Q i 4 oe, ie ui a) TAse Nn Re Core ) }O HPS AUD ES CiASINAT “GEsRisiee fo ie ote EARLY BRELISH BOTANISTS AND THEIR GARDENS BASED ON UNPUBLISHED WRITINGS OF GOODYER, TRADESCANT, AND OTHERS BY RR. F. GUNTHER: M-A.,. F.L:S. LIBRARIAN AND RESEARCH FELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE -_@mR Agr ew yours @vuYanicalL ea werr With Nine Plates and Twenty-one other Illustrations O Xe Or PRINTED BY FREDERICK HALL FOR THE AUTHOR AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1922 MAR 1 1 1932 LIBRARY Baw Yurs @uTasicas fear PREFACE Tue following accounts of some Botanists of the Elizabethan and Jacobean age have gathered around the literary remains of one who, but twelve years ago, was introduced to us as ‘A forgotten Botanist of the seven- teenth Century’. By a strange hazard we can now come closer to John Goodyer through his own writings than to any of the contemporaries whose names have been writ larger on the roll of the history of botany: and through him, other botanists of distinction have been made known, who otherwise would have remained in almost total oblivion; for as a modern authority has recently discovered, ‘Every writer of the period owned help from Goodyer in one way or another’. The Goodyer papers serve to illustrate missing chapters in the histories of Botany and Horticulture in that most interesting period of British Science, the hundred years which preceded the foundation of the Royal Society. Authors of standard histories of British Botany, largely based on German authority, have been apt to skim rapidly over this period, in which several of our countrymen were in some respects well abreast of Linnaeus. And these manuscripts with all the annotated books, which Goodyer bequeathed to Magdalen College in 1664, are probably the completest and most useful collection, for a study of English Botany that was not merely pre-Linnean, but was pre-Morisonian and pre-Raian as well. In his scientific attitude of mind Goodyer was superior to several of the first members of the Royal Society. 1 White, Bristol Flora, p. 57. iv PREFACE He had no use for the superstitions of Ashmole or Aubrey, nor would he, like Sir Kenelm Digby, have fed his wife on capons fattened with the flesh of vipers in order to preserve her beauty. Nor would he, like the credulous Sir R. Moray, have seen tiny geese, perfectly shaped, in little shells adhering to trees among the western islands of Scotland. His notes begin in 1616, show the period of his greatest activity to have been in 1621, and become fewer after 1633. The material came into my hands in the form of thousands of scraps of paper in disorder and in various handwritings. These had first to be sorted and bound; and then, although Goodyer could, and did generally write a remarkably clear hand, his jotted notes are scribbles, and exceedingly difficult to read. In some cases weeks elapsed before the meaning of the more difficult passages dawned upon me, and even with expert help, there are still unread words in our text. Our readers will kindly remember that many notes, that we have printed as indications of occupations and interests, were solely intended for the eye of the writer. Further biographical details have been gleaned from visits to various parts of the country, from ledgers relating to College estates, from the parish registers of several Hampshire towns, from the account books of the Weston Charity at Petersfield, from wills at Somerset House. As the work progressed new facts relating to Goodyer’s botanical contemporaries emerged, which were scarcely less interesting than those relating to himself. Except in the papers which we now describe, there is no other surviving record of their work for Botany or Horticulture. This is due in some measure to the disturbances of the Civil War, partly too to the death of such workers as PREFACE Vv How, Dale, and Johnson at an early age, and before the complete publication of their work, and partly to the absence at that early period of any School of English Botany or of any botanical journal. Thanks to Goodyer we are now able to print much new matter relating to the plant-records of Sir John Salusbury, William Mount, Richard Shanne, Walter Stonehouse, William How, Dr. John Dale, and others, to publish many ‘first evidences’ of the plants of Kent, Hampshire, and other counties, and to list the garden plants grown by John Coys, John Parkinson, the elder Tradescant, and Morison; and in some instances from their original writings. To many, our lists of pre-Linnean plant-names may appear uninteresting, but we believe that such publication is a necessary preliminary to the preparation of any com- prehensive monograph on the subject of the introduction of plants into English Gardens, whence a few, e.g. the Italian Ivy-leaved Toadflax, have run wild all over the country. If in this compilation I have disentangled a few of the knots in that ancient skein of names and dates, I rest satisfied. I know that the fabric is left with plenty of ‘ends’ for other workers, and, like the Irishman’s net, 1s full of holes. It remains for me to acknowledge my obligations to my College, not only for having given me the opportunity of finding and arranging the Goodyerian manuscripts, but also for having made a most substantial contribution towards the heavy cost of the printing. St. John’s and Jesus Colleges have likewise assisted with grants in aid of the publication of the plant records of How and Salusbury, distinguished members of their respective Societies, and the Delegates of the Clarendon Press have assisted financially at a very difficult time and by the loan vi PREFACE of their block of the Tradescant portrait. Mr. J. Murray has lent blocks of Lobel and Parkinson. Miss Lacell permitted me to look over Goodyer's house in Petersfield and Mr. C. Branfill Russell pointed out the vestiges of Coys’s house and garden. The design of a partridge with a good ear of wheat in its bill, which is impressed on the binding of this volume, is the crest of Mr. Edward Goodyear, who has kindly lent the stamps with which all the books bequeathed to Magdalen College by his kinsman have been marked. I have derived much advantage from the printed works of my predecessors, Canon Vaughan the ‘discoverer’, Miss Wotton the ‘ pioneer’, and Mr. Druce the ‘ producer’ of the forgotten Hampshire botanist of the Seventeenth Century. On certain doubtful points I have had the advantage of the experience of Dr. Church, and in the reading of difficult passages, of Messrs. Salter, Driver, Craster, and Gambier-Parry. My grateful acknowledgements are due to my friends Sir David Prain, Professor Keeble, the officers of the Botanical Department of the British Museum, Dr. Rendel and Mr. James Britten; Dr. Stapf of the Kew Herbarium, and especially Dr. Daydon Jackson, the biographer of Gerard and Turner. To all I must express my thanks for much valuable assistance. I have also to thank my wife for sacrificing much time in the labour of revising both manuscript and proofs. Reet: GUN THE MAGDALEN COLLEGE. February 1922. CONTENTS Lire oF JoHN GOODYER II DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS BY GOODYER III Tuer Goopver’s BoTanicaL LIBRARY IV NoTes ON CONTEMPORARY BOraNISTS V Lists oF PLANTS GROWN IN ENGLISH GARDENS VI uists’ or. Exotic PLANTS . VII GoopvErR’s MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS INDEXES Goopyer’s List or Piants (INDEx I) II. Inpex or PuantTs Il]. InpEx or PERsons, PLaces, AND THINGS PAGE 100 197 ISS) Oo Oo 402 409 LIST OF PIE EUSTRATIONS PAGE John Tradescant : F ; : : : Frontispiece Map of South-east Hampshire . ; : 4 Mapledurham House . : - : : F 7 The Garden at Stubbers . : : . facing i Mill-mountain . : : ; : : : ag Jerusalem Artichoke . : : » oe Sheet Mill . : : ; ; . facng 28 Goodyer’s four Elms. = , : Wi 39-42 Goodyer’s signature . : : : ; oR Plan of Petersfield . ‘ 3 : : : : oe Goodyer’s House in the Spain . . facing 64 Goodyer’s House in the Spain . ; : «ote Interlinear Translation of Dioscorides . famg oe Drawings by Goodyer : .- eGR Potamogeton : : . : : . 194 es Description of Yew . : : : . 169 The Heath at Petersfield . ; : . facing 188 Notes in Ray's Catalogus . : : . 222 Lobel . : : ; : ? 3 . 246 Old Testimonial to Lobel. : : facing 248 | Sonnet dedicated to Lobel ; : ; 4 249 Signatures to Lobel’s second Testimonial ; . 250 John Parkinson . : ; : : : : . 266 a Letter": ’ facing 276 | First Draft of a British Flora by How . facing 276 Yucca : : ; : : : : ¢ : oe Tradescant’s Title-Page . : : « ‘Ra THE CEI OF JORN -GOODYER Joun Goopver was born at Alton in Hampshire in 1592.! Possibly he first saw the light in a house belonging to Magdalen College, Oxford, the College which both through its landed property in the Petersfield district, through Goodyer's relationship to its tenants and bailiffs, and through the scientific members of its foundation, was so fully to win his confidence and affection, that in his last will and testament he bequeathed to it his most cherished possession, his botanical library and manuscripts. These materials are now available for the reconstruction of his life and work. His father, Reginald Goodyer, appears several times in the College books.?- There is a copy of the terms on which the then President, William Langton, and the Fellows of the College leased to ‘Reginald Goodyeare ’, a yeoman of the parish of St. Laurence in Alton, the farm called Beeches Place and the wood called Priors Reade now or late in the tenure of Henry Mervyn, Esgq., at an annual rent of £4 3s. 4d. together with two quarters of ‘good, sweete, & marchantable wheate, and furthermore 3 quarters of good sweete malte to be delivered within the said College’, or their value in money according to the prices of the Oxford market. * I have no knowledge of an entry in any Baptismal Register. The year has probably been calculated from his Marriage Licence which states his age as forty in 1632. * The entry in Ledger K is dated 27 July 1614, and on f. 188 there is a further entry made in 1619, when the name is spelt Reginald Goodier. According to information from Miss Wotton, Reginald Goodyer had previously paid taxes direct from Alton in 1600, and was described in a Star Chamber Case as a yeoman of Alton in 1605. Then (Star Chamber Proc. James I, 204-13) he gave evidence for Sir Richard Pawlett, showing intimate acquaintance with the manor of Herriard, where his father was living in 1572, and with the hamlet of Southropp. It is possible that he was a sub-tenant of Beeches Place under Henry Mervyn, before he held it under a direct lease from the College. B 2 JOHN GOODYER Concerning Reginald’s family history we have no knowledge. His wife Ann, who predeceased him, bore him two sons and two daughters: Lewis, b. 1579, d. 1655, Rose, Ann, and John, b. 1592. L-.ewis had at least eight children and left numerous descendants; Rose married William Yalden; Ann married Richard Pratt and had three sons; and John, the subject of this memoir, had an only daughter Elizabeth. The Yaldens were still more closely connected with Magdalen College. In 1593 William Yalden, perhaps the father of John’s brother-in-law, leased from Magdalen farm-lands in Sheet, near Petersfield, known as Brooke- land, Skindre, Shirk leyes, and Pulyns. As early as 1587 (30 Elizabeth) with ‘ Dorothie his wyffe’ he rented Sheet mills, and in 1596 acting as the College bailiff, collected the College rents, 4171 5s. 3a. from Selborne and 418 gs. 6d. from Petersfelde. In 1597, he was appointed steward for the holding of courts and leets within the borough of Petersfield, by Th. Hanbury of Buriton, who had recently purchased the property. The lease for the Sheet mills mentions ‘ water mills, a wheat mill and a malt mill, together with all the waters, watercourses, ponds, fishinge, banckes, baies, and fludgates thereunto belonging, with free libertie to digg turfe in the great moore’. Even the legal document is redolent of the natural amenities, for which the rent was £5 6s. 8d. and half a crown in 1618. William Yalden, described as of the diocese of Chichester, was the College Clerk of the Account from 1616 to 1643 ; and among the other College tenants were Crusophilus Yalden at Roplie Farm (1618) and Henrie Yalden in the | Spaine in Petersfield. John Goodyer’s nephew and heir, the Rev. Edmund Yalden, son of William Yalden of Sheet, gex., became a Demy and Fellow of Magdalen, 1630 to 1642, when he resigned his fellowship on being presented to the Rectory of Compton in Surrey. Sheet was a botanical locality often mentioned by Goodyer. GOODYER’S COUNTRY 3 The Goodyer country is perhaps better known to, though less visited by the English reader, than any other inland area in England. Its natural features and attractions have been made widely known by the premier work on nature study in our language, the classic Matural History of Selborne, by Gilbert White. This country in which John Goodyer lived ‘extends among the chalk hills at the junction of the North and South Downs, on and around one of the principal watersheds of south Britain. Born in the valley of the Wey, whose waters flow into the Thames, he passed his young manhood at Droxford on the Meon, which runs straight down to the Solent six miles west of Portsmouth; while at Petersfield he lived by the sources of the Rother, whose waters, mingling with those of the Arun, enter the English Channel at Arundel. A cyclist could visit all his homes in an afternoon. As Gilbert White said a century and a half later, in this district ‘so diversified with such a variety of hill and dale, aspects and soils, it is no wonder that great choice of plants should be found. Chalks, clays, sands, sheep-walks and downs, bogs, heaths, woodlands, and champaign fields cannot but furnish an ample /lova. The deep rocky lanes abound with //zces, and the pastures and moist woods with fung. If in any branch of botany we may seem to be wanting, it must be in the large aquatic plants, which are not to be expected on a spot far removed from rivers, and lying up amidst the hill country at the spring heads’. And yet perhaps it was just this upland character of his native country that caused Goodyer to pay especial attention to water plants whenever he came across them, an atten- tion of which the reward was several most remarkable discoveries. He added at least a dozen aquatics to the British flora. Nor are the literary associations of this favoured spot confined to the name of Gilbert White. Droxford is remembered as the village where Izaak Walton passed Ba 4 JOHN GOODYER the last years of his life, Steventon was the cradle and Chawton the inspiration of the genius of Jane Austen, for if Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility were composed at the former, Emma, Mansfield Park, and Persuasion were produced at the latter; while Buriton was the home of the childhood of Edward Gibbon, who always £ Holybourne f ALTON & ys ae Chawton® of ree nat iss 2 opley. Fy t Sfwin ; 10% ¢Branighott %, vein "wsdl 4} honk X a Af TNs ; Fl ‘eCheriton Bteep cay. 7 ? f ae te os ‘ ‘ an Sheede {,Durford 5 Sipe », 4. PETERS#ELp, “XX ee 2 __...Belmors EE 320 sl = Swanmoro f AGM Ga MAL. icon Cd) if = Bishop's Waltham #Droxtord 4st Wag? pale. ay : yh it | SKETCH-MAP OF SOUTH-EAST HAMPSHIRE. cherished fond recollections of its natural beauties. ‘The aspect of the adjacent grounds was various and cheerful: the Downs commanded the prospect of the sea, and the long hanging woods in sight of the house could not perhaps have been "taeeanen iy art or expense.’ Such is the appreciation of the place in the Autobiography of the great historian. GOODYER’S COUNTRY 5 The localities most frequently mentioned in the Goodyer papers are Alton on the high road from London to Winchester and about half-way between Farnham and Alresford, three miles east of which is Ropley. To the north-east and south-west of Alton are Holybourne and Chawton respectively. Bramshott and Liphook lie to the east, Selborne to the west of Woolmer Forest. The Petersfield localities lie in a ring of about two miles radius from the town: Steep due north; Sheet to north- east on the London-Portsmouth road, Durford Abbey due east, Buriton due south, overhung by Butser Hill on the west. The Forest of Bere is about eight miles south of | Petersfield ; while in the south-west quarter lie Hambledon, seven miles, and Droxford and Soberton about eight miles distant. Petersfield is about twenty miles from Southampton and about sixteen miles from Winchester: Idsworth is about six miles south. Bursledon Ferry over the Hamble is about four miles from Southampton. In Goodyer's day, according to a survey of the manor of East Meon taken on 31 July 1647, ‘The “bacon” (beacon-fire) on Butser Hill was usually supplied out of the coppices of Hyden woods both with timber and _ fuel. Stroud Common was overgrown with bushes which the tenants claim a right unto for making and mending their fences, but the great wood belonging to the lord was of late destroyed except some very little and young oaks all at present not worth above 30s. In the defining of the boundaries of the manor, several large trees are mentioned which must have been well-known landmarks to Goodyer. They included the yew-tree at Wheatham Green, ‘a great oak standing in the midst of Chescombe, and so abutting upon the manor of Berriton and Mapledurham upon the south-east’, and a great ash standing on the side of Butser Hill. We have no information as to Goodyer’s schooling. We know that he was not educated either at Winchester 1 Vict. County Hist. Hants, iii, p. 67. 6 "JOHN GOODYER or at Oxford: it may be that he went to the local Grammar School at Alton. His translations of Theophrastus and Dioscorides show that, like many men of science, he appreciated the classics, and that he was a considerable Greek scholar for his time. His library included Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Dutch, and German books: his notes show that he was well able to find his way about them, even -though he was not very familiar with ‘Duch and the Teutonick’. As regards his walk in life we have evidence from many scraps of paper, often torn, upon which he scribbled botanical notes, drafted letters, kept accounts, wrote prescriptions, &c. The original writings upon these papers generally relate to legal proceedings, village affairs, the collection of tithe and taxes, while two or three documents definitely associate Goodyer with Sir Thomas Bilson, Knight, of West Mapledurham, as his steward or agent. Goodyer’s service with the Bilsons is of some importance, because all who have hitherto written of him have followed Johnson in describing him as John Goodyer of Mapledurham, thereby suggesting that he was a landed proprietor in that place. Moreover, the name by confusion with the well-known Mapledurham on the Thames, has led to the concealment of John’s identity, as, for instance, when the editor of the Flora of Hampshire remarks in 1883 that as Maple Durham is in Oxfordshire, Goodyer’s Maple Durham was a possible misprint for Maple Durwell, near Basingstoke! A clear account of the exact relations of the Hampshire Mapledurhams is given in the Vzctorta County History of Hampshire. They are situate in the parish of Buriton in the hundred of Finchdean. From an original manor of Mapledurham, dating from before the conquest, were divided a chief manor of Mapledurham, formerly held by the Gibbons, and now by the Bonham-Carter family, and the manor of West Mapledurham which Bishop Bilson purchased: it is now held by a member of the Legge family. Then there is Weston, a tithing in the parish of SIR THOMAS BILSON 7 Buriton, which is believed to have been roughly co-extensive with the manor of West Mapledurham, and likewise belongs to Mr. Legge. The old manor-house of West Mapledurham was pulled down in 1829, and there is no tradition of any other old house in the district. The present Farm House of Weston was built in 1776.! Sir Thomas Bilson’s father, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester 1597-1616, purchased the manor of West Mapledurham in Wt uit \ \ MAPLEDURHAM HOUSE. 1605 from the widow and sons of the recusant Henry Shelley. On the death of the Bishop in 1616, the manor descended to the eldest son Thomas ‘aged twenty-four and more’ and on the latter’s death in 1649 to the second son Leonard. The manor-house was a house with a history. During the occupation of the Shelleys it had been a centre where Papists foregathered during the latter part of the sixteenth century. There in 1586 the recusant Edward Jones used daily to ‘consociate withal and heard mass every day’. There were ‘priest’s holes’ which must have been a great joy to the Bilson boys: ‘there is a hollow place in the parlour by the livery cupboard where two men may well 1 Information from Capt. P. Seward. 8 JOHN GOODYER lie together, which has many times deceived the searchers’ ; and elsewhere ‘under a little table is a vault, with a grate of iron for a light into the garden, as it were the window of a cellar, and against the grate groweth rosemarye’. It is said that sometimes as many as six or seven priests were in hiding at the same time. Goodyer may have entered the service of Sir Thomas in 1616 or 1617; he was certainly working for him for the next seven or eight years, and he may actually have been dwelling in Mapledurham House at the time that he was corresponding with Johnson in 1632-3. Thus he would have been correctly designated as ‘of Mapledurham’, though not as a landed proprietor there. Sir Thomas Bilson of Mapledurham, Knight, had married at Wickham, 6 August 1612, Susanna the youngest daughter of Sir William Uvedale of Wickham, Kt. (a surname which occurs among Goodyer’s notes), having issue Thomas Bilson of Buriton, born 1614, who married Edith Betisworth of Roegatt in 1640,and Leonard, baptized 5 December 1616, - who was named by Goodyer as one of the executors of his will, and whose monument may be seen at the west end of Buriton Church. How long Goodyer remained with Sir Thomas we do not know. We deem it certain that he had periodically to visit the neighbouring towns and outlying farms, and even to ride up to London on his master’s business. But botany was his hobby, and he probably endeavoured to combine so far as possible business with pleasure and visits to his friends gardens with sittings in courts. It would be easy to interweave writings of contemporary local interest into the life of our hero. The lists of the villagers assessed for tithes and taxes, the picturesque roll-call of Armour-bearers and Spearmen and ‘ Peionors of Beritun’ (= Pioneers of Buriton), were probably all part of his daily life, but we feel bound to keep within limits, and have relegated most of the contemporary documents 1 Bishop of London Marr. Lic. For other children, see p. 96 note. AVOCATION 9 to the Appendix. At the same time these documents probably illustrate his varied avocations more definitely than anything else that has come down to us, and his biography would be incomplete without a mention of them. Of special interest are : 1. A Deposition of Arthur Hyde of Weston in the parish of Buriton concerning Weston Farm in the possession of Sir Thomas Bilson, Knight (p. 375). 2. A Petition from Fra. Waller ‘most humbly intreating yo" good worship St Thomas Bilson and to you and yor man Ma’. Good- yer greeting . . .’ (p. 375). Written before 19 July 1621. 3. Notes of acres held by St Tho. (Bilson) and ten other persons in an unmentioned parish (p. 379). 4. Receipt for £250 received by W. Inkferbie and Richard Bell from Sir Tho. Bilson, Knight, at his Mansion House called West Mapledurham in the county of Southampton (p. 374). Dated 15 November, but unfortunately the year, possibly 1620 or 1622, is not mentioned. All these and other papers are endorsed with notes in Goodyer’s hand; and even more convincing evidence as to his occupation is supplied by the draft of a letter, which we provisionally assign to the year 1618. Sep. 3-4 f 5-6 hervest at my being w* you I spak of ee ie, soaked Canary Wine wc my masters mother ; + y Dy - opp Mrs Bil A fan 5-16 mow gard. & ISON “was Wsea TO.) 2). tor to cutt hedges you, you told Mr. Hall had not made No. I cover hartichokes ; payment for all that had fetch in her name, now he protesteth he hath. You then faithfully promised me if my master St Thomas Bilson did send for any, you would send him of your best, which you affirmed to be as good as any was in England. For my lord Bishoppe Bilson was wont to comend your tast. Nowe my master entreates you to send him by this bearer Robt Palmer who you comend for his honesty, 4 or 5 gallons of such Canary Sack as you promised me to send in a sweet vessel. And the next weeke after we know what quantum you have sent you shall receave your money by the same bearer. And so I rest Your loving freind, JOHN GOODIER. [MS. f. 6. Ke) JOHN GOODYER It is likely that Goodyer found a distraction from thoughts on the grievous troubles of the times in his botanical studies. During his early years the bitter strife between Papists and Protestants reached an extreme in- tensity, as first one and then the other of the conflicting parties gained the ascendancy, but in all his multifarious writings there is no note as to the side to which he be- longed. It may be assumed that he shared the general tendency of scientific men to take a ‘ philosophic’ view of life, showing some disregard of the petty, transient events which chiefly absorb the attention of mean minds. He appears to have been a man who felt most at peace when his thoughts were reposing on the larger and more enduring aspects of the moral and material world. Yet all round him was turmoil. In his own county he would have known many who could have told lurid tales of the heavy blows of the ‘Hammer of Heretics’. As a young man he might have seen one of the greatest Englishmen, the immortal Raleigh, undergo trial, imprisonment, and execution, and the Pilgrim Fathers driven abroad to seek that most elemental of all liberties, the liberty of worship: they sailed from Southampton in 1620. In the prime of life the Civil Wars robbed him both of his best years for scientific work, and of his great friend, Dr. T. Johnson, killed at Basing House, to the great loss of natural science. There is always a danger in reading into fragmentary documents more than was really meant, and yet there is a great temptation to a Magdalen man to recall an incident relating to a Magdalen College choir boy who became a Bishop of Winchester and Visitor of the College. The story gives one a vivid idea of the troubled state of Hampshire in the boyhood of John Goodyer, and greatly enhances the human interest attaching to his papers about ‘pioneers’! and about Vachell? and Uvedale.* Thomas Cooper, translated from Lincoln to Winchester in 1584, was sorely troubled by the number of Romish recusants 1 p. 380. e Dp. -376, 8 p. 161. RECUSANTS IN: HAMPSHIRE II in Hampshire, and made it a matter of conscience in 1586 to petition ‘for certaine Orders to represse the bouldness and waiewardnes of the recusants in the Countie of Southampton’, and also that ‘an hundred or two of obstinate recusants, lustie men well hable to labour, maie by some convenient Commission be taken up and sent into Flaunders as Pioners and labourers, whereby the Country shall be disburdened of a companie of dangerous persons, and the residue yt remaine be put in some feare y' theie maie not so safe revolte as now they doe’. The council turned a favourable ear to the bishop's appeal, and wrote to the sheriff and certain of the justices authorizing the suggested sudden searches and ordering them to follow the bishop's directions! That is why the occurrence among the Goodyer papers of a list of pioneers of Buriton carries with it ominous suggestions. Bishop Cooper died in 1594, when John Goodyer was two years old, and was succeeded by Thomas Bilson, with whose son, Sir Thomas Bilson, Goodyer was most closely associated. Recusancy was still being punished by im- prisonment in Winchester gaol, but the prisoners benefited by the general sympathy of the public and were frequently released. Indeed, Bishop Bilson found that the manor of Woodcot, Hants, given for the safe keeping of the gaol, had actually been inherited by a recusant, one Anthony Uvedale, lately deceased, and had passed to his seven- year old grandson, Anthony Brewning, whose parents were recusants. The penalty for the wealthier recusants, that was enforced about 1590, was the seizure of two-thirds of their land; and among those whose names appear in the Recusant Rolls at the Record Office are Anthony Uvedale (the hereditary keeper of Winchester gaol) of Woodcote, near Alresford, and Stephen Vachell of Heath House, Buriton, both of whom are mentioned in the Goodyer papers. A few years later an evil system prevailed of farming 1 Acts of Privy Council, 1586-7, p. 125; Vict. County Hist. Hants, ii, p. 82. 12 JOHN GOODYER © out the recusancy fines for a fixed sum, and the payments by Henry Shelley of Petersfield, among others, were allotted to certain servants of James I.} Goodyer was in the habit of jotting down lists of plants and odd notes on the backs and covers of letters, on petitions, or on any stray scrap of paper that came handy. In a way this is fortunate, for often the date of the document helps us to date the notes which he put upon it. Intermingled are the figures of calculations, shopping lists, series of days of the month with the Sundays ticked, names or plants and books, notes for excursions, medical prescriptions, names of litigants, taxpayers, and the like. The sums done on the papers show that his arithmetical practice did not include the 12 times table, but that he first multiplied by 2 and then by ro, and added the results as in long multiplication. It is through these papers that we infer Goodyer to have had a training corresponding to that obtained in a solicitor’s office at the present day. . The oldest document in the collection, a fragment, bearing the name Edward Cole, is dated when Goodyer was only sixteen years of age, but it would probably have come into his hands at a later date as part of an account with which Sir Thomas Bilson was concerned. Edward Cole may have been the Mayor of Winchester who in the year before the Armada contributed £50 to the war fund, and who is still remembered in Winchester as the founder of Christ’s Hospital. On the back of this paper Goodyer jotted down a botanical note dated 1624. Then there is an Order from one of H.M. Justices of the Peace residing at New Alresford, but holding court at Bishops Waltham, to John Rowland of Ropley, requiring him to take his ‘ Corporal] oth for the dewe Execution and per- formance of the office of Tithingman-shippe for the Tithinge of Roplie’. Dated 23 September 1614. This document is written in a clerkly hand: whether John Goodyer's or ' Dom. State Papers, James J, xlix, pp. 54-80. BOTANICAL STUDIES 13 not does not much matter. And there are several similar papers. The deduction we would make is that the training which he received at this period left its mark on all his botanical work. He acquired an exceptionally neat hand- writing, and learnt the value of methodical habits and the importance of dating every note and recorded circumstance relating to his observations. His descriptions of plants are most conscientiously dated. Many of his books are clearly marked with the day and year of purchase, the cost of binding, and the cost of carriage from London, even though this came, as in one case, to £0 os. od. Sometimes the exact hour of the day at which a piece of work was begun or finished is recorded with the precision that might have been expected of his astrologer contemporaries. But there is no evidence that Goodyer himself believed in horoscopes: his writings are severely scientific records of actual observation. 1616 From his practice of dating his books, we know for certain that Goodyer was contemplating the scientific study of botany in 1616. During the winter of this year he added some very important works to his library. In each case the date and price are neatly written inside the cover of the book. s. da. 13 Novemb. 1616 2 6 Clusius, Curae posteriores, 1611. Clusius, Rarzorum plantarum, 1601. Ce Bet \ Pona, Monte Baldo, fol. 1601. 15 ffeb. 1616 Clusius, L'xvofticarum, 1605. 28 ffeb. 1616 Bauhin, Phytopinax, 1596. Lal = ee Ph eh WO oO’ NO 1o Marcii 1616 o and part 12 Mar. 1616 Oo 1st part | ee ea | GE 17 Mar. 1616 6 the bindinge them together f j 5: The conclusion is irresistible. Such books were not to be bought in Hampshire: Goodyer must have spent the winter in London, and have begun to make a serious study of the literature of botany. He was twenty-four years of age; and if,as we surmise, he were already in the service of 14 JOHN GOODYER » Sir Thomas Bilson, whose father, the bishop, had recently been buried in Westminster Abbey, he might well have gone up to London on his master’s business. A paper that throws much light on this visit to London is one on which he wrote out a list, dated the 24th and 25th of March, of the more remarkable plants in the garden of Mr. Coys of Stubbers, a place a few miles east of London in Essex. On the same sheet of paper are a list of drugs and two London addresses, ‘de Laune in ye black friers’, and ‘Mr. Cole y* married Mr. Lobel’s daughter in Lyne Street’. This last is a most interesting note, because it gives the correct spelling of a name which from the time of Pulteney onwards has generally appeared in literature as ‘Coel’. James Cole was a London merchant, mentioned by Johnson as exceedingly well experienced in the know- ledge of simples. The fact of Goodyer’s visiting James Cole at this time would have a special significance. The eminent botanist Mathias de L’Obel, Cole’s distinguished father-in-law, who had been living with him, had just died, leaving his botanical writings to his son-in-law. Lobel, as he wrote his name in this country, was the youngest of the triumvirate of great Flemish botanists, Dodoens, Clusius, L’Obel. He had brought to this country the learning of his master Rondelet of Montpelier and the botanical illustrations of that prince of printers, patron of botanists, Christof Plantin of Antwerp; he had made a special study of English plants and during his last years had been engaged on a new botanical work, the /d/ustrationes Stirpium. To Goodyer the name of Lobel, like that of Gerard, was probably a household word: he was known as the only botanist in Britain on whose scientific accuracy a student could rely. There is nothing more probable than that Goodyer, learning of his death on 3rd March, would lose no time in visiting Cole, and so get to hear of the manuscripts, which later, after the death of their editor How, did eventually come into his charge and were bequeathed BOTANICAL STUDIES 15 by him to Magdalen College. In addition to the copy of the Plantarum Historia mentioned above, and purchased within a week of the death of Lobel, Goodyer owned five other editions by the same author: one of these, the edition of 1576, was a presentation copy from Lobel to Dr. Martin Ramerus or Rhamneirus, a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. A copy of the cones Stirpium with notes by William Mount, and with some figures coloured, may have been among Goodyer’s first botany books as a boy. We know that he could draw and that he painted in water-colour. Goodyer’s miscellaneous papers show that even while he was occupied with the business of estate management, or of the Courts, or in dealings with tithing officers, his mind would always be turning to the plants which he had seen in the gardens of his friends or had found on his excursions. The earlier notes are scrappy, but of great historical importance, for they place our knowledge of early English gardening on a far surer basis than heretofore. The notes become progressively more methodical until in 1621 their number and finish show that descriptive botany had become the principal object of the author’s life. Whether Goodyer ever had any thoughts of publishing these descriptions under his own name we do not know, but of many he made both rough and fair copies: some of the latter he handed over to his friend Dr. Thomas Johnson for inclusion in the new edition of Gerard’s Herbal to be mentioned in 1633. His first gardening friends included Parkinson, Coys, and Franqueville, who have often been mentioned in histories of early gardening, but now for the first time _ have we anything in the nature of lists of the plants actually growing in their gardens. Last year when editing the long list of plants grown by Walter Stonehouse in 1640 at Darfield in Yorkshire, it was pointed out that only three earlier garden lists were then known, those of the Holborn 16 JOHN GOODYER garden of Gerard (1596), of George Gibbes’ garden at Bath (1634), and of the Lambeth garden of the elder Tradescant (1634). We are now able to add several other lists of intermediate date which comprised the more novel plants then being grown by horticulturists. The earliest of Goodyer’s garden notes go back to the year 1616, when he first gathered seeds of Astragalus lusttanicus ‘in the garden of my good friend Mr. John Parkinson an Apothecarie of London Anno 1616’ (f. 107), and about the same time he noticed in the same garden in Long Acre, P2sam arvense, which he called ‘ P. maculatum Boelii’ and ‘ Ervilia silvestris Dodonaei’ (Lathyrus Ochrus). The two former were no doubt two of the many new plants introduced into English gardens by Guilhaume Boel from Portugal and Spain in 1608. Parkinson has put it on record that Boel ‘gathered there about two hundred sorts of seeds . . . of all which seeds I had my part, and by sowing them saw the faces of a great many excellent plants but many of them came not to maturitie with me, and most of the other whereof I gathered ripe seed one yeare, by unkindly yeares that fell afterwards, have perished likewise’. Goodyer grew all three plants from seed in his own garden at Droxford and described them in 1621. The next garden of which we have his notes was that of Wm. Coys? at Stubbers, North Okington, in Essex. It was already old-established, and well known to Gerard in 1597 for its exotic plants, and was visited by Lobel during the early years of the seventeenth century. The latter botanist was moreover greatly impressed by Coys’ methods of brewing beer and ales. We are glad to think that this garden is not only still in existence but is in the possession of the family which succeeded the Coyses at the end of the seventeenth century. Through the curtesy of the present owner, Mr. Champion Branfill Russell, I was privileged to make a pilgrimage 1 Parkinson, 7heatrum, p. 1108. 