♦fi*": ^^-~ -= ' ^^D- , — u BL/WHOI S^^r-l = 1 ] = \ EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS / A •■■■ •:? e p "I have seen A curious child, who dwelt upon a tract Of Inland ground, applying to his ear The .convolutions of a smooth-lipp'd shell; To yi'hJ|3h in silence hush'd, his very soul ListehM' .Intensely and his countenance soon Brightened' with joy: for murmerings from within Were heai>^, — sonorous cadences, whereby. To his b^ief, the monitor express 'd Myster.4?>us union with its native sea." Wordsworth 11 S 6^^ r EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Descriptions of shore mollusks together with many living below tide mark, from Maine to Texas inclusive, especially Florida With more than one thousand drawings and photographs By MAXWELL SMITH J EDWARDS BROTHERS, INC. ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 1937 Copyright 1937 MAXWELL SMITH PUNTZO IN D,S.A. LUhoprinted by Edwards B'olheri. Inc.. LUhtiprinters and Publishert Ann Arbor, Michigan. iQfj INTRODUCTION lilTno has not felt the urge to explore the quiet lagoon, the sandy beach, the coral reef, the Isolated sandbar, the wide muddy tidal flat, or the rock-bound coast? How many rich harvests of specimens do these yield the collector from time to time? This volume is intended to answer at least some of these questions. From the viewpoint of the biologist, artist, engineer, or craftsman, shellfish present lessons in development, construction, symme- try, harmony and color which are almost unique. To the novice an acquaint- ance with these creatures will reveal an entirely new world which, in addi- tion to affording real pleasure, will supply much of practical value. Life is indeed limitless and among the lesser animals this is particularly true. A mighty pattern is being woven into which signifi- cantly fits the smallest organism, which under the microscope reveals for a moment its importance in the lengthy chain. Some of these units may dis- appear from the surface of the earth and be replaced by others. This con- stant weaving, building up a little here and tearing down some there, con- stitutes what some may designate as evolution. Adaptation does not neces- sarily express the conformity of a species to its environment. Local con- ditions influence the mode of life to a very marked extent. Sustenance, pigmentation, and amount of lime available for shell building are reflected in succeeding generations. Different conditions in various localities often result in abnormal size, stunted growth or peculiar color patterns. Allowance should be made for these influences where peculiar conditions pre- vail. Giants or dwarfs may readily be recognized. Each individual reader or student may actually assist in adding to the knowledge of American shells. With the span of human life comparatively short it is better for individuals to specialize, more or less, rather than attempt to cover a very broad field. Intensive and reg- ular local observations will prove more productive than those carried on some distance away. The English realize this and their tiny island has not yet revealed all of its secrets. The broad American continent needs naturalists in every community to complete the census of animals and plants. Long stretches of coastline upon the Atlantic and Gulf have never been intelligently worked for shells. The collector will eventually wander into new fields and find the opportunities for recording data endless. This service consists, in one way, of making careful records of the habits of even the common species. A well-known authority estimates that eventually a hundred thousand mollusks will be known, against the sixty thousand odd species which have already been described. These figures are given not to discourage the beginner but to suggest the work in which he may assume a share. It will be noted that not all the species of a given genus appear together in the illustrations contained in this volume. With a shell in hand for comparison it will be best to run through all the plates, at first, until a figure approximating the specimen is found. Then refer- ence to the text will permit comparison with the diagnoses of the group. The individual species may be studied in turn the last of all. With a lit- tle knowledge and practice it should soon be possible for the reader to as- sign the larger shells fairly close to their actual position in the text. vl EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Juvenile shells often exhibit the characters of their elders and, there- fore, can be identified. At times, species are encountered which present in the young stages quite a different aspect from the adult. Then connect- ing series are necessary to show the correct relationship. A number of years have passed since the appearance of a work covering the shells of the American east coast. Many recent additions to the fauna have led the author to compile for his use check lists of local material secured in New England and the various southern states. With these lists as a nucleus it has been necessary to prepare descriptions of the various species and the families under which they are grouped. Some of the descriptions were obtained from the source, the original author's work often contained in some obscure journal or monograph. A considerable number of photographs of east coast shells have been taken personally by the writer for the present volume. Many of these subjects are in his pri- vate collection, others in museums in various parts of the country. The majority of the specimens illustrated were collected upon the mainland of the United States and verified by the finders. Most of the deep water forms are housed in the National Museum. No doubt errors occur, both in the identifications of the little-known species and in certain nomenclature. The aid of students is sought in the correction of mistakes. Only with the assistance of all may the truthful mirror of life be presented. The author is deeply grateful to many friends for helpful suggestions together with the loan and donation of specimens, especially to: Dr. Henry A. Pllsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Prof. William J. Clench of Harvard University; Joshua L. Baily, Jr., of San Diego, California; Dr. Paul Bartsch and Dr. H. A. Rehder of the National Museum, Washington, D.C.; Dr. Louise Perry of Sanibel, Florida; Dr. George A. Water- man of Palm Beach, Florida; Paul P. McGlnty and his sons Paul L, McGinty, and Thomas L. McGinty, of Boynton, Florida; Mr. and Mrs. Frank Lyman and Jack Lyman, of Lantana; and Albert Pflueger of Miami, Florida. The writer is particularly indebted to Thomas L. McGinty for many fine drawings which accompany the text, also the map of Florida which he so painstakingly pre- pared, and to Miss Elizabeth Pilsbry, daughter of the distinguished malacol- ogist Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry for the illustration accompanying the Wordsworth quotation. Without the cooperatipn of these and many other earnest workers the records within these pages would be far less complete. Lantana, Florida, November 15, 1936. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction v Instructions for Collecting Mollusks 4 Univalves — Position for Study 11 Bivalves 15 Class Amphineura 22 Class Pelecypoda 25 Class Scaphopoda 71 Class Gastropoda 74 Class Cephalopoda 148 Plates 151 Glossary of Descriptive Terms and General Index 303 Index of Genera, Subgenera, and Sections 307 vii EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS The term CONCHOLOGY is derived from a combination of two Greek words "A Shell Fish" and "Science of." It is usually ap- plied to the study of both animal and shell. Another word, MALACOLOGY has been accepted by many societies and individuals to supersede the earlier one and refers also to the study of the entire organism. The MOLLUSCAN PHYLUM comprises those animals with soft fleshy bodies cov- ered by a muscular sac, commonly called the mantle, and which usually secretes a shell composed of carbonate of lime which in turn affords protection to the vital organs of the body. POSITION OF THE MOLLUSCA. Dr. Rob- ert W. Hegner in "College Zoology" places the Phyla of the Mollusca between the An- nelida (a group to which belong the Jointed worms) and the Arthropoda (which includes the crabs, insects, etc.). The three share one character in common, they are, or orig- inally were, mostly bilaterally symmetrical organisms. DIVISIONS OF THE MOLLUSCA. There are five great classes indicated by the variations of the foot or locomotive organ and named: CEPHALOPODA, GASTROPODA, SCA- PHOPODA, PELECYPODA. and AMPHINEURA. CEPHALOPODAI or CEPHALOPODS. Ani- mal with foot lacking or rudimentary, pos- sibly modified to arms of which there are eight to ten; individual, unisexual; ani- mal free, crawling or swimming in the sea, propelled by water from the siphonal tube. Examples: Octopus or Devil Fish, Nautilus, Loligo or Squid. GASTROPODA^ or GASTROPODAS. Dis- tinguished by the presence of a sole-like locomotive foot underneath. By its wave- like expansions and contractions the animal progresses. The well-known term UNIVALVE refers to the one piece shell. Examples: Helix (snail); Littorina (periwinkle); Buc- cinum (whelk) . Originally bilaterally symmetrical organisms the influence of environment has often resulted in radical readjustments of internal organs with consequent modifica- tions in the shell. PELECYPODA^ or BIVALVES. Entirely aquatic and predominately marine forms. The term bivalve indicates a two-piece shell. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, which is also frequent- ly applied to this group, refers to the lamellar or leaf-like character of their branchial gills. The tongue-like foot used for ploughing through mud or sand is char- acteristic, also the elastic ligament which binds the valves together, and the inter- locking teeth or denticles at the hinge. Examples: oyster, scallop, and clam. SCAPHOPODA"* or TDSK SHELLS. Animal with long filaments appearing from lobes about the neck and enveloped, with the head, by the mantle. Shell tubular, not spiral. Example: Dentalium (Elephant's Tusk Shell). AMPHINEURA.^ Sometimes placed un- der the Gastropoda. The Chitons or coat- of-mail shells are externally bilaterally symmetrical. They usually are provided with a shell of eight transverse calcare- ous plates. SUMMARY. A superficial examina- tion reveals little in common to the pre- ceding classes. However, there are several structures shared by all, notably the foot. With this organ the snail creeps, the clam and tusk shell dig, the squid seizes its prey. Also in each is a space known as the mantle cavity, between the main body and the mantle or enclosing envelope. This mantle is peculiar to the Mollusca, as is also the Radula which is used for the rasp- ing of food and as a tool for boring into other shells. DEVELOPMENT. In the development of the molluscan egg there is the TROCHOPHORE stage. Fig. 1, which in turn becomes a VELIGER LARVA (so named because of a band 1. Gr. kephale, head; pous, foot. 2. Gr. gaster, the belly; pous, foot. 5. Gr. pelekos, hatchet; pous , foot. 4, Gr. skaphe, a boot; pous, foot. 5. Gr. amphi, on both sides; neuron, nerve. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Fig. 1 Trochophore stage in Pa- tella, la Foot, lb Ve- lum, Ic Flagellum, Id Postanal cilia, le Mouth of cilia, the ve- lum in front of the mouth) Fig. 2. The velum is an organ of locomo- tion and helps in the dispersal of the specieS; as- sisting the larva to travel long distances. It may be that the Mol- lusks. Annelids, and other organ- isms, which em- ploy the trocho- phore stage, have descended from a common ancestor. Fig. 2 Vellger stage, 130 hours old, in Patella. 2a Velum, 2b Shell, 2c Operculum, 2d Rudi- mentary foot Where to Collect Almost every individual has the desire to explore the unknown and discover for himself at least a few of the remain- ing hidden things upon the universe. In this quest the greatest satisfaction comes in sharing the knowledge gained with others. Thus the great scientists faithfully de- scribe and record the results of their la- bors. So too the beginner among shell col- lectors may, by the observance of certain rules, contribute definite knowledge to the subject. The beach searcher may at first be attracted by flashing colors or spectac- ular forms but many humble creatures should also be carefully observed. Possibly some of the latter have never been reported from the particular places to which the collec- tor has access. Here is an opportunity for definite service, simply putting the spe- cies on record. The opportunity for travel to dis- tant places is denied to many but that need not deter the student of shells for often they are to be found within a few miles from home. It may be upon the shores of some muddy bay in Florida, a sandy stretch of beach on Long Island or upon the rock- bound coast of Maine. It must be admitted that, for vari- ous reasons, there are limitations put upon individuals with respect to the amount of truth and beauty which they may have time to observe. Obviously it is better to train faculties upon objects close at hand rather than to strain vision In attempting to discern characters far away upon the horizon. Familiarity with humble beings living near-by will immeasurably enrich life. Long journeys afield are often too hurried to accomplish much in the way of collecting when the time factor must be reckoned with. It is often best to select one good local- ity and concentrate there. A single base from which short excursions can be made in various directions will be found more lucra- tive and satisfactory than a series of brief halts. To examine shells, even superficial- ly, from the viewpoint of architect, engi- neer, or artist is fascinating in itself. When the breathing animal, be it active or sluggish, is also observed both wonder and satisfaction are increased. The casual ob- server cannot but admire the dexterity of a minute organism as seen under a lens, or held in the hand after being removed from a bit of coral, rock, or sand. The present revival of interest in collecting shells has led to certain abuses which already have had a profound effect in Florida. The beautiful Liguus, or tree snails, are already doomed to destruction. Forest fires have taken their toll in de- stroying the hammock lands where the snails live. Many of the few survivors have been EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS ruthlessly collected. The time has passed when the taking of additional specimens can make even the slightest contribution to science. Buying specimens from Indians is as bad as taking them from the trees. Thoughtless souvenir hunters are complet- ing their destruction. A real scientist should also real- ize that many of the marine shells are not quickly produced and often only in small numbers. Entire colonies should not be cleaned out. The excuse that "someone else will take them if I don't" is about as cheap and poor a subterfuge as there is. These remarks apply to living shells, not dead ones. Sanibel Island is an excellent cen- ter for collecting marine shells In Flori- da. It is situated off the lower west coast, in the Gulf of Mexico and near Fort Myrrs. Here, probably, is the richest spot in the country for marine shells and is in- deed a veritable happy hunting ground. Years ago, according to the late Dr. Simp- son, it would have been possible to fill a train of freight cars with shells from the beaches of Sanibel. Today not so many in- dividual shells are obtainable but a suf- ficient number to attract and gladden visi- tors to the island. Even now the beach is often strewn with countless Pinna shells. In order to secure a goodly number of the hundreds of species known to occur at Sanibel it is necessary to learn some- thing about their habits, particularly if they are to be taken alive. Dead specimens are preferable to none, especially if fresh, but only should be retained until living ones are obtained. Where are these living forms? Many are in plain sight including some of the largest ones. The majority, however, are hidden away in all sorts of places and must be sought for at the lowest tides. As the automobile in which the col- lector may ride rolls along the beach in- numerable specimens are crushed beneath the wheels. If time permits it is best to hike down the beach to the lighthouse. There it is easy to observe and obtain two little shells which make tracks in the sand and live in close proximity to each other, Terebra and Olivella. In the tidal pools are scallops (Pecten) of several species, the giant Fasciolaria, countless numbers of the paper fig shell (Ficus), left-handed Busycon, giant cockles (Cardium) , and glistening clams (Dosinia) . Together with these, especially in the direction of Cap- tiva Island, are hosts of the various rock shells (Murex) and quantities of little forms clinging upon the backs of Pinnas, corals, and elsewhere. One could remain here indefinitely, constantly adding new species to his list and enjoying varied ex- periences. Upon the mud flats inside Sanibel and Captiva Islands, on the bay side, live many species which are totally different. In some places a small black Cerithium oc- curs literally in millions. They are so close together that it is impossible to step without treading upon them.- Here too, quite abundant at times, is the gracefully formed Melongena corona. It actually is crowned with many spines which are better seen after the mud is removed. At various depths, in mud or sand, is an assemblage of interesting shellfish, some of them borers and Including the marvelously beautiful angel-wings (Barnea) for which Florida is justly famous. Tarpon Bay, with its muddy bottom is a rich spot, especially for min- ute forms which find protection in its quiet waters. There occurs the tiny opal Marginella, truly a gem of the first water but only one of the jewels which live their allotted span immersed in ooze. The bay shores also teem with life and are easily reached at low tide. The larger bay, in the direction of the lighthouse, is also classic ground and may readily be worked with a small dredge and operated from a fishing boat. Outside in the Gulf the many reefs and diversified bottom afford a rich territory for anyone with time and energy to explore. Almost every haul with the dredge brings up a host of beauties, both large and small, obtain- able in comparatively shallow water. There are other rich fields upon the west coast of Florida, Tampa Bay, Boca Ceiga Bay, the Sarasota area, Marco, Naples, to mention a few. Off Cape Romano the author dredged in about six feet of water with highly gratifying results. On the east coast of Florida, north of the Keys, some of the Sanibel species also occur but individuals are not nearly so plentiful. From the Gulf Stream, how- ever, come many unusual shells which rarely or never are seen on the west coast of the state. The violet shell (Janthina) is a good example. After winter storms it is EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS often washed ashore in large numbers. Many rock loving shell fish, also quite differ- ent, are present and extend well down on the Keys. The alddle Keys of Florida, those midway between Miami and Key West, are es- pecially rich in shells. There in quiet waters the numerous sponges serve as hosts and afford protection to a multitude of small forms which cling beneath them. To wade about in the shallow water at low tide is a revelation. The number of forms and their beauty cannot but excite admiration. The task of turning over sponges becomes an easy one when the speculative urge is add- ed. Keen delight is also found in operat- ing the water glass in shallow water. By this means many handsome little shells may be detected clinging to weeds and grasses. Lignumvltae Key was found a particularly good place for these observations. Where Angel Fish Greek Joins lower Biscayne Bay live, upon weeds, the highly decorative As- traeas, two sorts, one with long prominent spines. The Key West area is commended on account of its harboring many West Indian shells which do not penetrate much farther north. Saddle Bunch Key, upon the ocean rocks, is a favorable station. Sand Island close to the entrance of Key West harbor provides shelter for a number of limpets and forms not seen upon the mainland. The Marquesas and especially the Tortugas are extremely rich in shells and well repay the visitor. Upon the latter the Carnegie In- stitute of Washington maintains a biologi- cal station where much valuable work is ac- complished by the scientists stationed there at certain times of the year. The beginner is advised to study carefully the stations where mollusks live. Repeated visits under varying tidal and weather conditions are essential for suc- cess. Marine organisms are constantly shifting, as a rule, and only disabled ones are thrown upon the beach when certain fac- tors combine to force such an occurrence. Some shells may line the beach one day and not be seen again in years. A person favor- ably situated may watch carefully a chosen spot and from time to time the inhabitants of distant shores may come to him. Regular patrols of the shore line will richly re- ward the persistent seeker of specimens. In New England, and the north gen- erally, conditions under which mollusks live are not so different as at first might be supposed. The rocky coast of Maine, how- ever, affords shelter to many species which could not possibly exist farther south. In- dividuals are often very numerous in the colder waters but the number of species is much reduced. Many of the fine small deep- er water shells may be obtained from the stomachs of fish. Instructions for Collecting Mollusks In 1892 Dr. William H. Dall of the United States National Museum prepared a very valuable paper dealing exhaustively with this subject. Unfortunately this pub- lication is unavailable to the average stu- dent and the following data should prove of value. Mollusks live practically every- where. The loftiest mountains, the broad- est prairies, the most remote oceanic is- lets and even deserts shelter and sustain their lives. Intelligent and thorough search will reveal them in limited or great numbers. Marine Mollusks Many of our most eminent scientists assert that all life originated in the sea. There is no question but that the oceans existed continuously since the earliest de- velopment of life on the globe. Naturally there persist in the great depths of the sea conditions which have remained practi- cally unchanged since the beginning of the world. There are to be found forms of in- calculable antiquity. These organisms are of course obtainable only through costly dredging operations but the literature per- taining to these animals is available to everyone who has access to a good library. DEEP SEA DIVISIONS. There are sev- eral divisional names applied to the vari- ous Molluscan regions of the sea. They re- fer to differences of latitude and tempera- ture. The Littoral Region. All are famit iar with this. It may in a general way ex- tend from the shore to a depth of 100 fath- oms. Here abundant light and vegetation usually exist except as the poles are EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS approached. Beyond the littoral region light does not penetrate. The Archibenthal Region. Here the various continents slope sharply to the bottom of the sea and, there being no light, there Is no vegetation. Dpon the upper portions of this region, however, condi- tions are peculiarly adapted to the develop- ment of molluscan life. Ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, bathe the animals in clean warm water and also bring abundant food to the organisms in their path. The Benthal or Abyssal Region. This refers to the cold dark depths of the sea. The animals there originated elsewhere but have succeeded in adapting themselves to the strange conditions. Thus many deep-sea shells show affinity with those from shal- low water. They are invariably colorless and thin, due probably to the tranquility of the water and absence of disturbances. The enormous pressure at these depths, which may amount to several tons to the square inch, necessitates the free per- meation of water to all tissues in order that equalization may result. How organ- isms can function under these circumstances is the greatest mystery of abyssal life. The collections made aboard the U. S, Steamer Blake, over a period of years, on the southeastern coast of the United States show 28 per cent of the species ob- tained from the abyssal fauna belong to three families, namely TURRIDAE, NUCULANI- DAE, and DENTALIIDAE. Littoral Zone Collecting Shore collecting is more or less familiar to all. Llttorina, Thais, Acmaea, and Chiton live upon rocks. Dpon sandy beaches live many bivalves such as Donax, Pecten, and Venus, while among the uni- valves are Ollva, Olivella, and Busycon. In sheltered bays upon mud flats exposed by receding tides are countless Cerlthium and Nassa. Where rocks, sand, and mud meet the greatest number of species congregate, es- pecially when there is an abundant food sup- ply. Tides and winds should be carefully studied and advantage taken of extreme low tides which greatly facilitate collecting expeditions. An offshore breeze, after a protracted blow, often will furnish ideal conditions. Almost every species has peculiar preferments with respect to its place of lodgment or attachment and it is almost use- less to seek certain species except in spe- cific places. Stones should be turned over; sponges, grasses, old dead shells, wooden piles and other surfaces carefully examined; crevices peered into and all out-of-the-way spots thoroughly scrutinized. Shells like limpets and Chitons should be approached carefiilly and detached with a small case knife before they become alarmed. Otherwise it will be impossible to dislodge them without injury to the shell. It would be well to carry a few small wide-mouthed glass jars in which may be placed the medium-sized living forms. After studying the movements of these in salt water they may be preserved by cover- ing with denatured alcohol. With a little practice and experience the novice will soon attain the necessary technique in ac- quiring and caring for field specimens. Certain mollusks must be sought for imbedded in the tissues of fish, starfish, sea urchins, in the stomachs of fish, in sponges, and upon the shells of other mol- lusks. Certain of the parasitic shells are singularly beautiful and not well known. Fossil Mollusks Often the collector has an oppor- tunity to obtain fossil shells, especially when washed out by heavy rains or when con- struction of dikes or roads necessitate the removal or uncovering of the soil. In many parts of the south there are exposures of fossil beds in river banks or bluffs. The shells from the most recent de- posits are usually identical with or close- ly related to those living on adjacent coasts today. These and those of greater antiquity are extremely valuable for com- parison with the living species. The French, in their museums, place recent and fossil specimens side by side. The richest fossil beds in the United States are adjacent to and upon the banks of the Caloosahatchee River, Florida, and belong to the Pliocene Period. These shells are remarkable for their size, per- fect preservation, and beauty. Recent con- struction of dikes adjacent to Lake Okeecho- bee, particularly near Clewiston, has made available to students and collectors a very EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS rich field. Ihese have been burled for mil- lions of years yet often show considerable color and lustre. Many of the species were the progenitors of those living in Florida today. The opportunity for acquiring this material is without parallel and specimens doubtless will be available upon the dikes for several years to come. For additional information pertaining to these shells the reader should refer to Dall's monumental work on the Tertiary Mollusca of Florida which was published by the Wagner Free In- stitute of Philadelphia and is still for sale by that institution. The Dredge In Woodward's Manual of the Mollus- ca a practical small dredge is described and illustrated. It is built of wrought iron with movable Joints which permit fold- ing and it may be carried in the hand. It consists of two long narrow parallel pieces each with a cutting edge. On the insldes these are provided with eyeholes for the attachment of a net and fastened with cop- per wire. At the ends are fastened two pieces of rawhide and at their extremities a pair of rings. The towing rope in turn is attached to the rings. The ends and bot- tom of the rawhide are connected by the net made of cod-line which permits the water to escape. The opening between the blades Is kept narrow to prevent the entrance of large objects. There are various varia- tions of this dredge which give good re- sults. Fig. 3 Bucket dredge The bucket type dredge was designed and very successfully used by Dr. Hedley of the Australian Museum, Fig. 3. It is fool- proof and according to its designer never falls to deliver a load from the bottom. It may be used in the forty-pound size at a depth of 500 feet or more. It consists of a cone-shaped piece of rolled steel with rei:Tforced sides to which are attached the ropes. There is no opening at the bottom. Fitted in the top is a flange with 3/4" bolts. After bringing up a load the flange is removed and the contents removed with a trowel and sifted through trays which have been fitted with screen wire of various sizes. An important adjunct to any dredge is a strong swivel which should be placed where the ropes meet. This prevents the rope from spinning about while being brought up and consequent loss of the dredge. The flange is essential to holding the material inside which otherwise would be affected by swirling eddies during its transit to the surface. With a calm sea it is not diffi- cult to empty the bucket dredge when swung from a davit and controlled from the dingy. In rough water the bucket operates equally well but must be emptied on the deck. The author's first bucket dredge weighed forty pounds and required two men to operate on his boat the "Dusty." Upon a cruise to the Gulf of Mexico he also carried a twenty- pound bucket which operated equally well in comparatively shallow water. Still smaller sizes were experimented with and found too light in weight. The small light dredge first described is more suitable for ordi- nary use. In operating any type of dredge the length of towline required is usually dou- ble the depth of the water. If too short nothing will be obtained; if too long it will be In danger of getting fast. On rocky or unknown bottoms a safety device is advised in order to prevent loss. A float consisting of a life preserver or small wa- ter-tight keg may be fastened by a light line to the dredge and towed in rear. In the event that the main rope breaks the dredge may readily be recovered. A very simple and inexpensive dredge consists of a piece of ordinary iron sewer pipe, roughly 3 feet long and about 9 inches In diameter. One end is fitted with a re- movable wooden plug, the other end bored with 2 to 3 widely-spaced holes for attach- ing the ropes. Several of these dredges may be carried in a comparatively small space and if lost are easily replaced. The various types of diving helmets. Crew Bringing Aboard One of the Bucket Dredges on the Author's "Dusty" in the Gulf of Uexico Near Mouth of New River, Ft. LauderdeuLe, Florida Close-Up of Sanibel, Florida Beach after a "Blow" Llttorlna llttorea — Living in Great Numbers upon Rocks in Tidal Pools South of Boston, Uassachusetts EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS now growing in popularity, are chiefly use- ful in locating suitable places to dredge rather than for the actual collection of specimens. Preserving the Catch Specimens of intermediate size should be placed immediately in glass jars, labeled with the date, exact station, na- ture of bottom and other data. Records of the water temperature and depth are impor- tant. A liberal supply of denatured alco- hol in clean containers should be readily available for covering the material in the jars. Immediate attention and storage will prevent material from becoming mixed. The smallest siftings or "trash" is extremely valuable in that it often con- tains quantities of small or minute shells. It should be handled with great care, placed in sacks and dried in the sun or close to the engine. Once thoroughly dry this material yields a surprising variety of beautiful forms. The fresh shells stand out with great clarity against the dead fragments alongside them. With the aid of "magnifying spectacles" this material may be sorted over at leisure and is almost certain to contain novelties for the col- lection. Every shell enthusiast, with access to the sea, should have some type of dredge constructed and operate from a rowboat or a chartered craft if not from his own. Even a strong colander held in the hand is bet- ter than nothing. The expense and trouble entailed, along these lines, will be richly rewarded. The Net This is a simple contrivance which is merely a conical bag of netting, prefer- ably bobinette, fastened to a circular piece of strong brass or copper wire which has been coiled. Three additional pieces of small wire fastened to the circular opening serves to hold three attached fish lines; the latter unite and the towing lin° completes the outfit. It is most success- fully used when only a small portion of the circular frame protrudes above thi^ water while being towed. It can only be used in very calm weather. At sunset or on moon- light nights many of the wonderful pelagic or surface creatures, such as Janthina and Cavolina, may be obtained in great niimbers, especially a few miles off shore and in the Gulf Stream. It may be advisable to keep the net out for several hours or even all day in the temperate regions where individ- uals are less plentiful. Cleaning Shells After acquiring specimens the next step is to prepare them for the cabinet. This may be tedious at times, especially after a long field day, but is not neces- sarily a laborious process. In field work, especially in the tropics, it is desirable to immediately preserve the catch in spirits. When travel- ing by car or boat a series of jars and bags will be found indispensable. Field notes will prove as valuable as the speci- mens themselves and aid others in further searches. However, upon returning home a certain proportion of the specimens must be prepared for the cabinet. Soft parts in the preserved shells may be removed in the usual manner with a pin or wire. The liv- ing ones should be boiled in sea or fresh water for a few minutes, the time depending upon the size, removal of the soft parts being by the same method. Giant mollusks, like Fasciolaria, may have to Doil for twen- ty minutes or more in a laundry boiler. Large shells like Cassis may be placed upon the ground face up and partially covered with soil or sand. In Florida the Insects will rapidly clean them out. The operculum should be saved whenever present. Very small shells should simply be left to dry out, the operculum being in position. Hermit crabs often inhabit dead shells which it may be desirable to retain. They may be drowned in a closed container of fresh water and removed with a piece of bent wire. The hermit crabs are not con- structive and by their constant motion may wear away a portion of the assumed abode. When the shelter becomes too small the crab deserts it for one of larger size. The Cabinet The most practical type, for both institutions and individuals, consists of a 8 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS case containing shallow drawers together with a front door to exclude light and dust. The outer case may be an ordinary packing box or a handsome piece of mahogany. Square drawers or those longer than wide are pref- erable. The depth of the individual draw- ers may be 2-3 inches, in any event of a uniform depth which will make them inter- changeable. The height of the entire cabi- net should be determined with regard to available space. The author's cabinets range from 6 feet high to ceiling height. Upon each side of the case are placed galvanized metal runs, bored for screws, at various distances apart to ac- commodate different sized specimens. These runs support the drawers, extending about 2 inches horizontally both above and below each drawer, the screw supports being at- tached to the vertical side. With this system it is a simple matter to rearrange the runs at any time to suit the collec- tion. With both drawers and paper trays for the individual lots the expansion of the collection proceeds in an orderly man- ner. The writer's drawers are painted a soft green; the trays painted Aull black or covered with black glazed paper. He uses the 2X3 inch size which can be homemade or else procured at a paper-box factory. The larger sizes are multiples of the small trays. Very small specimens are often mounted in circular or rectangular glass- topped boxes which are filled with black wool. Less expensive and also quite satis- factory are the "shell tubes" of various dimensions which are obtainable from glass makers. Imported tubes, marked at the end with the place of origin, should be avoid- ed. The black wool may be used effectively in both the boxes and tubes, corks being usually unnecessary. Labels These are a problem. The writer's are typewritten upon unruled library cards and separated with a photographic trimming board. Each label should indicate the name, author, locality, collector, and cat- alog number. When enclosed in a tube the reverse side of the label may have been previously painted a dull black in order to furnish a background for the specimens. Catalog Every collector should keep a rec- ord of his findings and additions. The double entry Is one of several systems used. With this, acquisitions are first entered as received, each bearing a number which is placed also upon the label and when possi- ble upon the specimens themselves. Separate localities are indicated by letters which are added to the numbers. The second book in this system is arranged systematically, according to families and genera, with spaces left for future entries. The num- bers are entered opposite the individual species but of course are not consecutive. A looseleaf book should be employed for the second book. Packing and Transport Glass jars for shipment should be packed with excelsior. For very small or medium specimens individual containers may be made readily with a small round stick, say half an inch in diameter. Around this may be pasted old letters or blank books. When dry the covering may be removed and the hollow tube cut into short lengths. A bit of cotton in each end will prevent the contents from dropping out. Data may be written on the outside of each paper tube. Reference Books There is a large amount of litera- ture pertaining to natural history. Many of the molluscan species were described in obscure journals of learned societies and ordinarily are inaccessible to the average student. The four best libraries, from the viewpoint of the malacologist, in this coun- try are in The American Museum of Natural History in New York, the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, the National Muse- um or Library of Congress in Washington, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The study of mollusks, and kindred subjects, proceeds at such a rapid pace that no Manual or Monograph can possibly present simultaneously adequate descrip- tions of all the 60,000 or more shellfish EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 9 known. When such a work appears gradually over a period of years the result Is that upon completion the earlier portion becomes antiquated. There is no single work ex- tant which describes all mollusks, or even all from a given region. There are a number of elementary books available to the beginner, some of them excellent. Edward Step's "Shell Life" although covering British mollusks is recommended for its lucid style and copious illustrations. Augusta Foote Arnold's "Sea Beach at Ebb Tide" published by the Cen- tury Company in 1903 is about the only pop- ular book which includes east coast shells. It was reprinted in 1935. Professor Josiah Keep's books, covering west coast shells, have been pop- ular for many years in California. His last work "West American Shells" was recently revised by Joshua L. Baily, Jr., of San Diego, California and published by Stan- ford University under the title "West Coast Shells." It is very accurate. Julia Roger's "Shell Book" has been a popular one in the Nature Library pub- lished by Doubleday Doran and Company. It treats of shells from various parts of the world. Only a small number of American species are included. The volume entitled "Mollusks" be- longing to the Cambridge (England) Natural History series will be found extremely val- uable and interesting, especially in con- nection with the geographical distribution of land shells. Although out of print it may easily be obtained through a dealer in used books. The author. Rev. A. H. Cooke, presents information obtained from many sources together with excellent figures and valuable regional maps. Pelseneer's Volume V of the Oxford Natural History is also commended. Woodward's "Manual of the Mollusca" another British publication, easily ob- tained through similar channels, will be found accurate, and comprehensive. One of the later editions should be chosen, pref- erably the reprint of the fourth edition (1880) which appeared in 1890. More difficult to obtain is the French work by Fischer and known as the Manual de Conchyliologie. This appeared in 1887 and is an excellent work. The illus- trations are exceptionally fine. Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, of the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, is the present author of the "Manual of Con- chology," begun by George W. Tryon and now being published by the Academy. It is sold by subscription and in the various volumes every species, in the groups covered, is described and illustrated. The purchaser may select black and white or colored il- lustrations. The late Dr. William Healy Dall, of the D. S. National Museum, was the greatest authority on American marine shel'' s and from his pen appeared some of the most bril- liant, scholarly, and valuable treatises pertaining to his favorite subjects. His check list of East Coast Mollusks, "A Pre- liminary Catalog," Bulletin 37 of the U. S. National Museum and published in 1889 sup- plied a long-felt need. Although there are no descriptions the more than one thousand figures and tables showing range in depth, distribution and measurements add much to its usefulness. Plates 60-74, in this work, have been taken from Bulletin 37. Dr. Dall also reported upon the "Blake" expeditions into southeastern wa- ters and these findings are well covered in the Bulletins of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, during the years 1886- 1889. In 1934 the Boston Society of Natu- ral History published Charles W. Johnson's "List of Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic Coast from Labrador to Texas." This excel- lent list has been a pattern for the ar- rangement of the various families in the present volxime. It is intended that the two shall be used together, each one to sup- plement the other. The reader should subscribe to "The Nautilus," the only regular periodical, published in this country, devoted to mol- lusks. Its pages are replete with good ar- ticles, scientific but frequently presented in popular form. The early volumes of this publication are among the writer's most cherished possessions. A complete digest, to date of its issuance, has appeared and another is in prospect. With these keys to "The Nautilus" a veritable treasure-chest becomes available to shell enthusiasts. In addition to the foregoing there are several foreign periodicals. Of most interest might be mentioned the Proceedings distributed to members of the Malacological Society of London and also those of the Conchological Society of Great Britain. The 10 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS dues, for corresponding memtiers, are nomi- nal. The moniomental monographs of Reeve, Sowerby, Tryon, Pllsbry, and others, lav- ishly illustrated with hand-colored plates, may be consulted in the libraries, also many other works which have appeared in various languages. Some years ago and far from the western centers of learning, a Japanese founded in his country at Kyoto a museiim which was the first exclusively devoted to shells. Y. Hirase, the founder, with great personal sacrifices succeeded in turning up many new or little-known shells within the borders of his Empire and adjacent terri- tory. He published a small magazine, print- ed in both English and Japanese, well il- lustrated and entirely devoted to his chosen subject. His later "Shell Illustra- tions" published separately reflect in their composition the rare taste and in- genuity of his countrymen. In a country where all art is inspired by nature we find a deep appreciation of its various manifes- tations. Even among the most humble and the very young there is a keen realization of the beautiful and an intelligently di- rected urge toward its appreciation and ap- plication to the practical everyday af- fairs of life. Shell Hunting With a Camera Of particular value to the active naturalist is the miniature camera. Infield vrark it obviates the necessity of carrying bulky and cumbersome equipment into inac- cessible places. The author uses an instrument of German manufacture and all of the photo- graphs which accompany these pages were secured with it. The various accessory lenses permit copying portions of rare ref- erence books, both text and plates, with comparative ease and rapidity. Many libra- ries issue permits to bona fide students who desire to undertake this work. The shell collector should obtain close-ups of life in tidal pools and upon rocks. The telephoto lens may aid in cer- tain undertakings. Motion pictures of ac- tive mollusks ere often very instructive and valuable. Mlcrophotographs are not difficult to take and together with notes open new worlds of pleasure and satisfac- tion. Once used in connection with shell work the camera will be found indispensable. Drawings of Shells Those possessing artistic ability will find their own sketches of living mol- lusks accurately done, particularly in out- of-the-way places, often real contributions to science. The delicate and beautiful nudibranchs, or naked sea mollusks which lack shells make splendid subjects. These quickly shrink and deteriorate when pre- served in alcohol. Paintings of these alive, the subjects immersed in sea water, often later permit more complete descrip- tions than otherwise would be obtainable. The camera lucida drawings are also worthy of mention. The Microscope The most suitable type for examin- ing small or minute shells, radulae and for dissection is the binocular. Using a small electric spotlight focused upon the subject many hours can be spent comfortably. The various interchangeable eyepieces and objec- tives permit a wide range of magnification and area covered. The chief objection to this instrument Is its cost, between one and two hundred dollars when new. These microscopes are manufactured in Buffalo, New York, and also are imported from Germany. The well-known one-tube microscope, if sufficiently low-powered, may be used for infrequent work but the resultant eye strain will be found detrimental. Shell Clubs and the National Society Two flourishing local clubs, doing serious work, are in Boston and Los Angeles, respectively. Others are needed in various sections of the United States. Clubs conducting Informal gather- ings afford opportunities for discussion and comparison of specimens. An occasional field meeting adds zest and a leader may conduct members to the richest and most in- teresting stations for shells. New re- cruits soon are enlisted in the cause. The American Malacological Union, founded in 1931, holds an annual meeting EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 11 somewhere In the United States. The pres- ent financial secretary, Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buf- falo, New York will receive the nominal an- nual dues of one dollar. All readers are urged to Join, attend the meetings if pos- sible and aid in the work the Union is do- ing for all. It is backed by the most emi- nent specialists and shell workers in the country. Nomenclature The international adoption of the binomial (two name) system as applied to every distinct species corresponds exactly to the use by mankind of the Christian and surname, as for Instance the generic Neri- tina (equal to the family name of Smith) and reclivata (its counterpart John) . The relative position of the two in usage, how- ever, is reversed. Thus we have Neritina reclivata Say; the proper name following, often abbreviated, representing the author who first described the species. In order to recognize the further variations of a given species the various forms which require names are described and we have, for example, Neritina reclivata sphaera Pilsbry, a geographical race which exhibits discernible characteristics but of insufficient character to deserve separate specific identity. A long series of speci- mens from scattered localities would con- nect the latter race with the typical form. Thus, striking colors and forms, within a given species, are, for convenience, named and placed upon record. This system is known as TRINOMIALISM. Certain schools have carried this method to excess, creat- ing entirely too many names, with resultant confusion. von Linne was not the originator of the binomial system but the first to apply it to the entire animal and vegetable king- dom and, in consequence, nomenclature takes its origin in the tenth edition of "Systema Naturae" in which work he first applied generally the binary system of naming to all specimens. That was in 1768. Names of genera and species are words from the classical languages, Greek and Latin, (or Latinized forms of words in other languages) ; names of families and subfamilies are formed from those of their principal or typical genera, by omitting the last syllable of the genitive case of the generic name and adding the termina- tions "idae" or "inae"; for example, Volu- tidae indicates the family, and Muricinae the subfamily, of which the genera Voluta and Murex are typical. SYNONYMY. On account of the vast quantity of literature pertaining to natu- ral history, in various languages, it is inevitable that species are described many times over, with resultant confusion. Fre- quent revisions, therefore, become necessa- ry. This state of affairs is one which al- most immediately affects the novice but, unfortunately, is unavoidable. The rules of priority are rigidly enforced, sometimes to the exclusion of long-established and well-known names. UNIVALVES— POSITION FOR STUDY In order to study a univalve or spiral shell correctly it should be held with the apex (point or place of beginning) upward and with the opening toward the ob- server. In this position the aperture will usually be found upon the right side. Such shells are DEX- TRAL. See Fig. 4. VlTien the opening, with apex upward, is on the left-hand side the shell is described as SINISTRAL. See Fig. 5. The length of the tube, its convolution and form, require certain terms of expression which are embodied in the individual descriptions of the various spe- cies. When these terms can be de- fined in a few words they will be found in the glossary, other- wise in the fol- Fig_ 4 lowing explana- Dextral univalve, Fasciolaria tions. t\ilipa 12 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Fig. 5 Sinistral imivalve, Busycon peirversum The Shell. In classification the shell, which actually is an organ of the molluscan body, plays a very important part. Shells are EXTERNAL when contain- ing all or a portion of the animal, INTER- NAL when enclosed by the mantle. The calcareous portion of the shell always has an organic base, first secreted by the animal and then impregnated with carbonate of lime which is obtained in the food supply. It is well known that vege- tables derive their elements from the min- eral kingdom (air, water, and earth) while the animals obtain their elements from the vegetables. When there is a deficiency of lime the shells are thin and delicate, while on the other hand an abundance pro- duces massive or abnormally thickened spec- imens. The organic base is called CONCHYO- LIN and maintains the utility of the shell during the life of the owner. After death of the occupant the shell soon becomes brittle and unattractive in appearance. When fresh the specific gravity of the con- chyolin exceeds that of Carrara marble. The disposition of the shelly mat- ter in thin layers, which extend over one another, diffract the light and cause the iridescent effect; the thinner or more transparent plates affording a be£.utiful lustre. The texture of shells varies con- siderably, some presenting a dull lustre like marble; these are called PORCELLANOUS . Others are pearly, fibrous, horny, or glass- like. The NACREOUS shells, or pearly ones, when polished supply the "mother-of-pearl." This is the most perishable type and conse- quently among fossils only fragments usual- ly remain. Among the FIBRODS shells are layers of prismatic cells. When very thick they break up vertically into pieces. The oyster with its LAMINATED struc- ture separates into horizontal plates or pieces. The Epidermis, or periostracum is an outer skin which frequently covers the surface of the shell and acts as a protec- tion against external destructive agents such as acids in the water. It is extreme- ly variable in form. Often it is very thin, thus revealing the color pattern beneath, or it may be thick and opaque. Certain species possess a silky covering while others are hairy or with the appearance of coarse cloth. Trichotropis borealis, shown in Fig. 6, has a yellowish epi- dermis which rises like a bristly fringe along the keels of the shell. A bearded aspect is assumed by other species. In Cypraea the epidermis, when present, is covered by an additional layer of shell. The epidermis soon fades and drops off the shell after the death of the ani- mal. Whorls of Univalves. A whorl is one complete revolution of the shell around the axis, the last one which completes the shell being the BODY WHORL. The number of whorls vary greatly in different species. Sculpture. This is a very impor- tant character. A shell is STRIATE when parallel lines are fine and close together. I Fig. 6 Bristly epidermis EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 13 It is SPIRALLY STRIATE when the stronger lines revolve with the whorls and AXIALLY STRIATE when they cross the whorls aore or less parallel with the lines of growth. A CANCEL- • LATED surface is shown in Fig. 7. Often when all other characters fail the sculpture of the nucleus will determine the position of a At the base of the Fig. 7 Csmcellated surface given species. The Omb'ilicus. shell, corresponding to the navel, there is often present a cavity known as the umbilicus. It may be WIDE as in Fig. 8, CRENULATED as in Architec- tonica, NARROW as in Lit- torina, or DEEP as in Na- tica. Occasionally the Fig. 8 previous whorls are visi- .\n umbilicus, ble; the shell is then in center called UMBILICATE. If the opening is small it is PERFORATE, when a mere fissure RIMATE but when columella is solid and no opening ap- parent it is IMPERFORATE. The Columella. This central pillar is that portion around which the spiral shell revolves; plaits or folds are shown in Fig. 9. The walls adjacent to the columella are sometimes broken down by absorption of internal partitions thus af- fording more space in a sin- gle cavity. When the colu- mella is TRUNCATE or notched at its base, it usually in- dicates carnivorous propen- sities. Fig. 9 Plaits on columella The Nucleus is that portion of the shell which emerged from the egg or ovum. It may consist of one or several whorls and usually can be recognized on account of Fig. 10 Bulbous nucleus the different charac- ter of its surface. In many species it is glassy. The distinc- tive sculpture has al- ready been referred to. An example of a bulbous nucleus in Voluta mamilla, from Austra- lia, is shown in Fig. 10. See also descrip- tions of Volutidae, p. 127. The Apex. The tip or beginning of the shell which is the top of the univalve illustrations shown in this volume. Fig. 11a. Only the French figure shells with the apex pointed downward. 11a. apex lib. suture — lip. periphery- - lie varlx — lid. umbilicus llf. columella-" llg. anterior canal •y llh. spire _ llj . posterior canal (if present) Ilk. outer lip ^ 11m. mouth or apterture Fig. 11 Illustrating the technical terms applied to the various parts of a univalve shell The Spire. This embraces the en- tire univalve shell with the exception of the final whorl. Fig, llh. It may be DIS- COIDAL, resembling a disk, as in Skenea, elongated as in Terebra, or one of almost endless intermediate stages. Base of Shell. The opposite ex- tremity to apex; also called anterior end of univalves or most recently built portion. Periphery is that portion of each whorl which is most outwardly developed and usually midway between suture and base. Fig. lip. It may be more or less rounded 14 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Fig. 12 Calliostoma, showing carina or keeled. When very sharp the edge is known as the CARINA, Fig. IS in the accompanying fig- ure of Calliostoma har- risi, a fossil species from the southern states. Several of the Astraeas are strongly carinated species. Suture is that portion where the whorls Join; see Fig. lib. It is largely influenced by the convex or planate charac- ters of the whorls. It may be CANALICULATE or CHANNELLED when a broad and deep chan- nel follows close to the junction of the whorls. This is well illustrated in Busycon canaliculatum, Fig. 13. It is CRENDLATED when the suture is inter- rupted by Indentations which break the con- tinuity. An example of this is Pyramidel- la crenulata, from Florida. Fig. 13 Channelled suture in Busycon canaliculata The Aperture is the last portion formed and through which the animal emerges. It may be ROUND, NARROW, or another shape. Fig. 11m. Sometimes it is greatly con- tracted with folds or teeth which it would seem almost impossible for the animal to pass without injury (see Pedipes mirabilis, PI. 55, Fig. 8). The OUTER LIP is shown in Fig. Ilk, the round peristome in PI. 3S, Fig. 3. In describing the component parts of the aperture the length of the same is considered parallel with the length of the shell, the width transversely to this. The various terms used in connection with the aperture will be found explained in the glossary. Varices. In certain families there is a tendency for the animal to indicate rest periods in shell building by periodic thickenings of the lip. At each of these stages the shell in consequence assumes a mature aspect. When full growth is at- tained these early thickenings of the lip are often still apparent. There may be one or more of these. One is known as a VARIX, Fig. lie, but this term is never applied to the final or most recent lip. Several are known as VARICES. Examples: Epitonium and Gyrineum. In certain cases the varix may assume the form of a hump. Position When Active. The Gastro- pod mollusk when crawling, foot downward, usually carries the shell in such a manner that the apex points backward. The opercu- lum, when present, is pushed to one side. Canals. When present in the shell these may be observed adjacent to the aper- ture. Holding a shell with the spire up- ward the POSTERIOR CANAL is the upper one. Fig. 11 j; the ANTERIOR CANAL the lower. Fig. 11m. When the animal is moving for- ward the former is in the rear, the latter in front and closest to the head of the mollusk. The Operculum. The door which closes the aperture of many spiral shells is attached to the animal. When a mollusk possesses this appendage it is OPERCULATE. When absent it is INOPERCULATE. The ma- terial used in its construction is usually horny but in some species it is shelly or calcareous . The operculum is formed in the em- bryo, within the egg, as is the first or several whorls of the shell. The point from which growth starts in the operculum is called the NUCLEUS. While many of these doors fit with accuracy others only partial- ly block the entrance. Conus, having de- veloped a poisonous bite, is less dependent upon an operculum for protection against intruders and in consequence the door has, in certain species, degenerated greatly in size. The various forms of the operculum may be expressed in these terms: CONCENTRIC— When it increases equally all around the nucleus. Fig. 16. ARTICULATED — When projections correspond to teeth in the shell, as in Nerita, Fig. 14. CLAW-SHAPED or UNGUICULATE— As in Strombus, Fig. 18. PAUCISPIRAL— Few whorled as in Littorina. EXCENTRIC— When nucleus is at edge and de- velopment one-sided; Fig. 17. SPIRAL — When growth is only on one side and revolutions are made with growth, Fig. 15. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 15 Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Forms of the operculum Fig. 17 Fig. 18 MULTISPIRAL--When there are numerous whorls, often as many as twenty. In dextral, or right-handed spiral shells, the operculum when spiral itself is sinistral or left-handed. In left-handed shells the spiral operculum is naturally the reverse. There are a few exceptions to this rule in the Pilidae and Spiratellldae. The number of turns in the opercu- lum Is not affected by the revolutions of the shell but rather by the form of the aperture with which it must keep pace. The operculum is of considerable interest and always should be preserved with specimens. Not too much importance, however, should be accorded it as an aid to classification. In Naticidae and Pilidae both horny and shelly operculums occur within the respective families. BIVALVES The PELECYPODA are entirely aquatic mollusks, although sometimes remaining for long periods out of water, and rank next to the Gastropoda in variety of forms. The bivalves individually, however, are much more plentiful. Normally the Pelecypod shell con- sists of two valves, distinct and separate, usually covering the right and left sides of the animal. Margins of Shell. The hinge line, along which the valves are united by the ligament and interlocking teeth, is placed upon the dorsal region of the animal and forms the upper or DORSAL MARGIN of the shell. Fig, 19a. The opposite side is the VENTRAL or LOWER MARGIN, Fig. 19b, and is often thin and sharp. The POSTERIOR or SIPHONAL END, Fig. 19d, refers to the end upon which the ligament is situated, at the opposite extremity is the ANTERIOR MARGIN or ANTERIOR END; Fig. 19e. Right and Left Valves. The valves are right or left depending upon the side of the animal. To Identify these the shell should be placed in position as when crawling, the ligament upward and toward the observer, the anterior or opposite end pointing forwards. The right or left valves then agree with the student's right or left hands. On PI. 54, Fig. 8, representing a large clam, the ligament is shown distinct- ly. In this illustration the right- hand point is the anterior end, the lower valve the right valve. Fig. 19 Parts of bivalve shell, 19a Dorsal margin, 19b Ventral margin, 19c Ligament, 19d Pos- terior end, 19e Anterior end, 19f umbo, 19g Position of lunule, 19h Cardinal teeth, 19 j Anterior lateral tooth, 19k Posterior later- al tooth, 19/ anterior adductor, 19m Posteri- or adductor, 19n Pallial line, 19o Pallial sinus 16 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Fig. 20 Alate or winged shell, Area wag- nerlana, Florida Pliocene Relatlye Size of Valves Bivalves generally are EQUIVALVE, the righ'. and left valves corresponding in form and size. INEQUIVALVE forms are occa- sionally met' with, for example PI. 60, Fig. 5a. The majority are INEQUILATERAL, more or less unequal sided, with the umbo toward one end and the anterior side usual- ly the shortest. Fig. 19. When the umbo is situated near the center of a symmetrical- ly formed shell, with corresponding area of anterior and posterior side, the shell is called EQUILATERAL, PI. 54, Fig. 3. ALATE or "winged" shells are formed by ex- tension of the dorsal borders as in Pecten, PI. 8, Fig. 3, In some cases these "wings" or "ears" are much longer or larger, Fig. 20. The term CLOSE is applied when the shells fit accurately together at the mar- gins and appear to seal the shell. When open spaces are present, the fit not ac- curate or complete, the shell is GAPING. The Umbones. One of the pair is called the UMBO, Fig. l^f. This term is used to designate the prominent part or "apex" of each valve. It is formed around the embryonic shell. As growth progresses the umbones naturally become wider apart. They frequently possess totally different sculpture than the subsequent growth and offer important and dependable characters in the arrangement of species in natural groups. The umbones usually point forward but there are a few exceptions in which they point backward (Donax and Semele among others) . The Rostrum or Beak. This is the produced posterior end of bivalve shells, often accentuated by bluntly angular ridges which follow to the umbones, PI. 60, Fig. 6b. The Lunule. The lunule is an oval. often heart-shaped, indented space in front of, or anterior to, the umbones. Fig. 21. In separated valves this space is called the ANTERIOR SINUS but it is present in both valves. Many species do not possess the lunule. Fig. 21 The Hinge and Its Lunule, heart- Parts. The active bivalves shaped area usually have the strongest hinges; the sluggish forms, or those which are fixed during life, the weak- ly formed or toothless ones. The hinge itself is on the margin and composed of chitinous ligament and teeth (denticles) which closely interlock. There is great variation among the HINGE TEETH. Juveniles show well-defined characters and are better for study. Old individuals often partially cover the teeth with shell deposit and they are consequent- ly ill defined. The CARITNAL TEETH are placed immediately below or between the um- bones. Fig. 19h. On each side of the cen- tral teeth, or cardinals, are the LATERAL TEETH which often are well apart from the others. The ANTERIOR-LATERAL, Fig. 19 J, is the one in front of the shell, while the POSTERIOR-LATERAL, Fig. 19k is the one in the rear. While the cardinals are some- times very small, or absent altogether, it is more frequent to find the lateral teeth not present. In Area the usual teeth are lacking and are replaced with a large num- ber of regularly arranged small teeth. The latter are usually feeble toward the umbo. The hinge of Cardium is shown in Fig. 22. All sorts of com- binations and develop- ments occur among the hinge teeth. Upon these depend, to a large ex- tent, the identifications of many species. Fig. 22 Hinge of Cardium, exhibiting arched teeth locomotive and organism. The as the ADDUCTOR DUCTOR is shown ADDUCTOR in Fig The Muscular Im- pressions. These indenta- tions inside bivalves often indicate the condi- tion and position of the respiratory functions of the two most prominent are known MUSCLES. The ANTERIOR AD- in Fig. 19jf, the POSTERIOR 19m. The line connecting EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 17 these two is the PALLIAL LINE, Fig. 19n, while the notch in the same line is called the PALLIAL SINUS, Fig. 19o. The Ligament. This is an -«ftealci- fied part of the shell, often attached to ridges along the dorsal margin, posterior to the umbones and uniting the valves, Fig. 19c. It is dark brown and very prominent in Tellina alternata. It is plainly shown in Macrocallista, PI. 54, Fig. 8. When the ligament is inside the shell it is called ttiE-l?EB ilium] The black resilium of Spi su- "la, a c'6mmon~clam, is a good illustration. When fresh and wet the ligament is flexible but when dry must be broken to open the valves. A little glycerine applied to cab- inet specimens will facilitate examination. The FOSSETTE is a receptacle for the liga- ment. Sculpture. The external sculpture of bivalves is often smooth but it may be otherwise. Growth lines indicate succes- sive stages in the development of the shell, CONCENTRIC RIBS run parallel with the mar- gin of the shell. They are prominent in Anatina canaliculata, PI. 26, Fig. 3, CON- CENTRIC LINES are much finer and closer to- gether. FOLIACEOUS refers to a surface re- sembling overlapping leaves of a plant. RADIATING RIBS are those which emenate from the umbones and cross the concentric sculp- ture. The INTERNAL SURFACE is usually white, polished, frequently iridescent and also sometimes beautifully tinted. In some cases there are ribs present which strength- en the shell and are not visible outside. The Byssus, when present, is used for attachment to some solid object. It may be of coarse texture or silky as in Pinna carnea which is shown on PI. 5, Fig. 1. Al- ways there is an opening in one of the valves for its passage, as may be seen in Pecten. Methods of Reproduction Among mollusks no cases of asexual reproduction have been recorded. Usually the sexes are separate although one large subclass of the Gastropoda are hermaphro- ditic. In the most highly organized mol- lusca the sexes are distinct. The develop- ment of a sexual arm in the male Argonauta is significant. In some of the simpler types the spermatozoa are simply discharged into the sea and are inhaled with the respiratory currents by the opposite sex. The oyster is said to lay about 10,000,000 eggs. Certain other mollusks deposit very few eggs, especially among the land and fresh- water forms. Some species normally hatch eggs within the body of the parent. Others deposit the eggs upon the shells of their own kind. The de- velopment of the trochophore stage has al- ready been ex- plained (page 1). The eggs themselves are individual units, often ar- ranged in clus- ters within a protective case shaped like a long narrow tape or ribbon. An example of this may be seen in Busycon perversus (Fig. 23). The globular-shaped eggs, arranged in clusters, of the apple snail, Pomacea paludosa, are frequently seen in May upon grasses just above the wa- termark of Florida canals and lakes. Fig. 50a, page 128. The Radula. After passing through the Jaw the food of the gastropod mollusk comes in contact with the adjacent radula. The latter is coiled like a watch spring, near the jaw, and is used to scratch, tear, or bore rather than to bite. Only a small portion is used at a time and food passing over it is carded small. It is also util- ized as a tool for boring into other shells in order to extract their contents. Evi- dences of this work are frequently found in empty shells which have been neatly drilled, see Fig. 22, page 16. The radula is often like a flat ribbon of varying length and breadth, often colored yellow or red in front. Upon the upper surface are teeth of various sizes, number and arrangement, usually in symmetri- cal rows. In the center of the ribbon the Fig. 23 Egg cases of Busycon per- versum 18 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS teeth are usually normal, those in front often much worn by use, while at the oppo- site end are In an undeveloped state. The radula is very narrow in Lit- torina and several times the length of the entire animal. It is entirely absent in certain families including the Corallio- philidae whose members live upon coral and are nourished by their exudations. In par- asitical mollusks, as for example those living upon sea urchins, the radula has de- generated on account of disuse. Another genus, Melanella, with similar habits lacks both radula and Jaw. Some of the peculiarities worthy of mention explain certain irregularities. For example, young examples are not always like their parents. In some adults the radula is absent but present in Juvenile speci- mens of the same species (Harpa, a Pacific shell, for example) . In Voluta the later- al teeth often are lost in the adult form but the young exhibit normal ribbons. Like the longitudinal rows of col- or in a length of ribbon, with a central stripe, every band of color is duplicated in the same relative position on the oppo- site side. The radula may readily be removed from large mollusks by cutting near the mouth but with small or minute species a special process is necessary. The entire animal, fresh or dried, is placed in a test tube containing nearly a tablespoon of caustic potash which has first been allowed to liquefy in the air. It should boil gently over a flame but the contents not allowed to boil over. The material should not be permitted to lodge upon the side of the tube. When the solids are fully dis- solved the contents are poured out quickly upon a watch glass which may be stirred with a rotary motion revealing the radula In the center. A piece of white paper un- der the glass will make the search easier. The curved and elongated radula, unless mi- croscopic, may be removed with a needle point. Plai,ed in a drop of water it is ready for examination under a cover glass. A low objective in the microscope or a good magnifying glass will suffice. On account of their transparency many of the radulae, especially among the small species, require staining which will not injure the delicate teeth. Shields Warren recommends for the marine forms a saturate aqueous solution of potassium bi- chromate which may be allowed to act for from five to fifteen minutes. An indefi- nite period of immersion does no injury. Land and fresh-water species cannot be treated in the same manner and for these a 5-per cent solution of chromic acid works well. The radula is placed on a slide, covered with four or five drops of the acid, and heated until the acid precipitates at the edge of the drop. If overheated the teeth may become separated from the lingual ribbon. A thorough washing is necessary after either process. The ribbons may then be mounted in balsam which is the most sat- isfactory medium. Glycerine Jelly makes a suitable temporary mounting material but the staining process should be used first. The MEDIAN or RACHIDIAN tooth of the radula is the central one. The LATERAL or ADMEDIAN teeth lie between the other two sets and are less numerous but usually larger and more varia- ble. When one of these is more prominent it is called the MAJOR LATERAL, and others are the MINOR LATERALS. The MARGINAL TEETH or UNCINI, near the margin, differ sufficiently in charac- ter to separate them from the others. They are small, simple, and very much alike. The radula is bilaterally symmetri- cal. Any series of the teeth may be ab- sent, the median often being absent in cer- tain species. The cusps, when they are present, are very brittle and break readi- ly under the pressure of a cover glass. Ab- normal or deformed radulae occur and from these the student should not draw incor- rect conclusions. It is advisable to pre- pare several specimens simultaneously and at least one perfect example will likely result. The DENTAL FORMULA is used to ex- press the number and situation of the teeth. For example: 8 3:1:3:8 indicates one median tooth in the center; three lateral teeth adjoining; eight uncin- al teeth upon the outside. When any of the series is absent a cipher is employed to indicate this. Thus: 0 shows that the median tooth is absent, that there are three lateral and three uncinal EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 19 teeth upon each side. The radula being bi- laterally symmetrical the last formula may be abbreviated to read: 0 Further study may reveal that the cusps are denticulated or toothed, and where there are no lateral or uncinal teeth and the median is reduced to a tricuspid series the condition is expressed: 0 0 : - : 0 3 0 Drawings of the radulae are very useful for reference. The radula affords aid in the dis- tinction of genera and species. As a ba- sis for classification it has been used in dealing with the Gastropoda, particularly the order PROSOBRANCHIATA. The latter, when using this system, is divided into the MONOTOCARDIA and DITOCARDIA. Dealing first with the Monotocardia there are the fol- lowing divisions: (a) TOXOGLOSSA. Three families, all represented on the east coast, Tere- bridae, Conidae, and Cancellariidae belong to this group. The radula consists merely of large marginal teeth on each side, no central tooth and no laterals. In Conus the teeth attain great size and are provid- ed with a poison gland. (b) RACHIGLOSSA. It includes among others the Olividae, Marginellidae, Volutidae (Fig. 24), Mitridae, Pyrenidae, Muricidae, (Fig. 21) Coralliophilidae. Most or all of these have been or are carnivorous. The radula consists of a central tooth with one to fourteen cusps, a single lateral with more or less cusps, the outer being the largest. Teeth mostly sharp, hooked and with a broad cutting edge. In Fasciolarla they are toothed like a comb. (c) TAENIOGLOSSA. Fig. 24 Here are grouped about Radula of Voluta forty-six families includ- ing the Cassididae, Cypraeidae, Strombidae, Fig. 26 Radula of Littorina Fig. 25 Radula of Murex Cerithidae, Littorinidae (Fig. 26), and Naticidae. The central tooth is very vari- able, usually multicuspid, the central cusp being dom- inant; a single lateral, more or less cusped; two uncini, singly hooked or a little cusped. The normal formula of the Taenloglossa is 2.1.1.1.2. (d) PTENOGLOSSA. This group in- cludes the Janthinidae and Epitoniidae. The radula possesses an indefinite number of hooked teeth, the outside being the larg- est. In Janthina the central tooth is ab- sent, the ribbon being of two large divi- sions with a gap between them down the cen- ter. (e) GYUNOGLOSSA. Both jaw and radu- la being absent it is difficult to identify the two families, Melanellidae and Pyra- midellidae, which are placed here. Under the Diotocardia, already re- ferred to, there are three groups: (f) RHIPIDOGLOSSA. About seventeen families are included, among them the Neritidae, Turbini- dae, Trochidae, and Fissurellidae (Fig. 27) . The radula is remarkable in the de- velopment of the Fig. 27 uncini or outer teeth. Radula of Fissurella They are long, hooked, often cusped, ar- ranged like a fan's ribs, curving backward as they diminish in size. In only a few cases are they countable. The average num- ber of lateral teeth is five. In the Neritidae the lateral is especially large 20 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS and known as the CAPITULIFORM TOOTH, often shaped like the blade bone of a shoulder of mutton. The central tooth is present and often small. (g) DOCOGLOSSA. Compared with the Rhipidoglossa the members of this group possess a radula with a few strong teeth. Only three fam- ilies, Acmaeidae, Patellidae (Fig. 28) and Lepetidae are placed here. The number of teeth in a row range from two to twelve. The rib- bon is often very long, the teeth heavy, deep-horn color, and some- what opaque. The arrangement is somewhat compli- cated with a mul- tiplication of identical cen- trals. In some cases there is no true central tooth. Lateral and marginal teeth may be lost, when present they are few in num- ber. Outside of the Gastropoda, which have just been discussed, the radula occurs in the Amphineura or coat-of-mail shells. In these it is unique, be- ing composed of thick and deeply colored teeth, greater in number than in the Docoglossa. In the Scaphopoda, or tusk shells, the radula is large and pe- culiar. It occurs in Dentaliiim with a broad plate representing the central tooth. The one lateral tooth is robust, arched, and a little cusped; the marginal a large quadrangular plate, quite simple. The formula for the Scaphopoda would be Fig. 28 Radula of Patella Patella vulgata L., showing the normal position of the radula, irtiich is doubled back in a bow; the shell has been removed, and the iriiole visceral mass is turned for- ward, exposing the dorsal surface of the muscular foot; gr, longitudinal groove on this surface; i, i, intes- tine; 1, liver; m, m, mantle edge; mu, muscles (cut through) fastening the vis- ceral mass to the upper sides of the foot; ov, ovaiy; r, radula; u.f, upper or dor- sal surface of the foot. 1.1.1.1.1. Among the Cephalopods the radu- la is of a singular uniformity. It is al- ways small, with a central tooth, a few marginal and very few lateral teeth. Localities In the descriptions of the various species the range indicated is in each case inclusive; thus Maine to Florida indicates that an individual species has been record- ed from both Maine and Florida, besides in- termediate points. (See Map of Florida, page 301.) A solitary beach specimen, without the living animal, might easily be carried by the sea a long distance. The presence of several beach specimens together usual- ly indicates that the species is living somewhere nearby. The temperature of the sea water largely affects mollusks. The species liv- ing in shallow water of Maine or Canada, at a given temperature may occur in the south in much deeper water where the temperature is similar. It will be noted that the figures include a number of shells from distant lo- calities. These species also occur upon the coasts of the United States. It has been Impossible to illustrate local materi- al in every case but usually the figures will make identifications possible. Dimensions of Specimens The size of individuals is an im- portant matter in making comparisons of the various species. Many are very constant in the over-all length of the shell and the dimensions often furnish a clue in making an identification. However, the size is often influenced by the temperature of the water and the food supply. These matters should be taken into consideration and due allowance made. For example West Indian specimens often are larger and more bril- liantly colored than the same forms living well up the continental coast. The figures on the plates are drawn or photographed to different scales. In the explanations of the plates, and in the text, the figures refer to the greatest dimension, length or width of the shell, not the ani- mal. One millimeter is about one twenty-fifth. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 21 or four one-hundre plates of drawings Ball's Bulletin 37 Museum, the figure wise the magnlfica shown on the plate The length appearing on Plate many cases by a li length to the over dths of an 60-73, of the U. s are life tion or re itself. or width o s 1 to 59 1 ne, corresp -all dimens inch. In the derived from S. National size, other- duction is f specimens, s indicated in onding in ion of the shell. The presence of a line indicates that the illustration is enlarged. The ab- sence of a line indicates that the figure is approximately natural size or else re- duced. The term "Fig." together with a niameral and no plate number indicates a reference to a figure in the text and not upon a plate. CLASS AMPHINEURA The Amphineura are one of the five primary divisions of the Mollusca and in many respects the most primitive of all. The Chiton consists of eight plates boxind together by a leathery girdle of connecting tissue. Fig. 29 shows the details of the plates. They are bilaterally symmetrical; the anus is posterior and median; the head without tentacles or eyes. Upon the out- side or dorsal surface, of certain species, are minute black eyes in great numbers which appear to refract light. They may be sought for on all except sandy coasts. Some are found upon rocks at or near high tide, others be- tween tides and at varying depths clinging to shells, stones or solid objects. A blunt knife is useful in detaching them from rocks. They should be tied to a flat stick, after capture, to prevent curling and bound with soft twine. This will support them until the tissues are relaxed when they may be placed in alcohol. As an alternative they may be boiled and the soft parts re- moved but in the tropics it is better to preserve them in spirit. The descriptions and illustrations covering the coat-of-mall shells are large- ly derivea from Pilsbry's work in the Man- ual of Conchology. Fig. 29 Plates of Chiton First, fourth, and eighth valves of a Chiton, showing 1.1, laminae of Insertion; n, n, notches; s.l, a.l, sutural lajnlnae. X2 ORDER POLYPLACOPHORA Family Lepidopleuridae GENUS LEPIDOCHITON Gray 1821 (PRETTY CHITONS) LEPIDOCHITON ALBA Linne. White Chiton. Shell small, under a microscope the sur- face beautifully graniilated, covered with bluish-black color which easily rubs off; valves slightly keeled, a feeble ridge of- ten dividing each side into two triangles; about twelve marginal teeth upon anterior valve; margin yellowish, membranous and with beaded granules as a covering. Length V6 mm. Range in depth 1-337 fathoms. PI. 56, Fig. 6 Greenland to Massachusetts Bay LEPIDOCHITON MARMOREA Fabricius. Marbled Chiton. Shell brownish or yellowish red variegated with angular whitish lines, also whitish points along the posterior edge of valves, minute granules upon surface, mar- gin pubescent (hairy). Length 35 mm. PI. 56, Fig. 7 Greenland to Massachusetts; Cir- cumboreal LEPIDOCHITON RUBER Lowe. Red Chiton. Shell small, oval, keeled, elevated lines of growth visible upon valves; light brick- red or flesh color with streaks of crimson upon one or more valves, often incrusted with a black foreign substance; margin with red and white dust arranged in alternate stripes; interior bright red. Length 20mm. Found mostly adhering to stones, 1-80 fathoms. PI. 56, Fig. 8 PI. 70, Fig. 9 Labrador to Connecticut; Circum- boreal SS EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 23 Family Ischnochltonldae GENUS ISCHNOCHITON Gray 1847 (SLENDER CHITONS) ISCHNOCHITON FLORIDANUS Pllsbry. Florida slender Chiton. Shell elongated, narrow; valves roughly arched, not keeled; whitish or delicate green, mottled with olive or gray; interior pink, blue, and white, or rarely all white or rosy. Girdle delicate- ly marbled with bluish and gray, clothed with rounded scales. Length 41 mm. PI. 56, Fig. 5 Southern Florida to Key West ISCHNOCHITON LIMACIFORMIS Sowerby. Shell elongated and narrow elevated; buff, gray, or greenish, occasionally blotched with red; interior stained with bright pink and blue-green; anterior valves with eleven slits, central valves with one, posterior valves nine slits; teeth sharp, eaves sol- id and grayish. Length 35 mm. Lives under stones at low water. PI. 56, Fig. 9 Florida Keys; West Indies ISCHNOCHITON PAPILLOSUS C. B. Adams. Pimpled Chiton. The smallest of the Flor- ida or West Indian Ischnochitons. It is uniformly granulated, the lateral areas very indistinctly defined; shell wide, greenish, closely spotted with whitish and black; girdle finely scaly, alternately greenish and white. Length 7 mm. Dredged by the writer off the Florida west coast, clinging to shell frag- ments, in about 2 fathoms and near Cape Romano . PI. 56, Fig. S Marco; No Name Key; Key West, Florida GENUS CHAETOPLEURA Shuttleworth 185S CHAETOPLEURA APICULATA Say. Bee Chiton. Shell convex, subcarinated, grayish or pale chestnut; three to four concentric lines upon anterior valve and many ele- vated distant dots arranged in regular lines along edge; six following valves with elevated point like beads which at- tain greater height than the dorsal trian- gles; posterior valve with dots similar to dorsal triangles, a middle knob and the remainder with dots like those on ajiterior valve. Length 1 inch. Range 3-12 fathoms. PI. 57, Fig. 6 PI. 70, Fig. 10 Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to Florida GENUS CERATOZONA Dall 1882 Valves strong, exposed; girdle tough, bearing peculiar corneous spines similar to itself and generally bunched at sutures. CERATOZONA RUGOSA Sowerby. Wrinkled Chiton. Shell oblong, back broadly arched; surface green olive or slate on sides, central areas whitish along middle; tail valve with broad pink ray behind; interior blue- green; girdle horny yellow, very tenacious, wide, yellowish with long pointed spines, most numerous around edge, slender flexible beards scattered among spines. Length 40 mm. PI. 57, Fig. 1 PI. 56, Fig. 4 Jupiter Inlet, East Florida to West Indies Family Chltonidae GENUS CHITON Linng 1758 (COAT OF MAIL SHELLS) CHITON TUBERCULATUS Linn§. Swollen Chiton. Color varying from light olive to dark olive brown, sometimes unicolored but gen- erally speckled on side areas and end valves, often clouded on central areas; some valves with dark stripe on the ridge. Interior blue-green, very smooth; girdle buff, white or light green, with patches of blackish or dark green. Scales coarse, convex, polished. Length 2.5-3.5 inches. PI. 56, Fig. 1 Florida Keys to Texas; West Indies CHITON MARMORATUS Gmelin. Marbled Chiton. Shell oval, rather high; surface smooth, polished; color variable, usually greenish or brown, with darker spots, streaks and lines; interior blue-green, each valve of- ten with darker posterior rays; anterior valve with eleven to fourteen, central valves one, posterior valve thirteen to seventeen slits; eaves and slit-rays very porous. Girdle touched with green and 24 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS light blue. Length 56 mm. PI. 57, Fig. 2 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies GENOS ACANTHOPLEDRA Gullding 1829 ACANTHOPLEURA GRANOLATA Gmelin. Grained Chiton. Shell oblong, surface usually- eroded, dull; generally a patch of brown on ridge of each valve; interior sea- green, varying to lead blue, or on plates fading to nearly white; girdle thick and fleshy, covered with short little spines which in turn are black or white and cal- careous. Length 2.5 inches. The common Chiton ^of the West Indies. PI. 56, Fig. g West Florida; Key Vacca; West Indies. Family Acanthochitidae GENUS ACANTHOCHITES Risso 1826 Valves partially buried in, or covered by, girdle; exposed part consist- ing of a smooth or striated band; side areas granulated but this feature some- times lacking; five slits on anterior valve, middle valves with one slit on each side; posterior valve with two or more slits. Girdle variable, ranging from hairy to naked but always with four bris- tle bearing pores around head valves and a single series at sutures. ACANTHOCHITES FLORIDANDS Dall. Narrow and long; black, purple-black or light brown with white lined space at top of each valve; valves entirely covered with excep- tion of round dot at apex of first and a narrow band along ridge of other seven valves, band slightly swollen at apex of each valve. Valves when separated are white, pink, or purple; girdle wide, leathery and naked, when fresh the color and texture of a moist prune; each suture with minute bristle-pore and four pores around head valve, also with some short bristles upon each pore. This species is separable on ac- count of the dark glistening girdle and long white strokes along median line like exclamation points without the dots. It lives upon the reefs and is procurable at low tide. Length 21 mm., breadth 7.5 mm. (dried). PI. 57, Fig. 4 Cape Florida; Key Largo; Key West; Tortugas, Florida ACANTHOCHITES HEMPHILLI Pilsbry. Elongated, valves of dried examples exceeding one- third of total width; valves elevated, keeled, red and spotted with white; inte- rior light green at sides, rose-red in middle and at posterior end of each valve; usually two slits in posterior valve to- gether with six to eight unequal slits or niches between; girdle rusty brown with short microscopic spicules, fringed ones at periphery and eighteen small tufts of whitish bristles. Length 24 mm., breadth 11 mm. PI. 57, Fig. 16 Key West, Florida ACANTHOCHITES PYGltAEUS Pilsbry. Allied to A. splculus but much smaller and with a high roof-like form, tufts also smaller. Length 8 mm., breadth 4 mm. The smallest species of the genus, often found in shallow water adhering to bits of shell or on rock. PI. 57, Fig. 5 Cedar Keys to Key West, Florida ACANTHOCHITES SPICOLOSUS ASTRIGER Reeve. Shell oblong, depressed, not carinated; valves of varying shades of green, often touched with brown on sides, frequently with wide white stripes on sides; interior blue-green; notch deep and wide; girdle velvety, green and with eighteen large greenish-white tufts or spicules, the same also on periphery. Length 20-22 mm., breadth 9 mm. PI. 57, Fig. 3 Florida Keys; West Indies CLASS PELECYPODA To this class belong the oysters, clams, scallops, mussels, and similar or- ganisms, usually with bilateral symmetry. The shell is usually of two valves and man- tle of two lobes. Many of these live bur- ied in mud or sand but often are attached to rocks, shells, sponges, or other for- eign objects. The shell, in two parts, is often externally held together with an elastic hinge and internally bound by the strong muscles which must be severed to entirely separate the valves. It is a defensive covering against enemies and irritation from without. As will be noted from the descrip- tions of the respective families there is wide diversity in form, size and sculpture which result from the nature of the envi- ronment, external influences and heredita- ry traits. ORDER PRIONODESMACEA An ancient group which has retained many early features through long periods of Geologic time. Lobes of mantle generally separated; shell nacreous and prismatic, rarely porcellanous. Family Solemyldae Shell equivalve, elongated; epider- mis heavy and shining, extending far be- yond margin. GENUS SOLEMYA Lamarck 1818 SOLEMYA BOREALIS Totten. shell than S. velum. The Fig. 29a Solemya borealis 2 inches A much larger valves are less convex, more solid; grayish- blue or lead colored interi- or; fifteen or twenty radiat- ing lines upon epidermis which is of a brown or tan color; ends of lobes rolled back. It has been collected on Chelsea Beach, Massachusetts and off the coast of Maine. Length 2 inches. Fig. g9a Nova Scotia to Connecticut SOLEMYA VELUM Say (Awning Shell) . Shell extremely thin and fragile; epidermis pale brown with radiating lines; interior pur- plish white; cartilage support arched. The epidermis hanging over the edge like a veil at once distinguishes it. Length 1 inch. PI. 2, Fig. 3 PI. 73, Fig. 3 Nova Scotia to Florida Family Nuculidae Shell transverse; no area for lig- ament between umbones; a straight series of teeth on each side, making an angle at a spoon-shaped pit which separates them. GENUS NUCULA Lamarck 1799 (Nut Shells) NUCULA PROXIMA Say. Near Nut. Shell small, thick, solid, very oblique in shape; anterior end perpendicular to base; sur- face sculptured with minute radiating lines; epidermis dark green; interior pearly; margin of shell crenulated; twelve teeth before, eighteen behind umbones. Length 12 mm. or less. Often taken in stomachs of fish in New England. Dredged abundantly in shal- low water off Cape Romano, west Florida, by the writer in August 1933. PI. 2, Fig. 1 Nova Scotia to Charlotte Harbor, Florida Family Nuculanidae (Ledidae) Line of teeth interrupted by an oblique pit for the ligament; most of the teeth behind the pit; shell much produced behind. 25 26 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Most of the species occur below low tide mark. GENUS NUCULANA Link 1807 (Leda Schumacher 1817) NDCDLANA ACUTA CONRAD. Pointed Nut. Shell inflated, oval, anterior end rounded and somewhat drawn out, ridged from umbones to anterior base; sculpture of well-defined ridges which are mostly concentric; inte- rior shining; color greenish olive. Length 9 mm. Depth range 2-225 fathoms. A variable little shell- It is quite common in a few feet of water off the Florida west coast. PI. 2, Fig. 2 Off Martha's Vineyard to West Indies GENDS YOLDIA Muller 1842; Portlandia, Morch 1853 Shell compressed, posterior end pointed; sculpture fine; covered with a varnish-like epidermis; slightly pearly in- side. YOLDIA LIMATULA Say. Shiny Yoldia. Very smooth and shining; umbones near center; twenty- two teeth on anterior, eighteen on pointed side. Length 48 mm. or less. A very beautiful shell, living in mod- erate depths. It once was plentiful in Boston harbor. The writer has a series from Raritan Bay, New Jersey which was dredged around the year 1875. It prob- ably is extinct there now. The animal is very active and will leap to an astonishing height, in this re- spect exceeding the scallop (Pecten) shells, Fig. 30-. PI. 2, Fig. 4 Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Car- olina YOLDIA SAPOTILLA Gould. Pale yellowish green, translucent, thin, about rixteen teeth on each side. Range 4-100 fathoms. It lives chiefly off Cape Cod and Fig. 50 loldia limatuJa may be obtained by dredging or in the stom- achs of fish. Length 23 mm. PI. 2, Fig. 5 Labrador to North Carolina. Family Arcidae Foot of animal deeply grooved. Shell with numerous comb-like teeth, arranged in a line following hinge margin and upon each valve. It is a very ancient family, there being many fossil species. GENUS ARCA Linn6 1758 Shell elongated, strongly ribbed or cancellated; umbones separated by a lozenge-shaped area for the ligament. I In India Area scaphula lives in the Upper Ganges a thousand miles from the sea. The largest species lives at Panama. (Pacific.) , ARCA AURICULATA Lamarck (A. deshayesii Hanley) . Eared Ark. Shell with about twenty-seven strong rounded ribs which are crossed by concentric threads; oblong in shape, inflated; high umbones separated by a narrow area; angle in front at hinge line; color whitish with a silky-brown epidermis. Length 65 mm.; height 45 mm.; diam. 45 mm. PI. 3, Fig. 8 Florida Keys and West Indies ARCA CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelin. Environment influences this species and its varieties to a very marked degree. It is largest and coarsest at Cape Cod. There Is di- versity in the outline. The ribs on the left valve are often narrower, flatter and less conspicuous than upon the right. The typical form is the rounded southern one. No very sharp line should be drawn in sep- arating the various races. The average length is around 2 inches. PI. 4, Fig. 8 Massachusetts to Texas ARCA CAMPECHIENSIS PEXATA Say. Combed Ark. Oblong, vunbones large, pitted below them; inside margin deeply scalloped; epi- dermis shaggy. Length 2.25 inches. It is known locally as the "bloody clam" on account of the red fluid which exudes from the tissues when the shell is EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 27 violently opened. PI. 2, Fig. 11 Massachusetts to North Carolina ARCA CAMPECHIENSIS AMERICANA Wood. Ameri- can Ark. Ribs about thirty-five, each with a median impressed line, spaces between ribs deeply cut; anterior end very short and contracted; epidermis blackish brown; ligament area extremely narrow; lombones anterior and almost touching each other. This elongate form is common in Carolina waters. PI. 2, Fig. 13 North Carolina to Florida and Texas ARCA INCONGRUA Say. Shell inequivalve, rather short and much inflated; umbones well separated; ligament area wide and ex- cavated; about twenty broad low ribs upon surface and ten more behind the posterior ridge, these ribs with concentric elevated ridges upon their summits which are less distinct toward the posterior end; ribs clearly visible inside shell and strongest toward the margin; numerous erect, gradu- ated teeth upon hinge margin, becoming smaller toward the center. Length 2 Inch- es. This very striking shell may read- ily be separated by its curved outer margin, which in shape resembles a weakly-defined letter S, when the shell is viewed toward the posterior end. The plump shape is al- so characteristic. Mr. F. S. Webber, whose specimens are figured, reports beach shells plentiful at Wilbur, south of Daytona Beach, Florida. PI. 3, Fig. 2 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Texas ARCA TRANSVERSA Say. Transverse Ark. Shell transversely oblong, about thirty-five ribs; umbones separated by a long narrow space and situated at one third the length of the hinge margin. Length 1.5 inches. Not infrequent near the sands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, also in shallow water off the v/est coast of Flor- ida. PI. 4, Fig. 4 Cape Cod to Key West ARCA SECTICOSTATA Reeve. Cut-rib Ark. Shell large, somewhat elongated; umbones full and high, situated one fourth dis- tance between ends but closest to anterior end; about thirty-five ribs which are grooved in the middle and at anterior end of shell, posterior ribs rounded, all ex- cept those upon the posterior slope some- what beaded; hinge long and with many low teeth; margin strongly toothed; color white, with brown shaggy epidermis. Length 3.5 inches. This fine large Area is not rare at Sanibel. A shell similar to this spe- cies is found in the fossil beds west of Palm Beach. PI. 3, Fig. 5 PI. 2, Fig. 10 North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas ARCA CHEMNITZI Phillppi (A. orbignyi Ko- belt) . Shell a little inequivalve, trian- gular but irregular; very high incurved umbones; about twenty-five nodulous ribs which are often flattened; epidermis in grooves of anterior half inclined to be spiny; hinge short, teeth distinct, inner margin strongly toothed; color white under the epidermis. Length 1.25 inches. PI. 3, Fig. 6 Florida to Texas and West Indies SUBGENUS NAVICULA Blainville 1818 ARCA OCCIDENTALIS Philippl (A. noae of au- thors) Western Ark. Shell oblong, poste- rior end wider and cut off, solid, inflat- ed; epidermis shaggy; at base a long nar- row gap through which passes the attach- ment byssus; surface plainly ribbed, larg- est ribs in the middle and smaller ones be- tween them; lozenge-shaped area between um- bones covered with a dark colored ligament; pallial line inside often slightly indent- ed. Color brown, ornamented with zebra- like stripes of brown. Length 2.5-3 inch- es. PI. 3, Fig. 7 North Carolina to the Gulf of Mex- ico and West Indies ARCA UMBONATA Lamarck. Beaked Ark. Shell solid, inflated; posterior ridge sharp and with fine radiating ribs in front of it; about eight stronger nodulous ridges behind the posterior ridge; base gaping in front; 28 EAST COAST JIARINE SHELLS lozenge-shaped zone between umbones; color purplish brown inside and out; epidermis shaggy, extending outward on posterior ridge. Length 1-2 inches. PI. 3, Fig. 1 North Carolina to Giilf of Mexico; West Indies SOBGENDS BARBATIA Gray 1847 ARCA BARBATA Linne. Bearded Ark. Shell oblong, usually with rounded ends, slight- ly gaping below; umbones one fourth dis- tance back from anterior end; surface closely sculptured by different sized radi- ating ribs which are crossed by ridges as in A. Candida; epidermis shaggy at base and posterior end; hinge teeth few in niom- ber and feeble; color chestnut brown with white rays near umbones and sometimes ex- tending to margins, these rays visible in- side as well. Length 1-2 Inches, In Florida this is a much commoner species than A. Candida. PI. 4, Fig. 2 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Texas; West Indies ARCA CANDIDA Guilding , Bright Ark. Shell compressed, gaping toward anterior base, posterior end pointed; umbones elevated; surface covered with fairly strong rough irregular growth lines and ridges which give a cancellated and beaded appearance, this sculpture strongest upon the posteri- or slope; epidermis heavy brown and shaggy; teeth indistinct; ground color and interi- or white. Length 2-2.5 inches. The beauty of this shell is en- hanced by the often golden-brown epidermis which is darker at the back of the shell, where it extends like a fringe. Double, fresh shells have been taken at the Yamato rocks, Florida. PI. 4, Fig. 3 North Carolina to the West Indies SDBGENUS AGAR Gray 1847 ARCA RETICULATA Gmelin. Net-work Ark. Shell small, inflated; posterior ridge end- ing in point at posterior base; strong ra- diating ridges crossing stronger concentric ones, some ridges scaly; hinge short, teeth medium; edge of shell toothed; color whit- ish with yellowish-brown epidermis. Length 18 mm. often less. This species and the following live chiefly under sponges and coral rock in shallow water, especially in the south. PI. 3, Fig. 4 North Carolina to the West Indies and Texas ARCA ADAMSI E. A. Smith. Adams Ark. Shell inflated, roimded in front; hinge and basal line parallel; umbones moderately full, turned forward; teeth few, rather strong. Color whitish or brown. This appears very close to the European A. lactea but may be distinguished by the fact that its radial riblets are formed by rows of trailing blisters, or hollow ones, which are very friable and often entirely worn off, leaving the shell smooth. Length 12 mm., height 7.5 mm., diam. 7.5 mm. PI. 3, Fig. 3 North Carolina to the West Indies GENUS NOETIA Gray 1847 NOETIA PONDEROSA Say. Ponderous Ark. Shell heavy, swollen; umbones well separated, about two-fifths from posterior end; hinge area wide, flat, very dark brown; about thirty-two radiating flattened ribs; close- set undulating concentric sculpture, strong- est between and becoming obsolete on the ribs, weaker toward the umbones; ground color yellowish white, dark brown shaggy epidermis most persistent toward lower mar- gin; interior yellowish white in center, dull, becoming white and glossy toward the scalloped edge; hinge teeth numerous, turned backward at posterior end. Length 2 inches. Single valves are usually taken up- on the New England beaches. The species is abundant at Sanibel, Florida. PI. 4, Fig. 1 Massachusetts to Florida and Texas GENUS GLYCYMERIS Da Costa 1778; Pectunculus Lamarck 1799 (BITTER SWEET SHELLS) Shell solid, equivalve, convex, epidermis velvety; hinge wide, curved, bear- ing a series of equal-sized teeth which are faintest under the umbones, arranged fan- shaped; muscular impressions sub-equalj pallial line simple. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 29 Foot of animal crescent shaped; margins simple, with minute eyes. GLYCYMERIS AMERICANOS Def ranee (G. undatus of authors) . American Bitter-sweet. There are two sorts of modifications present in this species. One is due to variation, the other correlated with growth and senil- ity. Very young shells show indistinct sculpture, half-grown ones ribs well marked and teeth delicate. In adults the ribs be- come obscure distally, the cardinal tooth area enlarged. In senile individuals the cardinal tooth area is very large, only the teeth at the extremities of the arch re- maining and these enlarged, the concentric sciilpture strong. With these facts known the apparent great variation of the shells can be explained. Diam. 29 mm. Depth range 15-65 fathoms. PI. 2, Fig. 12 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies GLYCYMERIS AMERICANOS LINEATUS Reeve. Lined Bitter-sweet. This, the Antillian form is not uncommon and averages smaller than the preceding typical one. In all forms of G. americanus the reticulated sculpture is always present upon the umbones of a perfect shell, the extension of the reticulation varying with the individual. Specimens from southern waters are more swollen and brightly col- ored than northern examples. Length 1.5 inches. PI. 2, Fig. 6 North Carolina to the West Indies and west to Texas GLYCYMERIS PECTINATUS Gmelln. Comb Bitter- sweet. Shell fan-shaped, solid, hardly in- flated; usually about twenty-four rounded, curved, ribs, sometimes as many as forty, crossed by fine striae; teeth feeble or ab- sent near umbones; margin of shell crenu- lated; color white, spotted with brown, sometimes in zigzag pattern. Length 20 mm. Depth range 2-175 fathoms. PI. 2, Fig. 8 PI. 64-, Fig. 16 ■ Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies and west to Texas GLYCYMERIS PENNACEDS Lamarck. Feathered Bitter-sweet. Shell solid, somewhat swol- len, umbones high and full; ligament strong; surface with wide, low, radiating ribs which together with the spaces between are covered with fine radiating lines; concen- tric growth lines fine and variable, form- ing a latticed surface; velvety epidermis often lacking around umbones or on dead shells. In Florida the shells attain a length of about 29 mm. The species may be separated from the others by the almost smooth surface and angular outline. PI. 8, Fig. 7 PI. 2, Fig. 7 Florida and the West Indies Family Plnnldae Shell wedge shaped, gaping on pos- terior end; hinge teeth present. Animal spins a powerful byssus and is fastened by large triple muscles to middle of each valve. The Pin- na s with knife- like ends pointed upward and, al- most burled in mud or sand, are a menace to bare- footed shell col- lectors. When young the shells are extremely thin, brittle, translucent, and Fig. 31 consist almost en- Cellular Structiire tlrely of prismat- of Pinna ic layers. Gloves have been manu- factured by combining the byssus with silk and specimens are on exhibition in the British Museum. Some of the species attain a length of two feet. A small crab lives in the gills and mantle and was noted by Aristotle who named it the Pinna guardian. The cel- lular structure is shown in Fig. 31. GENDS PINNA Linne 1758 (SEA PENS) Shell sulcate longitudinally or with a middle keel. PINNA CARNEA Gmelln. Flesh Pen. Each valve has about eight strong ribs and less distinct ones between; color orange or 30 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS reddish. An men in Dr. the Tortuga The byssus, 80 mm. long of brown, at Sanibel. PI. Cap the exceptionally beautiful specl- Perry's collection, taken on s, measures 180 mm. in length, which Is unusually silky, is and in two contrasting shades Single valves have been taken 5, Fig. 1 e Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies GENUS ATRINA Gray 1840 Valves unsulcate or without a mid- way keel; the internal nacreous layer en- tire. ATRINA RIGIDA Dlllwyn (Pinna muricata of authors). Stiff Sea Pen. Shell somewhat triangular, thickened; hinge line straight or curved inward; mostly covered with low radiating ribs which are smooth or with scales, the scales elevated and often tubu- lar in shape; ventral area smoother and often with prickly scales; inner layer dull brown and a little iridescent; color dark brown or blackish. Length 6-9 inches. Dall has pointed out that the va- riations are rarely associated, by the col- lector, with the station where obtained. They are short and wide when taken on hard and stony ground, also with coarse irregu- lar spines and distorted edges. On soft bottom they are longer, spiny, or almost smooth. The handsomest ones occur on clean fine sand being beautifully developed and perfectly preserved. PI. 5, Fig. 2 North Carolina to South America ATRINA SERRATA Sowerby (Pinna seminuda of authors) Saw-toothed Pen. Ribs very close together, scales much smaller and more nu- merous than in the preceding, also diminish- ing in nvunber toward umbones. Length 6-9 inches. PI. 5, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies Family Pterlidae Shell very Inequivalve, right valve with opening for attachment byssus. The "pearl oysters" which belong to this family are found in Ceylon, Panama, and other warm seas. They are chiefly ex- ported from Manilla. They afford both the mother-of-pearl and the "oriental" pearls of commerce. The Hope's Pearl, said to be the finest in the world, measures 2 Inches long and 4 around and weighs 1,800 grains. From the days of Pliny the pearl fisheries of Ceylon and the Persian Gulf have been celebrated and furnish the most lucrative trade. GENUS PTERIA Scopoll 1777; Avicula, Lamarck 1799 (PEARL OYSTERS) PTERIA COLYMBUS Roeding (A. atlantica Lam.). Shell fairly solid, convex; wing broadly notched; smooth, usually brown, rayed with light narrow bands with brown arrow-headed spots. Length 3.5 inches. PI. 5, Fig. 7 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies GENUS PINCTADA Roeding 1798; Margarltifera Humphrey 1797 (PEARL OYSTERS) Less oblique than the other Pteriae, the valves flatter and nearly equal; right valve with byssal notch and sinus near its upper anterior part; valves winged; liga- ment elastic. PINCTADA RADIATA Lamarck. Shell thin, in- flated, somewhat oblique, winged at both ends; surface ornamented with strong raised rows of elongated scales, variegated with colors; lateral teeth single in left valve and double in right; interior nacre bright, surrounded by a prismatic wide border. Length 40 mm. Often the surface lacks the scales referred to. These shells are sometimes brought in by the Greek sponge divers of Tarpon Springs, Florida. PI. 5, Fig. 6 Georgia to the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico GENUS PEDALION Solander 1770; Melina Katz 1788; Perna Brug. 1799 Variable in form like Pteria; right valve with byssal sinus; muscular impres- sions inside double; hinge straight; no teeth but with grooves where ligament is fastened. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 51 PEDALION ALATA Gmelin. Winged-tree oyster. Shell greatly compressed, right valve al- most flat, the left slightly convex; hinge line short, left valve heavier below hinge, right valve with small sinus for byssal at- tachment opposite the swelling outside; surface smooth or scaly; interior pearly layer not extending to margin; brown, pur- ple or blackish in color; young examples often rayed. Length 3 inches. The "tree oyster" attaches itself to mangroves or any solid object in shallow water. It is gregarious, many shells often being fastened together. The writer ob- served it living in Angel Fish Creek on the Florida Keys. PI. 5, Fig. 4 Florida; Bermuda; West Indies PEDALION LISTERI Hanley. Usually a high elongated shell; well developed at base; three to seven pits in each tongue-like process of porcellaneous material in base; Rolor variable, often rayed with a lighter shade. Height 35 mm. PI. 5, Fig. 8 Florida Keys and West Indies PEDALION SEMIAURITA Linne. Shell small, solid, very irregular, large pits in hinge line of each valve; byssal notch obscure. Height 16 mm. It lives in the crevices of rocks and corals. As variable as the oyster It largely conforms to the surface and other local conditions. At the Blowing Rocks, near Jupiter, Florida, it is plentiful not far from the high-tide mark. PI. 5, Fig. 5 Southern Florida and West Indies Family Ostreidae Shell irregular, Inequlvalve, the larger valve adhering to som'e solid object, the outer moving forward as the shell ma- tures; excessively variable according to the position during life and for this rea- son difficult to differentiate the species. GENUS OSTREA Linne 1758 (OYSTERS) OSTREA CRISTATA Born. Crested Oyster. Shell solid, very irregular, upper valve concave or convex; valves with long tubu- lar clasping processes for attachment to mangroves or other solid objects; edge of valves sharply plicate-serrate, forming interlocking teeth; interior border with wart-like ridge; umbones irregular, one in lower valve the longer, its hinge area grooved in middle; color brown, reddish or purple. Largest examples about 3.5 inch- es. A more variable shell than 0. virginica. PI. 14, Fig. 9 Tampa, Florida to the West Indies OSTREA EQUESTRIS Say. Horse Oyster. Shell small, six to twelve teeth of larger valve received into corre- sponding cavities of the smaller valve; large valve depressed but a little folded; other valve convex and attached to some foreign object; hinge narrow and curved. Fig. 32 Cape Hatteras, North Caro- lina to Flor- ida Fig. 32 Ostrea equestris OSTREA FRONS Linne. Leafy Oyster. Shell thin, broad, adhering to roots by shelly lobes, purple-brown; hinge of left valve small; generally attached crosswise to some external object. Johnson reported this species from St. Augustine attached to a sea-fan (Gor- gonia) . Length 45 mm. PI. 6, Fig. 5 Jupiter Inlet, East Florida to Barbados OSTREA PERMOLLIS Sowerby. Shell more or less four sided, the two edges next to um- bones comparatively straight; compressed, subequivalve, somewhat golden colored and bluish-white inside, with tendency toward greenish at edges; hinge narrow; upper valve slightly convex and with a soft brownish epidermis; concentric sculpture wavy and irregular. Height 1.5 inches. It has been taken in the bread sponge at Sanibel, Florida. PI. 6, Fig. g Florida 32 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS OSTREA VIRGINICA Gmelin. Virginia Oyster. Upper valve smaller, flatter and smoother than the lower; leaf -like scales upon sizr- face; muscular impression central. In northern waters this oyster at- tains a length sometimes of a foot, being long, narrow and tongue-like in shape. The swinging aerial roots of the mangrove af- ford it support in the West Indies. When living under flat stones and on timber it often assumes a circular shape. PI. 6, Fig. 4 Prince Edward Island to the West Indies Family Dimyldae Shell inequilateral, inequi valve, closed; upper or left valve slightly small- er, lower attached to some object; liga- ment minute; hinge short, straight. GENUS DIMYA Renault 1848 DIMYA ARGENTEA Dall. Shell white, silvery outside; interior white, brilliant, porcel- laneous. Length 10.5 mm.; height 12 mm. Range 73-248 fathoms. PI. 62, Fig. 5a-b Off North Carolina to West Indies Family Spondylidae GENUS SPONDYLUS Linne 1758 (SPINY OYSTERS) Shell irregular, attached by right valve; ribbed, spiny or foliaceous surface; umbones far apart; lower valve with trian- gular hinge area; hinge of two curved in- terlocking teeth in each valve. The lower valve is usually spiny and less colored. Some of the species are found half embedded in coral reefs. The Gulf of California is the home of many ornate forms but the species are never strictly local and are widely dispersed. They are popularly known as Chrysanthemum shells on account of the form and vivid red or yellow color. SPONDYLUS AMERICANUB Hermann. (S. spathul- Iferus Sby. and S. echinatus Martyn) . Shell brown, purple, white, or red with well- defined border inside; scales of principal ribs narrow and erect at base, ribs between with smaller scales; umbones often varie- gated with red. Length 2-6 inches. The largest examples occur in the Gulf of Mexico. The frequent crimson col- or is very striking and single valves, in consequence, are conspicuous objects upon the beaches. PI. 6, Fig. 1 PI. 54, Figs. 1, 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies GENUS PLICATULA Lamarck 1801 (PLAITED SHELLS) Shell irregular; attached by umbo of right valve; two hinge teeth in each valve locking into corresponding hollows in each valve; muscle scar simple. PLICATULA GIBBOSA Lamarck (P. ramosa Lamarck) Humped Plait Shell. Shell solid, with pale yellow or white raised folds; sometimes with short gray or red lines; fan-shaped, with strong radiating and of- ten dividing plications which terminate in a saw-toothed margin. Length 1 inch. The dark venous lines are some- times replaced with a brownish blush. PI. 6, Fig. 5 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies Family Pectinidae Animal with mantle quite open, double margined, inner pendant-like cur- tain finely fringed, at Its base a row of conspicuous round black eyes. The yoving Pecten spins a byssus which is used as an attachment to some stationary object. The notch or opening in shell permits manipulation of the byssus without opening of the valves. Adults, usually, are free swimmers and the same applies to the fry. They pro- pel themselves through the water by rapid- ly opening and closing the valves. A Mediterranean form P. jacobaeus, St. Joseph's shell, was worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land as a badge of several or- ders of Knighthood. More than two hundred and fifty re- cent species are known, twice that number fossil. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS SS GENUS PECTEN Osbeck 1765 (SCALLOPS) Generally large heavy shells with valves very unequal; right valve strongly convex, left valve flat or concave; radial ribs interlocking on margin. PECTEN RAVENELI Dall (P. hemicyclica of authors; P. medius of authors, not Gmelin). Ravenel's Scallop. Shell mostly white and pinkish color, frequently with brown lines in grooves of lower valve; usually white inside with color around margin; about twenty-five low rounded ribs; ears sub- equal. Height 30-45 mm. Often confused with P. ziczac but smaller, also color of convex valve and sculpture quite different. Single valves are not rare in Florida. Living examples have been taken near the S. Inlet in Lake Worth. It also occurs in the Pliocene of Florida. PI. 55, Fig. 20 PI. 22, Fig. 10 North Carolina to West Indies PECTEN ZICZAC Linng. Upper or left valve slightly concave, with about thirty-five radiating ribs and areas at sides where same are lacking; lower valve radiated with twenty-three grooves and additional lightly impressed ones at sides, fine ra- diating lines between these grooves; ears nearly equal; interior upper valve mostly smooth except at edge where ribs are dis- tinct, purple brown except for light mus- cle area of attachment; right valve white except for portion adjacent to ears. Height 3 inches. The description is based upon a specimen from Bermuda in the writer's collection. It has been taken living in Lake Worth, Florida, during the summer months. PI. 7, Fig. 1 PI. 22, Fig. 11 Southern Florida; West Indies SUBGENUS CHLAMYS Roeding 1798 PECTEN ISLANDICUS Muller. Iceland Scallop. Valves equal, upper slightly more convex, covered with fifty to one himdred radiat- ing ridges, bearing scales; the ridges in groups forming ribs most noticeable inside shell; valves closed except at notch; col- or orange or dark brown, lower valve light- est; interior white and shining, left valve with rose-colored spot near umbones. Height 3.5 inches. Range 10-179 fathoms. PI. 7, Fig. 2 Greenland to Cape Cod, Massachusetts PECTEN ORNATUS Lamarck. White, thinly spotted with purple or red, ribs strong but often worn, covered with frail cup-like im- bricating lamellae which are rarely intact; ribs twenty, several imaffected by purple; posterior ear almost obsolete. The largest example in the United States National Museum measures about 1 inch across. PI. 8, Fig. 4 Florida to West Indies PECTEN EXASPERATUS Sowerby. Rough Scallop. Valves uniform in color, usually rose or soft red; about twenty-one prominent ribs which are cut by beautiful sculpture and forming squarish projections when worn; ears ornamented with wave-like imbrica- tions; ear adjacent to opening usually the most prominent; scallop edge distinct. Length 31 mm. A beautiful form often found liv- ing upon the Sanibel beach in shallow pools left by the receding tide. The adult hinge line shows transverse corrugations with great distinctness. PI. 8, Fig. 5 PI. 9, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Florida and Texas PECTEN SENTIS Reeve. Thorn Scallop. Valves usually alike in color, commonly bright scarlet, sometimes purple, rarely white. Often confused with P. ornatus this form has about forty ribs in the adult with erect low scales connecting the ribs. These scales, which bridge the interspaces are often damaged but seldom entirely lacking in beach specimens. Interior white, with grooves corresponding to those outside; notch wide and shallow. Average length 33 mm. This is one of the commonest forms upon the beaches but only single valves as a rule are seen. It lives imbedded in corals. PI. 7, Fig. 3 Southern Florida and West Indies U/l ^ M/Mec C*-M 34 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS PECTEN IMBRICATOS Gmelln. Very flat, trigonal in shape; hollow imbricated tu- bercles regularly placed upon nine alter- nating ribs; shell white, touched with pink or red, interior margin and hinge area purple, center yellow. Length 35 mm. Single valves have been taken near the Yamato rocks, south of Palm Beach, Florida and it apparently lives off the Florida Keys. PI. 8, Fig. 2 Florida Keys and West Indies SDBGENDS AEQOIPECTEN Fischer 1886 PECTEN HELIACUS Dall. Shell of moderate size, mottled and zoned with pink or crim- son upon a white surface; ribs about twen- ty, narrow, nearly keeled, interspaces wider; valves equal, inequilateral, notch wide and shallow; right valve paler than left; pointed scales on top of ribs visi- ble under a glass; interior clouded with brownish purple and grooved to match out- side ribs. Length 40 mm. PI. 9, Fig. 5 Southern Florida to West Indies PECTEN ACANTHODES Dall. Shell subcircu- lar, olive brown with paler mottllngs; twenty-two minutely splnose ribs, the spines in three subequal rows, with two to three smaller prickly threads in the nar- row interspaces; ears subequal, the ante- rior slightly larger, both with about five threads; hinge line cross-striated; height 32 mm., width 32 mm. Compared with P. exasperatus this shell is less inflated, wider and with less prominent spines. PI. 9, Fig. 3 Southern Florida to West Indies SECTION PLAGIOCTENIUM Dall 1898 PECTEN IRRADIANS Lamarck. A large thin- shelled form, gray and white, rarely yel- low brown or red, generally purplish near hinge; ribs seventeen to twenty; acutely scalloped upon basal margin; ears two thirds length of the shell, notch forming acute angle or narrow slit. Height 2.5 inches. Most abundant in the north, espe- cially on the New Jersey coast where large nvunbers are gathered for the markets. PI. 7, Fig. 7 PI. 72, Fig. 11 Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas PECTEN IRRADIANS CONCENTRICA Say. More inflated and solid than the preceding; ribs seventeen; lower valve, yellowish, up- per blue-gray; interior of valves white, sometimes with brown blotches. Length of adult, parallel to hinge line, slightly under 1 inch. New Jersey to South Carolina PECTEN NUCLEUS Born. Nut Scallop. A thin, small shell variegated with gray, white and dark brown; twenty-one to twenty-three ribs. It attaches itself to soft objects rather than hard ones. Length 30 mm. PI. 9, Fig. 1 Florida Keys to Venezuela PECTEN GIBBUS Linn§. Humped Scallop. The ribs range from eighteen to twenty-three and are rather rough; lower valve more ventricose than the upper; ears nearly equal in size, striated and obtuse. The color forms are; a delicate pink mottled with brown, light blue mot- tled with dark brown and touches of white and yellow, also other combinations. Red examples are Infrequent. 1.5 inches. An abundant shallow water form, very variable in its color manifestations but never attaining the size of its north- ern brethern. PI. 9, Fig. 2 PI. 7, Fig. 6 North Carolina to the West Indies PECTEN GIBBUS AMPLICOSTATUS Dall. Many- ribbed Scallop. A larger and heavier shell than the preceding one; ribs twelve to fif- teen; lower valve white, the upper gray. PI. 8, Fig. 1 Texas to Columbia, South America SUBGENUS LYROPECTEN Conrad 1862; Nodopecten Dall 1898 PECTEN NODOSUS Linne. Knotty Scallop. Valves nearly equal in size; entire sur- face covered with whitish radiating ribs, divided into about ten raised knob areas with smaller zones between; interior with excavated channels corresponding to ele- vated areas outside, reddish brown within EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 35 and shading to white in the lower centres. Height 4.5, length 4.75 inches. A very handsome shell not infre- quently brought in by the Greek sponge fishers at Tarpon Springs on the west coast of Florida. PI. 8, Fig. 3 PI, 28, Fig. 5 PI. 9, Fig. 6 North Carolina to Gulf coast of Florida PECTEN NODOSDS FRAGOSUS Conrad. Differs from the preceding in having fewer and much larger ribs, narrower interstices with transverse "laminae and in flatness of inferior valve; ribs eight, of which six are very large. Length 2 inches, height the same. Cedar Keys, Florida to West Indies PECTEN ANTILLARUM Recluz. Antillian Scal- lop. Shell equivalve, convex-depressed; ribs ten to eleven, color variable, green- ish inside; ears subequal, old ones ab- breviated. The young shell is thin and glistening, the old worn and resembling P. siilcatus. The nodes are often absent. This species was described from a Guadeloupe specimen. Range 0-127 fathoms; recently obtained in shallow water off the Florida Keys. Height 15 mm. PI. 8, Fig. 6 PI. 9, Fig. 7 Florida Keys and West Indies SUBGENUS PLACOPECTEN Verrill 1897 PECTEN GRANDIS Solander (P. magellanica Gmelin) . Giant Scallop. A strong opaque shell when mature, thin and translucent when young; lower valve nearly flat, white; upper valve moderately convex, brown or flesh color; valves gaping near hinge; sculptured with radiating lines or grooves, crossed by lines of growth, upon convex valve scalloped over the radiating lines; ears equal, notch in lower valve rounded; interior white, smooth, shining, with small radiating lines not equal to those outside. Length 5-6 inches, height slight- ly more. It is most plentiful off the coast of Maine but fresh complete specimens were taken by the writer at Rockaway Beach, New York City. Range in depth 10-100 fathoms. PI. 7, Fig. 4 , Labrador to North Carolina SUBGENUS PSEUDAMUSIUM Morch 1853 PECTEN IMBRIFER Loven. A vitreous white little shell, often with a grayish discol- oration. Alt. 18.5 mm. PI. 62, Fig. 4a, b Arctic Seas; N. E. United States PECTEN SIGSBEEI Dall. A plump, oval lit- tle shell; shaped like an apricot stone; surface without radiating sculpture. Alt. 11.5 mm. Depth 158 fathoms. PI. 62, Fig. 2 Florida Strait SUBGENUS AMUSIUM Roeding 1798 Shell smooth or slightly sculp- tured outside; radiating ribs inside; valves gaping at sides; ears small; shell free (byssif erous?) . The name Amusiuim has been in use more than two hundred years. Its first bi- nomial appearance (1798) was in an illus- trated catalog following the Bolten system with references by Roeding who is now recognized as the author of the species enumerated. AMUSIUM DALLI E. A. Smith. An extremely thin, fragile and brittle shell. Alt. 62 mm.. Ion. 59 mm., diam. 6 mm. Taken in 218-860 fathoms. PI. 62, Figs, la, lb Gulf of Mexico; West Indies AMUSIUM POURTALESIANUM MARMORATUM Dall. The typical form is pale and translucent; the variety with brilliant mottling of orange red, yellow or brown and combined with opaque white flecks. Alt. lo.5 mm. Range 13-805 fathoms. PI. 62, Fig. 3 Florida Strait; Gulf of Mexico Family Limidae Shell equivalve, white or yellow- ish, compressed; anterior end straight; posterior end rounded, usually close; um- bones separated, eared; valves smooth, ribbed or imbricated; muscle impression large and double. 36 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS The Limas are free or spin a bys- sus for attachment; some when adult mix to- gether sand, coral fragments and shells forming an artificial burrow several times the length of the shell and closed at both ends. GENDS LIMA Roeding 1798 (FILE SHELLS) LIMA INFLATA Lamarck. Inflated File. Shell very oblique, thin, inflated, gaping at both ends so that valves only touch at hinge and base; ligament wide, triang\ilar; low, delicate ribs on surface, often with finer riblets between, their edges rough- ened; inner margin serrate and showing traces of ribs. Length 32 mm. The writer observed several nests, under stones, in Biscayne Bay, Florida, off Arch Creek. The animal is of a bril- liant orange color and provided with long tentacular filaments. When disturbed this Lima rapidly opens and closes its shell, at the same time ejecting a stream of water upward. According to Johnson it propels itself rapidly through the water by a quick movement of the valves but in the opposite direction than Pecten. The Biscayne Bay specimens, although removed from the water, sensed danger and instinctively went through the motions of swimming. PI. 13, Fig. 14 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Trinidad, West Indies LIMA LIMA Linne (L. squamosa Lam.). Original File. Shell thick, oblique, gap- ing a little on both sides; ribs twenty to twenty-four, thick, rounded, with sharp erect imbrications. Length 1-1.5 inches. This delicately beautiful shell has a wide distribution. It has been reported from the Red Sea and Mediterranean. PI. 10, Fig. 5 Southern Florida to Barbados LIMA HIANS Gmelin. Gaping File. Shell thin, smooth at sides, minutely striated in the center of valves; slightly gaping at posterior end, widely so at anterior end; cardinal tooth area small. Length 44 mm. A deeper water species, living in 15-S8 fathoms. PI. 10, Fig. 3 Florida Strait and West Indies LIMA SCABRA Born. Rough File. Shell thick, rather straight, posteriorly slightly gap- ing, anteriorly more so; roughened with fine radiating ridges which are scaly; margin of shell toothed by the sculptxire; hinge area triangular; epidermis brown. Length 2-2.75 inches. This large and distinctive Lima is I frequently obtained by the sponge divers on the Florida west coast. PI. 10, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Trinidad, West Indies LIMA TENERA Sowerby. Delicate File. Closely related to L. scabra. The notched ribs are much finer, when perfect they ex- hibit small erect terminations to the notch- es. Length 1-2 inches. This species may prove to be only a variety of L. scabra. PI. 10, Fig. 14 Florida and West Indies GENOS LIMATULA Wood 1839 LIMATDLA SDBADRICULATA Montagu (L. sulca- tus Leach). Little Ear File. A minute form with very faint costae and a broad hinge margin. It has been taken on the British coast. Length 14 mm. Depth range 15-50 fathoms. PI.- 10, Fig. 4 North Atlantic; Labrador to Porto Rico Family Anomiidae Shell translucent, slightly pearly inside; attached to oysters or any solid object by a plug * passing through a ^ \ e hole or notch in ^— — /'"'^^ left or lower con- cave valve; upper valve smooth and convex; interior with four muscular impressions and sub- marginal pit. The Anomias, which have become fixed during life, have practically lost their foot. The development of the shell is shown ip Fig. 33. Fig. 35 Shell development of Anomia EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 37 GENUS ANOMIA Llnng 1758 (JINGLE SHELLS) ANOMIA ACOLEATA Linne. Thorny Jingle. Much smaller than A. simplex; surface roughened by prickly scales; lower valve very thin; perforation almost circular. Diam. 1£ mm. Range 1-80 fathoms. PI. 72, Figs. 5-8 Arctic Ocean to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ANOMIA SIMPLEX Orbigny. Plain Jingle. The most plentiful species and the largest of the genus on the Atlantic coast. It is irregular in shape, conforming to the sur- face upon which it lives; surface of shell waved or undulated. Diam. 1-3 inches. Single valves, almost invariably the upper without hole, are frequently found upon the beaches. They are very fragile, brightly colored and have a pe- culiar sheen. This Anomia was dredged by the writer in large numbers off Cape Ro- mano, west Florida PI. 10, Fig. 6 PI. 72, Figs. 1, 2 Nova Scotia to West Indies GENUS PODODESMUS Philippl 1837 Left valve with only two muscular impressions, otherwise like Anomia. PODODESMUS DECIPIENS Philippi (Placunan- omia rudis Brod.). Shell irregular, vary- ing from oval to somewhat elongate; lower valve flatter than upper; byssal opening round-oval or partially closed in old In- dividuals; fine ridges crossed by scaly growth lines; inside lustrous, a brown spot often in center of lower valve. Col- or greenish or white. Length 40 mm.; diam. 6 mm. There is one large muscular impres- sion and a smaller one below it. PI. 10, Fig. 13 Cedar Keys, Florida to West Indies; Bermuda; Argentina Family Mytilidae Shell equivalve; hinge ligament marginal and Internal, very long; anteri- or muscular impression narrow and small, posterior one large and obscure. The mussels are marine or fluvia- tile, attached by a byssus. They some- times spin a nest from bits of shells and sand, or burrow in soft wood or other sub- stances. Certain of them are concealerl in burrows of other shells. GENUS MYTILUS Linnfe 1758 (SEA MUSSELS) Shell wedge shaped; umbones ter- minal; hinge usually without teeth; muscu- lar impression club shaped. MYTILUS EDULIS Linng. Edible Mussel. An- terior margin usually straight, convex or excavated; distinct opening for byssus; violet color; epidermis glossy blue-black; interior white, silver in centre, edge dark. When the epidermis is removed four teeth may be observed under the lunbones. Length 2.5 inches. Many sizes and colors occur, some beautifully rayed, smooth, dingy, the ju- veniles often bearded. They live In count- less numbers attached by the byssus on rocks and timbers in shallow water and not far from the high-tide mark. In Europe this species is used extensively as food for man and is said to be quite palatable. PI. 11, Fig. 1 Greenland to North Carolina MYTILUS RECURVUS Rafinesque. (M. hamatus Say). Bent Mussel. Surface densely stri- ated, color dark; twisted below umbones. Length 1-2 inches. An abundant shell in Florida. PI. 10, Fig. 8 Rhode Island around coast to Texas; West Indies MYTILUS EXUSTUS Linn6. More or less fan- shaped, strongly longitudinally striated; often rayed with ochre color, or blotched with black-brown or red inside and out. It is known as the "Scorched Mussel." Length 32 mm. PI. 11, Fig. 5 North Carolina around coast to Texas; West Indies GENUS MODIOLUS Lamarck 1799; Volsella of authors (HORSE MUSSELS) Wedge shaped; umbones very close to anterior end. They burrow or make nests. 