey Ieee one ee Pees ener ering le ol he) analy I 26529
RelwOMEtOsydeld Olswileabe we ee sce es ep ee I en 26, 29

TEOMTSQIDES! Lao a Ga PIG TN ite eee ea Rap Mane ae ee 15

Daliess @Orcexamonbtinlyeraimball tie wa was oe oN een ok ea see 12
SER kine NUCH Cv DORAULOM Ensen eos eee cep. io ike ie se ee See es 20. 18
MirekimsoneuNe Wo) dike Reve MOLAtOMc: oi, secs ys oe = Sos Sl Aal-alo ene oe eosin pe etde ois 18

relowonok raimtall toyield ot wheat. 55 S42 ---2.222 520, 2/1
Dry farming. See Farming, dry.
.188 67

68 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

Dry-land farming. See Farming, dry. . Page.

Edgeley, N. Dak., evaporation.......... OS cS ae: ee 18

relation of rainfall to yield olsyheat 24h... eee 20;.28

Ella, Oreg., relation of-raintiall to yield of wheat 22252-5272 eke. 3. 22 ee 25

Evaporation, dry-farming sections, studies and experiments...:...:.........- 16-22

influence of amount on effectiveness of rainfall in Great Plains... 21-22

method of measuring.....<¢..2:-. 222 2 ese 17-18

native srass as Index. .0)5 20. 0s.¢2s2 Cenk aces Se oe 20

relation to agriculture. 0.5024 558.99. 22 ee 16-22

tank and soil suriace, comparison. ..-2....-422- 403.2 50 eee 19-20

various points m United States, table -:22 0222 2.22==ee 18-19

various parts of United States) charts) 32 oa ae ee eee AWA

Fallon; Nev., evaporation =...) 220 j..2eece ee ee 18
Farm practice. See Practice, farm.

Farming, dry, danger from hailstorms .......-....- Pe ere 16

experiments, location, map....-.-..--.---- NACE Rea es, 2S i. eee 16-17

See also Methods, cultural, and Regions, dry-farming.

Fort Collins, Colo., evaporation .<2.2 2.2422 205.5 4.85 bee ee eee 18

Fort Douglas, Utah, evaporation: :-..5..242 422-02 2.222 9. 6. eee ae

Garden City, Kans., evaporation:..9..2/0. 2 224 22322. 2 toe 18

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat ....................- 26, 29

Grace Brothers on cost of wheat growing in Utah ..................----..---.-- 24

Grana Valley, Colo., evaporation: 22.2: ).-. 2-0 3220 2a 2 eee 18

Grass, native, distribution, index of moisture requirements.-...........-..-..-- 20

Great Basin, farm practices.;..0.< 7.02 2s. ee ee 8, 13-14

rainialle ss wee aegek Se ba gone Pi ee 8, 24

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat ........ 5..-!..2233eeeee 23-24

Great: Plains; farm ‘practices...9....25.0225- 2 ee 8, 13-14

ramitall. cence ado Se SOD a oS 8, 12-13, 30

relation of rainfall to: yield of wheat.) 52245") 522-23 eee 21-22, 25-30

Hailstorms, menace to dry-land larming. =: -22-. 2222222252622 eee 16

Hays, Kans.,-evaporation +. 0.22 23-244). 2. Soe 2 ee ee 18

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat .........-...- eee 26, 29

Hichmore; S: Dak.; evaporation: <2... -.: {22-29-60 oe 19

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat .................. 26, 27, 28

Hunter, Byron;.on farm practice and wheat yield...°2.._-_..-- -2 5255s 25

Idaho, :rainfablamape yoo esr ace ope eee ee 36

table. os. sche eee a ete eee oe cee 52-53

Intermountain district, rainfall, comparison with other regions .........-...-- 12-13

Introduction. to bulletin: 22.003 .2s2 te 7-8

Iron County, Utah, relation of rainfall to yield of wheat ..........-...---.... 23-24

Jardine, W. M., on dry-farming experiments in Utah.:._-..:.......-- 222 aee 23

Juab County, Utah, relation of rainfall to yield of wheat .....-...-.......... 23-24