2 See p. 312. The Lime Avenue Comnion Elin ‘Witch’ Elm Plan Lims in Spring TE FGA Ne ACT S DUB BERS = . and Papaver cornutum flore phoeniceo.* We do not know whether he found them all, but we do know that he noticed as a new species a fourth kind of English Elm, the Narrow-leaved Elm, already described on p. 40. Eight years later he wrote, ‘ This kinde I have seene growing but once, and that in the hedges by the high way as I rode betweene Christ Church and Limmington in the New Forest, about the middle of September 1624, from whence I brought some small plants of it, not a foot in length, which now, 1633, are risen up ten or twelve foot high, and grow with me by the first kinde [the common Elme], but are easily to be discerned apart, by any that will looke on both.’ It has been suggested, by Druce, that Goodyer’s Narrow- leaved Elm was the Cornish Elm, but Elwes and Henry both refer it to Ulmus minor Miller, which they call Goodyer’s Elm, and with which they merge Druce’s U. Plotit. Elwes states that Goodyer's Elm has been lately found near Christchurch by Dr. Moss. On 10 September he wrote a description of the Shrubby Suaeda (Swaeda fruticosa Forsk.) under the name of ‘Chamaepytis vermiculata’. Johnson quotes him on the subject of the great abun- dance of the Common Spleenwort in Woolmer Forest. ‘Mr. Goodyer saith that in January 1624 he saw enough to lade an horse growing on the bancks in a lane, as he rode betweene Rake and Headly in Hampshire, neere Wollmer Forrest’ (Ger. enzac. 1146). 1 Arenaria peploides L. ® Euphorbia portlandica L. ° Cochlearia danica L. 4 Glauctum phoeniceum Crantz. The ‘Sedum’ is usually quoted as ‘ Tithymalus’, and the following plant as ‘ Thlaspi hederaceum’. These records are about a century earlier than those given by Mansell-Pleydell, //ora of Dorset, HONEWORT 53 1625 It was about this time that he learnt the local name (Honewort) and vertues of Corn Parsley, a plant with which he had been long familiar, and to which he had already given the name ‘Selinum Siifoliis’: but he had no English name for it, until one day he saw Miss Ursula Leigh, servant to Mistress Bilson of Mapledurham, gather- ing it in the ‘wheate ershes’ about Mapledurham (where it still grew in 1632, especially in clay grounds). She told him that it was called Honewort, and that her mother ‘late of Brading in the Isle of Wight deceased, taught her to use it after the manner heere expressed, for a swelling which she had in her left cheeke, which for many yeeres would once a yere at the least arise there, and swell with great heat, rednesse, and itching, until by the use of this herbe it was perfectly cured, and rose no more nor swelled, being now (5 Wartz7 1632) about twenty yeeres since, only the scar remaineth to this day. This swelling her mother called by the name of a Hone, but asking whether such tumors were in the said Isle usually called Hones she could not tell, by reason shee was brought from Brading aforesaid young, and not being above twelve yeeres old when shee used this medicine ’. The Vertues. ‘Take one handfull of the greene leaves of this Honewort, and stampe them, put to it about halfe a pinte or more of beere, straine it, and drinke it, and so continue to drinke the like quantity every morning fasting till the swelling doth abate, which with or in her was performed in the space of two weekes at the most.’ ? Next we have the discovery of the compact little Knotted Pearlwort (Sagzza nodosa), described as ‘ Alsine palustris foliis tenuissimis: sive Saxifraga palustris alsine- folia’, on the boggy ground below the Red Well of Weiling- borough in Northamptonshire. ‘This hath not been de- scribed that I finde. I observed it at the place aforesaid 11 August 1625.’ And in the following month he was the first to record the poisonous Cowbane or Water Hemlock (Czcuta vtrosa), 1 Ger. emac. 1017-18. See p. 121. 54 JOHN GOODYER which he named ‘Sium alterum olusatri facie’, on 16 September 1625. The locality was ‘by Moreparke, and at Denham in Hertfordsheire in standinge water s7ze caule’ (f. 58). It has been suggested that Goodyer, as a staunch Royalist, visited the Red Well because King Charles and Henrietta were residing there. But surely the evidence is of the flimsiest. The legend repeated by Morton, and supported by a misquotation from Laud’s Diary,’ of the King and Queen living for weeks in a tent beside the habitat of Sagina nodosa, supplies but a sorry explanation for Goodyer’s visit to a popular watering-place. The Northamptonshire flora owes the first notice of the Grass of Parnassus to the same visit. 1627-8 Of his proceedings during the next few years there are but few notes. On 9 February 1627 he * Ree on Christopher Potecary of Stockton, 5 myles from Venny Sutton Clother’. It is not clear what he did receive, for after this note follows, though written another way up, a list of fruit trees and plants, days of Assizes, and (upside down) the recipe for an ointment.” Two entries, dated 23 June 1628, show that he visited the garden of one ‘Millaine’ in London, and saw there ‘Sophia latifolia in horto millaine prope le pest house’ and ‘Triticum spica multiplici, in horto Millaine’. The former may have been Szsymbrium Sophia(?) and Millen’s grass may have been a variety of Zrztecum tur- gidun L. The owner of the garden was the ‘ Master John Millen, dwelling in Old Street, in whose nursery are to be found 1 The statement in a well-known County History that Laud visited the sovereigns at Wel/ingborough, is based on a misreading of his own entry that the King appointed him Bishop of Bath and Wells, ‘ Rex Carolus me nominavit in Episcopum Bathon. et We/d/en.’ 2 MS. f. 129 v, see p. 384. LONDON AND OXFORD BB the choisest fruits this kingdom yields’! and ‘who from John Tradescant and all others that have good fruit hath stored himself with the best only, and he can sufficiently furnish any’.! Parkinson mentions the ‘Great bearing cherry of Master Millen in 1629’. His name and address also occur on the back of a letter of 1631.? GOODYER’S HANDWRITING 1631 In 1631 Goodyer was living at Mapledurham. When he moved, we do not know, but both his letters and notes show that his thoughts were in the planting of a new garden. He journeyed to London and possibly to Oxford, and on 27 May appears to have been at ‘Godlemen in Surrey’ (Godalming). He would have had a good reason for visiting Oxford, for his favourite nephew Edmund Yalden had gone up to Magdalen College as a Demy in 1630. A note ofa botanical station near Oxford was supplied him by Leonard Buckner,? a London apothecary, and one 1 Johnson, 1633, and Parkinson, 1629, p. 575. 2 MSs f133) * Leonard Buckner’s discoveries are printed by Johnson. ‘In a field joyning Witney Parke’ in 1632 he found Stachys germanica L., and ‘in a bog upon a common by the Beacon hill neere Cumner-wood in the end of August 1632’, three miles beyond Oxford, a little on this side of Eynsham ferry, he found the Horse-taile Coralline. Ger. emac. 1115. This last plant has been variously regarded as Lguisetum sylvaticum L., Druce, Flora Oxford, p. 356, and as Chara hispida L., Druce, Flora Berks. xcix. In the case of the Stachys, Goodyer’s note antedates the date printed, and generally quoted from Johnson, by a year and a month. Leonard’s excursions near Oxford suggest kinship with Dr. Thomas Buckner, Fellow of Magdalen, 1618-31. 56 JOHN GOODYER of the ‘loving friends and Fellow travellers’ who accom- panied Johnson in’ searching for plants over a great part of Kent. ‘Stachys: by windy parke wall on ye west of it, 8 myles from Oxford—July 1631. Leo. Buckner.’ [MS. f. 133 Another correspondent, Griffith Hinton, who shows as much familiarity with the movement of Bishops as with the stock-in-trade of nurserymen, addressed two letters to Goodyer in this year. To his very loving frend M' John Goodyear at Maple Derham neare Peeterfyeld in Hampshier geeve theis. Mr. Goodyer I rec. the Acquittances, and as sone as I have the Rents togeather you shall heer from mee. My Lo. Byshop of Wynchester! is this day com out of the town for Farnham and how long he wyll stay ther I know not, but as I heard by on of my Lords men hee wyll stay at Farnham 10 dayes. Thus wyth my duety and kynd Remembrance this 13 of July 1631 I rest, Yors ever loving GRIFFITH HINTON. [MS. f. 14 In November 1631 Goodyer was again in London. The notes of this visit are not very easy to read, but there is sufficient to show that he paid 13s. 8d. for ‘Diett at Gilford’ and that supper at the King’s Head cost Ios. The paper is undated, but the year is settled by the days of the month on which he purchased certain books, Dioscorides and Thevett among others, which are still in existence, and are clearly inscribed with a date and price exactly corresponding with the note on the paper and the year 1631. The further entry ‘Nov. 8 wyne wth Johnson 6’ has a special significance, for about this time the two friends would have been discussing their great scheme of producing a second edition of Gerard’s Heréal, In spite of its great popularity, this Herbal had been an unsatisfactory book from the start. Indeed, when we remember its history, it would have been strange had it ’ In 1631 Walter Curle succeeded Rich Neile as Bishop of Winchester. JOHNSON AND THE HERBAL 57 been otherwise. The printer, John Norton, had com- missioned Dr. Priest to translate Dodoens’ Pemptades (1583) into English. Priest died, and Gerard continued the work. But to mask the fact of his eréal being little else than a mere translation, he altered the arrange- ment from that of Dodoens to that of Lobel; and flippantly remarking that he had heard of Dr. Priest's labours, but the man being dead his work had perished with him, he had the effrontery to declare that his own researches had produced the work. Wood-blocks used by Tabernazemontanus in his E7zcomes (1590), with some others, were procured from Frankfort by Norton, but Gerard soon showed his slender knowledge, by misapplying many of the figures, and caused so much confusion in the early chapters of the /Veréa/, that the attention of the printer was directed to it by James Garret, the London apothe- cary. Lobel was therefore invited to correct the work, and by his own account he actually corrected it in a thousand places, but further emendation was stopped by the author, who contended that the //erdal was already sufficiently accurate, and that his censor had forgotten the English language. Gerard's book gave a very real impetus to the study of our English flora, but it was avowedly a popular work, ‘being principally. intended for gentlewomen’ ?; and in this connexion Mrs. Gerard, who assisted her barber-surgeon husband in his practice, would have been most helpful; for her professional assistance was similar to that which Mrs. Gamp was in the habit of rendering at * An excellent account of the Heréal is contained in B. J. Jackson, Gevara’s Catalogue of Plants, 1876. * Americans of ‘ royal descent ’ may be interested to learn that the copy of Gerard’s Herbal now in the library of the Botanic Garden at Oxford, originally belonged to a gentlewoman, Dorathie Redmayne (1565-1645) whom I believe to have been identical with the mother of John Rolfe of Heacham, ancestress of all who trace their descent to the Indian Princess Pocahontas. Dorothy Rolfe’s second husband was Robert Redmayne, Chancellor of Norwich. She was buried ‘at the feet of her two husbands’ ineHeacham Church. Rolfe Family Records, p. \1. 58 JOHN GOODYER certain periods to her lady clients. The scientific botanist, however, judges a book from another standpoint. Even the genuineness of the Catalogue of plants in Gerard’s own garden has been denied by the ‘attestor’ Lobel himself. In one copy of the work in the British Museum the certificate has been crossed out, and the words, in Lobei’s handwriting, ‘haec esse falsissima, Matthias de Lobel’, are written at the end of it. Goodyer made the fullest use of the Heréa/, and in 1620-1 he may have been contemplating a new and improved edition. When or how the same thought came to Dr. Johnson we do not know, but in the next year Goodyer was sending Johnson twenty-seven sheets of manuscript. The name of the inn, where he put up, is given in a second letter from his loving friend Hinton, addressed : To his very Loving frend Mr. John Goodyear at the sygne of the Angell neere Denma'k Hous in Strand. 1631 Mr. Goodyer I wrote unto my frend for the trees and this day I spake with him and hee telleth mee that ther is no sure trees gsrowying about Barn Elmes! wher hee dwelleth, but hee hath enquired and found that ther is Malacaton trees at Twycknam in Mydd. and they wyll not be sold under 3° 64a tree, but hee may have an apricok tree for 1°? I shall speake with him agayn eyther 1 The Earl of Essex had a garden at Barne Elmes, Ger. emac. 1396, and so had Sir Francis Walsingham (d. 1590), Ger. Sor. * The Twickenham fruit garden must have been that of Mr. VINCENT POINTER, who had the greatest variety of plums in England (Gerard), and is quoted by Sir Hugh Platt, Flovaes Paradise, 1608, pp. 117-18, as an authority on grafting. His nurseries are mentioned by Ben Jonson, who states that he was better known ‘by Poynter’s name than by his owne’. His real name was CORBET, and he was the father of Dr. Richard Corbet (b. 1582), Dean of Christ Church (Aubrey, Zzves), and was also connected with a garden at Ewell in Surrey. An Epitaph on Master Vincent Corbet. Deare Vincent Corbet who so long His Mind was pure, and neatly kept, Had wrestled with Diseases strong As were his Nourceries; and swept That though they did possesse each limbe, So of uncleannesse, or offence, Yet he broke them, e’re they could him, That never came ill odour thence: With the just Canon of his life, And adde his Actions unto these A life that knew nor noise nor strife: They were as specious as his Trees. Ben Jonson, U/nderzwoods, 1640. PURCHASE OF FRUIT TREES 59 tomorrow or Thursday that I may geve him an answer, therfore I pray you send mee word by this bearer or yf you Gooe to have them about this town bethink yo' self. I spake with on Crawley who was my Lord Byshopp Androse! his gardner after I had written to Barn elmes and Crawley promysed me to help mee to som but at what pryce I know not yf you please to speake with him send mee word and appoynt the tyme and I will speak with him tomorrow or yf you wyll have them out of the contry send me word that they may bee reddy to bee sent down by the carrier tomorrow. serving this with my duety this 15 of november I rest Wo? ever Griffith Hinton. [MS. f. 133 On the same letter is written in Goodyer’s hand: James Pio. 4 Violett wo) Mr. Withowbie Hamshere ibs r6r 7 A May cherry 1 8 Audit Roberts - 10 o Duke cherry 2 0 Draba ger. Pashley - 12 6 Bon crittian 1 8 Gramen alopecuroides spica (scqr2S) ae 6 aspera is Gramen crista- tum Baeticum by y® adia- i Ci Coney. cent pts of Shepey. 10) 9s 4 Stachys. by windy parke wall on ye west of Buckett AiO). it 8 myles from Oxford in July 1631. BZ 7 8 Leo. Buckner. at Mr. John Harrison in pater noster Rowe at the Golden Unicorne—a stationer. [MS. f. 133 Both the letter and Goodyer’s notes written upon it show that he was stocking his garden. ‘Millain of old Street’ is again mentioned, as is ‘Hugobert at Ratcliffe’.* The prices paid for some fruit trees are noted on the back of this letter. In January he was trying to get’ into touch with foreign herborists with a view to obtaining the seeds of foreign plants in exchange for English seeds. Drafts of two letters are extant. Sir, I have made a short Catalogue of some plants which growe for the most p[ar]te wild in Fraunce; you may acquaint anie herborists there that you please yf they will [be pleased| helpe me to seeds of them, or any other, I will by your directions furnish 1 Lancelot Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, 1618-26. * The name Hugobert recalls an apothecary, Abraham Hugobert, who was fined by the Apothecaries Company for not presenting an apprentice in 1650. 60 JOHN GOODYER them with such as they shall desire which growe wild with us in England or in our gardens; those in my Catalogue are all con- tayned in Pena his Adversaria, I have quoted the page that there may be no mistakinge. And I entreate you to desire so much of those that send me any seeds to name the Author and the page of his booke that wrightes of them for every seed—all sort he sends, if not written of, to say so. This way is the triall of an herborist, and will save me a greate deale of paines ; by gods helpe I will doe the like to them for those seeds I shall send. Thus making bold to trouble you uppon your kind promise, wishing you a prosperous journey,—I rest 4 Yours to my power— [MS. f. 132 [The catalogue contains the names of fifty-one plants with references to Lobel and Pena, Adversaria.] 16 January 1631. Mr. Wray, I have made bold to send this inclosed letter to you, I entreate you to convey him to Mr. Langrish if he be yet in England, if gone over to send him after him if it may be done with convenience, if not pray send him back to me againe. It was his desire when he was with us in the contrey that I should send this letter to you for him. Thus remayning ready to doe as much and more for you as it be in my power, I rest Your loving friend [MS. f. 132 Both of these letters are in Goodyer'’s handwriting. The identity of Mr. Wray is a matter of doubt. In the D. N. L. are mentioned two members of a Yorkshire family of the name, of whom Sir J. Wray (1586-1655) is known to have spent 1603-6 in foreign travel, which is rather early for our present purpose, and the Captain Wray, who with John Evelyn in 1646 found rare simples growing on the Euganean Hills, is rather too late. 1632 The doctrine of the fixity of species so tenaciously held in after years by Linnaeus and his school formed no part of the science of Goodyer and his contemporaries, or of the ancients. The artificial production of new varieties was PRODUGTION: OF, NEW?) SPECIES 61 already known to Shakespeare before 1610, at any rate as far as gillyflowers are concerned. Perdita, having been told the cause of their streakiness, cared not to get slips of them for her rustic garden: they had the reputation of being ‘nature’s bastards’, and she was also aware that it was possible to produce similar piedness by art (inocula- tion). Polixenes tried to argue with her that as all arts that add to nature are made by nature, the crossing of different races is but natural after all, and that she should therefore make her garden ‘rich in gilliflowers ’.! In Shakespeare’s day people were familiar with the idea of two sexes among plants, although the function of pollen was still unrecognized. But it was.a remarkable prevision of genius, which we can only describe as Shakespearean, to explain the production of varieties among plants as the result of cross-breeding, at a time when botanists knew nothing about the function of the flower.2 The Art to which Perdita refers must be the art of Inoculation, of inserting the buds of one plant into or upon another.’ And Shakespeare's alter ego, Bacon, reflects the same thought. ‘It is a Curiosity to make Flowers Double... . Enquire also, whether Zzocwlating of Flowers (as Stock 1 Winter's Tale, iv. 3. * Dr. Church points out that at the time of which we are speaking, the idea of crossing by grafting was accepted, and the methods of grafting fruit trees were fully set forth in many books. As far as the ‘Secretes’ of the ordering and care of Tee Mie are concerned, Th. Hill, Arte of Gardening, 1574, divulged the following: ‘ you may make one stalke to bring forth floures ne many colours, if you take the seeds of every colour of the Gilifloure, and put them altogether into a thinne small rede or Terdill of a sheepe or goate, or else tied up in a thinne worne linnen cloth, setting the same in the earth well mixed with dung : which after the watering will cause a plant to come uppe, bearing the like number of colours in one stalke, as there were seedes sowen. And there be some which write, that if you myxe the Basill seedes with the Gilifloure seedes, and use them (as above sayde) that they will spring togither on one stalke’. It must also be remembered that Hill had many contemporaries, who, had they been acquainted with the method of the production of new varieties by hybridization, would not have imparted their secret to others, so long as they thought that there might be money in it. 5 Fleming’s Virgil, Georgics, ii. 21. 1580. 62 JOHN GOODYER Gilly-flowers, Roses, Musk-Roses, &c.), doth not make them Double’. The idea of the sudden appearance of a new species as a Mutation would have been quite familiar to Goodyer. We have already quoted a passage ? (under 1620) in which he put forward a theory, as worthy of consideration, that the seed of Sweet Marjoram might degenerate and send forth Acznos odoratissimum. Francis Bacon, seven years later, accepted the possibility of such a change, and suggested an experiment for the Transmutation of Flowers. ‘The second rule shall be to bury some few seeds of the herb you would change, amongst other Seeds; And then you shall see whether the juyce of those other seeds doe not so qualify the Earth, as it will alter the seed, whereupon you worke. As for Example ... put Baszl/-seed amongst Thyme-seed, and see the change of taste, or otherwise.’* The effect of a change of environment was illustrated by the classical instance of Lobel,t who sowed ‘Papaver nigrum’ in Somersetshire and found it to come up changed ‘by the sport of Nature and metamorphosis’ into ‘ Papaver album’? And in 1632 Goodyer found what was believed to be an instance of the partial change of an ear of wheat into oats. Our modern knowledge of the possibilities of plant-breeding will of course not permit us to believe in his explanation of the phenomenon: he was probably misled by some monstrosity in the ear, but the record is of value as showing the frame of mind in which these early botanists tried to describe honestly what they saw. A later generation would have cast the thing aside as being ‘against nature’ and not worth a serious thought. Johnson records it as ‘a rare 1 Bacon, Wat. Hist. § 513. 1627. Here the word ‘ flower’ is used in different senses, first as a bloom, secondly as a plant. Bacon’s science was occasionally muddled. * Ger. emac. 65. 5 Bacon, /. ¢. § 527. * Lobel, Oficina Pharmaceutices Rondellet, 1605, p. 37. ° A change of colour from blue or yellow to white in the case of Wild Succory and Moth Mullein was attributed by Merrett toa change to a poor soil. Pinax, Epistle to reader, 16th page. 1667. RUSSIAN PLANTS 63 observation, of the transmutation of one species into another, in plants; which though it have beene observed of ancient times, as by 7heophrastus, de caus, plant. ib. 3. cap. 6, whereas amongst others hee mentioneth the change of Zea mpds tov Bpdpov, Spelt into oates: and by Vzrgzd/ in these verses ; Grandia saepe quibus mandavimus Flordea sulcis, Infoeix Lolium, & stertles dominantur avenae. Thatiis- In furrowes where great Barley we did sow, Nothing but Darnel and poore Oats do grow ; yet none that I have read have observed, that two severall graines, perfect in each respect, did grow at any time in one eare: the which I saw this yeare 1632, in an eare of white Wheat, which was found by my very good Friend Master /ohx Goodyer, a man second to none in his in- dustrie and searching of plants, nor in his iudgement or knowledge of them. This eare of wheat was as large and faire as most are, and about the middle thereof grew three or foure perfect Oats in all respects: which being hard to be found, I held very worthy of setting downe, for some reasons not to be insisted upon in this place ’.? The Goodyer crest, a partridge with a good car of wheat in its beak, is said to have been suggested by this excep- tional find. Various lists of exotic plants and of foreign floras which passed between correspondents abroad and their agents in this country, show how eager botanists were at this period to obtain accounts of the floras of foreign countries. Few of these documents are dated, but one, a list of Russian plants, was written in June of this year. At the end of the list the writer adds: ‘and many other which I know not and are not to be found in my herball. I will have their effigies drawne, and will hereafter send them you with their leaves and Russe names and vertues. Mosco, 12 Junij 1632 ‘Robert Tewe.’ 1 Ger. emac. 65. 64 JOHN GOODYER The note which follows may or may not refer to Tewe’s expenses. ‘r50l p. ann. r2/i ro8 a moneth.’ It is clear that Tewe must have been a member of, or have been helped by, the Muscovia Company, then engaged in active trade with Russia. The important domestic event of his marriage occurred in this year. The Licence issued by the Faculty Office of the Archbishop of Canterbury bears date 15 November LO 22. ‘John Goodyer of Beryton co. Southampton, gentleman, bachelor, 40, and Patience Crumpe, spinster, about 30, daughter of Walter Crumpe, late of St. Giles in the Fields, Middlesex, tailor at St. Giles in the Fields or St. Gregory’s London.’ There is evidence that John and Miss Crump were friends of long standing. In a letter dated 9 November 1621 Laurence Davis ends with a postcript: ‘I praye remind me kindly to yo" fellows Patience, Mr. Parker, and Henry Henly’. At that time Goodyer and presumably Patience also, were living at or near Droxford. Soon after the wedding he moved from Maple- durham to a house in. the Spain in Petersheld, The Spain ise picturesque open place or square which is said to have received its name from the Spanish mer- chants who resorted there for wool-dealing.1 The street of approach from the market- place is still named Sheep Street. In the eighteenth century a horse-market was held there. John Goodyer’s house ‘is still standing to-day, and is one of the most interesting in the whole of Hampshire. The half of it which I had the privilege of inspecting has been burdened with the ridiculous name of St. Aubyns, but until 1907 it bore legally the title which it bore in PETERSFIELD. 1 J. Williams, History of Petersfield, p. 34. unadows a 7 ving the blockec Z stde shoz AY € i] South side PETERSFIELD AIN, Se EK ING re 1 4 Kes, HOUSE 4 4 GOODY! HOUSE IN PETERSFIELD 65 John Goodyer’s time, “The Great House”. The word “great” was not synonymous with “big”; it simply meant of chief importance’) In April 1917 a tablet was im- bedded in the brickwork of the front of the house: JOHN GOODYER Botanist and Royalist (1592-1664) lived here. In August last I made a pilgrimage to Petersfield to see the house. The two-gabelled front facing the Spain was a disappointment: it has been altered out of recognition by the substitution of sash windows for the old casements : Goodyer would not know it. To south and west there are still a few of the original features. On the south an old doorway, with stone jambs and flat-pointed arch-stone dated ‘1755 , leading out ipto the garden, is almost certainly the original front door to the house. The old mullioned windows, with splayed jambs of red brick, have mostly been covered with wall-tiling, though several, now walled up, are an architectural feature in the small yard at the back of the house. Perhaps the window-tax may have been the cause of the blocking of the windows, and the utility of their embrasures inside, when fitted as cupboards, may have led to some hesitation in reopening them. Within the house there is much to delight the antiquary. The heavy oak beams crossing the ceilings, the uneven floors of thick and broad oak planks, the broad slanting corbels close under the ceilings, which support the hearth- stones above, and many other details, all help him to reopen in his mind the old windows whose splays and mullions he sees in the walls, and to think away the thin partitions that now subdivide the rooms in which Goodyer had his library, and where he worked and wrote. Of unusual interest is the old stairway, a square brick and stone built structure at the back of the house, formerly lit on two sides by small windows, now blocked up, placed 1M. E. Wotton, ohn Goodyer in Hants and Sussex News, 11 April 1917. Fr 66 JOHN GOODYER - in a spiral to follow the stairs. The window-openings can be seen from the inside, but on the outside they have been concealed by more modern buildings raised against them. The conjectural arrangement of the original windows is shown in the sketch. Goopyer’s Housk 3N THE SPAIN. (Lhe blocked windows of the Stairway have been reconstructed by Mr. A. E. Gunther from photographs taken for the purpose by Mr. Llewellyn Bradley.) And then there is a long four-light mullioned window up in the wall of the present kitchen, so high above the floor that to one architect it has suggested a chapel; but perhaps the original builder knew the advantage of a top light to his kitchen, as well as of a window through which the neighbours could not peep. Many constructional details, PETERSFIELD 67 including an upstairs fire-place in a massive pier, facing a window, and within four feet of it, still need explanation : the well in the cellar and a possible underground passage need exploration. It is greatly to be desired that the house may find an owner who will undertake the intelligent and sympathetic restoration of what is perhaps the most interesting house in Petersfield. The papers of the next two years bear evidence of his change of abode and change of state. Memoranda and accounts show that he was occasionally commissioned to do shopping for his wife. Notes of one and a half yards of white cotton, of hooks and eyes, of silk and buttons, tell a story as clear as it is brief, while on the other hand we read of the employment of certain labourers on 24 June 1634 for ‘digging my grounds’! This evidently refers to a new garden in Petersfield. On 5 March 1632 he noted the beneficial result of the application of Honewort (Carum segetum Benth.) to a swelling or ‘Hone’ in the cheek of Mrs. Mooring, when a young girl. 1633 The summer after his marriage he found on 2 July the local Starry-headed Small Water Plantain (Damasontum stellatum Pers.) between Sandie Chappell and Kingston, having previously found it on Hounslow Heath. Johnson found it a little beyond Ilford in the way to Rumford.? But Goodyer had observed it in 1618. On 4 July he was busy with the Ferns of the neighbour- hood of Petersfield. ‘I have observed’ he wrote ‘ fower sorts of Ferne, by most wrighters esteemed to be the male Fern of Dioscorides: by Anguillara, Gesner, Caesalpinus, and Clusius accounted to be the Female, and so indeed doe I thinke them to be, though I call them the Male with ' Theophilus Hasted Tho. Crowcher j 24 Junij Tho. Bowyier digging my grounds. Andrew Ansell Tho. Sylvester [MS. f. 14 2 Ger. emac. 418. 68 JOHN GOODYER © the multitude. If you looke on these Fernes accordinge to their seuerall growthes and ages, you may make many more sorts of them than I have done; which I am afraid hath beene the occasion of describinge more sorts than indeed there are in nature. These descriptions | made by them when they were in their perfect growthes’ (cf. p. 181). His No. 1 ‘Filix mas ramosa pinnulis dentatis’ is the earliest reference to the Broad Shield-fern (4 spzdzum dila- tatunr). | ‘This groweth plentifully in the boggie shadowie moores neare Durford Abbey in Sussex, and also on the moist shadowie rocks by Mapledurham in Hampsheire ... and I have found it often on the dead putrified bodies and stemms of old rotten okes, in the said moores, neare the old plants I have observed verie manie small yonge plants growinge, which came by the fallinge of the seed from those dusty scales: for I believe all herbes have seeds in themselves to produce their kindes, Gen, i. 11 and 12.’ His second species was the Male Shield-fern (4 spzdium Filix mas). ‘This grows plentifully in most places in shadowie woods and copses.’ It had not been previously recorded for Hampshire. The variety Aspidium Lihx mas var. affints, was noted ‘in many places in the shade’. The Prickly Shield-fern (Polystechumz lobatum) or the allied Angular Shield-fern (P. axgulare) was also abundant ‘on the shadowie moist rockes by Mapledurham neare Peters- feld in Hampsheire’. The Marsh Shield-fern (Asprdium Thelypteris Sw.) is probably the species described under the name ‘ Dryo- pteris Penae et Lobelii’ on 6 July; if so, Goodyer’s is the earliest British record of it. ‘Manie yeres past I found this ferne in a verie wett more or bogge beinge the land of Richard Austen called Whitrowe moore, where Peate is now digged, a mile from Petersfeld in Hampsheire, and this sixt of July 1633 I digged there manie plants, and by them made this description. I never found it growinge in anie other place.’ The descriptions of these Ferns were almost certainly GERARD EMACULATUS 69 prepared for his friend Johnson’s new edition of Gerard’s Flerbal, which appeared in the winter of 1633, and has hitherto been the principal source of information about Goodyer’s plants, many of which are acknowledged in the most exemplary manner. On the other hand many species are just referred to him without further notice of the date or place of discovery, and doubtless other species of Goodyer’s, having come to Johnson’s knowledge independently, are not acknowledged as his at all. Among the Goodyer MSS. there is a list of descriptions of 113 plants sent by him on 5 March 1632, of five more sent on 12 March, and of two more sent on 19 March, to Johnson for incorporation in the book, and with the exception of seven,' all these descriptions are extant. In the preface to the edition, dated from his house on Snow-hill 22 October 1633, Johnson acquaints the reader with what he has performed, ‘either by mending what was amisse or by adding such as formerly were wanting’, or by putting out descriptions and words that were not very necessary. Moreover, he conscientiously marked all new figures and text with signs {, by which the new work can be readily distinguished from the old. In all this Johnson’s work shows much careful thought; and it is here that we would desire to quote from his concluding sentences. ‘I must not in silence passe over those from whom I have received any favour or incouragement, whereby I might be the better enabled to performe this Taske. In the first place let me remember the onely Assistant I had in this Worke, which was M’. lohn Goodyer of Maple-Durham in Hampshire, from whom I received many accurate descriptions, and some other observations concerning plants; the which (desirous to give every man his due) I have caused to be so printed, as they may be distinguished from the rest: and thus you shall know them; in the beginning is the ' The seven descriptions which we have not been able to trace are: Sonchus Africanus Boelii, Alsine major repens Clusio, A. palustris foliis tenuissimis, Ranunculus flammeus aquatilis angustifolius hirsutus flore magno, Anagallis erecta floribus albis, Radix cava minima viridi flore, Draba lutea siliquis longissimis, v. strictissimis C. Bau. EMSs fers a. z0 JOHN GOODYER name of the plant in Latine in a line by it selfe, and at the end his name is inserted; so that the Reader may easily finde those things that I had from him, and I hope together with me will be thankfull to him, that he would so readily impart them for the further increase of this knowledge.’ Dr. Reynolds Green has estimated that the new book contained about 2,850 descriptions of plants, so far the largest number included in any herbal. This made the work the most important and influential of its time, but we cannot agree with Dr. Green in attributing the name by which it is widely quoted, ‘Gerard Emaculatus’, to Ray, for How in 1650, and John Goodyer still earlier, had already made a practice of referring to it by that name. Nor can we agree that Johnson was the first to depart from the practice of the older botanists in relying on their gardens for the plants they described. Goodyer had long paid special attention to wild plants. Green remarks, as have some others, on the ‘rapidity with which Johnson worked’ and that ‘he had but little assistance’. But this is a wrong view. He had the assistance of the best English botanist of the day. The work of the two men was essentially on different lines. Johnson was an M.D., he had translated the surgical works of Ambrose Parey ; he discussed the medicinal pro- perties or vertues of plants with greater gusto than he displayed for their morphology. Goodyer was a scientific botanist, ‘second to none in his industrie and searching of plants, nor in his judgement or knowledge of them ’. Johnson freely availed himself of the archaeological knowledge of Goodyer, as in the case of the figure that was supposed to be the oldest drawing of Saxifraga, taken from an illustrated manuscript of Apuleius Platonicus. In the case of the confusion between Solidago sarra- cenica and Arabis quorundam, Johnson notes ‘My very good friend Mr. Iohn Goodyer was the first, I thinke, that observed this mistake in our Author; for which his observation, together with some others formerly and here- after to be remembered, I acknowledge myself beholden CORRECTIONS TO JOHNSON’S GERARD a1 to him’ (Ger. emac. 275). Nor did Goodyer's criticisms cease when the ‘emaculated’ Gerard appeared. Among his notes are four pages of suggested emendations to the first twenty-two chapters of the book, which are character- istic of the accuracy and carefulness of his work. Goodyer’s Corrections to Fohnson’s Gerard’s Herbal. The first booke. Ca. I. Description of Comon Meadowe Grasse. p. 1,12 from bottom. For light read smooth. p. 2. Zyme. I have seene it flowringe in the beginninge of March A®. 1619. Names. After dypwots read, And this particular meadowe grasse is called of Theophrastus éa, as Bauhinus hath it in his Phytopinax, pag. 4. Nature. Number that which is spoken for the nature amongest the vertues for indeed Pena affirmeth that the seed of hay beinge beaten forth, many Physicians doe use for the stopping of the inward parts, beinge druncke: and applied to the dissolvinge of hard tumors and wind. p. 3. Vertues. Theis vertues doe properlie and trewlie belonge to Gramen caninum pag. 22. D. It isapparent that Fernelius, li. 4, ca. 4 de methodo medendi, meaneth the roots of Grameen caninum to have theis vertues. Ca. 2. MWames. L’obell calls the first of theis grasses, Gramen minimum Xerampelinum, and Xerampelinus color is a color somewhat ruddie, and therefore this name cannott belonge to White dwarfe grasse. Ca. 3. James. He mistaketh, for that which L’obell calleth Agrorum venti spica, and Gramen agrorum, is this 2 kind called here called Gramen harundinaceum. He mistaketh the 2 grasse also for it is not L’obell but Tabernaemontanus that calleth it Gramen harundinaceum. The titles over the figures I would amend thus: 1. Gramen pratense vulgatius, Common Meddow Grasse. 