38 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS J UODIOLOS MODIOLUS Linne. Horse Mussel. A large coarse solid shell; epidermis deep chestnut color; groove for ligament deep; animal dark orange or red. Length 4-6 inches. Usually a deep water shell. PI. 11, Fig. 6 Arctic Sea to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina UODIOLOS TULIPUS Llnn§. Tulip Mussel. Shell smooth, bright yellowish or brown in color with dark rays upon the posterior portion; epidermis covered with scaly growth and bristly hairs. Length 1.25 inches. Possibly the handsomest representa- tive of the family in this country. PI. 11, Fig. 7 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies MODIOLUS DEMISSUS Dillwyn. Shell somewhat pinched toward center. Interior piirplish brown; otherwise similar to the following subspecies. Length 2-3 Inches. Virginia to Florida MODIOLUS DEMISSUS PLICATULA Lamarck. Hum- ble Mussel. Shell brittle, with numerous radiating ribs becoming fine upon anteri- or portion; rather dingy; epidermis thin and with a varnished-like surface, varie- gated with yellow-green. Length 3 inches. Inhabits tide waters of small streams, often imbedded in soil of banks near high-water mark. PI. 12, Fig. 1 Prince Edward Island to South Carolina MODIOLUS ABORESCENS Dillwyn. (M. papyria Conrad). Paper Mussel. Shell cylindrical- ly oblong, thin, smooth, sides rounded; color yellowish white or green, portions of surface more or less iridescent. Length 32 mm. PI. 12, Fig. 6 Florida to Texas and West Indies MODIOLUS OPIFEX Say. Artist's Mussel. An oval, reddish-brown shell; base contracted behind center but not deeply so; between this portion and the umbones the surface blackish and wrinkled; iridescent inside, brilliant; edge crenulated. Length 13 mm. PI. 11, Fig. 2 North Carolina to the West Indies GENUS BOTOLA Morch 1853 BOTULA CASTANEA Say. Chestnut Mussel. Hinge elevated; anterior margin roxinded at tip; posterior margin large; base with a dilated but slightly impressed contraction before center; epidermis wrinkled; bluish inside. Length 15 mm. South Carolina to Florida; West Indies BOTULA FUSCA Gmelin (M. cinnamomea Lam.). Dusky Mussel. Shell small, almost smooth, inflated, epidermis dark brown; lambones high; hinge line curved. Length 10 mm. PI. 11, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Florida; West Indies GENUS LITHOPHAGA Roeding 1798 (DATE SHELLS) Shell cylindrical, epidermis thick; umbones low and near rounded anterior end; posterior end wedge-shaped; hinge line without teeth; ligament internal. They are borers. LITHOPHAGA ANTILLARUM Orblgny (L. corru- gata Phil.). Antillian Date. Shell wedge-shaped when viewed from above; many concentric furrows upon surface, particu- larly near posterior end; base with fine ribs fading out at anterior end; epidermis a rich chestnut brown becoming almost black in certain parts. Length 25-60 mm. PI. 12, Fig. 3 Southern Florida and West Indies LITHOPHAGA NIGRA Orbigny (L. caribaea Phil.). Black Date. Length 23 mm. PI. 12, Fig. 4 South Carolina to Brazil. SECTION DIBERUS Dall 1896 LITHOPHAGA BISULCATA Orbigny (L. appendicu- lata Phil.). Two-furrowed Date. A mostly smooth and shining shell except for two faint radiating sulcations, one above and the other below the low rounded posterior section; epidermis light chestnut color but surface of shell usually covered with a calcareous incrustation. Upon the latter EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 39 are wrinkles and corrugations. Length 30 mm. PI, 12, Fig. 2 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies SECTION MYOFORCEPS Fischer 1886 LITHOPHAGA ARISTATA Dlllwyn (L. caudlgera Lam. and L. forflcata Rav.). Erect Date. A white, thin, fragile shell; posterior end with a third valve, a narrow projec- tion; color light salmon inside. Length 31 mm. It has been taken alive in pieces of coral at Charleston bar. South Carolina. PI. 8, Fig. 8 North Carolina to West Indies; Mexico GENUS MODIOLARIA Beck 1838; Musculus Roeding 1798, not Martyn 1787 Shell inflated, often with three areas on disk; surface ribbed or smooth; umbones incurved, placed near anterior end. MODIOLARIA CORRUGATA Stimpson. Shell oval, heart-shaped when viewed in front, upper margin compressed and arching; sixteen or more ribs on anterior compartment, those in posterior compartment more crowded and distant; minute wrinkles of epidermis crossing ribs and middle section visible under a microscope; epidermis yellowish green; interior silvery, edge toothed by the ribs. Range 2-100 fathoms. Length 12 mm. PI. 12, Fig. 9 PI. 72, Fig. 9 Greenland to North Carolina; Cir- cumpolar MODIOLARIA NIGRA Gray. Shell thin; um- bones prominent, scarcely touching each other, placed far from anterior end; sur- face with network of minute growth lines; many fine radiating lines or ridges; epi- dermis rusty brown; interior livid with silvery lustre and fine radiating lines. Length .75-1 Inch. Depth range 1-60 fath- oms. PI. 13, Fig. 11 Greenland to North Carolina MODIOLARIA LATERALIS Say. Ends sculptured with fine beaded ribs; fine concentric growth lines throughout; inner margin toothed except in middle and ligament area. Length 6 mm. to over an inch. The shell is remarkable for its rich chestnut color, becoming almost black toward the umbones. It spins a fibrous nest. PI. 11, Fig. 8 Delaware Bay to Florida; West Indies GENUS CRENELLA Brown 1827 Epidermis thick; umbones straight; ligament small. These small mussels spin a nest or else hide among roots of sea- weeds and corals. They range in depth from 0-300 fathoms. CRENELLA DIVARICATA Orbigny. Shell small, equilateral; umbonal region high; delicate ray-like ribs, a few of them curved; con- centric sculpture also delicate causing the ribs to appear slightly beaded; inner edge crenate throughout; color brownish yellow. Length 3 mm. North Carolina to West Indies CRENELLA GLANDULA Totten. Shell rounded oval, rather swollen; umbones small, sep- arated; minute concentric growth lines, crossed by minute close together radiating lines; epidermis brown or yellow; margin toothed inside, pearly within. Length 12 mm. Range 3-60 fathoms. This is a mud dweller and is often found in the stomachs of fish off Mass. It is a pretty and oddly shaped little shell. PI. 12, Fig. 8 PI. 72, Fig. 10 Labrador to North Carolina Family Dreissenlldae GENUS MYTILOPSIS Conrad 1857; Congeria Partsch 1835 Mantle of animal closed; byssal opening small. Inhabits brackish water. MYTILOPSIS LEUCOPHAETA Conrad. Shell very rough, incurved; epidermis brownish; ante- rior end much depressed; hinge margins dug out and with faint teeth. Length 18 mm. 40 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS PI. 11, Fig. 3 Chesapeake Bay to Florida; West Indies ORDER ANOMALODESMACEA A much specialized order, the mem- bers mostly of a burrowing nature. This habit has shielded them from many vicissi- tudes and as a result the perfecting proc- esses of selection have been retarded. The members have lagged behind those of other orders and thus Indicate more clearly the character of the ancient types from which they sprang . Family Perlplomatidae GENUS PERIPLOMA Schumacher 1817 (SPOON SHELLS) Shell almost equlvalve, gaping slightly; hinge with a low spoon-shaped tooth in each valve to receive the carti- lage, also a small process resting in front of the teeth and usually removed with the animal. PERIPLOMA ANGULIFERA Phillppi. Angulated Spoon. Easily separable on account of the very short posterior end. There is a sharp keel ending in a projecting angle on lower border of right valve. Length 21 mm. PI. 6, Fig. 7 Georgia to Florida Keys and Texas PERIPLOMA FRAGILIS Totten. Frail Spoon. Shell thin, fragile, whitish and pearly, right valve most convex, surface marked by lines of growth. Length 15 mm., rarely much larger. Depth range 4-29 fathoms. Labrador to New Jersey PERIPLOMA INAEQUIVALVIS Schiamacher. In- equal Spoon, Shell thin, fragile, twisted, pearly Inside; concentric lines numerous and distinct; angular ridge moderately im- pressed; tooth prominent and broad, A recent specimen from Sanibel, Florida, measures 16 mm. A fossil from Clewiston, Florida, is 34 nim. in length. Pi, 12, Fig. 5 West Florida; Texas?; West Indies PERIPLOMA PAPYRATIA Say. Paper Spoon. Shell thin and fragile; one valve more con- vex than the other and extending slightly beyond; umbones inconspicuous; angular ridge extending from umbones to posterior margin; outside surface minutely wrinkled; tooth long, narrow, with an accessory process below; color white and pearly. Height 12 mm., breadth 17 mm. It is quite a variable species and a rare one. Pi. 26, Fig. 5 South Carolina to Gulf of Mexico PERIPLOMA UNDDLATA Verrlll. Wavy Spoon. A small, thin shell obtained in 541-816 fathoms. Length 15 mm. PI. 4, Fig. 6 Off New Jersey to North Carolina SUBGENUS COCHLODESMA Couthouy 1824 Shell inequivalve, gaping a little at ends, umbones small; spoon-shaped proc- ess in each valve forming hinge, held by an oblique rib. COCHLODESMA LEANUM Conrad. Shell thin and brittle, rib bent backward, surface wrin- kled by growth lines, interior dull white. Length 35 mm., height 25 mm. The foot of the animal is broad, compressed; siphons long, narrow, separate. This species inhabits sandy beach- es of Cape Cod and Nantucket; also reported south of Casco Bay, Maine. It appears to be more plentiful in the south. It has been dredged in 3-16 fathoms. PI, 22, Fig, 1 Gulf of St, Lawrence to North Carolina Family Thraclldae GENUS THRACIA Blainville 1824 Shell inequivalve, a little gaping at both ends; umbones prominent, one per- forated. THRACIA CONRADI Couthouy. Shell thin, smaller extremity truncated or chopped off; exterior pale ashy-white and pearly under- neath; hinge toothless; interior chalky- white. Length 3-4 Inches. When found entire, with both valves, the difference in the size of the valves is EAST COAST MABINE SHELLS 41 at once apparent. It has been found abun- dantly off the Maine coast and Rhode Is- land, It probably lives in sand at low- water mark. Reported depths range from 3-16 fathoms. PI. 12, Fig. 7 Labrador to North Carolina Family Pandoridae Shell irregular, compressed, pearly. GENUS PANDORA Hwass 1795 (GRECIAN EVE) Shell inequivalve; right valve flat, left convex; two diverging teeth in right valve and grooves in the opposite one. PANDORA GOULDIANA Dall. A large rough spe- cies in contrast to P. trilineata. Length S5 mm. Range 0-30 fathoms. PI. 13, Fig. 7 Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina PANDORA TRILINEATA Say. Shell white, of- ten with iron-like deposit near hinge line; brilliantly nacreous internally. Often confused with the preceding species. It is much more fragile and beau- tiful. Length 20 mm. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Gulf of Mexico Family Lyonsiidae Shell inequivalve, subtriangular, fragile, pearly; hinge provided with a narrow ledge inside each valve to which the ligament is attached and against which adheres a four-sided plate. GENUS LYONSIA Turton 1822 LYONSIA FLORIDANA Conrad. Shell narrower and often smaller than L. hyallna, ends somewhat pointed. Length 8-15 mm. PI. 13, Fig. 1 Florida and Gulf of Mexico LYONSIA HYALINA Conrad. Glassy Lyonsia. A translucent, pearly, fragile shell, cov- ered with ray-like wrinkles; plate a trun- cated wedge. Length 18 mm. Animal with slender foot which is deeply grooved. Fig. 29. The radiated wrinkled surface is lonique among shells of the New England coast. It is a form of epidermis. The pearly lustre is equally beautiful. It is a shallow water species. PI. 13, Fig. 2 Nova Scotia to Texas SECTION PHILIPPINA Dall 1901 LYONSIA BEANA Orbigny. Shell small, rath- er thin, sxirface shining, decidedly in- equilateral, gaping below. Length 17 mm. This is the only representative of the family, in these waters, which exhib- its color. It was originally collected by M. Beau but the name misspelled In the de- scription. PI. 13, Fig. 3 North Carolina to Florida; West Indies Family Cuspidariidae GENUS CUSPIDARIA Nardo 1840 (Naera Gray 1834) Shell small, rostrate, sculptured or smooth; radial sculpture most prominent. CUSPIDARIA GEMMA Verrill and Bush. Shell thin, quite small, fragile, bluish white; rostrum distinct; umbone smooth; ventral margin broadly rounded with slight angle at termination of each radial rib; three of these ribs upon posterior half and one less distinct at about the center, the latter rib rudimentary in left valve, none of the ribs reaching the umbones; hinge margin thin and delicate; right valve with small long lateral tooth separated from minute cartilage plate by a distinct notch; lat- eral tooth supported by a small buttress. Length 5 mm., height 3 mm. This striking little shell was de- scribed from specimens dredged in 16-17 fathoms off Cape Hatteras. The writer found it in shallow water near Jupiter Light and upon the bay side at Sanibel, Florida. It doubtless will turn up in oth- ^r localities. PI. 13, Fig. 5 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida 4S EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS COSPIDAEIA ORNATISSIMA Orblgny. Range 2- 124 fathoms. Length 9.5 mm. PI. 65, Fig. 21 North Carolina to West Indies COSPIDARIA PERROSTRATA Ball. Length 8 mm. Range 58-416 fathoms. PI. 61, Figs. 3a, 3b South of Martha's Vineyard to West Indies GENUS LEIOMYA A. Adams 1864 SUBGENUS HALONYMPHA Ball and Smith Sharp cardinal tooth in right valve; no other teeth in either valve; rib extend- ing posteriorly in both valves; surface striated or smooth. LEIOMYA CLAVICULATA Ball. Length 12 mm. Range 100-339 fathoms. PI. 61, Figs. 2, ga Florida Keys; Bermuda; West Indies Family Vertlcordildae GENUS VERTICORBIA Wood 1844 SECTION EUCIROA Ball 1881 VERTICORBIA ELEGANTISSIMA Ball. Length 13-40 mm. Range 292-756 fathoms. PI. 61, Figs, la, lb Off Cape Canaverel, Florida, to Cuba SUBGENUS HALIRIS Ball 1886 VERTICORBIA FISCHERIANA Ball. Length 10 mm. Range 84-229 fathoms. PI. 61, Figs. 4a, 4b North Carolina to West Indies ORBER TELEODESMACEA Animal vd.th reticulate gills, man- tle lobes more or less connected; shell porcellanous, or slightly prismatic, never nacreous; seldom inaequivalve. Habits: Active or nestling; rare- ly sedentary burrowers; often imbedded but mostly occupying excavations of other or- ganisms. Many of them live burled in the surface of the sea bottom, including the Astartldae, and are more or less migratory. Family Pleurophorldae GENUS CYPRINA Lamarck 1818 Shell large, heavy; no lunule but a slight pit in its place; epidermis brown, thick, wrinkled; edge simple. CYPRINA ISLANBICA Linn6 . A large thick shell with umbones pointed forward and In- ward so that they almost meet; ligament strong and prominent; epidermis shining and sometimes almost black; three cardinal teeth in each valve; marginal tooth blunt and rather indistinct; interior white. Length 3.5 inches. An abundant shell in northern wa- ters, especially near the mouths of rivers. Young examples are frequently taken in the stomachs of fish caxight in Massachusetts waters. It is one of our largest northern shells and might only be confused with Venus mercenarla. The black epidermis and lack of purple border easily separate it from that shell. n. 13, Fig. 9 Arctic Ocean to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Family Corblculidae GENUS POLYMESOBA Raflnesque 1820; Cyrena of authors, not Lamarck Shell oval, often with rough epi- dermis; three hinge teeth in each valve; two lateral teeth In each valve. Foot of animal strong, tongue- shaped. They are inhabitants of brackish or fresh water near the sea. POLYMESOBA CAROLINENSIS Bosc. Shell swol- len, covered with rough shining epidermis; shell deeply eroded toward umbones; hinge teeth small. Length 1.75 inches. The erosion upon these shells is due to their living in brackish or almost fresh water where acids are prevalent. It is abundant on marshes, subject to tides. PI. 16, Fig. 2 South Carolina to Florida and Texas EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 43 POLYMESODA FLORIDANA Conrad. A much thin- ner and smaller shell than the preceding one and not so swollen; surface dull; in- terior touched with purple at margins as in C. carolinensis. Length slightly under 1 inch. PI. 13, Fig. 4 Big Pine Key, Florida, northward and westward to Texas POLYMESODA FLORIDANA SARASOTAENSIS Hender- son. PI. 25, Fig. 8 West Florida Family Astartidae A family of ancient origin. Liga- ment external; surface of shell often dull but soft parts brilliantly colored, usual- ly yellow orange or vermillion. The conditions of life favor many individuals rather than number of species with consequent extreme variation. For this reason many of the species are diffi- cult to identify. They live partly covered by mud or sand, mostly in boreal seas, and form a large proportion of the food consumed by walrus and many fish. There are a number of deep water species: the following are those which occur in comparatively shallow water and are most likely to be found dead upon the beaches. GENUS ASTARTE Sowerby 1816 ASTARTE CASTANEA Say. Chestnut Astarte. The typical form is smooth, polished, of a rich reddish chestnut brown color. Margins sharply crenulated. Length 23 mm. PI. 13, Fig. 10 PI, 73, Fig. 7 Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ASTARTE CASTANEA PICEA Gould. Pitch-pine Astarte. This variety possesses a black- ish tarry epidermis. Chelsea Beach, Massachusetts to New Jersey ASTARTE CASTANEA PROCERA Totten. Epidermis dxill yellowish brown. Provincetown Harbor, Massachusetts ASTARTE QUADRANS Gould. A small qxzadrate species with a glossy shell; anterior end longest; ijmbones not inclined to either side, pointed: surface smooth; small lat- eral tooth on left valve and corresponding groove on right valve. Length 6 mm. Depth range 5-104 mm. It has been found in fish stomachs. PI. 22, Fig. 6 PI. 73, Fig. 4 Labrador to Chesapeake Bay ASTARTE UNDATA Gould. Shell dark brown, variable in outline, ten to twenty-five ccn- centric ripples. Depth range 5-104 fath- oms. PI. 73, Fig. 1 Greenland to Massachusetts Bay and south in colder water to Chesa- peake Bay Family Crassatellldae Shell solid, slightly inequivalve, inequilateral; posterior end longer; three cardinal teeth in right valve, two in left; only concentric sculpture and that often present only near xombones. GENUS CRASSATELLA Lamarck 1801, not 1798 CRASSATELLA GIBBSII T. and H. (C. floridana Dall) . Concentric grooves about 1 mm. wide, covered with fine bright brown epi- dermis; tip of umbones flattened; interior pinkish chocolate, pink or white; margins smooth in all ages. Length 65 mm. Range 3-100 fathoms. Fossil in the Pliocene marl near Clewiston, Florida. PI. 10, Fig. 10 North Carolina to West Indies GENUS CRASSINELLA Guppy 1874 Shell equivalve, often three-sided; lunule distinct; two cardinal teeth in one valve, one cardinal on other yalve; two an- terior marginal teeth on each valve. CRASSINELLA MACTRACEA Linsey. Shell small, almost quadrant-shaped; fine concentric waves upon surface and minute radiating lines between them; lunule long and deep; color pale yellowish green. Diam. 6 mm. The peculiar shape and striae ra- diating from the umbones separate this 44 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS shell from others. Range 3-100 fathoms. PI. 13, Fig. 6 PI. 73, Figs. 11, 13 Massachusetts to Florida Family Cardltidae Hinge with a short, strong, erect tooth under umbones and an oblique one ex- tending along margin. GENDS CARDITA Bruguiere 1792 CARDITA FLORIDANA Conrad. Shell with sev- enteen to eighteen heavy ribs with bluntly raised scales upon them; ligament external; color yellowish white, yoimg shells touched with piirple. Length 1 inch. This species lives mostly in pro- tected bays. It is quite common upon Florida beaches. PI. 13, Fig. 12 Florida to Texas CARDITA GRACILIS Shuttleworth. A long and narrow shell which is rarely found on the beaches. PI. 11, Fig. 9 Tampa Bay to West Indies GENDS VENERICARDIA Lamarck 1801 Shell rounded-trigonal, radial ribs the strongest, the ribs often beaded especially in the young; hinge with two cardinal teeth in the left and three in the right valve. VENERICARDIA BOREALIS Conrad. Shell thick; about eighteen rounded radiating ribs with narrow spaces between; epidermis brown or black; margin crenulated; lunule small and deep; ligament small and sunken; interior white. Length 1 inch. Range 3-250 fath- oms. PI. 13, Fig. 13 PI. 73, Figs. 9, 10 Labrador to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina VENERICARDIA TRIDENTATA Say. Shell minute but ponderous, thick, about eighteen con- vex ribs crossed by elevated concentric lines; margins Inside deeply crenulated; two diverging teeth, with large cavity be- tween, in one valve; in other valve a sin- gle triangular tooth which fits into the cavity opposite. Length 6.5 mm. Range 36-124 fathoms. Fresh examples are not uncommon upon the Florida beaches. PI. 14, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Florida; Gulf of Mexico Family Chamidae Shell inequi valve, irregular, thick, attached to some solid object or its own kind; the free valve on right or left side, fixed valve more convex and of greater size than the other; hinge thick, with anterior groove and with an oblique arched cardinal tooth and a straight fur- row. The shell consists of three layers; external layer with oblique lines of growth; middle layer of opaque white; inner layer translucent and membranous. GENUS CHAMA Linne 1758 CHAMA MACEROPHYLLA Gmelin (C. macrophylla Gmelin) . Shell with many prominent folia- tions which are pointed and sometimes com- pressed; color varying from purple to yel- low; interior margins conforming to exte- rior color; central and tooth areas whitish; margin of shell minutely crenulated. This species is often gregarious, several individuals being fastened togeth- er. A chisel and hammer are handy in sep- arating them from rocks. Finely colored individuals live near Jupiter Inlet, Florida. Length 43-65 mm. PI. 14, Fig. 2 East Florida; Tampa, Florida to Curacao, West Indies CHAMA CONGREGATA Conrad. Usually a small- er form than the preceding, also with fin- er foliations. Length 21 mm. An inhabitant of Upper Biscayne Bay, Florida, where it may be found under stones. PI. 14, Fig. 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Yucatan CHAMA SARDA Reeve. Shell small, attached valve deepest of the two; surface with wavy scales; upper valve often with reddish rays J EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 45 on the white ground; ligament short, not straight; teeth blunt and rounded; left valve with tooth forward and pit behind; right valve with pit in front and tooth be- hind; border indistinctly crenulated. Length 27 mm,, height 30 mm. A much smaller species than C. macerophylla, also separated by the ornate color patterns and red stains of the free valve. PI. 14, Fig. 3 Florida Keys and West Indies GENUS ECHINOCHAMA Fischer 1887 (SPINY CHAMA) ECHINOCHAMA ARCINELLA Linne. Shell in- flated, solid; umbones curved forward over a large wide lunule; ligament partly in- side, surface covered with coarse granula- tions or small pustules, arranged in series and with eight to twenty curved ribs; large cardinal tooth in right valve which fits into pit in left valve, left valve with one curved cardinal tooth; color white out^ side, white or purplish within. Height 55 mm. including spines. The young shell is attached by the right valve in front of the umbone but lat- er in life becomes free although always carrying the attachment scar. Sometimes they are found in clusters. When first freed from the egg the animal is unattached, the shell being crimson or brovm. Single valves are often common up- on the west Florida beaches including Marco. Living examples are obtainable by dredging in a few feet of water off Sanibel. Fine fossil specimens have been taken in the Pliocene beds near Clewlston, Florida. PI. 14, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies Family Thyasiridae Lunule minute, usually deeply im- pressed; mostly minute shells. THYASIRA GOULDII Philippi. Shell minute, almost equilateral; interior with minute radiating lines; very small cardinal tooth and no lateral ones; ligament rather large, partly concealed. Length 6 mm. Depth range 5-400 fathoms. Go\ild reports it as taken from cod- fish stomachs and its preference for sandy bottoms. PI. 73, Fig. 2 Greenland to Connecticut; Pacific THYASIRA OBESDS Verrill. PI. 73, Fig. 12 Family Ongiilinidae (Diplodontldae) Animal like Lucinidae except in development of the gills; shell hinge with lateral teeth obscure or absent, margin of valve plain, subcircular in shape. GENUS TARAS Risso 1826 (Diplodonta Bronn 1831) TARAS VENEZUELENSIS Dunker (T. punctata Say) . Shell squarish, orbicular, valve slightly longer than high; exterior and in- terior somewhat dull; short radiating striae not always visible; cardinal teeth minute, one in each valve bifid. Length 11.5 mm., height 10.5 mm., thickness of both valves 7 mm. Depth range 0-180 fath- oms. PI. 22, Fig. 12 Gulf of Mexico and Florida Strait Family Cyrenellidae GENUS CYRENOIDA Joannis 1835; Cyrenella Deshayes 1835 CYRENOIDA FLORIDANA Ball. Shell rounded, small, thin; epidermis pale yellow, silky; siirface almost smooth; interior margin pol- ished, smooth; pallial line indistinct, of- ten broken; ligament short, external. Length 10-13.5 mm., alt. 12.5 mm., diam. 8 mm. The shell resembles Diplodonta; the animal is much like Lucina, the foot being long and slender. It has been taken abundantly in the outer edge of mangrove swamps, skirting the bay, in the vicinity of Miami, Florida. PI. 16, Fig. 11 Brunswick, Georgia south to the Everglades, north to Charlotte Harbor, west Florida 46 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Family Luclnldae Shell usually white; umbones de- pressed; edge smooth or minutely crenulat- ed. Foot of animal often twice the length of shell but folded back upon it- self and concealed between the gills. GENDS LUCINA Bruguiere 1797; Phacoides, Gray 1824 LDCINA PENNSYLVANICA Llnn§. Pennsylvania Luclna. Shell Inflated, solid; high sharp umbones turned forward; epidermis raised into numerous elevated laminae; color white throughout but old Individuals brown- ish. Dlam. 2 inches. The beautiful light brown epidermis is peculiar and characteristic of this Lu- clna. It may be recognized by touch. PI. 15, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida; West Indies LOCINA JAMAICENSIS Lamarck (L. pectlnatus Gmel.). Jamaica Luclna. Shell scarcely Inflated, rather solid, sculptured with va- riable ridges; muscle scars narrow, long and rather smooth; color dirt white or pale salmon both inside and out. Dlam. S inch- es. A shallow water shell, quite fre- quent in Florida waters. PI. 16, Fig. 1 St. Augustine, Florida to West Indies; Uruguay SECTION CAVILUCINA Fischer 1887 SUBGENUS LUCINISCA Dall 1901 LUCINA NASSULA Conrad. Woven Luclna. Sur- face beautifully sculptured with about twenty raised concentric lines and a larg- er number of radiating ribs; tooth-like projections upon surface recognizable by touch; margin of shell crenulated. Length 11 mm. It was taken by the writer at San- ibel and in Lake Worth, Florida, in quite shallow water. The usual depth reported is from 7-200 fathoms. PI. 16, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cuba and west to Mobile, Alabama LUCINA MURICATA Spengler (L. scabra Lam.). Scaly Luclna. Concentric sculpture very indistinct; numerous spinous radial ribs; right anterior cardinal tooth obsolete. Length 18 mm. Depth range 6-12 fathoms. The very striking radial ribs sep- arate this species from all others of the group . PI. 15, Fig. 3 Florida Keys and West Indies SUBGENUS PSEUDOMILTHA Fischer 1887 LUCINA FLORIDANA Conrad. Florida Luclna. Siirface with rough concentric growth stag- es and pale epidermis; shell also much com- pressed and heavy. Diam. 34 mm. PI. 15, Fig. 2 West coast of Florida to Texas SUBGENUS LUCINOMA Dall 1901 LUCINA FILOSA Stimpson. Shell compressed, white, thick; hinge margin straight; um- bones small, extending forwards over a small smooth liinule; numerous separated raised concentric ridges, between these rounded thread-like lines; sometimes mi- nute radiating lines; cardinal tooth in left valve; no marginal teeth. Length and height 2.5 Inches. Depth range 16-528 fath- oms. A rare deep-water shell. Single valves have been taken upon the beaches after severe storms. PI. 14, Fig. 8 PI. 73, Fig. 14 Casco Bay, Maine to Cape Florida SUBGENUS CALLUCINA Dall 1901 LUCINA RADIANS Conrad. Rayed Luclna. Con- centric sculpture fine and evenly placed; radial lines faint; exterior scarcely shin- ing; Internal margin crenulate; palllal line punctated, muscle scars large; lunule wedge-shaped, shallow. Length 17 mm. Depth range 5-85 fathoms. PI. 20, Fig. 10 Beaufort, North Carolina to Florida; Porto Rico SUBGENUS PARVILUCINA Dall 1901 LUCINA CRENELLA Dall. Shell small, rather strongly inflated, marked with feeble EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 47 cancellate ornamentation by the intersec- tion of the concentric lamellae and weaker radial threads. The posterior slope is weakly depressed in front of the margin. Length 4-6 mm. Depth range 2-124 fathoms. PI. 23, Fig. 14 Cape Henry, Virginia to Cuba SECTION BELLUCINA Dall 1901 LUCINA AMIANTUS Dall. Shell small, solid, white; about twelve strong low ribs which are crossed by strap-like threads; inner margin finely crenulate. Length 6 mm. Depth range 2-640 fathoms. This is an extremely elegant lit- tle shell and can hardly be confused with any other. First found on the west coast of Florida it has since turned up in scat- tered localities. PI. 15, Fig. 5 Cape Lookout, North Carolina to West Indies GENUS DI VARICELLA V. Martens 1880 Somewhat rounded semi-glossy shells with peculiar sculpture. DIVARICELLA DENTATA Wood. Larger than D. quadrisulcata, also distinguished by the toothed dorsal margin and the lateral teeth inside the shell. There is a tenden- cy in old individuals toward obsolescence of these, particularly the lateral teeth. The small and deep Ixmule is present in all ages. Diam. 1.5 inches. It lives in 10- 50 fathoms but single valves sometimes are found on the beaches. PI. 16, Fig. 4 PI. 73, Fig. 6 North Carolina to West Indies DIVARICELLA QUADRISULCATA Orbigny. Shell white, surface glossy, sculptured with grooves bent obliquely downward at both sides; lateral teeth obsolete; margin of shell toothed, hinge margin almost straight; one very small tooth in right valve, two small diverging ones in left; ligament al- most concealed. Length 1 inch. Found on every Atlantic shore and remarkable for its wide dispersion; also frequent in fossil form. Range 10-50 fath- oms. Much commoner upon beaches than the preceding species. PI. 16, Fig. 5 Massachusetts to Brazil GENUS CODAKIA Scopoli 1777 Shell large and heavy with more or less reticulate siirface sculpture; exteri- or white; color, when-present, chiefly up- on interior and near margins. CODAKIA ORBICULARIS Linnfe. Shell large, rather solid, narrov/ sharp umbones; numer- ous radiating ribs or narrow furrows which cut the surface into ridges of varying widths; growth lines elevated making sur- face cancellated; color whitish or yellow- ish, often touched with purple on border, chiefly above. Length 80 mm. Very abundant on sandy bottom at depth of a foot or so, or among algae in the Florida Keys. A very fine species. PI. 19, Fig. 5 Florida; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies SUBGENUS JAGONIA Recluz 1869 CODAKIA OREICULATA Montagu. Shell of mod- erate size, covered with rather broad ra- diating ribs, concentric lines not so strong, often with several growth and rest lines; limbones nearest anterior end; shape oblique, moderately impressed; hinge inconspicuous; lunule large and wedge shaped; two pointed lateral teeth in each valve. Length 13 mm. Dredged in shallow water of Barnes Sound, Florida. PI. ,15, Fig. 6 PI. 14, Fig. 8 North Carolina; Florida; Vilest Indies CODAKIA COSTATA Orbigny (L, antillara Rve.). Large and small radial ribs alternating or in pairs; concentric sculpture least promi- nent; lionule well impressed, narrow, almost heart-shaped; muscle scar not deep, pallial. line narrow. Length 13 mm. Depth range 13-85 fathoms. PI. 15, Fig. 9 North Carolina to Brazil GENUS LORIPINUS Monterosato 1883 LORIPINUS CHRYSOSTOMA Phillppi. Shell large and recognizable by its "mellow 48 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS orange suffusion." In early days it was called "The Apricot." The area of the rudimentary teeth is indicated outside by a peculiar extension of the shell with sharp diagonal fold upon opposide side. Dlam. 1.5-2 inches. It is taken in moderate depths and Is easily obtainable upon tidal flats of bays and protected waters. PI. 15, Fig. 7 Florida and West Indies LORIPINDS SCHRAMMI Crosse (L. phllipplana of authors, not Reeve). A large, rotund, chalky-white shell. It is more inflated, larger, with smaller lunule than L. chrysostoma with which it is often con- fused. Diam. 3 Inches. Examples have been reported from Sanibel, Florida. PI. 15, Fig. 4 PI. 16, Fig. 3 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico GENDS MYRTAEA Turton 1822 MYETAEA LENS Verrill and Smith. Shell much compressed; well separated concen- tric lines becoming raised near fold; ex- terior dull, often with thin greenish epi- dermis; lunule deeply excavated and form- ing a notch in margin; cardinal teeth de- generate. Length 10.5 mm. Depth range 50-464 fathoms. PI. 16, Fig. 6 PI. 11, Fig. 10 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Brazil Family Leptonidae GENDS ROCHEFORTIA Velain 1876; Mysella Angas 1877 ROCHEFORTIA PLANULATA Stimpson (Kellia rubra Gould not Montagu)-. Shell thick, minute; umbones prominent and touching each other; lunule in front distinct; an- terior end white with thin purple epider- mis. Length 4 mm. Range 0-48 fathoms. When containing the dried remains of the animal the shell has a ruddy tinge and pale brown epidermis which are lost in beach valves. PI. 24, Fig. 7 Nova Scotia to Texas GENUS MONTACUTA Turton 1822 MONTACUTA FLORIDANA Ball. PI. 14, Fig. 10 PI. 4, Fig. 7 West Coast of Florida GENUS KELLIA Turton 1822; Lasea Leach 1827 All the known forms are nestlers, adhering by a byssus to barnacles, cal- careous algae and similar organisms. The young Kellia are long retained within the parent shell. KELLIA RUBRA Montagu. Varying from pale greenish yellow to purplish red. Under a microscope the epidermis appears very coarse. No two individuals exhibit the same characters in the teeth. In the left valve there is a minute "cardinal" tooth and two diverging laminae; in the right valve a similar "cardinal" and each side a pair of laminae between which the single teeth of the opposite valve are received, the so-called "cardinal" often being absent. Height 3 mm. This very variable shell has long been known from Bermuda, also southern California and Europe. At the Lake Worth Inlet, Florida it was found nestling in barnacles. It may have been carried to the Pacific by ocean currents when a pas- sage across the American isthmus was open. PI. 20, Fig. 9 Florida; Bermuda; Eiirope Family Cardildae Valves with serrated (toothed) mar- gins, frequently gaping behind; hinge teeth arched (Cyclodont) , hinge plate obscure or undeveloped; ligament external and posteri- or. GENUS CARDIUM Linn§ 1758 (COCKLE SHELLS) SUBGENUS TRACHYCARDIUM Morch 1853 CARDIUM ISOCARDIUM Linn6. Narrow Cockle. Shell of elongated heart-shape; twenty- seven to thirty radiating ribs; brown, stained with darker shades; interior salmon color or purplish pink. Height 3 inches; breadth 2.75 inches. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 49 PI. 17, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies CARDIUM MURICATUM Linn§. Ribs thirty to forty, each with a row of solid oblique low scales; color whitish, buff or brownish, sometimes variegated; interior light, of- ten marked or streaked with purple. Height 25 mm. A common shell on the Florida west coast beaches. PI. 17, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies SUBGENUS CERASTODERMA Morch 1853 CARDIUM CILIATUM Fabricius (C. islandicum Lam.). Iceland Cockle. A rather large thin shell; anterior end shortest and nar- rowest; umbones prominent, pointing inward and almost touching each other; about thirty-six sharp three-sided ribs; epider- mis yellowish brown with a bristling fringe; interior straw colored, portion covered by mantle pearly; inside grooves correspond- ing to ribs without, margins strongly notched; ribs well separated and with a tendency toward angularity. Height 2 inch- es; breadth 1 inch. A plentiful shell in moderate depths off the New England coast. It is often found in the stomachs of fish. PI. 17, Fig. 6 Arctic Sea to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina CARDIUM PINNULATUM Conrad. Pointed Edge Cockle. Shell small, fragile, thin, obliquely orbicular; about twenty-six ribs which become convex at base, crossed by evenly placed flattened scales; umbones a little raised and inclined inwards; color dirty white or yellowish. Length 12 mm. PI. 20, Fig. 11 PI. 73, Fig. 5 Labrador to Cape Lookout, North Carolina SUBGENUS DINOCARDIUM Dall 1900 CARDIUM ROBUSTUM Solander. (C. magnum L.) Strong Cockle. Ribs thirty- three to thir- ty-seven, regularly arranged; color yel- lowish brown with rows of chestnut or pur- ple spots; posterior area brownish purple. Height 4 inches or more. The largest and handsomest of our eastern cockles and an abundant one on the Florida west coast. PI. 17, Fig. 2 North Carolina to Brazil GENUS PAPYRIDEA Swainson 1840 PAPYRIDEA SPINOSUM Meuschen. Spiny Paper Cockle. Shell elongate, compressed, often gaping, characterized by ribs which are in- conspicuous in the center of the valves but raised and provided with spines toward the extremities, some of the spines extend- ing over the margin; ligament area provid- ed with deep grooves; exterior and interior mottled with lavender or yellow. This delicately beautiful shell is sometimes taken at Sanlbel where it at- tains a length of 1 inch. At Yamato, on the Florida east coast, specimens are smaller. PI. 17, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Brazil PAPYRIDEA SEMISULCATA Gray. Shell whitish yellow with broad, low, radiating ribs, about twenty of these prominent, addition- al and less conspicuous ribs toward anteri- or end; posterior end with beautifully in- dented margin, the portion adjacent to the ligament finely so; exterior dull, the in- terior glossy and showing the external ribs. Length 8-14 mm. It has been taken in drift in Palm Beach County, Florida. PI. 17, Fig. 9 PI. 10, Fig. 15 Palm Beach County, Florida; else- where? GENUS TRIGONICARDIA Dall 1900 A genus confined to Middle America, both coasts. The name indicates the pe- culiar form of the shell. TRIGONICARDIA ANTILLARUM Orbigny. Shell trigonal in shape, bluntly keeled behind; about twenty-three broad, low radiating ribs which are more or less nodulous, the interspaces much narrower; lateral teeth strong, the cardinals small. Length 20 mm.. 50 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS often less. Depth range 2-182 fathoms. A frequent shell upon the West Indian beaches, especially in the Bahamas. PI. 17, Fig. 10 Florida Strait and West Indies TRIGONICAEDIA CERAMIDUM Dall. Ribs eight- een in number, the four middle much larger in proportion to the others. Alt. of large example 8.2 mm. Color yellowish. Off Havana it was taken in 182 fathoms. PI. 62, Fig. 6 Florida Strait; West Indies SUBGENUS AMERICARDIA Stewart 1930 TRIGONIOCARDIA MEDIUM Linnfe. Shell inequi- lateral, solid; about thirty-five strong almost smooth ribs; ten ribs upon posteri- or end rounded and with deep grooves be- tween, the remainder overhanging the deep grooves; teeth strong; color white or buff, touched with brown or purple. Height 85 run. Florida examples 1 inch. A young example was dredged in shallow water of Card Sound, Florida. It usually prefers deeper water but single valves are often foimd on the beaches of the Florida Keys. PI. 17, Fig. 5 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies GENUS LAEVICARDIUM Swainson 1840 LAEVICARDIUM SERRATUM Linn6. Saw- toothed Cockle. Surface nearly smooth, polished, creamy white, suffused with a golden tint, often pink toward umbones; faint traces of ribs; posterior edge less curved than an- terior; scarcely gaping, delicately toothed on margin; lateral teeth high and prominent, cardinal teeth small. Height 1-2 inches. A specimen dredged by the author in Lower Biscayne Bay, Florida, by wield- ing its powerful foot suddenly leaped from its captor's hand. PI. 17, Fig. 7 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies. LAEVICARDIUM SERRATUM LAEVIGATUM Lamarck, Shell rather large, usually but not always faintly ribbed, ribs numerous when present but most apparent toward margin of shell, areas at ends smoother often than remainder of shell and emphasized by a lunule-like area outlined with a shallow groove; ante- rior lateral teeth strongest; interior mar- gin of shell toothed. Color whitish, cream or pale brown with touches of brown. Height 2 inches. Usually larger than the typical form, not so polished, brown bands more prominent. Upon the Florida west coast this is an outstanding form. Florida; West Indies LAEVICARDIUM MORTONI Conrad. Morton's Cockle. A comparatively smooth little shell with a purple spot on posterior mar- gin; interior bright yellow. Height 1 inch or less. Most plentiful in Long Island Sound and region of Martha's Vineyard. It lives in 1-5 fathoms of water in the north. Bril- liantly colored examples were dredged in the muddy waters of Tarpon Bay, Sanibel, Florida. The colors of this species ap- pear to fade rapidly in the cabinet. PI. 17, Fig. 4 PI. 75, Fig. 8 Nova Scotia southward to Brazil GENUS SERRIPES Beck 1841; Aphrodite Lea 1834, not Hubner 1816 SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS Bruguiere. Shell large, surface with many radiating ridges which are coarsest at the posterior end; margin extending beyond the ligament; um- bones insignificant, curved inward and a little forward, almost in center of shell; epidermis thin, pale brown, shining; car- dinal teeth almost absent, lateral teeth small but distinct. Length under 3 inches. The serrated margin of the animal's foot has suggested the name for the genus. The shell is remarkable for a decided gape at the posterior end, also for its resem- blance to Mactra. Depth range 2-260 fath- oms. PI. 16, Fig. 7 Greenland to Cape Cod, Massachusetts GENUS PROTOCARDIA Beyrich 1845 PROTOCARDIA PERAMABILIS Dall. A small plump shell with high subcentral umbones; anterior end evenly rounded, the posterior somewhat truncate; surface with numerous radiating lines crossed by concentric EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 51 lines of equal Intensity, forming beads at their intersection, the concentric lines becoming obsolete upon the posterior half, becoming spinous at that end; internal mar- gin serrate. Length 14 mm., height 14.5 mm. Depth range 18-164 fathoms. PI. 62, Fig. 7 Rhode Island to the West Indies Family Vereridae This family represents the culmin- ation of bivalve evolution so far as a sin- gle family is concerned. In beauty of col- or and delicacy of pattern, variety of sculpture, wide distribution plus depth range, they equal if not siirpass all other bivalve groups. The animals are fully as beautiful as the shells "leading one to wonder why parts which are always covered by mud or sand should develop such beauties." The Lascar crews of ancient Span- ish galleons used certain Venus for trade in the Orient and consequently erroneous habitats were often recorded. The common Venus, or hard-shelled clam, of our east coast was used by the Indians for making wampum and ceremonial belts. GENUS DOSINIA Scopoli 1777 Animal with large foot, siphons closely united. Valves of shell usually compressed; ligament strong and placed in groove; lunule small; sculpture usually consisting of elegant concentric grooves; epidermis thin and lustrous; color usually pale, many of the species white. DOSINIA CONCENTRICA Born. Shell rotund, partly compressed, white, grooved; umbones prominent. Length 2 inches. A smaller shell than D. elegans, more convex, sculpture less conspicuous on center and base of shell; lunule much larg- er. It is rather rarely found on the Florida Keys. PI. 19, Fig. 6 Florida Keys to Brazil DOSINIA DISCUS Reeve. The most compressed of our east coast Dosinias, also distin- guished by the finer and closer concentric grooves. The darker yellowish-brown epi- dermis, often in shaded areas, is distinc- tive. Height 2.5 inches. It is a rare shell. PI. 19, Fig. 2 Cape May, New Jersey to Vera Cruz, Mexico; apparently absent from the Antilles DOSINIA ELEGANS Conrad. A handsome flat shell with uniformly placed concentric grooves. It is often confused with D. con- centrica. The warm off-shore water is its favorite habitat. Double fresh shells are often abundant on the Sanibel beach. Length 2.5 inches. PI. 19, Fig. 1 PI. 18, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Yucatan; West Indies GENUS TRANSENNELLA Dall 1883 Shell small, with the general form of Tivela; hinge with three cardinal teeth in each valve, the middle left cardinal bifid; an elongated lateral tooth on left valve which corresponds to a socket in op- posite valve; lunule defined; peculiar sculpture upon Inner margin of valves which are tangentially grooved. One of the Pacific coast species produces its young alive. TRAJISENNELLA CONRADINA Dall, Surface shin- ing, concentric lines not very pronounced, crossed by finer radiating lines. Length 12 mm. PI. 19, Fig. 7 PI. 26, Fig. 6 St. Andrew's Bay, Florida to Florida Keys and northward to Palm Beach TRANSENNELLA STIMPSONI Dall. Shell white, variegated with brown lines or spots; orange or deep purple inside, particularly toward middle of valves. Length 14 mm. Easily the handsomest member of the genus. It lives in from 8-30 fathoms and was first found off Egmont Key, Florida. PI. 26, Fig. 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Egmont Key, west Florida 52 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS GENUS TIVELA Link 1807 Shell porcellanous, smooth outside, color variable but with tendency toward brown or purple; valves subequilateral, closing tightly, more or less convex, de- void of sculpture; umbones prominent; lig- ament short; teeth of hinge variable in the respective species. TIVELA ABACONIS Dall. Shell subtranslu- cent, white, rose or purple and a portion passing into white; only three small car- dinal teeth in each valve. Length 11 mm., smaller in Florida. It was first described from Abaco, Bahamas. Entire fresh specimens are often abundant in Palm Beach County, Florida. PI. 25, Fig. 1 Florida; Bahamas; Vera Cruz, Mexico TIVELA MACTROIDKS Born. Shell oval, valves trigonal, rayed with chestnut, intervening white spaces narrower; umbones of adults more tumid and pointet' than the Juveniles. Length 2 inches. PI. 18, Fig. 1 Florida Keys; Bermuda; West Indies GENUS GAFRARIUM Roeding 1798 GAFRARIUM CERINA C. B. Adams, Shell small, triangular, furrowed; hinge similar to Astarte, lateral teeth present; pallial line without sinus. Length 13 mm. Range 1-95 fathoms. PI. 18, Fig. 6 North Carolina to Brazil GENUS MACROCALLISTA Meek 1876 Shell ovate, large, with micro- scopic radial lines; coloration vivid; IvmiHe well defined; three cardinal teeth in each valve; right posterior tooth bifid. MACROCALLISTA MACULATA Linnfe. Surface porcellanous with violet brown blotches or waves; epidermis shining; interior white. Length 2.5-3 inches. A very handsome species. It has been dredged, in shallow water, on the Florida west coast. Single valves are sometimes taken in Palm Beach County but it is rather rare on the east coast. Dr. J. H. Beal reports it from Santa Rosa Is- land, N. W. Florida. It occurs in the Pliocene beds of Florida and Costa Rica. During the frigid Miocene age it migrated to warmer waters but returned with the Pliocene and has sur- vived living well up th'3 east coast. PI. 20, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies; Brazil MACROCALLISTA NIMBOSA Solander. Shell porcellanous, oblong, rather flat, smooth, pinkish fawn color with lilac spots ar- ranged In rays; interior white; anterior end short, narrowed at end; posterior end long, squared; ligament long. Length 4 inches. The most showy of the American Veneridae and the largest of the genus. It is plentiful at Marco and other points on the Florida west coast. PI. 20, Fig. 2 PI. 54, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cuba; west to Mobile, Alabama ^.ENUS PITAR Romer 1857; Pitaria of authors Shell plump, striate or rippled; middle cardinal tooth stout, the other slender. PITAR FULMINATA Menke. Normally white with zigzag painting of bright yellow under a chalky epidermis; a purple spot close to umbones. Length 30 mm. PI. 19, Fig. 3 PI. 20, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies; Brazil PITAR MORRHUANA Gould. Shell thin, chalky, concentrically striated; pallial sinus very indistinct; lunule feeble, not impressed. Length 2 inches. PI. 20, Fig. 4 Prince Edward Island to Cape Hat- teras, North Carolina PITAR SIMPSONI Dall. Shell trigonal, rath- er solid, painted with brown outside and purple within. Occasionally it is pure white. Range 0-26 fathoms in Tampa and EAST COAST MARINj; SHELLS 53 Sarasota Bays, Florida. PI, 19, Fig. 10 West Florida Length 18 mm. SUBGENUS HYSTEROCONCHA Fischer 1887 Shell plump, concentric lines prom- inent and a portion sharply upright j lu- nula and escutcheon in an impressed area, marked by deeply cut line; concentric laminae forming spines near edge of poste- rior area; tinted with color but not in patterns; inner edge smooth; pallial sinus tongue-shaped; hinge as in Pltar. HYSTEROCONCHA DIONE Linn§. This very striking shell was the species selected by Llnne upon which he based the technical terms used in describing the genus Venus. It was widely known, years ago, as the "true Venus shell." There are two rows of spines, one more prominent than the other. Length 35 mm. Color pinkish violet. PI. 18, Fig. 4 Texas and Vi/est Indies GENUS ANTIGONA Schumacher 1817; Cytherea Bolten 1798, not Fabriclus 1794 Shell strong and rotund, convex, sculpture strong, ligament deep-seated; left anterior lateral tooth the larger and with socket in right valve opposite; pos- terior right cardinal tooth broad and bifid; pallial sinus small and triangular. ANTIGONA LISTERI Gray. Shell oblong, hinge line nearly straight, concentric and radial sculpture strong. Length 2-3 inches. This well-known Vt/est Indian shell occurs at intervals in Lake Worth, Florida. It is more frequent In Biscayne Bay and still more so among the lower Keys. PI. 21, Fig. 11 Lake Worth, Florida to West Indies; Marco, west Florida GENUS CYCLINELLA Dall 1902 Three cardinal teeth in each valve; limule circumscribed; siphons of animal sep- arated. CYCLINELLA TENUIS Recluz. A rather deli- cate, white, shell which somewhat resem- bles Dosinia. It lives in sand at a depth of about 2 fathoms. Height 1 inch. PI. 21, Fig. 1 Cedar Keys, west Florida south through the West Indies to Brazil GENUS CHIONE Megerle von Muhlfeld 1811 Attractive, trigonal, solid shells; three cardinal teeth in each valve (except in a few degenerate forms); valve margins scalloped; sinus always triangular; liga- ment inset but always visible outside; sculptiire variable, often with leaf-like processes. The concentric sculptixre, rather than the radial, is usually dominant. CHIONE CANCELLATA Linne. Shell almost heart-shaped, gray, triangular, thick, crenulated, varices at regular intervals; dorsal area excavated and flat; generally with a patch of purple inside. Length 1 inch. A very common and variable species which lives in shallow water. It is abun- dant in Lake Worth, Florida. Larger exam- ples live near Beaufort, North Carolina. PI. 21, Fig. 5 PI. 7, Fig. 5 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Brazil CHIONE INTAPURPUREA Conrad. Shell moder- ately pointed at posterior end; umbones small and low; luniile prominent and often dark brown; concentric ribs strong, radial lines weaker; margin of shell toothed; ex- terior variously marked with brown; umbones, margin and a portion of interior purplish. Length 35 mm. PI. 54, Fig. 2 PI. 57, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida Keys and mainland to Texas; Honduras CHIONE MAZYCKII Dall. The quadrate form and bright rose colored interior are the most prominent characters of this pretty • species. Length 12 mm. It lives in 15-1S7 fathoms. PI. 20, Fig. 6 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Brazil CHIONE PUBERA Valenciennes. A fine large 54 EAST COAST IIARINE SHELLS shell with concentric sculpture forming deep grooves; umbones well elevated; hinge strong; ends somewhat pointed.. Length 3 inches. PI. 20, Fig. 8 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies CHIONE SUBROSTRATA Lamarck (C. beavii Reel.). Concentric ridges more numerous than in C. cancellata and more truncated; zigzag mark- ings of darker shade than groxind color. Length 25 mm. PI. 20, Fig. 7 Southern Florida to Brazil SECTION TIMOCLEA Brown 1827 Radial sculpture the strongest, concentric lines faint; middle left and two posterior right cardinal teeth grooved. CHIONE GRANDLATA Gmelin. Radiating ribs crossed by scales which are not continued in the interstices; markings dark and vari- egated; interior purplish at posterior end and near margin. Length 25 mm. PI. 18, Fig. 12 Florida Keys to Brazil CHIONE PYGMAEA Lamarck. Shell compressed, oval, resembling a miniature C. reticulata but longer and flatter; hinge area wide, hollow, smooth in one valve and marked with prominent black transverse lines; lunule impressed. Length 13 mm. PI. 20, Fig. 5 Florida Keys (reefs); West Indies SECTION LIROPHORA Conrad 1863 Broad concentric waves very promi- nent, radially striate; ligament not cov- ered by edge of valve. CHIONE LATILIRATA Conrad (C. paphia Linn6). Shell triangular, swollen, solid; lunule sunken so that portion of shell enclosing it is incurved; strong concentric ribs fur- rowed on upper side and almost smooth over anterior three fourths of shell; color dirty white, marked with brown and with an Indication of rays; very small pallial sinus. Length 1.5 inches. Both old and fairly fresh valves have been taken in Palm Beach County, Florida. Frequent in the Pliocene beds of Florida. PI. 21, Fig. 10 Palm Beach, Florida to the West Indies GENDS VENDS Linii6 1758 Shell large, earthy, trigonal in shape; lunule well marked; interior margin crenulate; ligament strong and exposed. VENUS MERCENARIA Linn6. Shell solid; um- bones far forward and projecting nearly to front of shell, also elevated and curved; lunule rough and heart-shaped; blunt point at posterior end of shell; ridges crowded and most conspicuous at ends; interior white, often deep violet outside the mus- cular impressions; basal and interior mar- gin crenulated. Length 3 inches or more. This the common hard-shell clam of commerce is known "down east" as Quahog. From the purple edge of the shell the aborigines made their purple wampum while the white was manufactured from various other species. There are many mutations of this species, some of the forms hardly deserv- ing separate names. These are produced by various agencies among which might be men- tioned the temperature, food, kind of bot- tom and salinity of the water. In the Pleistocene fossil beds of Sankoty Head, Nantucket Island there are shells remarkable for their variety. Some of these are without parallel among the re- cent species. PI. 21, Fig. 6 Nova Scotia to Yucatan VENUS MERCENARIA NOTATA Say. In addition to the usual characters this form exhibits zigzag brown painting and usually lacks the purple coloring inside. PI. 21, Fig. 3 Massachusetts to Florida VENUS MERCENARIA ALBA Dall . Purple colora- tion absent, no brown markings as in the preceding form. VENUS MERCENARIA SUBRADIATA Palmer. The smooth middle portion of the disk shows fine and even radial lines between the concentric ones. The two latter forms are found as- sociated with the typical. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 55 VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelln. A larger, rounder, much thicker shell than V. mer- cenarla, usually white both inside and out; lower posterior angle of the pallial line more acute, scalloping of inner margin fin- er, arrangement of cardinal teeth less fan- like. Length 4 inches. The juvenile shell is less convex than in the other species, lunule and es- cutcheon brown with fine pale zigzag lines. Inside the margin is invariably white but occasionally in the umbones cav- ity a pale purple tinge is present. The latter is entirely absent in V. mercenaria. The brown zigzag marks are in the form of lines which in V. mercenaria are broader and inclined to be blotchy. The mutations are similar to those in V. mercenaria except that the center of the disk is never entirely smooth. Some- times a trace of purple may be found at the margin which may stjggest interbreeding with V. mercenaria. Beyond the Mississippi delta and especially in Texas this is the persistent type. It is also abundant in Yucatan. PI. SI, Fig. 2 Chesapeake Bay to Cuba; Texas; Yucatan VENDS CAMPECHIENSIS ALBORADIATA Sowerby. Brown rays on a pale ground characterize this race. Gulf of Mexico VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS QUADRATA Dall. Shell thin, small, subquadrate, uncolored. VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS TEXANA Dall. Concentric lines toward center of disk coalescent, the ribs flat-topped with polished tops; valves usually extremely convex. Texas GENUS ANOMALOCARDIA Schumacher 1817 Valves rostrate or pointed at end; inner edge crenulate; ligament exposed; three cardinal teeth in each valve; con- centric sculpture the strongest. ANOMALOCARDIA BRASILIANA Gmelln. Umbones elevated and angulated; major portion of surface smooth; posterior angle beaded in upper portion. The common Anomalocardla of the West Indies. It is very variable both in form and color pattern. Length 21 mm. PI. 21, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies; Brazil ANOMALOCARDIA CUNEIMERIS Conrad. Similar to the preceding but surface smooth and with rather round concentric ribs; lunule and dorsal area livid color. Length 17 mm. PI. 21, Fig. 7 Lake Worth, Florida; southward on shores of continent to U. S. of Columbia GENUS GEMMA Deshayes 1853 Shell minute, animal characterized by vivaparity. The young are carried for a considerable time before being produced alive. The shells are usually purple but sometimes white. They live in mud or sand on both of our coasts, Atlantic and Pacific, and have not been taken in any other re- gions. GEMMA GEMMA Totten. Rounded-trigonal in shape, external sculpture irregular, spac- es between sulci varying in width. Southern examples show relatively strong and regular sculpture. Length 4 mm. PI. 18, Fig. 7 Labrador to North Carolina GEMMA PURPUREA Lea. More compressed than adult G. gemma, generally paler and often white, more triangular, less f-ull, not so elongated, vihite in- stead of purple. Length 2.8 mm. Fig. 54 Fig. 54 Massachusetts Gemma purpiirea . „ 2.8 mm. ^° Texas GENUS PARASTARTE Conrad 1862 Shell minute, heavy, umbones prom- inent and elevated; shell equilateral, equivalve; lunule large, ligament short; surface smooth; color purple and white, in- ner margin toothed; one strong and two faint cardinal teeth in right valve; two strong cardinal teeth in left valve. It appears superficially near 56 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Astarte but is more related to Gemma on ac- count of being viviparous. The genus is entirely American in distribution. PARASTARTE TRICUETRA Conrad. A genuine Florida type, confined to the peninsula, both recent and fossil. Length 3 mm. PI. 21, Fig. 9 Palm Beach Inlet, east Florida, to the Florida Keys and northward to Cedar Keys, west Florida Family Petricolldae Shell elongated, rounded in front, narrowed in rear; hinge almost toothless; ligament external. GENUS PETRICOLA Lamarck 1801 (STONE DWELLERS) PETRICOLA LAPICIDA Gmelln. The juvenile specimens are characterized by a zigzag striation to which are added in the adults, on the posterior end, coarse radiating ridges. Length 20 mm. It bores in coral and is well dis- tributed in the Florida Keys. PI. 25, Fig. 11 South Carolina to the West Indies SUBGENUS PETRICOLARIA Stoliczka 1870 PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS Lamarck. Shell chalky white, sharply rounded in front, covered with raised radiating lines and ribs; each valve equipped with two teeth, the one in left valve deeply cleft. Length 2.25 inches. Animal with two tubes or siphons extending from rounded end of shell and united at their bases. The orifice of one of these is used for imbibing water. This shell is usually found boring into hard clay on marshes at lowtide mark, frequently in large nimbers. It has been taken at Far Rockaway, New York City. PI. 27, Fig. 2 PI. 25, Fig. 6 Prince Edward Island to V.'est Indies PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS LATA Dall. Shorter and broader than the preceding; radiating lines more numerous, about sixteen in num- ber, not so much raised; teeth shorter and grooved, large middle tooth folded. Length 1.75 inches. PI. 25, Fig. 6 Maine to South Carolina GENUS RUPELLARIA Fleuriau 1802; Choristodon Jonas 1844 RUPELLARIA TYPICA Jonas. Shell well rounded in front, moderately produced and gaping in rear; about forty strong radiat- ing ribs which are finer tov.'ard the front and rear of the shell, growth lines between the ribs undulating, margins irregularly crenulate, one strong upright tooth in right valve. Length 25 mm. This species bores in soft rock between tides and is not rare. There is a colony inside the N. Inlet at Palm Beach and in Biscayne Bay, off Arch Creek, Flor- ida. PI. 25, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Florida; West Indies GENUS CORALLIOPHAGA Blainville 1624 (CORAL DWELLERS) CORALLIOPHAGA CORALLIOPHAGA Gmelin. Shell thin, cylindrical, gaping slightly behind; two hinge teeth in each valve, also a pos- terior tooth; pallial sinus wide and shal- low. It lives in the burrows of other mollusks. Often several dead specimens to- gether with the original inhabitant are found in a burrow. Length 1.5 inches. PI. 25, Fig. 14 West coast of Florida to Texas; West Indies; Mediterranean Family Tellinidae Shell compressed, rounded in front, angular and slightly folded posteriorly; ligament external, prominent. Animal with slender diverging tentacles, foot broad. On account of the great diversity and scope of the family it is a difficult one to de- fine in a few words. There are about five- hundred species known, some living at con- siderable depths. Tellina often almost ap- proximates Venus in beauty of coloring and form. GENUS TELLINA Linng 1799 (TELLIN SHELLS) TELLINA INTERRUPTA Wood. Shell oval or EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 57 oblong, solid, not polished, surface with strong concentric lines; color wnite with crowded narrow zigzag streaks of brown or purple; interior tinged with yellow. Length 3 inches. A peculiar narrow form, with piar- plish spots, lives at Pass au Grille and elsewhere on the Florida west coast. PI. 22, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Brazil. TELLINA LAEVIGATA Linne. Shell solid, glossy, nearly smooth; anterior end slight- ly longer, rounded and swollen; posterior end less angulated; umbones prominent; lig- ament sunken; lateral teeth strong. There are two color varieties: a. White or flesh colored with orange rays. b. White with bright orange-red on mar- gins, umbones and interior touched with yellow. The lombones are often worn where they meet. Length of shell 35 mm. PI. 23, Fig. 2 Florida and West Indies; Bermuda TELLINA LINEATA Turton. Lined Tellin. Height two-thirds of length; umbones high find sharp; ridge at posterior end with a short sharp ridge above. Color buff, white or pink; umbonal region generally deeper colored. Surface with close concentric ridges; valves flexed to the right; right valve with two cardinal teeth, the posteri- or one widely bifid, two strongly developed lateral teeth. Length 30 mm. or less. PI. 9, Fig. 8 Florida; West Indies; Brazil. TELLINA RADIATA Linn6 (Rising Sun Shell). Shell solid; surface white, smooth, pol- ished, with zones of pale yellow color and broad rosy rays; ligament short; interior yellowish. Length 2-4 inches. PI. 23, Fig. 3 South Carolina to West Indies and Texas TELLINA RADIATA UNIMACULATA Lamarck. Shell the same as the preceding but without the pink rays, usually of a uniform yellow. PI. 23, Fig. 16 South Carolina to West Indies SUBGENUS ACROPAGIA Leach 1827 SECTION CYCLOTELLINA Cossmann 1886 TELLINA FAUSTA Donovan. Favored Tellin. Shell solid, diill whitish, vertical deep interrupted lines; fold fairly distinct; ligament large, projecting; interior glos- sy, white or tinged with yellow. Length 2-3 inches. It appears to be plentiful in the vicinity of Key West, Florida. PI. 22, Fig. 9 Off North Carolina to West Indies SECTION MERISCA Dall 1900 TELLINA AEQUISTRIATA Say. Shell ovate- orbicular with an elevated ridge or fold upon anterior margin; surface with fine raised and numerous concentric striae, grooved between; cardinal teeth deeply grooved; two lateral teeth. Length 22 mm., usually less. PI. 13, Fig. 8 North Carolina to Brazil TELLINA CRYSTALLINA Wood. Crystal Tellin. Shell white, exterior dull, interior glossy; right valve flat, the left convex and larg- er; posterior eni ridged and forming a pro- jection beyond margin; teeth inconspicuous. Length 2i mm. PI. 19, Fig. 8 South Carolina to West Indies; Pacific coast of North America TELLINA LINTEA Conrad. Linen Tellin. Length 22 mm. PI. 23, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico SECTION EURYTELLINA Fischer 1887 TELLINA ALTERNATA Say, Shell rather solid, compressed, glossy opaque white or yellow- ish white; ligament conspicuous; sculptured with rather wide concentric ridges; umbones slightly behind center; left valve with two cardinal teeth (one bifid) and two faint lateral teeth; right valve with a strong bifid cardinal tooth and a narrow anterior one, also a remote posterior lateral tooth. Length 2 inches. Sometimes the shell assumes a deep pink color. Single valves are rather fre- quent upon the beaches. PI. 22, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico 58 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS TELLINA ANGDLOSA Gmelin, Angulated Tellin. Dmbones nearly central, ligament rather prominent, both ends ridged, the furrows near the outside margins; concentric lines fine and distinct, radiating lines less prominent but visible in a strong light; surface white, touched with rose color, interior deep rose, whitish between adduc- tor muscle areas and at margin. Length 4S mm. PI. 20, Fig. 12 PI. 18, Fig. 9 Florida Keys to Brazil SUBGENUS MAERELLA Fischer 1887 TELLINA MARTINICENSIS Orbigny. Martinique Tellin. Shell small, anterior end rounded, the posterior pointed; external surface covered with regularly placed but rather distantly spaced raised lines which appear to be a form of epidermis; a single dis- tinct, distant, lateral tooth on each side of each valve and well removed from the umbo. Length 10 mm., height 8 mm., thick- ness of both valves 5 mm. PI. 18, Fig. 11 Tampa Bay, Florida, to West Indies SUBGENUS ANGULUS Megerle von Mohfeld 1811 TELLINA MAGNA Spengler. Great Tellin. A large, smooth, polished shell with a pale series of orange rays near the umbones; anterior end the longer, rounded; posteri- or end narrow and angulated; fold distinct; ligament sunken; interior whitish, touched with orange. Young shells are often deep orange outside with narrow pink rays; some adults uniformly orange outside. Fine large exsunples have been collected on Santa Rosa Island, northwest Florida. Single valves are occasionally found in Palm Beach County. Length 2.5 Inches. PI. 23, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies TELLINA MERA Say. Pure Tellin. Shell small, thin, regularly striated transverse- ly; umbones forming an angle; ligament red- dish; hinge with two teeth in each valve; posterior tooth small and triangular; an- terior teeth thicker and blunt; a single large triangxilar lateral tooth in left valve; pallial sinus very large. Length 15 mm. PI. 18 J- Fig. 10 South Carolina to the Bahamas TELLINA PROMERA Ball. Similar to T. tampaensls but larger, the lateral teeth feeble and without definite projections, exterior duller and with a yellowish epi- dermis, concentric lines farther apart. Length 20 mm. PI. 22, Fig. 3 Tampa Bay, Florida, to Curagao; Bermuda TELLINA SAYI Dall (T. polita Say). Say's Tellin. Ligament edge straight and lesser extremity acute, also wedge-shaped. Sur- face shining, no concentric sculpture. Length 18 mm. PI. 23, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico TELLINA TAMPAENSIS Conrad. Tampa Tellin. Shell white or slightly pinkish, surface often iridescent when fresh, anterior end rounded, the posterior end slightly pointed; concentric lines very fine; radiating sculpture rough and indistinct; ligament prominent; central cardinal tooth distinct; one anterior lateral tooth. Length 14-16 mm. It has been reported from the vi- cinity of Tampa and Sanibel, Florida. PI. 23, Fig. 17 Florida to Texas TELLINA TENERA Say. Delicate Tellin. Shell small, delicate, thin, white, iridescent; concentric growth lines fine; marginal fold distinct; ligament short and conspicuous; two cardinal teeth in each valve; lateral tooth, at longer end, distinct; other lat- eral tooth, nearest to ligament, very feeble. Length 12-15 mm., height 8-10 mm. This attractive little shell some- times is tinged with rose color. PI. 18, Fig. 10 Fig. 34a Prince Edward Island to Gulf of Mexico TELLINA TENELLA Verrill. As in T. tenera this species varies from white to pinkish color. The epidermis is often thicker than in that species, giving the shell a yellowish EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 59 Fig. 34a Tellina tenera Fig. 34b Macoma tenta Fig. 34c Tellina tenella Fig. 34d Tellina versicolor cast. The hinge teeth are more equal in size than In the preceding species. The largest specimen in a lot is 12 mm. long, 7 mm. high. '• Fig. 34c Southern Massachusetts to New York TELLINA VERSICOLOR Cozzens. The color is opalescent white, usually with rows of pink which widen toward the margin. Pal- lial line close to adductor muscle scar as shown in illustration. Length of large ex- ample 14 mm., height 8 mm. Range 15-50 fathoms. The four drawings of these small Telllnas, together with a portion of the descriptions, are from a paper by C. W. Johnson (Nautilus XLV, p. 109). Fig. 34d Connecticut to West Indies SECTION SCISSULA Dall 1900 TELLINA SIMILIS Sowerby. Similar Tallin. Shell convex, glossy, white inside and out but rayed with pink; few concentric lines and minute oblique sculpture, replaced be- fore reaching the umbonal ridge by close striae; ventral edge somewhat straight; an- terior end the longer, rounded; ligament short; lateral teeth prominent. Length 20 mm. One of the most beautiful of the small Tellinas of Florida. Specimens not infrequently occur in lower Blscayne Bay. PI. 22, Fig. 8 Palm Beach County, Florida, to West Indies TELLINA CANDEANA Orbigny. Concentric lines fine, crossed by oblique striae which is most persistent toward the posterior end; anterior ridge not prominent; exterior glossy; cardinal tooth minute, lateral teeth feeble. Length 14 mm. PI. 11, Fig.' 11 Florida Keys; West Indies; Bermuda TELLINA IRIS Say. Shell fairly strong; white inside and out, yellow indistinct ray at umbones; front extremely rounded; posterior end short and wedge shaped. Length 12 mm. PI. 23, Fig. 15 North Carolina to Florida Keys GENUS MACOMA Leach 1819 Shell oval; hinge with small car- dinal teeth, no lateral teeth; ligament ex- ternal. MACOMA BALTHICA Llnnfe. Shell slightly tri- angular, thick, white or pale flesh color; interior usually rosy, smooth not glossy; anterior end rounded; posterior end angu- lated but with tip rounded; ligament large and prominent; teeth small. Length 23 mm. PI, 23, Fig. 8 Arctic Seas to Georgia MACOMA CONSTRICTA Brxig. Growth lines very fine; posterior end pointed and with a fold in sh^ll forming a notch below; posterior end pushed to one side and giving a dis- torted appearance; ligament long and nar- row; surface dull white, epidermis yellow- ish. Length 2 inches. PI. 2, Fig. 9 North Carolina to Brazil MACOMA TENTA Say. Shell small, white, thin, oval; much narrowed, twisted and gaping; outer surface shining but not polished; inside white, tinged with yellow and with a covering of fine radiating lines which in- dent the edge of the shell; hinge extreme- ly delicate, two cardinal teeth on right valve and one on left valve; one lateral tooth nearest the ligament on the right valve and a groove opposite it on the left valve. Length 20 mm. The lines inside the shell are characteristic, also the widely gaping pos- terior end. It appears to be a mud 60 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS dweller, living in the harbors along the New England coast. PI. 6, Fig. 6 Fig. 34b Maine to Florida MACOMA CALCAREA Gmelin. A thin, white shell with a greenish or dusky epidermis; anterior end rounded, posterior end angu- lar; two hinge teeth in each valve, lateral teeth absent; umbones very indistinct. Length 1.25 Inches. It has been foiond in the stomachs of fish caught north of Boston and as far as Eastport, Maine. Depth range 5-40 fath- oms. PI. 16, Fig. 10 Greenland to Long Island Sound, New York SECTION CYDIPPINA Ball 1900 MACOMA BREVIFRONS Say. Shell thin, frag- ile, very slightly convex; color white, touched with pale pink on umbones, interi- or deeper pink; umbones anterior to center, two cardinal teeth in left valve, one in right valve, lateral teeth absent. Length 35 mm. PI. 2-6, Fig. 9 New Jersey southward to Brazil GENUS STRIGILLA Turton 1822 Surface arranged in two or three sculptured areas in which the ridges di- verge or otherwise; posterior end not flexed; hinge as in Tellina. STRIGILLA CARNARIA Linn§. "Recognizable by the fact that the upper part of the pallial sinus connects the adductor scars." Sculpture often obsolete upon the umbonal angle. Length 20 mm. The rose color, or reddish shade. Is characteristic of this species. PI. 19, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Brazil STRIGILLA ROMBFRGI Uorch. In this species the pallial sinus does not touch the ad- ductor muscle in front. Length 20 mm. PI. 18, Fig. 8 Florida to Brazil STRIGILLA FLEXUOSA Say. Shell white, an- terior end longest and less obtusely round- ed; umbones behind center; surface sculp- tured with regular parallel impressed lines, no longitudinal striae, transverse wrinkles minute. Length 11 mm. There is a fold on the anterior margin. It is striking on account of the zigzag coiirse of the oblique sculpture over it. PI. 18, Fig. 2 North Carolina to the West Indies STRIGILLA PISIFORMIS Linne. Shell small, rather solid; a distinct luniile in front of the rather high umbones which are near- er to the forward end; series of upturned ridges variable, some coarse and corrugated; left valve with a high, bifid, cardinal tooth and a small one back of it; two car- dinal teeth in right valve; two lateral teeth in each valve. Color pink, the um- bones and a portion of interior red. Length 9 mm. PI. 19, Fig. 9 Florida Keys and Antilles GENUS TELLIDORA Morch 1856 Delicate white, compressed, shells with a portion of the margin serrated. TELLIDORA CRISTATA Recluz. Left valve flatter than the right, v;hile the reverse is the case of the Pacific T. Burneti. Length 25 mm. This exceptionally beauti- ful form, with its saw-tooth edge, cannot possibly be confused with any other. The author dredged it alive in Tarpon Bay, Sanibel. Dr. Perry has taken it there also at low tide, the animal's position being in- dicated by a small slit in the mud or sand. PI. 54, Fig. 6 V/est Florida to Trinidad, West Indies GENUS APOLYMETIS Salisbury 1929; Metis H. and A. Adams 1853, not Philippi 1843 Shell oval, thin; ligament exter- nal. Siphons of animal long, slender. Found living buried 5-6 inches deep, in a vertical position, in the mud of streams affected by the tide and near the sea. APOLYMETIS INTASTRIATA Say. A rather large, thin, twisted shell, strongly lolded; cardinal teeth extremely small for size of EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 61 shell, lateral teeth obsolete. Length 3 Inches. Single valves, in the writer's cabinet, were collected in Florida at San- ibel and in Lake Worth. This shell is of- ten confused with Macoma constricta, PI. 22, Fig. 2 East Florida southward from Lake Worth; West Florida southward from Sanibel; West Indies Family Semelidae Shell somewhat rounded, umbones turned forward; fold upon posterior end; two cardinal, two lateral teeth, the lat- ter long and distinct in right valve; out- side ligament short, inside one long and oblique; pallial sinus well excavated, rounded. Some of these mollusks live deep In mud or sand, the powerful foot being used for creeping. They have been observed ascending the sides of a vessel after be- ing captured. GENUS SEMELE Schumacher 1817 SEMELE BELLASTRIATA Conrad. Surface cov- ered with distinct radiating ribs and rath- er strong concentric ridges; shell com- pressed, anterior end the longer; color yellow, ochre or piirple, often rayed or spotted with violet inside. Length 25 mm. It has been dredged in 19 fathoms off Key West, Florida. Beach specimens are infrequent at Sanibel. PI. 21, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico and West Indies SEMELE PROFICUA Pulteney. longer than high, nearly ment small and placed in nule in front of umbones; lines strong, sometimes e es giving a wrinkled appe color white, straw or pur gated. Length 60 mm. Specimens have be Beach, Marco and Sanibel PI. 23, Fig. 11 Virginia to Gulf Indies Shell slightly equilateral; liga- escutcheon; lu- concentric growth levated into ridg- arance to surface; pie, often varie- en taken at Palm in Florida. of Mexico; West SEMELE NUCULOIDES Conrad. Shell ovate. convex; concentric lines very minute and regularly placed; anterior extremity acute- ly rounded; umbones near the posterior ex- tremity; basal margin arcuate; lateral teeth obsolete. Length 4.5 mm.; height 3 mm. diameter 1.5 mm. PI. 10, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies SEMELE PURPDRASCENS Sowerby. Shell oval, posterior end angled, anterior end rounded; color usually light yellowish; umbones purple; indistinct variegations of purple upon surface also; interior often deep purple; concentric lines moderately im- pressed, radial lines of similar strength. Length 40 mm. Fresh double specimens have been taken by the writer in Lake Worth, Florida, near the North Inlet. Single valves, brilliantly colored, are not rare on the shores of Kobe Sound where possibly it may live. PI. 25, Fig. 12 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies GENUS ABRA 'Leach' Lamarck 1818; Syndosmya Recluz 1845 Shell small, whitish, rather com- pressed; posterior end shortest. ABRA AEQUALIS Say. Shell orbicular, a little oblique, rather thin, white, scarce- ly shining; minute concentric wrinkles near margin and which become absent near um- bones; no lateral teeth; one cardinal tooth and a vestige of a second on left valve; one cardinal tooth and a feeble one behind in right valve. Length 10 mm., height 8 mm., diameter 4 mm. PI. 23, Fig. 10 Connecticut to Florida; Texas ABRA LIOICA Dall. Shell small, thin, um- bones prominent; growth lines faint; smooth and shining; lambones nearest to posterior end, opposite end rounded; left valve with one prominent cardinal and one small tooth behind; right valve with two strong cardi- nals; lateral teeth absent in both valves. Length 7 mm. Depth range 14-860 fathoms. It has been reported upon the shore at Captiva Island, Florida. 