Judith Basin, Mout:, evaporation... 5.:/..2.026. 222052 35.2 Aes ee 18

relation of raintall to yield of wheat =). 22-2222 ee— see 26, 27

Kansas, evaporation table... 0.2.2 2:27 4os.2) oe ee 18

rainfall map . fags ee ee ces aeeieehe eel ere ae 37

RO (2) 0) (ere eine Pe aS eS Le Pe cin Lietee octet ee ee 53-54

Kingsburg Bridge, Cal.,-evaporation...2. 2. 9202226.0520 225-224 eee 18

Lake Tahoe, Cal., evaporation: 2: :-2.2escacee oe see ee ee eee 18

Lakeport, Cal., evaporatioiie: 2. 1/25 ee ee ee 18

Laramie, Wyo., evaporation... -).2)/2.00 2.50521 b cee 22 ese se eee 19

Las Cruces, N. Mex., evaporation. .< 2525-22200 foe 9-8 ee, 18

Lincoln, Nebr., evaporation’ ..2.2.22.22 9255142202 Oe ee eee 18

188

INDEX. 69

Lofthouse wheat. See Wheat. Page.

Meena. UliairrereaDOrAtOMe 22 Sao co sa Se ens ees els etc sue epee ee Lk cei 8

Me vneclen al amantmthy Falmtall. 50000 Soli ated aaeee on ch ts lee le 12

Massaenusenaseuaporation tables: 20 c2c. 2222545 tees ete ote. oe 2.3 isk 18

Meruieiene conrery farming im Utahi.. cbc ececc82 26 ede eked ene es 14, 24

Methods, cultural, adaptability to Great Plains, experiments...............-- 25-30

comparison of Great Basin and Great Plains.............. 13-14

Cotmibilomn sete pi en hears ew es eee Us oe a Bee

. effect on run-off during torrential rains.-................-. 15-16

PeinanrevaporiionntaDle sens 2. eee acs Oo a Se Sede ae tS 18

Panu rel ee ain CNL MOEUMIOM vei ei. oe Se aoe on cies eines eee oh ea see eS 19

Reornecoia, wheal, production, cost per acres... 22.2.2 .c 2 ook en oe oe ce 24

Ee MEIC HO GeV ANOLAU ON... 2 9820 5 tee es te ee ee cds bil gs os oe. 18

Pemecnia Tevaporavion table. 7 ea. 6 eee eee ee be we 18

Ramm ee ee eee on, meee ee nL 37

GS es el ap a eee allah Sia 2 Ci | aileg OR eek ale geal 2 a 54-55

Morrow County, Oreg., relation of rainfall to yield of wheat................. 25

Maren ete, Ol lOCaL malian .2 2... Se gl es ed lk 9

Mulch, establishment, necessity for evaporation. ...-...-...---.-...--..+--- 20

pockimendurine torenitalrains.) 2. 2.022. 2. oa asec l se wee ee ee 14-15, 16

soil, maintenance, difficulty and expense in Great Plains............ 14

ae eae reareC Ti MOEA UIOR fleas oo Sc eee a es Mle Se od 8 eee ee es 2 18

3 mec mnie Ls STB ee ce es eae ee ps ee oe 38

URIDUOS 8 ya BES Wee ese oes Sot ene rs enter e 55-57

penile OMAP OFA iION aise ms 6 ee Sot eg Lee ete oe ee eee oe es 19

Rib Ola EDO COLFEM tial Tavs.) = ce Le Cd es a ae} 15

Metrte een MORALIOMCADION.- =2 2 sy Sh ek ee Pe Dna tee eee ew 18

PEMIUD LL TIES og See eee a ie ee ter Nn 38

BEIDUO. cepa Stee Se Gets bleed ere os ge re 57

emernumomie Np. evaporation. 42.50... 5.6. 552 e lst eos eee eles eet ce- 18

Mews termcw ceva porimon tabled <2). 252. oS. i ee ee eee eee 18

MeneMiemceveya poration tiple 2.) 6065-228 ei ee a ee ds 18

ea einicy eWay eee ears Cee ee ea tk 39

fabless eae se Ligeti) Sie Se RS eee 58

Memon evapoOrinon tables: so: 92.205. J slii 2k Shek lvoe ee be 18
Normal precipitation. See Rainfall.