2. Gramen minus vulgatius. Small Common grasse. For the description sheweth it not to grow in Meddowes. The figures are better in L’obell’s /coves, p. 1, which are the same with Dodoneus in Latyne of the laste edition, to which you may refer them. Description. Dodoneus describeth not the particular Meddow grasses but in generall only, therfore you shall doo well to examyn the descripcon both of the first and second, by the Advs. & the Odserv. unlesse you cann add any notorious difference in them from other grasses, out of your own observation. Ca. 4. Both their descriptions are in Dutch & in no Author that I have, ue quere for what grasse the figure under the title of Gramen matus aguaticum must serve, Ca. 5. The description of Gramen Sorghinum is also in Duch. Somethinge may be added to the description of the root of Ca/amogrostis, if the worth of the grasse deserve it, & you thinke it pertinent. 72 JOHN GOODYER Ca. 6. The grasse under the title of Gramen Panniculatum, p. 8, seemes to be Gramen amourettes Clusti, p. ccxviii. If it be so? howe came it to be Gramen tomentosum & acerosum Lobell: in /con. pag. 6. 1 have two editions of Lobell’s /cons printed at severall tymes, the first MDLXXXI, printed at Anwerpe, and hath but one table, viz. the lattin, french, duch all together; the other was printed at Anwerpe A°. MDXCI and hath severall tables, everie language by itself. The first it seems was one Willm. Mounts, a Physician dwellinge at Mallinge (in what Sheere I knowe not) who hath added to some herbes certaine noates, and thus he hath noted of Gramen paniculosum’ phalarioides Lobel, Jcon. p. 7, ‘Grasse called in Surrey braunched grasse, in Corne: and in orchards, or shadowie places usuallie mowen. They seeth it in water with Purslaine and small Reysons for wormes, in the somer tyme, and geve it comonly to very younge children’. I must leave this Grasse (which Gerard hath confusedlie written of) to be sett dulie, and in his true place by you. Gramen sylvaticum, | knowe not where it is written of, in Tabermont I thinke. Ca. 7. Their descriptions are all in dutch. Ca. 8. The 1 is described I knowe not where, the 2 you shall find in the Oés. p. 10, the eares are not described. Ca. 9. The 1 is in the Oés. p. 10 the 2 I knowe not where, belike in Tabermont. Ca. 10-16, 18, 19. Their descriptions are in the Teutonick or Duch. Ca. 16. The 2), the description saith the knobs or buttons growe on both sides of the stalk, the figure hath them but on one side, query whether this be not Gramen montanum spicatum Clusii, p. ccxix. Ca.17. The 1) I can observe no such cuttinge qualitie in the edges of the leaves of this grasse.—Vertues. Many more vertues are spoken of in Advers. p. 468, and if you please you may add the best of them. Ca. 21. I see nothing that 1 can amend. Ca. 22. Cyperus Typhinus | know not where to find the descriptions. ‘Venarum spiracula laxat Cyperus.’ Only Turner hath taken notice of theis words which I have added. I take it the meaninge of it is that it openeth the small branches of vena porta, called mesentericae venae. If it be so ?, it is a speciall vertue not to be omitted. [MS. ff. 149-52 Goodyer also made several corrections in the text of his copy of the 1633 edition of the Herda/, e. g. on p. 567 he notes that the figure given for Saxifraga anglicana alsinefolia is really the picture of Sy#anchica, and should be placed on p. 1120. Also that the adjoining figure named .S. fadustris is really an Arenaria. This mistake explains Johnson’s confused account of Saxifraga anglicana on p. 568. His other additions consist of a few medical notes on the virtues of certain herbs, e. g. Zithymalus cupressinus, p. 499, Elaterium, p. 913, and Vicia maior sylvestris, p. 1229. 1634 After Johnson had sent his Gerard emaculatus to the printers, we are left with next to no published news of Goodyer's doings for the next twenty years. Fortunately MAYFIELD 73 many papers among his manuscripts help to bridge the gap. He still does shopping for his wife (p. 381); there is a letter of 24 June showing that he was interested in the date of the Surrey Assizes. ‘Mr. Worlidge you were intreated to wright me word, when Surrey Assizes were kept, at what place and what Judge was to sitt on the Nisi prius; which hetherto you have not done. If you can be at Surrey:Assizes & our triall goe forward I must goe to the Bp. of Wint! & expound his letter to that Judge, which will aske some time to doe, & I must also goe before hand to London to prepare our witnesses. In regard whereof I pray you this weeke wright me word all those things I have spoken of, & if any other things you knowe to be therein necessarie, And so I rest Your assuredly 24 June 1634. [MS. f. 14 In August he was away in Sussex on one of the summer excursions, which he generally performed on horseback, having previously, as was his way, made careful notes for the intended journey. From London to Lewsam to Brumley to Farnborowe to Rethered to Sen oak [ Sevenoaks | 3 fro London to Croydon 7 4 3 5 I to Tunbridge 8 5 5 6 4 2 to Godstone 7 to Lingfield 6 wcbis 4 miles from East Grinstead. —at Riverhill to Ffant | Frant| to Mayfield to Black boyes to Ringmer to Lewis Mayfield Carrier John Manser lyeth at the White Hart in Southwark: comes in Thursday out Friday. Lewis Abell Tabrett lodgeth at the Tabott, comes in Wed., out Thurs. W™ Barham of Mallinge halfe a mile from Lewis but goes to Borne to myles from Lewis. Mountaine Neppe. Mr White of West Tarringe. Mr Ric Relf of Tenterden 4 miles from Rumney mersh. Putt im the lil. Suz. Bs. rod. ° 4, Aur: amos: [MS. f. 62 Goodyer visited Mayfield at the time of the greatest 1 Walter Curle. 74 JOHN GOODYER prosperity of the iron industry in Sussex, and although the connexion between iron smelting or forging and the county flora may not appear very intimate, yet it is far closer than might be supposed. In 1607 there were, or had lately been, nearly 140 hammers and furnaces for iron in Sussex alone, and each of them spent ‘in every twenty-four hours two, three, or foure loades of charcoal, which in a yeare amounteth to an infinit quantitie’! About the year 1640 some 1,300 cords of wood were being used at one works alone, and the woodlands were in danger of being lost. Jove’s oak, the warlike ash, vein’d elm, the softer beech, Short hazel, maple plain, light asp, the bending wych, Tough holly, and smooth birch, must altogether burn, What should the builder serve, supplies the forger’s turn. Drayton, Polyolbion (1612). The botanical results of the journey are noted on the same page. Dentaria baccifera. [Coral-root. Dentaria bulbifera L.] At Mayfield in a wood of Mr. Stephen Penckhurst, called High- wood, and in another wood of his called Foxholes. Oxyacantha in Rumney Mersh neare the house of Mr. John Snave the place called Whey street, flours at about Xmas 1605 in November. [MS. f. 62 Elsewhere he noted ‘ Dentaria bulbifera Lo. 687, G. 833, in Foxholes wood in Mayfeilde parish 6 Aug. 1634’, which fixes the date of his tour.’ On 9 August at Buttersworth Hill he collected ‘ Ferrum equinum Germanicum siliquis in summitate’ with ripe seed. (L/eppocrepis comosa L.) For the year 1636 we have only a List of ‘ Virginia seeds recd. from Mr. Morrice 18 March’ (p. 370), but in the case of this document, which is in the handwriting of John Parkinson, we cannot be sure that it came into Goodyer’s possession at so early a date. ? Norden, Susrveyor’s Dialogue, Suss. Arch. Coll. ii. 192. * I have suggested elsewhere that the little colony of Coral-root near the Church Meadow at Droxford may have sprung from roots of his planting. Si. VINGENT’S)-ROCKS 75 1637-40 On 21 August 1637, when visiting his brother-in-law William Yalden at Sheet, he saw ‘Batata Hispanorum, or Common Potatoes’. They were the Sweet Potatoes, Ipomaca Batatas, such as could be purchased at the Exchange in London, and were liable to be killed by the first frosts. The tubers ‘howsoever they be dressed, they comfort, nourish, and strengthen the body, procuring bodily lust, and that with greedinesse’. Goodyer was acquainted with ‘Potatoes of Virginia’, but we do not know that he cultivated them himself. There is no evidence that he ever accompanied Johnson and his ‘ socii itinerantes’ upon their herborizing excursions, but he certainly took the greatest interest in their dis- coveries and helped them with their reports. He possessed the accounts of their Kentish tours in 1629 and 1632, and added to the list of plants in the former from his own knowledge. His presentation copy of the Mercurius botanicus inscribed ‘28 Octob. 1634—Ex dono Thomae Johnson’, containing the account of the tour in Wales in which Stonehouse of Magdalen College also took part, is similarly annotated, and has many plant names picked out by yellow paint marks—a favourite method of his. The Appendix to this work, a treatise on the Waters of Bath (1634), as well as the lure of new plants, may have deter- mined him to visit Bath in 1638. Johnson (Wercurius, pars altera 1641) is our authority for believing that Goodyer found a new Speedwell on St. Vincent's Rocks near Bristol, and as the statement is left unaltered in Goodyer’s own copy of the book we may take it that he did botanize there. And nothing is more natural, for the grand and precipi- tous cliffs of St. Vincent's Rocks have always been classic ground to the botanist. Their vegetation is luxuriant : their ledges, crowded with an abundance of good plants in a small area, are comparable only to the similar floral 76 JOHN GOODYER wealth of Cheddar Gorge. This towering limestone mass and the adjoining Downs, rising to a height of over 300 feet, overlook the tidal Avon in so picturesque a fashion that Clifton’s river scenery will ever be famous.? And if they are a Nature reserve now, what a paradise these rocks must have been in the days of Lobel and Goodyer when they were clothed with ‘ millions’ of ferns. The father of English botany, William Turner, dis- covered Zyvzuza or Honewort here. It is one of the choicest indigenous plants in England and of great local interest. In 1562 he recorded ‘Peucedanum ... 1 found a root of it at Saynt Vincentis rock a little from Bristow ’. The next visitor, L Obel, found the ‘Mules Fern’ about 1569. Gerard ‘spent two daies upon the Rocks to seeke for JZeum’, which had been reported to him as growing there, probably in mistake for 77zuza. In 1634 Johnson and his ‘socii itinerantes’ guided by John Price, a jovial apothecary of Bristol, directed their steps to the famous Rocks and the precipitous cliffs commanding the banks of the Avon. It is no wonder that Goodyer was drawn thither also. And he was rewarded by finding a species new to the British flora, the Welsh Spiked Speedwell (Veronica hybrida L.), which he called ‘Veronica recta mas, Lob. Ger., vulgaris recta Clus.’ It is the same as the ‘Great Speed-well or Fluellin. Found at Saint Vincents Rocke by Master Goodyer’.? White ® states that it is still abundant on the more inaccessible ledges of the rocks, and occasionally strays on to the riverside masonry below. It is the most beautiful of our native Veronicas, and in the Avon gorge often grows twice as large as on the Great Orme’s Head in North Wales. He verified the occurrence of the Tutsan (//yferzcum Androsaemum L.), already recorded by Lobel (1570), Lyte (1578), and Johnson (1634), Dropwort, and Trinia, and ' White, Vora, 1912. * Johnson, Jercurius, pars altera, 1641. * Flora, p. 463 (1912). BATH 77 added the Horseshoe Vetch to the County flora! His records were : Androsaemum magnum, the Great Saint John’s-wort in a wood over the... St. Vincents rocks nigh Bristow., Filipendula vulgaris, Oenanthe Fuch. Lob. Dropwort. ‘On St. Vincents rock 30 Aug.’ (= Spiraea filipendula L., previously noted by Lobel.) Ferrum equinum siliquis in summitate. ‘On St. Vincent’s Rock 30 Aug. 1638.’ (= Horseshoe Vetch, Wippocrepis comosa L.) Peucedanie facie pusilla planta Lob. = Selinum montanum pumilum Clus. = Peucedanum pumilum, Petroselinum = Dwarfe Rock Parsley, 1638. (= 7riniza or Apinella glauca O. Kuntze.) Rock Stonecrop (Sedum Rupestre L.), ‘Sedum Divi Vincentii Non Descriptum’, is also said to have been first recorded by him.? The manuscript notes in Goodyer's hand in the John- son’s Mercurius, 1634, have unfortunately been cut off by some wretched bookbinder, but one about ‘ Saxifraga palustris alsinefolia * Ger. emac.’ confirms 1638 as the year of his visit to the west of England. He found it ‘In the springs about Smocombe wood neare Bath, on the north- east parts of the wood, j. Sept. 1638’. In modern language it is the White Sandwort (Sagzza nodosa) that he had been the first to add to science in 1626. Probably at the same time he became acquainted with the Wood Vetch (Vzcza sylvatica L.), which he called ‘Vicia Bathoniensia vel maxima sylvatica’ and found ‘ In Smoak- hall Wood by the Bathe, and at the Devizes in Wiltshire ’.* A list of the names of useful Willows bears date 1640. Salix aquatica lo. 0. 137 g. 1203. I have seene 8 kinds of osyars thus called by the baskett makers 1. gelderlander 5. redd willowe 2. goldstone or hornead 6. privett 3. white withe 7. black velstes 4. yealowe osier 8. white 1 Not noted by White, /7ova Bristol, 1912, p. 256. 2 Merrett, p. 111 (1666). , 3 Sagina nodosa Meyer. ‘ Merrett, Pizax, 1666, p. 125. The same plant is mentioned in How, Phytologia, p. 129. 78 JOHN GOODYER | A similar list, on a small scrap of paper, is dated ‘18 Marcii 1640 of Edw. Greene (? Gawne)’. And two rather longer and later lists enumerate thirteen varieties. 1. White gorerod 8. Gilford redd osier 2. Black gore rod g. Erlieta rod [lesser browne rod 3. Gelderlander to. Backward ta rod, or Privett, or 4. Yealowest yelster 11. White osier 5. Hard yelster—the best 12. Horneyead or golston. 6. Erlie leavinge redd osier 13. Oxford or Dutch golston 7. Backward Leavinge redd osier-skragged. [MS. frie 1643-9 The disturbed state of the country during the next few years made peaceful pursuits impossible. Hampshire men were soon in the thick of the Civil War. Lucky were those who were not driven from their homes when the ‘wrong’ side obtained the ascendancy. During one of the many phases of the struggle Peters- field was garrisoned for King Charles under the then General in Command, Ralph, Lord Hopton. Goodyer, like all his family, was a strong ‘King’s man’, and his loyalty was acknowledged by a ‘ Protection Order’ which was granted him by Hopton. This document of great interest was accidentally found in 1907, concealed under a floor-board in a dwelling-room of Goodyer’s house in the Spain in Petersfield. It runs as follows: To all Colonells & Lewetennt-Colonells, Serjant-Maijors, Captains & Commanders, Officers & Soldyers of his Ma*s army both of horse & foot And to all other his Ma* officers and loving Subjects whom these may concerne. (SEAL) These are in his Ma** name to will & command you & every and either of you not to fayle upon all occasions to defend and protect John Goodyer of Petersfield in the County of Southton Gent: his house horses servants family goods chattels and estates of all sortes from all damages disturbances & oppressions whatsoevere to the uttermost of yo' abillitys And that you and every of you forbeare to grieve or molest him the sayd John Goodyer or any of his as BOTANISTS AT MAGDALEN 79 aforesayd requiring hereunto yo" due obedience as you will answere the contrary at yo" uttermost perill Given under my hand & seale the gth December, 1643 RALPH Hopton.' Of Goodyer’s movements we know nothing for certain, but it is quite likely that a State Paper in the Record Office may refer to him. About 1649 one Daniel Cusick stated that John Goodyer was a malignant and recusant, and was constantly resident in Oxford during the war. Having adventured his own life in the service of the State, and being now in the Lord General’s regiment, the informer begged his arrears out of Goodyer’'s estate.* If it be true that Goodyer was ‘constantly resident’ in Oxford during this troubled period, he would have found many botanical friends with tastes congenial to his own. Walter Stonehouse, now no longer a Fellow of Magdalen, would not have been in residence, but he may have joined his Oxford friends in 1648 when ejected from his Darfield living. And there were other botanists at Magdalen to whom the botanical uncle of Edmund Yalden, Fellow until 1642, would have needed no further introduction. The senior of them, William Hooper, the arboriculturist, became a Fellow in 1643. He had been ‘outed’ from his Fellowship, but was allowed a pension of £30 per annum and lived in one of the College houses in the Gravel Walk. ‘After he had left the College he went without a gown, and wore constantly a very long coat, like your frocks worn by wagoners; and applied himself to gardening with wonderful success, digging himself with a man that he constantly hired. He would carry his spade upon his shoulders, and work hard every working day. He would likewise prune, engraft, and do other things of that kind himself. He raised several nurseries, and planted many orchards ; but he did all for nothing, for he would never 1 Mabel E. Wotton, Hants and Sussex News, 11 April 1917. * Calendar of Commission for Advancement of Money, p. 1178, State Papers Domestic, 1649. 80 JOHN GOODYER take anything of anybody soever. It was his constant practice to give away trees, &c.; but then he took care it should only be to the poor and such as were in want, not to others. He was near fourscore years of age, a comely, neat, proper, upright man, and beloved and respected by all sorts of people. He planted (¢. 1660) elms in the Gravel Walk by Magdalen College ;' and elms on this site are well known all over the world as an essential feature in what was formerly one of the most popular views in Oxford. In his old age he was one of the characters of Oxford, but when Goodyer might have known him he had just been recommended by Charles I for election to a Fellow- ship on the ground that he had ‘given ample proof of his sober carriage, conformableness, and commendable abilities in the way of his studies’. Among the younger men then up at Magdalen College were the three contemporaries Browne, Stonehouse, and Drope. William Browne, Demy 1644, was a native of Oxford, who became ‘one of the best botanists of his time, -and had a chief hand in the composure of a book entitled, Catalogus Horti Botanict Oxoniensis’, 8vo. Oxon. 1658 ; Walter Stonehouse, Demy 1645, was the son of Goodyer's friend the Rev. Walter Stonehouse of Darfield, whose garden lists are preserved among the Goodyer papers; and Francis Drope, Demy 1645, was a most enthusiastic lover of trees and author of A short and sure Guide in the practice of raising and ordering Fruit-trees. 8vo. Oxtord, 1672. And, in any account of the botanists of Magdalen of this early period, should also be mentioned the unknown writer of marginal notes in the Bodleian copy of Lyte'’s Herbal. This book was successively in the possession of ‘1 Hearne, Diary. According to one account Hooper’s Elms were replaced by others in 1680, but, be that as it may, the Gravel Walk elms, after forming for more than two hundred years an incomparably beautiful setting to the grey stone architecture of the Great Tower of Magdalen, were wantonly felled before their time in 1916, when many who would have advocated their retention were away at the War. CIVIL WAR 81 a Thomas Gill and of a John Herbert, 1619. The writer of the notes was almost certainly a Magdalen man who had studied at Padua. At this time Goodyer may have made the acquaintance of Dr. Philip Stephens, Principal of Magdalen Hall and collaborator with Browne, and of William How who came up as a Commoner to St. John’s College in 1637, and took his Master's degree in 1645. Goodyer’s other friend Dr. Merrett, the author of the Pinax rerum Naturahum Britannicum, had been a student both of Gloucester Hall (1631) and of Oriel College (1633-4). He was created a Doctor of Physic in 1642, and afterwards became one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society. At New College was William Cole, the future author of Adam in Eden; and Jacob Bobart was gradually forming the first University collection of plants in the new Physic Garden, the catalogue of which he published in 1648. And yet Oxford was in the very midst of troubles. At the end of 1642 the Royalists gathered round the King at Oxford, students and citizens alike worked together on the fortifications and barricades: the College plate was being surrendered to the minters : fighting in the neighbour- hood was incessant. Goodyer's friend, Thomas Johnson, appears to have been in Oxford on 9 May 1643 to receive the D.Ph. degree, but he must have left soon afterwards, for he is heard of as a Colonel of Horse and one of the defenders of Basing House, which was being strongly fortified by the Marquis of Winchester. And it was there that he met his death in September 1644, fighting for the King. The Royalists were defeated at Alton and Cheriton. Winchester was taken by Cromwell in October 1645, and the King became a fugitive. What followed is matter of history. On Midsummer Day, 24 June 1646, the Royalist garrison of Oxford, 3,000 strong, ‘marched out of the town through a guard of the enemy extending from St. Clement’s to Shotover Hill’. e: 82 JOHN GOODYER In 1648-9 the Parliamentarian Visitors, after many delays, expelled all from the University who did not submit to their visitation, including young Stonehouse and Drope. The latter answered ‘I cannot submit for fear of perjury ’. 1651 After the Civil War Goodyer was unquestionably the best botanist in England. Parkinson had died in 1650; and, until Morison returned in 1660 and Ray had reached his full development, there was no one to approach him in knowledge of our native plants or of the whole range of botanical literature. The high reputation that he had acquired naturally brought him visitors and correspondence. Elias Ashmole, the antiquary, had not long ‘entred upon the Study of Plants’. A note in his diary is to the effect that 6 June 1648 ‘about three of the clock was the first time I went a Simpling. Dr. Canter of Reading and Mr. Watlington? an apothecary there, accompanying me’. And on ‘19 Oct. 1651 my Father, Backhouse,? and I went to see Mr. Goodier, the great botanist, at Petersfield’. Unfortunately we have no further account of the visit, but possibly Ashmole’s recent experiences of the virtues of Bryony may have formed part of the conversation. He had fallen ill of _ a surfeit occasioned by drinking water after venison at the Astrologer’s Feast in London. ‘I was’, he wrote, ‘ greatly oppressed in my stomach ; and next day Mr. Saunders the astrologian, sent me a piece of bryony root to hold in my hand, and within a quarter of an hour my stomach was freed of that great oppression, which nothing which I took from Dr. Wharton could do before.’ It is characteristic of the writings of Goodyer that no hint of this kind of quackery appears. He was evidently able to put Ashmole 1 John Watlington, buried 2 October 1659. * Mr. William Backhouse, astrologer of Swallowfield in Berkshire, had com- municated so many secrets to Ashmole that he caused his pupil to call him ‘Father’ (Ashmole, Diary, 3 April 1651). ASHMOLE’S VISIT 83 on sounder lines of thought; for after this visit Ashmole ‘took a journey into the Peake, in search of plants and other curiosities ; and as there is no entry between the 15th and the 29th of October of this year in the notebook,! in which he usually cast his horoscopes, we may assume that he was not encouraged to foretell Goodyer’s future by the stars. 1652-6 The books printed in Oxford during the next few years | bear witness to the pleasure and profit that many were deriving from their gardens. And in illustration we may cite the works of Ralph Austen on Fruit Trees, various editions of which were published in Oxford in 1653, 1657, 1658, and 1665, of John Beale whose Treatise on /rzzt Trees shewing thetr manner of Grafting, Pruning, and Ordering, of Cyder and Perry, of Vineyards in Eng- land, &c., appeared in Oxford in 1653, and of Robert Shar- rock, Fellow of New College,? whose ffzstory of the Pro- pagation and Improvement of Vegetables, by the Concurrence of Art and Nature, 8vo. Oxford, 1660. These works show the natural tendency of the time, a_ utilitarian tendency that our recent experiences towards the end of the Great War will teach us to connect with the troubles of the forties of the seventeenth century. During the last ten years of his life Goodyer’s occupations appear to become more and more sedentary. When a man is over sixty years of age, he must perforce leave the searching for new plants to the young and active. John Goodyer now devoted himself to his books. The dated entries in the covers of his volumes show that he kept in the closest touch with the London booksellers; indeed, in some cases he appears to have secured a work in advance of the day of publication. Some of his books he pro- 1 MS. Ashmole, 374, which contains the horoscope of John Tradescant, the younger. * Sharrock gave several medical books, with his autograph, to New College Library. They are still, we are glad to think, on the shelves: among others a copy of Lower, de Corde. G2 84 JOHN GOODYER cured through Dr, How, some through Dr. Dale, and they came down to Petersfield by carrier, or in the trunk of Mrs. Heath, presumably the wife of his friend and neigh- bour the Rev. John Heath. He was now closely associated with a botanist in the work of preparing a list and a synonymy of all known British plants, incorporating and extending the lists drawn on by How. The greater part of the labour of this work fell on a collaborator who had access to Goodyer’s books and made notes in them: his name is not known to us for certain, but we have his manuscript. The evidence all tends to identify him with the Dr. Dale just mentioned, but the matter will be again discussed below, p. 295. This last period of his life is also marked by a literary labour that remains a record which to this day has never been broken. It was the writing out of the Greek text of the Materta Medica of Dioscorides, and the rendering it into English. Goodyer therefore accomplished in the case of Dioscorides a work which not one of the tens of thousands of Greek scholars who have lived before or during the past three centuries have been known to have attempted, a worthy sequel to his translation of Theophrastus. And neither Theophrastus nor Dioscorides can be con- sidered as of no import. Of Matthiolus’ Commentaries on Dioscorides alone thirty-two thousand copies were sold before 1561, and it passed through seventeen editions. His works have been translated into almost every civilized language, except English, and there is no separate article on Dioscorides in our national Encyclopaedia. The interlinear translation of Dioscorides fills six quarto volumes of 4,540 pages in all. It is most clearly written, the Greek text being easier to read in Goodyer’s manu- script than in the 1499 edition, printed at the Aldine Press at Venice, Goodyer’s copy of which has now been restored to its proper place among his books in the Magdalen Library. : * 3.Marky ibss ‘ ee Niooxsehte Ae? sefesr oe tte Of fPadacias Fi ofeorides ¥ f fnararhe can, - 29 "Ete eae ae want ge laren’ ae rere r pa sore a. he bea fe Cong ge _* of madicenall Hex, ae i ve cs ONG See ALoy re nee coy - oa ae 0° ead soy Se pemers (oat) Sa a See books Qez Z ee ey Ge. pars: eu ¥Avous wee “Ce, eogare Hepes ANE ih Gua. An le thie’. ooAes, he ae thir; most-nlowes Keeus, ae eee ea eee apa Pacey I es ° omatrcal new & cape / es Sa 1 94 Cone =, Cienewy - PF & trees ,€ Lesong seam os oe 2 ge Gab. Sawa La aee fee Whi ashe - % £3 rs a, oe 1 % S eiaei es ay er i fos! € Bie nik tices, @ ) AeKbs ny careguanrey By Chae ovre +eGgra dsp eee Ay & oe ihe faa ieee y fod a oe se Bo wee ex pattie a evap Need wee ll oun of oe F nnd rootesf oy ae rae plover © $ i poboKoun es fe f fe orbaal ao 4 . ; aye oF ae ye us > sie 8 : vbosegr) be & 4 Yraxt 1 ode 4 GOODYER’S INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION OF DIOSCORIDES TRANSLATION OF DIOSCORIDES 85 Every page bears evidence to his neat and methodical habits. At the beginning and end of every volume he wrote the dates of the beginning and end of his labours, and also of the time that was spent on reading over and revision. The entries are of interest because they show the speed with which the work was accomplished. Pages. English. Greek. Vol. I. 1-728- 27 Apr. 1652 h.10a. 29 Aug. 1655 ho. 2. p. fo 7e3— 28 Marcii 1653 13 Nov. 1655 1470 18 Aug. 1653 18 Jan. 1655 ilk r47i=\.' 18 Aug. 1653 20 Jan. 1655 Exam. 2070 3 Martii 1653 t Feb. 1655 Exam, IV. 2071- 3 Marcii 1653 4 Feb. 1655 Exam. 2658 20 Junii 1654 14 Feb.’ 1655 Exam. V. 2659- 20 Junil 1654 15 Feb. 1655 Exam. 3174 31 Aug. 1654 21 Feb. 1655 Exam. VI. 3497- 2 Nov. 1654 4 Marcii 1655 Exam. 4540 29 Aug. 1655 17 Marcii 1655 Exam. Other entries show that he paid an assistant, probably as a reader: Vol. II. ‘Receaved of Mr. John Goodyeere, upon this 28 of March 1653_—C(iyx. a eels And 18 of Januarie 1655 =. eee os IVag) 3 'Marchi nosh y 7. : ep Ne) Ve) 2o) juni LOR 4) 1): $0) 10) 01 Vie “20, uni 2654 ‘ FT 10410 4 Sept. 1654. . : Oro Oo) Wi yore Marti-1654 paid: : : : © 208 29 Aug. 1655 paid . ; e208” In Vol. V there is an entry for ‘38 binedinge’ on 14 September 1654, and in the last volume is written : ‘22 Sept. 1655 cariage upp and doone the bindinge’ A few notes on a duplicate page (p. 2071, MS. f. 17) of the fourth volume, written on 3 March 1653, show that he was acquainted with at least eighteen editions of Dioscorides dated ‘ 1499 gr., 1500 gr., 1506 gr., 1512 padua- nensis, 1518 gr., 1529 gr., 1529 Herm. Barb., 1549 Gualt. Riffe, 1549 gr.-lat., 1552 Ruellius, 1552 Lacuna, 1554 lat. Mat., 1557 Jan Cornarius, 1558 Amatus Lusitanus, 1566 french, 1581 Alphabeticum Empyricum, 1591 Antonini Pasini, 1598 gr.-lat. Saracen.’ There is also a note that 86 JOHN GOODYER Theodorus Gaza translated Theophrastus from Greek into Latin and dedicated it to Pope Nicolas: a calculation shows that Nicolas was pope from 1447 to 1455 and that Gaza died in 1478. But of still greater interest are the words : todvves €20 ~=Johes a6 1 obolon which evidently refer to Goodyer’s coadjutor John Heath, who will be mentioned again presently, and to whom we believe that the payments just recorded were made. Had Goodyer wished for a Preface to his translation he might well have used the words of his senior, Henry eyte.: ‘If perchaunce any list to picke a quarrell to my translation, as not being either proper or not ful, if I may obteine of him to beare with me til he himselfe shall have set foorthe a better ... and in the meane while (considering that it is easier to reprehend a mans doing than to amend it) use me as a whetstone to further himselfe withal, I will not much strive: for I seeke not after vayne glorie, but rather how to benefite and profite my countrie.’ In March he continued his studies in the botany of the ancients by translating, doubtless with the help of John Heath, the work of one of the principal commentators on Dioscorides, the Schola or Animadversions upon the 5 Bookes of Dioscorides of Physicall matter and upon his two LBookes of Porsons, of Antonius Saracenus of Lyons, ‘In which y® severall readings of divers Bookes are exa- mined, y® different opinions of y® old or new propounded, and some tymes reconciled, and y® most corrupt, obscure, and difficult places of y® Author himself, restored, illus- trated, and unfolded’. Goodyer, with his usual punctiliousness, noted that the translation was begun on 20 March 1655 at 11 a.m. Saracen’s dedication is ‘To Henry y® 4th y® most Christian King of France and Navarre’ and is dated ‘y® Calends of March 1598’. This is followed by the Intro- duction, which is worth quoting as an example of the literary style of the time. SARACEN 87 To the Gentle Reader Salutation. Thou willt wonder, it may be (Gentle Reader) how it should come into my minde, y‘ I should sett about a new interpretation of Dioscorides, especially since y' soe many famous men, renowned for Eloquence, learning and iudgement, as Hermol. Barbarus, Marc. Virgilius, Janus Cornarius, & Jo. Ruellius, have long since with great contention & aemulation taken abundant if not overabundant paines in translating him, & have donne well herein to their great commendations. But you will then leave off to wonder, when you shall have understood by what reasons I was induced, or drawen heereunto. Dr. Jo. Sambucus of godly memorie the Emperours Physition & Historiographer had formerly often importuned by letters Henry Steevens, Printer, a man most skillful of y® twoe tongues both Greek and Latin, to sett out in print y® Greek & Latin text of Dioscorides with y° most elegant letters of y* King’s stampe, & yt hee should add to y® Margent thereof his notes, sent over a little before, or rather y° divers readings upon y‘ Author, gathered by him with great labour, by a faithfull & diligent com- paring of divers antient bookes found in y® severall Libraries of Princes. But while Steevens did prepare himself to goe about this worck, hee was minded to place Ruellius his Translation (which hee did, and not without cause, prefur before the rest) right over against the Greek text, but hee found it to be, as indeed it is, a little too free in many places, that y°® Latin did not sufficiently aunsere to the Greeke: therefore for y® acquaintance sake y‘ did passe between him & mee, hee did intreat you & overintreate mee, y' I would take a diligent review of it, & sett downe in the margent y® correction of all y® places in which Ruellius, either following some corrupted copie, or else by his beeing too much addicted to Plinie, as for y° most part hee is, did not sufficiently expresse y° sence of Dioscorides, nor y® force of his wordes. But I had scarce compared a few of the first leaves, when being as it were deterred with y® difficultie of soe most grievous a burthen, I was compelled to decline from my first resolution, & to change my minde. For I mett forther (under favour be it spoken) with soe many places worthy of censure, & animadversion, y‘ partly to avoide y® hatefull labour, & partly to avoide y* envie, & offence of them, which might have suspected mee to be too injurious against Ruellius his ghost, I thought it better to sett out a new translation, then to correct an others. In which I may truely say, y' I have performed y* part, 88 JOHN GOODYER not of a Paraphrast, but an*Interpreter, as whoe, as much as lay in mee, have not departed a nailes breadth from Dioscorides his mean- ing, and yet withall have stuck close to y° puritie of Plinie’s style. But I had rather they should judge of this, which shall faithfully compare mine with their translations. Howsoever it be, I had allmost made an end of y® worck, when behold Sambucus an earnest prosecutor heereof was taken away from us by untimely death. Then Steevens began to be, as it were, faint hearted in y*° businesse, yea & although y' many others were urgent upon y* worck, to knit many delaies, and to put it off from day to day, either by his due employments, whereby he was some tymes diversly distracted or for y® travellings, which befell him often in y® meane space, & were allmost continuall soe y‘ he could not performe his promise nor be as good as his word. And soe it came to passe that these my Elucubrations upon Dioscorides lay con- cealed in my desk for many yeares. This then, when y* heyres of Andrew Wecher did understand, being most studious of helping on learning & did withall desire to satisfie y° wishes & expectations of some good men, at last they obtained this of mee y' I should suffer them to be brought out into y® sight & view of men. These are (y' I may once say it) y® causes of this worcke intended, & also of the suppressing of it soe long unto this tyme. As concerning y* Greek text, wee have laboured, y' as farre as might be, it should be restored to its old splendor. For although wee have relligiously followed y® Parisian edition of y* most learned Goupylus, as y® most sound, & best amended of any that are extant, yet wee have, as much as might be, taken away y° faults of y® print, which were yet remaining. But what passages, both y° matter it self, & y° certaine faith & authoritie of y* Copies, whether printed, or manuscript, did persuade to be changed, those wee have boldly changed. Yet wee have noe where yielded soe. much to our owne or others conjectures, that wee have dared to doe anything without y° Creditt of y® better bookes, being contented only to note them with an interlineary Asterisck, which should direct thee y® Reader to our Notes. But if, which yet falls out but seldome, wee found some places, soe corrupted & depraved, y* there could noe sence be made of them, and yet there was no place for any Remedie either out of conjecture, or out of y* footsteps of antient readings, there wee have marcked y* margent with an Asterisck. But y* divers readings, both of the most renowned man Dr. Sambucus, as also of others drawne out here & there upon Dioscorides. For both y® same Dr. Steevens communicated some JOHN HEATH 89 unto us, & D. Opsopceus some by comparing of y* Palatine copies, these, I say, and y' without choice, I have thought fitt to set upon y° margent, y' it might be free for every man to judge of them, and withall some Animadversions & Corrections of Interpretors, adding still y* names of everie one out of whom wee tooke them, y' wee might not seem to defraud any one of his desert. But wee have placed our own notes at y® end of y* worck, in which for the most part, there is a reason given of our different interpretation from others, as also there are sett downe our divers conjectures upon Dioscorides. And also you may finde many thinges inci- dently, &, as it were by y° way, noted upon divers Authors, but especially upon Theophrastus & Plinie, as they came under mine hand. Finally wee doe propose, velut, é€ émmetpy, i. by way of Additament, the severall, & discrepant opinions, whether of y* old or new writers concerning Medicinall Matter, & some tymes wee reconcile them, & besides, wee endeavour to resolve & cleare many doubts which wee met with everie where. But yet I would have you to understand, y' I did chiefly cavell heereat with all my labour, y' I might restore, illustrate, & explaine y° most corrupted, obscure, & difficult places of Dioscorides himself. And soe you have been given to understand (Gentle Reader) what thinges have been performed by us in this Edition, out of which if I shall percieve, y' you have got any fruit, it will encourage mee peradventure to divulge other more great & more profitable matters. In the meane space, Farewell. [Goodyer MS. 6%, ff. 5-8 The text of the work is written out on pp. 13-292 of the MS., which ends abruptly with Book 4, chap. 61, the last line being dated ‘2 Octob. 