62 EAST COAST UARIKE SHELLS PI. 23, Fig. 13 PI. 62, Fig. 8 North Carolina to the West Indies GENDS CDUINGIA Sowerby 1-833 Shell gaping and pointed behind; concentrically laminated. CUMINGIA TELLINOIDES Conrad. Surface dull except region of umbones, white or yellow- ish; two lateral teeth very long; two car- dinal teeth small and with cup-shaped de- pression between them; concentric lines Ir- regular and rather prominent. Length 14 mm. Pi. 23, Fig. 6 Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies CDUINGIA COARCTATA Sowerby. Shell oval, concentrically lamellated; anterior end high, rotund; margin dorsally declining. Often found in sponges. Length 20 mm. These two Cumlnglas are apparently of common descent, the young being almost Identical. PI. 23, Fig. 5 Florida Keys and West Indies Family Donacldae Shell wedge shaped, closed; poste- rior end produced, more or less rounded, anterior end short and straight; edge usu- ally crenulated; ligament external; um- bones pointing backward. The Donacldae live in clean sand upon the ocean beaches. GENUS DONAX Linn6 1758 (WEDGE SHELLS) DONAX DENTICULATA Linni. Toothed Wedge. Shell solid, long triangular; anterior end narrow and rounded; base line a little curved and with faint angulation in center; fine radiating ridges on surface, peculiar- ly serrate on their edges; strong oblique ridges on posterior slope, with fine threads between them; inner margin of shell toothed; palllal sinus deeply Im- pressed. Length 28 mm. The color range is considerable. Yellow, brown and violet tinted shells oc- cur, often beautifully rayed. It is a com- mon shell In the West Indies. PI. 25, Fig. 3 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies DONAX FOSSOR Say. Digging Wedge. Often an olive-colored shell with bluish rays. Posterior end rounded; sides not angular; radiating sculpture covered by a thin lay- er so that surface of shell is smooth. A slight magnification shows the radiating lines. This species is thinner than D. variabilis with consequent smaller crenu- lations upon the margin. Length 12-15 mm. It is the most plentiful shell on the New Jersey coast. Johnson reports "At Anglesea I once saw them washed out of the sand In pools around the stanchions of a wrecked vessel, almost a bushel of living shells being present In each pool." Wood recounts the results of a quantitative study, counting one thousand five hundred and ten live Donax in one square foot. These were in Cape May Coimty, New Jersey. PI. 10, Fig. 12 Long Island, New York to Florida Keys DONAX TDMIDA Phlllppl. (D. obesa Orb.). Inflated wedge. Shell small, very stout, polished, more rounded than D. variabilis, shell also more inflated; striae only vis- ible under a glass. Length 10-12 mm. PI. 10, Fig. 9 St. Augustine, Florida, to Texas DONAX VARIABILIS Say. Variable wedge. Posterior end obliquely truncate, the sides decidedly angular; the little ribs with interspaces of almost equal width being plainly visible to the naked eye. Length 20-25 mm. This, the commonest east coast wedge shell occurring in the south, is of- ten used in the preparation of broth. There are almost countless color combina- tions on the shells. PI. 25, Fig. 10 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Texas; West Indies GENDS IPHIGENIA Schumacher 1817 Shell almost equilateral; two hinge teeth in each valve, one bifid, the other minute; lateral teeth far apart, ob- solete in left valve; margins smooth. It inhabits estuaries and quiet brackish water. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 63 IPHIGENIA BRASILIANA Lamarck. Shell solid, umbones a little closer to posterior end; surface showing faint radial lines from umbones; epidermis smooth, worn off in old specimens; interior white or purplish, the teeth frequently purple. Length 3 inches. This species is common in Lake Worth, Florida, where it is sometimes tak- en for food. It prefers inland waters but subject to tidal influence. PI. 24, Fig. 2 Indian River, Florida, to Brazil Family Sanguinolarildae Shell rather convex, mostly trans- parent, inequilateral; often finely con- centrically striated; somewhat pointed at posterior end; each valve provided with two erect subbifid close together teeth; muscular impression with a triangular si- nus. GENUS SJlNGUINOLARIA Lamarck 1799 Shell of fair size, usually in- clined toward rose or red color. SANGUINOLARIA SANGDINOLENTA Gmelin. Shell rather solid, inequilateral, convex; de- cussately striated; whitish, tinged with rose adjacent to umbones; hinge external and prominent. Length 2.75 inches. Some specimens are uniformly rose colored. PI. 25, Fig. 13 Southern Florida and the West Indies GENUS GARI Schumacher 1817; Psammobia Lamarck 1818 GARI VAGINOIDES Reeve. Shell oblong, rath- er convex, ends rounded; finely decussate- ly striated; dull white with touch- es of pinkish yel- low near umbones; straw-colored epi- dermis near mar- gin. Length 32 ram. Fig. 35 Charlotte Harbor, Florida Fig. 35 Gari vaginoides 32 nun. GENUS HETERODONAX Morch 1853 Shell oval in shape, rather flat, thin, with fine concentric lines. HETERODONAX BIMACULATUS Linn§. A spotted shell, diverse in coloring, white and pur- ple being the most usual pattern. Length 18 mm. PI. 25, Fig. 9 Fernandlna, Florida to West Indies; Pacific GENUS ASAPHIS Modeer 1793; Corbula Roeding 1798 Shell transverse, subequilateral; umbones rather prominent; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each valve, anterior In left valve and posterior in right valve bifid; ligament heavy. ASAPHIS DEFLORATA Linne. (A. coccinea Llartyn) . Shell somewhat inflated; surface covered with numerous wavy ribs which are most apparent on posterior slope, the ribs cancellated at both ends by crossing of growth lines, sometimes inclined to be scaly at rear of shell; pallial sinus large and rounded. Color varying from white through various shades of yellow, orange, red, violet; portions of interior deep violet. This very striking and beautiful shell is abundant in the Bahamas and else- where in the Vifest Indies. It is rare in Florida but has been taken near Miami. Length 3 inches but usually less. PI. 25, Fig. 12 Miami, Florida, to the West Indies GENUS TAGELUS Gray 1847 Shell elongated, equivalve, margins nearly parallel, ends abruptly rounded; hinge with two to three cardinal teeth in each valve; ligament prominent. TAGELUS DIVISUS Spengler. Shell oblong, with reddish stripe from umbones passing slightly backward and indicating presence of obsolete rib inside; epidermis yellow- ish; interior smooth and shining, thickened by age. Length 1.5 inches. PI. 25, Fig. 17 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas 64 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS TAGELDS GIBEDS Spenglrr. Shell subcylln- drical, thick, roimded at posterior end and with umbones near extremity; hinge with two awl-shaped cardinal teeth in each valve, curved, ascending; interior white, thick- ened. Length 4 Inches. A much stronger shell than T. dlvisus. PI. 25, Fig. 4 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas Family Solenidae Shell equlvalve, much elongated, gaping at both ends. GENOS ENSIS Schumacher 1817 (RAZOR SHELLS) Sides of shell almost parallel; cardinal teeth small, rounded; valves more or less curved. ENSIS DIRECTUS Conrad. Shell curved, scab- bard shaped; epidermis light yellowish green; length of shell six times the width; one tooth on hinge and sharp plate of one valve' entering between; two teeth and dou- ble plate upon other valve. Length 6 inches. This species is almost identical to the European one. It lives on sandy beach- es at low water mark, projecting a little above the level of the sand. When disturbed it rapidly disappears. The animal is much larger than the shell, the foot club-shaped. PI. 24, Fig. 8 PI. 72, Fig. 4 Labrador to the Florida Keys GENUS SOLEN Linne 1758 Umbones almost anterior; exterior polished; valves usually straight. SOLEN VIRIDIS Say. Green Solen. Shell ob- long, compressed; hinge margin almost straight; lov;er margin curved; posterior end obliquely cut off, slightly reflected end rounded near base; anterior end round- ed; surface almost smooth; epidermis pale green. Length 2 inches. PI. 24, Fig. 3 Rhode Island to west coast of Florida GENUS SILIQUA Megerle von Muhlfeld 1811 (POD SHELLS) Shell compressed, moderately gap- ing; umbones minute. SILIQUA COSTATA Say. Ribbed Pod. Shell thin, fragile, smooth, diaphanous; epider- mis shining and smooth, light yellov.'-green blended with violet, rather Iridescent; internal ribs white, bending backward two to three over valves. Length 2 inches. A shallow v/ater species, abundant upon sandy beaches. It is one of the hand- somest shells foxond in New England. Than the following it is much smaller and more delicate. There are two arrangements of col- or in both rays and zones. PI. 25, Fig. 5 PI. 72, Fig. 3 Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina SILIQUA SQUAMA Blainville. Scaly Pod. Shell rounded at both ends; umbones very small; white but covered with strong, shining yel- lowish-green epidermis which is roughened at posterior end; prominent rib inside ex- tending from umbones about halfway across shell. Length 2.5 inches. It is often foxmd in the stomachs of fish caught at the Banks and off the New England coast. PI. 16, Fig. 9 Banks of Nova Scotia and New England Family Mactridae Shell equivalve, close or slightly gaping; ligament external or internal and contained in a deep pit; epidermis heavy; hinge with two diverging cardinal teeth, lateral teeth present or absent. GENUS MACTRA Linne 1767 (BEACH CLAMS) Foot of cinimal strong, bent, tongue-shaped, adapted to life in the surf and sands. MACTRA FRAGILIS Gmelln. Frail Clam. Shell white, thin, covered with a light yellow- ish brown epidermis; decidedly gaping; concentric sculpture closely placed. Length £ inches. PI. 24, Fig. 6 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; Brazil GENUS SPISULA Gray 1838 SPISULA SOLIDISSIMA Dillwyn. This giant and strong clam measures 4-7 inches in length; cardinal tooth small, fragile. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 65 V-shaped; lateral teeth long, thin, stri- ated on receiving surfaces; spoon shaped cavity large, broad, housing internal lig- ament which is dark colored. This'Spisula is easily found upon the northern beaches. It is esteemed as food and is the largest bivalve upon tne Atlantic northeast coast. PI. 57, Fig. 7 Labrador to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina SPISULA SOLIDISSIMA SIMILIS Say. Less heavy than the preceding and smaller, also brighter although not glossy. Length 4,5 inches. The most abundant bivalve mollusk of large size upon the west coast of Flor- ida. From Cape Hatteras southward it re- places the typical form. PI. S4, Fig. 4 Massachusetts to Florida and Gvilf of Mexico SPISULA POLYNYMA Stimpson (M. ovalis Gld.). Shell large; a little shorter in front of the umbones which are slightly elevated; lateral teeth short and not striated; V tooth strong; pallial sinus deep; epider- mis tough, yellowish brown or dusky; in- terior bluish white. Length 3.5 inches. At Eastport, Maine, and Grand Menan these clams have been found plenti- ful at low water mark. It also occurs on Georges Bank. PI. 25, Fig. 15 Hudson Bay to Massachusetts GENUS MULINIA Gray 1857 MULINIA LATERALIS Say. Shell small, tri- angular, distinctly convex, apparently smooth but with minute wrinkles; base white, covered with brown epidermis; um- bones nearly central, prominent; hinge strong, V-shaped marginal tooth. Length 12-18 mm. An extremely common form living on salt marshes and near the mouths of rivers. Southern examples are the smooth- est. PI. 24, Fig. 5 New Brunswick to Texas; West Indies MULINIA LATERALIS NUCLEUS Conrad, PI. 3, Fig. 9 New England 12 mm. MULINIA LATERALIS CORBULOIDES Desh. PI. 5, Fig. 10 Beaufort, North Carolina to Texas GENUS RANGIA Desmoulins 1832 (GNATHODON GRAY) Shell ecuivalve; epidermis promi- nent; umbones far apart; two small car- dinal and two lateral teeth in right valve; one cardinal and two lateral teeth in left valve; ligament in trigonal internal pit. RANGIA CUNEATA Gray. Wedge Rangia. Shell thick and heavy; epidermis olive green and thick; anterior end short; vunbones ele- vated; posterior end angular, beaked at end. Length 2 inches or more. In 1870 this was first taken in Lake Ponchartrain, New Orleans, and de- scribed at that time. The city of Mobile is said to be built upon soil containing the "bones" of countless Rangia. More re- cently it has been collected near Jackson- ville, Florida and in Georgia. It usually lives in the mud banks of brackish water streams. PI. 24, Fig. 1 Georgia; Florida; Gulf of Mexico RANGIA CUNEATA ROSTRATA Petit. Beaked Rangia. In this variety the point at the posterior end is very pronounced. PI. 18, Fig. 5 Texas; Gulf of Mexico GENUS ANATINA Schiomacher 1817 (LABIOSA MULLER 1832) Marginal teeth feeble; no lateral teeth. ANATINA CANALICULATA Say. Channeled Duck. Shell pure white, thin and fragile; orna- mented with beautiful raised concentric ribs; inflated and slightly gaping; shining white inside. Length 2,5 inches. Single valves are common upon wind- swept beaches from Cape Hatteras to Mexico. The author has never seen or heard of a living example. PI. 26, Fig. 3 New Jersey to Gulf of Mexico ANATINA LINEATA Say. Lined Duck. Svirface with fine regular growth lines, white or 66 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS yellowish, exterior dull; anterior end wing-like, pointed, flaring so that shell gapes; pallial line, inside shell, glossy against an otherwise dull surface, PI. E6, Fig. 2 New Jersey to Texas; Brazil Family Mesodesmatidae GENUS MESODESMA Deshayes 1830; CERONIA GRAY 1855 Shell oval, wedge-shaped, cut off at posterior end; lateral teeth compressed and furrowed. MESODESMA ARCTATA Conrad. Shell very in- equilateral, wedge-shaped; epidermis yel- low and shining; umbones slightly ele- vated; deep spoon-shaped cavity in hinge for the cartilage: cardinal tooth V-shaped and placed at an angle; straight lateral teeth on each side with striated surfaces. Length 1.5 inches or more. It is not infrequently found upon the beaches in considerable numbers, es- pecially upon the outer shores of Cape Cod. PI. 6, Fig. 8 PI. 26, Fig. 9 Gulf of St. Lawrence to New Jersey GENDS ERVILIA Tiirton 1822 ERVILIA CONCENTRICA Gould. Shell small, white or yellowish, compressed, vunbones close together and not prominent; concen- tric sculpture weak. Length 5 mm. Specimens in the National Collec- tion were collected near Loggerhead Key, Florida. PI. 26, Fig. 11 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the Florida Keys and at Pensacola, Florida ERVILIA NITENS Montagu. Shell small, whitish, tinted with pink inside and out, especially toward the centers; ends some- what rounded; concentric lines distinct, evenly placed, at anterior end slightly broken by radiating sculpture. Length 7 mm. PI. 26, Fig. 10 South Carolina; Florida Keys; West Indies Family Myidae (from Myax, a Mussel) Hinge with spoon-shaped tooth in one valve and corresponding opening in op- posite valve. Joined by a cartilage. GENUS IJYA Linng 1758 (SOFT SHELL CLAMS) Shell gaping at both ends, erect tooth in left valve. MYA ARENARIA Linng. Sand Clam. Shell chalky white; epidermis wrinkled, thin dirty brown; tooth inclined backwards and dovmwards, with oblique ribs in back. Nor- mal length 3.5 inches. The soft-shell clam is familiar to everyone residing near the sea. It lives between high-tide and low-tide marks and exposed to the air a portion of the time. PI. 26, Fig. 7 PI. 54, Fig. 3 Arctic Seas to North Carolina MYA TRUNCATA Linne. Short Clam. Shell oblong, rounded at anterior end, truncated at posterior end, widely gaping; color dingy white, covered with a yellowish epi- dermis which extends over edges of the shell. The truncated edges are slightly flaring while the rear of the shell is wide open. Length 2.75 inches. The chopped off end is peculiar and readily separates the shell from others. After violent gales it is sometimes thrown upon shores but is most abundant at Georges and the Grand Banks where it is a favorite food of codfish. PI. 26, Fig. 8 Greenland to Massachusetts; Clr- cumpolar Family Corbulidae GENUS CORBULA Brugulere 1797 (BASKET SHELLS) Valves uneqixal, the right often the larger; single large tooth below umbo in right valve, deep pit behind it but no lateral teeth, the pit a repository for tooth of right valve; elevated process in front of pit and sometimes a rudimentary tooth behind it; umbones conspicuous, the one upon the right valve usually the strongest; no pallial sinus. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 67 CORBULA BARRATTIANA Orblgny. Barratt's Little Basket. Posterior end broadly trvmcated, posterior slope well defined; wide and undulating concentric ribs; niimer- ous distinct radial lines, especially upon slope; umbones close together and of moder- ate size. Length 8.9 mm. Dredged by the writer off Tiger Key, west Florida, in shallow water. Depth range 2-287 fathoms. PI. 61, Figs. 7a, b, c Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Jamaica CORBULA CHITTYANA C. B. Adams. Resembles C. barrattiana but thick and solid, very wide; two periods of growth like C. dietziana. Length 8.5 mm. Range 4-5 fath- oms, rare. Included for comparison. PI. 61, Figs. 6a, 6d Kingston Harbor, Jamaica CORBULA CONTRACTA Say. Squeezed Basket. Shell white, covered with many concentric raised lines or ribs; anterior end rounded; somewhat pointed behind; basal margin con- tracted in middle; hinge tooth slender, erect. Length 5-lS mm. Range 3-63 fath- oms. Abundant about Rhode Island and Martha's Vineyard. It also is plentiful upon the Florida east coast. PI. 8, Fig. 9 PI. 60, Figs. 6a, 6b Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Jamaica, British West Indies CORBULA CUBANIANA Orblgny. Length 12.7 mm. A deep-water shell. PI. 60, Figs. 3a, b, c Florida Strait to Jamaica CORBULA CYMELLA Dall. A rare shell which has only been taken in 68-75 fathoms at one station. Length 13.5 mm. PI. 60, Figs. 7, 7a Gordon Key, Florida Keys CORBULA DIETZIANA C. B. Adams. Length 10.7 mm. Range 14-100 fathoms. Off west Florida it has been taken in 30 fathoms. PI. 60, Figs. 5a, b North Carolina to West Indies CORBULA DISPARILIS Orblgny. A species va- riable in its proportions and sculptiire. The smaller valve is often pink, or pinkish brown. Length 8 mm. Range 5-805 fathoms. PI. 60, Figs. 4a, b North Carolina to West Indies CORBULA KJOERIANA C. B. Adams. Differs from C. swiftlana In being less rostrated, also more elongated behind; both valves sciilptured alike. Length 12 mm. Range 4-5 fathoms. Introduced for comparison. PI. 60, Figs. 6, 6a, 6b St. Thomas; Jamaica CORBULA KREBSIANA C. B. Adams. Shell tri- gonal, very inequlvalve, inequilateral; large valve rostrated; white, often tinged with pink; large valve closely and finely furrowed; umbones very convex; teeth small. Length 6.1 mm.; alt. 5.1 mm. Range 3-85 fathoms. PI. 60, Figs, la, b Florida to the West Indies CORBULA NASUTA Sowerby. Length 8.5 mm. Range 4-63 fathoms. PI. 61, Figs. 6a, b, c, d North Carolina to the West Indies CORBULA SWIFTIANA C. B. Adams. Swift's Basket. Shell triangular, Inequlvalve; posterior ridge sharp and distinct in both valves, terminating in sharp beak at base; surface of Juvenile specimens almost smooth; concentric lines becoming stronger with age and showing feeble radial ribs; color whitish. Length 9 mm. The most plentiful Corbula in Flor- ida waters. It may easily be procured in Tarpon Bay, Sanibel. Range 0-450 fathoms. PI. 57, Fig. 9 PI. 61, Figs. 5a, b, c Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Venezuela GENUS BASTEROTIA BASTEROTIA QUADRATA GRANATINA Dall. Length 10 mm. Range 6-640 fathoms. PI. 60, Figs. 2a, b North Carolina to Texas; West Indies Family Saxlcavldae Shell slightly gaping at each end, elongate. Irregular; hinge toothless or with a rudimentary tooth in each valve; 68 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS ligament long and well developed. GENUS SAXICAVA Fleuriau de Bellvue 1802 (STONE BORER) SAXICAVA ARCTICA Linn§. Arctic Stone Bor- er. An excessively variable shell, con- forming to its place of attachment; ros- trate in front; diagonal ridge spinous. Length 1 inch. Often fastened by a silk-like bys- sus coming from inside of base. Foot of animal bright orange color. Range 1-100 fathoms. PI. 10, Fig. 11 Greenland to West Indies SAXICAVA AZAREA Dall. Length 1 inch. Range 13-14 fathoms. PI. 62, Figs. 9a, 9b Charlotte Harbor, Florida to Texas GENUS PANOPE Menard 1807 PANOPE BITRUNCATA Conrad. Oblong Panope. Shell short, contracted, obliquely cut off at anterior end; small cardinal tooth in right valve; compressed and flattened on posterior end; palllal sinus widely and bluntly rounded. Length 5.25 inches; width 3 incnes. The individuals living in easily movable material such as sand or fine mud are thinner, longer, less distorted than those associated with gravel. P. floridana Dall, a Pliocene fos- sil frequent in Florida, is identical. One of the fossil shells is represented in the present illustration. PI. 4, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Mobile Point, Mississippi GENUS PANOMYA Gray 1857 Shell equivalve, gaping unequally at base and sides; a small upright tooth in each valve. PANOMYA ARCTICA Lamarck. Shell strong, both ends gaping; anterior end rounded, other end truncated; three wave-like ridg- es cutting surface into three equal por- tions; covered with a thick, dusty, wrin- kled epidermis. Length 2.5 inches. This species is plentiful in tlie fossil beds of Europe and America but is rather rare in the living state. It inhab- its the Banks of Newfoundland and the Arc- tic Seas of Europe. Range 25-115 fathoms. PI. 26, Fig. 1 Arctic Ocean to Georges Bank Family Gastrochaenidae GENUS GASTROCHAENA Spengler 1783 Shell equivalve, widely gaping, umbones at anterior end; concentric sculp- ture faint and forming flask-shaped bur- rows (mostly in corals and shells) lined with calcareous material or forming a tube, when burrow is absent, to which the ex- traneous matter is fastened. GASTROCHAENA CUNEIFORMIS Spengler. The giant hiatus, nearly as long as the shell, separates this form, also the blunt and wide extremity of the valves. Length 23 mm. PI. 14, Fig. 7 North Carolina to West Indies GASTROCHAENA OVATA Sowerby. A narrower shell than the preceding; Interior of each valve with a long sharp projecting ridge which is placed in the middle; concentric sculpture closely set and irregularly ar- ranged. Length 30 mm. The shell of Spondylus is a favor- ite host for these mollusks which have been found abundant in the Gulf of Mexico. PI. 14, Fig. 6 South Carolina to West Indies Family Pholadidae Shell gaping at both ends and with teeth-like sculpture in front; no ligament or hinge; sometimes reinforced with addi- tional valves. GENUS PHOLAS Linn6 1758 (ANGEL WINGS) Hinge margin rolled out and tooth- less; tooth emerging from beak cavity very prominent. PHOLAS CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelin. Campeche Wing. Shell elongated, open anteriorly, rayed all over with rounded rather dis- tinct ribs; two accessory valves covering EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 69 umbones. Length 3.5 Inches. PI. 87, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Central America GENUS BARNEA 'Leach' Rlsso 1826 BARNEA TRUNCATA Say. Truncated Angel Wings. Shell white, very delicate, oblong; anteri- or portion triangular and pointed; posteri- or end trimcate; surface coarse with lines and small ribs; one dorsal accessory shell plate. Length 3 inches. Animal dark smoky color, siphon ta- pering. At New Bedford, Massachusetts, this species was taken in mud at a depth of two feet. PI. 85, Fig. 16 Nahant, Massachusetts, to Florida Keys BARNEA MARITIMA Orbigny. Length 3b mm. PI. 27, Fig. 4 West Florida to Texas BARNEA COSTATA Linne. Ribbed Angel Wings. Shell large, white, covered with radiating ribs with coarse growth lines producing tooth-like elevations and corresponding in- dentations within shell. Animal yellow, tips of siphons stippled with reddish-brown; foot narrow and long; extra valve cartilaginous and spear-shaped. Length 6 inches. This species burrows several feet below the surface. Single valves are fre- quent upon the beaches of St. Augustine, Cape Sable and Marco, Florida. PI. 27, Fig. 6 PI. 54, Fig. 7 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to West Indies GENUS ZIRFAEA 'Leach' Gray 1847 Valves of shell divided into two areas by a radial sulcus; accessory shell plates lacking or rudimentary; gape in front large. ZIRFAEA CRISPATA Llnn6. Shell widely gap- ing at the ends but touching at center of the base; radiating toothed ribs present in front of a furrow which extends from the umbones across the center of valves; exte- rior with many coarse concentric ridges. Length 2 inches. Fine specimens have been taken at Nahant Beach, Massachusetts, and years ago it was coimnon in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. rl. 27, Figs. 5, 7 Labrador to South Carolina GENUS MARTESIA Leach 1825 Valves lengthened behind; when adult characterized by a plain border; um- bonal valves one or two in number; margins often with narrow accessory valves. MARTESIA CUNEIFORMIS Say. Shell small, closed, divided obliquely by a serrated canal; marginal shields three, not uniform in size. Length 14-18 mm. This form bores in soft rock or wood. Fig. 36 Connecticut to Trinidad MARTESIA STRIATA Linn6. Shell closed, obliquely divided in middle; extremely produced; one ventral shield, two dorsal ones. Length 18-23 mm. It burrows in hard, often floating timber which accounts for its wide dis- tribution. Specimens varying greatly in size were collected at Oceanus, Florida. It is frequently found at Sanibel. Fig. 37 South Carolina to West Indies; Europe; Pacific Fig. 36 Martesia cuneiformis Fig. 37 Martesia striata 70 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS IIARTESIA C/JIIBAEA Orbigny. Shell broadly wedge-shaped, inflated at anterior end which has fine wavy lines; pos- terior half marked by small concen- tric lindulations and growth lines. Length 9-17 mm. In 1904 C. W. Johnson collected this shell in soft ar- tificial lime- stone off the wa- ter battery in St. Augustine. It has only been record- ed from limestone, or boring Into oth- er shells, while the other Martesl- as are more fre- quently taken in wood. The illustrations of the three species are from Johnson's drawings. Fig. 38 New York to Florida; Texas; Cuba Fig. 38 Martesla caribaea i Family Teredidae Shell globular, open in front and rear; valves three lobed with one trans- verse furrow. Animal worm-like, foot sucker-like; siphons very long, united almost to end. GENUS TEREDO Linne 1758 (SHIP WORIVIS) TEREDO NAVALIS Linn6. Usually one foot long but sometimes over two. It destroys soft v/ood quickly, even oak and teak do not escape, therefore is one of the great- est enemies to industrial mankind. The "ship Teredo" invariably bores in the di- rection of the grain unless it meets the tube of another Teredo or encounters a knot. In the Pacific another Teredo bur- rows in the husks of floating cocoanuts and other woody fruits. The tube of the giant Teredo arenaria attains a length of o feet and a diameter of 2 Inches; a cross section presents a radiating prismatic structure. PI. 27, Fig. 1 Arctic Ocean to Florida, Europe DIPLOTHYRA Tryon This genus is allied to Martesla, but differe in the double or divided dorsal valve. Shell short, ovate, divided in the middle by an oblique impressed line, posterior to which the surface is covered •with growth lines only, but anteriorly it is finely and sharply trans- versely sculptured and obsoletely radiately ribbed in some specimens. The umbonal plates are generally much distorted so that no par- ticular form can be traced throughout all specimens though the more perfect approach to that depicted in the magnified figure above. Length: 6"; height and breadth: /;" ; habitat: Tottenville, Staten Island, burrowing in oyster shells. "The shells were all dead, and I have found as yet no evidence of the oysters being imported ones." Specimens in collection of National Museum from Philadelphia; Crisfield, lid.j Staten Island; St. Augustine, Fla.; It^^le of Palms (Long Island); South Carolina; liorehead City, N. 3. Quoted from: Tryon, Geo. "'V. 1863, "Description of a new genus and species of Philadidae." Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. ocience of Philadelphia, 1B62, 2d Series, Vol. VI, pp. U*9-L51. CLASS SCAPHOPODA This class Includes the marine mol- lusks commonly known as tooth or elephant- tusk shells. The crescent-shaped shells taper in size and both ends are open. From the larger end the foot is operated and used for digging in mud or sand. The head is not well defined but a radula is pres- ent. The sexes are separate. There are comparatively few species known but indi- viduals exist in great niombers. Family Dentaliidae Foot of animal conical and pointed, surrounded by a process like a wing-shaped sheath, which in turn has a slit like a break in a fold on one side. The shell characters include more or less sculpture. There is only one genus. GENUS DENTALIUM Linne 1758 (TOOTH SHELLS) Shell a tube opening at both ends, almost straight to curved, sculpture vary- ing from faint indications to as many as sixty prominent ribs. Often the senile portion of the shell is smooth. There are also frequently intermediate transverse lines. The embryonic portion of the apex (smaller end) is fragile and minute. It is usually lacking in adult specimens. Usual- ly there is a notcli or slit in the smaller or apical opening. The Dentaliums vary from needle- like forms to heavy shells 5 inches in length. Some are very fragile. The sur- faces vary from chalky to porcellanous or glassy. White is predominant but greenish, reddish or yellowish species also occur. They may be translucent, opaque, dull or with glistening surfaces. The animal conforms in shape to the shell it occupies. The cylindrical foot may be protruded or almost completely with- drawn. Tentacles or eyes are absent. Fora- minifera and other minute organisms are supposed to be caught by a cluster of thread-like appendages just back of the mouth. The sexes are separate. DENTALIUT;! ANTILLARUM Orbigny. Shell small, moderately curved; tip when present point- ed and slender; surface white; opaque, with bands of translucent gray; texture hard, porcellanous but not shining; nine primary ribs, also secondary ribs; wide, shallow apical notch usually on convex side. Length 2S mm., without tip. This very variable form is the com- monest shallow water species in the West Indies and adjacent waters. The writer dredged it in shallow water off Tiger Key and Lossman's River, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico. PI. 55, Fig. 18 Miami, Florida to the West Indies DENTALIUM CALLITHRIX Dall. Shell gradually increasing in diameter; white porcellanous but not shining; nine major ribs, as many as three secondary ribs between these. The sculpture is sometimes not continuous along the shell. Length S4-38 mm. A deep-water shell; sometimes taken upon the beach at Sanibel. PI. 63, Fig. 10 PI, 55, Fig. 21 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida; Brazil DENTALIUM CALLIPEPLUM Dall. Strongly and evenly curved like a scimitar; ivory or cream white, sometimes salmon tinted on tip; highly polished; no sculpture; a faint shallow notch. Length 62 mm. Range 25-169 fathoms . PI. 63, Fig. 12b Gulf of Mexico; West Indies DENTALIUM CARDUUS Dall, Sixteen narrow longitudinal ribs; elevated transverse rib- lets producing a rasp-like surface; pure white, not polished. Length 77-87 mm. Range 100-338 fathoms. PI. 63, Fig. 3 Bahamas; St. Lucia. DENTALIUM EBOREUM Conrad (D. matura Dall). Color salmon pink or yellowish; curved, slender, thin but strong; surface highly shining, vitreous but often with milky 71 72 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS patches; about twenty raised fine lines on tip only, remainder of shell mostly smooth; deep narrow notch on convex side of tip. Length 25-35 mm. Range 2-87 fathoms. PI. 65, Figs, 18, 18a Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to west Florida; West Indies DENTALIOM ENSICULUS Jeffreys. Shell fair- ly strongly arched, slowly increasing in diameter; keel on both convex and concave sides; aperture flattened oval; grayish white, oily in appearance rather than pol- ished; no sculpture; notch wide. Length 19-30 mm. Range 193-1813 fathoms. PI. 63, Fig. 18 Georges Bank to West Indies DENTALIUM ENTALE STIMPSONI Henderson. Mod- erately curved; section round; surface dull ivory white, more or less discolored; tips much eroded; apical notch present. Length 33-38 mm. The American form is more chalky and shovjs the faint sculptural features more clearly than the European D. entale of Linnaeus. PI. 55, Fig. 14 Maine to Cape Cod, Massachusetts DENTALIUIJI GOOLDII Dall. Shell six sided; slightly curved, regularly tapering; sur- face shining; six pinched up rod-like ribs, microscopically fine lines between flat spaces; hexagonal section less apparent at aperture or larger end. Length 89 mm. Allied to D. texasianum. In Flor- ida it lives in shallow water or moderate depths. The variety obscurum is illustrat- ed. PI. 63, Fig. 4 Florida; edge of Gulf Stream off the Carolinas and Georgia DENTALIUM LAQUEATUM Verrill. Primary ribs nine to twelve, intercostal sculpture of latticed design. Length 45-68 mm. Range 10-193 fathoms. Abundant in sandy mud along edge of Gulf Stream in Florida Keys region, espe- cially off Fowey Light. PI. 63, Fig. SI Cape Hatteras region to Barbados; Gulf of Mexico DENTALIUM OCCIDENTALS Stlmpson. Color dir- ty white, occasionally Ivory; surface lus- treless; sixteen sharply defined riblets, better developed upon posterior portion; apical notch often obscure. Length 34 mm. Found in cold off shore water in depths varying from 20-1,000 fathoms. PI. 55, Fig. 16 Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina DENTALIOT PERLONGUM Dall. Extremely long and slender, slightly arched or almost straight; long needle-like tip, opaque white, porcellanous but not highly polished; no sculpture, a smooth cylinder; notch var- iable. Length 54-90 mm. Range 11-1,181 fathoms. Fresh specimens have been taken in shallow water in west Florida. PI. 63, Fig. 6 Cape Hatteras to Gulf of Mexico, south to Rio de la Plata DENTALIUM SEMISTRIOLATUM Guilding. Trans- lucent white with milky patches, highly polished, often reddish toward apex; slen- der, regularly curved; fine regularly spaced grooves upon portions of shell, remainder smooth; long narrow slit near apex not present in all individuals. Length 25-34 mm. An abundant shore species especial- ly in the Lesser Antilles and the west coast of Florida. PI. 55, Figs. 13, 17 Florida; West Indies DENTALIUM TEXASIANUM Philippi. Shell slow- ly increasing in diameter; hexagonal in section; color dull grayish white, opaque, strong and solid; tip hexagonal, angles be- coming rod-like ribs with flat spaces be- tween; one to two, rarely three riblets be- tween major ribs. Length 21 mm. without tip (a Sanibel specimen) . This shell has not been reported from the Florida east coast or Florida Keys, nor the Antilles. PI. 55, Fig. 19 Beaufort, North Carolina; West Florida; Louisiana; Texas Family Siphonodentalildae GENUS CADULUS Philippi 1844 Small white shells, lacking sculp- ture, often swollen or with a bulging area; EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 73 opening at smaller end small when compared with Dentalitim, simple or with i-.wo to four slits; section flattened or circular; often with a rounded rib within the smaller open- ing. Cadulus lives in sandy and muddy- stations. Individuals are very numerous. CADULUS ACUS Ball. A small slender shell, slightly curved; growth lines forming densely packed circular ribs; surface vari- egated by bands. Length 8 mm. Range 25- 294 fathoms. These little shells resemble Denta- lium tips and lack many of the Cadulus characters. PI. 63, Fig. 11 Off Fernandina, Florida; Porto Rico CADULUS AEQUALIS Dall . Shell large, little swollen; no apical features observable. Length 15 mm. Depth 339 fathoms. PI. 63, Fig. 9 Off east Florida CADULUS AGASSIZII Dall. A moderately curved, fairly solid shell; four broad shal- low slits forming indistinct lobes comprise the apical features. Length 9 :nm. An abundant species in its depth range, 17-293 fathoms . PI. 63, Fig. 12c Off Chesapeake Bay to Florida Keys CADULUS AMIANTUS Dall. A dubious species which is not represented in the National collection. Length 5.75 mm. Depth 310 fathoms. PI. 63, Fig. 7 Off Bahia Honda, Cuba CADULUS CAROLINENSIE Bush. Medium sized, no swelling; smooth rounded lip; apical opening very small, equipped with four shal- low slits or notches, producing four lobes which are often damaged. Length 9.5 mm. Abundant in shallow water near Hat- teras but rarer farther south. Taken in 3-107 fathoms. PI. 65, Fig. 19 PI. 55, Fig. 22 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; Florida CADULUS CUCURBITA Dall. Depth 310 fathoms. PI. 63, Fig. 12d Off Bahia Honda, Cuba CADULUS LUNULA Dall. Depth 805 fathoms. PI. 63, Fig. 8 Off Havana, Cuba CADULUS QUADRIDENTATUS Dall. Shell regu- larly and gradually increasing in diameter; moderately curved; four deep slits in apex, leaving lobes. Length 7-10 mm. Depth range extends from 2 fathom? off Miami to 50 fathoms near Fowey Light, Florida. PI. 65, a variety. PI. 63, Fig. 5 PI. 65, Fig. 20 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies; Gulf of Mexico CADULUS WATSONI Dall. A highly polished shell which is slightly curved. Length 13 mm Range 382-413 fathoms PI. 63, Fig. 12a Off Cuba and Bahamas CLASS GASTROPODA To this class belong the snails, limpets, slugs, nudlbranchs (without shells), whelks, and those provided with a more or less spiral shell. All in this class pos- sess a foot, a mantle, and a mantle cavity similar to those of the clam or mussel but assuming quite different characters and habits. Three characteristics stand out with prominence: (l) asymmetry, (2.) the well-developed and consequently different- ly functioning head, and, (3) the spirally colled shell which is in one piece. The groups into which the Gastropo- da have been divided are based upon the structure of the nervous system, together with the respiratory and sexual organs. SUBCLASS PROSOBRANCHIA ORDER ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Family Acmaeidae Shell dish-shaped, conical, apex more or less at one end. The shells may be separated from the Patellidae, a large fam- ily living mostly in tropical seas, by the less distinct border around the aperture, also by the fact that they are never iri- descent. The Acmaeas live upon seaweed or adhere to rocks often exposed to the surf. Like other sedentary mollusks they are very variable, the shells ten being modified to conform to the environment. While a few are from deep water the majority live be- tween high-tide and low-tide marks. There are many more species upon the Pacific than the Atlantic coast of the United States. A radula of Patella Is shown in Fig. 28, page 20. GENUS ACMAEA Eschscholtz 1830 ACMAEA CANDEANA Orblgny. Shell gray or buff, depressed, with radiating black lines, often combined with seven to nine broad rays; interior white, brown tinted; wide edged with gray and close set brown lines. Length 1 inch. PI. 40, Fig. 15 PI. 30, Fig. 14 PI. 29, Fig. 1 Florida; West Indies ACIJAEA CANDEANA ANTILLARUM Sowerby. An elevated form, rayed with narrow light blue stripes on a light ground. Interior bluish white; body mark deep brown in young shells, covered with white in the adult, border dark and articulated with white. Length 20 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 2 Florida Keys; West Indies ACMAEA CUBENSIS Reeve. Surface outside with narrow riblets, often obsolete; black lines upon a white ground, also blotched with black; edge of shell smooth. Length 21 mia. It probably will be found living or dead upon the Florida Keys and is included here for comparison. PI. 29, Fig. 5 Bahamas; West Indies ACMAEA LEUCOPLEURA Gmelin. Shell solid, conic or depressed, apex near center; about twelve strong ribs and twenty to thirty around base; ribs white, spaces between dark brown or black; interior white, bor- dered with black dots, brownish in middle. Length 23 mm. This species is more coarsely ribbed than A. cubensis. PI. 29, Fig. 13 South Florida and West Indies ACMAEA PUNCTULATA Gmelin. Apex near cen- ter; surface sculptured with low riblets, every third or fourth rib more prominent; delicate pink or yellowish with reddish dots between riblets; epidermis lacking; interior whitish, border narrow and gray in color. Length 1 inch, usually less. A very variable shell, the young thinner and presenting quite a different aspect. Florida examples are thinner and narrower than those from the West Indies. PI. 29, Fig. 14 Florida Keys; Bermuda; West Indies; Mexico 74 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 75 ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS AMAENA Say. Shell oval, apex almost in middle; color yellowish gray with dark brownish stripes and a somewhat broken pattern; interior white with a large dark central area; border tessellated with white arid brown. Length 35 mm. It is plentiful upon rocks exposed to surf, particularly upon the coast of Maine. The largest and finest examples in that state are taken at Eastport. South of Boston it is much smaller and less plenti- ful. American specimens are usually much larger than the typical European A. testud- inalis of Muller. PI. 30, Fig. 8 North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, southward to Long Island Sound, New York ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS ALVEUS Conrad. A very small, thin, shell with a sharp and slight- ly hooked apex; striped with brown, interi- or showing exterior pattern. Length 8 mm. This subspecies lives upon seaweed or the fronds of Zostera, exactly matching the background. PI, 29, Fig. 17 PI. 79° Fig. 7,g- Arctic Ocean southward to Cape Cod, Massachusetts Family Fissurellidae Shell limpet-shaped, with perfora- tion or anterior slit, sometimes a notch, for passage of excretions; horseshoe- shaped impression of adductor muscle in- side shell; bilaterally symmetrical. GENUS FISSURELLA Brugulere 1791 (LITTLE CHINK) Mantle edge of animal crenulated above and below. The development of the shell is shown in Fig. 39. Fig. 39 Development of shell in Fissurella FISSURELLA BARBADENSIS Gmelin. Barbados Chink. Shell conical, orifice almost round or oval; about eleven of the ribs most prominent; color gray, green or pink with ■ purplish brown blotches between the ribs. Interior with alternating green and white rings, interior orifice callus green and usually bounded by brown; edge of shell crenulated. Length 35 mm. An extremely common species in the West Indies and an excessively variable one. PI. 30, Fig. 2 Charlotte Harbor, Florida to West Indies FISSURELLA FASCICULARIS Lamarck. Bundle Chink. Orifice cross-shaped; margin wav- ing; shell elevated in front and rear; sad- dle-shaped like F. pustula but the forty- seven radiating riblets coarser; color usu- ally red, whitish between ribs; interior white, tinged with pink; opening upon in- side sometimes tinged with red; edge crenu- lated. Length 20 mm. PI. 30, Fig. 1 Florida Keys and West Indies FISSURELLA NODOSA Born. Knotty Chink. Shell elevated, base oval, about twenty- three strong ribs with nodes upon them; or- ifice oblong, contracted in center and con- sequently dumb-bell shaped, opening one seventh to one ninth length of shell. The color ranges from brown to white, interior white, edge toothed. Length 29-35 mm. PI. 30, Fig, 12 Florida Keys and West Indies FISSURELLA PUSTULA Lamarck. Blistered Chink. Shell depressed, elevated in front and behind; orifice cross-shaped, toward the front, bounded by red; color buff, white, or crimson with white; riblets sepa- rated by narrow grooves; interior white with red near opening; edge crenulated. Length 1 inch. A well-known and interesting shell, PI, 30, Fig, 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies GENUS LUCAPINA Gray 1857 Orifice rather large, oval; surface cancellated; edge of shell uniform and not raised at ends; margin finely crenulated. 76 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Shell imbedded in mantle of animal. LUCAPINA ADSPERSA Philippi. Shell oblong, riblets of various size crossed by raised threads; orifice oval with seven to nine broad rays of varying color and often brok- en into dots and spots; interior bluish white, outside pattern showing through the thin shell; exterior of orifice callus often with a greenish streak on each side; edge crenulated. Length SI mm. Taken by the writer under stones in Upper Biscayne Bay and beneath sponges off Lignumvitae Key, Florida. The animal is very bulky and the shell high above and far from the foot. PI. 30, Fig. 10 Florida Keys and West Indies LUCAPINA CANCELLATA Sowerby. Shell oblong, often stained with bluish black around ori- fice and interior of hole callus; color greenish or grayish; orifice oval, about one eighth length of shell. Length 23 mm. A single beach specimen, quite fresh, was taken at Boynton, Florida. PI. 29, Fig. 15 Florida Keys and VJest Indies GENUS LUCAPINELLA Pilsbry 1890 Shell oblong, perforation large; animal with fleshy foot much too large for shell but the latter not imbedded in man- tle. LUCAPINELLA LIMATULA Reeve. Orifice ob- long, corresponding to shape of shell; large and small alternating riblets; interi- or white, edges thickened at sides and crenulated front and rear. Length 13 mm. Depth range 0-20 fathoms. PI. 30, Fig. 3 Cape Fear, North Carolina; Key West, Florida; West Indies GENUS DIADORA Gray 1881; Fissuridea Swainson 1840 Internal callus of orifice truncat- ed or pitted behind; animal capable of be- ing contained in the shell. Often confused with Fissurella. DIADORA ALTERNATA Say. Elevated conical surface latticed by ribs, every fourth rib a little larger; shell gray or yellow. striped with black or brown (eight stripes); summit curved forward; opening keyhole sliaped; interior white; margin crenulated; pit deep. Length 25 mm. This shell is sometimes washed upon the beach at Cape May, New Jersey. PI. 30, Fig. 5 ChesapeakeBay to West Indies; Mexi- co DIADORA LISTERI Orbigny. Shell elevated, solid, summit slightly in front of middle; slope straight in front, rear slope convex; sculptured with strong ribs crossed by cords and cutting the interspaces into quarish pits. The color is grayish white or biiff, sometimes with black stripes; ribs alternat- ing in size, both large and small; opening keyhole shape; interior white; border crenulated and with the teeth arranged in pairs. Length 40 mm. It lives under stones in Upper Bis- cayne Bay near Arch Creek and the Sunny Isles bridge. PI. 30, Fig. 16 Florida Keys and West Indies DIADORA MINUTA Lamarck. Shell small, ob- long, depressed, summit position one third length of shell; fine riblets crossed by sculpture forming beads; shell thin, yel- low or white; seven to eight broad black rays visible also from inside; border crenulated; sides arched so shell rests upon ends only when placed upon a plane surface. Length 10 mm. Fresh beach shells have been taken in Palm Beach County. PI. 30, Fig. 13 Florida Keys and West Indies GENUS EMARGINULA Lamarck 1801 Shell obliquely conical, apex re- curved backward; deep incision in margin. EMARGINULA CANCELLATA Philippi. Apex half- way between center and posterior end; sixty- two to sixty-eight close ribs; interior white; slit one fourth length of shell; color white or yellow. Length 12 mm. Depth range 100-287 fathoms. PI. 30, Fig. 11 Off North Carolina; Florida Strait; West Indies EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 77 GENUS RIMULA Defrance 1819 Like Emarglnula but with slit closed and forming a hole. RIMULA FRENULATA Dall . Apex small, sharp; finely sculptured with radiating threads and with finer ones between each pair; sculpture running across not forming nod- ules; interior glossy. Length 6.S5 mm. Range 6-52 fathoms. A beautiful little shell. PI. 30, Fig. 9 North Carolina to Florida Keys GENUS SUBEMARGINULA Blalnville 1825 (CHINK SHELLS) Rounded, oval shells; surface radi- ally ribbed; notch short, continued upward inside as a groove; muscle scar inside pe- culiar, its ends recurved and pushed in- ward in direction of apex cavity. SUBEMARGINULA EMARGINATA Blalnville. Chief ribs ten, the three double in front the strongest; interior and exterior white; edge of shell with about thirty-five teeth of various sizes; ends elevated. Length 25 mm. PI. 30, Fig. 6 Florida Keys and West Indies SUBEMARGINULA OCTORADIATA Adams. Shell conical, oval; apex inclined toward rear and to the right side, slope at back straight; eight evenly placed larger ribs, eight lesser ribs and also, in large speci- mens, smaller riblets; all of the ribs nod- ulous; interior greenish, groove in front narrow and deep; margin toothed. Length 24 mm. The ribs have no inclination to double as in the following species. PI. 30, Fig. 7 Florida Keys to the West Indies SUBEMARGINULA PUMILA Adams (S. rollandi Fischer) . Shell small; anterior fissure three times as long as wide; front slope convex; twenty-two to twenty-eight radiat- ing, often beaded, riblets; smaller riblets between the latter; apex recurved, color varying from white to green or pale flesh; interior similarly colored but showing white rays. Length 9.5 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 16 Fig. 40 Puncturella princeps, 5 mm. Southern Florida and the West In- dies GENUS PUNCTURELLA Lowe 1827 Shell conical, elevated, apex re- curved; opening in front of apex and with an elevated border inside; exterior surface cancellated. PUNCTURELLA PRINCEPS Mighels (P. noachlna) . Shell decidedly conical, bluish white; about twenty-two ribs on sur- /^l''>» face with, in addition, \ smaller intermediate i.7v»,- r w'/zi* ribs; diamond- shaped y^^ ; '''^S slit in summit, com- ; munlcating with interi- .„ ■' or through a circular aperture; margin crenu- lated. Length 5 mm. This strange little shell is often taken from the stomachs of fish. Range 25-310 fathoms. Fig. 36 Labrador to North Carolina Family Stomatellldae Shell varying from spiral to de- pressed, sometimes Haliotls shaped or non- spiral and limpet form; interior of large aperture pearly. GENUS STOMATELLA Lamarck 1819 (LITTLE MOUTH SHELLS) Shell oval, spire short; aperture longer than wide; operculate. STOMATELLA PICTA Orbigny. A minute ear- shaped shell; surface shining, many fine unequal spiral threads which cut surface into granules; flesh colored, spotted with opaque white; columella white; whorls 2.5, last large; aperture spotted inside. Great- est length 4 mm. Dall and Simpson reported this from the Florida Keys. PI. 30, Fig. 15 Florida; Cuba; St. Thomas Family Scissurellidae Very minute shells, not pearly. 78 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS aperture rounded, slit in the margin; oper- culate. Slit absent in Juvenile specimens. They have been found in Piedmont on sea- weed. Animal with long tentacles, usual- ly pale and translucent. The group is re- lated to the l;.rge rlit shell (Pleuroto- maria) which lives in the West Indies, a member of a family which is almost extinct. SCISSURELLA CRISPATA Fleming. Length 4 mm. Range 4-790 fathoms. PI. 68, Fig. 15 Greenland to New Hampshire Family Haliotidae Shell spiral, often ear-shaped; aperture very large, nacreous; holes or notch upon outer lip; operculum lacking. GiJNUS HALIOTIS Linne 1758 Shell ear-shape, spire small, aper- ture iridescent and very wide; exterior dull, perforated by a series of holes, the earlier ones closed; horseshoe-shaped mus- cle impression. Foot very large, powerful and suit- ed to clinging on rocks. Haliotis is abundant on the Pacific coast of the United States, also Japan, the Channel Islands and elsewhere. Only one species is known fiom the east coast and that from deep water. HALIOTIS PODRTALESII Dall. "Shell longer than wide, holes seventeen, the last five open; surface sculptured with fine spiral lines developing gradually into waving spi- ral threads, with finer threads appearing and continuing to edge of aperture; color wax-yellow with deeper patches of orange; nacreous shining within." Length 11 mm. In 1869 a series of shells were ob- tained by the D. S. Fish Commission Ship Bibb, under the direction of Count Pourtales, in the Straits of Florida. When this ma- terial was sent to the National Museum in Washington Dr. Dall was surprised to find a Haliotis in the lot. The specimen was sent to Chicago and destroyed in the great fire there. Twenty years later Dr. Dall de- scribed it from memory. In 1913 John B. Henderson, while dredging from his boat the Eolis along the inner edge of the Pourtales Plateau, secured a small and somewhat imma- ture Haliotis. Dr. Dall pronounced this identical with the example taken so many years before. The illustration herewith represents the second specimen. Obtained at a depth of 90 fathoms, PI. 89, Fig. 3 3 miles off Sand Key, on edge of Pourtales Plateau, Florida Family Trochldae Shell nacreous inside; aperture en- tire; lip generally not continuous. Oper- culum thin, entirely corneous and multi- spiral. GENUS TEGULA Lesson 183S; Chlorostoma Swain. 1840 (ROOF TILE) Distinguished by a prominent callus which extends from the Inner lip to and often covering the umbilicus. There are from one to several teeth at the base of the columella. TEGULA FASCIATA Born. Differs from others in the genus by the smooth surface and lack of sculpture; ground color yellow with red, black or brown arranged in diverse patterns; two teeth at base of columella with white callus above. Length 16 mm. Taken by the writer in six feet of water upon weeds on Featherbed Bank, Lower Blscayne Bay, Florida; also off Llgnumvitae Key. It is an abundant and well-distribut- ed form on the Florida Keys. PI. 31, Fig. 4 Florida Keys; West Indies TEGULA SEMIGRANOSA A. Adams. Shell coni- cal, umbillcate; sutures not Impressed; ground whitish with Irregular flames, lines and dots of yellow; whorls five to six, en- circled by many close-set spiral lines which are irregularly crenulated, ten to twelve of these on last whorl above periph- ery; base a little convex and with eight lines similar to those above; aperture ob- lique; umbilicus deep, large, edge ending in a tooth at base of colximella, two addi- tional smaller teeth below. Diameter 16 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 4 Palm Beach, Florida to West Indies GENUS LIVONA Gray 1842 Shell large, solid, surface spotted. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 79 Radula very peculiar, possessing a great number of lateral teeth. Operculum shin- ing brown inside and with twelve whorls; green portion attached to foot of animal. LIVONA PICA Linne. Umbilicus deep, shell solid, dull black above with spots or zig- zag flames of white; folds upon shell ob- lique; interior of lip often edged with black. Diameter 2.75 Inches, length slights ly less. Mr. Miller of the National Museum has observed this frequently in Indian burying grounds on the Florida Keys. Un- less the species was much more plentiful during the days of the Indians, it may have been brought from the Bahamas. Dead speci- mens are occasionally taken in Palm Beach County. PI. 31, Fig. 7 West Florida; West Indies; Palm Beach County; Florida Keys GENUS CALLIOSTOMA Swainson 1840 Shell conical, columella simple; operculum thin and corneous. CALLIOFTOMA JUJUBINUM Gmelin. Shell solid, heavy, spire elevated; umbilicus narrow and funnel shaped, white inside; surface color brown with white streaks, base dotted with white; whorls ten. Length 33 mm. or small- er. Dead shells are frequent on the middle Florida Keys and northward on the west coast to Sanibel. PI. 31, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies CALLIOSTOMA JUJUBINUM PERSPECTIVUM Philippl. Broader than the preceding, fewer ribs and all of them beaded; often white at the periphery. Length 2S mm. Georgia; Florida; East Honduras CALLIOSTOMA ROSEOLUM Dall. Base-like strings of beads, upon the spire every third bead crimson, alternating with rosy threads; eight whorls, first five rounded, last three flattened. This very beautiful shell has been taken in 15-200 fathoms. Altitude 9.5 mm. PI. 31, Fig. 12 Off North Carolina; Straits of Florida; West Indies CALLIOSTOMA OCCIDENTALIS Migh. and Ad. Shell solid, imperforate, subtranslucent; raised spiral ridges light brown; suture distinct; outer lip crenulated by spiral ridge terminations. Length 13 mm. Depth range 25-980 fathoms. This beautiful shell Is sometimes taken in fish stomachs. PI. 31, Fig. 16 Nova Scotia to south of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts CALLIOSTOMA EUGLYPTUM A. Adams. Shell im- perforate; whorls six to five, convex; about eight rows of beaded ridges between periphery and suture; basal ridges about ten in number and not so high as the others; color white, clouded with red or brown, white streaks showing through the color. Length 15-20 mm. Depth range 15-50 fathoms. This attractive shell is not in- frequently found upon the beaches adjacent to Sarasota, Florida. PI. 31, Fig. 18 PI. 3S, Fig. 9 North Carolina to Florida; Gulf of Mexico GENUS SOLARIELLA S. Wood 1842 (LITTLE SUN) SOLARIELLA OBSCURA Couthouy. Shell solid, small; two to three revolving ridges upon whorls; axial growth lines coarse; aperture round; pearly inside; umbilicus broad and deep; operculum horny. Length 7 mm. Depth range 6-35 fathoms . When the epidermis is removed the surface is iridescent. The shell is not Infrequently found in fish stomachs. PI. 31, Fig. 19 PI. 71, Fig. 16 Labrador to Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts GENUS MARGARITES Leach 1819 Shell small, rather conical, few whorled; aperture rounded; lip acute; um- bilicus deep. MARGARITES CINEREA Couthouy. An ash-colored shell of pyramidal shape with five to six prominent spiral ridges and numerous lesser ones; umbilicus rather broad and deep; lines inside aperture corresponding to external ridges. Length 9 mm. Depth range 5-200 fathoms . 80 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS A somewhat rare shell which is sometimes taken in fish stomachs. PI. 31, Fig. 19 Greenland to Massachusetts Bay MARGARITES GROENLANDICUS Gmelin (M. undu- lata Sowerby) . Shell small, dark flesh color with regularly placed spiral lines which alternate in size, both large and small; base of paler color and smoother; umbilicus funnel-shaped; aperture oblique, interior pearly, reflecting green and gold colors; operculum multispiral. Length 3.5 mm., breadth 6 mm. This beautiful little shell, much resembling a tropic form, is abundant in the stomachs of fish. It has been taken living on the beaches. Very fresh examples are rose-red but usually it is brownish red. Depth range 7-50 fathoms. PI. 31, Fig. 13 Labrador to Massachusetts Bay MARGARITES HELICINDS Phipps. Shell small, depressed, translucent, light brown; fine spiral lines below; aperture round. Breadth 5 mm. A deep sea form which some years is abundant upon the beaches, especially on the large leaves of Laminaria. The iri- descent shell, reflecting a bronze lustre, is characteristic. In contour it much re- sembles a land or fresh-water shell. Greenland to Massachusetts Bay MARGARITES OLIVACEA Brown. (M. argentata Old.) Shell small, umbilicated; four to five convex whorls, covered with minute spiral lines; interior pearly and irides- cent; aperture round; suture well marked; surface dull. Length 6 mm. Depth range 7-80 fathoms. Abundant in fish stomachs north of Boston. PI. 38, Fig. 26 Labrador to Massachusetts Bay Family Cyclostrematidae About sixty species, members of this family, live mostly in deep water off the Atlantic coast. The majority are very small and are not well known. The follow- ing have been taken in shallow water. GENUS COCHLIOLEPIS Stimpson 1858 COCHLIOLEPIS PARASITICA Stimpson. Shell thin, concave below, umbilicated, convex above; lip thin and acute; three whorls, rapidly enlarging; operculum flexible, pel- lucid and thin. Animal blood-red, tenta- cles long and slender. Parasitic on Acoetes lupinus Stimp- son, living under the scales of this large annelid. Diameter 2.5 mm. PI. 31, Fig. 17 Charleston, South Carolina; Florida Keys COCHLIOLEPIS STRIATA Dall. This little shell has two whorls, the globular nucleus being almost enveloped by the last whorl. The umbilicus is very wide. Average width about 6.5 mm., length 1.5 mm. It was taken years ago by Colonel Jewett at Egmont Key near Tampa, Florida. Recently, fresh examples were obtained after a September "blow" on a sandbar near the Palm Beach north inlet. The shell much resembles a miniature Sinum. PI. 31, Fig, 14 Florida GENUS VITRINELLA C, B. Adams 1850 VITRINELLA MULTICARINATA Dall. Shell mi- nute, translucent, polished, keeled; four to five whorled; umbilicus deep, not very wide, its walls vertical. Lip margin sim- ple, sharp. Epidermis thin and yellowish. Maximum diameter 3 mm. Smaller than V. gemma Holmes, an allied species, also more keeled and de- pressed. Off North Carolina (15 fathoms); Florida Family Liotiidae GENUS LIOTIA Gray 1842 LIOTIA VARIABILIS Dall. A minute shell of surpassing beauty. The star-like projec- tions upon the periphery, the close set wrinkles upon the surface and the curious projections within the umbilicus are char- acteristic features. Diameter 4 mm. Depth range 22-220 fathoms. PI. 32, Fig. 8 North Carolina to the West Indies EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 81 Family Phaslanellidae GENUS PHASIANELLA Lamarck 1804 (PHEASANT SHELLS) Shell generally imperforate; epi- dermis lacking; surface porcellanous, usu- ally polished and varied with brilliant color patterns; operculum shelly, solid, externally white and convex. PHASIANELLA TESSELLATA Potiez and Michaud. Checkered Pheasant. Whorls four to five, the last large and bluntly angled at periphery; apex blunt; columella with white callus; umbilical area excavated, often perforate; color white, yellow or red, clouded with white, red or brown; encircled with narrow orange or red lines. Length 5 . 