Moti ceta Cvanorition tales: 22000. 65 5 2 De a ee 18

UCD BULENT ce ees ae Ah aes ie Sen» Nee ee 40

Get eee ee ee re ep e Rate Se nas 5 neu ys hs Oh 58-59

Mormeelantc NEM, evaporation... . 1.) 2.2.64 e ee Lee eee eee Se 18

TEM Me Cee Makerere we Tico eC se AU SaeS 12, 15, 26, 28

relation of ramfall to yield of wheat....2--...-...-22--- 26, 28

ats yield. comparison-o: tillase methods.2 2.2... 2. sjes2e81 eee bee 30-31

SedceuUiahs. moncnhyraimialls ne Oe ee ke eee ee sees cesses 12

.Ohio, evaporation table. .--... 5S fie NEA BEY DR Bee ee Eee arg ee ae 19

pre Ubbereicle aEVUNee Ey NIT ee eee oe Ne i ee ee 40

EDS eGR SS Vee kes ot Se ee 2 gs ean ig RG a i es Meets ee ee 59-60

Gitev on pratmic lites seem cen ee tee ROM ae ee ee 25, 41, 60-61

rela thoneorrarnialkto- yield of wheate.- o2.002-0 8s 0s eae tek 25

Pacific, coast district, rainfall, comparison with other regions.............----- 12-13

Parker, E. C., and Cooper, T. P., on cost of wheat growing in Minnesota... ..- 24

Pom, Uiah montaly raimiatles: 2 ue se as Sart 12

Paseo-eWash-> relation of ramiall to-yield of wheati2:2¢.5522.-22. 95.0222 2028 20

188

70 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.

Page
Pomona, Cal.,.evaporation.. 2. 1). 22s Sie eke eee ea hen 18
Practice, farm, Great Plains and Great Basin, comparison... ._.....:.. 22.53) 13-14
Precipitation. See Rainfall.
Prosser, Wash.,.evaporation. «2.90222 342.2 UN Sees 19
Rainfall, annual, dry-farming region, distribution....................-.......- 10-12
basis for classification.of dry-tarmine regions: .__ 2225.5). oa
character, relation to 1ts uselulmess: 5. ..225422- so 14-15, 15-16
equivalent, for various sections of Great: Plains....-......:......... 21-22
Great; Plains; relation: to crop yield: 2. 32. eee . ee 25-30
light, uselessness' for storing waters. -..-4....-.2..62m 2) ee 14-15
local variations, necessity for many stationgaa vse ste 9
minimum, relation ‘to crop yield... 224 sco... soe 24-25, 30-32
monthly distribution. .:... 2.230.025) 552 2 eee P21
NAVE Crass aS 1d Cx cmos ee eer "Seon oR 20
normal, importance-of knowime.:... 2.2.52. 16- oe 8-9
Western States, state maps and tables_.......-::../:....... 32-66
relation to yaeld of cropss. 2S) 5 203! sa: Ae a Ree eat 7 23-32
seasonal... 22... .0006 20 obo. cab aie ence CU er
torrential, loss through rum-olf.) 2... j03s2222-51 4¢ = 15-16
Western States, state.maps and tables.......- 12 32-66
Rains. See Rainfall. nig .
Regions, dry-farming, rainfall, classification. ...-3.2-.---.2-. =e eee 8, 10-12
relation to: yield of wheat..2--.22...-) 22 23-32
Reno, Nev., @vaporation..:.0..2-...1222 2.2 2215.04. 24 eS 18
Rochester, N.Y... evaporation!.2..- Ji22 2. 235eese beeen ee oe 18
Rocky. Ford, Colo., evaporation. ....4...~-.-2) <i<.+-+-555:5-- ==: = 18
Rotation, adaptability to Great Plains, experiments............ ck no, 25-30
Sacramento, Cal., monthly rainfall-<:./52. 2224-522 352)..05. oe 12
San Antonio, Tex., evaporation: ..<...22 2222022 5ss Bee 19
relation of rainfall to yield of wheat... ... Meer 30-32
San Juan County, Utah, relation of rainfall to yield of wheat.............:... 23-24
Scofield, C.S.,.on dry farming... 2. 4.5225. .2222-5. 5+ eeee eee 14
Sevier Cott, Utah, relation of rainfall to yield of wheatis c/a 23-24
Shantz, H. L., on native grass as index of moisture requirements: baa a 20
Sorghum, elas relation of rainiall im Texas.» .2=222 402655223) 30-31
South Dakota, evaporation table-—..:.5.2 2.532. 055925) oe 19
rainfall map... 22.2.02 Sl) gt ee 41
table seticwe . OL head os 2 ROU oe 61-62
Stevens Point, Wis:, evaporation...2 <2 35. oS2.05 see ee 19
Sweetwater, Cal, evaporation (4. 2.6.2 See eee ee Pee. - 18
Texas, crop yield, tillage/comuparisoms =... 44. 22-2). Gennes ee 31-32
evaporation. table. ....6c.525 20. ade Sain sk 19
raiiiaall miapiss.ccca8 soak eua ete ae alae oc se gee 42-43
PADIS being ee yee ve dtd Wats Sita Dalate ees ee 62-63
relation of ratiall to yield-ot wheat... <2. 22522 5e-4555- eee ee 30-31
Thunder Bay, Mich., evaporation... ...-2 2.922 ss.a5552- 5-6 ee 18
Tillage, summer, sad alternate cropping, highest development of dry farming. . 8
experiments in ‘Texas. 2.3.7. .25 eo era ste eo 31-32
unpopularity of method in Great Plains..................-- 14
use. of system in Columbia Basin. ~~. 4-.--..3,¢.2.--3oeee 25
Tooele County, Utah, relation of yield to rainfall...-.. 22... 2.2.32). eee 23-24
Pucson, Ariz., evaporationiss.... >. aessicine ect ee ae pee eee 18