1656’, and then follows an ominous note, which evidently refers to his collaborator. ‘Johannes Heath Clericus obijt 25*° die Novembris 1656.’ This must have been Goodyer’s neighbour, the Rev. John Heath, who was presented by the Earl of Worcester to the rectory of Clanfield,! in or soon after 1617. He may have been the John Heath who came up to Christ Church as a Westminster Student in 1607, and who matriculated in 1610 aged 19.” 1 Clanfield is about three miles south-west of Buriton, and six from Petersfield. 2 Foster, Alumni Oxon. go JOHN GOODYER In 1654 we have evidence of the return of Goodyer to his old love, field botany. There is the short note ‘Behen album ... Rotherwort 5 Maij 1654’. And there is an interesting description of a station where ‘Dryopteris Tragi’ used to be found." ‘It growes on a bottome called Rogers Deane in y* parish of Faringdon in Hampshire, about a mile and halfe from y* church, a furlong from one John Trybes dwelling-house on y* north-east part of y® house about 2 miles from Alton above a mile north-east from Dogford Wood. Great antient beeches kept y* sunne from shining on y* Plants. Anno 1654 many of those trees were cut downe. The Plants y® sunne shoane on y® summer 54 were short y® leaves growing on short stemms neere y® earth, as Tabernae- mont pictureth it, pag. 501, tom. 2, under y* title of /7lcula petraca fem. 3. Those y* grew under y* trees were much higher agreable to Tragus’ figure pag. 538. In the beginning of August 1654 he recorded a new Crane’s bill (Geranium colwmbinum) in his native county.” The Rubia sylvestris described by him on 12 August 1655, if it be the Wild Madder (2. feregrina L.), is of historical interest because of its having been one of the first Hampshire plants to be recorded by our first botanist. William Turner, more than a century previously, wrote of it, ‘The most that ever I sawis in the Isle of Wight, but the fairest and greatest that ever I saw groweth in the lane besyde Wynchester, in the way to Southampton’. It is now very rare on the mainland, but that is where Goodyer may have found it. His botanical labours in the field were almost done. We only note two occasions in the last ten years of his life on which he may possibly have left home and herborized. Again, the summer of 1656 he found the Marsh Isnardia (Ludwigia apetala Walter), ‘ Holosteum perpusil- lum’, which he had previously observed near Holburie ’ 1 In Goodyer MS. 9, under Pin. 358, there is a note ‘Dryopteris Tragi, 17 Aug. 1650, J. G. first saw it’. 2 Morison, in ignorance of Goodyer’s discovery, attributed this species to Jacob Bobart in 1680, The plant should be called Goodyer’s long cut Crane’s bill rather than ‘ Bobarts long cut Crane’s bill’. A NEW BRITISH FLORA gI in the New Forest, growing in a little lake in the east part of a heath near Petersfield, ‘The water of this lake this 2 of June 1656 about 4 of y® clocke in y® afternoone was well neere as warme as y® Bath-water at Bath in Summersetshire although ye day was cloudy’. ‘In a hott summer some parts of y® lake are drie in August, some- times before, and then the plant, which had been green, all the winter under water, flowered’. Immediately recognizing the novelty of the plant, he described it as ‘Anonymos aquatica rubida, foliis Anagallidis flore luteo’. 1657-9 In June 1657 he described what appears to be our Smooth Tare (Vicca tetrasperma), but as no locality is stated, we cannot claim his note as being the first evidence for the occurrence of this plant in Hampshire. The following information on a scrap of paper was sent him by an acquaintance: 5° March 1657 At Judge Rumseys 3 miles from Abergevenny croweth the Sweet Willowe, as I remember the plant I saw, was called Robert Baskett. To this a note is added in Goodyer’s hand: 9° Apr. 1658—Judge Rumsey lives in Glamorganshire by the rela- tion of Gryffin Morgan of Malmesbury, a glasse carrier. [MS. f. 147 But though able to move about in his own county, where he found the alien Xanuthium Strumarium in 1659 (his last recorded find), we imagine that he now felt himself too old to herborize in Wales. But the record would have been valued by him as an addition to the last work on which he is known to have been engaged, the compilation of a new British Flora. How's Phytologia Britannica, published in 1650, was very imperfect, as any first attempt at so comprehensive a work is bound to be, and no one would have been in a better position to recognize its many errors and deficiencies than 92 JOHN GOODYER Goodyer, nor more ready to remedy them. Our informa- tion comes through Edward Morgan, the ‘very skilful botanist’ of Westminster, who was in close touch with what was going on in the botanical world. He told John Ward in 1662 that Dr. Dale, Dr. Merrett, and Mr. Goodyer, ‘next Dr. Modesy, the best botanists of their age in London, were about a new phytologia 3 or 4 years agoe’, but that ‘Dr. Modeseye’s coming to towne, itt’s thought, hindered itt’. Elsewhere Ward! also noted that ‘Dr. Dale and another had a designe to amend y* Pphytologia Brittanica to adde somewhat and take out somewhat’. This contemporary account is of the greatest interest to us, because it explains the presence of certain excellent catalogues of British plants among the Goodyer manu- scripts (Goodyer MS. 8, 9, see p. 296), and it also explains why they were never printed. I have not as yet found any clue to the handwriting, but I strongly suspect it to be that of Doctor John Dale, and the ‘another’ to have been Goodyer himself. The case will be again considered in our note on Dr. Dale, and in the light of his Will which I have recently discovered at Somerset House. The 30 April 1659 must have been a red-letter day, for he then received the interleaved and annotated copy of the Phytologza to which reference has so often been made, and possibly with it the Lobel manuscripts which are described in a later chapter. Their late owner and part editor, Dr. How, died 30 August 1656. The greater number of manuscript notes in the PhyZo- fogia are in How's handwriting: they include information received from William Browne of Magdalen College and from John Goodyer, obviously between 1650 and 1656. Goodyer after acquiring the volume wrote in it the notes on seven plants, printed on p. 194, including his last dated record of a plant, the Common Ragwort (Seneczo Facobaca L.) from Ladle Hill (1659). 1 Ward also noted that ‘Mr. Goodyer is good at Insects as well as plants.’ PRAGIICE VAS (Ao PHYSICIAN 93 1662-4 The last specimen of his handwriting, which we have, was written when he was seventy years of age. His hand was evidently very shaky. It is a receipt for a Resin ointment similar to that in use until recently in the British Pharmacopoeia. 20 Mar. 1662 Rosen that is blackish Fresh lard a wallnutt Crowne sope a wallnutt Boil till it sets clere (?) H .. and keepe stirringe. [MS. f. 16 Then follows, in a steadier hand, ‘Mar. 22. John Neale in Lippock, the howse is called Gurmes, hadd a third Ague, and hath lost him about a moneth, and now hath a great cough’. Another note on the same paper is ominous : Goute ‘The Line of Selborne 4 Scurvie Dropsie.’ These notes supply the clue to the occupation of his declining years. He was evidently applying his great knowledge of simples to the good of ailing neighbours. The latest medical works were sent him, as soon as they were printed, by his London bookseller, who evidently had a standing order to secure the sheets direct from the press. Thus he acquired Culpeper’s Fuglshk Physiczan, Pemel on Szmples and on the Diseases of Children, Cole's Art of Simpling, Cooke’s two works on Chirurgery (containing the ‘Marrow of many good authors on the art of Chyrurgery’), Coghan’s Haven of Health, and Muffet’s FLealth’s Improvement ; or rules comprizing and discovering the nature, method and manner of preparing all sorts of food used in this nation, But the most striking confirma- tion of his practising I found in the single word ‘ phisicke’, with a blank space in front of it, which occurs after his name in the opening sentence, written within a few months 94 JOHN GOODYER of his death, in the Book of Accounts kept by the Trustees of the Weston Charity in Petersfield. Obviously he was well known as a physician, but the writer left a blank as if in doubt whether to style him ‘Doctor of Physic’—probably because he held no such degree, qualification, or licence at all. Moreover, his charitable disposition would have led to doctoring without fees. His great friend and neighbour, Dr. John Dale, died in May 1662, having appointed Goodyer one of the overseers of his will, but we do not know whether he was able to act. The exact day of John Goodyer’s death is uncertain, but his will is dated 22 April 1664, and was proved 9 May 1664 by the executor, the Rev. Edmond Yalden.t He is now described as of Weston, in the parish of Buriton, co. Southampton. IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN TI John Goodyer of Weston in the Parish of Buriton in the County of Southampton Gentleman being sick and weak in body but of good and perfect mind and memory thanks be given to God therefor revoking all former Wills by me made do this two and twentieth day of April in the sixteenth year? of the reign of our Sovereign Lord Charles the Second by the grace of God of England Scotland France and Ireland King Defender of the Faith &c and in the year of our Lord 1664 make and ordain this my last Will and Testament in manner and form following (that is to say) First [ bequeath my soul into the hands of Almighty God Jesus Christ my only Saviour and Redeemer hoping assuredly by his mercies and merits to receive pardon and remission of all my sins and to enjoy life everlasting And my body to the earth from whence it was taken decently to be buried by my Executor here- after named in the Church yard of Buriton aforesaid near my late wife and as for such worldly goods and estate as it hath pleased God of his goodness to bestow on me I give and dispose thereof as followeth Item I give to the poor people of the Tything of Weston aforesaid twenty shillings to be distributed with-in a month after my decease at the discretion of my Executor hereafter named * Archdeaconry Court of Winchester Register, 1660-6, fol. 564. * That the beginning of the reign is reckoned not from the Restoration in 1660, but from the execution of Charles I in 1649, is a further indication that John Goodyer belonged to the Royalist party. WILL 95 I give and devise unto my honoured friend Leonard Bilson Esq and my Nephew Edmund Yalden in the County of Surrey Clerk and to their heirs and assigns for ever all my messuage dwelling- house together with all the barns stables outhouses and buildings and all the gardens and orchards thereunto belonging situate in Weston aforesaid wherein I now live and in my possession and likewise all those lands in Weston aforesaid called Halfpenny Land now in the possession of Thomas Jacques together with free liberty to water and overflow the said lands as it now and heretofore hath been used for the best improvement thereof to the intent and purpose that they the said Leonard Bilson and Edmund Yalden and the Survivor of them their heirs and assigns shall grant and convey all the said messuage lands and premises with the ap- purtenances unto six able honest and sufficient persons their heirs and assigns as they or the Survivor of them shall think fit Upon trust and confidence and to the intent and purpose that all the yearly rents issues and profits of the said messuage lands and premises shall be employed and disposed of for ever hereafter for the putting forth and placing abroad of all such poor children of the Tything of Weston aforesaid and the overplus thereof shall be distributed unto the poorest inhabitants of the said Tything of Weston aforesaid as my said Trustees and their assigns shall think fit and if any or either of my said Trustees shall die then the Survivors of them shall convey the premises aforesaid unto the use intents and purposes and upon the trust aforesaid all the rest of my messuages lands tenements meadows and hereditaments whatsoever in Weston aforesaid I give and devise unto my said Nephew Edmund Yalden his heirs and assigns for ever Item I give and bequeath unto the said Leonard Bilson, Osmund Bilson Gentle- man, William Bilson Gentleman five pounds a piece to buy each of them a piece of plate Item I give and bequeath unto all the children that shall live unto the age of one and twenty years of Anne Worlidge Widow the sum of Forty pounds of lawful money of England equally to be divided betwixt them at their several and respective ages of one and twenty years and to such of them as shall be of the age of one and twenty years at my decease to be paid unto them within three months after my decease. Item I give unto my servant Mary Blackman the sum of twenty shillings all the rest of my goods chattels household stuff and personal estate whatsoever my debts legacies and funeral expenses being first satisfied paid and discharged except all my books de plantis which I do give and bequeath to Magdalen College in Oxon to be kept 96 JOHN GOODYER entirely in the library of the said College for the use of the said College unto my said Nephew Edmund Yalden whom I make sole Executor of this my last Will and Testament. IN WITNESS whereof to this my last Will and Testament contained in three sheets of paper together with this being fixed together I have set my seal subscribed my name the day and year above written JOHN GOODYER. Signed sealed and published as the last Will and Testament of the above named John Goodyer in the presence of Arch. Bold, Osmund Bilson,’ John Westbrook, Richard Goddin, John Winter, William Gammon. MEMORANDUM that immediately after the signing and sealing and before the publication hereof the above named John Goodyer did declare that his Will was that Susan the daughter of Thomas James should have and enjoy the lease of the houses he holdeth of the Dean and Chapter of Winton during all his term therein and likewise did give unto John Westbrook Gentleman his book of Chirurgery called Ambrose Barry? in the presence of Arch. Bold, Osmund Bilson, William Gammon. The books came to Magdalen College soon after his death, but some of the manuscripts may have been a year or two later in coming, for Edmund Yalden lent his uncle’s descriptions of plants to Dr. Christopher Merret to be used in his ‘ Pinax’ in 1666. The loan is duly acknowledged by Merret in his preface, but by a mistake he refers to Edmund Yalden as Mr. Yalden Goodyer, evidently believing him to have taken the family name on suc- ceeding to his uncle’s property. This was certainly not the case. He was buried, as he directed in his will, in ‘the Churchyard of Buriton near his late wife’. No stone marks the spot, and when Canon Vaughan wrote his charming account of him in 1909,° no memorial com- memorated his benefactions to the parish. Through the devotion of Miss Mabel Wotton a sum of money, towards which Magdalen College contributed five pounds, was col- 1 Sir Thomas Bilson had four sons and two daughters: 1. Thomas Bilson m. Edith da. of Peter Bettesworth of Finning, co. Sussex; 2. Leonard B. m. Eleanor da. of Sir W. Lewis, Kt.; 3. Osmund B.; 4. William B.; 5. Anna; 6. Susanna. (Information from Charles Billson, Esq.) 2 Parey. ° J. Vaughan, CornAzi/, 1909. WESTON CHARITY 97 lected and an armorial window to his memory was put up in Buriton Church. Under the Goodyer arms is the in- scription ‘To the Glory of God and in Memory of John Goodyer of Alton, Mapledurham, Petersfield, 1592-1664, Royalist, Botanist, Founder of Goodyer Charity, Weston’. A water-colour drawing of the window by Mrs. Davis has been hung near his books in the Magdalen Library. The property which he left for the benefit of the poor of Weston, has already been described in his will. The way in which his Trustees set out to administer the Trust is shown in their first Account Book which we had the pleasure of consulting through the kindness of Mr. Burley, the solicitor to the Trust. The first entries of receipts and payments give some idea of the initial value of the legacy. A Booke of Receipt and Disbursements of the issues and profitts of the house and lands in Weston late Mr. John Goodyers, [a blank space| phisicke, And by his last Will and Testament settled upon two Trustees viz. Leonard Bilson Esq and Edmund Yalden, Clarke, to the end that they should nominate six able persons and Convey the said house and lands to them or ffeoffees in trust for the pro- lating and puttinge forth apprentices of y® Children of the poorer sort of Inhabitants within the said Tithinge of Weston accordinge to the true intent and purport of the said last Will and Testament. In pursuance whereof they, the said Leonard Bilson and Edmund Yalden have nominated, and by their deed bearinge date the 11°" day of June in the sixteenth yeare of the Raigne of King Charles the second, have Conveyed the said house & lands unto these six persons followinge viz. : William Bilson, gent. Henry Voake, yeoman. John James, gent. Jacob Voake, yeoman. John Bold, gent. Robert Cox, yeoman. The first Receipts. 1664 12 Julii Rec? of John Girdler for a bushell and an halfe of apples. aoHog?! 3 Rec! of Will™ Budde for a harecil of faraotis oo o1 8 12 Aug. Rec. of John Girdler for 3 halfe bushell one gallon of apples & one gallon of peares & 3 halfe bushells . , ‘ SoG. s 23 Sept. ditto ditto for anpies aor 4. 0 H 98 JOHN GOODYER 15 Oct. Rec. of Mr. Jaques for halfe a yeares rent of halpenney lands poses at Michael- mas last past ; ; 710 Sag 1665 14 Apr. Rec. of Mr. Bettesworth for his halfe yeares rent ending att Lady day last past (abat- inge nine shillings for Chimney money before hee came to the house : : Fis fe eae ©) The first Payments. 1664 24 June Imprimis to Will. Cox and Robert Tribe for mending the garden hedge. . Oligo re 13 Julii © To Will. Cox and Robert Tribe for scour- inge the river \ 00 02 4 15 Oct. Paid att the Trustees ane Pecan to lett the lands the expenses of the house in fire, beare, & tobacco . 3 00 05 (O 30 Dec. Paid John Gamons Bill for repairinge the glasse windowes of the house : . | CO=tewns 1666 30 March Paid Doctor Gunter for losse of time in cominge over for a witnesse . .) OOTEO LG His ‘large house’ was afterwards sold for over £1,000, the proceeds of which, invested in Consols, together with the rent of the land, bring in an annual income of some 475, which is a source of considerable benefit to the parish. Part of this sum is yearly expended in gifts of money and clothing, part in making allowances by way of encourage- ment to servant girls, and part in apprenticing the young lads of the tithing. The people of Buriton have, indeed, much cause for gratitude towards the good botanist of Peters- field, whose very name is now forgotten in the village. His memorial in modern scientific botany is the customary one of a genus named in his honour. But unfortunately his name has been somewhat inappropriately connected with a rare Orchid, Goodyera repens, that is found in certain fir- woods in Cumberland and Scotland, but which could never have lived, where it was thought that he might have found it, in the ‘moist meadow named Wood-mead, neere the path leading from Petersfield towards Beryton’. There Goodyer was acquainted with an orchid which he knew by GOODYERA 99 the name of ‘Palma Christi radice repente’ or ‘ Creeping Satyrion’, and which we should now call the Marsh Helle- borine or Efipactis palustris. Robert Brown, who gave the name Goodyera to the northern genus in honour of our Hampshire botanist, was misled by Johnson, who in error had attached a figure of Goodyera repens to the text relating to the Marsh Helleborine. It is somewhat un- fortunate that by a triple error his name should have been attached to a plant which in all probability he could never have seen, but that is only one of the many chance circum- stances which have led to the passing from memory. of the services of ‘an incomparable botanist, of sound judgement, and of immense industry ’, Ocymoides sempervirens DRAWINGS BY GOODYER DESCRIBIIONS OF PLANTS. BY JQnm GOODYER Tuese descriptions of plants are for the most part the earliest that are extant in the English language. They are now printed for the first time from Goodyer's original manuscripts, with others reprinted from passages con- tributed to the second or emaculate edition of Gerard's Herbal, printed in 1633. In the following Table the extent of Goodyer’s botanical labours is indicated by differences in the type. TABLE OF NAMES WITH MODERN EQUIVALENTS, GROUPED IN NATURAL ORDERS. Capital letters indicate plants of which descriptions are extant, Small letters indicate plants of which no descriptions are extant. Roman type indicates English plants. Italic type indicates Foreign and Garden planis. B, H,S, W, &c., denote Record or First Mention for Britain or for the Counties of Hants, Sussex, ov Wilts., &c. Gardens are denoted by the names of their owners. Goodyer frequently quotes more than one name of a plant: in such cases we have only printed one for reasons of economy of space. Determinations for which I have had the advantage of the experience of Dr. Daydon Jackson, Mr. Britten, and Dr. Stapf are marked with J., B., and S. respectively. Modern Name. Locality. Goodyer’s Name. PAGE Ranunculaceae. Ranunculus Ficaria L. Chelidonium minus. 115 a Flammula L. Ranunculus flammeus aquatilis angustifolius. 69 Adonis autumnalis L. Adonis. 136 NIGELLA DAMASCENA L. Nigella multiplex. 152 4 HISPANICA L. (prob.). Spain » elegans. 153 Papaveraceae. Papaver hybridum L. (possibly). Argemone Pavio. 155 Papaver Argemone, L. Durford s Argemone capitulo longiore. 178 *, Rhoeas, 8 setigerum Boenn. (J.) Spain Papaver Rhoeas Baeticum. 155 HYPECOUM PROCUMBENS L. Coys Hypecoon Clusii. 129 Fumariaceae. Corydalis claviculata DC. Southsea H Fumaria claviculis donata. 47 DESCRIPTIONS ‘OF ‘PLANTS Modern Name. Locality. Cruciferae. Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop. Droxford H = Irio L. Whitechapel Nasturtium sylvestre R. Br. Cardamine impatiens L. Bath Dentaria bulbifera L. Mayfield B SINAPIS ALBA L.? Droxford H Brassica Sinapistrum Boiss. Draba sp. IBERIS UMBELLATA L. (J.) [Crete] Bunias orientale L. Whitechapel Violaceae. Viola tricolor L. Viola odorata L. fl. pl. Sheet garden Frankeniaceae. FRANKENIA LAEVIS L. Haylinge ” ” Bursledon Ferry Caryophyllaceae. Stlene fruticosa L. (J.) Lychnis dioica L. Petersfield 4 Githago Scop. Chichester SAGINA NODOSA Meyer. Wellingborough Bath 4 APETALA L. Stellaria aquatica Scop. Portulaceae. Montia fontana L. Hants Hypericineae. Hypericum Androsaemum L. St.Vincent’s Rocks Malvaceae. Malva moschata L. Mapledurham », stipulacea Cav. ? (J.) Coys. Spain Linaceae. LINUM CATHARTICUM L. Hants, Purfleet Geraniaceae. Geranium columbinum L. Hants, Whitechapel a lucidum L. Guildford ERODIUM GRUINUM Coys. Spain Willd. ? (J.) Leguminosae. ULEX EUROPAEUS LE. ” (whitish fl, var.) (S.) NANUS Forst. (S.) be) » parviflorus. (S.) Provence ? MEDICAGO MINIMA L. ? (J.) MEDICAGO POLYMORPHA L. Spain qe Io! Goodyer’s Name. PAGE Alliaria recentiorum. ‘ Herbe John.’ III Erysimum ii Tab. 191 Eruca palustris minor. 192 Cardamine impatiens. Dentaria bulbifera. 186 Sinapi sativum alterum Penae. 111 Cherlock. 162 Draba lutea sil. long. 69 Thlaspi umbellosum marinum fl. alb. 130 Rapistrum aliud non bulbosum. 191 Viola tricolor sylv.parva. How. 194 Viola martia purpurea multi- plex. 109 An Polygoni marini species. 148 Polygonum alterum pusillo. 151 Ocymoides sempervirens. 99 ‘Lychnis sylv. flore carneo odorato’ Merrett. 195 Pseudomelanthium. 112 Alsine palustris foliis tenuis- 179 simis. ‘Saxifraga pal. alsin.’ 77 [No name.] 186 Alsine major repens. 69 ‘ Alsine flosculis conniventibus’ Merrett. ‘ Blinks’ Goodyer. 195 Androsaemum magnum, 77 Alcea vulgaris albo flore. III Malva flore amplo Baetica aestiva. 134 Linum silvestre catharticum Milmountaine. 109, 112 ‘Geranium columbinum’ How. 191 ‘Geranium saxatile’ Park.708. 185 Geranium Baeticum sp. Boelii. 146 Ye great furze. 189 Genista spinosa flore albo, 189 Ye least furze (not Gen. sp. minor Park. 1003). 189 Genista spinosa major bre- vibus aculeis B. P. 394. 190 Genista spinosa minor. 189 Medica anglica minor. 141 Medica major Baetica sp. I. spinulis intortis, 142 102 JOHN GOODYER Modern Name. Locality. MEDICAGO INTERTEXTA L. Spain MARINA L. PISUM SATIVUM L. MELILOTUS INDICA L.? Coys ASTRAGALUS HAMOSUS L. Coys Trifolium ligusticum Balb. ? (J.) Coys 5 Lagopus L. ? (J.) HEDYSARUM HUMILE L. Onobrychis sativa Lam. Langford, Wilts. Hippocrepis comosa L. Buttersworth Hill St. Vincent’s Rocks ASTRAGALUS LUSITANI- Park. Spain CUS Lam. (J.) VICIA FABA L. var. (J.) Coys. Spain Vicia tetrasperma Moench. Vicia sylvatica L. Bath VICIA SATIVA L. var. Coys LEUCOSPERMA Moench. (J.) VICIA SATIVA 8 LINEARIS Coys. Spain Lange? (J.) Vicia lutea 8 laevigata Boiss. (J.) Coys. [Portu- gal Ervum Lens L. Droxford PISUM ARVENSE L. Park. Spain ELATHYRUS OCHRUS DC. Park. Coys ° ANNUUS L. or Spain L. OCHRUS DC.? (J-) LATHYRUS CLYMENUM L.?(J.) LATHYRUS SPHAERICUS Retz? (J.) ELATHYVRUS TUBEROSUS 1. Spain a PALGSIRAS A, Spain Lathyrus sylvestris L. Hants LENS ESCULENTA Moench. ? (J.) ORNITHOPUS SCORPIOIDES UL. SCORPIURUS SUBVILLOSA L. (J.) SCORPIURUS VEKMICULATA L. iY laevigata L. (J.) Cucurbitaceae. CUCURBITA PEPOL. var. CITRULLUS VULGARIS Schrad. (J.) Rosaceae. POTENTILLA COMARUM Nutt. Potentilla Anserina L. ALCHEMILLA ALPINA L.?(J.) Spiraea Filipendula L. St. Vincent’s Rocks RUBUS CAESIUS L. 33 Chamaemorus L. ? Ingleborough Rosa cinnamomea L. Droxford Rosa Eglanteria L. Bath H Rosa cinamomea simpl. fl. ‘Rosa s teria’ ylvestris odora Eglan- How MS. Goodyer’s Name. PAGE Medica major Baetica altera. 142 » Marina spinosa sp. 142 Pisum quadratum. 139 Melilotus Indiae orientalis. 126 Securidaca minor. 130 Lagopus trifolius maior Baeti- cus. 144 Lagopus trifolius flore ruber- rimo. 144 Hedysarum clypeatum. 147 Caput Gallinaceum Belgarum 178 Ferrum equinum Germanicum. 187 77 Astragalus marinus Lusitani- cus Boelii. 140 Faba veterum serratis foliis Boelii. 140 Vicia sive Cracca minima. 193 ‘Vicia maxima sylvatica spicata 77 Bathoniensis Goodyeri.’ 190, 196 Vicia indica fructu albo. 139 Aracus maior Baeticus Boelii. 138 Legumen pallidum Vlissipo- nense Nonii Brandonii. 139 Lens minor. Tit Pisum maculatum Boelii. I4I Ervilia silvestris Dodonaei. 141 Lathyrus aestivus flore luteo. 136 .Lathyrus aestivus Baeticus fl. coeruleo Boelii. 136 Lathyrus aestivus flore miniato. 137 Lathyrus aestivus dumetorum Baet. Boelii. 138 Lathyrus palustris Lusitanicus Boelii. 137 ‘Lathyrus maior angustifol. fi. pall. rubro* Merrett. 195 Lathyrus aestivus Baeticus fl. albo Boelii. 137 Scorpioides mathioli. 131 Scorpioides multiflorus Boelii. 151 i siliqua crassa Boelii. I51 » repens Bupleuri folio. 132 Macocks Virginiani. 165 Melones Aquatici. 165 Quinquefolium palustre. 170 Heptaphyllon maius Phyto.651 155 Filipendula vulgaris. 77 Rubus repens fructu caesio. 114 Cloudberry. 195 112 DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 103 Modern Name. Locality. Goodyer’s Name. PAGE Rosa gallica LI ; Rosa holoserica. 110 Pyrus Aria L. ‘Sandrish in Kent’ K ‘Aria Theophrasti’ Merrett. 195 Onagrarieae. Epilobium angustifolium L. w Lysimachia forte. III 5 5 Winchester H Chamaenerion Gesneri. — III OENOTHERA BIENNIS UL. Lysimachia virginiana. 159 LUDWIGIA PALUSTRIS New Forest B Herba aquatica rubescens facie 187 Elliot. Anagall. Holosteum. 193, 195 Crassulaceae. Sedum rupestre L. var. minus. St. Vincent’s ‘Sedum Divi Vincentii non- Rocks descr.’ Merrett. 77,195 BA sp. Aizoon. 152 Saxifrageae. Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. Mapledurham H Saxifraga aurea. 185 Parnassia palustris L. Wellingborough N Gramen parnassi. 180 Umbelliferae. Eryngium maritimum L. Tichfield Bay H Eryngium marinum. 110 Trinia glauca O. K. St. Vincent’s Rocks Peucedanum pumilum. Th Cicuta virosa L. Denham, Herts. B Sium alterum olusatri facie. 179 APIUM NODIFLORUM Reich. Droxford B (Sium repens. 114 Petersfield ‘ Sium umbellis ad caulium nodos’ Merrett. 195 APIUM INUNDATUM Reich. b. f. (J.) Sium pusillum foliis variis. 192 Apium crispum L. Idsworth Apium crispum. 172 Aegopodium Podagraria L. ?H Podagria germanica. fe) Sison Amomum L. Sium odoratum Tragi. 121 CARUM SEGETUM Benth. B Sium siifoliis. Honewort. 53, 121 SIUM LATIFOLIUM L. Oxford B Pastinaca aquatica latifolia. 176 SIUM ERECTUM Huds. Droxford B a 5 minor. 116 Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Thorow-wax. OENANTHE LACHENALII Gmel. Soberton B Oenanthe angustifolia Lob. BLS is SILAIFOLIA Bieb. (T.) 3 x a5 e pimpinelloides L. 3 apii folio. 145 Crithmum maritimum L. Hurst Castle H Crithmum chrysanthemum G. 193 Peucedanum sativum B. and H. ; Caucalis arvensis Huds. Petersfield B Caucalis pumila segetum Mer- rett. 195 », nodosa Scop. B Caucalis nodosa echinato se- mini Bauhini. 114 eA TUE OLLA Te (S3) Spain Caucalis major Baetica. 128 Daucus Carota L. Droxford H_ Siser erraticum Plinii. 112 Smyrnium Olusatrum L. Alexanders. Caprifoliaceae. Adoxa Moschatellina L. Bunny- Radix cava minima viridi flore. 69 kens Holworte. 126 Sambucus Ebulus L. Veny Sutton w Ebulus. Ill Rubiaceae. RUBIA PEREGRINA L. Rubia sylvestris. 191 CRUCIANELLA sp. »» spicata Cretica Clusii. 132 Sherardia arvensis L. Rubia minor flore rubro. 148 ASPERULA CYNANCHICA L. Hants. B Synanchica. 113 Valerianeae. VALERIANA CORNUCOPIAE L. Valeriana mexicana. 133 3 Locusta L. Lactuca agnina. 133 1 Probably. J. notes that the Moss Rose R. muscosa Ait. seems not to be catalogued before 1720 by Boerhaave. 104 JOHN GOODYER Modern Name. Locality. Dipsaceae. Jasione montana L. Sheet H SCABIOSA ATROPURPUREA L. a columbaria L. Compositae. Tussilago Farfara L. ERIGERON ACRE L. Winchester H Jasonia tuberosa DC. ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA L. Anthemis Cotula L. ‘ nobilis L. CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONA- [Crete] RIUM L. CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONA- Spain RIUM L. CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONA- Spain RIUM UL. Chrysanthemum segetum L. HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS L. a annuus L. Senecio Doria L. SENECIO SARRACENICUS L. (S. J.) Coys. Senecio paludosus L. Downham Fen B ve Jacobaea L. Ladle Hill H AXAERANTHEMUM ANNUUM L. (S.) MACGHILIEE A NOBIESS 1. Achillea Millefolium L. DIOTIS MARITIMA Cass. Hayling H Gnaphalium margaritaceum L. [Filago minima Pers.! Petersfield H [Xanthium Strumarium L. Southwick St., Hants 7B Arctium minus Bernh.? + Lappa L. Mangerfield, Glos. G NOTOBASIS SYRIACA Cass. Coys. Spain CNICUS PRATENSIS Willd. CNICUS ERIOPHORUS Roth. Holyborne H CARDUUS ACAULIS L. Hants: B Purfleet Carduus crispus L. Fs nutans L. [Hants] H’ Carlina vulgaris L. Hants: Purfleet HE CARLINA LANATA L. Coys. [Naples] CENTAUREA SALMAN- Montp. Spain TICA L. Centaurea Scabiosa L. b Chawton H Sonchus lingitanus L.? LACTUCA VIROSA L. Southampton H * Filago minor is included in How’s list, p. 280. Petersfield, from Goodyer. Goodyer's Name. PAGE Scabiosa minima hirsuta G. 585. S. media. 110, Scabiosa flore rubro = S. sexta indica Clusii. Scabiosa minor. Conyza coerulea C. odorata, Aster conyzoides Gesneri. Buphthalmum vulgare i Mat- thioli. Cotula foetida. Camomile. Chrysanthemum Creticum i Clusii. Chrysanthemum Baeticum Boelii inscr. Chrysanthemum _ tenuifolium Baeticum Boelii. Chrys. segetum. 135, Flos solis pyramidalis. 109, Sf) ape eruanus: Herba Doria. Herba Doria altera. Conyza aquatica laciniata. Jacobaea angustifolia Pan- nonica 2 Clus. Ptarmica imperati. Achillea sideritis. Common Yarrow. Gnaphalium marinum. Gnaphalium Americanum. *Filago minor Lob.’ Zanthium. Arctium montanum et Lappa minor Galeni. Silibum minus flore nutante Boelii. Carduus bulbosus Monspel- liensium. 144, Carduus eriocephalus. 109, Carduus acaulis septentriona- lium L’Obelii. 118, Carduus viarum fl. purp. et alb. Carlina sylvestris. Acarna flore rubro, Stoebe Salmantica i Clusii foliis Cichorei. Jacea albo flore. 4 Major. Sonchus Africanus Boelii. Lactuca silvestris vera ingrato odore. git 164 164 164 162 120 154 135 134 135 135 155 166 167 119 119 193 194 119 155 155 148 148 128 194 145 154 146 145 112 IIl2 145 154 110 165 69 158 He may have obtained the locality, DESCRIPTIONS OF Modern Name. LACTUCA AGRESTIS L. RHAGADIOLUS EDULIS Gaertn. (J.) [Montpelier] TOLPIS BARBATA Gaertn. (J.) Spain 3 UMBELLATA B MINOR Spain Lange (J.). HIERACIUM INTYBACEUM L.? [Italy] He ANDRYA- Coys. Spain WOLlDES Nill? (Je) Hieracium murorum L, Godalming 93 Pilosella L. Taraxacum officinale Willd. Cichorium Intybus L. Lapsana communis L. LAPSANA ZACINTHA L.? [Italy: Florence] CENTAUREA NEVADENSIS Bois. Coys & Reut..?' (J). Primulaceae. ANDROSACE MAXIMA L. (J.) Primula veris L. Sheet ne, vulgaris Huds. Sheet Samolus Valerandi L. Emsworth Lysimachia nemorum L. Campanulaceae. PHYTEUMA ORBICULARE L. (S.) Maple- durham PA Droxford Campanula patula L. CAMPANULA PUMILA L. vat.? RESEDA PHYTEUMA L. (J.) Reseda Luteola L. Ericaceae. MONOTROPA HYPOPITYS L. Droxford GENTIANA PNEUMONANTHE L. Convolvulaceae. Convolvulus Soldanella L. Hants Q Chichester CONVOLVULUS PURPUREUS L. or some var. of it (J.). 3 53 Boel. Coys ARVENSITS L. Cuscuta Epithymum L. Asclepiadae. ASCLEPIAS PURPURASCENS L. (S.) Boragineae. ANCHUSA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. PULMONARIA ANGUSTI- FOLIA L. New Forest Locality. S) n PLANTS Goodyer’s Name. Lactuca agrestis. 105 PAGE I Hieratium Narbonense falcata siliqua L’Obelii. 148 Hieratium stellatum Boelii. Hieratium medio nigrum flore maior Boelii. 149 Hieratium medio nigrum flore minore Boelii. 149 Hieratium intybaceum. 149 D Janosum. 150 Pulmonaria Gallica sive aurea latifolia. 180 Pilosella repens. 150 Dens leonis vulg. 115 ‘Wild Cicorie.’ 150 Lampsana. 149 Cichorium verrucatum. 151 Jacea capitulis hirsutis Boelii. 164 ,, palustris Baetica Boelii. 164 Androsace altera Matthioli Ger. p- 425. 150 Cowslip 2 in a hose. 109 Primrose 2 in a hose. 109 Anagallis aquatica tertia. LES % flore luteo. 187 [ Rapunculus corniculatus mon- tanus]. 185, 196 Rapunculum silvestre. III, 116 * Rapunculus sylvestris fl. rubro albescente’ Merrett. 195 Lesser Bell-flower. 132 Phyteuma monspeliensium. 134 Luteola. 134 Orobanche verbasculi odore. 122 Pneumonanthe. 170 [Soldanella marina]. 185 Convolvuius coeruleus Bryoniae nigrae folio flos Noctis non script. 153 Convolvulus coeruleus minor Baeticus. 129 Convolvulus minor. 129 Cuscuta. 112 Periploca recta virginiana. 131 Buglossum _scorpioides_ an Echii facie Buglossum mini- mum flore rubente (Lobel). 131 Pulmonaria foliis Echii. 115, 190 106 Modern Name. Locality. Solanaceae. Hyoscyamus niger L. NICOTIANA TABACUM L. Coys var. BRAS/JLIENSIS Comes. (S.) NICOTIANA TABACUM L. Uvedale var. FRUTICOSA Hook. f. (S.) Orobanchaceae. LATHRAEA SQUAMARIA L. Orobanche Purpurea Jacq. ? Scrophulariaceae. Verbascum nigrum L. ? Droxford H LINARIA MINOR Dest. LINARIA THYMIFOLIA DC. ?(J.) Coys LINARIA CYMBALARIA Mill. Coys:./ -B Droxford H LINARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA Coys Lange ?(J.) Linaria Elatine Desf. [Scrophularia vernalis L. Coys Scrophularia nodosa L. DIGITALIS FERRUGINEA L. Veronica hybrida L. St. Vincent’s Rocks BARTSIA ODONTITES Huds. A + var. alb. Bellmere MELAMPYRUM SYLVATICUM Ls Warwickshire [Prob. Spain] Pedicularis sylvatica L. ?CERINTHE MAJOR L. CERINTHE MINOR L. Spain By major L. var. flavo flore. Labiatae. SALVIA VERTICILLATA L. Coys Nepeta nuda L Droxford Yalden, Sheet OCIMUM BASILICUM L. * . Origanum Majorana L. Nepeta Cataria L. var.? (J.) Parkinson NEPETA TUBEROSA L. Coys Lavandula officinalis L. STACHYS GERMANICA L. Witney is Betonica Benth, Lamium Orvala L. Coys Thymus Serpyllum L. Petersfield Galeopsis Tetrahit L. var. bifida. Plantagineae. Littorella lacustris L. Plantago Psyllium 1. Plantago Coronopus L. WwW H JOHN GOODYER Goodyer's Namie. PAGE Hyoscyamus luteus. 122, 160 Petum indicum folio pene obtuso. 160 Petum indicum folio Hydro- lapathi acuto. 161 ;Anblatum Dod. 123 | Dentaria maior sive apvuAXos Clus. Orobanche. 122 Blattaria flo. luteo. Antirrhinum minus. 115 Antirrhinum minus flore Lina- riae luteo inscriptum. 143 Cymbalaria Italica. 17, 163 Linaria minor aestiva. 143 Fluellin. Elatine. 163 17 Common Scrophularia. 156 Digitalis ferruginea. 186 ‘Veronica mas recta’ Merrett. 76 Eufrasia altera Dodo. 117 Euphrasia 2 Dod. flo. albo. 150 Melampirum luteum latefolium. 118 ‘ Pedicularis fl.albo’ How MS. Cerinthe flore rubro. 128 »» minor flore albo veris luteis. 180 Yeallow flowered Cerinthe. 128 Horminum silvestre iii Clusii. 156 Menthastrum montanum. III Sweete Marjoram. 166 Acinos [odoratissimum]. 166 Nepeta media. 162 Cattaria tuberosa radice Bae- tica Boelii non script. 161 Lavender. 157 Stachys (Buckner). 59 Stachys Wild Horehound. 177 Betony. 120 Lamium Pannonicum 2" exo- ticum Clusii. 156 Serpillum. ‘ Serpillum foeti- dum Goodyeri’ How MS. Merrett. 195 ‘Cannabis spuria altera flo. purp.’ How, 194 ‘Holosteum] unciifolium repens Goodyeri’ How MS. Psyllium. 157 Cornu cervinum Lobelii. 130, 155 Panicum sanguinale L. Petersfield ‘Gramen paniceum procum- bens’ Merrett. DESCRIPHIONS OK} PLANTS 107 Modern Name. Locality, Goodyer's Name. PAGE Illecebraceae. Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. (B.) Tichfield Bay H Polygonum germanis. 110 Chenopodiaceae. SUAEDA FRUTICOSA Forsk. H Chamaepitys vermiculata. 179 SALICORNIA HERBACEA L., ? Portland H Kali album, p. 81, Dodo. 152 EMEX SPINOSA Campd. (J.) Blitum spinosum Creticum. 136 Rumex Acetosa L. Acetosa maxima. 194 Santalaceae. THESIUM HUMIFUSUM DC. Droxford B Anthyllis montana, Linaria adulterina. 117 Urticaceae. Urtica dioica L. Nettle. 156 Humulus Lupulus L. Hop. 114 Ulmaceae. ULMUS CAMPESTRIS Sm. Ulmus vulg. folio lato scabro. 38 re MONTANA Stokes. ,, folio latissimo scabro. 41 _ GLABRA Miller. Stubbers B », folio glabro. 43 s MINOR Miller. New Forest B 5, minor f. angusto scabro. 39 Amentaceae. ALNUS GLUTINOSA Gaertn. Alder. 175 BETULA ALBA L. Unnamed. 