5 mm. This shell lives at low-tide mark upon seaweed attached to rocks. It is rather frequent at Palm Beach, Florida and for some distance southward. PI. 29, Fig. 18 Florida and West Indies PHASIANELLA AFFINIS C. B. Adams. Often found associated with P. tessellata this shell differs in the possession of close and regular punctations of pink or orange and white instead of the encircling lines, suture also more impressed; apex acute and rose color. Length 8 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 19 Florida and West Indies PHASIANELLA UMBILICATA Orbigny. Whorls five, very convex, sutures deeply impressed; umbilicus narrow but distinct; shell white with red punctations and longitudinal flames of red and white. Length 5 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 20 Florida and Cuba PHASIANELLA BELLA Pilsbry (P. pulchella C. B. Adams). Pretty Pheasant. A very small shell, usually less strongly angular than the example figured. Often the angles are absent altogether but the general form and absence of gloss are the same. Length 2.5 mm . PI. 31, Fig. 20 Biscayne Bay to Florida Keys Family Turbinidae Shell top- or pyramid-shaped; in- terior nacreous; marine, feeding upon sea- weeds; exterior brilliantly pearly beneath the epidermis. Many of the shells are used for ornamental purposes. GENUS TURBO Linne 1758 (WHIPPING TOP) The diversity of form is consider- able. Juvenile shells are not keeled so strongly and the spines when present are differently arranged. Operculum calcareous. TURBO CASTANEUS Gmelin. Chestnut Top. Shell orange, brown, or gray, often banded with flame-like white spots; suture partly channelled; whorls five to six with numer- ous spiral lines; aperture white, heavy callus upon columella. Length 30 mm. Not infrequent upon grasses in shal- low water of the Florida Keys. Range 0-25 fathoms. PI. 31, Fig. 11 North Carolina to West Indies; Gulf of Mexico TURBO CASTANEUS CRENULATUS Gmelin. Ribs provided with less conspicuous tubercles. North Carolina to West Indies TURBO SPENGLERIANUS Gmelin. Shell large, imperforate, white, spotted with brown, spire sharp, whorls six to seven, rounded; sutures widely channelled; seventeen smooth encircling ribs, as wide or wider than the spaces between; aperture white, outer lip sharp, broad white callus reflected over axis and below umbilicus, callus also ex- tending upon inner wall. Length 2.5 inches. Operculum pale brown inside, three to four whorls, exterior white and convex. PI. 40, Fig. 14 Gulf of Mexico and West Indies GENUS ASTRAEA Roeding 1798, Astralium Link 1807 (STAR SHELLS) ASTRAEA LONGISPINA Lamarck. Long-Spined Star. Shell low, almost flat below; whorls six to seven; periphery sharply keeled, with strong triangular flatted spines which extend over the suture almost to apex of 82 EAST COABT MARINE SHELLS shell, sixteen spines on final whorl; area of umbilicus often excavated but usually imperforate; interior silvery. Exterior whitish or light brown. Length 16-20 mm., diameter 30-60 mm. It lives upon grasses. PI. 31, Fig. 2 PI. 43, Fig. 9 Florida Keys and West Indies ASTRAEA LONGISPINA SPINULOSA Lamarck, Spiny Star. Shell conically elevated, whorls flattened above; keel usually with spines or knobs; exterior of operculum white or brown, very convex and smooth. Diameter 65 mm. PI. 31, Fig. 1 Florida Keys and West Indies ASTRAEA BREVISPINA Lamarck, Short-spined Star. Shell sharply keeled, short triangu- lar spines which decorate the suture and project there as well. Ten to fourteen spines upon the last whorl; area of umbili- cus excavated, whitish and surrounded by an orange-red area. Diameter 1.5 inches. PI. 31, Fig. 9 PI. 43, Fig. 6 Florida Keys and West Indies SUBGENUS LITHOPOMA Gray 1850 ASTRAEA TUBER Linne. Humped Star. Shell dull white or green, spotted above with brown; whorls six, the upper two smooth; base almost smooth, aperture silvery. Diam- eter 2 inches. It lives upon rocks near shore. Disabled specimens are frequent upon the east Florida beaches after storms, PI. 31, Fig. 3 Jupiter Inlet, Florida to Marti- nique ASTRAEA CAELATA Gmelin. Carved Star. Shell, imperforate, solid, whorls slightly convex, periphery subcarinate; below the suture a series of strong ribs which are oblique, finer ribs between them, rest of surface with strong revolving ridges; aperture very oblique; columella curved. Color greenish or white, presenting £> soiled appearance. Operculum oval, convex outside and white or brown with a granulose surface. Length 3 inches, diameter the same. PI. 31, Fig. 10 Florida Keys and Wust Indies ASTRAEA AMERICANA Gmelin. American Star. Shell elevated, whorls seven, the last whorl with thirty-six folds which terminate in knobs upon the keel of adults or spines in young specimens; outer lip generally crenulated. Operculum convex outside, white and with a granulose surface, interi- or of operculum dark. Length 1 inch. Abundant among weeds on sandbars of Card Sound, Florida. PI. 31, Fig. 6 Florida Keys and West Indies ASTRAEA IJffiRICATA Gmelin, Shell solid, imperforate, light brown or greenish in col- or, whorls seven; eighteen to twenty folds on last whorl, excavated at their centers, forming square descending spines on the sharply keeled periphery; base flattened, radiately striate, also four to six concen- tric lines; aperture oblique, wide, scal- loped at outer angle; columella two toothed below, its face a little grooved. Length 40 mm. PI. 31, Fig. 5 Florida Keys and West Indies Family Neritidae GENUS NERITA Linne 1758 (NERITES) Animal with broad, short, muzzle and long slender tentacles. Operculum calcareous with project- ing lobes upon the surface, the inner mar- gin of aperture corresponding to the same. Aquatic, although some species live out of the water near the sea, NERITA VERSICOLOR Gmelin. Variegated Nerite. Ribs upon surface broad and round with narrow grooves between, sometimes these almost absent; marked with zigzag stripes of red and black or spiral bands of one of these colors or both; interior white, outer lip toothed within, three to four dis- tant strong teeth upon columella margin. Diameter 15 to 30 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 11 Florida; West Indies NERITA PELORONTA Linne, Bleeding Tooth. Ribs broad and flatly rounded, marked with red and black; aperture white; outer lip feebly toothed inside, columellar margin with one to two strong central teeth, this EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 83 region more or less stained with red. Di- ameter 1-1.75 inches. The operciilum is shown as per the second figure reference be- low. PI. 29, Fig. 10 PI. 29, Fig. 21 Florida; West Indies SECTION THELIOSTYLA Morch 1852 NERITA TESSELLATA Gmelin. Checkered Nerite. Ribs ten to twelve, deep narrow groove be- tween them; numerous teeth within lip, larg- er ones above and below; columellar area with small teeth in center, flattened and with few granules. Diameter 18-24 mm. A common shell. All the Neritas live in rocky ocean stations, often partially concealing them- selves in crevices. They usually are abun- dant and easily collected well above low- tide mark. PI. 29, Fig. 8 Florida; West Indies NERITA FULGURANS Gmelin. Lightning Nerite. Shell with many rounded ribs which are sep- arated by cut lines, crossed by black, white creamish yellow or gray; aperture white, among the numerous teeth inside lip the two above and two below are not promi- nent; columellar area flattened with two minute middle teeth; adjacent area flat- tened. Length 1 inch. PI. 40, Fig. 16 Boca Raton, Florida to West Indies GENDS NERITINA Lamarck 1809 (NERITINEF) These are mostly fluviatile al- though some inhabit t?ie sea or brackish wa- ter. A few exotic species are terrestrial, clinging to foliage overhanging water. Others are amphibious, attached to the roots of Nipah and other palms. NERITINA RECLIVATA Say. Shell light brown or dark green, often with zigzag black lines; interior and columellar region white. Diameter 15-23 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 6 Florida and Gulf of Mexico NERITINA VIRGINEA Linne. Virgin Neritlne. A species excessively variable in color ornamentation. Fresh dead shells are very attractive and suggest various patterns of textile fabrics. The longitudinal darker color lines are covered partly with spots of the ground color. Diameter 6-20 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 9 Florida; West Indies; Brazil SECTION SMARAGDIA Issel 1869 NERITINA VIRIDIS Linne. Green Nerltine. The smallest species and a brilliant green or yellowish, more or less interrupted with white or black; area of columella greenish white. Diameter 7.5 mm. It is frequently found in "drift" upon sandbars in protected waters. PI. 29, Fig. 7 South Florida; West Indies; Europe SECTION PUPERITA Gray 1857 NERITINA PUPA Linne. A smooth, white, opaque shell, striped or finely reticulated with black lines; interior light orange brown. Diameter 8-13 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 12 West Florida to West Indies ORDER MESOGASTROPODA Family Epltoniidae (Scalidae) Shell usually pure white, lustrous, many whorled, whorls rounded and often sepa- rated, frequent transverse ribs represent- ing rest periods; operculum horny. The animal exudes a purple fluid when disturbed. The "staircase shells" are among the most beautifully formed mollusks. GENDS EPITONIUM Roeding 1798, Scalarla Lamarck Animal predaceous. Dr. Gould fed them raw beef which they ate voraciously. There are about two hundred known recent species and about the same number fossil. SUBGENUS NITIDOSCALA De Boury 1909 EPITONIUM ANGULATUM Say. Angled Staircase. Shell white, six to eleven separated whorls; nine to ten varices or ribs upon each whorl, angular above. Length 15-20 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 1 Connecticut to Texas 84 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS EPITONIUM CENTIQDADRA Morch, Shell white, thin, surface decussated by fine growth lines and spiral striae, the latter alter- nating in size; eight whorls, ten to eleven varices. Length 15 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 13 Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina EPITONIUM CLATHRUS Linn6. Trellis Stair- case. Shell pyramidal, eleven varices on each whorl, distant and subexpanded at su- ture, oblique on apical whorls; aperture oval; varices white but spaces between un- iformly yellow or spotted with that color, bands when present blackish. Length 10- 27 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 19 Palm Beach, Florida, to West Indies EPITONIUM EBURNEUM Potiez and Michaud. Ivory Staircase. Shell thin, delicate; twelve to thirteen erect, sharp varices; whorls nine, very convex, separated; suture well defined; color yellowish white. Length 20 mm. PI. 38, Figs. 2, Br Palm Beach, Florida, to West Indies EPITONIUM FRAGILIS Gray. Frail Staircase. Shell minute, imperforate; about twelve varices; nucleus glassy, bulbous, consist- ing of three to five whorls; five addition- al rounded, regular whorls; suture well im- pressed; color white. Length 4.5-6 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 15 Palm Beach and Punta Rassa, Florida EPITONIUM DENTICULATUM Sowerby. Toothed Staircase. Shell pyramidal; minutely spi- rally striated; varices numerous and with tooth-like angle on each varii near suture. Length 7 mm. One fresh beach shell has been re- ported from Sanibel. PI. 40, Fig. 17 Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; west Florida; West Indies EPITONIUM HUMPHREYSII Kiener (S. sayana Dall) . Humphrey's Staircase. Spaces be- tween the ribs polished smooth and with oc- casional faint microscopic spiral striae. The largest specimen examined by Dall had nine whorls and was 18 mm. in length. PI. 32, Fig. 6 PI. 69, Fig. 10 Massachusetts to Texas EPITONIUM KREBSII Morch. Kreb's Staircase. Umbilicate, but narrowly so; surface pol- ished; spiral striations irregularly placed; color white, often light yellowish above center of whorls; five to six convex whorls which are hardly Joined; varices ten, slightly toothed near suture. Length 7 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 5 Boynton, Florida to West Indies EPITONIUM LINEATUM Say. Shell white, whorls eight, sixteen to eighteen delicate ribs; upon the last whorl an encircling raised line and one or more brown bands; strong rounded lip; umbilicus absent. It is a rather variable shell, es- pecially with respect to the number of ribs. Length 12 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 3 Vineyard Sound to Gulf of Mexico EPITONIUM MITCHELLI Dall. Shell yellowish white with basal area and band above the periphery dark reddish brown; thin; numer- ous spiral ridges crossed by about eighteen distant vertical threads; base bordered by a low keel, imperforate; aperture higher than wide; decollate shell showing eight whorls, possibly three to four lost. Length 36 mm. The finest shallow water Epitoniiam on the Gulf coast. PI. 32, Fig. 14 Matagorda Island, Texas EPITONIUM MULTISTRIATA Say. Apex pointed, pale glassy few-whorled nucleus, followed by a few faintly sculptured turns, varices becoming close and flattened over strong spiral sculpture; one to two varices may be distinctly larger upon the final whorl; aperture more than one quarter length of entire shell. Length 12 mm. Stimpson collected this species at Beaufort, North Carolina and reported the animal as "hyaline bluish white, spotted with opaque white, the tentacles very slen- der and front edge of foot double." PI. 32, Figs. 11, 18 Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to Florida Keys EPITONIUM PERMODESTUM Dall. Length 38 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 17 North Carolina to West Indies EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 85 EPITONIOT SCIPIO Dall. Depth range 12-30 fathoms. PI. 32, Fig. 7 North Carolina; Gulf of Mexico EPITONIUM TOLLENI Dall. Shell narrow, whorls nine, gradually increasing in size; about seven lustreless varices on each whorl; suture well impressed; height of aperture greater than width; surface shin- ing. Length 10-15 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 4 North Carolina to West Indies EPITONimi TERES Bush. Range 14-16 fathoms. PI. 65, Fig. 8 Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina EPITONIUM TURRICULUM Sowerby. Umbilicus partly covered, white, rather thin, often T;ith two faint chestnut bands; very close spiral sculpture; whorls eight to nine with twelve to thirteen ribs some of which are varicose. Length 18 mm. Range 16-2S fath- oms but not infrequently found upon the beaches after storms. PI. 32, Fig. 18^ North Carolina to West Indies SUBGENUS BOREOSCALA Kobelt 1902 EPITONIUM GROENLANDICUM Perry. Shell elongated; whorls gradually increasing, ten in number, closely contacted, a little con- vex, eight to fifteen stout flattened ob- lique ribs, the spaces between filled with six to eight rounded ridges and revolving lines; lip slightly expanded and producing an angle above. Length 1 inch. It is found in the stomachs of fish caught in Massachusetts Bay and upon the beach at Nahant, Massachusetts Range 10-109 fathoms . PI. 35, Fig. 15 Greenland to off Block Island, Rhode Island SUBGENUS OPALIA H. and A. Adams 1853 EPITONIUM CRENATUM HOTESSIERIANUM Orbigny. Shell thick, white, spirally striated; twelve low, close spiral ribs, less dis- tant on center of last whorl, forming cren- ulations at suture. The variety differs from the typi- cal West Indian shell in being much narrow- er. Length 11 mm. A rather rare species. ■ PI. 33, Fig. 14 Florida Keys and West Indies SUBGENUS CYCLOSCALA Dall 1889 EPITONIUM DUNKERIANUM Dall, Shell minute, texture glassy, about five lightly attached whorls, each rounded, about eight indented varices to each whorl; circular aperture, peristome free from wall of shell; umbili- cus large. Length 4.5 mm. A very distinct and beautiful lit- tle shell. PI. 32, Fig. 10 Palm Beach to Florida Keys; West Indies Family Janthinidae Fragile, whitish or purplish shells of graceful form; no operculum. Animal Fig. 41 Egg float of Janthina. Now life size pelagic, living some miles from land, fas- tened to float in which eggs are attached; float composed of vesicles filled with air, Fig. 41. Radula with a great number of elongated teeth, no central ones. Carnivor- ous and like Epitonium secretes a purple fluid when disturbed. GENUS JANTHINA Roeding 1798 (VIOLET SHELLS) Eyes invisible, tentacles forked so that each appears like a pair. Float found in both sexes, some species viviparous (producing young alive) . JANTHINA JANTHINA Linne (J. communis, J. fragilis Lam.). Whorls sloping, convex, violet white above, solid color below. Di- ameter 1.5 inches. This the largest Janthina upon our coast is sometimes blown ashore in consid- erable numbers after violent storms. When 86 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS the float is punctured the animal supposed- ly drops from its host, violet-colored Velellae and similar soft animals, and is washed ashore. PI. 33, Fig. 1 Nantucket, Massachusetts to the West Indies JANTHINA EXIGUA Lamarck. Upper portion of whorls slightly flattened, blunt peripheral angle, surface closely striate; decided notch on outer lip, light violet color, banded at suture. Diameter 12-18 mm. Apparently lives in the Gulf Stream off Florida. Quite common upon the east coast beaches, freshly dead. PI. 33, Fig. 2 Florida, Pacific, etc. JANTHINA GLOBOSA Swainson. A rounded, whitish shell, dark violet toward base; spire short; whorls rounded. Diameter 12 mm. PI. 33, Fig. 3 Florida and most warm seas Family Melanellidae Small shells, usually elongated, shining, polished; spire often curved to one side or distorted; outer lip simple, inner margin partly thickened. Mouth of animal without jaw or radula. These mollusks are generally para- sitic, living upon sea urchins and similar organisms. On account of their small size and lack of sculpture it is somewhat diffi- cult to separate the various species. GENUS MELANELLA Bowdlch 1822 Many-whorled, polished shells with corneous operculum. MELANELLA CONOIDEA Kurtz. A conical white shell with about thirteen whorls. Length 9 mm. PI. 33, Fig. 10 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida MELANELLA INTERMEDIA Cantralne. Rather solid, smooth, semlpellucid, white touched with light brown, whorls thirteen, aperture narrow. Length 7.5 mm. PI. 33, Fig. 11 PI. 71, Fig. 14 New Jersey to West Indies; Europe MELANELLA FDSUS Dall. A deep-water species included for comparative purposes. PI. 33, Fig. 9 Off Havana Light, Cuba MELANELLA SUBCARINATA Orblgny. Shell pyramidal; whorls eight, flat, the last bluntly carinated; suture margined. Length 3. 5 mm. PI. 42, Fig. 11 North Carolina to Florida and West Indies GENUS LIOSTRACA H. and A. Adams 1853 Shell minute, usually long and nar- row, whorls a little flattened on side, polished, often banded with color, aper- ture narrow. Inner lip thickened and slight- ly curved in center, outer lip sharp. LIOSTRACA ACUTA Sowerby. Shell elongated, dull white, twelve rather flattened whorls, aperture narrow; apex blunt. Length 8 mm. Range 2-100 fathoms. (Marco, Florida 2 fathoms.) PI. 33, Fig. 15 Off North Carolina to West Indies LIOSTRACA BILINEATA Alder. A narrow thin shell with a pair of bands in center of whorl and an indistinct one below suture; some examples with a blotch of color at base. Length 8 mm. PI. 33, Fig. 12 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies; Europe LIOSTRACA HEMPHILLII Dall. Length 3 mm. PI. 68, Fig, 11 Cedar Keys to Marco, Florida GENUS STYLIFER Broderlp 1832 Shell almost transparent, smooth, polished, apex sharp, often bent; inner lip smooth, outer slightly curved in center, no operculum. Parasitic upon sea urchins. STYLIFER STIMPSONII Verrill. A white, broad shell with a short spire and only four to five whorls, the last of generous size and with a revolving cut line Just be- low the suture. Length 3.75 mm. Depth range in the north 13-60 fathoms. PI. 33, Fig, 4 George's Bank southward to Florida Keys EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 87 GENUS NISO Rlsso 1826 Shell deeply umbillcated, many whorled, apex acute, last whorl angulated at periphery, operculum present. NISO INTERRUPTA Sowerby. A white, polished shell, often spotted upon the varices. A narrow band at the suture and periphery is usually characteristic. The varieties in- clude one which is tri-colored. Length 19 mm. A variety is shown on PI. 65. PI. SS, Fig. 17 PI. 65, Fig. 10 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico NISO SPLENDIDULA Sowerby. Surface smooth, whitish, highly polished; brown banded and sometimes spotted in center of whorl, also above and below suture. There are broad zones of yellow in the middle of the early whorls and both above and below the periph- ery on body whorl. Length 1-1.5 inches. The specimen figured was taken by the U. S. Fish Commission in 111 fathoms, mud, between the Mississippi Delta and Cedar Key. PI. 33, Fig. 16 Off Cape Fear, North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico Family Pyramidellidae GENUS PYRAMIDELLA Lamarck 1799 Distinguished by an elevated shell with sharp-pointed spire and numerous whorls; columella straight, with strong spiral plications; operculum horny, semi- circular, notched to fit plaits on columel- la. PYRAMIDELLA CRENULATA Holmes, Suture dis- tinctly crenulated; shell rarely light col- lored; columella brown and plaits on the same dark, even in pale specimens. Animal pale, tentacles flat, black eyes close together; movements sluggish. Length 14 mm. On the west coast of Florida It lives in from low water to 2 fathoms and prefers seaweed or muddy flats. PI. 33, Fig. 8 South Carolina to west Florida; West Indies PYRAMIDELLA DOLABRATA Linn6. A smooth white shell with three to four chestnut spiral lines on body whorl and two on upper whorls; outer lip often toothed inside. Length 1 inch. A very distinct and striking shell on account of its shining surface. It is quite frequent in the Bahamas and probably lives among the Florida Keys. Dead shells are sometimes found on the mainland beaches. PI. 34, Fig. 18 Southern Florida and West Indies PYRAMIDELLA CANDIDA Morch. Shell pure white, sometimes with an opaque white spi- ral line on middle of whorl and one to two small teeth in throat. Both toothed and toothless Individuals occur, possibly on account of local influences. Length 7 mm. Dr. Rush dredged this shell at 6 fathoms in Turtle Harbor, Florida; the writer off Tiger Key, Florida. It extends to a known depth of 200 fathoms. Fresh dead specimens have been taken on the beaches at various points. PI. 34, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico and West Indies PYRAMIDELLA FUSCA C. B. Adams. Shell light brown, semi translucent; sutures well marked; base inflated; aperture large and ear- shaped, outer lip thin; columella slender, reflected portion forming narrow umbilicus; oblique fold below insertion of columella; operculum very thin. Length 5.5 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 21 PI. 71, Fig. 15 Prince Edward Island to Florida PYRAMIDELLA PRODUCTA C. B. Adams. Shell light yellowish brown, translucent, suture well impressed, periphery of last whorl well rounded; outer lip thin; columella ob- lique, twisted and with a strong fold an- terior to its insertion. Length 5.1 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 15 PI. 71, Fig. 13 Massachusetts Bay to New Jersey PYRAMIDELLA WINKLEYI Bartsch. Shell semi- translucent, light yellow; whorls eight, the postnuclear ones moderately rounded with summits marked by growth lines and fine microscopic striations; periphery and base of final whorl somewhat inflated; aperture 88 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS ear-shaped, outer lip thin; columella twisted with an oblique fold sllghitly above its Insertion. Length 5.8 mm., diameter 2 mm. The unique holotype was taken at the following locality. PI. 34, Fig. 1 Branford River, Connecticut PYRAMIDELLA ENGONIA TERES Bush. PI. 65, Fig. 9 GENUS TURBONILLA Rlsso 1826 Many whorled, usually slender, sin- gle fold upon columella, outer lip contin- uous; usually larger than Odostomla and smaller than Pyramldella. TURBONILLA CURTA Dall. Shell waxen white, nine to ten Inflated whorls; nucleus sinis- tral; last whorl with about twenty-five close-set rounded ribs, extending from su- ture to suture, but little curved; no spi- ral sculpture; base almost smooth; surface polished; suture distinct. Length 8.3 mm. Dead but fresh examples are not rare upon the Sanibel beach. Range 15-640 fathoms. PI. 34, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico TURBONILLA AREOLATA Verrlll. "Shell obe- lisk-shaped, light yellow, nuclear whorls very small; postnuclear whorls almost flat, crossed by strong low axial ribs, ranging from twenty on the first to twenty-six upon the penultimate turn. The spiral sculpture consists of five rows of pits which cross the spaces but not the ribs; periphery of last whorl smooth, except faint continua- tions of ribs; outer lip thin, showing ex- ternal sculpture within; columella slightly curved." Length 5.1 mm. Range 2-8 fathoms. PI. 34, Fig. 8 Vineyard Sound to Long Island Sound TURBONILLA RETICULATA C. B. Adams. Smaller than T. Interrupta; spiral sculpture with aspect of threads rather than grooves; twenty-six to thirty ribs stepping at periphery, sometimes faintly visible in front of it; columella simple, twisted and straight, often with distinct plait. Length 2.5 mm. North Carolina to West Indies TURBONILLA CONRADI Bush. Shell waxen gray or yellowish; regularly colled; twelve whorls in addition to the flattened nucleus which Is transverse to the axis; suture dis- tinct, a little undulating; transverse ribs twenty- two, broad, rounded, slightly ob- lique, spaces between ribs wider and shal- lower, the latter crossed by conspicuous Incised lines, the lines becoming deep grooves above suture; base well rounded with three incised spiral lines and other smaller ones; columella straight, thickened, well reflected. Length 8.5 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 3 Tampa Bay to Tarpon Bay, Florida TURBONILLA HEMPHILLI Bush. Allied to T. dalli but more slender, longer, apex more pointed, whorls less convex, nucleus small- er, ribs more numerous; twelve whorls in addition to the small nucleus; transverse ribs about twenty, nearly perpendicular, rounded, equally wide deep spaces between; base rounded and smooth; surface covered with fine striae. Length 9 mm. PI. 34, Fig, 6 Sarasota Bay to Sanibel, Florida TURBONILLA INTERRUPTA Totten. "Shell slen- der, pale wax yellow; postnuclear turns quite high between sutures; low axial ribs a little wider than the spaces between, ribs Increasing from twenty to twenty-four upon the penultimate turn, also 11-14 deep spiral lines, all except the one upon the periphery equal in strength and spacing, the one immediately above periphery much heavier and forming a line of deep pits; peripheral band of last whorl free from sculpture except for faint continuations of the axial ribs, well rounded; base short, well rounded, with eight equally-spaced and strong cut spiral lines; aperture sub- quadrate, outer and basal lip thin; columel- la slightly curved and weakly reflexed." Length 5.7 mm. Range 2-107 fathoms. PI. 34, Fig. 2 Casco Bay, Maine to West Indies TURBONILLA WINKLEYI Bartsch. "Shell wax yellow; axial ribs twenty-two on the first, increasing to twenty-two upon the penulti- mate turn; spaces between of varying width; base short, rounded, marked by feeble con- tinuations of the axial ribs and about fifteen feeble wavy strlatlons; columella EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 89 slender, curved." Length 7.9 mm. A very variable form and the most abundant Turbonilla on our Atlantic coast. The yellow color and the shape are the most constant characters. Range 4-10 fathoms. PI. 34, Fig. 1S3 Salem to Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, Branford, Connecticut; off Penfield Reef, Long Island Sound TDRBONILLA DALLI Bush. A large, stout, bluish white, transparent shell with dull lustre; suture deep; whorls very convex; nucleus of two projecting whorls, followed by twelve usual whorls; ribs about sixteen to each whorl, often opaque, very strong, a little oblique; wide spaces between ribs, concave, with squarish ends often just above suture; base short, smooth; outer lip thin, turning to meet the straight, thick- ened, not reflected axial lip; surface en- tirely covered with fine microscopic striae. Length 8.4, diameter 2.2 mm. A rather frequent beach shell on the bars of Lake Worth Inlet Palm Beach, Florida. PI. 33, Fig. 20 Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; Palm Beach, Florida; Sarasota Bay, Florida TURBONILLA BELOTHECA Dall. Shell white, shining; whorls thirteen or more, gradually Increasing in size, only slightly rounded, suture well impressed; broad prominent ob- lique ribs extending on upper whorls from suture to suture, closer together and more numerous on body whorl; growth lines appar- ent on base, columellar pillar almost straight. Length 11 mm, PI. 34, Fig. 4 Palm Beach; Florida Keys; West Florida; West Indies TURBONILLA VINEAE Bartsch. Shell wax yel- low, nuclear whorls very small, two in num- ber; axial ribs broad and low, about twen- ty-two upon each whorl; intercostal spaces as wide as ribs, between sutures marked by fine growth lines and seven to eight deep- ly cut spiral lines of pits; aperture large, outer lip thin, showing external sculpture inside. Length 6.3 mm.; diameter 2.9 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 11 Wood's Hole, Massachuse its to Bran- ford, Connecticut TURBONILLA MIGHELSI Bartsch (T. costulata Verrill) . Whorls with eighteen to twenty- six strong axial ribs, spiral sculpture of coarse line of pits at periphery and twenty fine incised lines; the spiral markings passing up sides of ribs but not crossing them. Periphery of last whorl rounded; ten feeble wavy lines on base. Length 3.8 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 20 Wood's Hole, Massachusetts TURBONILLA ELEGANTULA Verrill. Range 2-10 fathoms. PI. VI, Fig. 6 Vineyard Sound to off New Haven, Connecticut GENUS COUTHOUYELLA TURBONILLA STRIATULA Couthouy. "Shell strong, milk white; nucleus of about one and one fourth smooth dextral turns, faint incremental lines covering entire surface of shell; low spiral cords upon early whorls which later become weak; sutures well impressed; base with eight spiral cords; outer lip thick inside, curving to sharp edge; columella curved." Length 13.6 mn. Practically all the adults lose the early whorls. PI. 34, Fig. 9 Nova Scotia to Buzzard's Bay SUBGENUS PARTHENIA Lowe 1840 TURBONILLA CEDROSA Dall. Length 5.5 mm. PI. 68, Fig. 4 Cedar Keys, Florida GENUS PERISTICHIA Dall 1889 PERISTICHIA TORETA Dall. Shell slender, yellowish white, whorls thirteen; nucleus minute, glassy, set on edge, with but two whorls; suture distinct, with plain or wav- ing thread behind it; behind this a strong nodulated spiral, then an Interval and two more spirals close to each other and su- ture behind them; about thirty-four nodules on circuit of last whorl; base with one strong cord and a deep sulcus outside it; pillar of columella straight, three strong internal lirae on outer edge; outer lip swollen, varicose; callus joining pillar and outer lips distinct and continuous. Length 11 mm. 90 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS This very distinct and attractive shell has been taken at Sanlbel, Florida. In Charlotte Harbor it has been dredged in 2 fathoms. At Key West it has been col- lected between tides. PI. 34, Fig. 2S West Florida to Key West GENUS OSCILLA A. Adams 1867 OSCILLA BISERIATA Gabb (T. nivea Morch) . Shell white, slender, three spiral ribs on each of the flattened whorls; two plain ribs below the nodulous ones on body whorl; three encircling ridges beneath the periph- ery forming folds on columella; about twen- ty-one nodules upon circuit of last whorl; nucleus glassy, rounded. Length 8.5 mm. A single specimen was dredged by the author on Featherbed Bank, Card Sound, Florida. Fresh examples occurred in drift taken near the Shark Factory on Big Pine Key, Florida. PI. 33, Fig. 13 PI. 68, Fig. g Card Sound to Key West, Florida GENUS ODOSTOMIA Fleming 1817 Few whorled, minute, usually short shells; columella fold single, outer lip entire. In Florida they may be sought for under oyster shells. ODOSTOMIA IMPRESSA Say. "Shell elongate, conic, milk white; nuclear whorls small, about half immersed in first succeeding turns; postnuclear turns flattened, shoul- dered above, marked by three strong deeply cut spiral grooves, the grooves cut by spi- ral threads; spaces between spiral grooves rounded on sides and obliquely flattened on top; sutures channelled, periphery marked by deep channel, like those above it; base well rounded marked by seven spiral grooves like spaces between sutures; outer lip thin, slightly sinuous at edge, showing external scxilpture within; columella very stout with strong oblique fold at insertion." Bartsch. Length 4.8 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 16 PI. 71, Fig. 11 Massachusetts Bay to Gulf of Mexico ODOSTOMIA SEMINUDA C. B. Adams. "Shell very elongate-ovate, milk white, at least two nuclear whorls; postnuclear whorls well rounded, somewhat shouldered at summit; nodular axial ribs increasing from eighteen upon second to twenty-four upon the fourth and penultimate whorl; also four low spiral ridges which divide the space between su- tures into four equal areas; spaces between spiral ridges about one-sixth as wide as ridges. The nodules are formed by the Junc- tion of the spirals and axial ribs; sutures channelled; base of last whorl with about seven incised spiral grooves; aperture ir- regular, ear-shaped; outer lip thick inside but edge thin; columella strong, twisted and reflexed, provided with oblique fold." Length 3.8 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 17 PI. 71, Fig. 10 Prince Edward Island to Gulf of Mexico ODOSTOMIA TRIFIDA Totten. "Shell elongate- ovate, shining white; nuclear whorls small, almost immersed in the first of the succeed- ing turns; postnuclear whorls almost flat- tened, sho\ildered at summit, crossed by three deeply cut spiral lines and a ■ faint one; these channels crossed by weak axial threads; sutures faintly Impressed; base rounded, marked by about ten feebly cut spiral lines which are irregular in strength and spacing; outer lip thin, showing ex- ternal sculpture within; columella short, with strong oblique fold at insertion; sev- en postnuclear whorls." Length 4 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 14; PI. 71, Fig. 8 Maine to New Jersey ODOSTOMIA BISUTURALIS Say. "Shell conic, milk white; nuclear whorls at least two, more than half immersed in the succeeding turns; postnuclear whorls moderately round- ed, somewhat shouldered at summit; spiral- ly marked by a deeply incised channel a short distance above the summits of the whorls; deep channel crossed by many fine axial threads; aperture large; outer lip thin, columella slender, strongly reflexed, with an oblique fold at insertion which is not visible when aperture is viewed square- ly; whorls eight postnuclear." Length 4.7 mm. Range 1-2 fathoms. PI. 34, Fig. 19 PI. 71, Fig. 7 Gulf of St. Lawrence to Delaware Bay. ODOSTOMIA BISUTURALIS OVILENSIS Bartsch. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 91 A larger shell than the typical, whorls more inflated and rounded, fine spiral sculpture more developed. Length 5.6 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 12 Sheepscott River, Wiscasset, Maine ODOSTOMIA MODESTA Stimpson. A shining, yellowish white shell; sutures well im- pressed; base inflated; rounded fine growth lines and faint spiral striations. Length 3.2 mm., diameter 1.8 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 10 Wood's Hole, Massachusetts Family Carinariidae Shell very delicate, symmetrical, glassy. Animal large, translucent, granu- lated; tentacles long and slender, eyes near their base. It is an oceanic swimmer, very agile, and propelled with a ventral fin. GENUS CARINARIA Lamarck 1801 (KEELED PAPER SHELLS) CARINARIA MEDITERRANEA Peron and Le Sueur. The animal is a gelatinous mass, swollen, transparent but with a well-developed head. It is provided with a sucker for attachment to any solid object when at rest. The cup- shaped shell, much smaller than the animal, is known as the "Glassy Nautilus" but is not related to the genuine Nautilus. Length of shell about 2 inches but variable. PI. 35, Fig. 1 New Jersey to West Indies; West Indies Family Atlantidae GENUS ATLANTA Le Sueur 1817 Shell fragile, transparent, whorls separated with distinct carina or keel; aperture oval; operculum subtriangular; Pelagic. ATLANTA PERONII Le Sueur. Early whorls elevated into a low spire on upper side, later whorls openly coiled but connected by keel; surface with fine growth lines, glassy. Diameter 12 mm. PI. 33, Fig. 22 PI. 66, Figs. 4, 4a PI. 74, Figs. 110, 110a Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies; tropics ATLANTA GAUDICHAUDI Eudotix and Souleyet PI. 74, Fig. Ill Family Naticidae The animal is conspicuous on ac- count of its voluminous foot which cannot always be entirely withdrawn into the shelL The latter is partially or entirely covered by the animal when active. Shell more or less globular in shape; aperture semilunar, sometimes very large. GENUS NATICA Scopoli 1777 Operculum calcareous (shelly); open umbilicus spirally ribbed. NATICA CANRENA Llnne. Shell brown, orna- mented with longitudinal zigzag brown streaks becoming darker upon the bands; um- bilicus filled and covered with a white callus; length 1 inch. PI. 35, Fig. 7 North Carolina to West Indies; Gulf of Mexico NATICA LIVIDA Pfeiffer (N. Jamalcensis C. B. Adams). Shell small, whorls five and five tenths, nucleus always minute and gen- erally dark brown; heavy brown callus ex- tending partially over umbilical area and upon wall above; usually one wide dark col- or zone, whitish below suture and at base, band apparent inside. Length of a Jupiter, Florida, specimen 13 mm. Generally more elevated than N. maroccana, coloring like N. triserlata. PI. 35, Fig. 6 North Carolina to West Indies NATICA MAROCCANA Dlllwyn. Similar to N. livida but chiefly distinguished by the operciilum with a double marginal rib, the outer half of which Is higher than the in- ner. The nucleus of the operculum is over- laid by a thin irregular callus often of a dark color. Length 55 mm. PI. 35, Fig. 16 North Carolina to West Indies 92 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS SUBGENUS TECTONATICA Sacco 1890 NATICA PUSILLA Say. A very small suboval shell, sometimes with one to two faint bands; callus pressed laterally into the umbilicus which is almost closed. Length 6 mm. Range 2-15 fathoms. The smallest Floridlan Natica. Often taken alive at Sanibel. PI 35, Fig. 11 PI, 69, Fig. 21 Casco Bay, Maine to Gulf of Mexico NATICA CLAUSA Brod. and Sby. Shell small, tinged with brown; whorls four to five, su- ture distinct; outer lip sharp, thickened; interior white; operculum calcareous. Length 16 mm. Depth range 16-1537 fathoms. PI. 42, Fig. 15 Labrador to off North Carolina GENUS POLINICES Montfort 1810 Shell generally smooth; umbillcate or closed by a callus; operculum corneous. POLINICES BRUNNEA Link. Shell conic, deep- ly umbilicated and with broad entering cal- lus; color brownish or orange-broTm, base and callus white. Length 30 mm. PI. 35, Fig. 2 Palm Beach County to Florida Keys; Texas; West Indfes POLINICES LACTEA Guilding. Shell ovate; epidermis when present thin and yellowish; umbilicus of moderate size, partly filled with entering callus. Length 1 inch. It lives In Lake Worth, Florida. The normal operculum is yellowish but occa- sionally claret colored. PI. S5, Fig, 15 Palm Beach to Florida Keys; Texas, West Indies SUBGENUS NEVERITA Risso 1826 Operculum simple, corneous. POLINICES DUPLICATA Say. Shell solid, ovate, compressed above so as to give a pyramidal outline; whorls five or more; spire rather prominent; aperture ovate, very oblique; lip thin and sharp; callus upon the parietal wall very heavy and wide; in- terior generally of a pearly lustre; umbil- icus deeply grooved inside. Length 2 inches. breadth slightly more. PI. 35, Fig. 9 PI. 70, Fig. 12 Massachusetts Bay to Gulf of Mexico SUBGENUS EUSPIRA Agassiz in Sowerby 1838; Lunatia Gray 1847 POLINICES HERDS Say. Shell globose-ovate, thick ash-colored, shining when epidermis is removed; growth lines distinct; whorls five, very convex; suture well marked; aperture ovate, lip sharp above, gradually rounded, thickened and expanded near the umbilicus; thin layer of enamel upon parie- tal wall; umbilicus large, round and show- ing the whorls to summit; operculum horny. Average length 2.5 inches, breadth 2 inch- es. A voracious mollusk which devours dead fish. It plows through the sand, a little below the surface, the position often being indicated by a heap of sand at the end of a trail. The eggs are deposited in clusters which in shape and thickness resemble an orange peel, easily bent without breaking when damp. When held up to the light the individual cells may clearly be seen. Each of these contains a gelatinous egg, with a yellow nucleus which is the embryo shell. Range 0-238 fathoms. Animal PI. 70, Fig.l. PI. 35, Fig. 14 PI. 70, Fig. 11 Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Caro- lina POLINICES TRISERIATA Say. Whorls five, usually with three series of dark spots on lower whorl, one on upper ones; umbilicus quite small, almost free; color yellowish white, epidermis also yellowish. Length 17 mm. An ivory-white callus is the most constant character. It is a variable form found on mud flats at low tide. Range 1-63 fathoms. The early stages of growth are shown on PI. 69. PI. 35, Fig. 8 PI. 69, Figs. 18, 19 Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Caro- lina POLINICES GROENLANDICA Moller. Shell sub- oval, ash colored; umbilicus partially cov- ered; surface glossy; spiral lines micro- scopic; whorls four, convex; suture deep; EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 93 callus and interior white; operculum horny. Length 18 mm. Depth range 70-80 fathoms. It has been taken from fish stom- achs in the vicinity of Massachusetts Bay. PI, 35, Fig, 17 Greenland to North Carolina POLINICES IMMACULATA Totten. Range 5-110 fathoms . PI. 69, Fig. 20 Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Caro- lina GENUS AMAUROPSIS Morch 1857 AMADROPSIS ISLANDICA Gmelin (N. helicoides Johnston). Shell dingy white, almost smooth and with dark yellow epidermis; whorls four, suture channelled; umbilical opening very small; operculum horny. Length 1 inch or slightly more. Depth range 27- 80 fathoms. PI. 42, Fig. 14 Labrador to Georges Bank GENUS SINUM Roeding 1798 (Slgaretus Lamarck 1789) Shell depressed, spire minute, aperture extremely large; revolv- ing striae upon exterior; white, epidermis when present very thin; oper- culum minute and horny. The mantle of the animal is highly de- veloped and covers the shell into which it is incapable of withdrawing entirely. Fig. 41a. SINUM PERSPECTIVUM Say. Flatly convex, ground white, epidermis yellow- ish; covered above with waved spiral striae; base flattened. Diameter 1.5 Inches. This Sinum, the commonest on the east coast, lives upon the beaches. PI. 35, Fig. 4 New Jersey to West Indies SINUM MACULATUM Say. Chestnut yellow at the suture, two series of spots or macula- tions upon the spire. Diameter 1.25 inches. Fig. 41a Sinum, ahowing ani- mal, F. Foot A rare shell, more convex than the last. PI. 35, Fig. 5 North Carolina to West Indies SINUM MARTINIANUM Phil. A rather solid chestnut-brown shell; growth lines rough; epidermis thin, fading to white on base; Interior dark brown. Length 1-1.5 Inches. This species is very closely relat- ed to S, maculatum. A living example has been collected in Lake Worth, Florida. PI. 53, Fig. 18 PI. 35, Fig. 18 Southeast Florida to West Indies GENUS EUNATICINA Fischer 1885 EUNATICINA SEMISULCATA Gray (Natica fordi- ana Simp.). Umbilicus deep and wide, bound- ed by an angle; whorls slantingly flat- tened above; color white, shining; five to six grooves encircling the shell. Length 14 mm. PI. 35, Fig, 3 PI. 42, Fig. 17 Jupiter Inlet and Sarasota Bay, Florida to West Indies Family j^amellariidae Shell small, thin, last two whorls rapidly enlarging; lip thin, aperture very large; surface sometimes covered with a velvety epidermis; no operculum; animal carnivorous , GENUS LAMELLARIA Montagu 1815 LAMELLARIA PELLUCIDA Verrill. Shell white, very delicate, transparent, smooth; interi- or of spire visible only when viewed end- wise. Length 12-16 mm. PI. 41, Fig. 9 South of Martha's Vineyard to off Delaware Bay; east Florida GENUS VELUTINA Fleming 1822 VELUTINA LAEVIGATA Linn6. Shell very frag- ile, transparent, whorls three, the last much expanded; epidermis brownish, arranged in regular spiral folds; interior smooth and shining; aperture almost circular. Di- ameter 16 mm. It may be sought for among seaweed upon the beaches and also in the stomachs of fish. Depth range 3-50 fathoms. 94 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS PI. 35, Fig. 12 Labrador to Cape Cod, Massachusetts Family Xenophorldae Shell trochiform; periphery carl- nated; surface dull, soldering broken dead shells, stones and foreign objects to its upper surface; aperture very oblique, outer lip thin; operculum horny. These mollusks frequent rough bot- toms and scramble over the ground like Strombus instead of gliding evenly. GENUS XENOPHORA Fischer der Waldheim 1807 (CARRIER SHELLS) ZENOPHORA CONCHYLIOPHORA Born. Upper por- tion of shell well covered with large bits of various shells and stones; face concave, strong curved growth lines and low narrow ridges; no umbilicus but a mere chink in young specimens; base brown in color. Di- ameter 8 inches, often larger. This remarkable shell is well camouflaged with its attachments. It car- ries a heavier load than the species from deeper water. Often living coral is found upon its back. Depth range 0-250 fathoms. It nas been collected living in Lake Worth, Florida, during the summer months . PI. 36, Fig. 1 North Carolina to Florida; West Indies XENOPHORA CARIBAEA Petit. In this species there are few if any attachments. The um- bilical perforation is often a mere chink or absent in some individuals. It has been taken in 14 fathoms. PI. 59, Fig. 4 Florida Keys and West Indies XENOPHORA LONGLEYI Bartsch. A remarkable shell which has only been obtained in deep water. Depth range 98-125 fathoms. Breadth about 4 inches. PI. 59, Fig. 3 Off Loggerhead Key, Tortugas, Florida Family Capulidae GENUS CAPULUS Montfort 1810 (LITTLE CAP) Shell conical; apex forward, spi- rally curved; aperture somewhat circular; muscle impression horseshoe-shaped. CAPULUS UNGARICUS Linne (C. hungaricus of authors). Shell cornucopia-shaped with curved apex; white or dull brown under a thin epidermis; finely ribbed, the ribs less conspicuous or absent near the margin; interior pink or white. Length 27 mm. It ranges, from shallow water to 85 fathoms, attached to rocks and shells, par- ticularly oysters and scallops. In cer- tain tertiary fossil beds it is very abun- dant. Radula PI. 68, Fig. 8. PI. 36, Fig. 15 Greenland to Florida CAPULUS INTORTUS Lamarck. Shell white, epidermis light brown, thin, very obliquely spiral; surface faintly decussated by the sculpture. Length 17 mm. PI. 36, Fig. 4 Florida Keys and West Indies Family Hipponlcidae Shell thick, non-spiral; apex for- ward and pointed backwards; surface varia- ble; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped. GENUS HIPPONIX De France 1819, Amalthea Schumacher 1817 not Montfort 1810 HIPPONIX ANTIQUATA Linn6. Shell white, apex forward; roughly and closely laminated, epidermis with short hairs. Length 19 mm. PI. 36, Fig. 3 Florida Keys and West Indies Family Calyptraeldae Shell limpet-like, with usually a discernible spiral apex; interior simple or partitioned by a shelly process to which are attached the adductor muscles. These "bon- net limpets" cling to stones or other shells and apparently remain fixed for life. GENUS CHEILEA Modeer 1793, Mitrularia Schum. 1817 Shell conical, often irregular; apex somewhat posterior and directed back- wards; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped. CHEILEA EQUESTRIS Linn6. Almost orbicular or irregular, solid or thin, exterior close- ly rayed with ridges or striations, edge EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 95 often crenulated; plate dish-shaped with puckered edge. Diameter 32 mm. This species will either excavate a cavity for adherence or else secrete a shell-like support corresponding to the operculum. Range 0-189 fathoms. PI. 36, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Texas; West Indies GENUS CALYPTRAEA Lamarck 1799 Shell conical; apex posterior; half cup-like appendage upon posterior side and fastened to apex, open in front. Exterior surface roughened or cancellated. CALYPTRAEA CENTRALIS Conrad. Shell very small, thin, rounded, spire well elevated; growth lines rough, white. Breadth 5 mm. Depth range 1-52 fathoms. This little shell lives in the shal- low water of Tarpon Bay, Sanibel, Florida. PI. 36, Fig. 9 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies GENUS CRUCIBULUM Sch\imacher 1817 (CRUCIBLE SHELLS) Internal process of shell cup- shaped with margin entire and attached at one side of shell. CRUCIBULUM STRIATUM Say. Shell oval, con- vex, with many slightly elevated, equal, equidistant radiating lines; summit in- clining toward the left side; inner process attached to shorter side of the shell. Length 1 inch. Range 3-189 fathoms. PI. 36, Fig. 8 PI. 69, Figs. 27, 28 Nova Scotia to Florida Keys CRUCIBULUM AURICULA Gmelin. The typical C. auricula is depressed and with fine ra- diating lines upon the outer surface. Di- ameter 1 inch or more. In Florida this species lives in fairly deep water off shore and rarely if ever has been found upon the beaches. In the West Indies it occurs in much shallow- er water and is frequently collected upon the shore. The typical shell and its vari- eties may easily be collected in the Plio- cene fossil beds of Florida. Depth range 25-100 fathoms. PI. 59, Fig. 7 Florida and the West Indies ing) (liv- CRUCIBULUM AURICULA IMBRICATUM Sowerby. Like the preceding but with fine radiating ribs upon the ribs. Occurs in the Caloosa- hatchie fossil beds of Florida. Pacific coast from Lower California to Panama (living) CRUCIBULUM AURICULA SPINOSUM Sowerby. Shell with radiating riblets, these provided with tubular spines or tubercles. It oc- curs in various tertiary beds of the south- ern states. PI. 55, Fig. 4 Monterey, California to Panama (living) CRUCIBULUM AURICULA COSTATUM Say. Radiat- ing ribs strong but without fine sculpture upon them. West Indies (living) Family Crepldulidae Shell oval, boat-shaped, spire im- perfect; cavity partially divided within by a horizontal partition. GENUS CREPIDULA Lamarck 1799 (QUARTER DECK, SLIPPER SHELL) CREPIDULA FORNICATA Linne. Boat Shell. Shell obliquely oval, apex turned to one side, generally close to margin of aper- ture; epidermis yellowish; diaphragm white, occupying about one-half of opening, one side marked by a distinct line, the other compressed against wall and united to it; free edge of diaphragm waving, one-half ex- tending beyond the remainder. Length 32mm. Animal shown on PI. 68, Fig. 16. PI. 36, Fig. 5 PI. 69, Figs. 23, 24 Prince Edward Island to Texas; West Indies CREPIDULA GLAUCA Say. Gray Slipper. Shell of a glaucous or grayish-green color, freckled with dots of a lighter color; apex pointed, projecting and central; interior dark brown or mottled, diaphragm white, mar- gin yellowish. Length 14 mm. Common on the ocean shore of Rhode I sland . 96 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS PI. 36, Fig, 6 Nova Scotia to Florida; Texas CREPIDDLA GLADCA CONVEXA Say. Convex Slip- per. Apex obliquely beaked; shell convex or high backed, otherwise as in C. glauca. Length 14 mm. or more. C. glauca and its variety are very closely related to C. fornicata. PI. 69, Fig. isr Nova Scotia to Florida; Texas CREPIDULA PLANA Say (C. ungulformis Lam.). Flat Slipper. Shell ovate, flat, concave, or convex, thin, transparent, white; apex minute, turned a little to one side; in- terior brilliantly polished and iridescent; diaphragm less than one-half length of shell. Length 30 mm. The radula is shown on PI. 68, Fig. IS. This mollusk lives attached often Inside dead shells inhabited by hermit- crabs. It is frequently curved to conform with the substance to which attachment Is made. The size and shape vary accordingly. PI. 36, Fig. 14 PI. 69, Fig. 26 Prince Edward Island to Texas CREPIDULA ACULEATA Gmelin, Thorny Slipper. Exterior covered with radiating prickly or spiny ridges; often with brown rays upon a white or yellowish base; interior frequent- ly spotted or rayed with brown; shelf white. Length 25-37 mm. PI. 36, Fig. 2 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies, California Family Truncatellldae Foot short and rounded; nead bi- lobed. Shell minute, shining, cylindrical, apex truncated; operculum subspiral. These little shells are found under stones, wood, and seaweed between tide marks. They often remain weeks out of the water. GENUS TRUNCATELLA Rlsso 1826 (LOOPING SNAILS) TRUNCATELLA BILABIATA Pfeiffer, Whorls 4.5- 5, convex, the last one no longer than the others; peristome double, outer one white and heavy. Length 5.5 mm. PI. 36, Fig. 13 Florida; Cuba; West Indies TRUNCATELLA CARIBAEENSIS Sowerby. Shell subcylindrical In adult state; amber color with delicate barely curved ribs, often be- coming fainter in center of whorls; 3.5-4 whorls, slightly rounded, the last Indis- tinctly keeled; aperture oval, inner lip thickened and pressed into the last whorl, outer lip reflexed. Length 7 mm. PI. 36, Fig. 11 Florida; West Indies TRUNCATELLA CARIBAEENSIS PULCHELLA Pfeiffer. Light horn or amber color; lightly ribbed, ribs not elevated; whorls 4-4.5, peristome simple, expanding with slight ridge at right extremity. Length 5 mm. PI. 36, Fig. 12 Florida; West Indies Family Rissoildae Shell small, often minute, more or less umbillcated; lip rounded; sculpture variable. These little mollusks live upon algae, oysters. Pinna shells and beneath sponges. GENUS RISSOA Freminville 1814 Shell more or less oblong, often thick, white or yellowish; operculum corne- ous. In this and the genus Rissoina the animal is remarkably active and bold. It is provided with long, slender tentacles, the eyes being placed near their bases. They quickly spin a byssal thread to use as a ladder when detached from some solid ob- ject. There are hundreds of known species and probably as many more awaiting discov- ery. They range to a depth of 100 fathoms but are most abundant in shallow water. RISSOA EXARATA Stimpson. Shell minute. Im- perforate; whorls five, evenly spaced; axial ribs elevated; lip thickened; aper- ture small. Length 2.7 mm. Depth range 3-107 fathoms. Bay of Fundy to North Carolina Family Rlssoinidae Shell turriculated; many, somewhat convex, whorls; apex mammillar; peristome interrupted by canal below. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 97 GENUS RISSOINA Orbigny 1840 RISSOINA BRYEREA Montagu. Shell solid, somewhat shining, white or yellowish; whorls seven, conspicuously ribbed. Length 5. 5 mm. Frequent upon both of the Florida coasts and the Keys. PI. 37, Fig. 19 Florida; West Indies RISSOINA CANCELLATA Phllippi. Shell white; ten convex whorls cancellated with sixteen to eighteen upright ribs and four to five revolving ridges, many ridges on base; out- er lip strong, notch at base pronounced; a faint encircling rib at base of shell. Length 8 mm., diameter 3 mm. PI. 37, Fig. 17 Florida Keys; West Indies RISSOINA CHESNELII Michaud. Shell white, shining; whorls eight, slightly convex; about fourteen strong ribs to each whorl with interspaces which are scarcely spiral- ly sculptured; oblique ridge at base of shell. Length 3.5-4 mm., diameter 1.5 mm. PI. 37, Fig, 18 Florida; West Indies RISSOINA DECUSSATA Montagu. A solid, white, shining shell with about twelve flat whorls; twenty-five to twenty-eight delicate ribs crossed by fine spiral lines; outer lip heavy, almost semi-lunar, canal Indistinct. Length 5-6 mm. PI. 37, Fig. S5 Florida; West Indies RISSOINA FENESTRATA Schwartz. Solid, white; twelve to fourteen longitudinal ribs to each whorl which are crossed by spiral ones, five on last whorl; lip varicose. Length 4.3 mm. Florida; West Indies RISSOINA LAEVIGATA C. B. Adams. Shell some- what shining, white or pale amber color; outer lip well thickened, often dentate; nucleus of several whorls and peculiar shape. Length 4 mm. Depth range 1-2S fathoms . Taken fresh after a September "blow" near the North Inlet, Palm Beach, Florida. PI. 33, Fig. 6 PI. 37, Fig. 16 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies GENUS ONOBA H. and A. Adams 1854 ONOBA ACULEUS Gould. PI. 71 Fig. 12 Bay of Fundy to Long Island Sound Family Amnicolldae GENUS HYDROBIA Hartmann (Paludestrina Orbigny 1840) HYDROBIA MINUTA Totten. A thin, smooth shell with a blunt apex; suture distinct; color varying from yellow-brown to iron color when fresh; whorls five, surface fine- ly striate. Length 3.5-4 mm. PI. 37, Fig. IS New England to Florida HYDROBIA SALSA Pilsbry. A gray or greenish little shell; surface with lustre like dull silk, finely striated; whorls 5.5. Length 3 .1 mm. It is more broadly conic in shape than H. minuta, the sutures less deep, aper- ture and last whorl larger. The first specimens were collected at Cohasset, Mass- achusetts living with H. minuta and Odo- stomla impressa. It delights in salt-marsh pools . PI. 7i, Fig. P? Rowley, Massachusetts to Ocean Coun- ty, New Jersey Family Lltiopidae Shell minute, pointed; slight notch in front of aperture; outer lip thin and simple, inner one reflected; operculum spi- ral. GENUS LITIOPA Range 18S8 (SIMPLE MOUTH SHELLS) LITIOPA BOMBYX Rang (L. melanostoma Rang). About nine whorls, slightly convex; color light brown, often bordered Internally with black. Length 5 mm. Pilsbry writes "To ascend through the water this little pelagic animal emits an air bubble enclosed in a glutinous se- cretion, which draws out a thread as it rises, and finally attaches itself to float- ing seaweed." Fresh seaweed, taken upon the beach, often contains this shell. By placing the weeds in fresh water the living shells im- mediately detach themselves and drop to the 96 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS bottom of a container. All over the world, in warm seas, this species occurs. PI. 37, Fig. 10 Off Martha's Vineyard to the West Indies GENDS ALABA H. and A. Adams 1853 Shell elongated, pointed; many rounded whorls; irregularly placed varices; aperture oval, lip barely thickened, smooth inside. ALABA TERVARICOSA Adams. Whorls about thirteen, gradually increasing, often bulg- ing and giving shell a distorted appear- ance; first five to six whorls darker, re- mainder with delicate revolving threads which are crossed by growth lines; several varices on each whorl. Length 6 mm. This beautiful little shell is often very thin, the interior partitions showing through the shell. It is rather frequent among drift along the beaches of Florida. PI. 37, Fig. 11 Tampa Bay; Southern Florida; West Indies Family Skeneldae Shell minute or small, depressed, few whorled; peristome continuous. Animal similar to Rissoa. Found living under stones, on algae and among roots of Coral- lina. GENUS SKENEA Fleming 1828 Shell nearly discoidal, few ^orled. SKENEA PLANORBIS Fabricius. Shell very minute, thin, opaque, brown or yellow in color; spire a little elevated; whorls four, suture deep; umbilicus wide. Diameter 1.4 mm. PI. 71. Fig. 18 Greenland to Florida; Europe GENDS ADEORBIS Wood 1842 Shell depressed, base flattened, white and often subtranslucent; aperture rounded, lip simple. Operculum corneous, smooth externally, the spire visible in middle of inner side. ADEORBIS BEADI Fischer. Shell white, acute- ly keeled at periphery, an equally strong keel below; about six fairly strong spiral ribs above periphery on last whorl with three to four much finer ones between these; upper surface diill but ribs usually shin- ing; nucleus glassy; umbilicus wide and deep; base shining and with numerous fine spiral lines. Breadth 9 mm. Beautiful examples have been taken at Sanibel and Palm Beach, Florida, upon the beaches. It is a rather rare shell. PI. 44, Fig. 9 Cedar Keys, west Florida to West Indies; Palm Beach, Florida ADEORBIS SUPRANITIDDS Wood. A small edi- tion of the preceding species; upper sur- face more shining, also an additional keel near the lombllicus. Breadth 2.5 mm. Depth range 15-25 fathoms but also sometimes found on the beaches. PI. 65, Figs. 7, 7a North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico Family Architectonicldae (Solarlidae) Shell widely and remarkably umblll- cated, the umbilicus bordered with a crenu- lated keel; solid, depressed; nucleus sinistral, oblique and with sculptured whorls; columella vertical; operculum horny and with a tubercle upon Its inner side. GENUS ARCHITECTONICA Roeding 1798 Solarium (SUNDIAL) ARCHITECTONICA BISULCATA Orblgny. Double- furrowed Dial, Shell small, umbilicus wide; spire hardly raised; whorls flat and with revolving grooves cut by furrows into granules, the rows nearest the suture being the strongest, also two rows on periphery; about same sculpture on base. Color dirty white. Diameter 10 mm. Range 55-440 fath- oms. All of the four species described have been taken upon the Florida beaches. PI. 37, Fig. 1 •^•ape Cod to West Indies ARCHITECTONICA GRANULATA Lamarck (S, verru- cosum Phil.). Granulated Sundial. Whorls spirally sulcate, four prominent sulcations and traces of others; growth lines of spire breaking surface into granules; ximbilicus EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 99 contracted, crenulatlons very strong; col- or brown or livid flesh with a band of brown spots next suture and elsewhere on surface; many ribs and crenulatlons upon base, ribs touched with brown. Diameter 8 inches, usually less. Many specimens have been taken alive in Lake Worth, Florida. PI. 37, Fig. 4 PI. 36, Fig. 10 North Carolina to West Indies; Pa- cific ARCHITECTONICA DELPHINULOIDES Orbigny. Dolphin Dial. Shell depressed, twelve grooves on body whorl, four on other whorls; margin slightly crenulated; aperture round- ed. Diameter 7.5 mm. PI. 37, Fig, 3 Yamato, east Florida to West Indies ARCHITECTONICA CYCLOSTOMA Menke. Round Mouth Dial. Spire of shell elevated; color red or greenish black, often with broken white bands above suture and on periphery; whorls longitudinally striated; ten spiral ribs, the three above periphery the most distinct. Length 13 mm. PI. 37, Fig. 8 Palm Beach, Florida to West Indies Family Littorinidae Shell without umbilicus, colored; aperture rounded, no notch in lip; opercu- lum horny, pauclspiral, nucleus of opercu- lum peculiar. GENUS LITTORINA Ferussac 1888 ^^^ERIWINKLES) Shell thick; whorls rounded, usual- ly few in number; outer lip acute, the in- ner flattened; aperture entire; operculum spiral, Radula is shown in Fig, 86, page 19, Certain of the species rarely, if ever, enter or are covered by the sea, Lit- torina frequently lives upon bushes and trees well back from the shore and Dr, Cooke suggested that it may eventually become a land shell. Cremnoconchus, practically a Littorina in anatomy and radula, exists in India upon rocks 30-50 miles from the sea. LITTORINA LITTOREA Linne. Shore Periwinkle. Shell solid, slightly glossy; color red. black or brown; rarely ridged but hardly smooth; aperture not so filled up as in L. saxitile; area of columella usually white; whorls six to seven; apex somewhat acute. Length 1 inch. This European species is persistent- ly pushing its way southward in this coun- try. It was first reported from Nova Scotia in 1863. It is a rock dweller and although the New Jersey beaches afford no foothold it had reached the jetties at Cape May, New Jersey in 1987. PI. 37, Fig. 13 Labrador to New Jersey LITTORINA OBTUSATA Linne (L. palliate Say), Blunt Periwinkle, Shell small, thick, smooth; spire small; usually of one color but sometimes with stripes and spots of varying shades; suture faint; outer lip acute. Length 81 mm. The animal's head is orange colored, darker above. It prefers a station exposed to the open sea and clings to rocks and sea- weed, PI, 37, Fig. 88 PI. 70, Fig. 5 Labrador to New Jersey LITTORINA IRRORATA Say, Lined Periwinkle, A chalk-like shell of rather heavy build, yellowish white with tinges of purple upon the apex and elsewhere, columella touched with orange. There are blunt elevated, en- circling lines, a white thick lip inside but with a thin edge. The interior is white. It prefers a quiet protected sta- tion, such as a brackish water estuary, where it often climbs upon the grasses. On the Indian River near Coronado Beach, Flori- da, it lives in abundance. Length 1 inch. PI 37, Fig. 80 Massachusetts to Gulf of Mexico LITTORINA GUTTATA Philippi. Spotted Peri- winkle. Shell thin, flesh color or dirty white, smooth, usually covered with a net- work of fine brown lines arranged in an ob- lique pattern. Length 8 mm. PI. 38, Fig, 19 Florida Keys and West Indies SECTION LITTORIVAGA LITTORINA SAXITILE Olivi (L, rudis Maton) , Rock Periwinkle, Shell yellowish, ash. 100 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS greenish or orange color, usually one uni- form color but sometimes banded with white; surface marked with distinct revolving lines and grooves; whorls four to five, con- vex. Length 12 mm. Separated from L. obtusata by the higher spire, the striated surface and the angle of the lip in front. It is also a rock shell preferring the open coast. PI. 37, Fig. 23 PI. 70, Fig. 6 Labrador to New Jersey SDBGENOS MELARAPHE "Megorle von Muhl- feld" Menke 1828 LITTORINA ANGULIFERA Lamarck (L. scabra of authors). Keeled Periwinkle. Shell quite thin, whorls well rounded, spire sharply produced; surface covered v ' th fine en- graved lines and slightly decussated by the growth lines; aperture oval; periphery usu- ally carinated. The color varies greatly. Gray, purple, yellow or red examples occur, often with darker oblique markings which are sometimes very faintly present. Length 1.25 inches. In Angelfish Creek, on the Florida Keys, this species occurs in great numbers, living upon mangrove branches above but not distant from the water. It often lives upon old piles and wharfs in p-otected places. PI. 37, Fig. 5 St. Augustine, Florida to West In- dies; west to Texas; Central Ameri- ca; Pacific LITTORINA ZICZAC Gmelin. Striped Periwin- kle. Whorls hardly rounded, well-marked keel near base of final whorl; entire sur- face covered with lightly imposed and wide- ly spaced grooves; lip projecting above the keel; aperture small. Color whitish, wavy stripes of brown color. Sometimes there is present a faint band; interior dark. Length 6-12 mm. The commonest rock Littorina in Florida. PI. 37, Fig. 24 Southern Florida and West Indies LITTORINA ZICZAC LINEATA Lamarck. Whorls more convex than the preceding, keel less distinct and color pattern less pronounced; grooves strong. Length 12 mm. PI. 37, Fig. 15 Jupiter, east Florida to West Indies GENDS TECTARIUS Valenciennes 1833 Solid, subconic shells with spines or tubercles; operculum paucispiral. TECTARIOS MURICATDS Linne. Shell perforate; eight rounded whorls which are slightly shouldered above; surface sculpture of about four rows of sharp nodules, five to eight on the base and fading out near the umbilicus; color grayish white or yellow- ish, interior light chestnut; outer lip strengthened, groove down columella from umbilicus. Length 1 inch or less. Near Boca Raton, Palm Beach County, this species lives shortly above to 25 feet above high-tide mark in coral-rock cup- sliaped depressions, possibly excavated by the Tectarius. Quoy reports the radula as being seven times the length of the shell. Pils- bry records a specimen of this species which revived after being isolated in a cab- inet for a year. PI. 37, Fig. 6 Jupiter Inlet, east Florida around Keys to west Florida; Bermuda; West Indies TECTARIUS TRGCHIFORIvIIS Dillwyn. Shell im- perforate; eight whorls; sculptured with revolving rows of sharp nodules; two more distinct rows on upper whorls, one below suture and another lower forming a shoulder. On the last whorl there are three more prominent rows, the two lower forming a double keel on the periphery. In addition to these there are revolving threads. The color is usually lead, the nodules lighter, interior dark, striped below. Length 18 mm. The dark epidermis, covered with algae, make these little mollusks rather difficult to see on the rocks where they usually live near the high-tide mark. They are often very common and associated with the preceding species although nearer the water where touched by the spray. It lives chiefly upon the lower Florida Keys. PI. 38, Fig. 20 Lower Florida Keys GENUS ECHINELLA Swainson 1840 ECHINELLA NODULOSA Gmelin. Often confused with the preceding but provided with a multispiral operculum which in T. trochi- formis is paucispiral. It is abundant on rocks at Boca Raton, Florida, and elsewhere. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 101 Length 18 nun. PI. 37, Fig. 9 North Carolina to the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico Family Lacunidae Shell thin, few whorled; inner lip oblique; umbilicus forming a groove. GENUS LACUNA Turton 18S7 (CHINK SHELLS) LACUNA VINCTA Montagu. Superior Chink. Shell small, whorls five; four to five bands; suture well impressed; outer lip thin; operculum horny. Length 6-12 mm. Often found among roots of Lami- naria and other marine plants, also on rocks and shells thrown on the beaches by storms. It lives in 1-120 fathoms. PI. 31, Fig. 15 PI. 71, Fig. 19 Labrador to New Jersey. LACUNA VINCTA FUSCA Gould. Dark Chink. Shell shorter, darker, stronger and more uniform in color than the typical; some- times with one to two bands or dark areas; the revolving ridges more prominent. It is often yellowish or purple in color. Maine to Connecticut LACUNA PALLIDULA NERITOI- DEA Gould. Pale Chink, 'ffhorls 3.5, the last very large; epidermis rough. Fig. 42 greenish yellow; outer lip Lacuna pallida sharp, the inner like a neritoidea, rounded white rib, twisted 5 mm. behind; umbilicus deep. Length 5 mm. Found on seaweed floated ashore, near Swampscott, Massachusetts and else- where. Fig. 42. Greenland to Connecticut. Family Turri tellidae • Spire of shell very long, many whorled; lip not thickened; operculum spi- ral . GENUS TURRITELLA Lamarck 1799 (TURRIT SHELLS) SECTION HAUSTATOR TURRITELLA VARIEGATA Linne. Variegated Turrit. Shell solid, apex acute, color wl-ilte or purplish brown, often with reddish striations; whorls fifteen to sixteen, spirally lined; suture deep, subchannelled, aperture quadrangular, lip simple. Length 80-90 mm. PI. 37, Fig. 14 Texas and West Indies SECTION TORCULA Graj 1847 TURRITELLA EXOLETA Linne. Plain Turrit. Shell v.hite or yellowish white, flamed with brown; whorls sixteen to seventeen, a por- tion concavely excavated; suture well marked; lower rib upon body whorl double; lip simple. Length 50-60 mm. Depth range 45-170 fathoms. PI. 28, Fig. 9 Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies TURRITELLA SUBANNULATA ACROPORA Dall. Length 1 inch. Depth range 3-413 fathoms. It has been taken, rarely, on tlie Sanibel beach. PI. 28, Fig. 8 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies GENUS TURRITELLOPSIS G. 0. Sars 1878 TUERITELLOPSIS ACICULA Stimpson. Shell small, white, thin; longitudinally striate and surrounded by transverse ribs, three of these being the strongest; aperture round- ed, lip acute. Length 6 mm. Depth range 1-50 fathoms. PI. 33, Fig. 5 Labrador to Massachusetts Bay GENUS TACHYRHYNCHUS Morch 1868 TACHYRFYNCHUS EROSA Couthouy. Shell pale broTm; ten whorls, grooved with three to five blunt furrows; apical whorls often eroded or broken off; aperture almost cir- cular. Length 25 mm. The animal is shown 102 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS on PI. 68. Young specimens may be separated from T. acicula by the less convex whorls and weaker ribs. Depth range 7-60 fathoms. PI. 33, Fig. 21 Labrador to Massachusetts Bay Family Vermetldae (Worm Shells) Shell often spiral when young, at- tached or free, irregular In adult; aper- ture round; operculum corneous. These animals live In sponges, mud, upon shells or coral and are very variable in growth, sculpture, size and color. Fig. 43 Vermetus nigricana GENUS VERMETUS "Adanson" Daudin 1800 VERMETUS NIGRICANS Dall. Shell brownish violet, irregularly convoluted. According to Johnson this is the species forming reefs of the so-called "worm rock." Fig. 43 West coast of Florida to Florida Keys GENUS SERPULORBIS Sassl 1827 SERPULORBIS DECUSSATUS Gmelin. Shell rath- er solid; solitary; whorls rounded, longi- tudinally sculptured; decussated by incre- mental lines, color yellowish white, streaked with brown. Depth range 10-22 fathoms. PI. 46, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Florida; West Indies GENUS VERMICULARIA Lamarck 1799 A thin membranous portion, sur- rounding the operculum, permits the animal to close its shell at the aperture and with- draw far inside for safety. VERMICULARIA SPIRATA Philippl. Shell chest- nut brown or lighter in color; longitudinal- ly carinated and striated. Length 6-9 inches. This well-known shell is sometimes a violet-brown. Depth range 0-175 fathoms. The writer found it abundant In shallow wa- ter, with muddy bottom, in Cortez Bay, near Sarasota, Florida. PI. 70, Fig. 4 Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to West Indies and Texas Family Caecidae Minute shells which develop through three growth stages. In the first the young shell is spiral, this portion being discarded after the formation of the second stage. The second, or adolescent stage, comprises a curved tube which, in turn. Is subsequently lost. In the adult stage the tube is of a similar curved shape and again closed by a septum or plug. Protruding from the latter there is sometimes a mucro, or horn, formed by the apex of the cone. Development of shell is shown in Fig. 44. Certain of the species are beautifully sculptured. On account of their small size they are frequently overlooked by collec- tors. A Frenchman, De Folln, specialized on these years ago and many of the species were described by him. They often live in large numbers under stones or inside sponges. Once a col- ony is discovered many Individuals may eas- ily be obtained. Fresh dead specimens, be- longing to several species, are often taken in "drift" on the beaches. GENUS CAECUM Fleming 1817 CAECUM PULCHELLUM Stimpson. Adult shell with about twenty-five rounded ribs and somewhat equal spaces between them; plug rounded; operculum concave and with eight whorls; young specimens with few well sepa- rated ribs. Length 2.5 mm. Depth 1-52 fathoms. PI. 69, Fig. 22 New Hampshire to the Florida Keys Fig. 44 Development of Caecum EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 103 Fig. 45 Caecum coronel- lUB, 4 mm. CAECUM CORONELLUM Dall. Shell thin, not much tapered; twenty- four equal, only slightly raised, threads; interspaces wider than threads; the tube near adult aper- ture suddenly enlarging in size; plug hemispherical; mucro small; surface glistening when perfect; young shell with much flattened plug. Length 3.75-5.5 mm. Fig. 45. Off North Carolina (14-18 fathoms) ; Egmont Key, Florida CAECUM CAROLINIANUM Dall. When living cov- ered with a thin yellow epidermis; white or translucent underneath or streaked with white; shell stout, thick arched; lines very faint; aperture simple; posterior end simple; plug conical, mucro formed by apex of cone. Length 4.75 mm. PI, 54, Fig. 10 Off North Carolina (15 fathoms); Egmont Key, Florida CAECUM COOPERI S. Smith. About twenty-four rounded longitudinal ribs crossed by numer- ous rings, the latter not so distinct at extremities of tube where ribs become obso- lete. Plug mucronate with apex inclining to left; lateral profile concave; operculum concave. Length 3,5 mm. The color is white, shell not very thin, moderately curved. PI. 66, Fig. 8 Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to Florida CAECUM FLORIDANDM Stimpson. In the adult stage it is recognizable by its comparative- ly large size and numerous an- nulations (those nearest the aperture being most distant and strongest); fine longitud- inal striae, particularly be- tween the rings. The plug has a slender mucro, set to the right and projecting from an Caecum flori- almost flat surface. Length danum, 2 mm. g mm. This species lives in shallow water and usually is the most plentiful Caecum in "drift" on the Florida beaches. Depth range 0-18 fathoms. Fig. 46 North Carolina to Florida Fig. 46 GENUS MEIOCERAS Carpenter 1858 MEIOCERAS NITIDUM Stimpson. Shell minute, shining, whitish or pale brown; swollen in center, contracted near aperture; plug con- vexly rounded; aperture concave. Length 2.5 mm. PI. 54, Fig. 9 Tampa, Florida to West Indies; Palm Beach, Florida; Newport, Rhode Island Family Trichotropidae GENUS TRICHOTROPIS Broderip and Sowerby 18S9 Shell thin, keeled, umbilicated; epidermis horny, extending like hairs at an- gles of shell; operculum horny. TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS COSTELLATUS Couthouy. Whorls four, suture deeply channelled; sev- eral rounded ribs or keels; timbilicated. Length about 18 mm. Epidermis shown in Fig. 2. Damaged specimens are often taken in the stomachs of fish. Depth 7-60 fathoms. PI, 55, Fig. 15 Labrador to Massachusetts Bay Family Planaxidae Shell imperforate, spirally sul- cate; epidermis thick; spire sharp; oval aperture notched below; border of columel- la with a ridge of tubercle above; opercu- lum oval, paucispiral, nucleus almost termi- nal. GENUS PLANAXIS Lamarck 1822 (FLAT AXIS) PLANAXIS LINEATUS Da Costa. Shell small, solid, whorls a little convex; sculptured with well-separated spiral grooves, most conspicuous upon the upper portion of spire and at base; outer lip heavy and slightly deflected above; notch below rounded; color yellowish or whitish with revolving brown or whitish bands, sometimes entirely yellow. Length 7 mm. This little shell is beautifully variable in color ornamentation. The ground color ranges from white to almost black and the lines are often absent from the final whorl. 104 EAST COAST JIARINE SHELLS Inside the Inlet at Palm Beach It lives under stones, between tides, espe- cially in May or June. Often hundreds of individuals are gathered together under one small stone. PI. 37, Fig, 8 Southern Florida and West Indies PLANAXIE NDCLEUS Lamarck. Much larger than the preceding; color dark reddish brown or light chocolate, sometimes almost black both inside and out; cut with widely spaced grooves; notch at base well defined and deep. Length 12 mm. Found at the same station as P. lineatus but deep under piles of rock and well above the low-tide mark. PI. 57, Fig. 7 Southern Florida and West Indies Family Modulldae Shell umbllicate, solid, sculptured; aperture rounded; columella with a sharp tooth at base. GENUS MODULUS Gray 1842 and 1847 MODULUS MODULUS Llnne. Spire low, periph- ery sharply keeled; last whorl descending at aperture; strong ribs and less prominent ridges upon surface; deep grooves between five to eight ridges at base; inside of lips with distinct ridges. Color white, spot- ted with brown; at the base the color pat- tern extending over the ribs. Diameter 15 mm. The animal has long cylindrical tentacles with eyes placed at about one- half their length. This species lives upon weeds in shallow protected water and may easily be observed with a water glass. It is very abundant in lower Blscayne Bay, Florida. PI. 37, Fig. 21 North Carolina to West Indies MODULUS MODULUS FLORIDANUS Conrad. Instead of the whorls being nearly flat as in the preceding this variety has them somewhat convex and radiately ribbed. North Carolina to Gulf Coast of Florida MODULUS ANGULATUS C. B. Adams (M. catenu- latus Phillppi) . Shell solid with a high, sharp-pointed spire; whorls flat or a lit- tle concave; base swollen, somewhat dug out adjacent to the umbilicus; fine encircling cords upon surface which cross the lines of growth and form little knobs. Color gray or brown, with touches of white on the ribs; base lighter. Length 15 mm. This species also lives at Panama and northward in Central America. PI. 38, Fig. 18 Florida Keys and the West Indies Family Triphorldae Shell minute, elongated, sinistral (left handed) , many whorled; aperture small, canal short. In addition to the sinistral form these shells are remarkable for their re- tention of the larval characters when al- most fully adult. The nucleus should be carefully studied. GENUS TRIPHORA Deshayes 1824 TRIPHORA DECORATA C. B. Adams. Shell white with large brown spots; three equal rows of beads and deep channels between; whorls sixteen, suture deeply grooved. Length 14 mm. Key West, Florida and Gulf of Mex- ico TRIPHORA PERVERSA NIGROCINCTA C. B. Adams. Shell dark brown, whorls thirteen to fif- teen; suture excavated; four rows of tuber- cles upon body whorl, two to three ridges below them; dark brown basal canal. Length 10 mm. Depth range 1-30 fathoms. PI. 38, Fig. 3 Massachusetts to Florida TRIPHORA MELANURA C. B. Adams. Shell slen- der, whorls about fourteen, with three re- volving rows of nodules arranged in slight- ly oblique rows; groove at suture the deep- est; aperture small; canal short, inclining a little to the right. Color white except the dark brown apex. Length 5 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 4 North Carolina to the West Indies TRIPHORA TURRIS-THOMAE Dlllwyn. Shell with about sixteen whorls, slowly increasing; suture indistinct; two revolving rows of nodules, upper row whitish, the lower brown; the two rows covering entire surface of whorls and divided from each other by a EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 105 groove; final whorl smaller than the previ- ous one; aperture very small; two canals which are open only at ends. Length 6 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 5 PI. 65, Fig. 6 North Carolina to the West Indies Family Cerithlopsidae Shell small, cylindrical, narrow, not varicose; whorls numerous; aperture small, canal almost straight. Mostly liv- ing in temperate seas. GENUS CERITHIOPSIS Forbes and Hanley 1829 CERITHIOPSIS GREENII Adams. Shell small, reddish black; whorls ten to twelve; last whorl with twenty to twenty-five folds or ridges; canal slightly turned, short and deep. Length 5 mm. It lives upon marine plants, short- ly below low-tide mark. Compared to the similar Bittium alternatum the shell bulges more, the whorls extend out and the canal is more impressed. It is also a smaller shell but the color is very similar. PI. 38, Fig. 6 PI. 71, Fig. 2 Massachusetts Bay to the West Indies CERITHIOPSIS VIRGINICA Henderson and Bartsch, Shell minute, brown except for yellowish apex; sixteen to eighteen strong axial ribs and three strong spiral cords on each whorl, forming tubercles where ribs and cords Join; rectangular pits between ribs and cords on all except last whorl where they are rounded; periphery of last whorl keeled; two spiral cords on base, out- er lip thin. Length 2.9 mm., diameter 1 mm. It was dredged in Virginia on eel- ^rass. PI. 38, Fig, 23 Bay at Chincoteague, Virginia; Mary^ land SECTION METAXIA Monterosato 1884 CERITHIOPSIS METAXAE Delia Chiaje. Whorls narrow, convex; nodules placed so that longitudinal ribs are visible; three spiral series of nodules on the upper and four on lower whorls; last whorl keeled at periph- ery, base smooth; lip cut out at base. Col- or varying from light brown to red. Length 8 mm. Range 2-220 fathoms. This little shell also lives in the Pacific and upon European shores. PI. 38, Fig. 1 North Carolina to the West Indies SUBGENUS LASKEYA Iredale 1918 CERITHIOPSIS SUBULATA Montagu (C. emersonii C. B. Adams). Light or brown, usually dark- er at suture; whorls flat and divided into three rows of granules by spiral sculpture, the middle row less prominent; suture deep- ly grooved; base smooth with cord-like ridges. Length 12 mm. Depth 2-15 fathoms. PI. 38, Fig. 2 PI. 71, Fig. 1 Massachusetts to the West Indies GENUS SEILA A. Adams 1861 SEILA ADAMSII H. C. Lea (C. terebrans C. B. A.). Ten flat whorls with sharp ele- vated ridges; base short, smooth, bounded by a ridge; color chocolate brown or yel- lowish. Length 10 mm. This shell was taken by the author under sponges at Ligniim Vitae Key, Florida, in shallow water. Dead examples may be found almost everywhere among minute shells. PI. 38, Fig. 22 PI. 71, Fig. 5 Massachusetts to Florida Family Cerithiidae Shell elongated, many whorled, often varicose; aperture channelled in front with an Inconspicuous posterior canal; operculum horny and spiral. GENUS CERITHIUM Bruguiere 1789 (HERALD'S HORN) Shell turreted, varices not pro- nounced; aperture small. CERITHIUM ALGICOLA C. B. Adams. Centers of whorls angulated; longitudinal ribs with more or less sharp knobs where they cross the angle; fine revolving raised threads covering surface; aperture rounded; columel- la concave; color white variegated with yel- low. Length 20 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 10 Southern Florida and West Indies 106 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS CERITHIUM EBURNEUM Bruguiere. Shell tuber- culated or granose; one row of tubercles larger and making an angle on center of up- per whorls; often pure white and with few varices. Length 25 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 13 Southern Florida to West Indies CERITHIUM FLORIDANUM Morch. Shell usually larger and broader than C. atratum, three to four strongly incised lines between principal pair of nodules, aperture often more shouldered; outer lip thick and marked by the terminations of the ribs which also are indicated inside the aperture. Length 30-35 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 7 North Carolina to West Florida CEKITHIDM ATRATUM Born. Shell with two rows of nodules, one of small nodules at suture and another of larger ones below and upon body whorl; four rows of indis- tinct granules and also close lines; gray with dark brown shades or entire covering of chocolate brown; aperture blue or vio- let when shell is dark. Length S5 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 15 Southern Florida and West Indies CERITHIUM LITERATUM Born. White, with granular interstices spotted with brown; shouldered by a row of tubercles just be- low the suture, another just above base of body whorl; a wide low varix on body whorl almost opposite the lip; outer lip thick- ened, extending above upon previous whorl; canal short. Color white, spotted with black, color pattern of exterior showing through inside. Length 20 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 11 Southern Florida and West Indies CERITHIUM VARIABILE C. B. Adams. Shell small, solid; whorls indistinctly rounded, three rows of tubercles and seven to eight on final whorl; varices scattered and al- ways one opposite outer lip; small aper- ture. Color dark, sometimes variegated with white. Length 12 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 8 South Carolina to Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies CERITHIUM MINIMUM Gmelln. Jet black or ashy, often with a white sutural band or white with a black band; low longitudinal ribs and indistinct revolving ridges which cut the ribs into nodules; between the re- volving ridges also faint threads; aperture fairly large with canal below turned well to the left. Length 15 mm. An excessively variable shell some- times confused with C. variabile. It is not so solid as the latter and more glossy, the aperture usually larger and canal more de- cidedly turned to the left. Some speci- mens, hov;ever, are difficult to identify. Length 13 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 21 Tampa to Florida Keys; West Indies CERITHIUM MINIMUM SEPTEMSTRIATUM Say. The name applied to specimens with a white su- tural band. Tampa to Florida Keys; West Indies CERITHIUM MINIMUM NIGRESCENS Menke. Uni- formly dark colored specimens. Tampa to Florida Keys; West Indies CERITHIUM MUSCARUM Say. Convex whorls crossed by rounded ribs; white or brown with minute chestnut punctations. Length 20 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 12 Southern Florida to West Indies CERITHIUIii LUTOSUIil C. B. Adams. WTiorls seven, suture moderately impressed, about seven rows of encircling nodules upon color zones which alternate from brown to yellow- ish and with finely incised lines between, all on the final whorl; only four rows of nodules on earlier whorls; Interior whitish but showing external color pattern. Length 9 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 24 Palm Beach, Florida; West Indies GENUS CERITHIDEA Swainson 1840 Aperture channelled in front; oper- culum corneous. CERITHIDEA AGUAYOI Clench (C. varicosa Sowerby) . Each whorl marked with a varix; these previous lips irregularly placed; whorls ten, about twenty-one vertical ribs on each whorl; surface dark brown with lighter colored varices and band at periph- ery. Length 22 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 17 Texas and Cuba EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 107 CERITHIDEA COSTATA Da Costa. Shell narrov/- ly elongated, many rounded longitudinal ribs, beaded more or less by spiral rib- lets; suture well marked; color dark brown and often white banded. Length 15 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 9 Tampa Bay to Florida Keys CERITHIDEA lOSTOMA Pfeiffer. Strongly ribbed and varicose, spirally striate, chocolate brown with narrow whibe central band. Length 22 mm. A narrower shell than C. scalari- formis. South Carolina to Texas; West Indies CERITHIDEA SCALARIFORMIS Say. Color vary- ing from whitish through light fawn to cho- colate, with contrasting dark or light lines; suture well impressed and marked by a narrow thread; riblets closely placed, spiral riblets less distinct. Upon the base of the last whorl there are exclusive- ly spiral riblets. Length 1 inch. It is a rather common shell on the Florida Keys, living near high-tide mark. PI. 43, Fig. 7 Georgia to Florida and Texas CERITHIDEA TURRITA Stearns. A rather thin little shell, varying from white to choco- late color with a feeble central line; ribs numerous upon the convex whorls; suture deeply grooved. Length 10 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 16 West coast of Florida to Texas GENUS BITTIUM Leach 1847 Shell elevated and with granular whorls; Inner lip simple; outer lip not re- flected. Small shells living mostly In temperate seas. BITTIUM ALTERNATUM Say (Bittium nigrum Tot- ten). Shell small, covered with a network of raised lines; color gray or slate; upon upper whorls, lower ones usually much light- er; whorls six to eight; aperture oblique, rounded and flaring, canal a mere notch; operculum horny with four to five spiral turns. Length 5-10 mm. Common on eelgrass at Nantucket and New Bedford, elsewhere on seaweed and stones. The young are sometimes so plenti- ful that the sand is not visible between them. These are very dark in color and ap- parently reach maturity the second season. PI. 38, Fig. 14 PI. 71, Fig. 3t Prince Edward Island; Massachusetts Bay to North Carolina SECTION DIOSTOMA Deshayes 1850 BITTIUM VARIUM Pfeiffer. Thin, diaphanous, grayish brown; plications lacking upon low- er portion of body whorl, that portion some- what varicose. Length 5 mm. It has been taken abundantly in the Metacumbe region of the Florida Keys; also at Palm Beach, Florida. PI. 38, Fig. 27 Virginia to Florida, Texas; West Indies SECTION STYLIFERINA A. Adams 1860 BITTIUM ADAMSI D&ll . Opaque white with a brown tint on early whorls; nine rounded whorls; nucleus acute and sculpture reticu- late; varices few, base imperforate, no trace of notch anteriorly. Length 3 mm. North Carolina to Florida and West Indies SECTION ALABINA Dall 1902; Elachista Ball 1901 BITTIUM CERITHIDIOIDES Dall. Smaller than the preceding and more elegant; nucleus of three whorls and seven more following; translucent with delicate brown painting; nucleus pale and glassy; at least thirty fine regular concavely arched riblets ar- ranged transversely. Dall states in his description that it suggests a minute Cerithidea with an im- perfect lip and a faint varix. Length 3 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 25 North Carolina to the West Indies Family Aporrhaldae GENUS APORRHAIS Dillwyn 1823 (PELICAN'S FOOT) Spire long; aperture long and nar- row, ending in a straight canal in front and a channel extending up the spire; outer lip dilated and heavily thickened. APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS Beck. Western Peli- can's Foot. Easily recognized by the 108 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS remarkably expanded lip. The sutures are well impressed, whorls numerous, ribs fre- quent. In perfect specimens the fine raised spiral lines are perfectly distinct but often less so upon the spire. The typical form lives in the deep- er waters of the Gulf of Maine and Gulf of St. Lawrence. It varies in size from bO- 70 mm. and has been dredged in from 20-88 fathoms. PI. 39, Fig. 8 Northeast coast APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS LABRADORENSIS John- son. Labrador Pelican's Foot. Much small- er than the typical form, spire more slen- der, lines more numerous and lip less ex- panded. Length of holotype 52 mm., taken by Owen Bryant in 7 fathoms. PI. 41, Fig. 4 Egg Harbor, Labrador APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS MAINENSIS Johnson. Maine Pelican's Foot. Separated on account of its more slender spire and fewer longi- tudinal costae, about eighteen on body whorl and fourteen on the previous whorl. The original lot described was dredged by Dr. C. W. Townsend off Northeast Harbor, Maine, in 5-6 fathoms. Growth stages are shown in PI. 39, Fig. 6 and rep- resent specimens secured by William Procter of Bar Harbor. PI. 39, Figs. 5, 6 Maine; Nova Scotia Family Strombldae Shell with an expanded lip, deeply notched near the canal. Operculum, in the typical forms, claw-shaped, serrated on the outer edge, strengthened by a mid-rib. Animal with large, well-developed eyes, placed on thick pedicels, tentacles small, rising from the middle of eye-pedi- cels; foot narrow, not adapted to creeping. Radula teeth single, three uncinal on each side. Shells cut to show the interior sections exhibit remarkable elevated and complex plaits at the posterior end of aper- ture, especially in young examples with a narrow aperture. These are caused by a posterior expansion of the animal's mantle. Strombus is a very active and pred- atory animal. It progresses by a series of jumps, turning the shell from side to side. When placed upon its back it can right it- self by a somersault. It is usually plent- iful in shallow water and the habitat range of the individual species is quite exten- sive. GENUS STROMBUS Linn6 1758 (STROMBS) STROMBUS BITUBERCULATUS Lamarck. Double- knobbed Stromb. Two large tubercles, upon the back of the shell, distinguish this species; shell gray, banded with chestnut, aperture yellowish-white and rose color; both edges of operculum entire and smooth. Length 3 inches. Often this species is associated with S. pugilis, living in shallow inland waters connected with the sea but not far from it. PI. 39, Fig. 1 Jupiter Inlet, Florida to West Indies STROMBUS COSTATUS Gmelin. Ribbed Stromb. A large white or yellowish, short, thick shell with a single large tubercle upon the back of the final whorl and a smaller one between it and the margin; aperture whitish, lip and columella touched with orange-brown. Length 4.5 inches. PI. 59, Figs. 1, 2 Florida and West Indies STROMBUS GIGAS Linne. Giant Stromb. Shell strong, spire small, spines large and long; epidermis yellowish brown, shell buff under- neath; interior polished rose color. Length 8-12 inches. The fountain shell is one of the largest living gastropods, often weighing five pounds. The earlier whorls, including apex and spines, are, in old individuals, filled with solid material. From the Baha- mas great numbers of this species are ex- ported to Great Britain for manufacture into cameos and porcelain. In the Florida Indian shell mounds various implements, including chisels, made from this shell have been found. It may be sought for in about ten feet of water with a bottom of sand. PI. 39, Fig. 2 Lake Worth, Florida to West Indies STROMBUS PUGILIS Linne. Fighting Stromb. Shell deep orange-brown or purple with a EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 109 thin epidermis; body whorl sharply spinose; lower portion of body whorl spirally stri- ate; anterior extremity truncated. Length 4 inches. A very abundant and well-known shell. It is especially characterized by the liration of the outer lip. The zigzag pattern is more frequent in northern speci- mens. West Indian examples usually are of a uniform color. A freak specimen is shown on PI. 58, Fig. 3 PI. 39, Fig. 7 Florida to Texas; West Indies STROMBUS PUGILIS ALATUS Gmelin. Winged Stromb. This, the spineless form, appears to be more common in Florida and the An- tilles . The example figured is from the Pliocene fossil beds at Loxahatchee, Flori- da. PI. 39, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Florida; Gulf of Mexico STROMBUS GALLUS Linne. Cock Stromb. Nota- ble for the remarkable extension of the aperture which is clearly shown in the il- lustration. The species is included for comparison with the Florida species. PI. 59, Fig. 5 West Indies Family Ovulidae Shell brightly colored, usually long and narrow, conforming in hue and shape to the foreign object to which it is at- tached. All the American species live upon Gorgonias or sea fans. GENDS CYPHOMA Roeding 1798 CYPHOMA GIBBOSA Linne. Spire of shell en- tirely concealed under a heavy callus, sol- id, narrower above; aperture f\ill length of shell, contracted above, wider below; outer lip thick, smooth inside and out, arched above where there is a slight canal; dorsal ridge slightly above center and extending squarely across it; suggestion of canal at base; color whitish, the extremities and sides of shell buff or cream color. Length 1 inch. Living examples have been taken in Lake Worth, Florida and also in Biscayne Bay. PI. 40, Fig. 1 North Carolina to West Indies GENUS SIMNIA "Leach" Risso 1826 SIMNIA ACICULARIS Lamarck, Shell varying from yellow to purple, thin, smooth, narrow, ends rather blunt; lip evenly margined; cal- lous mt-rgin on columella. Length 15 mm. This and the following Simnia match in color the sea fans to which they may be attached. PI. 40, Fig, S Off Cape Fear, North Carolina to West Indies SIMNIA UNIPLICATA Sowerby. Shell yellowish white to purplish in color, rather thin; polished; transversely and minutely incised with lines; narrow, with ends bluntly pro- duced; lip narrowly margined; posterior pli- cations prominent. Length 15-18 mm, PI. 40, Fig. 3 North Carolina to West Indies Family Cypraeidae Shell varying from cylindrical to pyriform, Inflated, ribbed, or pustulate but generally smooth and covered with bril- liant enamel; aperture elongated, narrow, more or less toothed; short canal at each end. The young Cypraea is quite differ- ent from the adult. It begins in a Bulla- like form, thin and with an unfinished lip; in the adolescent stage there is some thick- ening of the shell but the teeth are indis- tinctly formed. Upon reaching maturity the final color pattern is applied. The mantle of the animal almost completely covers the shell when active, and deposits the calcare- ous substance which distinguishes the vari- ous species. When the two unequal lobes of the mantle meet upon the back of the shell they form the "dorsal line," an area quite noticeable upon many Cypraea. The animal is shy and often feeds upon coral animals. It has the power to dissolve the interior partitions of the shell when more space is desired. The Cypraeas, or cowries as they are commonly called, are favorites with sl'.ell collectors. In India they are used for various trappings upon elephants and horses. Cypraea moneta, the money cowry, has been used for centuries as a medium of 110 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS exchange, chiefly in countries near the Niger. Uarco Polo observed them in use in Yunnan in the thirteenth century while in the Baltic region they have been found in prehistoric graves. GENUS CYPRAEA Linn6 1758 Surface brilliantly polished; spire concealed by last whorl, or abbreviated and covered with enamel. CYPRAEA CINEREA Gmelin. Shell brown, some- times ornamented with Jet black dashes; sides purplish-flesh colored; base cream white or like sides; interstices of teeth purplish. Length 1-1.75 inches. This species has been collected alive under stones on the Tortugas. PI. 40, Fig. 4 Florida; West Indies CYPRAEA EXANTHEMA Linne. A rather inflated pale chocolate-colored species with large round whitish spots and often with rings; teeth very dark brown; dorsal line whitish and straight. Length 3-4 inches. PI. 40, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies CYPRAEA EXANTHEMA CERVUS Linne. Shell brown with small white spots, base usually dark brown. Shell more inflated, not so long, spots not ringed as in the typical C. exan- thema, also usually smaller. PI. 40, Fig. 19 North Carolina to Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies CYPRAEA SPURCA Linn6. Shell spotted with yellow-brown upon a whitish ground; base buff or white; aperture slightly curved; teeth strong, short; sides pitted and mot- tled with yellow, often with brown spots on pits and sides. Length 30 mm. Fresh dead specimens are frequently found upon the lower east coast of Florida, living under rocks at low tide in May. PI. 40, Fig. 6 Florida; Mediterranean; East At- lantic GENUS TRIVIA Gray 1832 Shell generally small, subglobular; ridged above with dorsal furrow; surface scarcely shining; aperture narrow and long; canal above and below very indistinct. Animal quite different from Cypraea. TRIVIA CANDIDULA Gaskoin. Globosely ovate; ribs strong, rather conspicuous. Length 9 mm. PI. 40, Fig. 12 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Barbados TRIVIA NIVEA Gray. Globose, extremities very obtuse; ribs narrow, wrinkled. Length IS mm. Florida Keys to Barbados TRIVIA PEDICULUS Llnn6. Marbled with pur- plish brown upon a flesh-white ground; dor- sal furrow deep and straight, from which radiate coarse ridges over shell and Into aperture; dark spot each end of furrow and another each side in centre. Length 15 mm. The largest of our east coast Tri- vlas and a rather common one. PI. 40, Fig. 7 St. Augustine, Florida to Barbados TRIVIA QUADRIPUNCTATA Gray. Color purplish pink, often darker at ends, two darker spots each side of furrow, the four forming a zigzag row; ribs fine. Diameter 5 mm., length 8 mm. PI. 40, Fig. 9 Jupiter Inlet, east Florida to Bar- bados TRIVIA SUBROSTRATA Gray. Globose, dark chocolate-brown color; extremities slightly beaked; dorsal line well marked. Length 7 mm. PI. 40, Fig. 13 Florida Straits to Barbados TRIVIA GLOBOSA Gray. Shell white, rounded like a pea; aperture narrow; dorsal line well incised and extending to ends of shell. Length 11 mm. Depth range 23-640 fathoms. PI. 40, Fig. 8 Cedar Keys, west Florida to West Indies TRIVIA SUFFUSA Gray. Shell pinkish, ends touched with dark pink; ribs five and not very distinct; variegated with brown, base of a lighter shade. Length 9 mm. PI. 40, Fig. 10 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 111 Cedar Keys, west Florida to West Indies GENUS ERATO Risso 18S6 Shell minute, lips minutely crenu- lated; animal similar to Trivia. This group is related to Marginella, being in- termediate between that and Trivia so far as the shell characters are concerned. ERATO MAOGERIAE Gray. Gray or flesh color, shining. Length 5-6 imn. Taken alive by the writer upon twigs in shallow water at low-tide in Lake Worth, near Lower Inlet, Florida. PI. 40, Fig. 11 Florida; West Indies Family Cassididae (Metal Helmet Shells) Shell solid; spire short; whorls often varicose; aperture ending in short recurved canal; columella often plicate; outer edge of lip strengthened, toothed within; opercul\im corneous. Animal active and voracious; food consisting mostly of bivalve mollusks, proboscis cylindrical; mantle and foot of generous size. GENUS CASSIS Lamarck 1799 CASSIS MADAGASCARENSIS Lamarck. (C. cameo Stimp.). Surface spirally ridged but not honeycombed; interstices of teeth and ridges inside deep chocolate brown. Length 8-10 inches. Observed, by the writer, living in shallow quiet water of Lake Worth, Florida, close to the inlets connecting with the At- lantic. Only a small portion of the shell was visible above the surface of the sand. PI. 1, Fig. 1 Beaufort, North Carolina to the West Indies CASSIS INFLATA ABBREVIATA Lamarck. Spiral grooves placed equal distances apart; sur- face spotted with square zones of light chestnut upon a yellowish-white ground; columella granulate; outer lip toothed, often greatly thickened. Length 3-4 inches. PI. 41, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Brazil CASSIS TESTICULUS Linne. Longitudinally ridged, cut by spiral grooves, flesh color or darker; columella plicated entire length; strong teeth upon outer lip; mar- gins shaded and cross banded with orange brown. Length 2-3 Inches. PI. 41, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Trinidad CASSIS TUBEROSA Linn6. Triangularly ovate in shape; three rows of tubercles or knobs; spotted with chestnut and chocolate color. Length 6-8 inches. PI, 41, Fig. 5 Beaufort, North Carolina to Barba- dos CASSIS FLAMMEA Linne. Shell cream colored, clouded and crescent-marked with brown, these markings also on face which is stained with dark brown between ridges, interstices of teeth on outer lip also dark colored; three to four rows of separated blunt tuber- cles; spire longitudinally ridged, usually only below. Length 4-6 inches. PI, 41, Fig. 8 South Carolina; Lake Worth, Florida, to Florida Keys; West Indies GENUS MORUM Roeding 1798 Shell solid, surface covered with rows of prominent warty nodules; outer lip thickened, toothed inside; canal short, cal- lus of columella region extending over base and nodulous . MORUM ONISCUS Linne. Shell with low spire, whorls often sharply shouldered; three rows of nodules on body whorl; color white, spot- ted with brown or gray; outer lip dotted, interior white, callus white or purple. Length 1 inch. PI. 53, Fig. 7 Palm Beach (beach specimens); Florida Keys; West Indies Family Tonnidae Shell ventricose, spirally furrowed; spire small, aperture very large; no opercu- lum in the adult. Animal large, mantle dilated; foot with horizontal groove. 112 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS GENUS TONNA Brunnich 1772 Dolium Lamarck 1801 (TUN SHELLS) Shell thin, globosely oval. TONNA GALEA Linn6. May be distinguished by the sunken sutures and somewhat twisted columella; whorls seven; spiral ribs close set; chocolate-brown markings within the aperture. Length 9 inches, usually less. PI. 41, Fig. 6 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Texas; West Indies TONNA PERDIX Linn^. Shell inflated; about twenty low revolving grooves which are rather widely spaced, sometimes crossed by the growth lines; outer lip hardly thick- ened; umbilicus behind the reflexed, curved columella; color brownish or purple, occa- sionally marked with white spots. Length 4-9 inches. PI. 41, Fig. 7 Florida Keys to Brazil; Pacific; west Africa GENUS FICUS Roeding 1798, Pyrula Lamarck 1799 (FIG SHELLS) Shell fig or pear shaped, spirally ribbed or decussated; canal open and long; spire short; lip thin; no operculiom. Animal with very large foot; mantle covering sides of shell; siphon very long and narrow. FICUS PAPYRATIA Say. Shell brownisn white, interior somewhat darker; about thirty spiral ribs with less distinct ones be- tween; growth lines irregular; spire sun- ken. Length 3.5 inches. On Sanibel Island, west Florida, thousands of this species are washed upon the ocean beach after winter storms. PI. 41, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico Family Cymatildae Shell with disconnected varices, representing rest periods, not more than two of these to each whorl against three In Uurex; canal prominent; teeth upon lips. These shells are closely related to Murex but also show affinity to Cassis and Tonna. C. tritonis, the largest species. is used as a horn by the Australian and Polynesian islanders. In the West Indies and the Mediterranean live forms very sim- ilar to it. GENUS CYMATIUM Roeding 1798, Triton of authors CYMATIUM FEMORALE Linne. Epidermis yellow brown, the strongest ribs white where crossed by the varices, interior white, vi- olet or rose color. Length 3-7.5 inches. PI. 42, Fig. 3 Southern Florida and West Indies CYIJIATIUM AQUITILE Reeve (T. plleare L.). Shell light brown with contrasting white or dark revolving bands; whorls rounded, often with nodules on periphery, fine and coarser ridges crossed by faint ribs; canal often reflexed; interior and outer lip orange or red, teeth whitish, upper portion inner lip often almost black; epidermis hirsute, thin and light green. Length 2-6 inches. PI. 42, Fig. 4 Florida Keys; West Indies; Pacific CYMATIUM CHLOROSTOMA Lamarck. Color dirty white, varying to reddish ash, faint red or brown spots and revolving cut colored lines, interior reddish. Length 1-3 inches. Sculpture similar to C. aquitlle but with stronger ribs, often humped on body whorl, varices strong, outer lip ex- tremely heavy and with a double row of teeth within aperture. PI. 42, Fig. 5 Jupiter Inlet, East Florida to West Indies; Pacific SECTION TRITONOCAUDA Dall 1904 CYMATIUM CYNOCEPHALUM Lamarck. Light yel- low with darker indistinct bands; interior pale yellow; columella with brown spot. Length 2-3 inches. PI. 42, Fig. 9 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies SECTION GUTTURIUM Morch 1852 CYMATIUM TUBEROSUM Lamarck. Shell short; canal recurved; sculptured with irregular ribs which are nodulous; the interstices of the ribs Urate; often a strong hump on the body whorl and one or two smaller ones; out- er lip varicose with teeth inside. Color EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 113 white, marked with brown, often banded. In- terior dark, aperture white, Length 2 inch- es. PI. 42, Fig. 7 Florida Keys and West Indies SECTION LINATELLA In form and sculpture the species placed under this section approach the Ton- nidae. CYMATIUM CINGDLATDM PENINSULDM Maxwell Smith. Surface and interior whitish; num- erous revolving ribs, yellowish brown in color, the ribs alternating in size, wide and narrow; sutures well marked; termina- tions of deepest grooves between ribs marked with orange brown on outer lip; ca- nal short and oblique, whorls 4.5; epider- mis rather heavy; operculiim small. Length 2.75 inches. One living example has been col- lected in Lake Worth and a number of fresh dead specimens. It may eventually be found as far north as Cape Hatteras. The typical shell occurs in the West Indies and Central America. On PI. 44 a specimen of the vari- ety is shown with the epidermis and opercu- lum. PI. 1, Fig 2 PI. 44, Fig. 5 Lake Worth, Florida SUBGENUS MONOPLEX Perry 1811 CYMATIUM COSTATUM Born (T. olearium of au- thors). Shell lighc brown, varices and lip marked with brown; ribs often in pairs, sometimes broken by granules; epidermis thin and partly hair- like, shown in Fig. 47. PI. 42, Figs.l, Cape Hatteras, , WM ,: North Carolina X^ 'mt^f'i ' to West Indies •# GENUS CHARONIA Gistel 1848 (Septa Perry 1811) CHARONIA TRITONIS NO- Fig. 47 BILIS Conrad. A fine Cymatium costatum, large shell, brilliant- showing hairy epidermis ly painted with red and brown. This variety is heavier, short- er and more shouldered than the typical which lives in the Indo-Pacific region. Length 16 inches. PI. 1, Fig. 3 Palm Beach County, Florida to West Indies GENUS DISTORSIO Roeding 1798 (WRITHING SHELLS) Aperture contracted and toothed, narrow; columella reflected upon last whorl. DISTORSIO CLATHRATA Lamarck (D. reticulata Link) . Shell whitish under a velvety yel- lowish-brown epidermis; canal long; surface divided into squares by the strong ribs; columella plait and lip varying from light to dark salmon color. Length 1.25 inches. An off-shore shell which has been taken living at certain times of the year in Lake Viforth, Florida, also upon the beach- es. Depth range 22-124 fathoms. PI. 42, Fig, 8 Lake Worth, Florida to West Indies GENUS GYRINEUM Link 1807; Ranella, Lamarck in Part (FROG SHELLS) Shell nodulous, two rows of varices opposite each other; outer lip toothed, in- ner one wrinkled; canal at base short, usu- ally reflexed; operculum horny. GYRINEUM AFFINE CUBANIANUM Orbigny. Shell yellow or flesh-colored, often rose tinted near apex; surface spotted with brown or red. The angles and tubercles vary In dif- ferent individuals. Length 1.75-2.5 Inches. It has been collected on the Dry Tortugas. PI. 43, Fig. 8 North Carolina to West Indies GYRINEUM CRUENTATUM Reeve (Ranella thomae Orbigny?). Shell short, yellowish or brown- ish white, often spotted with red; revolving ridges with tubercles, those on the periph- ery the strongest; posterior canal small, anterior canal reflexed; aperture white or purple, often with reddish spots on inside wall. Length 1 inch. A fresh beach specimen was tak.^n at Boynton, Florida, apparently the first rec- ord for the United States. PI. 42, Fig. 6 Boynton, Florida to West Indies 114 EAST COAST fiARINE SHELLS ORDER STENOGLOSSA Family Murlcldae Shell provided with a straight pos- terior canal; aperture entire; animal with a broad foot. GENUS MUREX Linn4 1758 (ROCK SHELLS) Ornamented with broad longitudinal varices, or rlb-llke thickenings, which represent rest periods in the development of the shell by the animal. The purple fluid which exudes from these mollusks was utilized by the ancients for a dye. Heaps of dead shells, largely broken, beside caldron-shaped holes may still be seen, as evidence, upon the Tyrlan shore. The radula of M. tenuisplna is shown in Fig. 25, page 19. MUREX BEAUI Fisher and Barnard!. In this fine and remarkable species the adults from rocky stations are frilled or webbed in form. These are invariably from deep waten Specimens from muddy bottoms and all young shells are comparatively smooth, showing no trace of the frills or webs. Range 82-183 fathoms . PI. 44, Fig. 3 Cedar Keys, Florida to West Indies MUREX CABRITII Barnard! . An adult shell may be pinkish white or of a fine uniform pink, without dots or marking whatever. It may be very spinous or the spines may be absent entirely. It may be separated from the other spiny Murlces by the short thick spines when present. In 1880, when the Man- ual was written by Tryon, only a solitary specimen was known and that without habitat. Since then it has been dredged in from 25- 164 fathoms. A specimen taken upon the beach at Sanibel measures 55 mm. in length. It has also been collected on the shore at Marco, Florida. PI. 44, Fig. 1 Marco, Florida, north and west to Texas; West Indies MUREX MESSORIUS Reeve. Almost spineless but varices thick, crossed by elevated lines, partly cut into tubercles, the lat- ter sometimes developed into short spines; no color dots or lines, epidermis heavy; canal much shorter than in the preceding species its nearest relative. Length rare- ly more than 2 inches. This is a small species compared with its cousins living in the Pacific. Fresh dead specimens have been tak- en by the writer at Palm Beach and living ones dredged on the Featherbed Bank in Low- er Biscayne Bay, Florida. PI. 48, Fig. 7 PI. 45, Fig. 10 Palm Beach County, Florida to West Indies MUREX MESSORIUS RUBIDUM Baker. The deep rose-pink form which apparently is confined to the west coast of Florida. Except for the color it agrees with M. messorius. It is not infrequently found at Sanibel. Cedar Keys to Marco, Florida SUBGENUS CHICOREUS Montfort 1810 MUREX RUFUE Lamarck. Remarkable for its frond-like spines which are most striking near the outer lip and adjacent to the ca- nal; color brownish, pinkish when worn; aperture more rounded than in other species, notched above; canal almost closed; about ten ribs upon the body whorl. Length 1.5-2 Inches. This very attractive shell may eas- ily be obtained at Sanibel and elsewhere. The young specimens, as well as faded old ones, are of a vivid or pale-pink color. PI. 44, Fig. 4 Cape Fear, North Carolina to Carte- gena, Columbia MUREX BREVIFRONS Lamarck. This shell pos- sesses long fronds in addition to spines, also close revolving striae; one to two nod- ules or knobs between the varices; interior white or chocolate broTm. Length 3 inches. PI. 44, Fig. 2 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cartegena, Columbia SUBGENUS PHYLLONOTUS Swainson 1833 MUREX FULVESCENS Sowerby (M. splnlcostatus Val.). Whorls about eight, many prominent spines which are often orange-brown in con- trast to the thin light brown epidermis and white shells; spines connected with raised ribs; canal narrow, almost closed in part, interior white; operciilum convex, dull out- side, interior varnish-like, except central portion or place of attachment which resem- bles a large fingerprint. Length of shell about 6 inches. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 115 This magnificent species was brought in from fairly deep water off Wilbur, Flor- ida, by fisherman and through the efforts of F. S. Webber. Depth around 30 fathoms. PI. 43, Fig, 2 North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas MUREX POMUM Gmelin. In this species there are no spines, a short canal, nodulous sur- face, dark brown bands and a lip sometimes tinted with chocolate color. The normal color of the aperture is pale salmon picked out with deep brovTi. Usually there are three varices but there may be four. Length 2-3 inches. PI. 43, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Venezuela MUREX CHRYSOSTOMUS Sowerby. This shell is characterized by one or two spur-like spines on a varix near the aperture. These spurs are generally at the left but sometimes on the back varix, rarely on the right hand near the margin; lips and interior more or less tinged with orange color. Length 2.5 inches. PI. 43, Fig. 4 Southern Florida and West Indies SUBGENUS PTEROPURPURA Jousseaume 1880 MUREX TRISTICHUS Dall. Shell delicate; varices placed at one-quarter of a revolu- tion each around the spire; aperture pear- shaped; canal bent to right; canal belong- ing to preceding varix behind it, persist- ent and bent to left; nucleus large, loose- ly coiled. This Murex is quite different from any of the shallow v/ater species. Length 10-20 mm. Depth range 152-450 fathoms. PI. 57, Fig. 18 Florida Strait and West Indies GENUS EUPLEURA H. and A. Adams 1853 (BORERS) The radula of Murex, the operculum of Thais and the shell resembling Gyrineum indicate relationship to various groups. EUPLEURA CAUDATA Say. Color varying from whitish to brown; livid inside; varices and intermediate ribs present. The peculiar shape of the shell is evident in the il- lustration. When adult the shell presents a well- cancellated surface. There are five transverse riblets on the back of the last whorl, between two varices; three riblets in front. Length 12-25 mm. PI. 45, Fig. 14 PI. 69, Fig. 11 Cape Cod to Florida Keys EUPLEURA CAUDATA SULCIDENTATA Dall. Spire more elevated than the preceding; spiral threads, except on varices, often absent or obsolete; generally whiter in color, larger in size; in adult form three flattish ribs on the back and two to three in front. Length 1-1.5 inches. PI. 45, Fig. 2 Gulf coast of Florida; Cuba GENUS ASPELLA Morch 1877 ASPELLA OBELISCUS A. Adams. Shell elevated, whorls about eight, nucleus smooth; later whorls with three major and three minor varices; arranged alternately; narrow, sharp, elevated riblets which overlap the varices and form slight spines at their in- tersection, chiefly on the major varices; canal long; narrow and plainly recurved. Length 1 inch, breadth 11 mm. The specimen illustrated was found by Mrs. Frank Lyman at Boynton, Florida, apparently the first record for the state. Tryon confused this species with Trltonalia intermedia. A. obeliscus is descended from the Pliocene A. engonatus Dall which occurs in the marl at Clewiston, Florida. Living ex- amples of the recent shell will eventually be dredged off the Florida coast. PI. 49, Fig. 11 Palm Beach County, Florida; Texas; St. Thomas, West Indies GENUS TRITONALIA Fleming 1828, Ocinebra Leach 1847 Varices numerous; operculum similar to Thais. TRITONALIA CELLULOSA Conrad. Aperture small, purplish inside, large prominent ribs with wrinkled lines between them. It lives chiefly 1" oyster beds; also observed by the writer living on coral rock, close to mangrove roots, on Little Pine Key, Florida. Length 12 mm. Range 0-14 fathoms. 116 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS PI. 45, Figs. 7, 11 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies TBITONALIA INTERMEDIA C. B. Adams. Shell elongated, spire elevated; whorls seven to eight, convex, sutures deep; six to eight revolving scaly ribs; aperture small, ca- nal short; color white or yellowish. Length under 1 inch. PI. 45, Fig. 20 Florida Keys; West Indies, Bermuda GENUS MURICIDEA Swainson 1840 Closely related to the preceding genus , MURICIDEA ^JULTANGULA Philippi. Shell whit- ish v/ith pale brown flecks, often with purplish or rosy suffusion about the aper- ture; when perfect the epidermis slightly hairy. Length 18 mm. A very variable shell in color but the rich pink mouth is most frequent. Ex- amination of the radula is desired as this may prove to belong to a totally different family. Fresh specimens possess a hispid epidermis with little triangular projection points. It lives in shallow water, particu- larly in the south, but has been dredged in 95 fathoms. PI. 45, Figs. 3, 12 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies MURICIDEA OSTREARUM Conrad. Shell gray; interior livid purple. This shell is often confused with Urosalpinx perrugatus with which it lives in the oyster beds. It may be separated by a longer, more sculptured and less excavat- ed shoulder to the whorl, also a wider and shorter canal. The operculum is also total- ly different with an apical nucleus (Dall) . Depth range 0-lS fathoms. Length of shell 1 inch. PI. 45, Fig. 18 PI. 43, Fig. 5 Tampa Bay to Cape Romano, West Florida MURICIDEA HEXAGONA Lamarck. Shell whitish, epidermis pale brown or yellowish; about five rows of spines on body v.horl, becoming less prominent below; canal long and open; outer lip thickened inside and with small teeth; apex often reddish color. Length 25-40 mm. Depth range 1-25 fathoms. PI. 44, Fig. 7 Palm Beach, Florida to West Indies GENUS UROSALPINX Stimpson 1865 (OYSTER BORERS) Somewhat coarser and stouter shells, canal deflected. UROSALPINX CINEREUS Say. Shell light brown or yellow, rarely with red bands; aperture pink, flesh color, brown or purple; about ten rounded ribs on body whorl which are widest and strongest in center of shell, these crossed by about fifteen spiral ridges; outer lip thin and crenulated. Average length 1 inch. This the well-known oyster drill probably also attacks other mollusks. PI. 45, Fig. 1 PI. 69, Fig. 6 Prince Edward Island to Florida UROSALPINX PERRUGATUS Conrad. A strongly shouldered shell with a longer canal than the preceding species; radiating lines more pronounced and wavy; some individuals much more slender; interior usually chocolate- brown color. Length 28 mm. PI. 45, Fig. 15 Cedar Keys to Key West, Florida UROSALPINX TAIilPAENSIS Conrad, Shell broad- ly shouldered; surface latticed by whitish vertical and horizontal ribs; outer lip well extended, the terminations of the spi- ral ribs forming projections; interior of aperture grooved to correspond with exteri- or surface; ground color often brownish in- side and between ribs. Length 1 inch. This shell very much resembles Eupleura with which it might be confused by the novice. PI. 45, Fig. 5 Cedar Keys to Cape Sable, Florida GENUS TROPHON Montfort 1810 Shell fusiform; varices numerous; spire conspicuous; aperture ovate; canal open, often deflected. TROPHON SCALARIFORMIS Gould. (T. clathrata of authors, not Linne) . Whorls eight, aper- ture half length of shell; thirteen to EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 117 sixteen varices which are arched like tiles; faint revolving sculpture on adult speci- mens . This the largest American Trophon sometimes attains a length of 53 mm. It is chiefly obtained from haddock stomachs. PI. 42, Fig. 16 Iceland to Labrador; Newfoundland Banks to Massachusetts Bay TROPHON TRUNCATUS Strom. V.'horls six; num- erous low, close-set varices which are often obscurely crenulate; suture well im- pressed; canal short and obliquely trun- cate; aperture and canal shorter than spire. Length 12-17 mm. Depth range 10-50 fathoms. The most common North Atlantic Trophon. PI. 44, Fig. 13 Finmark to Greenland and south to Georges Bank Family Thaisldae Shell striated, imbricated or tuber- culated; spire short; aperture usually small. Animal similar to Murex. Many of these mollusks produce a fluid which creates a crimson dye. This may be observed by exerting pressure upon the operculum. They are largely predatory and in Europe are destructive to the mussel beds . GENUS THAIS Roeding 1798; Purpura Brugulere 1789, not Martyn SUBGENUS PATELLIPURPURA Dail 1918 THAIS PATULA Linne. This species develops a capacious aperture and numerous nodules upon the back of the shell. These knobs are less distinct in mature specimens. The outer lip has sharp teeth inside the edge, the base being hardly notched. The color is dark brown, interior often bluish. Length 1-3 inches. A widely distributed species wl.ich varies considerably in size. PI. 45, Fig. 8 Jupiter Inlet, Florida to Brazil; Pacific SUBGENUS STRAMONITA Schumacher 1817 THAIS FLORIDANA Conrad. With or without two rows of low tubercles; sculpture strong; color whitish, blotched and streaked v/ith brown. The interior is often pale brown with a white border inside lip. Length 1-2 inches. This shell is common upon rocks al- most everywhere in Florida and along the gulf coast. The radula is shown on Plate 64. PI. 45, Fig. 9 PI. 48, Fig. 3 PI. 64, Figs. 3, 4 North Carolina to Texas; West Indies THAIS FLORIDANA HAYSAE Clench. Shell large, dull gray or brownish gray, whorls six to seven; two rows of large tubercles on each whorl slightly above center, these in turn two to three ridged, becoming two ridged at base; spire acute and produced; inner mar- gin of lip crenvilate; pinkish or orange in- side; suture deep. Length 3.5 inches. ■PI. 45, Fig. 13 Grand Bayou, Mississippi Delta, Louisiana THAIS DELTOIDEA Lamarck. Principal rows of nodules placed above periphery, bluntly pointed and indistinct row below; parietal callus broad, pink color and blotched with brown; blotches sometimes upon lip which is slightly crenulated; axis slightly twisted to form a short canal. Length 1 inch. A chunky form, usually well covered with incrustations and therefore not readi- ly detected upon coral rocks. PI. 44, Fig. 10 Jupiter Inlet, East Florida to St. Vincent, West Indies SUBGENUS NUCELLA Roeding 1789 THAIS LAPILLUS Linne. An excessively vari- able shell, both in form and color. It is very largely influenced by environment. Very thick heavy specimens are found in ex- posed situations on the coast of Maine. The shell is generally pointed at both ends. It is variegated with yellow, brown and white. Upon the surface are coarse revolving ridges. The aperture is thickened and has teeth inside. It lives on ocean rocks everywhere within its range and is also common in northern Europe. Length 1-1.75 inches. The ovicapsules are shown on PI. 69, Fig. 3. 118 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS PI. 45, Fig, 19 PI. 69, Figs. 1, 2, 3 Newfoundland to Connecticut THAIS LAPILLUS IMBRICATUS Lamarck. This beautiful variety lives in quieter and more protected stations. As the name indicates the exterior resembles shingles on the roof of a house. PI. 45, Fig. 21 Maine to Massachusetts GENUS SISTRUM Montfort 1810 (RATTLE SHELLS) Shell small, thick, tuberculated or spiny; aperture contracted by projections upon each side. Many of the Pacific Ocean species are brilliantly painted inside with orange or purple color. The following is rather a dusky representative. SISTRUM NODULOSUM Adams. A greenish lead color or blackish shell; nodules black, in- terior dark, teeth lighter. Length 12 mm. A colony has been observed living under stones inside the Palm Beach Inlet and another in Upper Biscayne Bay, Florida. It is often associated with Planaxis. PI. 45, Fig. 4 Palm Beach, Florida to West Indies Family Coralliphilidae The members of this family are usu- ally distinguished by shells with spines or undulating ribs, usually covered with fine close-set growth lines; interior white or more frequently pink or purple. The indi- vidual species are widely distributed, very variable, and mostly found below low-tide marks. They prefer coral, broken stone or shell bottoms. GENUS CORALLIOPRILA H. and A. (CORAL SNAILS) Adams 1853 CORALLIOPHILA ABBREVIATA Lamarck. Interior pinkish violet, or whitish, including the rather long open canal which is anterior; nodules crossed by ribs and very fine close- set sculpture, the ribs terminating upon outer lip in delicate crenulations. Length 20-25 mm. Depth range 15-100 fathoms. At Fort Lauderdale, Florida, this species was brought in on coral from off shore. It has also been collected on Carysfort Reef, Florida Keys. PI. 45, Fig. 16 PI. 59, Fig. 6 North Carolina to Florida Keys; West Indies CORALLIOPHILA DEBURGHIAE Reeve. This extra- ordinary species lives in deep water and oc- curs in both the Atlantic and Pacific. It is remarkable for the range in depth and varying temperature of the water. The most foliaceous and largest examples come from the greatest depths. Length 30 mm. Depth range 56-878 fathoms. PI. 58, Fig. 5 Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies Family Colubrarildae Shell elongated; aperture small; canal short. GENUS COLUBRARIA Schumacher 1817 COLUBRARIA LANCEOLATA Menke . A flesh-col- ored or yellowish-white shell, spotted with brown; eight to nine varices. Length 25 mm. Florida specimens are usually small- er in size than those from the West Indies. It has been collected living under pieces of coral, in shallow water, off Little Pine Key, Florida. During the summer it also occurs in Lake Worth. PI. 45, Fig. 6 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies COLUBRARIA TESTACEA Morch (T. obscura Reeve). A light brown shell with one or two revolv- ing zones of brown blotches; spire straight; varices far apart. Length 1-2 inches. PI. 42, Fig. 10 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies; Cape Verde Islands; Indian Ocean GENUS MONOSTIOLUM Dall 1904 Varices absent; surface usually sculptured. MONOSTIOLUM SWIFTI Tryon. Whorls seven to eight; aperture more than one-half length of shell; axial ribs most prominent upon spire, crossed by many spiral lines which bridge the ribs; canal broadest at posterior EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 119 end; outer lip thickened, toothed Inside with one denticle upon opposite side; color white, mottled with brown. Length 22.5 mm. Florida records of this species are dubious but it probably lives among the Keys. PI. 42, Fig. 13 Bermuda; West Indies Family Pyrenidae (Columbellldae) Shell small, aperture long and nar- row; outer lip thickened, particularly in the middle, toothed; inner lip crenulated; operculum very small. GENUS PYRENE Roedihg 1798 PYRENE OVULATA Lamarck. Whorls about seven; suture fairly distinct; entire surface lightly spirally grooved; Interior of mar- gin lightly toothed; shell white, clouded or mottled with red or brown. Length 15 mm. PI. 46, Fig. 25 Florida Strait and West Indies SUBGENUS COLUMBELLA Lamarck 1799 PYRENE MERCATORIA Linne. Trader Pyrene. Shell oval, thick, color variable; spire short; whorls five to six, spirally grooved; aperture two-thirds length of shell; outer lip strongly toothed inside; columella with about six small teeth below, two to three larger teeth above. Length 17 mm. An abundant form and a variable one. PI. 46, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies PYRENE RUSTICOIDES Heilprin. Rustic Pyrene. Shell smooth, white or orange color with white angular star-like spots near suture; spire short and sharp; whorls seven; outer lip with small white teeth; interstices of teeth dark chocolate color; epidermis hairy. Length 18 ram. The dark spaces between the teeth separate this from the preceding with which it might readily be confused. An European Pyrene, P. rustica, is similar to but not identical with this species. PI. 46, Fig. 2 Florida; West Indies GENUS ANACHIS H. and A. Adams 1855 ANACHIS AVARA Say. Greedy Anachis. Shell ovate in shape, light straw-colored; whorls six, nearly flat; suture distinct and some- what scalloped near folds upon the shell; aperture one-third length of shell; length- ened teeth within margin; operculum horny. Length variable. The typical form is abundant in Florida but does not extend southward of that state. It is rather small, dull col- ored, with only about ten ribs to the whorl and spindle-shaped. PI. 46, Fig. 24 Wellfleet, Massachusetts to Florida Keys ANACHIS AVARA SEMIPLICATA Stearns. Speci- mens of this form are long, slender and of a greenish color. The size is considerably larger than the other races. It is abun- dant on the bay side of Sanlbel, Florida, particularly In Tarpon Bay. Length 13 mm. PI. 46, Fig. 7 Cedar Keys to Sanibel Island, Florida ANACHIS AVARA SIMILIS Ravenel. A dwarf race, otherwise similar to translirata. Length 7 mm. PI. 46, Fig. 19 Massachusetts Bay to Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico ANACHIS AVARA TRANSLIPJITA Ravenel. This the commonest race of all Is brightly col- ored and many ribbed. It is also the most widespread in distribution. Often it is identified as the typical. Length 10-14 mm. PI. 46, Fig. 23 North Carolina to Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico ANACHIS HOTESSIERI Orbigny. Shell oblong; long ribs well separated; spirally striated; spire short; whorls seven; suture moderate- ly impressed; aperture sinuous; six teeth inside lip; columella subplicate; color yel- lowish brown and spotted. Length 7 mm. Depth range 35-85 fathoms. North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico ANACHIS OBESA C. B. Adams. Fat Anachis. 120 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Shell ventricose in shape, longitudinally ribbed, chestnut banded near suture and be- low on body whorl. Length 5-7 mm. PI. 46, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Florida; West Indies GENUS NITIDELLA Swainson 1840 (GLISTENING SHELLS) NITIDELLA CRIBRARIA Lamarck. Shell oblong, pyramidal, spotted often with whitish col- or; tip generally broken off; whorls seven to eight; upper teeth. Inside outer lip, larger than tl^e others; epidermis usually heavy and almost black or dark brown. Length 10 mm. This species is often abundant on rocks, between tides, on the Florida Keys and in Biscayne Bay. PI. 46, Fig. 5 Palm Beach County to Florida Keys; West Indies NITIDELLA LAEVIGATA Linne. Shell thin and shining under a light epidermis; base white with zigzag lines and chocolate-col- ored spots, the latter often upon the periphery; outer lip toothed, aperture large; whorls five to seven. Length 17 mm. In old specimens the apex is apt to be obtuse. PI. 46, Fig. 15 Palm Beach to Florida Keys; West Indies NITIDELLA NITIDULA Sowerby. Surface smooth, shining, whitish marked with brown; six whorls, the last one equal to three-fourths the length of the shell; aperture narrow, twelve teeth inside outer lip., black be- tween the teeth. Length 15 mm, A strikingly beautiful little shell, especially if obtained alive. It may be taken among seaweed, at extreme low tide, upon the ocean rocks at the north end of Palm Beach, Florida, PI. 46, Fig. 9 Jupiter Inlet, East Florida, south- ward to West Indies NITIDELLA MOLECULINA Duclos. Surface whit- ish with an open network of chestnut which become curved and darker near the suture; sometimes very dark colored but still ex- hibiting the pattern. Length 10 mm, PI. 46, Fig, 6 Florida Keys; West Indies, Pacific GENUS MITRELLA Risso 1826; Astyris, H, and A, Adams 1858 (LITTLE MITRES) MITRELLA FUSIFOR'JIS Orbigny, Shell white or yellowish, spirally sulcate; spire long, apex sharp; whorls nine; aperture oval, canal distinct, outer lip white and toothed. Length 6 mm. This species lives at moderate depths but is very rarely taken upon the beaches, PI, 33, Fig, 19 Southern Florida and West Indies MITRELLA LUNATA Say. Shell small, surface smooth, red-brown, two series of crescent- shaped whitish spots; aperture oval in shape, outer lip dark brown and toothed in- side. Length 5 mm. Their station is Just below low- tide mark, clinging to weeds and bits of shell. It is said to be abundant from the North Shore, above Boston, around to Buz- zards Bay, often associated with Bittium alternatum. In the spring of the year they venture out on the sands. PI. 46, Fig. 18 Prince Edward Island to Gulf of Mexico SECTION PLECTARIA Dall 1924 MITRELLA ALBELLA lONTHA Ravenel . Whorls about six, flattened, deeply channelled at suture; about fourteen slightly oblique axial ribs upon final whorl and spire but not extending below periphery; spiral grooves below periphery which extend in- ward upon columella; color white, often clouded with amber or brown color. Length 6 mm. It is not rare upon the beaches at Sanibel, Florida. PI. 46, Fig. 1 Gulf of Mexico and West Indies MITRELLA PURA Verrill. The writer has not seen this species. PI. 69, Fig. 13 Family Nassariidae Ovate-shaped shells, variously sculptured, inner lip smooth with enamel spreading over wall of shell; outer lip EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 121 toothed, internally crenulated. GENUS NASSARIUS Dumeril 1805, Nassa of Authors (BASKET SHELLS) Animal with broad foot, with horns in front and two little tails behind; very quick and active in its movements. NASSARIUS OBSOLETUS Say. Obsolete Basket. Shell dark reddish brown, covered with net- work of lines, often folded; aperture deep violet; outer lip sharp. Animal mottled with slate color and very active. It feeds upon dead fish or crabs and may be observed living in count- less numbers upon muddy shores away from the surf. Brackish water, well drained at low tide, is preferred. No shell of equal size is so abundant upon the north Atlantic coast. Old individuals are much eroded, particularly the early whorls, consequently adolescent examples provide better cabinet specimens. A greenish mould-like plant vegetates upon this Nassarius. Length 1 inch. PI. 46, Fig. 12 PI. 69, Fig. 9 Nova Scotia to west Florida NASSARIUS TRIVITTATA Say. Three-Banded Basket. Shell greenish white, surface cov- ered with network of lines giving a cross- barred effect, often three dark bands on lower whorls; shouldered at suture; raised lines within lip. Length 16 mm. Animal whitish, spotted with pe'.e lilac; see PI. 68, Fig. 13. Worn examples are frequently taken upon the beaches. PI. 46, Fig. 10 PI. 69, Fig. 7 Nova Scotia to St. Augustine, Flor- ida NASSARIUS VIBEX Say. Shell thick and short; surface with waving folds and revolving lines, zoned with light and dark areas; thick enamel upon inner wall of shell with granulations below. Length 10 mm. A common shell in Florida waters, rare in the north. Fresh dead specimens exhibit attractive coloring. There are a number of variations. PI. 46, Fig, 13 PI. 69, Fig. 8 Cape Cod to V.'est Indies NASSARIUS AiffilGUA Montagu. A short, solid form, whorls well rounded or shouldered; suture deep and distinct, sometimes with canal; thirteen to fourteen almost straight well-marked rounded ribs, extending from suture to suture, crossed by many fine ridges which alternate in size; aperture small, almost circular, outer lip thickened; color yellowish or white, spotted or banded with brown. Length 8-15 mm. PI. 46, Fig, 16 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to V.'est Indies NASSARIUS ACUTUS Say, Pointed Basket. Shell acute, whitish, cancellations resem- bling granules; transverse grooves deeper than the spiral ones; spire longer than body whorl; suture moderately impressed; outer lip incrassated. Length 12 mm. Related to N. ambigua but a much rarer shell. The peculiar lip separates it from the last species. PI. 46, Fig. 17 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico NASSARIUS CONSENSA Ravenel. Harmonious Basket. A rather slender shell with fine spiral threads and somewhat scalariform spire. The restricted callus area adjacent to the columella is a feature. Range 5-50 fathoms. PI. 46, Fig. 11 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico NASSARIUS HOTESSIERI Orbigny. Hotessier's Basket. In this species the spiral sculp- ture is rather pronounced, the ribs some- what infrequent, and the colinnellar callus moderately extended. It is from deeper wa- ter than the other species, occurring in 38-85 fathoms. PI. 46, Fig. 14 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies Family Buccinidae Shell notched in front, or with ca- nal reflected; animal carnivorous. GENUS BUCCINUM Linne 1767 (WHELKS) Shell few whorled, aperture large, canal short. The whelk is dredged in Great Britain for the market and eagerly sought by those with a slender purse. It may be 122 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS caught by baiting a basket which should be left down over night. The egg capsules are arranged in roundish masses which, upon reaching shore, are distributed by the wind. Each capsule contains five to six young. Mostly inhabi- tants of north- ern and Antarc- tic Seas they range from the Fig. 48 Egg case of Buccinum undatum shore to a depth of 100 fathoms. BDCCINUM UNDATUM Linne. Waved Whelk. An opaque, almost lustreless shell, sculptured with many fine thread-like spiral ridges arranged in groups; whorls seven to eight; shell wall glazed near inner lip; opercu- lum pale yellow with layers of growth re- sembling the epidermis of shell. Length 2.5 inches. There are many extraordinary varie- tal manifestations of this species, dwarfs, keeled, elongated, thin, reversed, two to three operculated shells. Some of the most remarkable have been taken off the English coasts. It lives from tide mark to consid- erable depths. In America the specimens are slightly smaller than the European ones. Tons of these whelks are carried to the British fish markets. In the year 1504, when Warham was enthroned Archbishop of Canterbury, there were provided for a feast "8,000 whelks at 5 shillings per 1,000." The curious spawn cells are called "Sea Wash Balls" on account of their being used by sailors to wash their hands. PI. 47, Fig. 6 Newfoundland southward to Charles- ton, South Carolina; Iceland to Mediterranean Coast of France GENUS PISANIA Bivona 1832 Shell oblong; spire prominent; out- er lip thickened, canal short; operculum ovate. PISANIA PUSIO Linne. Whorls ten to eleven; growth lines almost rib-like on upper whorls. the last becoming smooth; aperture fully half length of shell; outer lip toothed on outer edge; inner lip callus rising into a lip; frequent teeth at base of columella, white plaits on wall above and with canal above them. Color brownish purple with narrow darker bands and white arrowhead- like spots. Length 54 mm. PI. 47, Fig. 9 Florida Keys and West Indies PISANIA VARIEGATA Gray. Whorls eight to nine, suture indistinct; about nine strong nodules to each whorl; longitudinally grooved with raised lines which are darker than the ground color, the color of these often interrupted; last whorl much swollen at termination; outer lip elevated and fine- ly crenulated; canal slightly oblique; small tooth-like plait above and extending inside shell. Length 19 mm. A specimen collected under a sponge at Llgnumvitae Key, Florida affords the above measurement. It is a rather blackish shell. PI. 47, Fig. 5 Florida Keys to Trinidad; west Africa GENUS CANTHARUS Tritonidea Swain. Roeding 1798; (POT SHELLS) Surface generally cancellated; epi- dermis thick; spire pointed; outer lip thickened; Inner wall with tooth above. CANTHARUS TINCTUS Conrad. Colored Pot. Spire conical; low longitudinal ribs crossed by riblets; constriction at shoul- der leaving nodules; outer lip thickened, strongly ridged inside, inner lip with se- ries of plaits; color purplish brown, some- times varied with white. Length 1 Inch. PI. 47, Fig. 