188

INDEX. 71

Page

Bbebaes a leco ne Oka Mena ee ook k ss Fae eee eis a Mc epialnn 5&6 sie = 18
Utah, evaporation table ..... Se RE re eS, SIS cee, A he rE 19
RANT... QTE 2 SR ag Sonia eter arena eo (ae ee 8

TET] Ohana ae Eran oe ae Ae ee ae ae lens Oa ee Ae ee ee 44

relation: to yieldcotawineaiwnts 56 heey Pee sie i ee eo ke 23-24

ea Ti coe apr ape ie Ne ery tM See Mireles Maoh eta Se 64

Tino during torrential rams experiments. 5.0. .06-. 626i lee ee... 15-16
Washington County, relation of rainfail to yield of wheat..........--: *.. 23-24
Nublenit ROGUE MOM MCOStsPEMACKE coos 5 Sc cs estate Cae ee eee ee 24
Serine LON tena pOratiom table. 528222 alle be he ede ed tee ee eee 19
PETER MEN ee ey tet ie ertan MRR ote.) vad ath ee Ck ead 45

UNNI es a og en eet nt pag ici ae meen om Ra 65
Mieamainiervadaptability to Great Basin... 2... 4...00...-02 222.2 8 13-14
pale leleamed Cost Perales et ane Se he eS pk 23-24
Kelopiometcaimiallsteces yee se kee se 23-24, 25, 26-30

MipaOo wi eene On rare im Witaht 22520 55.- boas sna. Soles. ene 2-2 - sees hee 14
Bin ooneeNe Male evaporation. = -. eso as8) Sees es. 0) esd ee ose ec ee 18
icemirn vemaporiiion table. <2) 2525) 22. bee he se eee eke eee ee 19
Miaemancore ya ponanonibaples 920.22 oe. ck oc. be et ee ee ek ee eee 19
CALE TNO en Ses he oe Wee eee heey ow se eet Sep ier eee ee 45

(PRD See Soe SES ae Oe eee ek eee Area ere 66

Merclmenelavionor raimiall amearid Tevions <. <4... 36.0261.4 22.28... ee ee el 23-32
Colmmbtapbasinese= oss tec eee ey oe ee 24-25

Gireaipb sili sem amma 0 kL ss 23-24

Grenson i gee em ke 2 a 21-22

ec Exe OIMPahISON Genet sa eee fe ee eee 31-32

is beer Ur ORAUIO Ms ao yor 5 8 es ae ome na se Sic anes cence 18

188

ONGRESS

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