175 Fagus sylvatica L. Faringdon H ‘Great antient Beeches. 189 ‘ " L. var. Fagus. 188 QUERCUS ROBUR L. Quercus. Cachryesand Galls. 172 $5 - agg. Bramshaw, Wilts. w ‘Quercus serotina, procerior. Dor-Oak’ Merrett. 195 JUGLANS REGIA L. Longwood Nux Juglans. 112, 174 CASTANEA SATIVA Mill. Cachrys Castaneae. 174 Salix viminalis L. Salix aquatica. 77 Monocotyledons. ACORUS CALAMUS L. ?B Acorus legittimum Clus. 231. 177 POTAMOGETON CRISPUS L. Durford B Tribulus aquaticus minor flori- bus uvae. 123 a DENSUS*E. Droxford 8B Tribulus aquaticus minor mus- catellae floribus. 126 Butomus umbellatus L. Butomus. 177 Alisma Plantago L. Damasonium stellatum Pers. Hounslowe Heath B Plantago aquatica stellata. IIo Between Sandie Chappell Plantago aquatica stellata. 180 and Kingston Neottia Nidus-avis Rich. Nidus avis. 127, 195 Epipactis palustris Crantz. Petersfield B Palma Christi, radice repente. 184 EPIPACTIS VIOLACEA Bor. Holiborne B Nidus avis flore et caule vio- laceo. 47, 126 TAMUS COMMUNIS L. Hants H Bryonia nigra. 127,153 Allium ursinum L. Ramsons. Colchicum autumnale L. Warminster W Colchicum flo. albo et purpur. I1o Juncus bufonius L. Gramen holosteum Alp. min. 190 Paris quadrifolia. Chawton H Herba Paris. Ilo SCIRPUS SYEVATICUS L: Oxford B Cyperus gramineus Lobelii. 175 Carex vulpina L. or C. Pseudo ‘Gramen palustre Cyperoides Cyperus ?(J.). Lob. Ger. Great Cyperus Grasse’ How. 194 Carex pulicaris L. ?0.Flea-grass. Ray, Synopsis. 196 Hordeum sylvaticum Huds. Petersfield B ‘Gramen secalinum maximum’ Merrett. 196 196 108 Modern Nanie. Locality. CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEJOS Roth. B ? (mot Festuca Myurus L.) (S.) Winchester B ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI Petersfield EWS.) 9 3° Sheet PHALARIS CANARIENSIS L.(S.) Spain # MINOR L. (S.) Spain ce BULBOSA. 1; (S.) Spain CYNOSURUS ECHINATUS L. Coys. Sheppey Nardus stricta L. BRIZA MAXIMA UL. Coys. Spain Phragmites communis Trim. Coniferae. JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L. 7 Surrey TAXUS BACCATA L. 9 3) o Filices, etc. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Botrychium Lunaria Sw. Droxford POLYPODIUM DRYOPTERIS L. Hants ASPIDIUM ACULEATUM Mapledurham Sw. var. 8 LOBATUM. DRYOPTERIS THELY- PTERIS Sw. ASPIDIUM FILIX-MAS Sw. nr. Petersfield Hants var. AFFINIS. Hants ” 9? * DILATATUM Sm. Durford ; Mapledurham Asplenium Trichomanes L. Wolmer Forest a Ruta-muraria L. Scolopendrium vulgare L. var. Swaneling multifida Ceterach officinarum Willd. Lycopodium clavatum L. Petersfield Pilularia globulifera L. Petersfield Clathrus cancellatus L. (J.) Petersfield Go B H 2H H ?H H H H JOHN GOODYER Goodyer’s Name. PAGE Calamagrostis. 172 Gramen murorum spica longis- sima. 171, 190 ‘Gramen Paniceum’ Merrett. 195 Panicum sylvestre. 120 Phalaris minor Baetica Boelii, sem. nigro. 133 Phalaris minor Baetica Boelii, sem. albo. 133 Phalaris bulbosa Boelii. 133 Gramen cristatum Baet. Boelii. 157 Spartum or Matweed. 171 Gramen tremulum maximum. 158 Arundo vallatoria. 176 Juniperus sterilis. 123, 195 Taxus glandifera baccifera. 168 » tantum florens. 169, 196 Lunaria minor. 110 Dryopteris Tragi. 189 Filix mas non ramosa pinnulis latis auriculis spinosis. 183 Dryopteris Penae et Lobelii. 183 Filix mas non ramosa pinnulis latis. 182 Filix mas non ramosa pinnulis angustis. 183 Filix ramosa pinnulis dentatis. 181 179 Ruta muraria Phyllitis multifida. 185 Ceterach 230 ‘Chamaepeuce foemina seu polyspermos’ Merrett. 196 Gramen piperinum’ Merrett. 196 Fungus corallinus’ Merrett. 196 The manuscript descriptions are wholly in Goodyer’s handwriting: the colour of the ink shows that in several cases the whole of a paragraph was not written at the same time. The concluding sentences, usually mentioning locality and date, were sometimes added later in a browner ink. Such sentences are indicated by the use of the mark |}. These additions must have been made before 1632, when many of the descriptions were handed to Johnson for his revision of the Herbal. The methodical Goodyer kept a list of descriptions thus lent to Johnson (MS. 11, DESCRIETIONS’ OF) PEANTS 109 f. 134). In all more than two hundred and fifty plants are specially noticed in addition to some hundred which are casually mentioned in his descriptive writings. About a hundred and fifty of Goodyer’s descriptions of plants are still extant: sixty were printed by Johnson, ninety are in manuscript. Johnson did not print all the descriptions sent him. In cases in which both printed and manuscript versions are available, we have followed Goodyer's own manuscript in essential particulars, but have retained the spelling of the printed version, except of the word ‘flower’, in which case we have adopted Goodyer’s spelling. It may be noted that Goodyer’s spelling of English words, though perhaps more uniform than that of many of his contemporaries, was apt to vary. On the whole he favoured such forms as color, devide, flower, yealowe, coople, apece, fower, toppe, ioynt, bignes, ymediatlie, ynch, and a final e at the ends of present participles and other words. The manuscript referred to is Goodyer MS. 11. Woolly-headed Thistle. Cwzcus ertophorus L. Carduus eriocephalus. Corona fratrum quorundam. 1617 [See 29 June 1621 and 13 Aug. 1621.] Linum silvestre catharticum. Mil-mountaine. Oct. 1617 [See 2 July 1619.] Jerusalem Artichoke. Helanthus tuberosus L. Heliotropium Indicum vel Virginianum. 25 March 1617 You had lately planted it when I was at your howse. 25 Martti 1617.—MS. ff. 48 v., 54. | [Refers to a visit to Coys. See p. 24 and under 17 Oct. 1621.] Cowslipps 2-in-a-hose. 1617 Double violet. Vola odorata L., fl. plen. Viola martia purpurea multiplex. g Apr. 1618 At Sheet.— WS. f. 58 v. Primula veris L. var. and P. vulgaris Huds. var. Primula veris flore gemino. g Apr. 1618 Cowslipps 2 in a hose at Sheet. Primrose 2 in a hose at Sheet.— WS. f. 56 v. 110 JOHN GOODYER Ashweed. pomad oY 9 ce 7 PYF eRe ve perad pag mon SAF ere, gerd gow ow ad Seiya a “a3 tyme geht fe grg -sdp 170" aarp ot grey ~ yrog yrs) 24 ho Ly) 3 a4 kage Ge p>‘ pemyt B0 Shuv3g ore wey)] Zw For ghey ods Remy 2 ae (GE Svore ogre wep reales 63x “9h 7) Os Ways X 103) wr) “si (Sof v6: olay shy 40 who Rely TOV qureergey Yo ogre so ohumenban shy ara wy apt 98g we compres of og ore ‘oe Tor we vb ag wis ee pbbin po ree grea) Aegoy poo wee) Go “pabenerg sya Bhan dy yes ae ify 10 ahhranf ~* ig) ae lev pq ~ebon Seger etba Caefeg + vegan yp ohn maton See a aynagy Ot reIye 658 Yd ps ‘pomp oo 6" promos agerrrg Fe je pmgly bp rd OT : Lt pmngd bg yn oR ph. ea pen re f= GOODYER’S DESCRIPTION OF THE YEW WITH ADDITIONS IN JOHNSON’S HAND* *. other in trunke, timber, barke, and leaves; but at the beginning of November, or before, this tree doth beginne to be very thicke set or fraught on the lower side or part of the twigs or little branches, 170 JOHN GOODYER with small round buds, verie neere as big, and of the colour of Radish seed, and do so continue all the Winter, till about the beginning or middle of Februarie, when they open at the top, sending forth one small sharpe pointell, little longer than the huske, divided into many parts, or garnished towards the top with many small dusty things like flowers, of the colour of the husks; and if you shall beate or throw stones into this tree about the end of Februarie, or a good space after, there will proceed and fly from these flowers an aboundance of dustie smoke. These dusty flowers continue on the trees till about harvest, and then some and some fall away, and shortly after the round buds come up as aforesaid. The Place. Theis trees are both very comon in England, in Hampsheire there is good plentie of them growinge wild on the Chalke hills, and in Church yards where they have byn planted. The Time. The time is expressed in their descriptions.—J/S. f. 119; Ger. emac. 1370-71. [The first record of the Male Yew in Hampshire. ] Calathian Violet. Gentiana Pneumonanthe L. Pneumonanthe. [After 9 Nov. 1621] hath a small round stalk 3 or 4 ynches high, on wch growe small narrow leaves, half an ynch long, which are curvd in the midle very like y°® leaves of savery, sett thick but orderly by cooples one opposite ye other on y® toppe of ye stalk groweth one flower an ynch longe of the fashion of a bell, devided at y® brim into 5 sharpe pointed corners of a perfect blewe color, except 5 plates or strakes wh. are only to be seene before y° flower openeth, extending from y® bottome of ye flower to corner, which are not so pleasant a blew color,.the seed I observed not. Ye root is small divided at ye upper parte into a fewe small (yet of a sufficient bignes for ye stature of y® herbe) yealowish lyner branches or fibres. Both leaves and rootes are bitter, and ye root more bitter than the leaves & bitinge ye tonge.— A/S. f. 9 v. Marsh Cinquefoil. JPotentilla Comarum Nutt. Quinquefolium palustre. [After 9 Nov. 1621] The stalks are lyner bendinge pliant round smooth a foot long as bigg as a wheate straw of a reddish color towards ye root, ioynted, at ech ioynt groweth a [leafe] foot-stalk which whooly be- clippeth the knott or ioynt, on whose toppe groweth five leaves of DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 171 ye fashion of other cinckfoyles nicket about ye edges, of a mealish greene colour above and whitish underneath, ye 5 leaves not growing on the very upper parte of the footstalk like ye other cinckfoyles, but 2 of them growinge lower about a quarter of an ynch from y°® 3 which growe at the extreme part, y° flowers I observed not. The root creapeth in y® water & mire, besett with thousand of very small haires, thicker & smaller then the haires of ones head.—//S. f. 10 v. [Roughly drafted descriptions on back of Laurence Davis’ letter of 9 Nov. 1621.] ? [c. 1620-1622. | round buttons or knapps, as bigge or little bigger then the pease wherein in each button is 2, 3 or 4 3-winded seeds almost as bigg as Radish seed. The root is small white, single and groweth downright, with a fewe threddie shoots with side branches. Both herbe and root doe perish at winter.—/Hragment of a description, MS.f. 11 v. ‘Capon,s Tail Grass’ Not Festuca Myurus i Gramen aAextpvéyvupos. Alectryonurum. 10 Feb. 1622 [Mentioned with date but without locality —WS. f. 54.] Gramen murorum spica longissima. ‘I cannot omit this elegant Grasse, found by M. Goodyer upon the wals of the antient city of Winchester, and not described as yet by any that I know of. It hath a fibrous and stringy root, from which arise leaves long and narrow, which growing old become round as those of Sfartum or Mat-weed: amongst these grassie leaves there growes up a slender stalke some two foot long, scarce standing upright, but oft times hanging down the head or top of the eare: it hath some two ioints, and at each of these a pretty grassy leafe. The eare is almost a foot in length, composed of many small and slender hairy tufts, which when they come to maturitie looke of a grayish or whitish colour, and do very well resemble a Capons taile; whence my friend, the first observer thereof, gave it the title of Gramen Adextpvdvovpos, or Capons-taile Grasse: by which name I received the seed thereof, which sowen, tooke root, and flourishes”. (Johnson )—Ger. emac. pp. 30, 29. 1 The correctness of the determination of this grass as Festuca Myurus L. by Druce is doubted by D. Stapf. 172 JOHN GOODYER Curhed (Papsley. Apium crispum. 17 Feb. 1622 At Idsworth, 17 Feb. 1622.—WS. f. 51 v. [Hill in 1574 printed the following prescription for Parsley. ‘If you will have the leaves of the Parcely grow crisped, then before the sowing stuffe a tennis ball with the seedes, & beat the same wel against the ground, wherby the seedes may so be a little brused, and then sowe them in the ground, or when the Parcelye is well come up go over the bed with a waighty roller, whereby it may so presse the leaves downe, or els treade the same downe with thy feete.” Th. Hill, Arte of Gardening. | Calamagrostis Epigejos Roth. Calamagrostis. 27 Apr. 1622 This sedge sendeth forth many 3 cornered straked stalkes, about 2 foot high, beareinge at ye toppe a spike or eare about 3 ynches longe devided into 12 or 13 lesser scaly eares, and those againe into smaller, the whole spike not spreadinge abroad, but growinge neare together, so that the thicknes is not above an ynch, of a brownish color before the flowers come forth, which appearinge are nothinge but an infinite many of small dustie things like cheives, at ye first opening whitish afterwards yealowe like ye flowers of other grasses. [The seed is small contayned in chaffie scales, of a brownish chestnutt color, neare 3 cornered & broad belowe and _ sharpe pointed without any manifest tast. 8 Julii 1622.] The leaves are narrowe about 2 or 3 foot longe growinge ymediatelie from ye root, as it were 3 cornered, and very rough espetially if you slide your fingers from their topps downewards, and so sharpe that they cutt one’s fingers even as a knife, as doth also y® stalk; which usually is without leaves, yet sometimes hath one very small one growinge close belowe ye spike, neare a foot longe. The rootes are infinite of the bignes of ye rootes of gramen caninum (couch gras) or bigger of a reddish color without, closely mattinge together, and gathering the mudd or dirt amongst them. Growinge downeright of a greate lenght, and makinge a greate stronge tuft, no herbe or gras like it, for they are so stiffe & stronge, that growinge in ye middest of water, a man may goe on them & steppe from tuft to tuft, ye water & mud beinge of a good depth betwixt them.—J/S. f. 121. Oak. Quercus robur. Cachrys quercus. 28 Apr. 1620 & g May 1622 The Cachryes! are conceived eyther in a budd with the leaves, or ‘ The term cachrys is one that appears to have been used for the you ng cones DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 173 in a budd alone by them selves. Those that are conceived within ye leaves come forth together with them, and growe at the ioynt stoppe or knott betweene the last yeres twigge and the newe shoot, some- times on the lower part of the newe shoot, those that are conceived by themselves, soe come forth without any leaves or shoot, and these growe by the sides of y® last yeres shoot. This cachrys is composed of small yealowish crudled bunches or clusters grow- inge a little asunder, on a footstalk about 2 ynches longe, 3 or 4 forth of one budd, and some wither and fall away, seldome continu- inge above a weeke or two. When there are plentie of. these cachryes, it is a signe there will followe good store of Acornes. 9 Maii. Forth of the bosomes of the leaves on the newe shoot come forth small foot stalks on y® toppes whereof growe 2 or 3 or more very small redd flowers: ech flower beinge no bigger then a small pinnes head, and devided into 3 ptes (not worth the name of leves) at the toppe, in the place whereof cometh uppe the Acornes. 4 Maiti. In the springe when the leaves first beginn to come forth there often groweth from the topps and sides of the last yeres shootes certaine swellinges as bigge as little aples, not alto- gether round but bunched out here and there, reddish on that part towards the sunne, contayninge an austere or harsh spongie matter of conifers, for catkins, and for the winter buds of the deciduous trees. Though much used by the early botanists, it appears to have dropped out of use at the end of the seventeenth century, and is not even included in many later lists of technical words. Fuchs in 1542, in his Explicatio of difficult words, defined the term as follows: Cachryes sunt oblonga panicularum modo nucamenta, quae squamatim compacta propendent é ramis. Crescunt hyeme, vere dehiscunt in flavescentes squamulas, et folio prodeunte, decidunt : qualia in abiete, picea et aliis permultis videre licet. Plinius pillulas nominat.—Fuchs, Hist. Sirf. f. B 3. ‘The Birch, the Nut, the Walnut, and the Plane Tree have on them things in Greek called Cachryes in English Catkines or Catstailes, if I mistake not which are there the most part of the winter. They are of a burning quality in Physick’ (Coles, A7¢ of Stmpling, 1656). And this is the meaning given in the Mew English Dictionary. According to Parkinson (1642) Cachrys is the fifteenth ‘ Excrescence of the Oke’. It was borrowed from Theophrastus iii. 7 to mean ‘a round conception or gathering together of leaves, growing betweene the last yeares shoote, and the young bud for the next to come’. And they are borne on ‘the Firre tree, Larch, Pitch, Line, Nut, and Plane trees’ as well as on the Oak, all of which ‘doe beare a Cachrys after the leaves are falne, abiding on all the winter’. Elsewhere he defines it as ‘a scaly tuft of leaves growing in winter, and falling away, say some, in the Spring: but others think that it is but the bud, which spreadeth into branches with leaves after Winter, when the Spring is come on’.(Park. Zheatrum, 882). 174 JOHN GOODYER within, and towards Autumne hath eyther maggotts, flies or some livinge creature within it, this hangeth many times two yeres on the twiggs, and then also have had maggotts within them as I have seene. Gallae foliorum quercus. There is often to be seene in Autumne on that part of the leaves which is next the ground a round pill or ball without a foot- stalke, sometimes 8, 10 or more on one leafe, reddish on that parte next the sunne, smooth on the outside, or with little sharpe extuber- ances, verie like both in forme and bignes to the trewe galls, onlie wantinge hardnes, but contayninge a softe spongious matter within, and often a maggott, and a hole by the side. These beginn to appeare most comonlie about the middest of July, of the bignes of a pease, sometimes by the middest of May of that bignes, as the 15 of May 1622 when I only sawe them.—J/S. f. 85. Walnut. Fuglans regia L. Cachrys Juglandis. The Cachryes beginn to appeare in Aprill a little before the leaves are seene, and doe thrust themselves forth of the sides of the last yeres shootes, but one in a place, a little above the place where the footstalks of the leaves were fastened and are at the first closelie compacted and finelie chekered without anie footstalke or leaves cominge about or neare them ; afterwards they growe more rare or looser, about two ynches in length neare as bigge as the little finger, not continuinge two weekes before they wither and fall away.—l/S. f. 85. Chestnut. Castanea sativa Mill. Cachrys Castaneae. The Cachryes begin to springe about the midle of May together with the newe shoots forth of the bosomes of the yonge and tender leaves, but one out of the bosome of one leafe ; composed of a midle ribbe or footstalke about 7, 8 or 9 ynches longe when they are at their full growth about July, which midle ribbe is thick sett by the sides with small scalelie bunches, which about the middest of July open, and there appeareth out of ech bunch many small short cheives of a very pale or light yealowish color as are also their topps, they appeare very slender in respect of their length, and soone after their cheives open or appeare they wither and fall away. These begin to come forth about the beginning of July, like rough hedgehog-like pills or husks, without any flowers, only bearinge at ye toppe a fewe whitish things like cheives, theis DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 175 husks growe cluster-wise 7 or more together, on one newe shoot.— MS. f. 85. Alder. Alnus glutinosa Medic. Alder. 15 Mati 1622 The strobilus or fruite of the Alder cometh forth at the beginning of the springe when the leaves first appeare, they growe from the toppes of the last yeres twigges, clusterwise though not so neare together as the berries of the vine, about 8 or 9 in a cluster, at the first small, yet of their full length which exceedeth not half an ynch, in shewe like Cachryes, afterwards growinge like in fashion to an olive not fullie so bigge as a sparrowes egge, composed of many brownish scales standinge verie neare one another betwene which the seed lieth. These usuallie hange on a yere or more.—//S. f. 86. Birch.’ Betula alba L. | Unnamed by Goodyer. | Undated. Ye leaves are small, smooth broad below, growing to a large point nicked by the sides, in some like those of the black poplar but smaller. ‘ At y® very first coming forth of the leaves, there cometh forth with them a round thinge like a Cachryes, but is indeed the fruite, about 3 quarters of an ynch longe, and nere a quarter of an ynch over, composed of flatt scales closely sett together, each scale con- tayning one seed of a browne color with a white kernell within. The scales with a light touch fall apart when y® seed is ripe, the seed being neare ripe then cometh forth at y® toppe and by the sides of y® same yeres shoot small Cachryes. 26 The leaves and fruite come forth towards y® later end of Aprill, 26 the seed is ripe at ye later end of July, the Cachryes beginn to appear at ye begining of July.—J/S. f. 3 v. Tribulus. 2 June 1622 [The year ‘1622’ may be an error of Johnson. Goodyer’s own MS. has ‘2 June 1621’, which see.]} Wood Club Rush. = Scirpus sylvaticus L. Cyperus gramineus Lobelii. 8 Julij 1622 This hath about 7 or 8 smooth leaves growinge from y® roote 3 foot longe, half an ynch broad, as it were 3 cornered, sharpe on ye edges especially, if you drawe your fingers on them downewards, amongest which growe uppe one ioynted smooth stalk, belowe neare as bigge as ye little finger, three cornered, but obtuse, blunt or 1 Identified by A. H. C. 176 JOHN GOODYER roundish, not sharpe cornered like galangall. Whereon at everie ioynt is placed one leafe cloathinge or inclosinge ye stalk upward above ye ioynt an ynch and a half or more, about a foot and a half longe, and somewhat broader then y® former, at ye toppe of which stalks growe usually 3 like leaves but much shorter, from which spring forth 6 or more little stalks or branches, after ye manner of galangall, 4, 5 or 6 ynches long except ye midle branch which usually growes not an ynch above ye divison, and all these are againe at their toppe diversly devided into many parts, bearinge little knobbs, scales or buttons very like those of Rushes, contayn- ing very small yealowish 3 cornered seeds sharpe pointed at both ends, which together with ye little buttons in ye beg[inninge] of July fall off. The rootes at ye upper parte next ye leaves, are infinite of small white threddy strings, sendinge forth underneath other rootys (?) bigger then wheate strawes like those of Arundo vallatoria ioynted, white at ye first after of a brownish yealow, without smell, by which the plant exceedingly increase, growing high in aboundance together.—J/S. f. 7 v. On ye west parte of Gloster Hall by Oxford. 5 Julii 1622 The stalk is round rough or hairy, ioynted, neare as bigge on ye lower parte as ye little finger devided towards the toppe into a fewe branches, bearinge at everie ioynt one sharpe-pointed leafe without or with a very little footstalk about 5 ynches long and an ynch and half broad or hairy like ye stalk, not indented by ye sides, but sometimes with small excrescens as may be seen on ye leaves of Plantans standinge farr apart. Ye flowers crowe at ye topps of ye stalks & branches on long slender foot- stalks, of a yealowe color, ech flower beinge composed of 5 greate broad topped leaves, which beinge full blowne is neare 2 ynches broad, contayning within many small yealowe chives. The roots growe forth at certaine ioynts on ye lower parts of ye stalks within ye water and mudd, made of many small hairy strings. This herbe at ye first tastinge seemeth not to be hott, but beinge held in a little space in ye mouth heateth & burneth little inferior to ye rest of his kind.—J7S. f. 7 v. Great Water Parsnip. Szum latifolium L. Pastinaca aquatica latifolia at Oxford. _ 5 Julii 1622 [Rough draft for the next description.|—J/S. f. 7 v. Pastinaca aquatica maxima. 5° Julii 1622 Sium maius Gerardo Phyto. p. 270. N°. 11. The stalkes are greate upright straight and tall, not inferior to ° DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 177 the garden parsneppe beinge neare as bigge as a mans arme, and as high as a tall man, with greate corners deepe chamfers, and hollowe within, devided into many braunches; whereon growe greate broad leaves like those of the garden parsneppe, composed of 5 or 6 sometimes 7 or 8 indented smooth leaves sett on ech side of a longe midle ribbe, and one at the toppe, of a stronge smell. The flowers were not come forth. [Two lines left blank, perhaps for a description of the flowers.] The rootes are infinite growinge at the lower ptes of the stalkes within the water and mudd, white, as bigge as wheatestrawes, and they againe sendinge forth abundance of threddy strings, by which rootes the plant encreaseth, usuallie 3 or 4 stalkes together from one tuft. This I found growinge wild plentifully by the Rivers sides and in the water diches about Oxford, 5° Julii 1622.—J/S. f. 82 v. Stachys germanica L. Stachys. Wild Horehound. [? 8 Julii 1622] 564 Stachys.—Wild Horehound is also like to comon horehound. There rise from the root hereof a greate number of stalks high or ioynted, and out of everie ioynt a coople of leaves, opposite or sett one against another, somewhat hard, a little longer than those of comon horehound and whiter, as also ye stalks are sett with soft haires and of a sweet smell. Ye flowers doe compasse ye stalk about as those doe of comon horehound, but they are yealowe and y® whorles be narrower. The root is woodie and durable.—M/S. f. 7. Calamagrostis. 8 Julii 1622 [See 27 Apr. 1622.] Sweet Flag. Acorus Calamus L. Acorus legittimum Clus. 231. Acorus, Ger. 56. 6 Julij 1623 Acorus hath the leaves allmost of the greater narrowe leaved Iris [Jris angustifolia], but much longer, and of a most pleasant greene, the midle nerve or rib somewhat appearinge forth on both sides as in ye leaves of Xiphium whose forme they sufficiently resemble ; and like them or that moorish plant which brings forth yealowe flowers like ye flowers of /7zs, which some call Jrzs palustris, the better skilled more trulie Automus. They come one out of another, but the midle leafe is most comonlie longer than the rest; but although they be of a tast somewhat bitter, yet not unpleasant, and beinge crushed they yeld a pleasant and aromaticall smell, which also they retaine N 178 JOHN GOODYER manie yeres after beinge dryed and without iuyce. About the beginning of winter they wither and are dryed, but in the beginninge of springe they shoote anewe as in narrowe leaved Iris, moreover it produceth not a stalk betwene the leaves as the /rzdes, but out of the side of y® root comes a leafe * stalk of the same lenght with y* other leaves, that is sometimes from the midle unto y® toppe is plaine and like the rest, but and narrower, and as it were fashioned into a triangular stalk it beginns to be extenuated and made plaine it sends forth out (sometimes but very seldome two) not greater in ye beginning appearinge and stanndinge up a pright [little partinge (or cutting) themselves acrosse when it opens itself full of consistinge of fower small leaves, afterwards untill it gett the lenght and thic greene knobbes, in such a comelie order cone of the wild pine. It hath upper parte when it lies hid in ye earth, exceedinge white in the inner parte, distinguished * stronge, of a good smell, of a somewhat bitter and sharper tast, endewed with many and whitish and sweet smellinge threeds growinge to it in ye lower parte, but it creeps and spreads itself on the toppe of the earth, sendinge forth from the sides and almost everie ioynt or knott yonge ones, one after another, obliquely (or crookedlie) so that in a short time it takes uppe a greate space. 21 Julij [1624] a. two corners standing so neare together that they make a hollowe like a furrow. b. at the upper end of the furrowe. c. without any footstalk.—WS. f. 125. * [Page torn.] [The date shows that this description was made from the Acorus ‘in flower in Mris. Mervin’s garden 6*° Julii 1623’.—MS. f. 51.] Papaver Argemone L. Argemone capitulo longiore Ob. p. 144. 24 Julii 1623 In Durford garden. Sanfoin. Onobrychis sativa Lam. Caput Gallinaceum Belgarum. 24 Julii 1624 In flower 24 Julii 1624 between Langford & Stapleford in Wiltes by ye way on ye south side of ye river.— WS. f. 52. DESCRIPTIONS: OF (PLANTS 179 Shrubby Suaeda. Swaeda fruticosa Forsk. Chamaepytis vermiculata. 10 Sept. 1624 The stalks are woodie not fuller of a finger bignes, a cubite or 2 foot high of a blackish or dark ash color devided into many branches whereon grow multitudes of small round fatt leaves of y® fashion of w.. es very like those of comon stone croppe full of iuyce, of a salt tast, of a darke green colour. The rootes are also woodie branched of a blacker color then ye stalks. This plant continueth greene continually as it seemeth, and increaseth by the root growinge in thick tuffets close together. I observed no flowers nor seed.— WS. f. 127. [A roughly written note on the back of the statement of ‘Tenth mony’ received by Edward Cole in 1608. See p. 373.] Common Spleenwort. Asplenium Trichomanes L. Trichomanes mas. — Jan, 1624 ‘Mr. Goodyer saith that in January 1624, he saw enough to lade an horse growing on the bancks in a lane, as he rode between Rake and Headly in Hampshire neere Wollmer Forest.’—Ger. emac. 1146. Cowbane. Cicuta virosa L. Sium alterum olusatri facie. 16 Sept. 1625 Found by Mr. Goodyer in the ponds about Moore Parke (Ger. emac. 257) and at Denham in Hertfordshire in standinge motes sine caule.—W/S. f. 58. Knotted Pearlwort. Sagina nodosa Meyer. Alsine palustris foliis tenuissimis. 12 Aug. 1626 This hath a great number of very small grasse-like leaves, growing from the root, about an inch long, a great deale smaller and slenderer than small pinnes; amongst which spring up many small slender round smooth firme branches some handfull or handfull and halfe high, from which sometimes grow a few other smaller branches, whereon at certaine ioynts grow leaves like the former, and those set by couples with other shorter comming forth of their bosomes; and so by degrees they become shorter and shorter towards the top, so that toward the top this plant somwhat resembleth Thymum durius. The flowers are great for the slender- nesse of the plant, growing at the tops of the branches, each flower consisting of five smal blunt roundish topped white flowers, with white chives in the middest. The seed I observed not. The root is small, growing in the myre with a few strings. This groweth plentifully on the boggy ground below the red Well of Welling- N 2 180 JOHN GOODYER borough in Northampton shire. This hath not beene described that I finde. I observed it at the place aforesaid, August 12 1626.—Ger. emac. 568. Grass of Parnassus. Parnassia palustris L. Gramen parnassi. 12 Aug. 1626 In the boggy ground below the Red Well of Wellingborough in Northamptonshire — Ger. emac. 840. Cerinthe minor L. Cerinthe minor flore albo veris luteis. 23 Sept. 1628 This in stalks and leaves differeth verie little from the other, the flowers in shape are like, the color from the midle to the brim is of a whitish or pale yealowe, the brim itself a much deeper yealowe, the midle hath a ringe or circle of a reddish purple from that circle backward that is to the fasteninge of the huske, of a deepe yealowe, the seeds are like the other but as small againe.— MS. f. 120. {The ‘other’ is Cerinthe flore rubro, 9 July 1621.] Golden Lungwort. Hteracium murorum L. Pulmonaria Gallica sive aurea latifolia. 27 May 1631 ‘TI received some plants of this from Mr. John Goodyer, who first found it May 27, 1631 in flower; and the 3 of the following May not yet flowring in a copse in Godlemen in Surrey, adioyning to the orchard of the Inne whose signe is the Antilope.’—Ger. emac. 305. Triticum vulgare L. Wheat ear with Oats.—Ger. emac. 65. See p. 62. 1632 Water Plantain. Damasonium stellatum Thuill. Plantago aquatica stellata. 2 Julij 1633 The roote is nothinge but a multitude of very small white thredds like hairs growinge in the myre amonge which springe the leaves, their footstalks are about 3 ynches longe, at the toppe of ech groweth igrosse plaine smoth leafe, not indented, an ynch long, a quarter of an ynch broad or somewhat broader, sharpe pointed, with two eares belowe sometimes, but most comonly without. The stalks growe uppe amongest them, in number 5 or 6 plain smooth round firme not hollowe, small, as bigge as a small straw, on ech stalk groweth an umbell, consisting of 7 footstalks, 6 of them having at the toppe of ech a starr-like fruite, of six sharpe pointed husks like the rowell of a spurr, the seaventh footstalk beareth an other umbell, with 3 or 4, 5 or 6 footstalks & starr-like husks like the former. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 181 Neare London highwaie in the watery plashes at the east end of the greate Comon betweene, Sandie Chappell and Kingston, neare the bridge as you ride out of the Comon by a small Cottage there. I saw no flowers.—M/S. f. 137. [A note scribbled on the back of a list of men of the Tithing of . -. [name obliterated], p. 381.] [Goodyer first found this plant in 1618 growing on Hounslow Heath, the station quoted by Johnson.—Ger. emac. p. 418.] Peans: Filix mas varietates & differentiae. 4 Julii 1633 I have observed foure sorts of Ferne, by most writers esteemed to be the male Ferne of Dioscorides: by Anguillaria, Gesner, Cesalpinus, and Clusius, accounted to be the female, and so indeed doe I thinke them to be, though I call them the male, with the multitude. If you looke on these Fernes according to their severall growths and ages, you may make many more sorts of them than I have done; which I am afraid hath beene the occasion of describing more sorts than indeed there are in nature. These descriptions I made by them when they were in their perfect growths.—J//S. f. 138; Ger. emac. 1129. Broad Shield-fern. 0- De cultu hortorum. 12. Argent. 1530 COLUMNA, FABIUS. 87 vroBacavos, sive plantarum aliquot historia; accessit etiam piscium aliquot historia. 8. Neap. 1592 Refs. to Pzmax. Minus cognitarum rariorumque nostro coelo Orientium stirpium ex@pacts, item de aquatilibus aliisque animalibus i quibusdum paucis libellus. In two parts. 4. Rom. 1616 Purpura ; et aliorum aquatilium observationes. " - ‘13 Octob. 1623—16*.’ ‘Fabius Columna was but 25 yere old when he sett forth his Phutobasanos p. 210 & he set forth his P. ten yers before he wrote this story, p. 219. Diosc. graecus codex MS. p. 71. Johannis Carbonarius of Naples hath many old Manuscripts p. 71. Johannis Baptista Raimundi idem p. 72, 142.’ G.’s notes. CONTARINI, see PONA. COOKE, JAMES. 118 Melleficium chirurgiae, or the marrow of many good authors on the art of chyrurgery. 8. Lond. 1648 ‘5 Aprill 1655—2° 4°’ Name of former owner ‘ Tho’ ‘ Thenry’ on front page. ‘ Frog-spawne, p. 431’ ‘Lucatellas Balsam, p. 467’ 119 Supplement to the marrow of chyrurgerie. 8. Lond. 1655 ‘1 Junij 1655—2° 4%’ ‘ Swellings of the lunges 228.’ ‘Ricketts—243.’ [Select observations on English bodies. A/issing. 8. 1657] on back cover in G.’s hand. LIBRARY 209 CORDUS, EURICIUS. 102 + Botanologion. 8. Col. ap. J. Gymnicum 1534 [CoRDUS, VALERIUS. Annotationes in Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de materia medica libros quinque. Historiae stirpium, cum iconibus, libri quatuor. Sylva de fossilibus in Germania. De artificiosis extractionibus. Compositiones aliquot medicinales rariores. fol. Argent. 1561 | Missing: perhaps duplicated by the copy in the Gibbarde Col- lection and sold. CORNARIUS, J. 123 Constantini Caesaris selectarum preceptarum de agricultura libri viginti, interprete Jano Cornario. 8. Basil. 1540 With marginal notes (cut by binder) in early hand. ‘DUUM em C. h. g. 0’ on last p. ‘the orderig of vynes // liber quint / fo.’ CORNUTUS, JACOBUS. 61 Canadensium plantarum aliorumque nondum editarum his- toria ; Enchiridion botanicum Parisiense. 4 Par. 1635 Notes to figures: refs. to Parkinson. COSTAEUS, JOANNES. go «De universali stirpium natura. Libriduo. 8. Aug. Taur.1578. CRESCENTIUS, P. 1 De plantis, animalibus et agricultura. fol. Lovan. 1473 In contemporary Oxford stamped leather binding. Pagination added by G. MS. list of ten goodwives. See p. 381. CuBA, JOHANNES DE. g Hortus sanitatis de animalibus et reptilibus, de avibus et volatilibus de piscibus et natatilibus, de gemmis et in venis terrae nascentibus. fol. Argent. p. Matth, Apiarium 1536 With Dorsten. CULPEPER, NICH. 23 The English Physician. fol. London 1652 “19 ffeb. 1651—58,’ ‘Vale et diu vive.’ CURTIUS, BENEDICTUS. 36 MHortorum, libri triginta. fol. Lugd. 1560 ‘25 May 1655—15%.’ 210 JOHN GOODYER DALECHAMPIUS, J ACOBUS. 135-6 Historia generalis plantarum. 2 vols. fol. Lugd. 1586-7 The copy in the Sherardian Collection in the Botanic Garden has the name of Goodyer’s great friend Wz//iam Coys written on the title-page. DIOSCORIDES, PEDACIUS. 4 Opera Gr. fol. Ven. Ald. 1499 Ed. pr. ‘15 Junii 1654—85 64,’ Paged, and chapters numbered. 5 Opera trad. de lengua Griega en la vulgar Castellana por Andres de Laguna.! fol. Anvers. 1555 ‘25 May 1655—258.” ‘Alexis Gaudin’ (owner’s signature on title). Silver stamp on binding. 113. De materia medica, ab Andr. Matthiolo emendata. 12. Lugd. 1554 ‘Guilielmus Barlous Anglus 63 bats 1567.’ Prescription ‘contra pestem D. Cratonis’ on last page. 83 De medicinali materia Gr. Lat. 8 libb. cum castigationibus. 8. Paris 1549 Lat. transl. by J. Ruellius. With Paragraphs numbered throughout and cross references to Matthiolus by Goodyer. ee simplici medicina. De naturis et virtutibus aquarum. With medical prescriptions at end in an old hand. 73 4. Lugd. 1512 84 De curationibus morborum per medicamenta paratu facilia lib, a1, 8. Argent. 1565 With Latin translation, partly by J. Moibanus, partly by C. Gesner. “ro Nov. 1631—18%’ A few marginal notes by G., pp. 258, 593. At end ‘ Antidotus Saxonica 830. Inflatio stomachi, 533.’ On title initials of former owner ‘RS.’ In binding, part of an English theological MS. on parchment. DODOENS, REMBERT. 96 De Frugum Historia. 12. Antv. 1552 ‘30 April 1634—4%.’ ‘Jacobi Colei.’ His marginal notes on p. 14 v. ‘ In the copy of this work in the Botanical Department of the British Museum I found an inscription, presumably by the translator :— Doctor Andreas Lagouna hunc librum Johanni Mutier amico suo, dono dedit anno 1557. LIBRARY 211 10 L/histoire des plantes; traduite de bas Aleman en Frangois par Charles de I’Escluse. fol. Anvers. 1557 With G.’s references and many old notes. At end ‘John Yates, barber & chyrurgion’. ‘hope helps hevie harts.’ Of Lentéscus he notes: ‘T se thys tre at benys marks in London at one M*. Hennege hys howse of the previ chamber to quen elizabeth.’ p. 547. ‘The leves of saven mayd in powder & droken with alle kylleth worms in the bellye. ‘Also y® sayd powder cast uppon warts in ye yard of man kylleth ye warts, & if it be swelled it wyll dyssolve it.’ p. 538. 11 Herbarius oft Cruydt-boeck. fol. Antv. 1563 ‘30 Apr. 1559—3°. Basingstoke.’ ‘Hendrick Alberts—1570’ on last page. ‘Richardus George pharmacopeus de Reading est verus possessor huius libri, ex dono Magistri Bowden, Julij 9 die 1619.’ With many MS. translations into English of the Dutch text, which Mr. George evidently had difficulty in comprehending. 12 A neewe herball or history of plantes; first set forth in the Doutche or Almaigne tongue, and nowe first translated out of French into English; by Henry Lyte. fol. Lond. Gerard Dewes, 1578 ‘Bartho: Kempe.’ 40 Cruydt boeck, met biivoegsels achten elck capittel . . Carolus Clusius. fol. Leyden, 1608 42 Stirpium historiae pemptades sex, sive libri triginta. fol. Antv. 1616 ‘g April 1620—20°. the carrier 1°.’ With a few references to Phyto. (p. 125) by Goodyer. 97 Purgantium, aliarumque eo facientium, tum et radicum, convoluulorum. 8. Antv. 1574 ‘R. Huchenson.’ DONATI, ANTONIO. 92 Trattato de semplici, pietre et pesci marini, che nasceno nel lito di Venetia. 4. Venetia 1631 ‘18 Maij 1633—48 ot 4e 74 bindinge 1d DORSTENIUS, THEODORICUS. 9 Botanicon, continens herbarum aliquotque simplicium, quorum usus in medicinis est, descriptiones et iconas ad vivum effigiatas. fol. Franc. Christ. Egenolphus 1540 ‘30 Apr. 1659—4%.’ Basingestoke. Many old notes. Name of earlier owner ‘ George Medeleye, vi viii?’ on title. DURANTE, CASTOR. 21 Herbario novo, con figure. fol. Rom. 1585 P2 212 98 87 24 120 74 I1o 95 I12 33 JOHN GOODYER DUVAL, GUILLELMUS. Phytologia; sive philosophia plantarum. 8. Par. 1647 ‘7 Septemb 1654.’ EDER, GULIELMUS. Synonyma Plantarum seu Simplicium ut vocant, circa In- goldstadium sponte nascentium . .. in usum Scholae Medicae Ingolstadiensis collecta. 12. Ingolstadii. 1618 EGENOLPH, C. Plantarum arborum fruticum et herbarum effigies ... Baume, | Stauden, Kreuter, etc., cum Indice sextuplici. 8. Franc. C. Egen. 1562 | Avimantam terrestrium, volatilium et aquatilium effigies. 19 pp. 8. Franc. C. Egen. 1562 At end is a Petition of Richard Chambers to Parliament c. 1644. E|[VELYN], J. Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees. fol. Lond. 1664 EVERARTUS, AEGIDIUS. Panacea, or the universal medicine; being a discovery of the wonderful vertues of tobacco taken in a pipe, with its operation and use both in physick and chirurgery ; transl. from the Latin with an introductory epistle: by J. R. 8. Lond. 1659 ‘2 Dec. 1658—18 2%)’ Purchased by Goodyer before publication. FERRARIUS, J. B. De florum cultura 4 libb, editio nova accurante Bern. Rottendorffio. 4. Amst. 1646 FIERA, J. BAPTISTA. Coena de herbarum virtutibus, et ea medicae artis parte, quae in victus ratione consistit. 12. Argent. (1530) Old notes on p. 22 and at end. FRAGOSUS, JOH. Aromatum, fructuum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum ex India utraque in Europam delatorum, historia brevis, Latine reddidit Israel Spachius. 12. Argent. 1601 Fucus, LEONHART. De historia stirpium commentarii, cum imaginibus ad naturae imitationem effectis. 12. Lugd. 1555 ‘ Alexandri Massa’ ‘ 478 6%.’ English names of plants in margins. Ditto. fol. Basil. Isingrin, 1542 ‘Johannis Jul..?’ ‘ Hen. 8. 34. LIBRARY 213 8 New Kreiterbuch, — fol. Basell. Isingrin, 1542 Coloured copy. Imperfect, title missing. Inside cover many verses and mottoes in French, quoted from Rombout Martens and others. At end ‘Sum Antony Swalms et Amicorum’. GANSIUS, JOH. LUDOVICUS. 102 Corallorum historia. 8. Franc. 1630 ‘Charle Knolfts’ at end. GESNER, CONRAD, 117. Historia plantarum et vires ex Dioscoride, Paulo Aegineto, Theophrasto, Plinio etc. 12. Par. Jo. Roigny 1541 102 Ditto. 8. Basil. Ro. Wynter 1541 101 Apparatus et delectus simplicium medicamentorum. 8. Lugd. 1542 93 Catalogus plantarum, Latine Graece Germanice et Gallice. 4. Tiguri 1542 In binding are two copies of an Order to Churchwardens and Constables of Parishes to assess sum due for relief of maimed souldiers of City of London according to Act of Parliament 43 Eliz. and to pay same to W. Antrobus, Treasurer, at his house in Parish of St. Gregory, S. Pauls Churchyard. Mizaldus 104 contains a copy of the same document. 109 Epistolae aliquot a C. Bauhino editae. 8. Basil. 1591 Praefatio de rei herb. scriptores : Preface to TRAGUS, de Stirpium, q.v. GERARD, JOHN. {Herbal. JZissing. fol. Lond. 1597] 50 The herball, or general historie of plants; very much en- larged and amended by Thos. Johnson. _ fol. Lond. 1633 110 GUEROALDUS, GUILLERMUS, see MACER. GUILANDINUS, MELCHIOR Theon, seu apologiae adversus Pet. Andream | Matthaeolum. De Stirpibus aliquot epistolae quinque; item descriptio manuco-diattae, seu aviculae Dei. Commentarius in C. Plinii Majoris capita aliquot. 3rd ‘edit. 4. Lausaniae 1576 25 Maij 1655, vnbound 48 ef 58 gd’ 28 Junij 1655, the bindinge 1 24 j 122 Papyrus, hoc est commentarius in tria C. Plinii majoris de papyrocapita, recensente Henrico Salmuth. 12. Ambergae 1613 gI 4. Patav. 1558 214 JOHN GOODYER 75 HERBARIUS in Latino cum figuris. Aes inetyes [? 1485] In original binding. English plant-names written in. HERNANDEZ, FRANCISCUS. 26 Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium Mexicanorum historia; in volumen digesta per N. Ant. Recchum, cum iconibus ; et cum notis et additt. J. Terentii, J. Fabri, et Fab. Columnae, cumque aliquot tabulis phytosophicis principis Federici Caesii. fol. Romae 1651 “1 Decemb. 1652 1li 148 of to a porter for carriage to Dr. Dale 0. 40.46 11 Decemb. portage downe in Mris Elz. Heathes Trunck Ge In another hand: ‘D. Daile in Longe Aker over agst ye freinte ordinary.’ HEss, PAUL. 100)6)30'—s Defensio XX Problematum Melchioris Guilandini adversus quae Petr. Andreas Mattheolus ex centum scripsit. ‘G. Le Fevre.’ 12. Patav. 1562 HESYCHIUS. 3 ~~ Dictionarium. fol. Hagenoae 1521 HILDEGARD. 29 ~~ Physicae. fol. Argent. 1533 Bound with Brunfels, Oxomasticon, q.v., and therefore presumably one of T. Johnson’s books. HORSTIUS, JACOBUS. Herbarium Horstianum, seu de selectis | plantis et radicibus, duobus libris edente Greg. Horstio. 94 / Opusculum de vite vinifera ejusque parti- } 8. Marpurg 1630 bus. Appendix cultori plantarum exoticarum necessaria. HORTO, GARCIA AB. (G. del Huerto.) 128 Aromatum, et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia; ex lingua Lusitanica cum notis per Car. Clusium. 8. Antw. 1574 [How, W.] MS. 18 Phytologia Britannica. *Rec. 30 Apr. 1659.’ The Author's interleaved copy with many notes by himself and by G. This work is described in detail on pp. 276-294. LIBRARY 215 JOHNSON, THOMAS. g2 Iter plantarum investigationis ergo susceptum a decem sociis in agrum Cantianum A.D. 1629. Ericetum Hamstedianum. 4. .1. (1629) With list of plants added by Goodyer. 99 Descriptio Itineris plantarum investigationis ergo suscepti a decem sociis in agrum Cantianum A.D. 1632. Ericetum Hamstedianum, sive plantarum ibi crescentium observatio habita. 12..s. 1. 1632 The author’s own copy with his MS. index and additional notes by How, MS. 19. See pp. 232 and 277. 50 The Herball of Gerard ‘very much enlarged and amended’. fol. Lond. 1633 8. Lond. 1634 Mercurius botanicus. 105 De thermis Bathonicis tractatus. “28 Octob. 1634. Ex dono Thomae Johnson.’ G. Plant names picked out with yellow colour. 95 Mercurii Botanici, pars altera. 12. Lond, 1641 ‘27 Aprilis 1641.’ With G.’s notes. Several plant names picked out in colour. JOUBERT, LAURENT. Medicinae practicae priores libri tres, edit. 128 tertia. 8. Lugd. 1577 Isagoge therapeutices methodi. ‘F Bust 1577° ptium iijs vid.’ KYBERUS, DAVID. 105 Lexicon rei herbariae trilingue. 8. Argent. 1553 With C. Gesner’s 7adu/ae at end. ‘ Joannis Freame est verus possessor huius libri.’ Notes in his hand (?) on pp. 302, 303. LANGHAM, WILLIAM. 76 The garden of health ; 2nd edit. 4. Lond. 1633 ‘16 Decemb. 1657 pretiii 48 24.’ LAURENBERGIUS, PETRUS. 63 ~Horticultura, duobus libris. 4. Franc. ad Moen. 1654 Apparatus plantarius primus, duobus libris, i. De plantis bulbosis ; ii. De plantis tuberosis. 4. Franc. ad Moen. 1654 ‘7 September 1654—78 64.’ End papers cut from a deed mentioning John Smith, Thomas Marshall, and Thomas Read of Parish of St. Mary Hill. Signature of Ja. Ireland. LEMNIUS, LEVINUS, 129 ~=6© De plantis sacris. See VALLESIUS. 8 Lugd. 1652 216 JOHN GOODYER LEONICENUS, NIC. 86 De Plinii et aliorum in medicina erroribus liber ; accedunt de herbis et fruticibus, animalibus, metallis, serpentibus, tiro seu vipera. 4. Basil. H. Petrus 1529 LERIUS, JOAN. 125 Historia navigationis in Brasiliam, quae et America dicitur, 8. Genev. 1586 In original vellum binding, with title on back of binding in Goodyer’s hand. LOBEL, MATTHIAS DE. 17 Plantarum seu stirpium historia: cui annexum est adversa- riorum volumen per M. de L. et P. Penam. fol. Antv. 1576 ‘D. Doct. Martino Ramerio veteris amicitiae et perpetuae memoriae ergo d. dedit Matth. de Lobel Insulanus.’ On title. Ditto—with Animadversiones in G. Rondeletii methodicam pharmaceuticam officinam. fol. Lond. 1605 Balsami, opobalsami, carpobalsami et xylobalsami cum suo cortice explanatio. ‘10 Marcij 1616 Adversa. 24% pars—4® 12 Mar. 1616 Adversar, 1® pars—4® 98 64.’ 17 Mar. 1616 the binedinge them together—1° 64% | Ig Kruydtboeck, oft beshrijuinghe van allerleye ghewassen, kruyderen, hesteren ende gheboomten. fol. Antv. Plantin. 1581 18 £30 Oct. 1623—65.’ 79 Plantarum seu Stirpium Icones. 2 vols. Obl. 4. Antv. Plantin. 1581 Purchased by Gulielmus Mowntius (= William Mount) for 9% on May 20, 1582, and inscribed with numerous notes in his hand. The binding bears his stamp ‘W.M.’. It was acquired by Goodyer before 1633, probably long before. A few notes in another hand are extracts from W. Bullein’s 2z/- warke of Defence against all Sicknesse, 1562. 78 Icones stirpium seu Plantarum tam exoticarum quam indi- genarum. In 2 parts, with an index. Obl. 4. Antv. Plantin. 1591 With full notes in Goodyer’s hand, including transcripts of Mount’s notes in the 1581 edition (No. 79). On p. 647 Goodyer noted that ‘Potatoes’ = Batata Hispanorum, Camotes sive Amotes et Iguanes. He acquired this volume before 1633. 72, Stirpium illustrationes, plurimas elaborantes inauditas plantas subreptitiis Joh. Parkinsoni rapsodiis sparsim gravatae ; ejus- dem adjecta sunt ad calcem Theatri botanici duaprnpara; accurante Guil. How. 4. Lond. 1655 ‘Rec. 19 ffebruarij—1654.’ LIBRARY 217 LONITZER, ADAM. 14 Naturalis historiae opus novum; 2 voll. . fol. Francof. 1551 ‘Joh. Gooche.’ 15 Kreuterbuch. fol. Francof. 1557 Title missing. ‘Rec. 16 Apr. 1654.’ 16 Kreuterbuch der baiume, stauden, hecken, krauter, etc. ; item von den fiirnembsten gethieren der erden, vogeln, fischen und gewiirm; deszgleichen von metallen, ertze, edelge- steinen ; corrigirt und verbessert durch Pet. Uffenbachium. fol. Franc. 1630 ‘25 Maij 1655 in quires 12° moe 28 Junij 1655 the bindinge 3° ri toa LOVELL, ROBERT. 115 Acompleat history of animals and minerals. 8. Oxf. 1661 ‘21 March 1660—6%, [A compleat Herball.] AZisszng. Probably replaced by the 2nd edit., 1665, pres. by Emes. LULLY, RAYMOND. tor Secreta secretorum in libros tres divisa. | 12™°. Colon. 1592 LYTE, HENRY. See DODOENS. MACER, FLORIDUS. 110. ~=6°De _herbarum viribus ; cum commentt. Guillermi Gueroaldi. 12. [Franc. 1540] 96 Deherbarum viribus ; cum schol. G. Pictorii. 12. Basil. 1559 MANELPHUS, JOANNES. 96 De helleboro disceptatio. ‘ 8. Rom. 1622 MARANTA, BARTHOLOMAEUS. 85 Methodi cognoscendorum simplicium libritres. 4. Ven. 1559 MARCGRAVIUS, GEO. DE LIEBSTADT. 53 Tractatus topographicus et meteorologicis Brasiliae cum eclipsi solari. fol. Lugd. 1648 With W™ Piso, Ast. Nat. Brasiliae. MARONEA, NICOLAUS. 65 Commentarius in tractatus Dioscoridis et Plinii, de Amomo. 4. Basil. 1608 64 Descrittione dell’ Amomo indiano; trad. dal Latino da Francesco Pona. 4. Venet. 1617 218 JOHN GOODYER MATTHIOLUS, PETRUS ANDREAS. 32 Commentarii aucti in libros sex Pedacii Dioscorides de materia medica, adjectis quam plurimis plantarum et animalium imaginibus. De ratione distillandi aquas. fol. Venet. 1583 ‘2 Octob. 1632—20%.’ Note on Sig. b, 2. “ A harde kernel or impostumi in ye bodye.” At end (erased).’... In yeare ...lord 1624. 7th of June, be my munday cost of this booke 4°... two month after... Susan Ironsmith. 31 Les Commentaires de M. Pierre André Matthioli, sur les six livres des Simples de P. Dioscorides; trad. de Latin en Francoys. Edit. 2. fol. Lyon 1566 ‘Rec. 30 Marcij 1654.’ Figs. crudely coloured. 137. Compendium de Plantis omnibus. Wz2¢h Calceolarius, F. Iter Baldi montis. 8vo. Venet. 1571 ‘10 Octob. 1632—48.’ This volume was sold out of the Library about 1745 by the Librarian T. W.[est], whose note to that effect is written below the College book-plate on the back of the title. As these pages were in process of being made up, the owner of the volume, Mr. Gilbert R. Redgrave, spontaneously wrote to inform me that it was in his possession. He has since generously restored it to the College to be once again placed among Goodyer’s books, after an absence of a century and three-quarters. 33. Opera quae extant omnia, ed. Caspar Bauhino. fol. Basil. 1598 ‘31 Januarij 1615—20%.’ Goodyer’s marginal references throughout, and notes on end papers. Defensio: see HESSUS. 38 Kreutterbuch verfertigt durch Joach. Camerarium. fol. Franc. 1590 Figures coloured. ‘Aprill ye 4* 1655. Sold then to Dr. How this Mathiolus in Dutch and colored for w°® I have twentie five shillings per me William Wells at the Princes Armes in Little Brittaine Bookseller. William Wells. Aloyis: Mundillu: 8°: Ofs 6 Fragosa in Span: Ds GO s0 Camerarius in marantham o0:1:0 Ye Camer: wanting the title and Fragosa the last page in ye Index, if they displease, you may returne per next.’ 58 Epitome utilissima de plantis...aucta...a Joach. Came- rario. 4. Franc. 1586 Perhaps Goodyer’s first botany book. The marginal headings and English names may have been added by him as a boy, LIBRARY 219 MIZALDUS, ANT. Historia hortensium quatuor opusculis contexta; i. Hortorum curam ornatum et secreta ostendit; ii. insitionum artes proponit ; iii. auxiliares et medicas hortensium utilitates percurrit ; iv. medicamentorum hortensium olerum, radi- cum et artificia explicat. 104 / Opusculum de sena. De hominis symmetria, proportione, et commensuratione. An caseus edendo sit salubris. 12. Col. Agr. 1576 Alexikepus seu auxiliaris et hortus medicus. Artificiosa methodus comparandorum hortensium fructuum, etc. 12. Col. 1579 In binding are two copies of the ‘ Order’ described under GESNER 93, which must have been bound at the same time as this volume, which also contains a Churchwarden’s Receipt for maimed soldiers. MONARDUS, NICOLAUS, 128 De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis, quorum in medicina usus est, interpr. Car. Clusio. 8. Antv. 1574 126 Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde, wherein is declared the rare and singular vertues of diuerse and sundrie hearbes, trees, oyles etc. Englished by Iohn Frampton. 4, Lond. E Allde 1596 ‘Jo: Gzeoodier’ on title. With a MS. index of fruits, &c. De lapide Bezaar et herba om at end of CLUSIUS, 41 | De ferro dialogus. Exotica, q.v: MONTANUS, PETRUS. 110 De Morborum generibus, ex satyra imprecatoria. At end of COLUMELLA de cultu hortorum, q. v. Eero Gs MOSCARDO, LODOVICO. 27 Note overo memorie del museo di Ludovico Moscardo. fol. Padoa 1656 ‘15 Julij 1657—10%,’ MUFFET, THOMAS. 133 Health’s improvement ; or rules comprizing and discovering the nature, method and manner of preparing all sorts of food used in this nation ; enlarged by Christopher Bennett. 4. Lond. 1655. ‘to May 1655—38 64.’ ‘John Mouffetts elder brother of Aldham hall in Essex.’ 220 92 73 67 85 g2 22 JOHN GOODYER MULBERRY TREES. Instructions for the increasing of Mulberie-trees, and the breeding of Silke-wormes, for the making of Silke in this kingdome ; Whereunto is annexed his Majesties letters to the Lords Liefetenants of the seuerall Shieres of England tending to that:purpose. 4. Lond. 1609 MuSA. See BRASAVOLUS. MYREPSUS, NICOLAUS, PROPOSITUS. 4. Lugd. 1512 Dispensatorium ad aromatorios. ‘20 Maij 1639—2°,’ On title ‘ Richard Hamon de London ge Will™ Bosone sc psn’ ‘maste Hamond prey Hyll mr. chr.’ Gerrad’s Herball. Henry Jones, price liijs. Jos. Quercitanus. [Author of Daezeticon, Paris, 1606.] Oratio Salamonis fol xl. W™ Bofn’ (?= Bosum = Bossom). NEANDER, JOHANN. Tobacologia. 8. Lugd. 1626 Richard Downes 1658, ‘11 Mar. 1658 Liber Johis Goodyer ex dono D. Rici Downes.’ ‘Si fa zara sul Dado Henry Blount.’ ‘Liber Rici: Downes ; ex dono D. Henrici Blount.’ A Richard Downes was Vicar of East Meon and Steep in 1681. NICANDER. Theriaca. fol. Ven. 1499 Bound with DIOSCORIDES, 1499, q.v. ODONUS, CAESAR. Theophrasti sparse de plantis sententiae in continuatam seriem ad propria capita revocatae, nominaque secundum literarum ordinem disposita. 4. Bonon. 1561 ‘vide Vanderlinden p. 108.’ G. OLHAFIUS, NICOLAUS. Elenchus plantarum circa nobile Borussorum Dantiscum sua sponte nascentium. 4. Dantisci 1643 [ PAAW, PETRUS. [8 Lugd. 1601 | Hortus publicus Academiae Lugduno-Batavae. Missing. [PAREY, AMBROSE. Chirurgery. | This work was bequeathed by Goodyer to John Westbrook, a witness to his will. PARKINSON, JOHN. Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris ; or a choice garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers. fol. Lond. 1629 With notes for the Theatrum, 1640. LIBRARY 22X 51 Theatrum botanicum, the theater of plantes; or, an universall and compleate herball. fol. Lond. 1640 ‘In quires 368 oF The bindinge a 39: In many places, Goodyer has indicated the species described by numbers in the margin, and has marked with a ‘ P’ those which the author claims as ‘not having been remembered by any other (author) before’. The chapter on Zhe Elme (p. 1403) is marked ‘JG’, probably to note that it is based on a description by Goodyer, and other passages in which the second edition of Gerard is quoted are indicated by the marginal note ‘ 77’ for Thomas Johnson, the ‘corrigider’ as Parkinson styles him of Gerard. There are a few notes in the hand which we have referred to Dr. J. Dale. At end is part of an account, dated 1572, relating to public preachers attached to the parish of S. Martin in Leicester. Among the names mentioned are Thomas Furner, a benefactor ; the mayors Richard Davy, Richard Darker, John Eyrick (a kinsman of Herrick, the poet) ; the preachers Th. Sparke, Fellow, and L. Humphrey, President of Magdalen, and T. Sampson, Dean of Christ Church. PASSE, CRISPIAN DE. [Obl. 4. Utrecht 1615 81 Hortus Floridus, or A Garden of Flowers. In two parts. “to Novemb. 1627 10/- Johes. Goodyer.’ Figures numbered by G. PAYNE, JOHN. 80 Flowers, Fruicts, Beastes, Birds and Flies exactly drawne. With their true colours lively described. [28 plates. ] Sold by Compton Halland over against the Exchange. Obl. 4: [ie e. 1620] PEMELL, ROB. 131 A treatise of the nature and qualities of such simples as are most frequently used in medicines. 4. Lond. 1652 ‘15 July 1652—38 64.’ ‘Cambogia. Kap. 35.. Yealowe Jaundice.’ The second part of the treatise on Simples. 4. Lond. 1653 g2 A treatise of the diseases of children. 4. Lond. 1653 PHILOPONUS, JOANNES, GRAMMATICUS. 3 Commentaria in Aristotelis libros de anima. fol. Ven. 1535 PICTORIUS, GEORGIUS. 96 Scholia to A*milius Macer de herbarum viribus. Carmen de quadam herba exotica cuius nomen mulier est amara. 12. Basil. 1559 PILLETERIUS, CASPAR. 114 Plantarum tum patriarum tum exoticarum in Walachria, Zeelandiae insula, nascentium synonymia. 12. Mid. 1610 . PISO, GUL. 53 De Medicina Brasiliensi. <‘11i 23,’ fol. Lugd. 1648 222 JOHN GOODYER PLAT, HUGH. 134 Floraes Paradise. 12. Lond. 1608 “13 Nov. 1632— 64, PLATEARIUS. 73 Desimplici medicina. 4. Lugd. 1512 PONA, JO. 39 ~ Plantae seu simplicia, ut vocant, in Baldo monte, et in via ab Verona ad Baldum reperiuntur. fol. Ant. 1601 With Clusius, Rariorum, 1601. 65 edit. secunda. 4. Basil. 1608 With notes to Pzuax, pp. 87, 89. Part of deed dated 1608 bearing name ‘ Sutton’ in binding. 64 Monte Baldo descritto da Giov. Pona, trad. dal Latino per Fr. Pona. 4. Ven. 1617 ‘18 April 1629—9%.’ Notes and references to Pinax. PORTA, JO. BAPTISTA. 130 Phytognomonica, octo libris contenta. 8. Franc. 1608 ‘J. L. Gilbou[rne].’ 60 ~=s- Villlae. 4. Franc. 1592 ‘Pret vj®.’ Notes, but not by G. PROPOSITI Dispensarium, see MYREPSUS. RAY, JOHN. 98 Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium. 1657 Index Plantarum agri Cantabrigiensis. 12. Cant. 1660 Appendix ad Catalogum Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium. 12. Cant. 1662 ‘10 May 1660—28 64’ ‘ written a John Nid, who is dead by Mr. John Wray of Trinitie Colledge in Cambridge. ‘Receaved this instruction of Mr. John Mapletoft, tutor to the Earle of Northumberlans son and of Mr. John Snagge an Apothecarie of Petworth 23 July 1659. Mr. John Nid Mr. John Wray Mr. Thomas Pockley Francis Willuby Esq. Mr. Peter Curthop All of Trinitie Colledge in Cambridge. Francis Willughby Esq. of Midleton neare Coleshill in Warwick- shire, St Francis Willughby’s son. Mr. Peter Courthop of Danny in Sussex on this side Lewes. Mr. Tho. Thornton, parson of Sutton als Sulton in Sussex in Arundel Rape, borne at Bentham in Yorkshire, 2 miles from Yngleborowe hill, 15 Apr. 1663 promised Cloudberry.’ LIBRARY Flectaved thas mites. of- 4M fokn Mapletoff, tutor te thy Casfe.of 23 Northaumb tefans fon ° ; Poe at reenter che mes, M* Fokn Wad mr Fohin Meay me tl aea es Rockey Fancy Witty m° Octue une: filt-of Teinitie cottage ae cael id p PNG m Wwaerwick Shire, OT Francs Wun ughihys few ; Me gehie Courttie Ban m . on thes file raed 2 ed Afi 4 Po: enten pactn f Sulton af Sullon, nm & EN ne ii ; sf Z aes pan ee ae m yorRsShire, 2 1S Wy 2.1063, peamei(a Gewvys 4k) May 1660 ne ae aor itte by Aa sent Wraps Cty me Solr meray of Trinihia cottediys a sefaccd Combryge GOODYER’S NOTES IN No. 98. 224 JOHN GOODYER RENEALMUS, PAULUS. Specimen historiae plantarum cum iconibus. 4. Par. 1611 68 Crambe, viola, lilium a J. A. Thuano versibus illustrata a P. Renealmo edita. A: Par. FOr ‘rz Augustj 1653—48 64. ‘Dr. William Howe bought him of Mr. Allestre in Pauls Churchyard,’ RUAEUS, LAURENTIUS. 6 Hippiatria sive Marescalia. fol. Paris 1531 With MS. notes in an early hand on pp. 136, 139 and at end. An early prescription on the first of 12 blank pp. at end. ‘ffor the bargett R. ffengreke black ornamet. long pep: annyse seed. rew. ros- mary. sage. sethe al y** to gether wt? vergys. & iij or iiij heads of garlek & put it to y® herbs & when al the herbes ar sodyn then put to y® juse of ye same for every oon ij eggs shells & all. When ye have geven y® best drynk, dryve hym up & down half a q* of an hour & put to eVy dryk of a cowe an handful of salt & aft®™ ye best have drnk rub y® tig w*® salt.’ At end, old prescriptions ‘For a hors that ys seke’. ‘Pro tussi equino’. ‘ Asoveren medicyn for achys, brokynes or swellyngs callyd y® ... oyntment ... It must be made in Maye or between y® Lady days’. RUBEUS, HIERONYMUS. 89 Disputatio de melonibus; acc. responsum medicinale pro asthmate cardinalis Bonifacii, auctore Vincentio Alsario a Gruce-: 4. Venet. 1607 RUELLIUS, JOANNES. 34 De natura stirpium libri tres. | fol. Basil. 1537 ‘H. Spes no cofudit. W. Jy silétio et spe.’ With old notes in hand of H. W. (?) on pp. 342, 630. A similar inscription is written in a copy of Aristotle, de Hist. Animalium, and Theophrastus, de Plantis, fol. Basil 1534, in the library of the Oxford Botanic Garden. This copy afterwards passed to ‘ Robt. Leedes’, ‘N, Johnson’, and Sherard. RUEUS, FRANCISCUS. 129 De Gemmis, 1652. See VALLESIUS. RYFF, GUALTERUS H. 102. De memoria artificiali quam memorativam artem vocant ; item de naturali memoria quomodo medicinae beneficio excitanda, augenda, et confirmanda, etc. 8. s.1. 1541 SCALIGER, JULIUS C. 100 ©In libros duos, qui inscribuntur de Plantis, Aristotele authore. 12, Marpurg. 1598 LIBRARY 225 SCHWENCKFELT, CASPAR. 90 = Stirpium et fossilium Silesiae catalogus. 4. Lips. 1600 [SHARROCK, R. History of the propagation & improvement of vegetables, by the concurrence of art and nature. Missing. 1660] SORANUS. 6 In artem medendi isagoge; Oribasii fragmentum de victus ratione ; C. Plinii Secundi de re medica libri quinque. fol. Basil. in aed. And. Cratandri 1528 ‘ DRE ts 108 ercaywyn ous eis in+aye, duco ntho aywyn ductio.’ [Anthony Rous, armiger, co. Devon, matric. Broadgates Hall, 18 March 1603.] [SOWERBY, LEONARD. The Ladies Dispensatory. Missing. 8 Lond. 1652] SPIGELIUS, ADRIAN. go — Isagoges in rem herbariam libri duo. 4. Patav. 1606 SPRECCHIS, POMPEIUS. 92 Antabsinthium Clavenae. 4. Ven. 1611 ‘18 May 1623 2 | ens Bindinge I ae STENGEL, C. 111. Hortorum, florum et arborum historia in duo tomos dis- tributa. 8 Aug. Vind. 1650 “14 Decemb. 1654—3?.’ STEPHANUS, CAROLUS. De vasculis libellus, adulescentulorum causa ex Bayfio de- | scriptus ; addita vulgari Latinarum vocum interpretatione. Seminarium sive plantarum earum arborum quae post hortos conseri solent. 103 < De re vestiaria libellus ex Bayfio excerptus; addita vulgaris linguae interpretatione; secunda editio. De re hortensi libellus, vulgaris herbarum, florum ac fruticum qui in hortis contineri solent nomina Latinis vocibus efferre docens. 8. Par. Rob. Stephanus. 1536 * Curtius’ on last page. STEPHANUS, ROBERTUS. [12. Lutet. 1545 95 De Latinis et Graecis nominibus arborum, etc., ex Aristotele. On title: ‘Sum Henrici Harvey et amicorum Quanto maior iminet nec cit aut fac. tanto magis viget.’ Q 226 JOHN GOODYER STEPHENS, P., & BROUNE, GUL. 114 Catalogus horti botanici Oxoniensis. 12. Oxon. 1658 The second part of the Catalogue of the Trees & Plants of the Physick Garden. 12. Oxford 1658 SWEERTIUS, EMANUEL. 80 Florilegium amplissimum et selectissimum, quo non tantum varia diversorum florum genera, sed et rarae quam- plurimae Indicarum -plantarum, et radicum formae, ad vivum partibus duabus, quatuor etiam linguis, offeruntur et delineantur. fol. Franc. 1612 TABERNAEMONTANUS, JAC. THEODORUS. 46-47 Neuw kreuterbuch, mit schénen, kiinstlichen und leblichen figuren und conterfeyten, allerhand gewachs, blumen, krauter, etc. 2 vols. fol. Frankof. 1625 ‘ Rec? this 6 of September 1655 of the right worth Dr. How the summ of fifty foure shillinge in full for this saeek 2 ee I say Octavian Pulleyn.’ With old deeds used as guards. 77 Ejicones plantarum seu stirpium arborum nempe fructicum, herbarum fructuum, lignorum .. . curante Nic. Bassaeo. obl. 4. Francof. 1590 Annotated by Goodyer with modern names throughout, with cross references to Lobel. THALIUS, JOANNES. 89 Sylva Hercynia; sive catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae, quae respicit Saxoniam. 8. Francf. 1588 With refs. to Pznax. THEOPHRASTUS, ERESIUS. De historia plantarum, libri decem. 2 4 De causis plantarum, libri sex fol. Ven. Ald. 1497 Metaphysica. Contemporary stamped leather Italian binding. Chapters numbered by G., who probably used this copy for his translation. 3. Opera omnia Gr. cum praefatione Joach. Camerarii. fol. Basil. Operini 1541 ‘ Sept® September 1623 pr. 158 64,’ End papers with account for timber and carpentry, signed Thomas Herytage. 138 De historia plantarum. (With Aristotle.) 8. Lugd. 1552 30 ~=6© De _ historia plantarum, Gr. Lat. ex interpr. Theod. Gazae; totum opus absolutissimis cum notis, tum commentariis, item rariorum plantarum iconibus illustravit Jo. Budaeus ~ LIBRARY 227 a Stapel; acc. Julii S. Scaligeri in eosdem libros animad- versiones, et R. Constantini annotationes. fol. Amst. 1644 ©15t° Julij 1657—308.’ . 104 De suffruticibus, herbisque ac frugibus libri quatuor, Theod. Gaza interprete. 8. Argent. Sybold, s. a. [With A/zzaldus.] Pagination added. THEVET, ANDRE. 61 Les singularitez de la France antarctique autrement nommeée Amerique; et de plusieurs terres et isles decouvertes de nostre temps. 4. Par. 1558 f vem. 14 1631—124,’ . . anguinea vitae.’ On title three names of former owners erased. THURNEISSER, LEONHARDUS. 37 Historia, sive descriptio plantarum omnium, tam domestica- rum quam exoticarum, earundem virtutes et icones pro- ponens ; atque una his partium omnium corporis humani, ut externarum ita internarum, picturas, etc., complectens. fol. Berlini. 1578 ‘ Vixi satis si Christe sat a tibi JB ex dono CB consang.’ Evidently a gift from Caspar to his brother John Bauhin. In binding is a folio Proclamation dated 24 May 1648 printed by Cotes, London. And used as a guard is part of a letter ending ‘millitia’ and endorsed ‘Castle baynard’, the name of one of the ~ Wards of the City of London, to the south of St. Paul’s Cathedral. TRADESCANT, JOHN. 134 Plantarum in horto Johannem Tradescanti nascentium cata- logus. 8. s. 1. 1634 A unique copy. See p. 334. ; TRAGUS, HIERONYMUS. 127 De stirpium, maxime earum, quae in Germania nostra nascuntur, usitatis nomenclaturis propriisque differentiis, etc., commentariorum libri tres, ex ling. Germ. in Lat. conversi D. Kybero interprete. 4. Argent. 1552 With G.’s references to plants, cf. p. 73. , {Krautterbuch...verbessert durch Melchiorem Sebizium. ‘ teas Speisskammer. fol. Strasburg 1630 TREVERIS, PETER. The grete herball. 4. Lond. in Southwarke by Peter Treveris 1526 The great herball newly corrected. 4. Lond. in aed. Tho. Gybson 1532 Q 2 u 228 JOHN GOODYER TROXITEN. 20 Horndes heyls menschlicher blédigkeit ; oder Kreiitterbuch, darinn die Kriiuter des Teudschenlands, ausz dem liecht der natur,... beshriben durch Philomusum anonymum ; nachmals durch doctorem Troxiten in truck geben. ‘25 May 1655—8°.’ fol. Strasb. 1595 TURNER, WILLIAM. 13. The first and second partes of the herbal of William Turner, lately oversene corrected and enlarged with the thirde parte lately gathered and nowe set oute with the names of the herbes, in Greke, Latin, English, Duche, Frenche, and in the apothecaries and herbaries Latin. fol. Collen, by Arnold Birckman, 1568 With a MS. index and notes by Goodyer. A booke of the natures and properties, as well of the bathes in England as of other bathes in Germanye, and Italye. fol. Collen, by Arnold Birckman, 1568 ‘To Mr. O. Bilson from E. Gray heboriste.’ VALLA, GEORGIUS. 134 De simplicium natura liber unus. 8. Argentinae 1528 VALLESIUS, FRANCISCUS. 129 ‘De sacra philosophia, sive de iis, quae in libris sacris physice scripta sunt; liber singularis. 6th edit. 8. Lugd. 1652 With Lemnius, de Plantis sacris, and Rueus, de Gemmis. End papers are part of a printed Proclamation of the House of Commons concerning spirits who steal children, dated 1661, printed by Rich. Hodgkinson living in Thames Street over against Baynards Castle 1661. VESLINGIUS, JOANNES. 85 Paraeneses ad rem herbariam. p. 85. De plantis Aegyptiis observationes et notae ad Prosp. Alpinum ; cum additamento aliarum ejusdem regionis. : 4. Patav. 1638 Opobalsami veteribus cogniti vindiciae. p. 217. With Prosp. Alpinus, de plantis Aegyptis, q. v. VIGNA, DOMINICUS. 66 Animadversiones sive observationes in libros de historia, et de causis plantarum Theophrasti; addita fuit tabula studio et opera Andreae Checcaccii. 4. Pisis. 1625 ‘19 April 1655—184.’ 19 Apr. 1655 unbound—1® 64 me 28 Junij 1655 the bindinge—1® gd. es LIBRARY 229 WOLPHIUS, CASPAR. 101. De stirpium collectione tabulae. 12. Tiguri 1587 WoRMIUS, OLAUS. 54 Museum Wormianum. fol. Lugd. 1655 Two of the titles in the old list have hitherto proved untraceable. They are ‘Anatomia Sambuci’ and ‘Alb. Montani Isagoge Physico-magico-medica ’. THE GOODYER MANUSCRIPTS. MS. 1-6. GOODYER, J.,and HEATH, J. Translation of DIOSCORIDES into English with interlinear Greek text. 4,540 pages 4to, bound in six vols., dated 1653-5. See p. 85. MS. 6*. GOODYER, J., and HEATH, J. Translation of SARACEN, Scholia on Dioscorides, into English. 300 pp. folio. MS. ends abruptly on p. 292 with a note, ‘Joh. Heath clericus obiit 25 Nov. 1656’. See p. 89. MS. 7. GOODYER, J. Translation of THEOPHRASTUS, zep. duter, into English. 494 pages, interleaved, one vol., sm. folio, dated 1623. De Plantis, pp. 1-238. De Causis Plantarum, pp. 239-494. In the binding is part of a deed: ‘Witherdon de Stone’ in Kent and ‘Joh. Sharpe’ are mentioned. See p. 50. MS. 8. [? DALE, J.] i. Descriptions of English Grasses. 80 pp. folio. Not in Goodyer’s hand, but enlarged with additions by him. Reasons for referring these MSS. to John Dale are given on p. 296. ii. Descriptions of Plants headed ‘Ex manuscriptis Turn. Annexis Lobelii Observationibus’. 30 pp. folio, dated Jan. 22, 1651. In the same handwriting as No. i. The date of Lobel’s work was about 1576. iii; GOODYER, J. Index to Plants described in his copy of C. Clusius, Raviovum Plantarum Historia and other works bound up therewith. 20 pp. folio. MS. 9. [? DALE, J.] i. Index of British Plants, c. 1650-1656. The work, written on about 250 leaves folio, is based on C. Bauhin’s Pinax Theatri Botanici, 1623, which Goodyer acquired before 30 Nov. 1623. The handwriting is that of the author of MS. 8, 1 and ii. 230 JOHN GOODYER References are given to the following works: Bauhin, Pizax, 1623; [Lobel], Plantarum seu stirpium icones, 1581; cones Stirpium, 1591 ; Gerard, Herbal/, 1597; Johnson’s Gerard, 1633; Parkinson, 7heatrum, 1640; How, Phytologia, 1650; Johnson, Mercurius Botanicus, 1634. ‘The entries from the last book have been marked with yeilow paint by Goodyer, who made a few additions to the two last pages and to Pin. 81, 131, 155, 265, 288, the two last being dated 19 July 1656. The following extracts illustrate the author’s style and notes : Rapunculus folio oblongo spica orbiculari. (Pin. 92.) = Merc. 64 Rapuntium corniculatum montanum, Col. ‘Dns Goodyeerius semper suspicabatur haec duo novissime proposita non ipse nisi ejusdem plantae, ratione soli vel Arigo- sioris vel laeti, variantis diversa nomina.’ Melampyrum latifolium. (Pin. 234.) ‘Mali coniunxit emaculator Sideritium pratensem luteum Lugd. et Crataeogonon, Lob. quae sunt diversae Plantae. Sideritis pratensis lutea Lugd. non habetur apud Lobelium. Inquirendum an Sideritis lutea Mri. Stonehouse ad hanc Sideritem possit referri.’ Blattaria alba. (Pin. 241.) ‘Huc etiam referimus Blattariam fl. viridi et Blattariam fl. albo flavescente, indignus quae novam speciem facerat.’ ii. List of 153 British Plants. ‘Plantae ad Methodum Pinacis reducendae quibus Botanographi nostratis ortum tribuere Britannicum.’ Dated the last day of April 1659. By John Dale? The list is in the same hand as the /mdex, and like it has been annotated by Goodyer, who was evidently in correspondence with the writer, e.g. after No. ‘8. Gramen Parnassi’ Goodyer adds, ‘ This you have putt into the draught of your Catalogue’. MS. to. Hortus siccus. Among the MSS. received by Magdalen College from Goodyer were two Herbaria, listed as ‘ Hortus hyemalis fol.’ and ‘ Hortus hyemalis minor fol.’.. The former is missing, but the latter may be represented by this small herbarium of to leaves folio. It contained a small collection of Mosses and Ferns, made c. 1620 and mounted on the leaves of a MS. Botanical Glossary, English-Latin, beginning with ‘ Anise seade Anisum’ and ending *Yerrowe Nose bleede. Stratiotes millefolia. Militaris Mille- folium ’. ; All the dried plants have been removed, but the following names on paper straps are legible: f. 3. Lichen arborum. Lichen cinereus. Muscus peltatus. Muscus pyxidatus. [ | sylvestris, 3 Jul. 1620. . Phillitis digitata. Ceterach. . Filix palustris. 4 3 . 6. Polypodium. 7. Filix spinosa. Chamaefilix marina anglica. MS. MS. MS. MS. MS. MS. MANUSCRIPTS 231 11, GOODYER’S Miscellaneous Papers. The more important of these are published or referred to in this volume as MS. 11, f. —, or more briefly as MS. f. —, with the leaf number but without the number of the manuscript. 12, LOBEL. Stirpium Illustrationes; plurimas elaborantes inauditas plantas subreptitiis Joh: Parkinsoni rapsodiis (ex codice MS. insalutato) sparsim gravatae: edited by W™ How. 37 leaves folio. The original MS. from which the work was printed in 1655. See p. 252. 13-15. LOBEL. Stirpium Illustrationes. An unpublished work in preparation about 1612. About 835 plants are described. See p. 253. 16. GOODYER, J. Index to Gerard’s Herbal (1597). Sm. 8vo. With localities of British Plants. 17, [STONEHOUSE, W.] Catalogus Plantarum Horti mei Darfeldiae. Anno 1640. With plan 12mo. See p. 348. 18. How, W. Additional Notes to his Phytologia Britannica 1650. Written 1650-1656. See p. 276. An interleaved copy with many corrections, notes, and MS. lists of plants by the author who died 30 Aug. 1656. Goodyer, according to a note inside the cover, received the book on 30 Apr. 1659, and then added marginal references throughout and notes on six plants printed on p.194. On the inside of the cover is a receipt dated July 29 and unsigned, probably written after 1659, when the book was in Goodyer’s possession. ‘Rec. of Mr. Goodier ten pounds for Mr. Bold’s use.’ The Mr. Bold was probably Arch. Bold, one of the witnesses to Goodyer’s will. The notes in How’s handwriting are partly his own, and partly from information received from Goodyer, Hunnibon, and William Browne of Magdalen College. Their source is acknowledged both where they occur and generally on the front page. ‘ Gaine I was for Goodyers Plants and des. y® like for Brownes, Lobells [and Pennyes MS. w° review for names etc.]’ (struck out). Inserted are 7 coloured and 3 uncoloured drawings of plants. Passages from this volume have been frequently quoted by Druce, but we have not found any evidence for his statement that ‘on the death of Goodyer the book probably came into the possession of W™ Browne’.! It would have passed into the possession of the College direct, with the rest of Goodyer’s library in 1664. 1 Druce, Flora Berks., p. ciii. 232 JOHN GOODYER MS. 19. JOHNSON, T., and How, W. Additions to T. Johnson’s Descriptio [tineris Plantarum investigationis in agrum Cantianum A.D. 1632. Formerly in the possession of W. How, and previously Johnson’s own copy. See p. 276. Additions in T. Johnson’s handwriting : On p. 3, 1. 10 ‘Alga membranacea’ has been struck out. On p. 6 to the list of plants obtained in the Isle of Thanet, Adsinthium vulgare has been added. On p. g ‘Sarxifranga, Dod.’ has been added after ‘Serpillum’ in 1. 3. Onp. 37, to the Flora of Hampstead Heath are added ‘Coronopus Ruellii, Cornu Cervi alt. vulg. ‘Scabiosa minor sive ovina, Dod. Cam., media, Lob. ‘Scabiosa media serrato angustifolio, flore Globularia. Adv., Ra- puntium alterum leptophyllum capitatum, Col.’ At back of plate is a note of ‘Trifolium pumilum... White dwarfe Trefoile’. All these are printed in the P%ytologia. Eighteen leaves are bound in at the end. ff. 1 and 2. Blank. ff. 3-6. Index to genera mentioned, including the MS. additions. In Johnson’s hand with additions by How. f.6v. Notes by How. ff. 7-11. Alphabetical list of about 190 species of English plants not included in Johnson’s lists. In How’s hand. ff.12-17. Blank. ff. 17 v., 18. Notes by How. This little volume has the great sentimental interest of being the germ from which all British Floras are descended. The first index comprises all the plants mentioned in Johnson’s book, and is written, I believe, by the author himself. The second list contains names of English plants, including those quoted by How as derived from ‘Dr. Zohn/ons. Mf’, in How’s hand, with additions by him at a later date. Unfortunately these plants are not localized. How’s rough notes on the last two pages are evidently memoranda used when preparing the /Aytologia, our first British Flora. If my interpretation of the handwritings be correct, this volume would probably have passed from Johnson (d. 1644) to How, who would have used it in the compilation of the Pytologia (1650), and after How’s death in 1656 it would have passed to Goodyer, perhaps with How’s copy of the PAytologia, in 1659. NOTES ON CONTEMPORARY BOTANISTS MOSTLY FROM GoopyER’s Books AND PAPERS IN the England of John Goodyer, the stream of Botanical learning was flowing along a very small channel. So small was it, that viewed from the present time after the lapse of three hundred years, the water appears confined to a few isolated pools and back- waters with no certain channel between them. The number of true men of science, as opposed to herbalists, could be counted on the fingers of one hand, and the untimely death or defection of any one of them might have put back the progress of botany for a century. The following notes on Goodyer’s friends or contemporaries were gleaned from, or suggested by, the study of his own manu- scripts. By their publication we may perchance bring to light an occasional fact which reveals the course of the stream of botanical learning. The names of previous owners of his books have been listed : his manuscripts suggest material for more extended notes on some of the following botanists, the others emerged during our research: they are not to be found in the Lzographical Index of British Botanists. The identification of the handwritings of some of them was by no means an easy matter: two are still doubtful. i. THOMAS PENNY, ¢. 1530-1589. ii, THE 1570 BOTANIST OF OXFORD AND WINCHESTER. iii; RICHARD GARTH, d. 1597. iv, v. WILLIAM AND SIR JOHN SALUSBURY, 1567-1613. vi. M. LOBEL, 1538-1616 and How. vii. WM. MOUNT, 1545-1602. viii. RICHARD SHANNE, 1561-1627. ix. JOHN PARKINSON, 1567-1650. x. WALTER STONEHOUSE, 1597-1655. xi. THOMAS JOHNSON, c. 1600-1644. xii. WILLIAM How, 1619-1656. xili. JOHN DALE, d. 1662. xiv. WILLIAM BROWNE, 1629-1678. 234 PENNY i. THOMAS PENNY, ¢. 1530-89. Thomas Penny, M.D., of Trinity College, Cambridge, B.A. 1551, F.R.C.P. 1582, contributed to a natural history of Insects, which, begun by Edward Wotton and amplified with extracts from Conrad Gesner, was finally completed by Thomas Muffett of Oxford. Muffett died in 1604, leaving the book in manuscript. It was eventually published in 1634 by Sir Theodore de Mayerne. Penny’s botanical reputation has been rescued ‘from an almost total obscurity’ by Pulteney, who points him out as ‘A second Dioscorides, for his singular knowledge in plants’. He had resided in Switzerland and had visited the island of Majorca. He was personally acquainted with Gesner, Camerarius, and Clusius. From Majorca he brought Geranium tuberosum, Swertia perennis, and Hypericum balearicum, which Clusius named ‘ Myrtocistus Pennaei’ in his honour.’ Clusius? in 1583 thanked him for a drawing of Cuicus heterophyllus Roth., sent in 1581, and noted® his discovery of Cornus suecica L. in the Cheviots. We have Mount’s statement that he grew Acorws Calamus in his London garden before 1582, Penny communicated the following plants to Camerarius, who describes him as a leading London Physician ‘rerum naturalium peritissimus, amicus meus singularis’. Hort. med. 1588, p. 36. Caryophyllata vulgaris or C. altera alpina with white flowers. Monte Lupo in France. Geum reptans L. Lactuca sylvestris ‘ odore prorsus Opii’. Lactuca virosa L. Matricaria tertia fl. pl. in Anglia frequens. Matricaria parthenium L. Rhodia radix. Ingleborrow. Sedum Rhodiola DC. And Lobel, Adv. 367, associates ‘ Myrrhis altera’ (AZyrrhis odorata Scop.) with him. The mention of the name of Penny by How at a date subsequent to 1650 in an erased passage quoted on p. 280 is of importance, because it may throw new light on his botanical MSS. Pulteney’s account of the matter is that ‘Dr. Penny died in 1589, and is said by Jungerman to have left his papers to Moufet and Turner ; but, in this account, there is surely a very striking anachronism since Turner himself died in the year 1568’. It is clear, therefore, that Penny’s zoological MS. on Insects went to Muffett, and that his botanical MSS. could not have gone to WILLIAM, but to some other Turner. As a possibility, a man who would have valued them would have been the well-known astrological botanist, ROBERT ' Ger. emac. 434, 946, 1279. 2 Stirp. Pannon. Hist, 1583. 5 Rar. Plant. Hist. i. 59, 1601. ROBERT TURNER 235 TURNER,! whom we have suggested as identical with the ‘Turn.’ owner of the Lobel MS. mentioned below. Robert lived at Holdshot in the north-east corner of Hampshire: ‘Turn.’ was in correspondence with Goodyer and Dale(?), either of whom might have shown his MS. to How, without however giving permission for publication by the latter. ii. THE 1570 BOTANIST OF OXFORD AND WINCHESTER. [? DR. WALTER BAYLEY, 1529-92.| On looking through some of the older books in the Botanical Department of the British Museum I was rewarded by finding twenty-nine plant records, some dated 1570-2, in the hand of an unknown botanist, who appears to have lived at Oxford and Winchester. In accordance with a practice very usual in those days, he wrote English names of plants in the margins of his Latin botany book, Du Pinet, Historia Plantarum, Lugd. 1561, and in a few instances added the names of persons and localities. The names are Watson, Jeames, Barnabye, Norton, Strowde, Heiden, Basket, and Crosse. The localities are mostly the several gardens of these persons ; and a few places, all near Winchester, are noted as stations of common Hampshire plants. When the preceding clause was already in type, I happened to see an autograph inscription in a precious little volume by Dr. Walter Bayley of New College,? printed privately and issued anonymously as a New Year’s gift to a friend. The writing at once caught my eye on account of its resemblance to the writing of our unknown botanist. Both writings are in the style of the period; and without further specimens of each, it is impossible to be certain of identity, but Dr. Bayley was certainly the kind of ‘man who might have entered botanical memoranda in a Du Pznet. WALTER BAYLEY was educated at Winchester and New College, becoming a Fellow there in 1550. When Junior Proctor, he demanded the degree of Bachelor of Physic, and supplicated for leave to practise medicine ‘ per totam Angliam’. He was Queen’s Professor of Medicine at Oxford from 1561 to 1582. In 1581 he was appointed Physician in Ordinary to Queen Elizabeth. The Du Pinet, 1561, would therefore have been the newest botany book out at the time of his becoming Professor, and the marginal notes would have been written about the middle of his 1 A Robert Turner was born at Reading at h. 9.48 a.m. on 30 July 1626 (7S. Ashm. 183). : 2 The property of Sir D’Arcy Power: see his Dr. Walter Bayley, Med. Chir. Trans. xc. 236 | BAYLEY tenure of the chair. Besides those printed below, one other entry may be mentioned. Under ‘Piper indicum’ p. 12 is noted ‘a kynd of pepper groweing in India: husked’. It may only have been a coincidence, but Bayley happened to have been greatly interested in Peppers, for some years later he printed, for distribution among his friends, A short Discourse of the Three Kindes of Peppers in cummon use and certain Medicines made of the same, tending to the preservation of health, 1588. The discourse contains one personal note which bears on the author’s movements: ‘I have often seene at Poole at Dorsetshire and also in London, the whole clusters of pepper preserved in brine and in salt’. It is unnecessary to point out that an old Wykehamist journeying from Oxford to Poole would naturally break the journey at Winchester. If we accept the dates 1570-2 and the identifications of the species, these brief notes are among the earliest known evidences for the occurrence of eight species of plants in Hampshire, two of which are the first localized notices for Britain. Halimus or Atriplex marinus, p. 62. Atriplex littoralis L. ‘Upon hable bankes in great quantitie.’ [The river Hamble is not far from the locality where Lobel noted the plant. His, the first printed record, dates from 1655.] Conyza media, Dw Pinez, p. 390. Pulicaria dysenterica Gray. ‘In diches evrywhere about Winchester.’ Sium, p. 171. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. ‘In ye dych towards Nortons.’ Clematis altera Dioscorides, p. 442. Clematis vitalba L. ‘White vyne. In every hedge about Winchester.’ Thlaspi. Thlaspi arvense L. ‘In Mr. Strowdes garden and medoe, 1572.’ Eupatorium Avicennae, p. 476. LEupatorium cannabinum L. ‘In ye dyche toward blak Bridge.’? Tithymalus masculus, p. 605. Luphorbia amygdaloides L. ‘In cops by Cathe of ij sorts.’? Personata altera, p. 559. Petasites vulgaris Desf. ‘Close by the river sydes.’ Cynocrambe, p. 635. Mercurialis perennis L. ‘Oxon.’ [An evidence more than 200 years earlier than the first record in the County Flora.) For the notices of garden plants see p. 304. ‘ My friend Mr. H. Salter tells me that Black Bridge over the Itchen is near the west end of the Warden’s Garden, and suggests that ‘Cathe’ may be an abbreviation for St. Catherine’s Hill. GARTH 239 iii/ RICHARD GARTH, d. 1597. Richard Garth was an accomplished botanist whose contribu- tions to science are better remembered in the works of Clusius and other foreign botanists than in his own country. He was the son of Edward Garth, one of the six Clerks in Chancery, and owned a property at Morden in Surrey in 1564. Between 1581 and 1591 his relations with Brazil enabled him to bring several of the plants of that country, including the ‘ Papyrifera arbor’, the ‘ Juni-pap- peeywa Brasiliorum’, the ‘ Phaseolus Brasiliorum’, and some exotic fruits to the notice of Clusius, who described them in his Lzdrz Exoticorum in 1605. In return Clusius gave him a Solomon’s Seal, a root of which he ‘very lovingly imparted’ to Gerard, who not unnaturally described him as ‘a worshippfull Gentleman, and one that greatly delighteth in strange plants’ (Ger. 757). So far as the English flora is concerned his name should be associated with the Great Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria L.) which grew on his land at Groutes, not far from Croydon.! In 1592 Garth purchased the manor of Drayton from Robert, Earl of Sussex. He died in 1597, having married, firstly, Elizabeth Dixon” and secondly Jane da. of ... Busher, co. Linc., who sur- vived him, living at Drayton Manor facing Haylinge Island, two miles from Portsmouth. After his death, Lobel appears to have visited her garden there, and to have found ‘ Alopecuros altera maxima Anglica paludosa sive Gramen Alopecuroides maxima ’® and a variety of Bindweed, ‘ Helxine cissampelos alt.’,4 growing wild near the house. She seems to have refreshed him with Metheglin of her own brewing, and to have given him her recipe for it, which he printed (Advers. alt., 1605, p. 473). Lobel speaks of Garth as Senior Clerk in Chancery (‘ Diplomatica Curia’), an office to which he had probably succeeded by inheritance, and as most learned in the natural history of Indian as well as of our native English plants. Hugh Morgan, James Garret, the communicator of the vegetable discoveries of his brother Peter and of those who accompanied Sir ‘ Walterus Raulaeus’ to Guiana, 1 Ger. emac. 1585. In the author’s copy of this work there is on p. 762 an old MS. note relating to the Greatest Wolfe-bane, now Doronicum Pardalian- ches L. ‘This growes wild in the Orchard of a house called Grouts in the parish of Mordon in Surry lately belonging to Mr. Garth, Lord of that Mannour, It floures in Aprill.’ * The Heralds Visitation of London mentions a Richard Garth of Moorden, co. Surrey, who m. Dorothy Style. 8 Polypogon monspeliensis Desf. * Lobel and How, p. 127; Park. Theatrum, p. 173. 238 GARTH and Richard Garth were the principal authorities in this country on tropical plants in the sixteenth century. His copy of Caesalpinus is in the Magdalen Library. The title- page bears his signature, and in the body of the book he underlined passages relating to the properties of Tobacco, p. 344, and of Scorzonera, p. 427, and added the name‘ Battato’ for ‘ Castaneae terrestres’, on p. 427. The volume passed in 1598 from his son Robert Garth (d. 1613) to Dr. Lancelot Browne, the author of a prefatory eulogy in Gerard’s Herbal, 1597, and then to John Goodyer. iv. WILLIAM SALUSBURY, 1520?-1600? v. SIR JOHN SALUSBURY OF LLEWENI, 1567-1612. Some few years ago I had the satisfaction of finding in the Library of Christ Church a copy of Gerard’s Herédal, with a few dated marginal notes of plants found in 1606-1608 in North Wales, and with notes on the medicinal properties of others. The Herbal is inscribed ‘Sir John Salusbury his booke’, and the notes are evidently in his own handwriting. They illustrate the manner in which Gerard’s work encouraged the practice of recording exact plant-localities at the time when Goodyer was a boy, even in quite remote parts of the country. They are not mentioned by any botanical writer with whom I am acquainted, nor do the recent historical notes on the flora of Denbighshire by Dallman take us farther back than Waring’s letter of 1772. Salusbury’s date was 1606, and though there is no chance of his ever being forgotten as an historical character, he also deserves to be remembered by compilers of county floras: moreover, unlike his cousin, William, he wrote in English. He received his first education at Oxford at Jesus College. By all accounts Sir John Salusbury of Lleweni, known as ‘the Strong’, was no ordinary man. He came of a remarkable * family, one member of which, WILLIAM SALUSBURY (1520 ?-1600 ?), the first translator of the New Testament into Welsh, is stated to have been the author of a Welsh Botanologia which is said to have been an original work showing close observation of plant life in Wales. It is possible, however, that William’s great literary reputa- tion has led his biographer to overstate his botanical achievement (D.NV.B.). I believe the ‘Welsh Botanologia’ of the D.NV.B. to be the Llysteulyfr Meddyginiaethol, recently (1916) edited by Mr. E. Roberts. It is a Herbal in Welsh, a compilation of extracts from Fuchs, Turner, and Dodoens translated into Welsh before 1597 by SALUSBURY 2.39 William Salusbury, with the Welsh names of the plants, and a few (very few) localities added. Mr. Roberts points out that the more detailed localities are those nearest Llansannan and Llanrwst where William Salusbury is known to have lived. Lleweni is thrice mentioned, and both author and work must have been well known to Sir John Salusbury: the names of plants localized by William are printed below. John’s mother was the celebrated Catherine Tudor of Beraine, popularly known as ‘Mam Cymru’ or Mother of Wales, celebrated alike for her numerous descendants and her four marriages." Sir John has been stated to have had two thumbs on each hand. His gardening is not remembered as well as is his huge strength. The Denbighshire tradition that he used to ‘tear up forest trees by the roots’ is reminiscent less of his interest in botany than of a fondness of displaying his physical powers.?, He married Ursula, daughter of Henry 14th Earl of Derby, and left three sons and two daughters, the eldest of whom, Sir Henry Salusbury, Bart. (d. 1632), also wrote his name in the Herdal (in 1627), and entered notes on two plants growing on the Chirk estate of his father-in-law, Sir Thomas Myddleton (1550-1631).° On a recent pilgrimage to Denbigh to visit the site of Sir John’s gardens at Lleweni, chance made me acquainted with Mr. A. Foulkes-Roberts of Denbigh, himself a lineal descendant of Catherine of Berain. He at once took the greatest interest in the quest and drew attention to the fact that Sir John Salusbury 1 CATHERINE OF BERAIN was a great granddaughter of Henry VII and therefore cousin to Queen Elizabeth. She m. 1. Sir John Salusbury. 2. Sir Richard Clough (and from this marriage was descended Mrs. Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson). 3. Morris Wyn (as his third wife). 4. Edward Thelwall. The story goes that after the funeral of her first husband she left the church in the company of Mr. Wynn who then and there offered her marriage. She declined on the ground that, on her way to church, she had promised Sir Richard Clough! ? “A popular tradition credits him with having killed a mythical and much dreaded beast that had its lair in the cliffs below the castle, and having also slain a great white lioness with his naked fist in the Tower of London, thus earning for his estate the name of Lleweni, Llew being the Welsh for the king of beasts. He also overthrew in a wrestling match a famous giant, Edward Shon David, whose walking-stick was the axle-tree of a cart with a crow-bar driven through it. Syr John, too, was accustomed to show off his strength, when he had no worthier object for it, by tearing up forest trees by the roots.’—Bradley, Worth Wales. ° SIR T. MYDDLETON was elected Lord Mayor of London on the same day that his‘brother Hugh opened the New River Head. He had purchased the estate of Chirk Castle in 1595. 240 SALUSBURY was already known by his poems, and that the MSS. of some of the poems are in the Library of Christ Church in Oxford.’ On returning to Oxford, through the kindness of Canon Cooke, I was given the earliest possible opportunity of examining the two volumes known as Christ Church MSS. 183 and 184 and Professor Brown’s notes thereon, and then learnt, what has been known to Shakespearean scholars for some years, that Shakespeare, Marston, Chapman, Jonson, and ‘Ignoto’ contributed ‘ Diverse Poeticall Essaies’ on the subject of the Phoenix and Turtle, as a supplement to a poem by Robert Chester entitled Loves Martyr, and that the whole collection was dedicated to Sir John Salusbury of Lleweni. The personal association of Salusbury with the great Eliza- bethans is also shown by the presence of a poem written in Jonson’s own hand among the Salusbury MSS. at Christ Church, and by the lines in which Robert Chester welcomed his patron home from London, where The swanns that laue their blacke feet in the streames, Have in their sweetnes sang you golden theames: Court-bewtefying Poets in their verse, Homerian like sweete stanzoes did rehearse. Robert Chester may well have been a member of the Salusbury household, who knew Lleweni and his patron’s love of flowers. Indeed, in his Wynter garland of Sommer flowers made in manner of A Neweyeares gyfte to the Right Worshipfull John Salusbury Esq" of the body to the Queenes most exelent Maiestye, 1598,? he may have drawn inspiration from plants actually growing at Lleweni. He mentions twenty-seven in thirteen stanzas of his poem. Jelliflower. Venus Looking glasse. Daphadill. Hyacinthus. Organy. Strawbery. Orice. Angellica. Honysuckle. Basill. Rose. Lauender. Ladies Nauel. Virgins bower. Oleander. Sweet Marierome. Stickadoue. Rosemarye. Touchmenot. Arkeangell. Agnus Castus. Ladies smock. Hartsease. Youthwort. Ladies Seale. Lady lacies. Yooke Elme. A selection of Sir John Salusbury’s own poems was printed in 1597 in a small volume dedicated to him by Robert Parry, gent., 1 Carleton Brown, Poems by Sir John Salusbury and Robert Chester. Brym Mawr College Monographs xiv, Pennsylvania, 1913. 2 MS. 184, f. 45 a. SALUSBURY 241 of which only one copy is known. His Certaine Necessary observations For Health, a poem illustrating his interest in practical hygiene, was printed as a broadside, of which a copy is bound up in his ‘booke of notes’, MS. 183 (f. 4), and is dated (in MS.) 1596, though a copy of the poem itself, written by a clerkly hand, is dated 1603 (MS. 184, f. 77 b). The volumes of MSS. contain many verses in Welsh, praising various members of the Salusbury family, copies of letters from Sir Henry Sydney, the Earl of Essex, Sir Walter Raleigh, and other notabilities, English poems by Sir John Salusbury and his circle, a few medical recipes, and stray quotations and verses. Sir John’s own muse drew less from a knowledge of plants than did the muse of Robert Chester, though there are, as in all Eliza- bethan poetry, references to ‘choyse and sweetest flowers’, sweet Briere and sweet Eglantine. And one of his verses, on Pride, entitled A Conceite, ends with the lines And those that grow of sundry seeds At last do proue but stinking weeds And if pure wheat be sowde in tares The wheat Assuredly it mars. finis John Salusbury. but they can hardly be cited as showing exceptional cultural lore. The names of many herbes are contained in his medical recipes, of which the following is a specimen: Tacke a certain amand milke mayde Whit these ierbes Tacke plantain, ribbe Whorthe, knott grasse, cheaper purse, confery of evere one a handfull, strabury leaves, sanicula, of evere one halfe a handefull. Let this by boylet in a quantitie of faier Water of this Liquor macke an amand milke. This is excelent against a consumcion, waste, or runninge of the raynes, or brekinge of a vayne & within the boodie, or anye foule matter wthin manes boodye. [Christ Church MS. 184, f. 33’ ? By another hand in the same volume is 4 Dietary for those who have weak backs, in ten 4-line stanzas: I. Good sir yf you lack the strengthe in your back and wolde have a Remediado Take Eryngo rootes and Marybone tartes Redde wine and riche Potato. 2. An oyster pie and a Lobsters thighe hard eggs well drest in Marow This will ease your backes disease and make you a good Cocksparrowe. 4. An Apricock or an Artichock Anchovies oyle and Pepper These to use doe not refuse twill make your backe the better. 10. The milke of an Asse will bringe to passe all thinges in such a matter. When this is spente you must be contente ao with an ounce of Synamon water. / [Christ Church MS. 184, f. 35 R 242 SALUSBURY Sir John was evidently of a most cheerful disposition, and we wish that a page had not been mutilated on which was written A notable sentence wherewith Sir John Salusburye was woonte to solace him S{elfe. Often with a mery thought, do I myselfe well please it is a thing that coste me nought, yet dooth ... . [paper torn]. [Christ Church MS. 184, f. 1 Three of Sir John’s notes referring to plants which he grew in his garden at Lleweni are printed with accounts of other garden plants below, but his other notes all refer to stations of native Welsh plants, and are usually authenticated with the addition of his name in full, ‘Sir John Salusbury, Knight’. The records are the earliest known to me for Denbighshire and the adjoining counties. The plants, though interesting, are not very rare and had mostly been localized by William Turner, or by Gerard, in England. The locality for Matthiola sinuata appears, however, to be the earliest given for this plant in Britain. WILLIAM SALUSBURY’S LOCALITIES, ¢c. 1597. Radish (? Raphanus sativus). Transplanted by W. Salusbury from meadow adjacent to the Abbey at Maenan, near mouth of the Llugwy, to his garden at Llanrwst. Radish sp. Llannefydd ; Denbigh ; Llantwrog. Marsh Mallow (Adthaea officinalis). Llansannan. Rest harrow (Oxozzs spinosa). Plas yn Llewini. Gromell (Lithospermum officinale). Denbigh ; Whitford ; near Mostyn. Chamomile (Azthemis sf.). Llannefydd; Llewini; near Llangollen; Dolgelley. Mistletoe (Viscum album). ‘T saw it with berries in March near the Bont- vaen near Chirk, and without berries all the way to Ludlow.’ Fig. Conway ; ‘ maesglas yn tegeingl, 2 m. from. Holywell.’ Great Cat’s tail (Z7ypha latifolia). Whittington Castle, 2 m. from Oswestry. Great Water Plantain (A/ésma plantago). In a pool by the great house of Sir John Salusbury [presumably at Lleweni]. Rye. Plas Llewini 1555. Maidenhair Spleenwort (AspPlenium trichomanes). Bettws y Coed. Harts tongue fern. Talacre in Flint ; in a wooded glen near Llannefydd. SIR JOHN SALUSBURY’S LOCALITIES, 1606-8. Papaver argemone L. This hearbe is to be found by Llansanan hard by Ryd y Rienn or at Aber in Carnarvonshire. Crambe maritima L. English Sea Colewort, ‘by my weare at Llanddylas upon the Baich and brine of the Sea, where there is no Earth to be seene but sande & pible stones’. In flower 30 May 1606. PEANTSYOR NOR ERY WALES 243 Matthiola sinuata Br. Purple sea stock Gilloflower, ‘by seaside by Sir John Salusbury his weare theare at Llandulas’. Rubus Idaeus L. The Ruspie Bush or Hindebery doth growe by Moelvodiar' in Rees Tailors tenement & in grove of woodde Kylynllwyn behind the house of Berain, where I Sir J hn Salusbury found plentie of them growing wild yet naturally there. It is also found in Merionethshire, very comon by hedge ows and in th: topps of old thatched houses, and so likewise in the upp partes of Denbighshire at Sputty and other places thereabouts. Rosa spinosissima 1. I Sir John Salusbury found the Rose Pimpernell very comon in Garth snodnay Parke by Denbighe. Also in Merionethshire.. Sedum acre L. Castle wall of Harden Castle. J.S. Parnassia palustris L. Mr. Tho. Wilhiames, Clarke & phision, sent it mee Sir John Salusbury Knight, for another hearb. It groweth in a meade of Sir John Winn Knight. Silaus pratensis Bess. English Saxifrage in the Copic in Llewenny parke next the newe stable over the high stile upon the right hand of the footway that leadeth from Llewenny Hall to Denbighe I found it the 23 Maye 1606. Daucus Carota L. Copic of Llewenny 23 Maye 1606, Scabiosa arvensis L. Purple flowered Scabious groweth neere St. Michells well or Fynnon Mihangil by Carwys, in the field that is above the well named Blorant,? in many other places neere Skewiog [Ysceifiog] Church, in the field adioyning to the highe way upon the left hande as you come from Denbighe to the mountayne as you ride to Chester. ‘Conyza maior’ ? = Erigeron acre L. Llewenny. Gnaphalium erectum L. Coten weede or Comon Cudweed groweth by Llewenny Brewhouse near to the Causaye theare. Vaccinium myritillus L. This groweth in most of the montaynes of Wales. Lysimachia nummutaria L. Herb twopence. Newburghe in Llewenny Park & in wood called Kylynllwyn. 1 Three miles west of Henllan. I am indebted to Mr. Edwards, the Librarian of Jesus College, for help with the spelling of Welsh place-names and for the loan of the Heréa/ of William Salusbury. j 2 Blorant in Parish of Aberwheeler near Bodfari. R 2 J 244 SALUSBURY Lrythraea Centaurium Pers. 24 May 1606 Llewenny. Scrophularia nodosa L. Groweth in the Orchard at Chirck Castle. Digitalis purpurea 1. var. Foxglove with white flower growes in a Parke of the Right Worthy Sir Thomas Myddelton called [? Castle] park [of Chirck ?]. _ Veronica officinalis L. Fluellen 8 Oct. 1609. Veronica spicata L. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Salvia verbenacea 1. Wild Clarie in great plentie in litil Park by the wall of the Castle of Denbigh. Prunella vulgaris L. Selfe heale or ye graite ynnos groweth plentifullie in Lleweny parke & the white flowered Self heale is found in a meadow of John Wyn mathenor of Lleweny green. Ajuga reptans L. Bugle or Middle Comfrey also white flowered Bugle I, Sir John Salusbury, Knight, found both in Lleweny park in the Coppice adjoining upon the River Cloyd where the herbes Adders tonge & Twiblade growe I found them the xxt of May 1606 growing there plentifullie. Plantago coronopus L. Buckeshorne. Weare at Llandulas on the side of the Bancks neare the weare. 3 May 1606. Euphorbia paratias L. Sea Spurge. Llanddylas ‘risinge furthe of the Sandes’ and Baiche of the Sea in very great plentie. 30 May 1606. Ophrys ovata L. Twyblade is likewise found neare Carrwis in a place called Cadnant, where a faire well springeth called St. Michael’s well, in Welsh ffynnon Mihangel. [And in the] Castle Park of Chirche in a close next the lower Barnes (belonging to the Rt. Hon. Sir Tho: Myddelton). Twiblade are found by Chambers wood in a field called Ravenscroftes field in Wales neare Denbigh and likewise is found hard by Cloyde in a field of John ap Roberts of Pont Gruffith & uppon the banks of the river Wheler, neare the house of the parson of Botuarry. The Herbe Addertonge groweth likewise in the lower end of Ravenscroftes field, Paris quadrifolia L. Herbe Paris is found neare Carrewis in a place called Cadnant, where a faire well springeth called St. Michael’s well, ffynnon Mihangel within a boult shot of the well down the spring, one that side of the water as Carewis standeth, where like wise is found the hearb Twyblade and by reason of the ranknes of the place there are found a greate store of herbe paris with five leaves apeece, but the yeare 1606 I found the same with six leaves. Sir John states that he planted them in his garden in 1608, PLANTS OF NORTH WALES 245 Ophioglossum vulgatum L. The Herbe Addertonge groweth likewise in the lower end of Ravenscroftes field. [See above.] Lotrychium Lunaria Sw. Lunaria minor is found in Cunnygree of the Right Hon. Sir John Salusburys, Knight, lying betweene Botuarry [Bodfari] & Carewis, and great plenty of them are found in Place y Chambers fielde lying hard by Snodioge parke’ neare Denbigh being the highest & the next field to the parke on the left hand as you go to Henllan from Place y Chambers, in a place of Llanywith called Ogoyr graig uppon the side of the banke theare, and are found in the littel park of Denbigh in the syde of a hill... [continuation cut in rebinding]. Poisonous Fung. Let my advice perswade thy mynde not to truste any of that kynde such as be takenn for the beaste doe proue as poisnusse as the reste. j.S. With these notes are others concerning the medicinal properties of herbs, on which Sir John Salusbury was also an authority. But in none does he show his wisdom as clearly as in two lines in his poem on Certaine Necessary observations for Heath, 1603. Apothecaries shop of drugges let not thy stomack be: Nor use noe phisick till thou neede, thy frende adviseth thee. vi. THE MSS. oF MATHIAS DE L’OBEL AND WILLIAM How. Among the papers which came to Magdalen College with the botanical Library bequeathed by John Goodyer in 1664, were some thousands of printed slips cut from Lobel’s Adversaria, 1576, Observationes, 1576, and Lcones Stirpium, with the author’s cor- rections and MS. additions. These had evidently formed part of a pasted-up copy prepared by himself for a projected work which he did not live to publish, but from which How printed a selection under the title, perhaps the same as the one Lobel himself would have chosen, of Szzrpium lllustrationes. The first question that occurs to one is, To what extent do these MSS. throw light on the life and work of Lobel ? Lobel was born in Flanders in 1538. Like d’Aléchamps (1513- 1588), Clusius (1526-1609), Pierre Pena and Jean Bauhin (1541) he studied at Montpelier under Guillaume Rondelet, who is said to have taken such a liking to the serious young student, that he 1 *Snodiog Park’ is marked as a round enclosure between Lleweni and Denbigh in old maps of the county. 246 LOBEL bequeathed his botanical manuscripts to him. In the Goodyer collection there is a parchment cover that was used to hold loose papers, which bears evidence to the association, for inside is written Rondelet de Febribus. It may have originally served to contain notes taken by Lobel at Rondelet’s lectures. Some ten years later we find Lobel living in England. Driven from his native land by civil war, he described himself as being unable to make a home on a sea tossed by incessant tempests, or to indulge his peaceful love of gardens and flowers on lands watered with human blood. He came over to England to produce his first great work, the Adversaria, and in return for English hospitality he dedicated the work to Queen Elizabeth. The book was printed in London in 1570. It was our first scientific Botany. In Turner's LOBEL AND COLE 24% Hlerball the plants were arranged in alphabetical order. In Lobel we find the first striving after a natural classification, and for the first time the straight-veined plants, now called Monocotyledons, were partly separated from those with net-veined leaves (Dicoty- ledons). Five years later we find him back in his native country and in close alliance with Plantin, printing his S¢tirpiam or Plantarum ffistoria illustrated with 1,486 wood blocks, to which the De Suc- cedaneits of Rondelet was added. And six years later he moved to Delft to superintend a Dutch translation of his work, the Kvad- boeck printed there in 1581. At the age of fifty-four he was again in England, superintending a Botanical Garden which had been established by Lord Zouch at Hackney. In this he was probably in friendly rivalry with Gerard. who, seven years his junior, was cultivating eleven hundred kinds of plants in his garden in Holborn. Lobel in fact prefaced the 1596 catalogue of Gerard’s garden with a printed letter of eulogy, but a note in his own hand in the copy in the British Museum (N.H.), ‘haec esse falsissima M. Lobel,’ is distinctly unkind. Dr. Daydon Jackson tells me that this is the only specimen of Lobel’s handwriting that was known to him before he saw the Goodyer manuscripts. About 1606 Lobel was honoured by being appointed King’s Botanist to James I, but feeling the weight of his sixty-eight years, retired, it is believed, to live with his son-in-law James Cole at Highgate. The will of JAMES COLE,! a document of great interest, presents a graphic picture of the wealth of Lobel’s son-in-law, who evidently maintained intimate relations with the Low Countries to his dying day. He was engaged probably in the spinning, and certainly in the importation of silk into this country. He left his house at Highgate to his wife Louisa, then to Abraham Bush, his sister's son. His house in Lyme St., held on lease from the Carpenters’ Company, he left to his nephews Henry and Peter Cole, and Henry was also to have a ‘gilte cuppard with the arms of Antwerpe graven therein’ and his chain of gold. To Abr. Bush 1 Will (P. C. C. Barrington 42) written on six leaves of paper, dated 31 Dec. 1627, with a codicil witnessed by Eliz. van de Bossche and Louise Cool, proved May 1628. It is to be hoped that one day a more complete account of Lobel’s relations will be forthcoming. In addition to James Cole, he mentions another son-in-law Ludovic Myres, an authority on pharmacy, Abraham Hoguebat, pharmacist, son of his second wife, and Michael de Lannoy ‘ affinis meus’. His second wife may have been related to the Hugobert mentioned by Goodyer, cf. p. 59. Was de Lannoy synonymous with de Laune? 248 LOBEL ‘all my bookes' as well concerning my Latin studies, as picturenge with all my printes, little pictures, shells, marbers, statues, and all my antiquities and old Coines and such like rarities commonly shutt within my Counting House in Lyme St.’ To numerous friends and relations with Dutch names he bequeathed silver cups and pieces of plate. Under Cole’s roof Lobel probably added the last touches to a compilation, the manuscript of which is now before us, and which we may call the Stirpium Tllustrationes. The date of the work is settled by the imprimatur which bears the signature of Thomas Moundeford in his official capacity of President of the College of Physicians. He filled this post from 1612 to 1614. The original testimonials with which Lobel had provided himself for two of his works are still extant. They are both from the College of Physicians, and are signed by the most eminent doctors in London. The names on the earlier document take us back a long way, to 1605, two years before Harvey became a Fellow of the College. The signatures are headed by: Thomas Langton?’ as President; then follow John Craig,* who is said to have given Napier a hint that led to the invention of logarithms; Sir William Paddy,* Sir T. Turquet de Mayerne,® Henry Atkins,® 1 Two of James Cole’s books are known to me. One a Dodoens in the Goodyer collection; the other, Clusius, Pex zsfanias, formerly in the British Museum, but turned out as a duplicate in 1769, and now in the possession of my friend Dr. Daydon Jackson. Both books have his signature Jacodz Colez on the title-page. 2 THOMAS LANGTON, M.D. Cantab. F.R.C.P. 1581; President, 1604, 5, 6. d. 1606. 8 JOHN CRAIG, M.D. of Bale. First Physician to James VI of Scotland, F.R.C.P. 1604. He attended James I in his last illness. 4 Sir W. Pappy, M.D., of St. John’s College, Oxford, where a monument records his great benefactions to the College. Physician to JamesI. President of the College of Physicians, 1609-11, and in 1618. 5 Sir THEODORE DE MAYERNE, M.D. 4. Geneva 1573, @. 