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Mexico CANTHARUS CANCELLARIA Conrad. Cross-Barred Pot. Aperture half length of shell; indis- tinct longitudinal plicae; crossed by wav- ing lines which are more elevated than the plicae, finer ones between; sharp distinct lines inside lip; plait at base of columel- la. Length 1 inch. PI. 46, Fig. 22 South Carolina to Florida and Texas EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 123 CANTHARUS AURITULA Link. Shell short, sol- id,; about eleven strong ribs upon last whorl, also carried to spire; also inter- mediate threads which are cut by the growth lines; whorls high, shouldered; strong nod- ules Just below suture; outer lip swollen behind with a prominent tubercle where a sutural series ends; strong deep entering plait on opposite side; color brownish, clouded with white. Length 22 mm. Allied to T. tincta this form is shorter and more solid; the shoulder is al- so more developed, while the strong tuber- cle on upper outer lip is a characteristic feature. PI. 47, Fig. 11 Florida; West Indies GENUS PROS Montfort 1810 (LIGHT SHELLS) Spire elevated; base notched; col- umella with folds at base; operculvun claw- shaped. PHOS CANDEI Orbigny. Whorls nine to ten, rounded; numerous slightly curved longitudi- nal ribs (about sixteen on last whorl) crossed by threads of three sizes; outer lip thick, with varix extending backward, sometimes varices scattered over shell; notch near base of lip well marked as in Strombus; plaits on columella; color yel- lowish white to brownish, with faint broken bands. Length 1 inch. It lives in 25-180 fathoms. One beach shell was taken at Palm Beach. PI. 46, Fig. 20 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies PHOS PARVUS C. B. Adams. Shell small, whorls about eight, separated by deep su- ture; eleven distinct, elevated, rounded longitudinal ribs, crossed by riblets; fine revolving threads between ribs making sur- face finely reticulate; varix behind lip very high and strong; notch of lip feeble; color pale brownish, knobs darker; white bard below middle of body whorl. Length 16 mm. Depth range 2-15 fathoms. PI. 46, Fig. 21 Charlotte Harbor, west Florida to Barbados, West Indies PHOS PARVUS INTRICATUS Dall. Length 13.2 mm. PI, .68, Fig. 6 Florida; West Indies GENUS ENGINA Gray 1839 Shell thick, nodulous; lip heavy, toothed inside; operculum claw-shaped. ENGINA TURBINELLA Kiener. Whorls seven; strongly ridged at periphery and tapering from this to base; row of low knobs just above suture and continuing around periph- ery of last whorl; surface with delicate revolving threads which cross growth lines and forming fine reticulations; aperture somewhat narrow and extended below; six to eight knobs within outer lip, the upper separated from the others; color black or reddish brown, nodules often white. Length 11 mm. PI. 47, Fig. 8 Key West, Florida; West Indies GENUS NASSARIA Link 1807 SUBGENUS NASSARIM Dall 1889 NASSARINA GLYPTA Bush. Length 4.5 mm. Range 14-63 fathoms. PI. 65, Figs. 5, 5a North Carolina to Florida Keys Family Neptuneidae A group which is largely boreal In distribution. The species mostly lack col- or except in the genus Busycon. The forms are highly diverse in shape and sculpture, the individual species themselves being ex- cessively variable. GENUS NEPTUNEA Roeding 1798, Chrysodomus Swain. 1840 (NEPTUNE SHELLS) Mostly colorless shells with a light brown or yellowish epidermis. NEPTUNEA DECEMCOSTATUS Say. Many -Keeled Neptune. Shell oval, contracted above and below; ashy-white surface; about ten round- ed reddish-horn colored keels upon lower portion of body whorl and two upon upper portion of whorls, the keels evenly spaced but one larger than the others; between the ribs and suture a broad excavated shoulder; umbilicus imperfect; interior white, grooved with brown near edge; operculum 124 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS horny. Length 3 inches. Range 0-50 fath- oms. It may be sought for on the beaches after severe storms on Massachusetts Bay but particularly northward. From Brooklln, Hancock County, Maine, it has been report- ed by Mrs. Alice Thayer as living close to the shore. PI. 47, Fig. 10 Nova Scotia to Massachusetts GENUS COLUS Roeding 1798, Slpho of Authors COLUS STIMPSONI Morch (Fusus islandicus Gould, not Gmelln) . Stimpsons Distaff. Shell elongated, bluish white; epidermis somewhat velvety and horn colored; eight whorls with evenly spaced encircling lines; aperture same length as spire; polished porcelain white inside, outer lip thin. Length 2.75 inches. Animal white with specks of black, eyes black. This off-shore shell is occasional- ly found upon the beaches, particularly in Maine and northward. Depth range 1-471 fathoms. PI. 47, Fig. 3 Labrador to North Carolina COLUS STIMPSONI BREVIS Verrill. Short Dis- taff. A short form which Is readily recog- nized. Range 10-17 fathoms. Maine to Massachusetts COLUS PYGMAEUS Gould small, six whorled, C. stimpsoni. It ha the young C. stimpso the apex of the pres pointed in contrast ton" usually found 1 Range 1-640 fathoms, tomy PI. 68, Fig. 9. PI. 47, Fig. PI. 69, Fig. Gulf of St. Una Pygmy Dl proportions s two more nl of slmll ent form be to the "dis n convolute Length 26 1 4 Lawrence to North Caro- staff. Shell similar to whorls than ar length, ing sharply torted but- d shells, mm. Ana- GENUS BUSYCON Roeding 1798; Fulgur, Montfort 1810 Shell somewhat pear-shaped; spire abbreviated; body whorl well developed, terminating below in a long and twisted ca- nal. BUSYCON CANALICULATUS Say. Shell large, pear-shaped; marked with revolving lines; whorls six, gradually diminishing, ending in a long and nearly straight canal; periph- ery beaded, nodulous and upon most promi- nent part of each whorl; broad, deep chan- nel at suture so that upper whorls are com- posed of an upright portion almost horizon- tal, forming a winding terrace which termi- nates in the pointed apex; epidermis dense yellow-brown with stiff curved hairs; brightly polished Inside; operculum small for size of shell, its Inner side strength- ened by a varnish-like deposit. Length 6 inches. The animal's foot is orange color. According to Stimpson, in eating it applies the end of the proboscis to a clam's foot and with a sudden jerk of the radula in- ward and sidelong extracts a strip of flesh. The writer has collected this spe- cies living upon the beach at Far Rockaway, New York City. PI. 49, Fig. 2 PI. 48, Fig. 2 Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico BUSYCON CARICA Gmelin. Shell pear-shaped, spire not turreted, suture not channelled; a series of tubercles Immediately above su- ture; canal long; interior brick red; apex of operculum at one end, strengthened by an entire rim of a dark substance. Length 7 inches. The largest convoluted shell on this portion of the Atlantic coast and the largest mollusk north of Cape Hatteras. Juvenile specimens and those from southern waters are the most brilliantly colored. PI. 49, Fig. 6 Cape Cod to St. Thomas, West Indies BUSYCON CARICA ELICEANS Montfort. When young like normal B. carica, later becoming more thickened, the spines more conspicuous and fewer in number, columella whitish. Sinistral specimens have been taken and Con- rad named it B. gibbosum. PI. 48, Fig. 6 North Carolina to Florida BUSYCON PERVERSUM Linn6. Shell sinistral, aperture brownish white; suture simple, tub- ercles distinct upon body whorl, less so upon spire. Animal Jet black. Old shells attain a length of 12 Inches. A freak is illustrated on PI. 58, Fig. 1 and a dextral EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 125 example on PI. 40. Easily recognizable on account of the left-handed shell. PI. 49, Fig. 7 PI. 40, Fig. 18 (Dextral) PI. 48, Fig. 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cuba BUSYCON PYRDM Dillwyn. Shell with deeply channelled sutures, no tubercles or spin- ous processes; ornamented with inconspicu- ous ribs or striae; epidermis hairy; color a yellowish rust inside and out. Length 3-4 inches. It lives in shallow water, usually on sand. PI. 42, Fig. 12 Cape Hatteras to Gulf of Mexico GENUS MELONGENA Schumacher 1817; Galeodes Roeding Shell solid, spire short, spiny; canal short; outer lip simple; operculum claw-like, nucleus apical. MELONGENA CORONA Gmelln, The spines which crown this species are gracefully arranged, often in double or triple series. It is an abundant shallow water shell, often living in and covered with mud. Length of typical shell S-5 inches. The range westward is doubtful. Authentic records from Alabama to Texas are desired. PI. 47, Fig. 2 PI, 48, Fig. 1 PI. 58, Figs. ?, 8 Indian River region; Florida; Florida Keys; west coast of Florida The varieties recently reviewed and described by Pilsbry in "The Nautilus" are ecologic and not true races. For conven- ience they may be arranged as follows: MELONGENA CORONA ALTISPIRA Pilsbry. An ex- tremely long, narrow form. The diameter is about one-half the length or less. Length 71 mm., diameter 31 mm. This form lives near the northern limit of the species on the Florida east coast. PI. 58, Fig. 4 Oceanus, Brevard County to Mate- cumbe Key, Florida; west coast of Florida MELONGENA CORONA INSPINATA Richards, Spines on edges of square shoulders entirely ab- sent; no traces of knobs in place of the spines; a few (six to eight) sub-basal spines present. Specimens have been collected at Sarasota and Terra Ceia, Florida. PI. 47, Fig. 7 Florida west coast MELONGENA CORONA MINOR Sowerby. The dwarf form, 2 inches long more or less, which lives in great profusion upon mud flats. Like the typical it may have few spines in a circle at base or spines at shoulder alone. In the Indian River region it has the tendency to become longer, being near- er the form altispira. PI. 58, Fig. 9 Florida MELONGENA CORONA PERSPINOSA Pilsbry. Large, heavy, wider than corona; shoulder spines projecting at right angles and doubled or tripled by accessory spines below the regu- lar series; lower series of spines invari- ably well developed. The example figured by Pilsbry measured 109 mm. in length. PI. 58, Fig. 6 Tampa Bay south to Marco Pass and Lossmans Key MELONGENA CORONA SUBCORONATA Heilprin. Shell wider and shorter than corona; strong shoulder spines extending at right angles and with basal series always present. PI. 58, Fig. 7 represents a form near this. Found fossil in the Caloosahatchie River Pliocene beds. PI. 28, Fig. 4 PI. 58, Fig. 7 Florida (Pliocene) MELONGENA MELONGENA Linne. Differs from M. corona in the possession of a distinct groove close to the suture. There are from one to three rows of spines on upper por- tion of body whorl and an additional row' be- low. Length 3-5 inches. PI. 48, Fig. 5 Florida Keys; West Indies 186 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Family Fasclolarlldae GENUS FASCIOLARIA Lamarck 1801 Shell rather solid, no umbilicus; spire elevated and sharply pointed; aper- ture with canal in front; outer lip simple, provided with raised lines internally; columella area concave with a few oblique plaits below. Operculum pointed at top, its nucleus apical. FASCIOLARIA GIGANTEA Klener. Shell very large, solid, whorls ten, with strong re- volving ribs and less distinct ones between these, large nodules near middle of whorls which become less distinct on the body whorl; outer lip ridged internally; canal long, open; three folds below columella; epidermis reddish or brown over the salmon or chamois-colored surface. Animal red and very conspicuous. Length of shell 2 feet or less, diameter 7-10 inches. One of the largest of Gastropod mollusks. It is often plentiful in quiet shallow waters and upon the open coast. At Sanlbel, Florida, it occurs in tidal pools. PI. 39, Fig. 3 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico FASCIOLARIA GIGANTEA REEVEI Jonas. Shell smaller than the preceding, nodules less prominent or lacking, shell also thinner. Length about 6 inches. It is not infrequent on the Gulf coast. Specimens have been collected at Marco, west Florida. Gulf of Mexico FASCIOLARIA TDLIPA Linne. Shell with about nine well-rounded whorls, suture distinct, both growth lines and revolving sculpture present; color pattern variable, often with an ash-colored or almost white base, over- laid with clouds and blotches of light brown, orange or red. Length 6 inches. In the typical shell the protoconch (that portion which emerged from the egg) and half whorl of the young shell are smooth, followed by whorls with longitudi- nal ridges which gradually give place to beaded ones on the ultimate whorls. Some Bahaman examples are shoul- dered upon the body whorl. There are from twenty-six to thirty-three dark spiral lines on the body whorl. Simpson writes "A mahog- any colored form is occasionally found on the Keys." It is sometimes confused with F. distans but is always sculptured near the suture, a feature lacking in F. distans. PI. 49, Fig. 1 PI. 1, Fig. 6 North Carolina to the Antilles FASCIOLARIA TULIPA SCHEEPMAKERI Dunker. In this variety the spiral grooves and ridges cover the entire shell. North Carolina to the Antilles FASCIOLARIA DISTANS Lamarck. Both Tryon and Rogers place this species under F. tulipa but Dall Indicated its validity. It is a smaller and smoother shell with only indistinct spiral sulcatlons. An in- ternal ridge on the body whorl, in front of the suture, is peculiar. There are blue, gray or brown mass- es of color upon the whitish base together with five to six dark brown bands, some- times with additional feeble bands. The length varies from 2.5-3.5 inches. PI. 49, Fig. 4 PI. 1, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Florida and west- ward to Mexico GENUS LATIRUS Montfort 1810 Shell turreted, spire produced, outer lip thin; columella straight, with several plaits in front. LATIRUS BREVICAUDATUS Reeve. Shell brown, with encircling dark brown cords; aperture light brown. Length 1.5-2 Inches. PI. 28, Fig. 7 Florida Straits to Brazil LATIRUS INFUNDIBULUM Gmelln. A spindle- shaped shell with open canal and spiral ridges which are most prominent upon the nodules; small revolving ridges between the larger ones; three to four plaits upon columella; color brown with ridges of a much darker shade. Dead specimens are often orange colored. Length 2-2.5 inches. PI. 52, Fig. 16 Florida Keys and West Indies GENUS LEUCOZONIA Gray 1847 Shell keeled or shouldered; both spire and canal short. LEUCOZONIA CINGULIFERA Lamarck. Whorls about EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 1S7 eight, form very variable, strong tubercles on middle of whorls forming a strong shoul- der on middle of body whorl but not present in all examples; distinct growth lines and faint revolving threads together form a reticulated surface. Outer lip grooved in- side or smooth, sometimes a small tooth present; four plaits on columella. Color varying from pale brown to almost black, usually white banded Just above base. Length 2 inches. It lives mostly on coral reefs. PI. 45, Fig, 17 PI. 47, Fig. 12 Florida; Texas; West Indies LEUCOZONIA OCELLATA Gmelin. Shell solid, rows of nodules on middle of whorls, a sec- ond and Inferior row above shoulder; small revolving ridges on surface with fine raised threads in the interspaces; canal short, three plaits on columella. Color dark brown or bluish with white knobs, in- terior bluish white with a dark blotched border. Length 1 inch. PI. 44, Fig. 8 Cedar Keys to Florida Keys and West Indies Family Xancidae Shell thick, heavy; spire short; several plaits upon columella; operculum claw-shaped. The "Chank Shell" of the Hindus is carved by the Cingalese and left-handed ex- amples are held sacred, GENUS XANCUS Roeding 1798; Turbinella Lamarck 1799 (VISHNO SHELLS) XANCUS ANGULATUS Solander (T. scolymus Gmelin). Shell ponderous, yellowish white under a thin epidermis; interior and columella pinkish. The young shell is much more nodulous. Length 8-10 inches. PI. 49, Fig, S Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies GENUS VASUM Roeding 1798 (VASE SHELLS) VASUM MURICATUM Born. Rough Vase. A pon- derous shell, easily recognized by its numerous knobs and heavy raised horizontal lines, also by the plaits extending inside columella; epidermis brown and very per- sistent; interior white. Length 2-3 inches. Found living, by the writer, upon a small Key inside Sugar Loaf and at Saddle Bunch, Florida Keys. PI. 49, Fig. 5 Florida Keys and West Indies Family Volutidae An aristocratic family, well dis- tributed in tropical seas and long a favo- rite with shell collectors. The majority of the species live in fairly deep water, among rocks, and are difficult to obtain even with a dredge. Those from warm seas are often bril- liantly colored and attractively ornamented with prominent spines. Often the nuclear whorls, which emerged from the ovum, are quite different in sculpture from those which follow. Dall in his extremely valuable summary of the Floridian species, including junonia, states that the true Volutes, typified by V. musi- ca and including V. virescens, look as if their regularly coiled nucleus was shelly from the outset while in Maculopeplum Junonia the earliest shell substance may be soft and this protoconch is lost, perhaps while still in the ovicapsule. A bulbous or mamillar nucleus is shown on page 13. In this family the colximella is plaited, the lowest plaits generally be- ing most oblique. A West Indian spe- cies (V. musica) suggests in its color pattern bars and notes of written music upon the back of the shell. The nucleus of V. musica is shown in Fig. 49, the shell Voluta radula Fig. 24, Fig, 49 Nucleus of Voluta musica PI. 54, Fig, page 19. GENUS VOLUTA Linn6 1758 (VOLUTES) VOLUTA VIRESCENS Solander. Greenish Volute. Compared with V. musica the shell is light- er, the columella lip straighter, the plaits smaller and more numerous. There are six brown spots on the outer lip, interior yel- lowish-cream color. Over the entire sur- face there are sharp grooves and threads in the interspaces near the canal. The ground color is dark brown with three to four pal- er bands; eleven ribs on last and twelve on preceding whorl. The chief difference. 1S8 EAST COAST MAEIKE SHELLS Fig. 50 Nucleus of Voluta virescens however, Is in the nucleus of two turns, the first white and swollen. In the adult form there are 4.5 whorls plus those of the nucleus, about six in all, against 7.5 in V. musica; further there are sometimes fif- teen plaits on the columella against twelve at the outside in V. musica. The early whorls and nucleus of both species are shown in Figs. 49, and 50. Two beach speci- mens in the National Museum were collected in the year 1847 on the coast of Texas near Mesquital. A third example, also in Washing- ton, came from Cartagena, Columbia and measures 32x52 mm. This species is also known as V. polygonalis, Lamarck. PI. 51, Fig. 10 Texas and West Indies GENUS MACULOPEPLDM Dall 1906 MACULOPEPLUM JUNONIA Chemnitz. Juno's Volute. Shell ovate-fusiform, smooth, very finely decussated; round and square chest- nut spots arranged in double transverse rows; apex acute; outer lip somewhat thick- ened within; four folds on columella. Length 2-4 inches. Dall has called attention to cer- tain details which follow: "The beginning of the nucleus is livid purple, second whorl pale waxen white with dark purple- brown spots, two additional series of these upon the last half whorl; epidermis very thin, smooth, very pale brown. With respect to the sculpture, the embryonic shell is finely granulose, the next half turn pol- ished and finely striate, then narrow ribs (about twenty-four) appear which develop on the third whorl and begin to disappear at end of that whorl. The direct progenitor of the recent genus Maculopeplum is found in the Eocene (Vicksburg and Red Bluff deposits) and de- scribed under the name of Caricella demissa Conrad. " At Sanibel, Florida, specimens of M. junonia are thrown upon the ocean beach by winter storms. It is not infrequently brought in by the Greek sponge-divers of west Florida. Depth range 10-30 fathoms. PI. 50, Fig, 1 PI. 1, Fig. 4 PI. 64, Fig. 5 Off Cape Lookout, North Carolina to Florida Keys and Gulf of Mexico Family Mitridae Shell thick, fusiform in shape; spire acute, usually well developed; aper- ture small, notched in front; columella plaited; operculum horny, almost transpar- ent, very small or absent; epidermis, when present, very thin. Animal provided with long proboscis; some species with a purple fluid with nause- ous odor and emitted when animal is dis- turbed; eyes on ends of tentacles or at their base. The Mitras range from low water to considerable depths, living chiefly in warm- er seas. They lurk in holes of rocks, on seaweed in crevices, under stones and dead corals; others burrow in sand or mud. Some of the larger species, living in the Pacific, have been associated with the church and bear ecclestlastical names such as the Cardinal's, Pope's and Episco- palian Mitres. GENUS MITRA Lamarck 1799 (MITRE SHELLS) MITRA BARBADENSIS Gmelin. Shell yellowish brown, shining, whorls six, suture dis- tinct; surface covered with numerous raised horizontal lines with less distinct ones be- tween; vertical sculpture readily discerni- ble under a pocket lens; lip and columella whitish, the latter with three prominent plaits above and three minor ones below, from which the wall descends almost straight to canal. Length 1 inch or more. It lives upon the coral reefs of the Tortugas. PI, 50, Fig. 2 Lower Florida; West Indies MITRA NODULOSA Gmelin. Knobbed Mitre, Whorls about ten, scarcely rounded but slightly shouldered above; suture distinct, impressed; longitudinal ribs cut by furrows into nodules; basal notch deep; four plaits on columella; color light or dark brown; teeth whitish. Length 35 mm. PI. 51, Fig. 14 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies MITRA FLORIDANA Dall. Florida Mitre. Shell EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 1S9 small, black or gray, surface cancellated by horizontal and vertical ribs, forming nodules v/here they cross and giving a lat- ticed appearance; nucleus and interior broifmish; outer lip crenulated by termina- tions of the spiral sculpture. Length 7 mm. It was taken living under a stone, in shallow water, off Pumpkin Key. The author also dredged it in shallow water of lower Card Sound and obtained beach speci- mens at No Name Key, Florida. PI. 50, Fig. 5 PI. 68, Fig. 5 Card Sound to Key West and to Marco, Florida MITRA PUELLA Reeve. A dark brown or black chunky little shell with flames or spots of white; polished externally and with faint decussating sculpture. Length 9 mm. This attractive little shell was collected at extreme low tide upon the rocks at Palm Beach, Florida. PI. 50, Fig. 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies MITRA HANLEYI Dohrn. A delicately marbled species, ranging from gray or yellow, with dark columella area, to nearly white. There are about eleven strong, smooth, swollen nodules on body whorl and fewer on earlier whorls; color darker between the knobs and below columella; fine incised horizontal lines. Length 7 mm. One of the finest little shells in Florida. It was taken under sponges at Lignuiavitae Key and dredged in Card Sound, Florida. PI. 51, Fig. 15 Card Sound, Florida to the West Indies MITRA HANLEYI GEMMATA Sowerby. A variety of the preceding which is nearly black with white or yellowish ribs. Length 7 mm. Charlotte Harbor, Card So\ind, Florida MITRA SULCATA Gmelin. Shell small, hrovm with rather wide white bands; aperture half length of shell; strong whitish plications on columella. Length 10 mm. The specimen illustrated was ob- tained near the ferry landing on No Name Key. PI. 51, Fig. 13 PI. 50, Fig. 3 Florida Keys and West Indies GENUS VOLUTOMITRA Gray VOLUTOMITRA GROENLANDICA Gray. A whitish shell under a brown epidermis. Length 12- 20 mm. The character of the peculiar radu- la is shown on PI. 64. PI. 64, Figs. 6, 7 Greenland Family Marginellidae (RIM SHELLS) Shell smooth, shining, porcellanous, imperforate, some with longitudinal ridges; spire short, sometimes sunken; aperture long, outer lip thickened, sometimes pro- vided with teeth; columella with three to four plaits. GENUS MARGINELLA Lamarck 1801 MARGINELLA APICINA Menke. Usually pale yel- low, sometimes white, pinkish or dark, often with several spots on edge of outer lip. Length usually under 12 mm. The most plentiful Marginella in Florida v;aters. A left-handed example, in tlie author's collection, was collected in Tampa Bay, Florida. PI. 50, Fig. 22 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexicoj West Indies MARGINELLA APICINA BOREALIS Verrill. A heavier, whiter shell than the preceding one. Range 64-100 fathoms. Off Martha's Vineyward, Massachu- setts to Virginia MARGINELLA APICINA VIRGINEA Jousseaume. A pale flesh-colored form, pinkish inside. Florida Keys and West Indies MARGINELLA CARNEA Storer. An orange or red- dish shell with a narrow white band, lip and callus white. Length 18 mm. PI. 49, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies MARGINELLA DENTICULATA Conrad. This shell varies considerably in size, especially in stoutness: pure white or banded spirally 130 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS with yellow. It is further characterized by strong, even, plaits on the columella, the lower ones the stronger; outer lip toothed only in the central part. Some- times, among the fossil specimens, there is a tendency toward angulation at the periphery. Length 3-4 mm. PI. 50, Fig. 81 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies MARGINELLA DENTICULATA OPALINA Stearns. Shell a uniform amber color, sometimes with suggestions of bands. It has been dredged in shallow water on the west coast of Flor- ida including Tarpon Bay. Length 3-4 mm. PI. 50, Fig. 19 West Florida MARGINELLA GUTTATA Dillwyn. Shell flesh color, broadly banded with a darker tint and surface covered with white flecks; two to five broad bands or stripes upon outer lip and base. Length 16-25 mm. PI. 50, Fig. 18 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies MARGINELLA MINDTA Pfeiffer. Shell white, four plaits on columella; lip finely toothed inside. Length 2.5 mm. A rather common species but easily overlooked on account of its extremely small size. PI. 50, Fig, 15 Florida; West Indies; Mediterranean MARGINELLA ADREOCINCTA Stearns. Whorls five, sutures slightly impressed, spire el- evated, outer lip well thickened; color whitish with two amber colored bands; four plaits upon columella. Length 4 mm. This very attractive minute shell was dredged by the writer from mud bottom and shallow water in Tarpon Bay, Sanibel, Florida. Also it was taken in Barnes Sound, Teatable Key and at Palm Beach. Though more slender it is like a miniature M. denticu- lata. It has been reported in from 3-44 fathoms. PI. 50, Fig. 24 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico MARGINELLA LACHRIMDLA Gould. A minute white species with indistinct spire; lip slight- ly toothed inside. Length 1.5 mm. Originally reported from off Georgia in 400 fathoms it may be secured upon the shore at Sanibel during low tides. The animal of translucent beauty is exceedingly active and when extended much larger than its diminutive shell. PI. 48, Fig. 8 Georgia and Florida MARGINELLA AVENA Valenciennes. Surface with three pale yellowish bands upon a milky white ground; spire somewhat glazed; outer lip slightly incurved at the middle; four strong plaits on columella, the lower ones slightly stronger. Length 12 mm. In Florida waters this little shell lives under sponges in shallow water on the Keys. PI. 50, Fig. 20 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies MARGINELLA CATENATA Montagu. Spire con- cealed, covered by last whorl; aperture nar- row, curved, wider below, fine plications inside outer lip; heavy callus upon columel- la, four strong plaits below and indistinct ones above; color whitish with revolving chain-like bands of brown or milk-white markings. Length 3.5 imn. A Gulf of Mexico species, chiefly Central American, taken by the author among drift at Yamato, East Florida. PI. 50, Fig. 14 Yamato, Florida to West Indies MARGINELLA LACTEA Kiener. Shell minute, white, pale yellow banded, shining, translu- cent, spire short, apex obtuse; four plaits on columella; lip simple. Length 9 mm., diameter 3.4 mm. Depth range 1-10 fathoms. PI. 49, Fig. 9 Florida Keys and West Indies MARGINELLA PALLIDA Linn§. Shell cylindri- cal, yellowish white or yellow, translucent; spire inconspicuous, four minute whorls, apex brownish and shining, swollen; suture distinct, base of aperture rounded, four plaits on columella. Length 15 mm., major diameter 7 mm., aperture 15 mm. Depth range 10-170 fathoms. PI. 50, Figs. 13, 16 Florida Keys and West Indies MARGINELLA OBLONGA Swainson. Shell flesh color, faintly and broadly banded with a darker shade; two chestnut spots on outer lip; sometimes flecked with white. Length EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 131 18 to 25 mm. Florida Keys to Mexico MARGINELLA SUCCINEA Conrad (M. nitlda Hinds) . A thin pellucid form, white or amber color, spire lengthened. It has been found living in dead horseshoe crabs at Gulfport, Florida, Length 17 mm. PI.. 50, Fig. 11 Fernandina, Florida to West Indies MARGINELLA FAUNA Sowerby. Shell oval, pale red, spire short; columella with four ob- lique plaits; outer lip incurved in middle. Length 8-12 mm. PI. 50, Fig. 12 Florida Keys and West Indies MARGINELLA VELIE Pilsbry. Spire high; aper- ture wide; four plaits upon columella; outer lip well thickened; color white or yellowish. Length 15 mm., breadth 7 mm. It has been reported from Captiva and Sanibel, Florida. PI. 49, Fig. 10 West Coast of Florida Family Olividae Brilliantly polished shells, oblong, subcylindrical in shape; final whorl cover- ing most of the previous ones, spire short; aperture long, a little dilated in front; columella vertical, more or less folded; lip simple, thick, no reflection or teeth; notch above becoming a canal at suture; canal at base of shell abbreviated but dis- tinct; operculum absent. GENUS OLIVA Bruguiere 1789 OLIVA RETICULARIS Lamarck. A slender shell which is swollen a little in the middle; spire somewhat raised; ridges on columella many and strong. Upon the whitish-ground color there are faint purplish-brown retic- ulations, often as white triangular spots. A variety has two darker bands near the middle of the final whorl and groups of brownish lines near the suture. Length 35- 50 mm. Zigzag longitudinal markings of pink and brown are characteristic; fascicu- lations (pointed markings) of the same col- or around the suture. Some specimens are almost uniformly covered with chestnut brown. The aperture is white. Length 35- 58 mm. No specimens have been taken alive north of the Florida Keys. PI. 51, Fig. 18 PI. 50, Fig. 23 Florida Keys and West Indies OLIVA RETICULARIS OLORINELLA Duclos. A color variety which is uniformly light yel- low. Florida Keys and Bahamas OLIVA RETICULARIS BOLLINGI Clench. A larger and heavier shell than the typical form, color markings stronger, ground color not as white or creamy. Length 61 mm. The holotype was taken in crab- traps off Miami in about 200 feet of water. PI. 51, Fig. 9 Off Miami, Florida OLIVA SAYANA Ravenel (O. lltterata Lamarck). Spire produced; usual zigzag markings and sutural ornamentations, also two bands of hieroglyphic-like markings. Length 50-62 mm. A wider shell than 0. reticularis. It lives in large numbers at low-tide mark upon the west Florida beaches but colonies are often difficult to locate. Freak shells are shown on PI. 44. PI. 50, Fig. 9 PI. 44, Figs. 6, 12 PI. 64, Figs. 8, 8g North Carolina to Texas OLIVA SAYANA CITRINA Johnson. The uniform- ly yellow form. Gulf coast of Florida GENUS OLIVELLA Swalnson 1840 Distinguished from Oliva by the small size and more developed spire; more readily separated by the presence of a large thin, horny operculum which is ab- sent in Oliva proper. These little shells live in sandy stations, often burying below the surface. Their presence is usually indicated by a track on the surface of a tidal flat. OLIVELLA FLORALIA D clos. Shell highly polished, much narrower than 0. jaspidea and 0. nivea; spire tipped with dark brown or yellow, also with a distant brown zigzag 132 EAST COAPT MARINE SHELLS pattern. Length 8-10 mm. The most abundant Ollvella upon the Florida beaches and readily detected on ac- count of its glistening surface. PI. 50, Fig, 7 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies OLIVELLA JASPIDEA Gmelin. Shell yellowish white, fasciculated with dark brocvn color at sutures; surface with cross-cut scxilp- ture and tiny holes. Length lS-18 mm. PI. 51, Fig. 19 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies OLIVELLA MOTICA Say. Intermediate in size, sometimes broader than the other Olivella of our southern coasts; white, yellow or brown, frequently banded; very dark speci- mens caused by merging of the bands; middle band commonly the broadest; spire produced. Length 10-16 mm. When the bands are very wide they give the appearance of very narrow white bands between them. PI. 50, Fig. 6 PI. 64, Figs. 1, 2 (Anatomy) Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies OLIVELLA NIVEA Gmelin. Body whorl fascicu- lated, pinkish at suture; much larger than 0. mutica and narrower than jaspidea. Length 12-25 mm. PI. 51, Fig. 11 PI. 50, Fig. 8 West Florida to the West Indies Family Terebrldae Shell long and narrow with indis- tinct suture; whorls flattened and columel- la without plaits; operculxim horny. Some of the species are provided with a poison gland. There are approximate- ly two hundred known species distributed throughout warm seas. GENUS TEREBRA Bruguiere 1789 TEREBRA DISLOCATA Say. Longitudinally pli- cate, grooved upon the spire; small knobs upon the sutural band; usually a light zone at the periphery. Length of shell 25-35 mm. The animal's proboscis of giant size is extruded base first. It is very muscular and funnel-shaped, according to Dall, the victiu: being squeezed, smothered and sucked to death simultaneously. The movements of the animal, when kept in cap- tivity, are very sluggish. In May small round ovicapsules, 1 mm. in diameter, are found upon the shells, probably of the same species. There is no jaw or radula but a constriction of the proboscis appears to contain the poison fangs in the form of grooved prickles. At Sanlbel, Florida, this species lives in great numbers upon the ocean beach near the lighthouse. At low tide its tracks may be seen near those of the little Ollvel- la mutica. The movements of the milky white animal are slow but graceful. PI. 51, Fig. Z- Virginia to Florida and westward to Texas TEREBRA DISLOCATA RUDIS Gray. A large form with coarse sculpture. PI. 51, Fig. 16 Southern Florida and West Indies TEREBRA CONCAVA Say, Whorls concave, both sides of the suture nodulous; no costae, spirally grooved; color white; whorls thir- teen. Length 19 mm. Dead specimens have been tak^n at Sea Island City, New Jersey. PI. 33, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Georgia TEREBRA CONCAVA VINOSA Dall. Grooves re- placed by channels separating raised threads; wine color or variegated. Length 18 mm. Depth range 2-30 fathoms. PI. 33, Fig. 18 North Carolina to Florida SECTION ACUS H. and A. Adams 1857 TEREBRA PROTEXTA Conrad. Whorls convex and with numerous small plications; chocolate color inside and out; sutural band some- times present upon a grayish ground. Length 18-25 mm. Depth range 1-50 fathoms. Not a difficult shell to find upon the west coast of Florida. PI. 51, Fig. 12 North Carolina to Florida and Texas TEREBRA PROTEXTA LUTESCENS E. A. Smith. A yellow variety. Depth range 1-20 fathoms. Off North Carolina and Gulf of Mexico EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 133 SECTION PERIRHOE Dall 1908 SUBGENUS HASTULA H. and A.Adams 1853 TEREBRA CINEREA Born. A comparatively smooth shell, polished, minutely plicated below the suture; pattern of light chest- nut spots in series with a white band often present at the periphery. Length 36-65 mm. Large numbers are sometimes seen at Jensen, Florida, upon the sandy beaches at low tide. PI. 51, Fig. 2 Florida to Texas; West Indies TEREBRA HASTATA Gmelin. A whitish shell with two to three bands of fawn or orange brown color, sometimes in the form of blotches instead of bands, occasionally un- iform in color; closely plicated, forming crenulations upon the suture. Length 27 mm. Fresh beach shells have been taken at Yamato rocks, Florida. PI. 51, Fig. 1 Florida Keys and West Indies Family Conidae Shell conical, tapering regularly; whorls numerous, spire short; outer lip notched at suture; operculum pointed. The Cones inhabit fissures and holes in rocks, also shallow pools of coral reefs from low water to moderate depths. They are all predatory, boring into other mollusks and extracting the juices. Appar- ently dreaded by other shellfish a Pacific Ocean Strombus mimics a Conus in design of the shell and in consequence is free from molestation. Equipped with a poison Conus sometimes bites when handled, the larger species inflicting painful and even danger- ous wounds . In Equatorial seas live the largest and handsomest species. There are roughly five hundred known forms, some of them very rare. Only a few penetrate into temperate regions. GENUS CONUS Linne 1758 CONUS FLORIDANUS Gabb. Florida Cone. Spire elevated, last whorl with straight sides, grooved below; yellowish white blotched with brown; indistinct central white band and a narrower one at shoulder; brown spots frequent between bands. Length 1.5-2 inch- es. PI. 51, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico CONUS MUS Hwass. Mouse Cone. Ash white, streaked and spotted with chestnut brown; white tubercles upon the spire and usually white banded below the periphery; interior chestnut brown with a white center line. Length 1-1.75 inches. PI. 51, Fig. 6 Jupiter Inlet, Florida to West Indies CONUS PROTEUS Hwass. Variable Cone. Shell white with encircling series of spots and cloud-like marks of brown or yellow with a tendency toward broken bands; base grooved. Length 1.5-2.5 inches. PI. 51, Fig. 5 Both coasts of Florida and West Indies CONUS PYGMAEUS Reeve. Dwarf Cone. Shell broad shouldered and inflated above, slight- ly pinched and grooved below; almost white with many small brown spots and clouds of violet or brown forming three faint bands; interior white or violet. Length 1-1.25 inches . PI. 51, Fig. 8 Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies CONUS PEALII Green. Peals Cone. Breadth at sharply keeled shoulder less than half the length; smooth behind, grooved on an- terior half; spire slightly excavated or channelled; color livid gray with chestnut blotches and sides with narrow fillets of brown and white, brown spots always the smaller and sometimes lacking, the white sometimes translucent and brightest on the keel; interior of aperture white and dark brown; middle of outer lip arched forward (Dall) . Length 18 mm. This shell is often confused with C. florldanus. It is not uncommon on the Florida west coast and the Keys, preferring a grassy bottom in shallow water. PI. 51, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico and West Indies CONUS VERRUCOSUS Hwass. Rough Cone. Shell grooved all over, white and yellow, varie- gated with orange-red; spire short. Length slightly more than 1 inch. This species and C. mus are the 134 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS two commonest Cones in the Antilles. PI. 51, Fig. 17 Florida Keys and West Indies CONUS DADCDS Bruguiere. Shell orange or carrot color, indistinctly banded, turbi- nate in form with a low spire; spiral sculp- ture present. Fossil specimens have been col- lected in the Caloosahatchee beds of Flori- da and it possibly may still be living near the Florida Keys. Length 1.5-2 inches. PI. 52, Fig. 8 West Indies CONDS NEBULOSDS Solander. Cloudy Cone. Shell solid, turbinated; zones of brownish color crossed by fine spiral lines of slightly darker shade, these lines becom- ing dots or dashes of white and dark below, toward the base becoming granular; spotted with white irregularly upon surface; blunt- ly crowned with short tubercles at the shoulder; interior mostly whitish. This very beautiful shell is appar- ently unrecorded from the United States. Several specimens collected upon the Flori- da beaches during the winter of 1935-1936 have been called to the writer's attention. The fine shell illustrated was secured at Fort Lauderdale by W. A. Royce. Another worn specimen has been reported by Dr. B. R. Bales from Pelican Shoals, about eight- een miles northeast of Key West. Tryon reports the species as occurring in the West Indies and adjacent coasts of North and South America. PI. 51, Fig. 21 Palm Beach County, Florida to the V^est Indies Family Turridae (Turrltidae) Shell fusiform, spire elevated, canal long and straight; slit on outer lip, near su- ture, an opening for ex- cretions and shown in Fig. 51. Animal with sinus upon right margin and corresponding with slit in shell. A poison gland is often present and used in connection with the radula. The Fig. 51 Slit of Turrls presence of this gland, together with the notch in the shell, indicate affinity with the Conidae. The species are extremely numerous, also difficult to define and classify. In- dividuals are usually few in numbers. Many have been described from solitary examples and a considerable number inadequately il- lustrated, if at all. GENOS TURRIS Roedlng 1798, Pleurotoma Lamarck 1799 (TOWER SHELLS) TURRIS VIRGO Wood (T. alblda Perry). Color whitish; about five prominent raised spiral ridges which are most conspicuous near the periphery; additional, similar, closer ones below; pairs of finer ridges between some of the larger ones; suture well impressed; canal long, narrow. Length 2.5-3.5 inches. Depth range 26-150 fathoms. A single example, occupied by a hermit-crab, was taken in Lake Worth, Flor- ida. In the West Indies it lives in com- paratively shallow water. PI. 52, Fig. 15 Palm Beach County, Florida; Gulf of Mexico; Antilles SUBGENUS ANCISTROSYRINX A very elegant group of deep-water shells which also occur in the Eocene fos- sil beds at Jackson, Mississippi and also probably in Europe. ANCISTROSYRINX ELEGANS Ball. In this shell the anterior portion of the whorls is cov- ered with graniilose spirals, one more prom- inent than the rest in front of which the suture coils; sinus comparatively short, banded outside by an elevated keel. The spines are very small and curved toward the apex; nucleus brownish, glassy and with one keel. Length 27 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 28 Florida Reefs; off Havana, 805 fath- oms GENOS CYMATOSYRINX Dall 1889, Drillia of Authors in Part CYMATOSYRINX FURCATA Reeve. Shell faintly channelled above periphery; ribs usually six in number, rounded, not strong, not in- terrupted at periphery but extending to su- ture; peculiar hump or varlx back of body EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 135 whorl; color yellowish white, banded with yellow or orange-brown. Length 21 mm. Depth range 14-50 fathoms. PI. 52, Fig. 11 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies CYMATOSYRINX PAGODULA Dall, Length 18 mm. Depth range 50-175 fathoms. PI. 50, Fig. 10 Florida and West Indies CYMATOSYRINX THEA Dall. Whorls eight; often pale brown with a shiny, thins epi- dermis, interior aperture brown; eleven short, oblique ribs, most prominent at periphery and fading away above; some strong raised threads at base. Length 15 mm. Depth range 3-15 fathoms. PI. 52, Fig. 1 PI. 68, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida Keys GENUS CLATHODRILLIA Dall 1918, Drillia of Authors in Part CLATHRODRILLIA OSTREARUM Stearns. Whorls nine, roiinded, clearly shouldered; suture well Impressed and bordered below by a rather broad flattish excavated area in the center of which runs an elevated somewhat interrupted keel together with finer lines; parallel with the latter on body whorl about fourteen spiral ridges and fewer upon the spire; the ridges crossed by stronger axial ribs which number about twenty-one upon the final whorl; notch moderately deep; color usually brownish. Length 22 mm. A very variable shell which is rather common and well distributed. Depth range 1-15 fathoms. PI. 50, Fig, 17 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico CLATHRODRILLIA EBUR Reeve. Shell solid, whitish with a pale yellow epidermis; su- ture distinct and somewhat puckered from the axial rib terminations; seven rounded axial ribs upon final whorl which are crossed by numerous close-set spiral lines which almost completely and uniformly cov- er the surface; notch U-shaped. Length 13 mm. Depth range 14-95 fathoms. PI. 51, Fig. 3 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico CLATHRODRILLIA ALBINODATA Reeve (C. zebra Lam.). Shell orange or brown in color with a double row of knobs on the periphery; one to two lesser white bands upon knobs or below in addition to more prominent ones. Length 9 mm. A very striking little shell taken only once by the writer inside the North Inlet at Palm Beach, Florida, apparently the first record for the east coast. Four examples were found living under a single stone in about eight feet of water. Later it was found in a similar station in Upper Biscayne Bay, near Arch Creek. PI. 52, Fig. 10 Charlotte Harbor, west Florida; Palm Beach to West Indies CLATHRODRILLIA LEUCOCYMA Dall. Angle at periphery bearing a pair of close revolving ribs, more prominent than remainder of spi- ral sculpture and tipped with white where crossing the longitudinal ribs. Length 15 mm. There are about eight prominent double whitish knobs upon each of the lat- ter whorls. The shell is grayish black in color. It is common at Sanibel, Florida. PI. 52, Fig. 13 PI. 68, Fig. 7 Florida; Yucatan CLATHRODRILLIA EBENINA Dall. A dead-black shell when taken alive, fading to brown; eleven whorls, two of these belonging to smooth, dark brown, nucleus; final whorl more than half length of shell; about fif- teen transverse ribs on final whorl and ex- cluding the varix in addition to the sharp elevated ribs; spaces between ribs much wid- er; varix large; fine, uniform, spiral threads with wider interspaces, not cutting the ribs on periphery; suture distinct; ca- nal wide, short; notch circular, almost closed in front. Length 16.5 mm. This shell is sometimes found in the Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie beds, Florida. It lives in shallow water on the Florida Keys. PI. 52, Fig. 7 Florida Keys CLATHODRILLIA HARFORDIANA Reeve. Strongly and widely indented below suture; brownish red. Length 18 mm. It has been reported from Sanibel, Florida. 136 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS PI. 52, Fig. 5 Florida; West Indies? GENUS LORA Shell small, fusiform in shape; spire elevated; canal short; outer lip lightly notched. These little mollusks are inhabitants of cool water and occur mostly off the coast of New England and Canada. LORA BICARINATA Couthouy. Shell small, brownish or purple with usually a darker interior; whorls six, the last keeled above; whorls of spire keeled in centers; last whorl shouldered by continuation of same keel; fine axial and spiral striae forming a decussated surface. Length 5-10 mm. Depth range 6-100 fathoms. It has been taken at extreme low tide in Casco Bay, Maine but is more often obtained in fish stomachs. PI. 52, Fig. 18 PI. 69, Fig. 15 Labrador, to New York LORA CANCELLATA Mighels and Adams. Whorls seven, convex; suture well marked; apex acute; aperture narrow, lip thin and crenu- lated by the spiral sculpture terminations. Length 11 mm. A very graceful little shell which has been taken from haddock and other fish stomachs. Depth range 7-312 fathoms. PI. 47, Fig. 14 Labrador to Massachusetts LORA HARPDLARIA Couthouy. Whorls seven to eight, flattened above and forming a shoul- der; about sixteen oblique rounded axial ribs and many spiral lines; flesh color, which is constant. Length 10-15 mm. PI. 69, Fig. 17 Labrador to off Block Island, Rhode Island LORA INCISULA Verrill. A shell in which the axial r prominent at the posterior a crown at the shoulder; s consists of rather broad 1 lines which upon the body numerous and closely place of the columella; the latt out with a yellowish callu Depth range 5-110 fathoms PI. 53, Fig. 20 chunky little ibs are more end and forming pecial sculpture ight incised whorl are more d in the region er broadly spread s. Length 6.5 mm. Labrador to off Newport, Rhode Island LORA NOBILIS Moller. Whorls seven; about fifteen prominent rather sharp axial ribs; spiral sculpture between ribs also strong; shoulder well marked; canal wide and short. Length 12-17 mm. Depth range 7-15 fathoms. PI. 47, Fig. 13 Greenland to Maine LORA PLEUROTOMARIA Couthouy. Whorls eight; shell narrow and tapering; eighteen to twenty oblique rounded axial ribs and very indistinct spiral sculpture; body whorl more than half length of shell. Length 11 mm. Depth range 5-235 fathoms. PI. 47, Fig. 15 Labrador to Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts GENUS MANGILIA Rlsso 1826 Slit at suture of shell; no opercu- lum; aperture oval-elongate, usually narrow and ending in short truncate canal. Animal sluggish in its actions but capable of sustaining itself upon surface of water, shell downward. MANGILIA ATROSTYLA Dall . Shell small, sol- id, usually yellowish; lip thick, broad, often indented; about eleven rounded axial ribs upon body whorl; notch not deep; su- ture deeply cut. Length 7 mm. PI. 47, Fig. 16 PI. 65, Figs. 4, 4a North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies MANGILIA CERINA Kurtz and Stimpson. Whorls seven, well shouldered; about ten strong axial roxmded ribs which taper off toward the sutures, parallel sculpture fine and indistinct, the latter crossed by more prominent spiral lines which are less ap- parent upon the axial ribs. Length 9-11.5 mm. PI. 33, Fig. 23 Massachusetts to Florida MANGILIA CERINELLA Dall. Whorls eight, su- ture deeply impressed, horizontal sculp- ture distinct; strongly ribbed vertically, about seven ribs on body whorl; aperture narrow. Length 11 mm. Specimens have been taken at Sanibel. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 137 PI. 52, Fig. 5 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida and Texas MANGILIA GUARANI Orbigny. Color brown, often with narrow and lighter bands; ribs rounded, conspicuous and crenialating the suture; revolving lines elevated. Length 5 mm. PI. 5S, Fig. IS Palm Beach, Florida MANGILIA LANCEOLATA PSILA Bush PI. 65, Fig. g MANGILIA LIMONITELLA Dall. Shell small, thin, translucent, lemon yellow; whorls eight to nine, turreted, angulated by ribs on the periphery, nucleus nearly smooth, sharply sculptured subsequent surface; spi- ral sculpture of numerous sharp threads, quite fine, and extending over entire shell; two stronger threads at the Indistinct su- ture; transverse sculpture of strongly marked lines and about a dozen narrow, sharply elevated riblets, extending from su- ture to suture; notch distinct, canal short and straight. Length 6.75 mm. It lives upon mud flats between tides. PI. 52, Fig. 6 PI. 68, Fig. 3 Cedar Keys, Florida to the Tortugas MANGILIA OXIA Bush. More sparsely trans- versely sculptured, surface smoother and more polished than the variety melanitica. The ribs are also sharper, the shell red- dish brown all over and pillar not so dark. Depth range 10-25 fathom i. Length 5 mm. Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina MANGILIA OXIA MELANITICA Dall. Spire slen- der, base short; whorls nine, first two rounded and smooth, the rest with revolving lirae; last four whorls with faint ribs; aperture wider below than above; notch deep and rounded, surrounded by inflated raised rim. Length 4.5 mm. PI. 65, Fig. 3a Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Haiti MANGILIA OXYTATA Bush. Range 14-51 fathoms. PI. 65, Fig. 1 Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina MANGILIA PLICOSA C. B. Adams. Ribs eleven to twelve, crossed by about same number of strong ridges and sometimes producing nod- ules; color gray or reddish brown, interior dark, dead shells whitish. Length 6-8 mm. This species may easily be secured in Tarpon Bay, Sanibel, with a small dredge operating on mud bottom in shallow water. It is a widely distributed and not uncom- mon form. PI. 52, Fig. 2 PI, 69, Fig. 14 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to west Florida MANGILIA QUADRATA Reeve. Two strong angles on the body whorl characterize this shell; ribs distinct and far apart; color white or yellow, spaces between ribs chestnut brown. Length 9 mm. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Mexico MANGILIA QUADRATA RDGIRIMA Dall. Ribs about eight to each whorl; revolving sculp- ture close-set, fine, easily felt by touch; color white or yellow, spaces between ribs sometimes dark; whorls eight. Length 9 mm. PI. 52, Fig. 4 Sanibel, Florida MANGILIA STELLATA FILOSA Dall. Shell tur- reted, yellow, touched with red brown; whorls seven, shouldered above, twelve to thirteen ribs; lip much thickened outside, notched deeply near suture. Length 6 mm. It has been reported by Dr. Perry as occurring at Sanibel. PI. 44, Fig. 11 PI. 52, Fig, 14 Tampa to Key West, Florida A deep-water MANGILIA EXSCOLPTA Watson. species. PI. 52, Fig. 9 Giilf of Mexico GENUS DAPHNELLA Hinds 1844 DAPHNELLA LYMNAEIFORMIS Kiener. (D, decora- ta C. B, A,). Whorls seven, shouldered next to suture; surface covered with rather closely placed light spiral lines which are crossed upon the early whorls by equal sized axial sculpture which upon that portion form a reticulated surface. The spiral lines are not uniform in size, large and small ones alternating upon 138 EAST COAST BiARINE SHELLS the body whorl. The shell is whitish and tinted with yellow. Length 16 mm. A beautiful little shell and the only representative of the genus living in shallow water upon our coast. PI. 52, Fig. 17 Florida Keys and West Indies GENUS CYTHARA Schumacher 1817 CYTHARA BALTEATA Reeve. Whorls bluntly and slightly angulated in center; few ribs, .these narrow and with wide smooth spaces between; shell white with middle brown zone. Length IS mm. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Barbados Family Cancellariidae GENUS CANCELLARIA Lamarck 1789 (CROSS-BARRED SHELLS) Shell strongly cancellated; strong oblique folds upon columella; canal short. "The animal is very shy, rarely showing more than the tips of the tentacles beyond the front edge of the shell. It has the power of considerably extending the fore part of the foot, using it as an ex- ploring organ." CANCELLARIA RETICULATA Linne. Netted Cross-Bar. Whorls ribbed and grooved, the ribs low and flat, crossed by weaker longi- tudinal ribs; two prominent raised plaits on columella; color yellowish white, with brownish bands or variegations. Length 1.5- 2.5 inches. An albinlstic form of this has been discovered at Marco, Florida. PI. 53, Fig. 11 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Guadaloupe CANCELLARIA CONRADIANA Dall. Conrad's Cross-Bar. A narrower shell than C. reticu- lata. It is abundant in the Pliocene of Florida but lives only at considerable depths. PI. 43, Fig. 1 Gulf of Mexico SUBGENUS TRIGONOSTOMA Blainville 1826 CANCELLARIA TENERA Philippi (C. stimpsoni Calkins). Delicate Cross-Bar. l\'horls strongly shouldered, about thirteen nodules upon angle of last whorl and two less dis- tinct rows of nodules below, between these ribs of varying size; two plaits on columel- la. Color yellowish or white. Length 20 mm., usually less. A single fresh dead example was tak- en on the beach at Boca Raton, Florida. It occurs more frequently on the Florida Keys and in the Pliocene beds near Clewiston, Florida. PI. 51, Fig. 20 Palm Beach County, Florida to West Indies GENUS ADMETE Kroyer 1842 Canal absent or very short; shell turreted; columella plaited. ADMETE VIRIDULA Jay. Greenish Admete. Whorls five to six; three folds upon col- umella; apex acute; spiral lines coarse; axial ribs most prominent near shoulder; epidermis thin but persistent. Length 12.5 mm. Depth range 10-60 fathoms. Rather abundant at times in stom- achs of fish. It is frequently inhabited by hermit-crabs. PI. 51, Fig. 22 Labrador to Massachusetts Bay SUBCLASS OPISTHOBRANCHIA ORDER PLEUROCOELA Family Acteonldae Shell small or minute, spirally grooved on suture, whorls few, outer lip thin and simple, inner lip or columella twisted to form a fold; no folds or teeth upon adjacent wall. GENUS ACTEON Uontfort 1810 ACTEON PUNCTOSTRIATUS C. B. Adams. Broken- Line Acteon. Shell minute, white, whorls four to five, last one large, lower half of same with revolving punctured lines; suture deep and bordered with revolving grooves; color variable. Length 3-6 mm. Fresh dead specimens are frequent upon the inner sandbars near the North In- let at Palm Beach, Florida. PI. 53, Fig. 3 PI. 71, Fig. 22 PI. 65, Fig. 17 Cape Cod southward to Haiti EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 139 Family Acteoclnldae (Tornatinidae) Shell cylindrical or fusiform; spire conic or flattened; apex projecting, mamillar and left handed; suture channelled; one fold upon columella at Junction with the whorl. GENUS ACTEOCINA Gray 1847; Tornatina, A. Adams 1850 ACTEOCINA CANALICULATA Say. Channelled Little Acteon. Shell almost cylindrical, spire elevated slightly; top of whorls grooved; white, shining, faint growth lines; whorls five. Length 3-5 mm. PI. 71, Fig. S7 Cape Cod southward to Haiti ACTEOCINA CANDEI Orbigny. Shell small, widest on shoulder; surface smooth except for faint growth lines, shining, milk white; outer lip advanced in center; fold on columella moderate. Length 2.5 mm. A rather frequent shell in Florida but not so often taken alive. PI. 53, Fig. 14 PI. 65, Fig. 13 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies ACTEOCINA RECTA Orbigny. Straight Little Acteon. Shell oblong, cylindrical, shin- ing, thin, white, spirally and lightly sub- striate; spire short, suture channelled; indistinct fold on columella. Lengths mm., diameter 1 mm. Separated from A. candei by the spiral sculpture and indistinctness of the columella fold, from A. bullata by its smaller size. PI. 57, Fig. 10 Florida Keys and West Indies ACTEOCINA BULLATA Kiener. Shell ivory white, solid, a little contracted in center; spiral striae fine and covering surface but becoming fainter at shoulder; apex mamil- lar, minute, projecting and turned over; suture well channelled, whorls not concave above; one strong fold on columella, outer lip somewhat inflexed. Length 11 mm., diameter, 5 mm. The largest West Indian Acteocina. PI. 53, Fig. 21 Florida Keys and West Indies GENUS RETUSA Brown 1827 (BLUNT SHELL) RETUSA PERTENUIS Mighels. Thin Blunt Shell. Shell very small, white; aperture narrow above, wide below; no spiral sculpture. Length 2.5 mm. Depth range 10-294 fathoms. PI. 57, Fig. 14 PI. 71, Figs. 25, 26 Greenland to Fernandlna, Florida RETUSA CAELATA Bush. Range 15-294 fathoms. PI. 65, Fig. 15 North Carolina to Fernandlna, Florida GENUS VOLVULA A. Adams 1850 not Sistel 1848 (WRAPPER SHELLS) VOLVULA ACUTA Orbigny. Range 15-124 fath- oms. PI. 65, Fig. 11 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies VOLVULA OXYTATA Bush. Shell minute, dull milk white; much produced and pointed above; upper half of aperture very narrow, gradual- ly increasing in width below; inside wall with distinct callus; columella oblique, outer lip acute and curving inward at cen- ter; interior lustrous. Length 3.5 mm. Range 5-63 fathoms. A single example was taken by the writer on the North Inlet bar at Palm Beach, Florida. PI. 53, Fig. 1 PI. 65, Fig. 12 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cuba GENUS ATYS Montfort 1810 ATYS SHARPI Vanatta. "Shell small, sub- cylindrical, solid, porcellanous, glossy, translucent bluish white, very finely spi- rally striate, striae strongest above and below. Apex with an external small perfora- tion; base umbilicate; aperture narrow above, broader below. The lip rises from the right side of the apical perforation and describes a more or less even arc above without the twist so common to this genus. The outer lip describes a gentle curve and the basal lip is arcuate. The columella is concave with a slight twist." Length 7.8 mm., diameter 3.8 mm. 140 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS The original specimen came from St. Martin, West Indies. PI. 53, Fig. 6 Palm Beach County, Florida to West Indies ATYS CARIBAEA Orbigny (A riiseana Orb.?). An oblong, thin, smooth, shell which is distinctly striated at both ends; spire in- visible and with an umbilical depression above; aperture not wide; color white. Length 5-8 mm. Not uncommon after storms upon the beaches at Boynton and Yamato, Florida. PI. 53, Fig. S3 North Carolina to West Indies GENUS DIAPHANA Brown 1827 DIAPHANA DEBILIS Gould, Shell small, trans- parent, inflated, smooth; whorls four. Length 4 mm. Range 6-16 fathoms. PI. 71, Fig. 24 Greenland to Connecticut GENUS CYLICHNA (CUP SHELLS) CYLICHNA ALBA Brown. White Cup. Shell smooth, whitish, size of a grain of rice, a pit in place of the spire; covered with a rusty epidermis; many minute revolving lines; aperture narrow, becoming suddenly double the width; lip sometimes waved in- ward at the center. Length 5 mm. Clrcum- boreal in distribution. Range 10-1091 fathoms. Dead shells are not rare on the beaches. PI. 53, Fig. 12 Greenland to Block Island, Rhode Island GENUS CYLICHNELLA Gabb 1872 (LITTLE CUP SHELLS) CYLICHNELLA BIDENTATA Orbigny. This tiny shell has two distinct folds upon the col- umella. Length 4 mm. Range 7-168 fathoms. It is not infrequently taken upon the beach at Sanibel, Florida. PI. 53, Fig. 19 PI. 65, Fig. 14 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida; Texas; West Indies CYLICHNELLA ORYZA Totten. Rice Cup. Shell minute, white, shining; last whorl covering all the others and with only a few revolv- ing lines; summit depressed into a shallow pit; columella twisted to form an oblique pit, at its base ending abruptly to form a blunt tooth; no umbilicus. Length 4 mm. Range 2-4 fathoms. It has been found in the mud of New Bedford and Newport harbors. PI. 71, Fig. 23 Maine to Connecticut Family Bullidae Shell oval, external or partially covered by the animal; aperture longer than shell; rounded at ends, lip sharp; coliimel- la short and concave. GENUS BULLA Linne 1758 (BUBBLE SHELLS) BULLA OCCIDENTALIS Adams. Western Bubble. Ovately oblong, opaque, solid; color usual- ly pale red, variegated with waved lines and brownish spots. Length 25 mm. The most plentiful Bulla in Florida waters. PI. 53, Fig. 10 Florida to Texas; West Indies BULLA SOLIDA Gmelin. Solid Bubble. Shell oblong, white, solid, epidermis light brown; strongly grooved at each end, smooth in center; last whorl keeled in middle, lip twisted and expanded; slight fold in col- umella. Length 35 mm. PI. 53, Fig. 9 Florida Keys and West Indies BULLA STRIATA Bruguiere. Threaded Bubble. Shell ovate, solid, variegated with red- brown and red; apex umbilicated; aperture partly dilated below, narrowed above, outer lip depressed in middle; both ends spirally striated. Length 1 inch, often less. PI. 53, Fig. 17 Palm Beach County; Clearwater, Florida Family Hydatinidae Shell oval, highly colored; spire wide, depressed, outer lip sharp. Animal with large foot extending beyond shell; eyes small and black. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 141 GENUS HYDATINA Schumacher 1817 (WATER-BLISTER SHELLS) HYDATINA PHYSIS Linne. Shell thin, semi- pellucid, whitish, with waved lines. Length 1 inch. This remarkably handsome and strik- ing shell is said to live upon clean sand but Frank Lyman reports its occurrence on weeds in Lake Worth, Florida. PI. 53, Fig. 13 Southern Florida; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies GENUS MICROMELO Pilsbry 1894 (Bullina Fer.) MICROMELO UNDATA Brugulere. Shell oval, umbillcated; yellowish white with trans- verse red lines, grooved surface, spaces between grooves punctured; apex sharp, whorls four; single fold on columella. Length 14 mm. It was first collected on the mainland by Mrs. Frank Lyman. PI. 53, Fig. 8 Deerfield, Florida to Florida Keys; West Indies Family Akeridae GENUS HAMINOEA Turton and Kingston 1830 (Hamlnea "Leach" Gray 1847) Small, very delicate shells; not strictly vegetarian. They inhabit muddy places near mouths of rivers. Animal much larger than shell which is more or less in- ternal. HAMINOEA ANTILLARUM Orbigny. Shell narrow- er above, swollen below, subtranslucent, often slightly greenish, normally horn col- ored; thickened outer lip starting from right side of center, produced high above vertex; upper portion of aperture twice width of lower. Length 10 mm. The typical shells from the Florida west coast, almost white in color, are abundant . PI. 53, Fig. 2S Tampa, Florida southward; West Indies HAMINOEA ANTILLARUM GUADALUPENSIS Sowerby. Shell thin, distinctly compressed above, greenish yellow; surface with unevenly placed growth wrinkles; columella extremely concave and with white callus, making a slight fold above. Length 18 mm. It has been observed living upon tidal flats near the mouth of New River at Fort Lauderdale, Florida. A few also were taken in Upper Biscayne Bay. It is usually a larger shell than H. antillarum and more deeply colored. PI. 53, Fig. 4 White Water Bay and west Florida, northward on east coast to Fort Lauderdale, Florida HAMINOEA ELEGANS Gray. Shell thin, pellu- cid, white or yellowish; sculptured with clear-cut incised straight spirals as if machine engraved; entire surface scored with minute, mingled with much coarser unequally spaced, grooves. Length 12 mm. Rather frequently taken in drift, when conditions are favorable, near the Yamato rocks, east Florida. It probably lives somewhere nearby. PI. 53, Fig. 8 Florida to Brazil; Texas HAMINOEA PETITII Orbigny. Shell truncated above, rounded below; color light yellowish green; imperforate; columella rather straight, not folded above. Length 9 mm. Similar to H. antillarum but more cylindrical and columella straighter than in other West Indian Haminoea. PI. 57, Fig. 11 Tampa, Florida to West Indies HAMINOEA SOLITARIA Say. Shell bluish white, fragile, last whorl enveloping all others; surface shining; fine, deeply impressed spi- ral grooves; vertex white, impressed in mid- dle. Length 10 mm. The imperfect opening in the region of the spire is characteristic. It is not rare upon the New England coast and New Jersey. PI. 71, Fig. 20 Massachusetts to Georgia HAMINOEA SUCCINEA Conrad. Shell cylindri- cal, very thin, diaphanous, amber color; sculptured with minute wrinkled lines; columella concave or channelled below; ani- mal dark brown. Length of shell 10 mm. It is said to be common in Tampa Bay. PI. 56, Fig. 10 Florida; Texas; West Indies 142 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Family Rlnglciilldae GENUS RINGICDLA Deshayes 1839 Shell solid, nearly white, aper- ture channelled and notched at base; outer lip thickened and often toothed or crenu- lated inside; columella edge strongly cal- loused with two to four folds. RINGICULA NITIDA Verrill. Columella edge with two folds; whorls five, suture well impressed; aperture crescent shaped. Length 4.2 mm. PI. 53, Fig. 16 Bed of Gulf Stream off Florida; West Indies; Europe Family Philinidae GENUS PHILINE Ascanius 1772 Shell internal, translucent, oval, spire rudimentary. Animal pale, eyeless. The egg capsules are arranged in a single series on a long spiral thread. PHILINE SAGRA Orbigny. Shell minute, pale yellow, finely spirally striate, exterior slightly lustrous; outer lip thin, deflect- ed above, crenulate below; callus upon in- terior wall only discernible in center. Length 4 mm. A single fresh example was dredged by the writer in the shallow water of Lake Worth, Florida, near the South Inlet. It was probably washed in from the ocean. PI. 53, Fig. 5 PI. 65, Figs. 16, 16a Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; Palm Beach County, Florida; West Indies Family Tethyidae (SEA PIGEONS) Neck and head narrower than the body; mouth an upright fissure; two folded lobes above head; two raised rhinophores behind these, in front of which are the eyes. Shell nearly or quite covered by the mantle, a mere concave plate. GENDS TETHYS Linn6 1758, Aplysia of Authors Swimming lobes and foot well de- veloped; shell thin with small pointed apex and concave posterior sinus. TETHYS PROTEA Rang. Variable Tethys. Back much swollen, neck slender, tails pointed, foot of generous size, ring-shaped dark marks scattered upon surface. Shell 3 inches in length. The variations in the color mark- ings of the animal are considerable. It may be sought for in protected bays and tide pools. The very light shells become brittle when dry and are quickly scattered by the wind. PI. 50, Fig. 25 Florida; Bermuda; West Indies TETHYS WILLCOXI Hellprin. Color of animal sea-green, tinged with purple, blotched and speckled with spots of lighter color. Shell about 2 inches in length, internal, horny-calcareous, deeply emarginate, both longitudinally and transversely striated. Length of animal 7-8 inches. It emits a brilliant crimson fluid. It should be sought for at a depth of 2-3 feet and also upon the surface of the water. A variety has more recently been discovered in southern Massachusetts, Rhode Island and at Cape May, New Jersey. PI. 53, Fig. 15 Little Gasparilla Bay to Marco, Florida ORDER PTEROPODA This group of animals is entirely pelagic, living upon floating gulf weed and essentially adapted to that environment. In the tropics they may be seen in count- less numbers, swimming by a vigorous flap- ping of a pair of fins, upon the surface of the sea. Certain of the larger forms have lingual teeth and therefore may be gregari- ous in spite of their small size. In the north they form food for countless birds and also whales. Weeds from the Gulf Stream, containing the shells, are frequent- ly thrown upon the Florida beaches but the specimens are often somewhat damaged, the delicate seines being lost. These organisms are allied to the Gastropoda but are much lower in structure. They are said to be sensitive to light, heat, and perhaps odors. The true foot, strictly speaking, is only rudimentary EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 143 but the more usefiil fins largely replace It. These fins are placed near the mouth and neck. When the shell Is present it is usually glassy, often translucent, with dorsal and ventral plate united. Old, worn, or dead specimens often appear opaque. The sexes are united, each individ- ual possessing male and female organs which are located on the right side of the neck. These mollusks show no affinity with the bivalves. There are certain char- acters which suggest the Cephalopoda but the Pteropoda are unique and deserve com- plete isolation in a separate order. They are possibly closest to the Gastropoda. Family Limaclnidae Shell minute, spiral, sometimes operculate. The true fry are left-handed and on this account may easily be separated from Atlanta, Carinaria, and other Gastro- pods. GENUS LIMACINA Cuvler 1817 Shell umbillcated, umbilicus mar- ginal; no operculum. LIMACINA TROCHIFORMIS Soul. The smallest of the American Pteropods. Diameter 1 mm. N. 42° to S. S8° LIMACINA BULIMOIDES Orbigny. Another very small form. Length 2 mm. N. 35° to S. 48° LIMACINA HELICINA Phipps. The illustration is of the radula enlarged. PI. 68, Fig. 14 Arctic Seas to Gulf of Maine Family Cavoliniidae GENUS CAVOLINA Gioeni 1785, Hyalaea Lamarck 1801 CAVOLINA TRISPINOSA Le Sueur. Shell com- pressed; three straight spines, one longer behind; longitudinally ribbed on ventral face; color whitish, almost transparent, smoky tinted. Length 10 mm. PI. 59, Fig. 12 (Shell) PI. 74, Fig. 115 N. 60° to S. 40° CAVOLINA LONGIROSTRIS Le Sueur. Shell marked with five concentric ridges, upper face almost hemispherical, dorsal face ribbed, forming in front a long, folded, depressed beak; lateral spines compressed, middle spine truncated and short. Length 4 mm. PI. 49, Fig. 12 N. 47° to S. 40° CAVOLINA GIBBOSA Rang. Shell somewhat in- flated, ventral face with high sharp ridge, this portion striated, the rest finely reticulated; dorsal face convex, almost smooth or with seven faint ridges; upper lip turned sharply downward; lateral spines short, close together, middle spine stout, short and a little curved upward. Length 9 mm. PI. 59, Fig. 8 N. 43° to S. 41° CAVOLINA TELEMUS Linne (C. trldentata) . One of the largest forms in this group and often represented in collections. Length 18 mm. PI. 74, Fig. 113 PI. 59, Fig. 9 N. 40° to S. 40° CAVOLINA UNCINATA Rang. Much swollen ven- trally, surface finely and evenly reticu- lated, fine ridges in front; dorsal surface with three low radiating ribs, evenly round- ed at aperture, turned downward; lateral spines compressed and curved a little back- ward; middle spine short, stout and turned upward. Color pale amber. Length 9 mm. PI, 74, Fig. 116 N. 40° to S. 40° CAVOLINA INFLEXA Le Sueur. Shell long, com- pressed, ventral face a little inflated; dorsal face indistinctly three ribbed; lat- eral spines small, turned backward slightly; central spine long, stout and curved upward. Length 5 mm. N. 40° to S. 42° GENUS CRESEIS Rang 1828 CRESEIS ACICULA Rang (S. recta of authors). Pelagic. PI. 74, Fig. 118 N. 48° to S. 40°; Gulf of Mexico 144 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS CRESEIS CONICA Eschscholtz (S. vitrea Ver.) Pelagic. PI. 74, Fig. 112 N. 40° to the tropics; Gulf of Mexico GENUS HYALOCYLIS Fol 1875 HYALOCYLIS STRIATA Rang. Pelagic. PI. 74, Fig. 119 N. 40° 6', W. 68° 6', alive to S. 40°; Gulf of Mexico GENUS STYLIOLA Le Sueur 1826 STYLIOLA SDBULA Quoy and Guimard. Length 10 mm. PI. 59, Fig. 11 N. 41° to S. 40° GENUS CLIO Llnne 1767; Cleodora Peron and Le Sueur 1810 Shell pyramid-shaped; three sided, ventral side flat, dorsal side keeled; aperture triangular; apex acute. The internal organs, including the heart and gills, may be seen functioning in living examples through- the glassy shell, CLIO PYRAMIDATA Linne. The specimen il- lustrated is from off Georges Bank in 1290 fathoms, temperature 40°. Length 15 mm. PI. 57, Fig. 15 Spitzbergen to S. 40° SECTION BALANTIUM Benson 1837 CLIO RECURVA Children. PI. 59, Fig. 10 Pelagic N. 40° to S. 33° GENUS CUVIERINA Boas 1886 Cuvieria Rang 1827 CUVIERINA COLUMNELLA Rang. PI. 74, Fig. 117 N. 43° to S. 40° Length 12 mm. Family Cymbuliidae GENUS COROLLA Dall 1871 COROLLA CALCEOLA Verrill. PI. 74, Fig. 120 1 mile off Gay Head, Massachusetts and in N. 40° 6', W. 68° 6' Family Clionidae GENUS CLIONE Pallas 1774, Clio of Authors CLIONE LIMACINA Phipps. PI. 74, Fig. 122 Davis Strait to N. 37"^ ORDER ACOELA Family Umbraculidae GENUS UMBRACULUM Shell limpet-shaped, much depressed, concentric growth lines well marked; apex oblique and very little raised; edge sharp; muscle impression well marked inside shell. A curious feature is the very minute left- handed nucleus. The animal is extremely large, the mantle not extending beyond the shell. UMBRACULUM PLICATULUM Martens. Coiled Um- brella, This apparently is the first rec- ord for the species within the United States. The specimen obtained upon the beach at Deerfleld was perfectly fresh but did not contain the animal. Length 28 mm, PI. 28, Fig, 1 Deerfield, east Florida to West Indies Family Pleurobranchidae GENUS KOONSIA Verrill 1882 KOONSIA OBESA Verrill, Range 192-312 fath- oms. PI, 66, Fig. 7 Off Delaware Bay Family Heterodoridae GENUS HETERODORIS Verrill and Emerton 1882 HETERODORIS ROBUSTA Verrill and Emerton. 