1655; M.D. Montpelier 1597; F.R.C.P. 1616. Physician to Anne of Denmark, Charles I, and Charles II. * HENRY ATKINS. President of the College of Physicians, on seven occasions, 1606-25. He started with the naval expedition of 1597 as physician to the Earl of Essex, but was so bad a sailor that he had to be put ashore at Plymouth, and the College was ordered by the Queen to select another medical man to accompany the expedition. The choice fell on Dr. Moundeford. Dr. Atkins was chosen by James I to fetch his younger son, subsequently Charles I, then an infant from Scotland. d. 1635. His will has recently been acquired by the College of Physicians. ie m4 . ° 2 | Qe wfralerieh Meheine Debares fidem furimn Lobel. s & Lucubratrones wPigue ferrarim aude doch fer rmar )fedicar & in ; ribas Aeademiys Walere; guante regis praitaldonnt & huins florenkifetoy Reif ‘fama decorate siLast-veres erunt, in Brora, ered © Reipublice 4 —tiita fem Ly postremam manum mm Seny fate ye addidertt , Squat & Britannicis indicts Plantes » ea rien ‘detibis reclafis, mobihtarit , febig'n fpetandas dederth , a4 hoc expecdas [ein ops Junrnopere dusdere: i f Shere 2 ued bc neslré chivegrapee atesharncer ea ra it: © d A The Langton “prasideng 0 Teg Medecora Lender iS é eased Hey 7s aes ape) : . i por eR ath onl Te mnths LanitsAdje> edi - tock preren rt 4 4 wi ¢ — i ee Se OLD TESTIMONIAL TO: LOBEL Segned by the President of the College of Physictans . and by other eminent Doctors fa: i i : ers ; #1 eT a I mn Crary hie: A vi? ’ iy ie " at: a iS 7 (ei id NPs, ae AAS — ey ik Shy ees SON re VR LoRet Opn Beery xe Het Bs norf Spice peer Soma ¢ 6 OR sew oy Wandue 5 Wits Brahe’, (i bee'y Geen Stonvnank fir £&6s bone! ae Apihe ents bee Sth fs pas = Bis Wad toy | om Vasiee ES ee ~ Lies off Wing gue Afwod 40 pyre Nb cs” Stee pen Seb Bhs | dud, 5 pled par ne OW wid aeand DPeoxnaé Le Coen, LS -Sittiond Lee y Os oe She Ry einbe ray xv Snel fe § Boura@hs axe erate Supa ’ Hanttomint Fe $4, cact from “eg oS ants oat ee EN we ee Fe cognerd fos, phere ior ee et i, oe lord Fe tout | reat rust nue frre We katt pach Srnec Deve ow wicks oud ign: sc) “7 SONNET DEDICATED TO LOBEL BY, Maks TESTIMONIALS 249 Richard Forster,! William Baronsdale,? Thomas Frear,® William Dun,‘ D. Sellin,®> Francis Hering,’ Matthew Gwinne,’ all in Munk’s Roll of the College. Gilbert Primrose, though not on the Xod/, was the father of James Primrose who was; J. Nasmyth,® surgeon to James VI of Scotland, had only recently arrived in London in attendance on his royal patron. Gwinne’s Vertwmnus was acted at Magdalen College in 1607. Nasmyth had already presented Lobel with some plants which the latter had already acknowledged in print. This testimonial was accompanied by a eulogistic Sonnet written by Jan Maes. Neither testimonial nor sonnet appear to have been published. The later testimonial is signed by Thomas Moundeford,’ Presi- dent, Henry Atkins, Richard Forster, Thomas Friar, Mark Ridley,’° 1 RICHARD FORSTER, M.D., of All Souls College. F.R.C.P. about 1575 ; President, 1601-3,and 1615. Author of Ephemerides Meteorologicae, ad annum 1575, secundum positum Finitoris Londont. -8vo Lond. 1575. When out walking with Dr. Herring and Lobel he found a new grass, ‘ Gramen supinum Monspeliense inter Islington et altam portam, vernaculé Highgate’. (Lobel.) 2 WILLIAM BARONSDALE, M.D., of St. John’s College, Cambridge. President of the College of Physicians, 1589-1600. He died before 7 June 1608. 3 THOMAS FRYER, M.D. of Padua, of Trinity College, Cambridge. F.R.C.P. 1572. He incorp. Doctor of Physic at Oxford, 28 Feb. 1623. 4 WILLIAM DUNNE, of Exeter College. F.R.C.P. 1592. Died before 16 May 1607. 5 DANIEL SELIN, M.D., of Magdalene and Christ’s Colleges, Cambridge. FoR.C.P. 1500. a. 1685. $§ FRANCIS HERRING, M.D., of Christ’s College, Cambridge. F.R.C.P. 1599. He was present at the finding of ‘Gramen supinum Monspeliense’ between Islington and Highgate, and wrote a Latin poem E¢zgramma in Opera novissimia L’Obelit as a mark of his ‘love and friendship’, which was printed at the end of Lobel’s Azzmadversiones in G. Rondelletit Pharmaceuticam Officinam. Lond. 1605. 7 MATTHEW GWINNE, M.D., Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford. F.R.C.P. 1605; First Gresham Professor of Physic, 1598-1607; author of the Latin comedy Vertumnus, acted before James I at Magdalen College. a. 1627. 8 JAMES NASMYTH. Surgeon and Botanist to James I. Provided Lobel with new drawings of ‘ Hyacinthus stellatus Peruanus’ and ‘Narcissus Indicus rubro flore’, one of Robin’s new plants. Lobel, Adv. alt. p. 482. He evidently had a garden in which he grew and flowered Frittillaria nigra Pyrenaea. 1605. Lobel, Adv. alt. p. 496. Crocus Byzantinus serotinus candidus. p. 498. Colchicum minimum tenuifolium Gallaecium. p. 500. Plantago Umbilicata. Staghorn fern. (Platycerium aethiopicus). p. 506. 1604-5. ® THOMAS MOUNDEFORD, M.D., of Cambridge. Pres. R. C. P. 1612-14, 1621-3. : 10 MARK RIDLEY, M.A., of Clare Hall. F.R.C.P.1594. Died before 1624. 250 LOBEL Edward Lister,’ Richard Palmer,? John Argent,? and Matthew Gwynn. It was printed by How in 1655 together with an original letter from Dr. Argent, who will always be remembered for having obtained from Bermuda the original bunch of Bananas, which was exhibited in Johnson's shop on Snow Hill. Lobel died in 1616 (four years before the birth of his editor, William How). James Cole inherited his manuscripts, and Parkin- son, when collecting all available material for his Theatrum botant- SIGNATURES TO LOBEL’S SECOND TESTIMONIAL. cum, was undoubtedly permitted to see some or all of them. Lobel wrote in Latin: Parkinson would therefore have had to translate, and a strict sense of honesty in the obligation to make acknowledgement may have become blunted in the process: he merely mentioned Lobel’s help in general terms, for Lobel was a foreigner, dead. and perhaps no one cared. " EDWARD LISTER, M.D., King’s College, Cambridge. F.R.C.P. 1593. Physician in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth and James I. @. 1620. * RICHARD PALMER, M.D., of Christ’s College. ook part in the consultation at the death-bed of Henry, Prince of Wales. * JOHN ARGENT, M.D., of Peterhouse. F.R.C.P. 1597; President, 1625-7, 29-33. ad. May 1643. An autograph letter from him to Lobel is among the Goodyer MSS. He is remembered for his enterprise in causing his man to WILLIAM HOW 251 Ten years later William How, a young doctor of St. John’s College, Oxford, was assiduously collecting notes for the first British Flora. Concise in the choice of its information and scrupu- lous in its duty of quoting authorities, the Phytologia Britannica of How was the antithesis to the Z/eatrum of Parkinson. It was printed in 1650, almost certainly before the author had acquired the Lobel MSS. About 22 Jan. 1651 Lobel MSS., or some of them, appear to have been in the hands of a man of learning,’ who then copied out many Latin descriptions of plants (Goodyer MS. 8, ff. 104-21). How was a most indefatigable hunter after exact localities of plants. He would have searched the 7eatrum in vain for informa- tion which he afterwards found clearly given in Lobel’s MS., and which he would have assuredly included in the PZyzologza, had only Parkinson quoted authorities: and Parkinson had still further transgressed by taking Lobel’s credit of priority to himself. This appears to be one explanation of the violence of How’s criticisms of Parkinson’s lapse from the higher standards of literary honesty. My friend Dr. Church has suggested another motive which might well repay a more extended inquiry. Parkinson was a Puritan, whereas How was probably, like Goodyer and his friends, a Royalist. It is reasonable to suppose that How’s first idea after realizing the originality of Lobel’s work was to publish it zz zofo. It was, however, in Latin, and the market had already been spoilt by the appearance of two popular works, Johnson’s Gerard emaculatus in 1633 and Parkinson’s 7heatrwm in 1640, and no publisher would undertake a third. Yet Lobel's ‘volumes were compleat, The Title! Epistles! and Diploma affix’d’. How, indignant that Parkinson had, as he put it, ‘murdered his (Lobel’s) genuine scrutiny in treacherous oblivion,’ and perhaps dimly conscious that his time for work through failing follow the roots of a species of ‘ Pease’ by scrapping away the beach between Orford and Aldborough, ‘vntill hee got some equall in length vnto his height, yet could come to no ends of them’. Ger. emac. 1251. And during the last year of his Presidency of the College of Physicians, he gave Johnson the first bunch of Bananas that was ever exhibited in a London shop. Ger. emac. 1515. 1 The handwriting of the unknown commentator is characterized by the frequent use of scrolls. We have noted it in Goodyer MSS. 8 and g and in Goodyer’s copy of Parkinson’s 7heatrum, and have evidence that the writer was Closely associated with Goodyer about 1650 to 1659. There is reason to believe that the writer was Goodyer’s friend and neighbour, Dr. John Dale of East Meon and of Long Acre in London, who died in 1662. 252 LOBEL health was short, made a selection of Lobel’s descriptions under the title Sterprum TMustrationes ; plurimas elaborantes inauditas plantas subreptitiis Toh: Parkinsoni rapsodiis (ex codice MS. insalutato) Sparsim gravatae. The work was printed by Thos. Warren for Jos. Kirton of St. Paul’s Churchyard in 1655.1 We have the original manuscript from which the book was printed before us, with the excerpts from Lobel, with How’s additions pasted or pinned thereto, and the leaves of the MS. exactly as they were marked for the compositor, and returned by the printers to the editor. After How’s early death on 30 Aug. 1656, his own annotated copy of the Pxytologia passed to John Goodyer on 30 Apr. 1659, and with it probably the Lobel MSS. as well, but too late for them to be of real use, for Goodyer’s working life was drawing to a close. Except for their disarray through having been ungummed and misplaced, we may assume the papers to be in the state in which How left them. In this volume there are thirty-seven leaves. First comes the original imprimatur with the signatures of Tho. Moundeford, the President of the College of Physicians, and of eight other members. Then the Preface, with many lines erased in Lobel’s hand, and some eulogistic verses by Alexander Rhedus of which the last eight lines were not printed. Next follow some introductory remarks by How, and his Index and list of erratula in his own hand. Then Lobel’s descriptions of 223 kinds of plants, a large number of which were apparently claimed by Parkinson as his own dis- coveries. How’s notes, which appear in small type near the margin of his printed book, are intercalated in the Lobel MS., and show that the selection and arrangement of the volume was entirely the work of How, and not of Lobel. How evidently had Lobel’s materials for the larger book before him. He cut out the descriptions which appeared to him to be of the greatest importance. There are also included original letters from JOANNES DE MONNEL? and from JOHN ARGENT, dated ‘Wood Street 2 June 1608’, and also notes on various plants from Montpellier communicated by, and apparently in the handwriting of, Pellisserius. At the end is one leaf of Gyaptyuata in How’s * John Goodyer received his copy on 19 February 1654. * JOHN MONNEL of Tournay was a correspondent of Clusius. Parkinson associates him with ‘ Anagallis tenuifolia fl. coeruleo’ which he received from Cadiz and grew in his garden at Tournay.. 7heatrum, p. 559. STIRPIUM ILLUSTRATIONES 253 autograph, in which more than a score of Parkinson’s errors are pointed out. The remainder of Lobel’s materials and the manuscript of his projected Stirpium Tllustrationes have now been bound in three _ volumes, for convenience in handling. Volume 1 contains the classification and description of 223 kinds of grasses. Lobel had evidently become acquainted with a great many more species than the some forty-five he knew when he printed his A/zstoria plantarum in 1576. But evidently the very novelty of the newer descriptions has brought about the spoiling of the MS.—from which How cut out accounts of ninety-eight different grasses, for his book printed in 1655. Lobel had evidently worked hard at his grasses. The different kinds described have been numbered and renumbered in some cases four times over, and many alterations have been made in the MS. The last fourteen leaves of this volume are from a pasted-up copy of the Adversaria which has been much cut about. Vols. 2 and 3 are built up out of a further portion of the pasted-up copy of the Adversaria, the leaves of two copies of the 1576 edition being pasted on leaves of paper. The greater part of the text has been struck out, and marginal references to the pages of the Odservationes, 1576, have been added. In vol. 2 the leaves have been roughly numbered by How (?) I to 134, and in vol. 3 the leaves run from 135 to 251. The plants are numbered up to No. 835. Between the leaves so prepared he intercalated the leaves of a printed copy of the Odservationes (edit. 1576), and between them again the illustrations from his 1591 edition of /cones Stirpium printed by Plantin. In many cases the page-margins are filled with Lobel’s additional MS. notes on the plants. There are no references to Goodyer, nor traces of his handwriting, on these Lobel MSS. vii. WILLIAM MOUNT AND HIS RECORDS OF KENTISH PLANTS IN 1582-4. Among the books in the Goodyer Library are two editions of the Zcones Stirpium by Lobel, printed by the Plantin press. The earlier copy of 1581, according to a note on the title-page, was purchased by ‘Gulielmus Mowntuus’ for 19 shillings on May 20, 1582. This note was written by Mount himself, and his initials, ‘W. M.’, are stamped upon the leather binding. Several notes, 254 MOUNT written in the margins of the illustrations, appear to have been added by him within a few months of his acquiring the volume. In this, the earlier of the two volumes, there are no notes by Goodyer; but in the later edition of 1591, containing no notes in Mount’s hand, there are numerous notes by Goodyer, including copies by him of all Mount’s notes on plants growing in Kent, taken from the copy of 1581. It seems likely that Goodyer having first acquired the later edition, copied Mount’s notes into it, perhaps borrowing them for the purpose. He subsequently obtained possession of the earlier copy and owned both volumes before 1633. It has been ascertained! that Mount was born at Mortlake in 1545, was educated at Eton and King’s College, Cambridge, of which he was admitted scholar in 1563 and fellow in 1566. He resigned his fellowship before Lady Day 1570. It appears that he owed much to the patronage of Secretary Sir Thomas Smith and Lord Burghley.? In a letter addressed to Sir William Cecil on 20 Oct. 1567, he professes his great satisfaction in being placed at the University under the patronage of the former, his ‘most honoured Mecaenas’. Medicine was the first object of his studies: later he took orders and was appointed Master of the Savoy in January 1593-4, and died in December 1602. It was known that Mount had taken considerable interest in the making of distilled waters, an art which he probably learnt as part of his medical studies, and that he had written some Latin verses prefixed to Lobel’s Balsam, Opobalsami, Carpobalsami et Xylo- balsami explanatio in 1598, but he has not as yet received from botanists the credit which he deserves of having been the first to record the provenance of several plants in the county of Kent, nor for his knowledge of the construction of perpetual calendars. In the collection of medical books which my friend the late Sir William Osler bequeathed to M°Gill University, there is a manuscript to which Mr. Craster has recently drawn my attention: it throws a new light on the knowledge of the Kentish botanist. It is ‘A shorte declaration of the meaning and use of a perpetuall calendare or almanack’ by W[illiam] M[ount], in eleven chapters, with dedicatory preface to Sir Thomas Bromley, Lord Chancellor of England, whose chaplain the writer was, and whose arms are blazoned in colour on p, vi. The work, which is the author’s holograph, is illustrated by coloured tables and diagrams. Three ? Cooper, A thenae Cantab. ii, p. 271. ® Calendar State Papers Domestic, 1547-80, pp. 294, 301. FLORA VOPR KENT 255 of the latter contain the arms respectively of the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, and of Queen Margaret of Anjou, foundress of Queens College, Cambridge. It was written by William Mount in 1583; and the hand is identical with that in which the entries in Goodyer’s copy of Lobel’s Icones at Magdalen College. are written. Mount’s botanical localities were mostly within four miles west and north-west of Maidstone, indicating that he was living in Kent in 1581 at Fast Malling, where he had an orchard. And even in the case of plants for which Mount gives no localities, it may safely be assumed that he was reterring to specimens growing near his Kentish home. His notes appear to have been written between £582 and 1584. The plants which he may then have observed in Kent, and for which his are the earliest references, are about thirty- three in number, Of these thirty-three plants we find that Gerard, who wrote thirteen years later than Mount, mentions only eight, and to these Johnson adds only eleven more in his various works printed 1629 to 1633, forty-five and more years later. These notes of William Mount, therefore, constitute an important contribution to a first Flora of Kent,’ with a few notes on the virtues of imported garden and medicinal plants; and it must be remembered that they were compiled in days when the idea of local floras was as yet unknown. The modern names of some of the plants for which he has recorded dates and localities are included in the following lists. NATIVE PLANTS. Localities recorded b First printed Modern Names. Mount c. 1582. ‘i ee Poa pratensis, L. Gerard, 1597. Poa trivialis, L. (?) Eragrostis major, Host. Ger. 1597. Phleum pratense, L., var.nodosum. Mount’s ‘ Alderes’. Johnson, 1629, Carex acuta, L. East Malling. Curtis, 1670. Juncus acutiflorus, Ehrh. Snodland. Johnson, 1632. * I have found some other references to plants dating from the sixteenth century in a copy of Lyte’s Herda/, 1578, belonging to the Radcliffe Trustees in Oxford. Two of the notes certainly refer to Kent, possibly the others may too. There was a Smallbrydge in the manor of Horsmonden. Ground pyne (Ajuga Chamaepithys L.) ‘luxuriat in Cantio’. Rhus sylvestris Plin. (Myrica Gale L.) ‘ Canterberyie Call and Cole’. Rhamnus (Khamnus catharticus L.) ‘au pres de la forest de Hatiele’ (?). Buckthorne (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) ‘au pres de small bregge’. Plane (Platanus orientalis L.). Planted in England ‘at Small brege’. The signature of the recorder is doubtless on the title-page, but it has been obliterated by over-scribbling. 256 MOUNT Pater, Localities recorded b First printed Modern Names. Mount c. 1582. a poche. Hordeum murinum, L. About London. Turner, 1548. Luzula vernalis, DC. Mount’s Orchard. Ger. 1597. Eleocharis uniflorus, Reichenb. (?) Sandwich, Dover. Triticum repens. Addington. Ger. 1597. Agropyrum junceum, Beauv. (?) Addington. Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. Ray, 1688. or | Addington, 1581. Digitaria glabra. Hooker, 1829. Sparganium ramosum, Huds. Leybourne. Johnson, 1629. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus, L. ‘Very common’, prob. Ray, 1724. in Kent. Scilla autumnalis, L. (?) _ Sea-coasts of England. Park. 1629. Allium ursinum, L. Wrotham. Martyn, 1763. Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. Johnson, 1629. Coronopus Ruellii, All. Ger. 1597. Stellaria media, Vill. Turner, 1735. Lysimachia Nummularia, L. Johnson, 1632. Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L. Common. Johnson, 1629. Digitalis purpurea, L. Tussilago Farfara, L. Nymphaea lutea, L. Bryonia dioica, L. Tamus communis, L. Potentilla anserina, L. Pedicularis palustris, L. Johnson, 1632. Johnson, 1629. Jacob, 1777. Johnson, 1629. Johnson, 1629. Johnson, 1629. East Malling. Merrett, 1667. Fumaria officinalis, L. Ger. 1597. Ceterach officinarum, Willd. Maidstone, 1583. Park. 1640. Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. Blackheath ; near Lobel, 1570. Rochester. Asplenium Ruta-muraria, L. Ger. 1597. Rhamnus catharticus, L. Dover-Folkestone,1582. Ger. 1597. GARDEN AND EXOTIC PLANTS. Morgan’s garden. D. Penny’s garden. Morgan’s garden, 1578. Mount’s Malling garden, 1583. Saffron Walden. Mount’s garden, 1583; and at Bath. Lord Abergavenny’s garden, 1584. Root used medicinally in England, 1580. Zea Mays, L. Acorus Calamus, L. Gladiolus communis, L. Crocus sativus, L. Colchicum autumnale, L. Saponaria Vaccaria, L. Ipomaea Jalapa. Anthriscus cerefolium. THE MANUSCRIPT NOTES OF WILLIAM Mount. On Title-Page. ‘Gulielmus Mowntuus 198. ~— Maij 20. 1582.’ Page. 1. Gramen pratense. “Great leavyd Medowe grasse very vulger.’ 1. Gramen minus. ‘The lesser vulger Grasse.’ Poa pratense 1." Poa trivialis L. (?) * Lobel’s illustrations of these grasses have been determined by Dr. Stapf, who notes that they are ‘ mostly too crude for us to name from them critically, and Mount would not have been in a better position, except perhaps in so far as he may have been supported by some tradition that is lost to us’. Io. II. 12. 13: 16. ay 20. 22. 22; PLANTS OF KENT 1582-4 257 . Gramen paniculosum Phalarioides. Eragrostis major Host.! ‘Grasse called in Surrey, braunched grasse in Coarne: and in orchardes, & shaddowye places usually mowen. They seathe y* in water wth purselane and small Peysons for wormes, in the sommer tyme, and gyve yt commonly to very younge chylderen.’ Gramen typhinum. Phleum pratense L., var. nodosum. ‘An other Sedge Grasse in watery moyste places-in my Alderes & (?) muche.’ Gramen palustre maius. Carex acuta L. ‘The sharpe edge grasse flaggis he in black brookes [in Est mallinge | growinge in Tuffettes, very Common.’ Gramen aquaticum alterum. Juncus acutiflorus Ehrl. ‘ Ponde grasse growinge in a Ponde in Snodelande, wc ys some- tyme allmoste drye.’ . Panici effigie, Gramen simplici spica. Hordeum murinum 1. ‘Barley grasse: because y' resembleth Barleye in hye wayes, and pathes about London.’ Gramen hirsutum nemorosum. - Luszula vernalis DC. ‘ Hearye or hoarye Grasse in my orcharde.’ Gramen iunceum marinum dense stipatum. Eleocharis unifiorus Reichenb. (?) * ‘Pusshye grasse: in the sandes by the Castles betweene Sandwyche and Douer (in Kent).’ Gramen Canarium. Triticum repens L ‘In all places where the wryters use this worde: Gramen: It ys to be understoode y* they meane Quycke or Couche grasse, whereof there be dyverse kyndes well knowen. The best in my opynyon hathe longe greate rootes creeping in lengthe ij yeardes greater than wheate strawes full of ioyntes agroinge wth ye shape, fol°. 23. Yt groweth in Addington in Kent in the sandy drye dustie hye wayes there. The same prevayleth against the straw, and against wormes in my experience.’ Gramen caninum longius radicatum marinum alterum. ? Agropyrum junceum Beauv. ‘Of Dogges Grasse, or Couche grasse, thus writeth Poena, and Lobell, fol. 2. . . . I have used the Grasse with ye great roote, growinge in sandye wayes set downe here, fol°. 23: growinge in Addington in Kent and doe fynde yt muche better then the usuall Couche grasse. W™: Mount.’ Gramen caninum alterum. Cynodon Dactylon Pers., or Digitaria glabra Beauv. ‘Quyche grasse growinge in sandye wayes the very trewe Cowche grasse whereof the Phisiciones wryte. It groweth in the sandy hie waye plentifullye betweene Wrothame and Addington ' Dr. Stapf writes: ‘How this came to be noted down for Kent is a puzzle, unless he saw it ina garden. Tabernaemontanus says it was grown in gardens, and as it had an old popular name “ amourette”, it may not have been unknown in English gardens of the period.’ * The figure and name are of Setaria viridis Beauv. (O.S., J.). * The figure is Sczrfus caespitosus L. (O.S.); the name belongs to Bromus asper (J.). S 258 33: 40. 49. 55: 57° 59- 80. 98. I12. 037; MOUNT in Addington in Kent. (I there fownde yt a° [15]81 and have synce often used it against wormes wtb good successe and ye stoane allso euen in my selfe for ye stoane.’ [Quotation from Pena and Lobel. | Milium indicum rubrum. Zea Mays L. ‘Redd Indyan Myllitt, which I have seene in M¥ Morgan hys house, the Queenes apothecarie in London.’ Harundo saccharina Indica. Saccharum officinarum L. ‘The suger Canes which yielde us our best suger of it selfe suger without compoundinge, or connynge which ys in deede good and comfortable: the other here in Suger houses by pollycie denyed, ys perchaunce more profitable to the maker or mer- chaunte, then healthfull to the partie, which ys to use it.’ China. Smilax China L. ‘The diet roote Chinee whereof we have none growinge in Englande and yet muche used: it hathe byn in Englande for the Great pockes, allso for all deseases proceadinge from a moiste brayne and the lyuer obstructed. Hereof I referre the reader to Vesalius whoe hath lardge writen in his book de radice Chyna lardgelye thereof.’ Acorus Diosc. & Acoros Theophrasti, Officinis falso Calamus. Acorus Calamus L. ‘I have hearde M' D. Pennye often saye that he hath thys roote in his garden in London.’ Iris nostras vulgaris. Iris Pseud-acorus L. Sparganium & Butomus Theophrasti. Spargantum ramosum Huds. ‘The sharpe edged burre Hagge. It groweth in watery dytches about Leybourne in Kent, smale use thereof in Phisick or Chyrurgie.’ Gladiolus Narbonensis. Gladtolus communis L. ‘Coarne flagge or Coarne gladdyn. I have yt my garden Mr. Morgan gave yt to me a® 1578 at London yt groweth nowe with me a° 1583, at Mallinge.’ Narcissus poeticus. Daffodil. Varcissus Pseudo-narcissus L.and others. ‘Theis herbés which are set here under the name of Narcissus we calle Daffadowndyllyes: they be very common, and of them (as here they be set) dyuerse sortes of dyuerse colores.’ Crocus sine flore. Croci flores. Crocus sativus L. ‘Safforne withoute flower I have never séne here : safforne with the flower I have séne plentye at Safforne Walden in Cambridge- shyre as I thinck yt ys and in many other places in Englande. Allso yt ys concluded amonge all the most approued Authors y* ot Englishe Safforne ys the best and hath the greatest virtues. The Qualities of safforne shall followe as the Rodme wyll permytt soe farre as there ys aney mency one by shape or picture made of safforne.’ . Colchicum sive Strangulatorium Ephemerum Crocifolium. Autumn crocus. Colcicum autumnale L. ‘Thys we calle Hermodactylus: yt was gevin me a®° 1578; and groweth now in my garden a® 1583; very trewly y* agreeth wyth thys shape [cf. figure in Lobel, Zcones, 1581]. I did neuer see PLANT NOTES 259 aney flower but only poddes, as here set downe yet yt may be that yt hath the flowers here underset and soe I thinck yt hathe. D. Symyns? tould me, that yt groweth plentifully about the bathes in Somerset shyre or Wyltshyre when he sawe yt in pastures whereof when casually their catle chaunce to feed, they become daungerus syck untyll ye herdsman or keper have well starved them euen allmoste to sweate; and thin ye swellinge and other accidents doe diminishe, allso they kepe y® cattell from drynck whyle they be yll. Thys ys Mr. D. Symyns observacon of thys herbe in that countrye, as I took the same from hyme by note.’ [Turner (Herbal, 1568, p. 156) figures the Widdowe Saffrone from Bath both in flower and seed, but appears not to have known of its dangerous qualities to cattle. He is eloquent about it in relation to man. ‘It is good to knowe this herbe that a man maye isschewe it. It will strangell a man and kyll him in the space of one daye, even as some kinde of Tode- stolles do. The roote is swete and provoketh men thereby to eate of it. If anye man by chaunce have eaten anye of thys, the remedye is to drinke a great draught of cowe milke.’ ‘It stirreth up tossinges, wamlings, windinesse and vomiting’ (Lyte, 1578, p. 367).] E50; .Cepe. Onion. Adium Cepa L. ‘Unyones fynely slysed, and in faier water one night steiped ; the water y’ next morninge geven to chylderen which have the wormes wonderfull effectuallye helpeth them. Lonicerus, fol. 193. Tragus allso first used yt, fol. 739.’ 151. Scillas.Cepamarina. Sc¢//a verna Huds. confused with S. maritima L.(J.) ‘The sea Onyone or purginge onyone plentifull in England uppon the sea coastes. It ys allso knowen, and to be bought at the Apothecaries only, by the names of Scylla, squylla or sea onyone: very muche used in phisicke. The syrupe thereof purgeth very well clammye, rawe, flegme, yet not without suspicione of some daunger and paynes. And therefore yt ys the better used in St [? summer] tyme, when all phisick muste be conveyed into our bodyes without offense of taste, and worcke without sense of the least grypinge, or troble that may, and muste be.’ 169. [Error for 153. | Ascalonites antiquorum. Shallot. Aldium ascalonicum L. ‘Ascalyones muche used by the poore husbandemen and welsh men which love leeks wonderfull well. Theis rude people which be acquaynted with thys harde hotte foode doe fynde noe inconvenience therein, and the opinion of the very learned alloweth the same for them to be right good and holesome that the same allso ys to them meate and medicyne, because yt norrisheth and so pryserueth them against all infectiones of the hotte tyme of the somer when they doe moste use yt with cheese. To those which seldome taaste theis hotter herbes they are con- cluded to bee perilouse.’ 1 John Symings, M.D. of Oxford, F.R.C.P. 1555; President of Coll. of Physicians, 1569 and 1572; died at his house in Little St. Bartholomew’s Smithfield, 1588. (Munk, Roll R. C. P.) s2 260 154. 155. 172. 158. 159. 228. 229. MOUNT Shoeno prasson. Chive. Allium Schoenoprasum L. ‘I tak theis to be set for ye Cyues.’ Porrum vulgare. Leek. Allium Porrum L. ‘ The vulgar Leéke (Sett).’ ; Porrum tonsile. Allium Porrum var. ‘The unsett Leeke which they cutt to the potte.’ [Error for 156. | Allium sylvestre tenuifolium. Crow garlick. Ad//um vineale L. ‘Wylde garlyck.’ Allium. at Allium sativum L ‘ Garlyck.’ Allium ursinum latifolium. Ramsons. Allium ursinum L. ‘I thinck thys to be set for our Ramsynes, whereof there groweth great plentye about fourde in Kent in Wrotham parishe, and ys esteamyd very good against the stoane.’ Botrys. Chenofodien Botrys L. ‘Oake of Jerusalem. It heateth attenuateth diuideth or cutteth, openeth and purgeth. Matthiolus. It pryuayleth against all flegmatycke, mattered or putrified affectiones of the breast, and lunges; allso yt healpeth such as consume, be trobled with shorte breathinge, and _ stuffinge or makinge noyse in the breathinge pipes ; as well the herbe in the decoctione of liquirishe druncke as the decoctione of the herbe onlye, maney dayes taken with violate or Rosate honney. Matthiolus lib. 3, cap. rrog, fol. 852. To suche as spytte mattered, humores, putrified, yt marvelously pryuayleth which I my selfe can trewlye testifie. The same author in the same place.’ Cichorium sativum, coeruleum. Cichorium Intybus L. ‘Succorye well knowen. ‘Amonge the residewe of suche as by my very long experience, and certen credytt and fidelitie, have been prooued: I commende the infusion of Rhewbarbe in Endyue water or Succorye water against aney obstructiones or lingeringe agewes. For I neuer sawe Agewe (by obstructione) not cured with this Remedie if aney will coutinewe the use thereof. Because euen the most thyck, clammye, cleaninge and _ stuffed, choakinge humores, obstructiones allso, which by weaknes of naturell heats coulde not be eased or removed: by the takinge and use of Rhewbarbe I have seene cured. I have accustomed therefore to take a pynte of Endyve water, wherein I infuse or steepe the weight of fyfteene pence of fynelie slyced Rhewbarbe, tyed in a thynne woven lynnen clothe. After every daye of the same infusione (ye Rhewbarbe still beinge pressed or wringe into the same) fower ownces (which ys about a dosen sponesfull) I geve in charge to be geven in ye mornynges, and this ys the quantitie for childeren. Neither doe I discontinewe the same, untill I see the obstructiones and Agewe wholye gon and taken awaye. For without all doubt all wil be safe, quickly removed, and health regayned yf all thinges be herein well don, and convenient to the Cure. Montanus, libro de Componendis medicamentis, Consilio pro puero ; consilio quinto, fol. 105.’ 374. 396. 438. 459. MEDICINAL PLANTS, 1584 261 . Isatis sylvestris Vaccaria dicta. Saponaria Vaccaria L. ‘I sawe yt grow in the garden of the very honorable the Lord Abergavenny, his garden in Kent a®. 1584.’ [A casual introduction from Continent. | Aloe. Sempervivum marinum. AJoé succotrina Lam. or A. Perryi Baker. ‘Aloé or aloé succotrina best knowen by that name. To be bought at th’apothecaries only: a singuler, good and very safe purger. W. & L. Amonge all other medicines the use of Aloe marvelous well pleaseth me. Noe man nedeth to feare the heat thereof, euen in the Somer tyme. Although the vulger phisiciones speake their pleasure. Baptista Montanus, Veronensis, Comsultat. xci. De preservat. a calculo. The weight thereof is 348 before supper halfe one hower or lesse.’ Perfoliatum vulgatius, flore luteo, fo. umbilicato. : Hare’s Ear. Aupleurum rotundtfolium L. ‘Thorowe waxe or Perfoliata. Is unto chylderen broken use to give the seed hereof in mylke meates, allso the destilled water thereof with good success. ‘Tragus, fol. 484.’ Coronopus repens Ruellij & Cornu Cervi alterum vulgi. Wart-cress. Coronopus Rueltit All. ‘The Englyshe in moste places call this Swynes Cresses and not Harteshornes in aneye place to my knowledge.’ Alsine, sive Hippia major. Stellaria aquatica Scop. (J.) ‘The great Chyckweede.’ ‘Of Chyckweede thus writeth Lonicerus, fol®. 168. .S. media L. The distilled water of Chyckweede in virtew ys equall with Purselane ; wyth wine or simple alone wythe good successe yt ys geven to those which pyne, and waste with longe sycknesse. Unto chylderen in immoderate and unnaturall heate yt ys good to give because yt coaleth the inwarde heate and mitigateth or quyte takethe awaye those terrible accidentes whiche chylderen have by suche extreame heates as Crampes, palsies, tortures and schreamynges, schrychynges, cryinges, startlinges, bowynges and sudden bendinges sometymes forwardes sometymes backwarde and suche like accidentes which chylderen be subject unto. Lonicerus, fol°. 168°. The decoction of Chyckweede or y® Decoctyone of the rootes of great grasse or of purslane, or ye rootes of Male fearne with spotted leaves aney one alone sodden in water with a lytle whyte wyne or male or possit ale ys excellent in my proofs against ye agew and worm in chylderen. Fiorananta lib®. (Capricei medi- cinali).’ f 474. Nummularia sive Centimorbia. Lysimachia Nummularia L. 520. ‘Herbe twopence (allso Woundeworte). ‘In water wth suger, yt ys geuen againste the exulceratione of the Breast and Lunges, yt helpeth the coughe and those which hardely breathe. Chylderen which hardely receaue medicines trobled with a drye coughe are cured herebye. Lonicerus, fol. 208. ‘Tragus, allso, fol®. 808.’ Crista Galli Herbariorum. Yellow Rattle. RAinanthus Crista-galii L. ‘Ratle grasse in meddowes very vulger.’ 262 MOUNT 572. Digitalis purpurea. Digitalis purpurea L, ‘ Foxegloues.’ ‘ Hereof Loniceros writeth fol. 74 that yt doth attenuate, clense, purge, loase, cut flegme or grosse humores: and all virtewes and qualities which Gentiane hathe, yt allso hathe.’ 589. Tussilago, Farfara. Coltsfoot. Zussilago Farfara L. ‘Foole foote, horse houe (loote leafe, the father before the sonne, coulte foote). It may allso be called Coughe worte. It groweth moste in wheate lande, and fallowed feildes. This shape aptlie agreeth with the herbe when yt freshe springeth in March and Aprill. Tragus colored hathe the herbe moste trewlie shewed, muche better then this, the one syde hoarlye whyte next the grownde, and the upper syde freshe grene; the leaves then theis more rownde. The roote medicinal against the coughe; and imper- fectiones of the lunges.’ 594. Nymphaea lutea. Nymphaea lutea L. ‘The Yellowe Nymphye or water lyllye. The roote or seede of ether of theis Nymphies sodden in redde wyne and drunck (noe remedie otherwyse healpinge) stayth y® immoderate courses of women. Lonicerus, fol®. 177.’ 622. Vitis alba, Bryonia. White Bryony. Sryonta dioica L. ‘Herbe bryane, hedge vyne, agew roote, tetter burye roote, and Bryonie. ‘The great whyte roote.’ 625. Vitis, vel Bryonia siluestris. Black Bryony. Zamus communis L. ‘Blacke Bryonie, wylde vyne.’ 625. Peruuiana Mechoaca Mechoacae Prouinciae planta Bryoniae similis. Lpomaea Jalapa 1. ‘The Mechoane or Mecoacane: from the Indianes muche used in Englande, a° 1580, untill muche hurte ensewed ye boulde undiscrete practize thereof; beinge a simple not without great daunger. Hereof Garzias ab Horto, and Monardus the Spaniarde, allso Clusius have wryten. Soe maney other have don, but none doe warraunt yt safe thoughe they commende yt in some cases, beinge prescribed with the advyce of the learner, and those which very well knowe its virtews and qualities thereof. The best ys brought from ye Citie Mexicho: they have 2 sortes, the one lesse daungerous then the other. In my opinione theis 2 doe resemble our 2 Bryonies, and of my mynde, I fynde the moste learned of my tyme in Englande, allso diuerse out of Germanye, and Fraunce icompe with us, the difference of Soyle only cause the varietie of effectes in operatione. The weight of 7¢ or a french crowne in houlder (?), drunck in twelve sponisfull of seck, will aboundauntly purge bothe wayes in common but in moste by stoale onlye. The rootes only ys used, halfe soe muche of our Bryonie wyll worck wonders if it be prepared specially, or simple of it selfe.’ 693. Argentina, Potentilla. Silver weed. Potentilla Anserina L. ‘Wylde Tansie. Anserina Tragi, fol®. 480. The herb sodden in wyne redd or Whyte and drunck healpeth those which have paine in their backes and torments there: allso suche women as be troubled with their whytes immoderately this PLANTS OF KENT 1582-4 263 herbe euen so used cureth: for it byndeth and strengtheneth as Pimpinella Italica. Tragus, fol®. 481. The destilled water thereof is very good to cure redd eyes. Idem ibidem. Against the Dysenterie and lienterie, which is the blooddie flix and passinge of foode by stoal undigested and against all fluxes and flixes this herbe is used in our adge. Idem, fol®. 480. Tragus estemeth it drye because it bindeth there.’ 748. Pedicularis. L. 43 i Marsh Red-rattle. Lousewort. edicularis palustris L. ‘ Lowzye weede becaus the catle feadynge thereof will become lowzye: thereof very muche groweth in black brookes in Estmallinge in Kent.’ 757. Capnos, Fumaria. Fumitory. /umarta officinalis L. 807 807 Vol 180 ‘Fumytarie; the distilled water thereof wyth Tryacle before the purgatione certaine dayes drunck ys very holesome for suche as labor of the Frenche euyll. Because yt purgeth the infected bloode. Lonicerus, fol®°. 167. The same ys good against the Plague and the desease called the Englishe sweate ; allso good when aney shall purpose to Bathe and sweate. The same author there. The Decoctione thereof with Fennyll openeth the obstructiones of the Lyuer and forceth oute the Jaundyce by uryne. The Juce thereof and the roote of Esula, eche one drachme which ys in weight 74 mixed and drunck with hott water dryueth ye Dropsie and . . .(?). In same author, fol®°. 167.’ . Asplenium. Scolopendria. Ceterach officinarum Willd. ‘Splene worte. Yt groweth uppon the southwest ende of Est Peckham churche in Kent: allso uppon ye Pallace walles in Maydston, from where I did transferre y* to my garden walle, where it groweth. a° 83.’ . Lunaria racemosa. L. 470. Moonwort. Lotrychium Lunaria Sw. ‘I haue sene thys lunarie or Moneworte growe in black heathe ; allso nere Saynt Margaretes, nere Rochester.’ . Adianthum album et nigri Plinii. A. 361. Wall Rue.