458 fathoms. PI, 66, Fig. 5 Off Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 145 Family Dorlgitatldae GENUS GEITODORIS Bergh 1891 GEITODORIS COMPLANATA Verrill. Range 85- 146 fathoms. PI. 66, Fig. 6 South of Martha's Vineyard SUBCLASS PULMONATA (Air Breathers) ORDER BASOMMATOPHORA Family Ellobiidae (Auriculidae) Amphibious mollusks, breathing air but apparently dependent upon plenty of moisture, living close to the sea. Members of certain genera are covered by the tide four hours out of twelve. Shell spiral with a horny epider- mis; aperture long, with strong folds on inner lip, outer lip often toothed or grooved inside. Animal with respiratory orifice on the right side. GENUS AURICULASTRUM Fischer 1883 (EAR SHELLS) Mantle margin of animal thickened; foot simple. AURICULASTRUM PELLUCENS Menke. Transparent Ear Shell. This was collected by Rhoades near Miami, Florida, only in and under the soft rotten mangrove branches which lay on the mud in the mangrove swamps along the bay side. They deeply imbed themselves in the rotten wood. It also has been reported from Sanibel and Highland Point, west Flor- ida. Length 18 mm. PI. 55, Fig. g Cedar Keys, west Florida to Demerara GENUS PHYTIA Alexia Gray 1847 Shell thin, spire pointed; inner wall with one to five teeth, outer lip with teeth or thickening inside. PHYTIA MYOSOTIS Drap. Shell semitranspar- ent, smooth, shining; whorls seven to eight; outer lip expanded and thickened, some- times with tooth-like folds on inside; sharp white teeth below inner wall and a smaller one above it. Length 8 mm. This shell probably was introduced to America from Europe through commerce. PI. 55, Fig. 3 Nova Scotia to West Indies GENUS TRALIA Gray 1840 TRALIA PUSILLA Gmelin. Shell a rich deep chestnut-brown color, often almost black; varying in shape from oval to elongate; one fold upon columella, two upon parietal wall; outer lip thickened, inflected in center with single revolving ridge on its inside. Length 13 mm. Collected by Earl Moore at Miami, Florida. PI. 55, Fig. 6 PI. 67, Fig. 5 Miami, Florida southward to Guade- loupe, West Indies GENUS PEDIPES Scopoli 1777 (STEPPING SHELL) Foot of animal divided inferiorly by a transverse groove. Shell subrounded, transversely ridged, spire short; inner lip with three plaits, outer lip with two in- ternal teeth, lip margin sharp. The generic name was applied on ac- count of the peculiar mode of progression. The animal moves by a series of little steps and the strange movements are execut- ed with such rapidity that Pedipes is one of the most agile of mollusks. PEDIPES ELONGATUS Dall . Shell longer and more pointed than the following species; comparatively smooth; suture lightly im- pressed. Length 4 mm. PI. 67, Fig. 4 Marco, west Florida PEDIPES MIRABILIS Muhlfeld. Shell small, whorls about four, sometimes shouldered; whorls lirate spirally; outer lip sometimes callous and with low teeth inside, both sometimes absent. Length 3 mm. This Pedipes enters shallow water near the inside of the North Inlet at Palm Beach, apparently to deposit its eggs in the late spring, later returning to deeper water. It may be observed under stones be- tween tide marks. A variety is shown on PI. 67, 146 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS PI. 55, Fig. 8 PI. 67, Fig. 17 Tampa, Florida to West Indies; Palm Beach, Florida Family Siphonarildae Shell limpet-shaped; apex near cen- ter; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped; on right side a deep siphonal groove, mak- ing a slight projection on the margin. The animals are remarkable in pos- sessing both lungs and gills, being amphib- ious. They live between tide marks and usually individuals are numerous. South Africa appears to be their metropolis so far as number of species is concerned. The largest one lives at Panama. This interesting family, in a way, connects the marine mollusks with their gills, and the pulmonates which are equipped with lungs. GENUS SIPHONARIA Sowerby 1824 (SIPHON SHELLS) SIPHONARIA ALTERNATA Say. Alternated Siphon. Shell conical; thirty or more obso- lete ribs, hardly elevated, unequal in size; apex curved and its tip pointed nearly in a parallel direction with surface of shell; color brown, rayed with white; breadth 8mm. It is abundant on No Name Key, Florida, near the ferry dock. PI. 55, Fig. 10 Bermuda; east Florida; Cuba, Yuca- tan SIPHONARIA NAUFRAGUM Stearns (S. lineolata Orblgny) . Ship-Wrecked Siphon. Shell white or brown with radiating blackish lines which are plainly visible; groove distinct; sculpture fine and close. Length 1 inch. A very plentiful shell upon the rock Jetties in Palm Beach County, Florida. PI. 55, Fig. 9 Florida east coast; Cuba GENUS MELAMPUS Montfort 1810 (BLACK FOOT) Aperture of shell long, narrow; in- ner lip with several tooth-like projec- tions; outer lip sharp and with ridges ex- tending inside. Melampus lives mostly out of the water upon land which is subject to over- flow. It clings to grass-like plants in shaded spots, close to the ground, and also crawls about in wet places. When a colony is discovered there are usually countless numbers of individuals. MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say (M. lineatus Say). Shell horn-colored or reddish; whorls four to five; spire short, body whorl 5/6 the length of shell; grooves sometimes present inside outer lip; single tooth upon inside wall, also tooth-like fold below and extend- ing inside. Length 10 mm. Very common upon salt marshes near high-water mark. The young shells, shining and banded are prettier than the adxilts. PI. 55, Fig. 11 PI. 67, Fig. 18 New England to the West Indies MELAMPUS COFFEUS Linni. Cone-shaped, solid, and heavy; surface fawn colored under epi- dermis; narrow white band at shoulder, two narrow light bands below upon a lead or lurid brownish ground; umbilicus rimate or closed; numerous ridges inside outer lip; two white folds on inside wall, the upper one most prominent. Length 18 mm. The remarkable fact about this form is that the interior partitions and axis are often entirely absorbed by the animal to afford more space. The light-colored bands are sometimes absent. At Cape Sable, Florida and on some of the Florida Keys very large races of this species occur. PI. 55, Fig. 7 PI. 67, Fig. 3 Southern Florida; West Indies MELAMPUS FLAVUS Gmelln. Shell varying from brown to chestnut; usually with two but sometimes three bands, the upper on the strong shoulder; base sometimes white; sin- gle fold upon columella; white teeth inside outer lip rather irregular. Length 14 mm. The single columellar fold is the most constant character but this shell is often difficult to separate from M. coffeus. There are usually two columella folds in the latter. PI. 55, Fig. 12 PI. 67, Fig. 1 West Florida to Florida Keys; West Indies MELAMPUS FLORIDANUS Shutt. Shell thin. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 147 smooth; grayish with brovm bands; whorls ten; aperture narrow, angular, lip acute. Length 7.5 mm. PI. 55, Fig. 5 PI. 67, Fig. S Tampa Bay, Florida to Florida Keys GENUS DETRACIA Gray 1840 DETRACIA BULLOIDES Montagu. Shell heavy, thick, shining, brownish with white revolv- ing bands; whorls ten, tapering toward base; six to eight elongated ridges inside but not quite reaching outer lip. Length 11 mm. On Big Pine, one of the lower Flor- ida keys, Detracia lives under stones and bits of wood not far from the ocean beach. PI. 55, Fig. 1 PI. 67, Fig. 7 Cedar Keys, West Florida to Florida Keys GENUS SAYELLA Dall 1885 SAYELLA CROSSEANA Dall. Length 2.5 mm. PI. 67, Fig. 10 Egmont Key, Florida; West Indies SAYELLA HEMPHILLII Dall. Length 3.75 mm. PI. 67, Fig. 11 Cedar Keys, Florida GENUS BLAQNERIA Shuttleworth 1854 BLAUNERIA HETEROCLITA Montagu. PI. 67, Fig. 14 Tampa, Florida to West Indies; Europe Family Piliidae The "apple snails" are fluviatile. The breathing cavity being partly closed they are able to remain out of water for long periods, even years in times of drought. The animal's tentacles are long, the lips so modified that they resemble an additional pair of tentacles. On the left side of the mantle is a long siphon; large pulmonary sac on each side of mantle cavity; operculum usually completely closing aper- ture. In the mightiest of rivers sucn as the Amazon and its tributaries, the Ganges, and the Nile, live the largest and finest species. A South American bird has a beak especially designed for entrance under the operculum of a Pomacea. GENUS POMACEA Perry All of the species which inhabit the Western Hemisphere are provided with a horny operculum and are placed under this genus . POMACEA PALUDOSA Say. Spire of shell much depressed, whorls four, pale olive or brown with greenish or brownish lines. Length 1.5 inches. This fresh-water snail apparently lives in every Florida county. It prefers a muddy station and a sluggish stream or pond. At night it is most active and shoxild be sought for with a flashlight. The writer observed a large number of adolescent indi- viduals living under water hyacinths in the St. John's River near Orange, Florida. In Volusia County it also occurs plentifully as a fossil in the shell-gravel pits, the material from which is used as a top dress- ing for minor roads. Large numbers of dead and bleached specimens may be seen upon the banks of canals throughout the state and elsewhere In the south. The eggs are shown in Fig. 52. PI. 57, Fig. 13 South Carolina to Louisiana Fig. 52 Eggs of Pomacea POMACEA PALUDOSA FLAVA Pilsbry. A striking yellow shell, without bands. This variety has been collected in canals near Plnecrest on the Tamiami Trail. Central Everglades and near Miami, Florida CLASS CEPHALOPODA Here are placed the octopods, nautili, cuttlefish, Splrula, and other highly organized forms. Structurally these are similar to other mollusks but their mode of living is entirely differ- ent. Many of them are active swimmers, swift in motion, contrasting with the rel- atively slow clam and inall. The common squid (Loligo pealii) remains in deep water during the winter but about May 1st enters shallow water in order to lay its eggs. The orders under the Cephalopoda are arranged with respect to the number of gills together with other internal organs and also the character of the shell. SUBCLASS DIBRANCHIATA ORDER DECAPODA Family Spirulidae Animal with elongate tentacular arms; cups numerous, evenly spaced, in six series and very small; body sometimes pro- vided with a thickened belt and a small fleshy fin on each side; eyes covered with skin, lower eyelid present. Shell internal, of shelly nature, spiral, chambered, the chambers provided with a siphon, the last of sufficient size to contain a very small portion of the animal. See Fig. 53. GENUS SPIRULA Lamarck 1799 (SPIRAL SHELLS) Whorls of shell separated from each other; septa or plug outwardly con- cave, provided with a funnel-shaped siphon on inner or curved side and reaching into each cell without these directly communi- cating with each other. SPIRULA SPIRULA Linnl. The only known species of the genus. It lives in the open sea. The shell Is white and pearly; Fig. 53 Splrula splrula. Showing position of internal shell the two to three revolu- tions not making contact. Breadth 1 inch. This interesting shell, much resembling a ram's horn, is common upon southern beaches. PI. 28, Fig. 6 Nantucket and Cape Cod, Massachusetts southward to the tropics SPIRULA SPIRULA LINNE Charles W. Johnson, late editor of "The Nau- tilus" after hearing a pa- per read by J. Henry Blake at a meeting of the Boston Malacological Club com- posed the following lines which admirably describe the history and habits of Splrula. "The chambered shells of the Splrula As they float upon the sea. Are cast on a thousand beaches For any one to see; But the animal that made this shell Was long a mystery. Linne called it Nautilus splrula Which was not a very bad guess. Lamarck called it Splrula peroni Crhough he'd first named it fragilis); And thus quite early was started A nomenclatorial mess. Some said with that disk-like sucker Attached it must surely grow. While the rudimentary fins would prove As a swimmer it must have been slow; Then the chromatophores would indicate That it lived in the mudi; you know. 148 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 149 'Twas the Dana Expedition Thai, discovered Spirilla's home Far above the oozy bottom And below the great waves' comb; For bathypelagic is the Spirilla And there's where it loves to roam. It only lives in the warmer seas, Ao more than a thousand feet. Suspended head down in the water A position hard to beat- Though doubtless it is its chambered shell That aids it in this feat. And now they say that the "sucking disk" Is really a lamp instead. And perhaps its lighter color is due To its standing on its head: But, alas I poor little Spirula Can't rest in the ocean's bed." ORDER OCTOPODA Family Argonautidae Male very small, without arms or shell; female provided with a symmetrical shell which is secreted by thin terminal expansions of the two dorsal arms. All other molluscan shells are secreted by the mantle but Argonauta uses its arms to per- form this function. Prior to the year 1839 two eminent naturalists of their day. Gray and de Blainville, advanced a fantastic theory with respect to the animal of Argonauta. Their strange hypothesis maintained that the inhabitant of the "Paper Nautilus" was a parasite incapable of producing a pro- tection of its own while the original builder was a Heteropod. In 1839 Madame Jeannette Power working in her vivarium at Messina, Sicily, made a series of observations upon Argonau- ta. She demonstrated that the young when first excluded from the egg is naked, and that after ten to twelve days the shell be- gins to appear being deposited by the two web-like arms and that when broken it is repaired through the same agent. The body is thin and translucent, not shaped to conform to the body of the animal nor attached by shell muscles. The hollow of the spire, not occupied by the animal, provides a repository for the eggs, also a protection and serves in their in- cubation. It is nearly equivalent to the float in Janthina. The Argonauta literal- ly sits in its boat with the sail-shaped arms close to its sides and used as oars. Propulsion is accomplished by ejection of water from the funnel but when crawling it assumes a reversed position with the shell upon its back like a snail (Power and Rang). The male Argonauta is said to be only an inch in length and provided with a sac in the form of a separate arm which is used in mating time. GENUS ARGONAUTA Linne 1758 (ARGONAUTS) ARGONAUTA ARGO AMERICANA Dall. The well- known "Paper Nautilus." The specimen fig- ured is abnormal in that a break in the shell necessitated a resumption of con- struction on the outer edge which resulted in a break of the continuity. Average length 5 inches. This fine shell is often taken on the beaches of Florida after winter storms, sometimes containing the animal. Depth range 0-1917 fathoms. PI. 28, Fig. 2 PI. 66, Fig. 1, la, lb Massachusetts to West Indies; warm oceans generally. ARGONAUTA HIANS Solander (A. gondola Dillwyn.) Shell with few, well-separated, ribs; surface smooth, polished. The speci- men illustrated measures 28 mm. and was taken at Boynton, East Florida. PI. 28, Fig. 3 South Atlantic; Pacific Family Octopodidae Among the Cephalopoda the Octopus stands at the head being the most highly developed, possibly, of all mollusks. It presents a decided contrast to the other sedentary and harmless mollusks which be- long to the other great classes. Fig. 54. The Octopus is indeed the pirate or outlaw of the sea. It usually lives in some rocky hole, the approaches to which are often strewn with the bones or remains of its victims. The suckers are used for attachment to its prey and also to prevent 150 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS dlslodgement from some solid object to which it has become fastened. The color changes of the body are significant and denote the emotional changes which take Fig. 54 Octopus, a At rest, b Swimming, f Funnel place when the animal is distiirbed or at- tracted by food. It is possible for the Octopus to escape detection by assuming a color which harmonizes with its environ- ment. The pigment cells connect with the optic nerves so that what the animal sees results in a reflex action suited to the battle for existence. The head is large, arms long and more or less webbed. There is considera- ble variation in the size and length of the arms in the different species. They are very voracious and exceedingly active animals. The eggs are deposited on seaweed or in cavities of dead shells. The chestnut-brown ink which is dis- charged for a smoke-screen is charac- teristic and well known. Viewed in the dark the animals are slightly phosphorescent. In the male Octopus the right arm is more developed than that upon the opposite side and is used for breeding purposes. GENUS OCTOPUS Lamarck 1798 OCTOPUS VULGARIS Lamarck. In this species the body is small, the arms very large and unequal in length. The over-all length is often around 2 feet. Widespread in Atlantic; Med- iterranean; Red Sea; Pacific OCTOPUS RUGOSUS Bosc. Body purse- shape, back granular, rough, with a deep ventral groove; color violet- brown, white underneath, brown lines form- ing network on sides of arms. Length about 8 Inches. Confirmation of the presence of these two species in east coast waters is desired. North Carolina to Florida; warm seas elsewhere PLATES 151 PLATE 1 1. Cassis madagascarensis Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 10 inches, p. 111. 2. Cymatium cingulatum peninsulum Smith. Lake Worth, Florida. 2.75 inches. p. 113. 3. Charonia tritonis nobilis Conrad. Key West, Florida. 16 inches, p. 113. 4. Maculopeplum Junonia Chemnitz. West Florida. 3 inches, p. 1£8. 5. Fasciolaria distans Lamarck. West Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 126. 6. Fasciolaria tulipa Linne. West Florida. 3 inches, p. 126. 168 PLATE 1 PLATE S 1. Nucula proxima Say. West Florida. 12 mm. p. 25 2. Nuculana acuta Conrad. Sanlbel, Florida. 9 mm. p. 26. 3. Solemya velum Say. New England. 1 inch. p. 25. 4a, 4h. Yoldia llmatula Say. Raritan Bay, New Jersey. 2 inches, p. 26. 5. Yoldia sapotllla Gould. Maine. 23 mm. p. 26. 6a, 6b. Glycymeris americanus lineatus Reeve. Yamato, Florida. 29 mm. p. 29. 7. Glycymeris pennaceus Lamarck. Yamato, Florida. 29 mm. p. 29. 8. Glycymeris pectinatus Gmelin. Florida Keys. 29 mm. p. 29. 9. Macoma constricta Bruguiere. Sanibel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 59. 10. Area secticostata Reeve. Sanibel, Florida. 3.5 inches, p. 27. 11. Area campechiensis pexata Say. Long Island, New York. 2.25 inches, p. 26. 12. Glycymeris americanus Defrance. Vieques, Porto Rico. 60 mm. p. 29. 13. Area campechiensis americana Wood. North Carolina. 3 inches, p. 27. PLATE 2 la. lb. 2a, 2b. 3. 4a, 4b. 5. 6a, 6b. 7a, 7b. 8a, 8b. 9. 10. PLATE 3 Area umbonata Lamarck. Florida Keys. 1.5 i Area Incongrua Say. Wilbur, Florida. 2 inches. Area adamsi E. A. Smith. Florida Keys. 12 mm. Area reticulata Gmelin. Florida Keys. 15 mm. Area secticostata Reeve. Sanibel, Florida. 3. Area ehemnitzi Philippi. St. Thomas, W. I. 1. Area oecidentalls Philippi. Sanibel, Florida. Area auriculata Lamarck. Bahamas. 40 mm. p. Mulinia lateralis nucleus Conrad. Connecticut. Mulinia lateralis corbuloides Desh. Mayport, Florida. 16 mm. p. 65. les. p. 27. . p. 27. p. 28. p. 28. 5 inches, p. 27. 25 inches, p . 27. 2.5 inches. p. 27 26. 12 mm. p. 65. .ff^^^'^^T^ la, lb 2a, 2b 3. 4. 5. 6a, 6b 7. 8a, 8b PLATE 4 Noetla ponderosa Say. Sanibel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 28. Area barbata Linne. Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 28. Area Candida Gullding. Yamato, Florida. 2-2.5 inches, p. 28. Area transversa Say. New England. 1.5 inches, p. 27. Panope bitruncata Conrad. Florida tertiary. 5.25 inches, p. 68. Periploma undulata Verrill. Off Long Island, New York. 15 mm. p. 40. Montaeuta floridana Dall. West Florida, p. 48. Area campeehiensis Gmelin. Cameron, Louisiana. 1 inch. p. 26. PLATE 4 PLATE 5 1. Pinna carnea Gmelln. Tortugas. 9 inches, p. 29. 2. Atrina rigida Dillwyn. Sanlbel, Florida. 9 inches, p. 30. 3. Atrina serrata Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 9 inches, p. 30. 4. Pedallon alata Gmelln. Angel Fish Creek, Florida. 3 inches, p. 31. 5. Pedalion semiaurlta Linne. Near Jupiter, Florida. 16 mm. p. 31. 6. Plnctada radiata Lamarck. V/est Florida. 2 inches, p. 30. 7. Pteria colymbus Roeding. Sanibel, Florida. 3.5 inches, p. 30. 8a, 8b. Pedalion listeri Hanley. Florida Keys. 35 mm. p. 31. PLATH 5 PLATE la, lb. Spondylus americanus Hermann. Florida Keys. 3.5 ing spines, p. 3S. 2. Ostrea permollls Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 1.5 3. Ostrea frons Linne. Sanibel, Florida. 45 mm. p 4. Ostrea virglnica Gmelin. Virginia. 8 inches, p 5. Pllcatula gibbosa Lamarck. Sanibel, Florida. 1 6. Macoma tenta Say. Bermuda. 15 mm. p. 59. 7. Periploma angiilifera Philippi. Charleston, South Carolina. 8. Mesodesma arctata Conrad. New England. 1.5 inches, p. 66 inches. Inches. . 31. . 38. inch, p Beach valves, lack- 31. 38. 18 mm. p. 40. PLATE PLATE 7 1. Pecten zlczac Linne. Bermuda. 3 Inches. 2a. Pecten Islandicus Muller. 3.5 Inches, p. 2b. Same, interior of right valve, p. 33. 3a, 3b. Pecten sentis Reeve. West Florida. 33 mm. 4. Pecten grandis Solander. Bay of Fundy. 6 inches, p. 35. 5. Chione cancellata Linn§. Lake Worth, Florida. 1 inch. p. 53. 6. Pecten glbbus Linn6. Pawley's Id., South Carolina. 1.5 inches, p. 34. 7a, 7b. Pecten irradlans Lamarck. Long Island, New York. 2.5 Inches, p. 34. 3i . 33. 5. p. 33 inches. PLATE 7 1. Sa, gb S. 4. 5. 6. 7a, 7b 8a, 8b 9a, 9b PLATE 8 Pecten glbbus ampllcostatus Dall. Texas. 2.5 Inches, p. 34, Pecten imbrlcatus Gmelin. Yamato, Florida, 35 mm, p. 34. Pecten nodosus Linn6. West Florida. 4,5 inches, p. 34. Pecten ornatus Lamarck. Jupiter, Florida. 12 mm. p. 33. ' Pecten exasperatus Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 33. Pecten antillarum Recluz. Florida Keys. 15 mm. p. 35. Glycymeris pennaceus Lamarck. Barbados. 29 mm. p. 29. Lithophaga aristata Dillwyn. Jamaica, W. I. 30 mm. p. 39. Corbula contracta Say. Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts. 11.5 mm. p. 67. PLATE 8 4.5 la. lb 8. 3. 4a, 4b 5a, 5b 6. 7. 8. PLATE 9 Pecten nucleus Born. Miami, Florida. 30 mm. p. 34. Pecten gibbus Linne. Boca Ceiga Bay, Florida. 2 inches, p. 34. Pecten acanthodes Dall. Holotype, in National Museum. 3S mm. p. 34. Pecten exasperatus Sowerby. Lake Worth, Florida. 31 mm. p. 33. Pecten heliacus Dall. Holotype, in National Museum. 40 mm. p. 34. Pecten nodosus Linne. Young specimen. Yamato, Florida. p. 34. Pecten antillarum P.ecluz. Florida Keys. 15 mm. p. 35. Tellina lineata Turton. Florida. 30 mm. p. 57. \ \ :b PLAl E 9 PLATE 10 la, lb. Lima scabra Born. West Florida. 2.75 Inches, p. 36. 2. Papyridea semlsulcata Gray. Yamato, Florida. 8 mm. p. 49. Sa, 3b. Lima hians Gmelin. 44 mm. p. 36. 4. Lima subauriculata Montagu. Oban, Scotland, p. 36. 5. Lima lima Linne. West Indies. 1.5 inches, p. 36. 6. Anomla simplex Orbigny. Off Gulfport, Florida. 7. Semele nuculoides Conrad. Off Key West, Florida. 8. Mytilus recurvus Rafinesque. Mexico. 2 inches. 9. Donax tumida Philippi. St. Augustine, Florida. 10. Crassatella gibbsl T. and H. Tertiary, Florida. 11. Saxicava arctica Linne. Brooklin, Maine. 1 inch. 12. Donax fossor Say. Florida. 12 mm. p. 62. 13. Pododesmus decipiens Philippi. Argentina. 3 inches, p. 37. 14. Lima tenera Sowerby. Gulf of Mexico. 1.5 inches, p. 36. 1.5 inches. . p. 37 4 .5 mm. p. 61. p. 37. 16 mm. p. 62. 65 mm. p. . 43. L. ; p. 68. PLA IK 10 la. Ic lb. 2a, 2t 3a, 3b 4. 5a, 5b 6. 7a, 7b 8a, 8b 9a, 9b 10. 11. PLATE 11 Mytilus edulis Llnne. 2.5 inches, p. 37. Same, rayed form. p. 37. 2b. Modiolus opifex Say. 13 mm. p. 38. Mytilopsis leucopheata Conrad. Maryland. 12 mm. p. 39. Botula fusca Gmelin. 10 mm. p. 38. Mytilus exustus Linne. Pine Key, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 37. Modiolus modiolus Linne. New England. 5 inches, p. 38. Modiolus tulipus Linn6. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 38. Modiolaria lateralis Say. 12 mm. p. 39. Cardita gracilis Shuttleworth. Tampa Bay, Florida. 20 mm. p. 44. Myrtaea lens Verrill and Smith. 10.5 mm. p. 48. Tellina candeana Orbigny. Bermuda. 10 mm. p. 59. X72 PLATE \\ ^ 1 < 10 >i '^^^li^ PLATE 12 1. Modiolus demlssus plicatulus Lamarck. New York. 3 inches, p. 38. 2a, gb. Llthophaga blsulcata Orbigny. Sanibel, Florida. 30 mm. p. 38. 3a, 3b. Llthophaga antlllarim Orbigny. West Indies. 1.5 Inches, p. 38. 4. Llthophaga nigra Orbigny. Bermuda. 23 mm. p. 38. 5. Perlploma Inaequlvalvis Schumacher. Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 40. 6. Modiolus aborescens Dlllwyn. Sanibel, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 38. 7. Thracla conradl Couthouy. Duxbury, Massachusetts. 3.5 inches, p. 40. 8a, 8b. Crenella glandula Totten. Off Massachusetts. 13 mm. p. 39. 9. Modiolaria corrugata Stimpson. New Eiigland. 12 mm. p. 39. 10. Telllna mera Say. Florida. 15 mm. p. 58. 174 PLATE 12 la. lb. ga. gb. 3. 4a- 4c. 5. 6a, 6b. 7a, 7b. 8a, 8b. 9. 10. 11. 12a, 12b 13. 14. 21 mm, • P . 43 5 mm. p. 41. PLATE 13 Lyonsla floridana Conrad. Florida. 12 mm. p. 41. Lyonsia hyalina Conrad. Connecticut. 18 mm. p. 41. Lyonsia beana Orbigny. Sanibel, Florida. 17 mm. p. Polymesoda floridana Conrad. Big Pine Key, Florida. Cuspidarla gemma Verrill and Bush. Jupiter, Florida. Crassinella mactracea Linsey. 6 mm. p. 43. Pandora govildiana Dall. Duxbury, Massachusetts. 32 mm. p. 41. Telllna aequistriata Say. Florida. 22 mm. p. 57. Cyprina islandlca Llnne. New England, 3.5 inches, p. 42. Astarte castanea Say. Sandy Hook, New Jersey. 23 mm. p. 43. Modlolaria nigra Gray. Maine. 1 inch. p. 39. .Cardita floridana Conrad. Sanibel, Florida. 1 inch. p. 44. Venericardia borealis Conrad. Maine. 1 inch. p. 44. Lima inflata Lamarck. Florida. 32 mm. p. 36. PLATE 15 PLATE 14 Echlnochama arclnella Linne. Sanlbel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 45. Chama macerophylla Gmelln. West Indies. 55 mm. p. 44. Same, Florida, p. 44. Chama sarda Reeve. West Indies. 32 mm. p. 44. Chama congregata Conrad. 21 mm. p. 44. Venericardia tridentata Say. Beaufort, North Carolina. 6.5 mm. p. 44. Gastrochaena ovata Sowerby. Bermuda. 24 mm. p. 68. Gastrochaena cuneiformis Spengler. Off North Carolina. 23 mm. p. 68. Codakia orbiculata Montagu. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 13 mm. p. 47. Ostrea cristata Born. Gulf of Mexico. 2.5 inches, p. 31. 10. Montacuta floridana Dall. West Florida. 14 mm. p. 48. 178 la,: lb,lc 2a. 2b, 2c. 3. 4. 5a, 5b. 6a, 6b. 7a, 7b. 8. 9. PLATE 14 PLATE 15 la, lb. Lucina pennsylvanlca Llnn6. Lantana, Florida. 2 inches, p. 46. 2. Lucina floridana Conrad. Sanibel, Florida. 34 mm. p. 46. 3a, 3b. Lucina murlcata Spengler. Jamaica. 18 mm, p. 46. 4. Loripinus schrammi Crosse. Sanibel, Florida. 3 inches, p. 48. 5. Lucina amiantus Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm. p. 47. 6. Codakia orbiculata Montagu. Barnes Sound, Florida. 15 mm. p. 47. 7. Loripinus chrysostoma Philippi. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches, p. 47. 8. Lucina filosa Stimpson. Off Portland, Maine. 1.5 inches, p. 46. 9. Codakia costata Orbigny. Bermuda. 13 mm. p. 47. PLATE 15 I 1 1. 2. 3a, Sb 4a, 4b 5a, 5b 6. 7. 8a, 8b 9. 1 r\ XU. 11. PLATE 16 Luclna jamaicensls Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches, p. 46. Polymesoda carollnensis Bosc. Redault R., Florida. 1.75 inches, p. 42. Lorlpinus schramml Crosse. Florida. 2 inches, p. 48. Dlvaricella dentata Wood. Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 47. Divaricella quadrlsulcata Orbigny. Florida. 1 inch. p. 47. Myrtaea lens Verrill and Smith. Florida. 10.5 mm. p. 48. Seripes gronlandicus Bruguiere. Banks of Newfoundland. 2.5 inches, p. 50. Lucina nassula Conrad. Sanibel, Florida, p. 46. Siliqua squama Blainvllle. 2.5 inches, p. 64. Macoma calcarea Gmelin. Greenland. 1.25 Inches, p. 60. Cyrenoida floridana Dall. 12 mm. p. 45. PLATE 16 PLATE 17 1. 2. 3. 4a, 5a, 6. 7. Cardlum muricatum Llnne. Sanibel, Florida. 35 mm. p. 49 Cardium robustijm Solander. Sanibel, Florida. 5 inches, p. Cardium isocardium Linne. Florida. 3 inches, p. 48. 49. 4b. Laevicardlum mortoni Linn6. 5b. Trigonicardia medium Linn6. Cardium cilia turn Fabricius. Laevicardlum serratum Linn6. 8a, 8b, 8c. Papyridea spinosiam Meuschen. 9. Papyridea semisulcata Gray. Tarpon Bay, Florida. 1 Florida Keys. 3.5 inches New England. 2 inches. Blscayne Bay, Florida. Florida. 8-16 mm. p. Yamato, Florida. 10 mm. 10a, 10b. Trigonicardia antillarum Orbigny. Bahamas. 20 mm. p inch. p. 50 s. p. 50. p. 49. 1.5 Inches. p. 49. . 49. p. 50. PLATE 17 PLATE 1 8 1. 2. 3. 4a, 4b. 5. 6. 7. 8, 9a, 9b. 10. 11a, lib 12a, 12b Tivela mactroides Born. Nicaragua. 2 inches, p. 52 Strigilla flexuosa Say. Key West, Florida. 10 mm. p. 60. Dosinia elegans Conrad. Sanibel, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. Hysteroconcha dlone Linn6. West Indies. 35 mm. p. 53. Rangia cimeata rostrata Petit. 2 inches. p. 65. Gafrariiam cerina C. B. Adams. Charlotte Harbor, Florida. Gemma gemma Totten. 4 mm. p. 55. Strigilla rombergi Morch. 20 mm. p. 60. Tellina angulosa Gmelin. Woimta Haulover, Nicaragua. 42 mm. p. 58. Tellina tenera Say. Cape May, New Jersey. 13 mm. p. 58. Tellina martlnlcensis Orbigny. Dominican Republic. 10 mm. Chione granulata Gmelin. Jamaica. 24 mm. p. 54. 51. 12 mm. p. 52. p. 53. PLATE 18 1. 2. S. 4. 5. 6. 7a, 7b 8a, 8b 9a, 9b .0. PLATE 19 Doslnla elegans Conrad. Florida. 2.5 Inches, p. 51. Doslnla discus Reeve. Beaufort, North Carolina. 2.5 inches, p. 51. Pitar fulminata Menke. West Florida. 30 mm. p. 58. Strigilla carnaria Linne. West Indies. 20 mm. p. 60. Codakla orbicularis Linn6. S. E. Florida. 4 inches, p. 47. Dosinia concentrica Born. Brazil. 2 inches, p. 51. Transennella conradina Dall. Sanibel, Florida. Tellina crystallina Wood. Barcelona, Venezuela. 21.5 mm. p. 57. Strigilla pisiformis Linne. San Domingo. 10 mm. Pitar simpsoni Dall. Tampa Bay, Florida. 18 mm, laa 2 mm. p. 51 21.5 mm. p. p. 60. p. 52. PLATE 19 1. 2. 3a, 3b. 4a, 4b. 5a, 5b. 6a, 6b. 7a, 7b. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. PLATE 20 Macrocallista maculata Linne. Boi'Titon, Florida. 2.5 Inches, p. 52. Macrocallista nimbosa Solander. Marco, Florida. 4 Inches, p. 52. Pitar fulminata Menke. Sanibel, Floridc.. Yoiing. 10 mm. p. 52. Pltar morrhuana Govild. Duxbury, Massachusetts. 2 inches, p. 52. Chlone pygmaea Lamarck. West Indies. 13 mm. p. 54. Chione mazyckii Dall. Off Charleston, South Carolina. 12 mm. p. 53. Chlone subrostrata Lamarck. 1 inch. p. 54. Chione pubera Val. West Indies. 3 inches. p. 53. Kellia rubra Montagu. 3 mm. p. 48. Lucina radians Conrad. Florida. 17 mm. p. 46. Cardlum pinnulatum Conrad. Maine. 12 mm. p. 49. Tellina angulosa Gmelin. West Indies. 42 mm. p. 58. PLATE ZO PLATE 21 la. lb 2. 3. 4. 5a, 5b 6. 7a, 7b 8a, 8b 9. 10. 11. inch. p. 4 Inches. Cyclinella tenuis Recluz. Sanlbel, Florida. 1 Venus campechlensls Gmelin. Sanibel, Florida. Venus mercenaria notata Say. p. 54. Semele bellastrlata Conrad. Key West, Florida. Chione cancellata Linnfe. Lake Worth, Florida. Venus mercenaria Linnfe. New England. 3 inches Anomalocardia cimeimeris Conrad. Lake Worth, Florida Anomalocardia brasillana Gmelin. 21 mm. p. 55. Parastarte triquetra Conrad. Palm Beach, Florida. 3 mm. Chione latirata Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. Antigona llsteri Gray. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 2.5 inches 20 mm. 1 inch, p. 54. 53. P- 55. 61. 53. 17 mm. 55. p. 56. 54. p. 53. PLATE 21 PLATE 22 1. Cochlodesma leanvun Conrad. Casco Bay, Maine. 20 mm. p. 40. 2. Apolymetls intastrlata Say. Palm Beach, Florida. 3 Inches, p. 60. 3a, 3b. Tellina promera Dall. Bermuda. 14 mm. p. 58. 4. Tellina alternata Say. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches, p. 57. 5. Tellina interrupta Wood. West Indies. 3 inches, p. 56. 6. Astarte quadrans Gould. Maine. 6 mm. p. 43. 7. Venus campechlensis Gmelin. Sanibel, Florida. 3 inches, p. 55. 8a, 8b. Tellina similis Sowerby. Barnes Sound, Florida. 20 mm. p. 59. 9. Tellina fausta Donovan. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 57. 10. Pecten ravenell Dall. St. Martin's Reef, Florida. 45 mm. p. 33. 11. Pecten ziczac Linne. Lake Worth, Florida. S.5 inches, p. 33. 12. Taras venezuelensls Dunker. 11.5 mm. p. 45. 194 PLATE 22 PLATE 23 1. Telllna magna Spengler. Bermuda. 2.5 Inches, p. 58. 2. Tellina laevigata Linn6. Bermuda. 35 mm. p. 57. 3. Tellina radlata Linn6. Boynton, Florida. 3 inches, p. 57. 4a, 4b. Tellina sayl Ball. Angelsea, New Jersey. 18 mm. p. 58 5a, 5b. Cumlngia coarctata Sowerby. Punta Gorda, Florida. 18 mm. p. 62. 6. Cumlngia tellinoides Conrad. 14 mm. p. 62. 7a, 7b. Tellina lintea Conrad. Off Cape Lookout, North Carolina. 22 mm. p. 57. 8. Macoma balthica Linne. 1 inch. p. 59. 9. Macoma brevlfrons Say. St. Petersburg, Florida. 35 mm. p. 60. 10a, 10b. Abra aequalis Say. Sanibel, Florida. 10 mm. p. 61. 11. Semele. proficua Pult. Sanibel, Florida. 30 mm. p. 61. 12. Semele purpurascens Sowerby. Palm Beach, Florida. 43 mm. p. 61. 13. Abra liolca Dall. Captlva, Florida. 7 mm. p. 61. 14.r Luclna crenella Dall. Florida. 5 mm. p. 46. 15. Tellina iris Say. 12 mm. p. 59. 16. Tellina radiata unimaculata Lamarck. West Indies. 3 inches, p. 57. 17. Tellina tampaensis Conrad. Sanibel, Florida. 14 mm. p. 58. PLATE Z3 7a PLATE 2 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5a, 6. 7. 8. 5b, Rangia cuneata Gray. Jacksonville, Florida. 2 inches, p. 65. Iphigenia braslliana Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 3 inches. Solen viridis Say. Sanibel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 64. Spisula solidissima simills Say. West Florida. 4.5 inches, i Mulinia lateralis Say. 12 mm. p. 65. Mactra fragills Gmelin. 2 inches, p. 64. Rochfortia planiilata Stimpson. 4 mm. p. 48. Ensis directus Conrad. Long Island, New York. 6 inches, p. 64. 63. 65. PLATE 25 1. Tivela abaconls Dall. Yamato, Florida. 11 mm. p. 52. 2. Petrlcola pholadiformis lata Dall. Beaufort, North Carolina. 1.75 Inches, p. 56. 3a, 3b. Donax denticulatus Llnne. Nicaragua. 28 mm. p. 62. 4. Tagelus gibbus Spengler. 4 inches, p. 64. 5. Siliqua costata Say. Swampscott, Massachusetts. 2 inches, p. 64 6. Petrlcola pholadiformis -Lamarck. Far Rockaway, New York. 2.35 inches. p. 56. 7a, 7b. Rupellaria typlca Jonas. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 56. 8. Polymesoda floridana sarasotaensis Henderson. Tampa Bay^ Florida. 1.25 inch- es, p. 43. 9a, 9b. Heterodonax blmaculatum Linne. 20 mm. p. 63. 10. Donax variabilis Say. West Florida. 1 inch. p. 62. 11a, lib. Petrlcola lapicida Gmelin. Gordon Pass, Florida. 20 mm. p. 56. 12. Asaphis deflorata Linn6. Miami, Florida. 2 inches, p. 63. 13. Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmelin. Jamaica. 40 mm. p. 63. 14. Coralliophaga coralliophaga Gmelin. Bermuda. 1.5 inches, p. 56. 15. Spisula polynyma Stimpson. Grand Manan, N. B. 3.5 inches, p. 65. 16. Barnea truncata Say. 28 mm. p. 69. 17. Tagelus divisus Spengler. New England. 1.5 inches, p. 63. 200 PLATE 25 PLATE S 6 1. Panomya arctlca Lamarck. Off Owl's Head, Maine, 8.5 Inches, p. 68. £. Anatlna llneata Say. Sanibel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 65. 3. Anatina canaliculata Say. 2.5 inches, p. 65. 4a, 4b. Ti'ansennella stimpsonl Ball. Egmont Key, Florida. 14 mm. p. 51. 5. Periploma papyratia Say. 17 mm. p. 40. 6. Transennella conradina Dall. West Florida. 12 mm. p. 51. 7. Mya arenaria Linn6. Stonington, Connecticut. 3.5 inches, p. 66. 8. Mya truncata Linne. New England. 58 mm. p. 66. 9. Mesodesma arctata Conrad. North Triiro, Massachusetts. 2 inches, p. 66. 10a, 10b. Ervilia nitens Montagu. Antilles. 8 mm. p. 66. 11. Ervilia concentrica Gould. 5 mm. p. 66. PLATE 26 1. 2a, 2b 3a, 3b 4a, 4b 5a, 5b 6. 7a, 7b PLATE 27 Teredo navalls Llnne. Borings in timber, p. 70. Petrlcola pholadiformis Lamarck. Long Island, New York. 2.25 inches, p. 56. Pholas campechiensis Gmelin. 3.5 inches, p. 68. Barnea maritima Orbigny. Gulf of Mexico. 35 mm. p. 69. Zirfaea crispata Linn6. Scituate, Massachusetts. 2 inches, p. 69. Barnea costata Linne. Cape Sable, Florida. 6 inches, p. 69. Zirfaea crispata Linn6. Sanitel, Florida, p. 69. PLATE 27 PLATE 88 la, lb. Umbraculvun pllcatulum Martens. Deerfield, Florida. 28 mm. p. 144. 8. Argonauta argo americana Dall. Florida, p. 149. 5a, 3b. Argonauta hians Solander. Lantana, Florida. 28 mm. p. 149. 4. Melongena corona subcoronata Heilprin. Pliocene, Florida, p. 125. 5. Pecten nodosus Linne. Interior of valve, p. 34. 6. Spirula spirula Linn4. 1 inch. p. 148. 7. Latirus brevicaudatus Reeve. St. Thomas, W. I. 2.75 inches, p. 126. 8. Torcula subannulata acropora Dall. West Florida. 1 inch. p. 101. 9. Turrltella exoleta Linn6. Havana, Cuba. 40 mm. p. 101. PLATE 28 PLATE 29 1. Acmaea candeana Orbigny var. Yovmg. Key West, Florida. 10 mm. p. 74. 2a, 2b. Acmaea candeana antillarum Sowerby. Guantanamo, Cuba. 20 mm. p. 74. 5a, 3b. Hallotls pourtalesli Dall. Off Key West, Florida. 11 mm. p. 78. 4a, 4b. Tegula semigranosa A. Adams. Yamato, Florida. 16 mm. p. 78. 5a, 5b. Acmaea cubensis Reeve. Nassau, Bahamas. 15 mm. p. 74. 6. Neritina reclivata Say. Lake Worth, Florida. 20 mm. p. 83. 7. Neritina viridis Linne. Palm Beach, Florida. 7.5 mm. p. 83. 8. Nerita tessellata Gmelin. Boynton, Florida. 18 mm. p. 83. 9. Neritina virginea Linne. Palm Beach, Florida. 12 mm. p. 83. 10. Nerita peloronta Linn6. Jupiter, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 82. 11. Nerita versicolor Lamarck. Florida, 20 mm. p. 82. 12a, 12b. Neritina pupa Linne. 10 mm. p. 83. 13a, 13b, 13c. Acmaea leucopleura Gmelin. 23 mm. p. 74. 14a-14d. Acmaea punctulata Gmelin. 24 mm. p. 74. 15. Lucapina cancellata Sowerby. Boynton, Florida. 23 mm. p. 76. 16. Subemarginula puinila A. Adams. Dominican Republic, 8 mm. p. 77. 17. Acmaea testudinalis alveus Conrad. Interior, Maine. 8 mm. p. 75. 18a, 18b. Phasianella tessellata Potiez and Mlchaud. Boynton, Florida. 5.5 mm. p. 81. 19. Phasianella affinis C. B. Adams. St. Martins, W. I. 8.5 mm. p. 81. 20. Phasianella umbilicata Orbigny. Bonair Id., W. I. 7 mm. p. 81. 21. Nerita peloronta Linne. Operculum, p. 82. PLATE 29 13b 14 d 16 He PLATE 30 1. Flssxirella fascicularis Lamarck;. Rum Key, Florida. 20 mm. p. 75. 2a, 2b. Flssurella barbadensls Gmelln. Bahamas. 33 mm. p. 75. 3. Lucaplnella limatula Reeve. Off Cape Fear, North Carolina. 9 mm. p. 76. 4. Flssurella pustula Lamarck. West Indies. 1 inch. p. 75. 5a-5d. Diadora alternata Say. 1 Inch. p. 76. 6. Subemarglnula emarginata Blalnville. 1 inch. p. 77. 7. Subemarglniila octoradiata Adams. 1 inch. p. 77. 8. Acmaea testudinalis amaena Say. Maine. 35 mm. p. 75. 9a, 9b. Rimula frenulata Dall. Off Cape Lookout, North Carolina. 6.25 mm. p. 77. 10. Lucapina adspersa Philippi. Lignumvitae Key, Florida. 21 mm. p. 76. 11. Emarginula cancellata Philippi. Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. 4 mm. p. 76. 12a, 12b. Flssurella nodosa Born. 35 mm. p. 75. 13. Diadora minuta Lamarck. Boynton, Florida. 10 mm. p. 76. 14. Acmaea candeana Orbigny. p. 74. 15. Stomatella picta Orbigny. Florida Keys. 4 mm. p. 77. 16a, 16b, 16c. Diadora listeri Orbigny. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 40 mm. p. 76. 210 PLATE 30 .-J^^ 9 a- PLATE 31 1. Astraea longispina spinulosa Lamarck. 65 mm. p. 8S. S. Astraea longispina Lamarck. 40 mm. p. 82. 3. Astraea tuber Llnne. Boca Raton, Florida. 2 Inches, p. 88. 4. Tegiila fasclata Born. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 16 mm. p. 78. 5. Astraea imbricata Gmelin. 40 mm. p. 8S. 6. Astraea amerlcana Gmelin. Florida Keys. 1 inch. p. 82. 7. Llvona pica Linne. West Indies. 2.75 inches. p. 79. 8. Calliostoma jujubinum Gmelin. West Florida. 33 mm. p. 79. 9. Astraea brevispina Lamarck. West Indies. 40 mm. p. 82. 10. Astraea caelata Gmelin. Lantana, Florida. 3 inches, p. 82. 11a, lib. Turbo castaneus Gmelin. Florida Keys. 30 mm. p. 81. 12. Calliostoma roseolum Ball. 9.5 mm. p. 79. 13. Margarites groenlandicus Gmelin. Maine. 6 mm. p. 80. 14. Cochllolepis striata Dall. Palm Beach, Florida. 6.5 mm. p. 80. 15. Lacuna vincta Montagu. Maine. 8 mm. p. 101. 16. Calliostoma occidentalis Michels and Adams. Casco Bay, Maine. 15 mm. p. 79. 17a, 17b. Cochllolepis parasitica Stimpson. 2 mm. p. 80. 18. Calliostoma euglyptum A. Adams. Sarasota, Florida. 18 mm. p. 79. 19. Solariella obscura Couth. Casco Bay, Maine. 9 mm. p. 79. 20. Phasianella bella Pllsbry. Florida Keys. 2;,5 mm. p. 81. PLATE 31 PLATE 32 1. Epitonlum angulatum Say. 16 mm. p. 83. 2. Epitonlum eburneum Potiez and Michaud. Palm Beach, Florida. 20 mm. p. 84. 3. Epltonium lineatum Say. Cape Caneveral, Florida. 12 mm. p. 84. 4. Epitonlum tolleni Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 13 mm. p. 85. 5. Epltonium krebsli Morch. Boynton, Florida. 13 mm. p. 84. 6. Epitonlum hvmiphreysli Kiener. Maine. 15 mm. p. 84. 7. Epitonlum sclplo Dall. Vera Cruz, Mexico. 6 mm. p. 85. 8. Llotla variabilis Dall. 4 mm. Off Florida, p. 80. 9. Calllostoma euglyptvim A. Adams. Sarasota, Florida. 18 mm. p. 79. 10. Epitonlum turrlculum Sowerby. 8 mm. p. 85. 11. Epitonlum multlstriatum Say. Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts. 13 mm. p. 84. 12. Epitonlum dunkerianum Dall. Palm Beach, Florida. 4.5 mm. p. 85. 13. Epitonlum centiquadra Morch. Palm Beach, Florida. 8 mm. p. 84. 14. Epitonlum mltchelli Dall. Matagorda Id., Texas, p. 84. 15. Epitonlum fragllis Gray. Punta Rassa, Florida. 5 mm. p. 84. 16. Epitonlum sp. Abnormal. Palm Beach, Florida. 2 mm. 17. Epitonlum permodestum Dall. 38 mm. p. 84. 18. Epitonlum multistriata Say. Isle of Pines, North Carolina. 13 mm. p. 84. 19. Epitonlum clathrus Linn6. Yamato, Florida. 18 mm. p. 84. PLATE :V2 PLATE 33 1. Janthina janthina Llnne. Lantana, Florida. 1.5 Inches, p. 85 2. Janthina exlgua Lamarck. Lantana, Florida. 12 mm. p. 86. 3a, 3b. Janthina globosa Swains. Lantana, Florida. 18 mm. p. 86. 4. Styllfer stlmpsonl Verrlll. Off Block Id., Rhode Island. 3.75 mm. p. 86. 5. Turitellopsls acicula Stlmpson. Frenchman's Bay, Maine. 6 mm. p. 101. 6. Rlssolna laevigata C. B. Adams. Palm Beach, Florida. 4 mm. p. 97. 7. Terebra concava Say. Sarasota Bay, Florida. 23 mm. p. 132. 8a, 8b. Pyramldella crenulata Holmes. Palm Beach, Florida. 14 mm. p. 87. 9. Melanella fusus Dall. Off Morro Light, Havana, Cuba. p. 86. 10. Melanella conoldea Kurtz and Stlmpson. Palm Beach, Florida. 9 mm. p. 86. 11. Melanella Intermedia Cantraine. Tiger Key, Florida. 7.5 mm. p. 86. 12. Llostraca billneata Alder. 8 mm. p. 86. 13. Oscllla biserlata Gabb. Big Pine Key, Florida. 8.5 mm. p. 90. 14. Epitonium crenata hotessieriana Orbigny. Dtilla Id. 12 mm. p. 85. 15. Llostraca acuta Sowerby. Off Marco, Florida. 8 mm. p. 86. 16. Nlso splendldula Sowerby. Between Mississippi Delta and Cedar Keys, Florida. 28 mm. p. 87. 17. Nlso Interrupta Sowerby. Deerfield, Florida. 14 mm. p. 87. 18. Terebra concava vlnosa Dall. Tampa Bay, Florida. 18 mm. p. 132. 19. Mitrella fusiformls Orbigny. San Domingo. 7 mm. p. 120. 20. Turbonilla dalli Bush. East Florida. 8.4 mm. p. 89. 21. Tachyrhynchus erosa Couthouy. Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia. 26 mm. p. 101. 22. Atlanta peronii Le Sueur. Boynton, Florida. 12 mm. p. 91. 23. Mangilla cerina Kurtz and Stlmpson. Woods Holl, Massachusetts. 9 mm. p. 136. PLATE 33 PLATE 34 1. Pyramidella wliikleyi Bartsch. 5.8 mm. p. 87. 2. Turbonllla Interrupta Totten. 5.7 mm. p. 88. 3a, 3b. Turbonllla conradi Bush. West Florida. 9.5 mm. p. 88. 4. Turbonllla belotheca Dall. Palm Beach, Florida, p. 89. 5. Turbonllla curta Dall. Sanlbel, Florida. 8.3 mm. p. 88. 6. Turbonllla hemphllll Bush. 4 mm. p. 88. 7. Pyramidella Candida Morch. Off Tiger Key, Florida. 7 mm. p. 87. 8. Turbonllla areolata Verrlll. 5 mm. p. 88. 9. Turbonllla strlatula Couthouy. 13.6 mm. p. 89. 10a, lOb.Odostomla modesta Stlmpson. 3.2 mm. p. 91. 11. Turbonllla vlnae Bartsch. 6.3 mm. p. 89. 12. Odostomla blsuturalls ovilensls Bartsch. 5.6 mm. p. 90. 13. Turbonllla winkleyl Bartsch. 7.9 mm. p. 89. 14. Odostomla trlflda Totten. 4 mm. p. 90. 15. Pyramidella producta C. B. Adams. 5.1 mm. p. 87. 16. Odostomla Impressa Say. 4.8 mm. p. 90. 17. Odostomla semlnuda C. B. Adams. 3.8 mm. p. 90. 18. Pyramidella dolobrata Llnne. Nassau, Bahamas. 1 Inch. p. 87. 19. Odostomle blsuturalls Say. Woods Holl, Massachusetts. 4.7 mm. p. 90. 20. Turbonllla mlghelsl Bartsch. 4.7 mm. p. 89. 21. Pyramidella fusca C. B. Adams. New Bedford, Massachusetts. 5.5 mm. p. 87. 22. Perlstlchla toreta Dall. Sanlbel, Florida. 11 mm. p. 89. aiB PLATE 34 PLATE 3 5 1. Carinaria mediterranea Peron and Le Sueur. Atlantic. 2 inches, i 2. Polinices brunnea Link. Boynton, Florida. 30 mm. p. 92. 3. Eunaticina semisulcata Gray. Boynton, Florida. 14 mm. p. 93. 4a, 4b. Slnum perspectlvum Say. Delray Beach, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 93. 5. Sinum maculatum Say. 1.25 Inches, p. 93. 6. Natica livlda Pfelffer. Palm Beach, Florida. 13 mm. p. 91. 7. Natica canrena Linne. Lake Worth, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 8a, 8b. Polinices triseriata Say. Maine. 17 mm. p. 92. 9. Polinices duplicate Say. Far Rockaway, New York 10. Same. Monstrosity. Sanibel, Florida, p. 92. 11. Natica pusllla Say. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm. p. 92. 12. Velutina laevigata Linne. 16 mm. p. 93. 13a, 13b. Polinices lactea Guilding. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 92. 14. Polinices heros Say. New York. 2.5 inches. p. 92. 15. Epitonium groenlandicum Perry. Maine. 1 inch. p. 85. 16a, 16b. Natica maroccana Dillwyn. Lake Viorth, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 91. 17. Polinices groenlandica Moller. New England. 18 mm. p. 92. 18. Slnum martinianum Philippi. Florida. 1 inch. p. 93. 91. 91. 2 inches, p. 92. PLATE 35 • — ' 11 PLATE 36 la, lb. Xenophora conchyliophora Born. Palm Beach, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 94. 8. Crepidula aculeata Gmelin. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 96. 3a-3c. Hipponix antiquata Linn6. Florida Keys. 19 mm. p. 94. 4. Capulus intortus Lamarck. 17 mm. p. 94. 5a, 5b. Crepldula fornlcata Linne. Sanibel, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 95. 6a, 6b. Crepidula glauca Say. Westerly, Rhode Island. 14 mm. p. 95. 7. Cheilea equestris Llnn6. Boynton, Florida. 32 mm. p. 94. 8a, 8b. Crucibulum striatum Say. Brooklin, Maine. 1 inch. p. 95. 9a, 9b, 9c. Calyptraea centralis Conrad. Diam. 10 mm. p. 95. 10. Architectonica granulata Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches, p. 98. 11. Truncatella caribaeensis Sowerby. Florida Keys. 7 mm. p. 96. 12. Truncatella caribaeensis pulchella Pfeiffer. 5 mm. p. 96. 13. Truncatella bilabiata Pfeiffer. Palm Beach, Florida. 5.5 mm. p. 96. 14. Crepidula plana Say. Lake Worth, Florida. 50 mm. p. 96. 15. Capulus ungaricus Linne. 1 inch. p. 94. PLATE 36 PLATE 37 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6a, 6b. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11a, lib. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16a, 16b. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Archltectonica bisulcata Orbigny. Yatnato, Florida. 10 mm. p. 98. Architectonica cyclostoma Menke. Matecvunbe Key, Florida. 13 mm. Archltectonica delphinuloides Orbigny. Yamato, Florida. 7.5 mm. Architectonica granulata Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches. Llttorina angulifera Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 1.25 inches. p. 99. p. 99. p. 98. p. 100. Tectarlus miiricatus Linne. Planaxis nucleus Lamarck. Planaxis lineatus Da Costa, Echinella nodulosa Gmelin. Boca Raton, Florida. Palm Beach, Florida. Palm Beach, Florida, Boca Raton, Florida. 1 inch. 12 mm. 9 mm. 18 mm. 97. 6 mm. Litiopa bombyx Rang. Yamato, Florida. 5 mm. p. Alaba tervaricosa C. B. Adams. Boynton, Florida. Hydrobia minuta Totten. 4 mm. p. 97. Llttorina littorea Linne. New England. 1 inch. p. 99. Turritella variegata Linn6. 3.5 inches, p. 101. Llttorina ziczac lineata Lamarck. Jupiter, Florida. 12 mm, Rissoina laevigata C. B. Adams. Palm Beach, Florida. 4 mm. Rissoina cancellata Philippi. Florida Keys. 8 mm. p. 97. Rissoina chesnelli Michaud. West Florida. 4 mm. p. 97. Rissoina bryerea Montagu. Palm Beach, Florida. 5 mm. p. Llttorina irrorata Say. Coronado Beach, Florida. 1 inch. Modulus modulus Linne. 15 mm. p. 104. Llttorina obtusata Linn§. New England. 22 mm. p. 99. Llttorina saxitile Olivi. New England. 12 mm. p. 99. Llttorina ziczac Gmelin. Boca Raton, Florida. 12 mm. Rissoina decussata Montagu. 6 mm. p. 97. p. 100. 104. . 103. . 100. . 98. 100. 97. 97. P- 100. 99. PLATE 37 e. 9 mm. p. 105. 9 mm. p. 105. B . Adams , 10 mm. p. 104 Jamaica. 5 mm. p . 104-. 6 mm. p, . 104 PLATE S 8 1. Cerlthlopsis metaxae Delia Chlaje. 2a, 2b. Cerlthlopsis subiilata Montagu. 3. Triphora perversa nigrocincta C. 4. Triphora melanura C. B. Adams. 5. Triphora turris-thomae Dillwyn. 6. Cerlthlopsis greeni C. B. Adams. Sanibel, Florida. 5 mm. p. 105. 7. Cerithium floridaniom Morch. 1.5 inches, p. 106. 8. Cerithium variabile C. B. Adams. 18 mm. p. 106. 9. Cerithidea costata Da Costa. 9 mm. p. 107. 10. Cerithium algicola C. B. Adams. 20 mm. p. 105. 11a, lib, lie. Cerithium literatim Born. 20 mm. 12. Cerithium muscarum Say. Florida. 13. Cerithium eburneum Brugulere. 25 14. Blttium alternatum Say. 7.5 mm. 15a. Cerithium atratum Born. 1 inch. 15b. Same. Porto Rico. 23 mm. p. 106. 16. Cerithidea turrita Stearns. Tampa Bay, Florida. 10 mm. p. 107. 17. Cerithidea aguayoi Clench. Texas. 22 mm. p. 106. 18. Modulus angulatus C. B. Adams. Fox Bay, Colon. 13 mm. p. 104. 19. Littorina guttata Philippi. Jamaica. 8 mm. p. 99. 20. Tectarius trochiformis Dillwyn. Key West, Florida. 16 mm. p. 100. 21. Cerithium minimum Gmelin. Florida. 15 mm. p. 106. 22. Sella adamsl H. C. Lea. Florida. 10 mm. p. 105. 23. Cerlthlopsis virginica Henderson and Bartsch. 2.9 mm. p. 105. 24. Cerithium lutosum C. B. Adams. Palm Beach, Florida. 9 mm. p. 106. 25. Bittium cerithiodes Dall. 3 mm. p. 107. 26. Uargarites olivacea Brown. New England. 6 mm. p. 80. 27. Blttium varium Pfeiffer. Florida. 5 mm. p. 107. 28. Ancistrosyrinx elegans Dall. Florida reefs. 27 mm. p. 134. 2se p. 106. 2C ) mm. p. 106 mm. P. 106, P- 107 P- 106. PLATE 3& f f PLATE 39 la, lb. Strombus bltuberculatus Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 3 inches, p. 108. 2. Strombus gigas Linne. Lake Vtforth, Florida. 12 Inches, p. 108. S. Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. Sanibel, Florida. 10 inches, p. 126. 4. Strombus pugilis alatus Gmelin. Tertiary, Florida. p. 109. 5. Aporrhais occidentalis malnensis Johnson. Maine. S.5 inches, p. 108. 6. Same. Growth stages, p. 108. 7. Strombus pugilis Linn§. Lake Vilorth, Florida. 4 Inches, p. 108. 8. Aporrhais occidentalis Beck. Off Maine. 2.5 Inches, p. 107. PLATE 40 1. Cyphoma glbbosa Llnne. Tortugas. 1 inch, p, 109. 2. Simnla aclcularis Lamarck. Sanibel, Florida. 17 mm. p. 109. 3. Simnla uniplicata Sowerby. 15 mm. p. 109. 4a, 4b. Cypraea cinerea Gmelln. Tortugas. 1.75 inches. p. 110. 5. Cypraea exanthema Linn^. Florida Keys. 4 inches, p. 110. 6a, 6b. Cypraea spurca Linn6. Boynton, Florida. 30 mm. p. 110. 7a, 7b, 7c. Trivia pediculus Linne. Lantana, Florida. 15 mm. p. 110. 8a, 8b. Trivia globosa Gray. 11 mm. p. 110. 9a, 9b. Trivia quadripiinctata Gray. 8 mm. p. 110. 10. Trivia suffusa Gray. 9 mm. p. 110. 11a, lib. Erato maugeriae Gray. East Florida. 6 mm. p. 110. 12. Trivia candidula Gask. Off Barbados. 7 mm. p. 110. 13. Trivia subrostrata Gray. Antilles. 6 mm. p. 110. 14. Turbo spenglerianus Gmelin. West Indies. 2.5 inches, p. 81. 15. Acmaea candeana Orbigny. 1 inch. p. 74. 16. Nerita fiilgurans Gmelin. Key West, Florida. 1 inch. p. 83. 17. Epitoniiam denticxilatum Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 7 mm. p. 84. 18. Busycon perversum Llnn6. Dextral. Off Daytona Beach, Florida. 2 inches. p. 124. 19. Cypraea exanthema cervus Linne. Florida. 2.75 inches, p. 110. PLATE 40 PLATE 41 1. Cassis Inflata abbreviata Lamarck. 2. Cassis flammea Linne. Florida. 5 3. Cassis testlculus Llnne. Lantana, Florida. 4. Aporrhais occldentalls labradorensls Johnson 5. Cassis tuberosa Linne. Lake Worth, Florida. 6. Tonna galea Llnn§. 9 inches, p. 112. 7. Tonna perdlx Linne. 8 inches, p. 112. 8. Ficus papyratla Say. Sanibel, Florida. 6.5 9. Lamellaria pellucida Verrill. Deerfield, Florida 10. Margarites hellcinus Phipps. New England. Florida. 3 inches. . 111. 2.5 inches. P" , 111. Labrador. 2 inches 8 inches. P- 111. inches, p. 112. rlda. 12 mm. p. 93. 5 mm. p. 80. 111. 108. 232 PLATE 41 PLATE 4 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13a, 14. 15. 16. 17. 13b. Cymatium costatum Born. Cymatlum costatum Born. Cymatium femorale Llnne. Cymatium aquitile Reeve 4 inches, p. 113. var. Brazil. 4 Inches. Florida Keys. 5 inches. 3 inches, p. 112. 113. . 112. Cymatium chlorostoma Lamarck. Florida Keys. 3 inches, p. 112. Gyrlneum cruentatiam Reeve. Boynton, Florida. 1 inch. p. 113. Cymatium tuberosum Lamarck. West Indies. 2 inches, p. .112. Dlstorsio clathrata Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 1.25 inches, p. 113. Cymatium cynocephalum Lamarck. West Indies. 2.5 Inches, p. 112. Colubraria testacea Morch. Palm Beach, Florida. 2 inches, p. 118. Uelanella subcarinata Orbigny. 3.5 mm. p. 86. Busycon pyrum Dillwyn. Florida. 3.5 inches, p. 125. Monostiolum swifti Tryon. Bermuda. 18-22 mm. p. 118. Amauropsis islandica Gmelin. New England. 1 inch. p. 93. Natica clausa Brod. and Sowerby. Off New England. 16 mm. p. 92. Trophon scalariformis Gould. Georges Bank. 30 mm. p. 116. Eunaticina semisulcata Gray. Palm Beach, Florida. 14 mm. p. 93. 234 PLATE 42, PLATE 4 3 1. Cancellaria conradiana Dall. Gulf of Mexico. 1.5 Inches, p. 138. 2. Murex fulvescens Sowerby. Off Vifilbur, Florida. 6 inches, p. 114. 3. Murex pomum Gmelin. West Florida. 3 inches, p. 115. 4. Murex chrysostomus Sowerby. West Indies. 8.5 inches, p. 115. 5. Muricidea ostrearum Conrad. West Florida. 1 inch. p. 116. 6. Astraea brevispina Lamarck. West Indies. 1.5 inches, p. 82, 7. Cerithidea sc£.lariformis Say. 1 inch. p. 107. 8. Gyrlneum affine cubanianum Orbigny. Tortugas. 2.5 inches, p. 113. 9. Astraea longispina Lamarck. Florida Keys. 18 mm. p. 81. PLATE 43 >^iS»'-^ ^' r ' V 9 \\ / J#* ^ \ r PLATE 44 1. Murex cabritll Barnardi. Gulf of Mexico. 2 inches, p. 114. 2. Murex brevlfrons Lamarck. v;est Indies. 3 Inches, p. 114. 3. Murex beaul Fisher and Barnardi. South of Cuba. p. 114. 4. Murex rufus Lamarck. Florida. 2 Inches, p. 114. 5. Cymatlum clngulatum penlnsulum Smith. Lake Worth, Florida. 2.5 Inches. p. 113. 6. Ollva sayana Ravenel. Spire much produced, a freak. West Florida, p. 131. 7. Murlcldea hexagona Lamarck. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 116. 8. Leucozonla ocellata Gmelln. Florida Keys. 1 inch. p. 127. 9a, 9b. Adeorbls beaul Fischer. Florida. 9 mm. p. 98. 10. Thais deltoldea Lamarck. Florida. 1 inch. p. 117. 11. Mangllla stellata fllosa Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm. p. 137. 12. Ollva sayana Ravenel. Freak, shouldered form. West Florida, p. 127. 13. Trophon truncatus Strom. New England. 12 mm. p. 117. PLATE 44 PLATE 45 1. Urosalplnx clnereus Say. Long Island, New York. 37 mm. p. 116. 2. Eupleura caudate sulcidentata Dall. West Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 115, 3. Muricidea multangula Phillppi. 19 mm. p. 116. 4. Sistrum nodulosum C. B. Adams. Blscayne Bay, Florida. 12 mm. p. 118. 5. Drosalpinx tampaensis Conrad. West Florida. 1 inch. p. 116. 6. Colubraria lanceolata Menke. Florida. 1 inch. p. 118. 7. Tritonalia cellulosa Conrad. Florida Keys. 12 mm. p. 115. 8a, 8b. Thais patula Linne. Boynton, Florida, p. 117. 9. Thais florldana Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 117. 10. Murex messorius Reeve. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 114. 11. Tritonalia cellulosa Conrad. 12 mm. p. 115. 12. Muricidea multangula Philippi. 20 mm. p. 116. 13. Thais floridana haysae Clench. Louisiana. 3.5 inches, p. 117. 14. Eupleura caudata Say. 1 inch. p. 115. 15. Drosalpinx perrugatus Conrad. 28 mm. p. 116. 16. Coralliophila abbreviata Lamarck. Florida. 1 inch. p. 118. 17. Leucozonia cingulifera Lamarck. Florida Keys. 2 inches, p. 126. 18. Muricidea ostrearum Conrad. Off Tiger Key, Florida. 1 inch. p. 116. 19a-19d. Thais lapillus Llnn6. Maine. 1.25 inches, p. 117. £0. Tritonalia intermedia C. B. Adams. Bermuda. 22 mm. p. 116. 21. Thais lapillus imbricatus Lamarck. Nova Scotia. 1 inch. p. 118. PLATE 45 19 b PLATE 46 1. Uitrella albella iontha Ravenel. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm, p. 120. 2. Pyrene rusticoides Heilprin. Florida. 18 mm. p. 119. 3. Anachis obesa C. B. Adams. 6 mm. p. 119. 4. Serpulorbis decussatus Gmelin. p. 102. 5a, 5b. Nitldella cribraria Lamarck. Boynton, Florida. 10 mm. p. 120. 6. Nitidella moleculina Duclos. Japan. 10 mm. p. 120. 7. Anachis avara semiplicata Stearns. Tarpon Bay, Florida. 13 mm. p. 119. 8a, 8b. Pyrene mercatorla Llnne. West Indies. 17 mm. p. 119. 9a, 9b. Nitidella nitidula Sowerby. Palm Beach, Florida. 15 mm. p. 120. 10. Nassarlus trivlttata Say. New England. 16 mm. p. 121. 11. Nassarius consensa Ravenel. Charlotte Harbor, Florida, p. 121. 12. Nassarius obsoleta Say. Long Island, New York. 1 inch. p. 121. 13a, 13b. Nassarius vibex Say. Florida. 10 mm. p. 121. 14. Nassarius hotessieri Orbigny. Off Sand Key, Florida, p. 121. 15. Nitidella laevigata Llnn6. Palm Beach, Florida. 17 mm. p. 120. 16. Nassarius ambigua Montagu. Yamato, Florida. 10 mm. p. 121. 17. Nassarius acutus Say. Florida. 13 mm. p. 121. 18. Mitrella limata Say. New England. 5 mm. p. 120. 19. Anachis avara similis Ravenel. 7 mm. p. 119. 20. Phos candei Orbigny. Florida. 1 inch. p. 123. 21. Phos parvus C. B. Adams, var. Florida Keys. 16 mm. p. 123. 22. Cantharus cancellarla Conrad. West Indies. 1 inch. p. 122. 23. Anachis avara translirata Ravenel. North Carolina. 14 mm. p. 119. 24. Anachis avara Say. Woods Holl, Massachusetts. 17 mm. p. 119. 25. Pyrene ovulata Lamarck. Florida Keys. 15 mm. p. 119. 248 PLA rK46 PLATE 47 1. Colus pygmaeus Gould. New England. 1 inch. p. 124. 2. Melongena corona Gmelin. Animal extended. Sanlbel, Florida, p. 125. 3. Colus stimpsoni Morch. Maine. 2.75 inches. p. 124. 4. Cantharus tinctus Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 1 inch. p. 122. 5. Pisania variegata Gray. Florida Keys. 19 mm. p. 122. 6. Buccinum undatum Linne. Maine. 2.5 inches. p. 122. 7. Melongena corona inspinata Richards. West Florida, p. 125. 8. Engina turbinella Kiener. Key West, Florida. 11 mm. p. 123. 9. Pisania puslo Linne. Florida Keys. 2 inches, p. 122. 10. Neptimea decemcostata Say. Maine. 3 inches, p. 123. 11. Cantharus auritula Link. Jupiter, Florida. 1 inch. p. 123. 12. Leucozonia cingulifera Lamarck. Florida Keys. 2 inches, p. 126. 13. Lora nobilis Moller. Frenchman's Bay, Maine. 18 mm. p. 136. 14. Lora cancellata Mighels and Adams. Eastport, Maine. 15 mm. p. 136. 15. Lora pleurotomaria Couthouy. Casco Bay, Maine. 11 mm. p. 136. 16. Mangilia atrostyla Ball, fcianibel, Florida. 7 mm. p. 136. PLATE 47 PLATE 48 1. Melongena corona Gmelln. Sanibel, Florida. 3 inches, p. 125. 2. Busycon canallculatus Say. Daytona Beach, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 124. 3. Thais florldana Conrad. Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 117. 4. Busycon perversum Linne. Sanibel, Florida. 8 inches, p. 124. 5. Melongena melongena Linn§. West Indies. 4 Inches, p. 125. 6. Busycon carica eliceans Montfort. North Carolina. p. 124. 7. Murex messorius Reeve. Marco, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 114. 8. Marginella lachrimula Gould. Florida. 1.5 mm. p. 130. M^^M^— 1^^—11 PLATF. 48 ^^^^^^^^^^H ^^1 WL'^ ^^^T^IH B w ^^^^l^v^^ i^^^^^^^^^H j& #^ .^Hl ib^B^I miKf"^' ' ^y^^ri .^H ^^^■r '^.JJtit ^^^^m^^^t^^^^M If ^v^'> /Be i .^Hl Hi ^m-wfll ^^^^^^^^^k ^^^^^^^Hft ^.^^^^^^^^1 ^^Hkr *^ j^^^^^^^^^H PLATE 4 9 1. 2. S. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Fasciolarla tulipa Linn6. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 6 inches, p. 126. Busycon canaliculatum Say. Far Rockaway, New York. 6 inches, p. 124. Xancus angulatus Solander. Florida Keys. 9 inches, p. 127. Fasciolarla dlstans Lamarck. Sanibel, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 126. Vasum muricatum Born. Busycon carica Gmelin Busycon perversum Llnn6. iMarginella carnea Storer. Marginella lactea Kiener. Marglnella velle Pilsbry. Aspella obeliscus A. Adams Lower Keys, Florida 7 inches, p. 124. Marco, Florida. 12 inches. 19 mm. p. 129. 9 mm. p. 150. Captiva, Florida. 15 Palm Beach, Florida. 5 inches, p. 127. .1. 124. mm. p. 131. 1 inch. p. 115. Cavolina longirostris Le Sueur. 4 143. PLATE 49 PLATE 50 1. Maculopeplum Junonia Chemnitz. Giilf of Mexico, 3. inches, p. 128. 2. Mitra barbadensls Gmelin. Tortxigas. 2 inches, p. 128. 3. Mitra sulcata Gmelin. Florida Keys. 10 mm. p. 129. 4. Mitra puella Reeve. Palm Beach, Florida. 8 mm. p. 129. 5. Mitra florldana Dall. West Florida. 7 mm. p. 128. 6. Olivella mutica Say. Beaiifort, North Carolina. 12 mm. p. 132. 7. Olivella floralia Duclos. Palm Beach, Florida. 8 mm. p. 131. 8. Olivella nivea Gmelin. Lake Worth, Florida. 15 mm. p. 132. 9. Oliva sayana Ravenel. West Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 131. 10. Cymatosyrinx pagodula Dall. Off Barbados. 12 mm. p. 135. 11. Marginella succinea Conrad. Gulfport, Florida. 17 mm. p. 131. 12. Marginella fauna Sowerby. 12 mm. p. 131. 13. Marginella pallida Linn6. Cuba. 15 mm. p. 130. 14. Marginella catenata Montagu. Yamato, Florida. 3.5 mm. p. 130. 15. Marginella minuta Pfeiffer. Palm Beach, Florida. 2.5 mm. p. 130. 16a, 16b. Marginella pallida Linn6. West Indies. 15 mm. p. 130. 17. Clathodrillia ostrearum Stearns. Sanibel, Florida. 22 mm. p. 135. 18a, 18b. Marginella guttata Dillwyn. Florida Keys. 1 inch. p. 130. 19. Marginella denticulata opalina Stearns. Tarpon Bay, Florida. 8 mm. p. 130. 20. Marginella avena Valenciennes. 12 mm. p. 130. 21. Marginella denticulata Conrad. Florida. 8 mm. p. 129. 22. Marginella apiclna Menke. Lake Worth, Florida. 12 mm. p. 129. 23. Oliva reticularis Lamarck. 2 Inches, p. 131. 24. Marginella aureocincta Stearns. West Florida. 4 mm. p. 130. 25. Tethys protea Rang. Florida. 3 inches, p. 142. PLATE 50 18a 10 b PLATE 51 1. Terebra hastata Gmelin. Yamato, Florida. 27 mm. p. 133. S. Terebra clnerea Born. Jensen, Florida. 2 Inches, p. 133. 3. Clathodrillia ebur Reeve. Gulf of Mexico. 12 mm. p. 135. 4a, 4b. Conus floridanus Gabb. Lemon Bay, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 133. 5. Conus proteus Hwass. West Florida. 2 inches, p. 133. 6. Conus mus Hwass. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 133. 7. Conus pealii Green. Florida. 19 mm. p. 133. 8a, 8b. Conus pygmaeus Reeve. Florida Keys. 12 mm. p. 133. 9. Oliva reticularis bollingi Clench. Off Miami, Florida. 61 mm. p. 131, 10. Voluta virescens Solander. 2 inches, p. 127. 11a, lib. Olivella nivea Gmelin. Florida. 20 mm. p. 132. 12. Terebra protexta Conrad. West Florida. 20 mm. p. 132 13. Mitra siilcata Gmelin. No Name Key, Florida. 10 mm. p. 129. 14. Mitra nodulosa Gmelin. 36 mm. p. 128. 15. Mitra hanleyi Dohrn. Card Sound, Florida. 7 mm. p. 129. 16. Terebra dislocata rudis Gray. 1.5 inches, p. 132. 17. Conus verrucosus Hwass. West Indies. 1 inch. p. 133. 18. Oliva reticularis Lamarck. West Indies. 2 inches, p. 131. 19. Olivella jaspidea Gmelin. Florida Keys. 15 mm. p. 132. 20. Cancellaria tenera Philippi. Florida. 20 mm. p. 138. 21. Conus nebulosus Solander. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 32 mm. p. 134. 22. Admete viridula Jay. New England. 12.5 mm. p. 138. 258 PLATE 51 PLATE 52 1. Cymatosyrinx thea Dall. Palm Beach, Florida. 15 mm. p. 135. 2. Mangilla pllcosa C. B. Adams. Gulfport, Florida. 7 mm. p. 137. 3. Clathodrillia harfordiana Reeve. Palm Beach, Florida. 18 mm. p. 135. 4. Mangilia quadrata rugirima Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 9 mm. p. 137. 5. Mangilia cerinella Dall. West Florida. 11 mm. p. 136. 6. Mangilia limonitella Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 7 mm. p. 137. 7. Clathodrillia ebenina Dall. Key West, Florida. 27 mm. p. 135. 8. Conus daucus Brijgulere. Jamaica. 1.5 inches, p. 134. 9. Mangilia exculpta Watson. Gulf of Mexico. 30 mm. p. 137. 10. Clathodrillia albinodata Reeve. Palm Beach, Florida. 9 mm. p. 135. 11. Cymatosyrinx furcata Reeve. Nassau, Bahamas. 26 mm. p. 134. 12. Mangilia guarani Orbigny. Palm Beach, Florida. 5 mm. p. 137. 13. Clathodrillia leucocyma Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 15 mm. p. 135. 14. Mangilia stellata filosa Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm. p. 137. 15a, 15b. Turris virgo Wood. Jamaica. 3.5 inches, p. 134. 16. Latirus Infundibulum Gmelin. Jamaica. 2 inches, p. 126. 17. Daphnella lymnaeformis Kiener. West Indies. 16 mm. p. 137. 18. Lora bicarinata Couthoiiy. Casco Bay, Maine, 7 mm. p. 136. PLATE 52 l5a 5a PLATE 53 1. Volvula oxytata Bush, Lake Worth, Florida. 3.5 mm. p. 139. 2. Micromelo undata Bruguiere. Deerfield, Florida. 14 mm. p. 141. 3. Acteon punctostrlatus C. B. Adams. Sanibel, Florida. 5 mm. p. 138. 4. Haminoea antlllarum guadalupensls Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 18 mm. p. 141. 5. Phlline sagra Orbigny. Lake Worth, Florida. 4 mm. p. 142. 6. Atys sharpi Vanatta. Boynton, Florida. 7.5 mm. p. 139. 7. Morum oniscus Linn6. Florida. 1 inch. p. 111. 8. Haminoea elegans Gray. 12 mm. p. 141. 9. Bulla solida Gmelin. West Florida. 35 mm. p. 140. 10. Bulla occidentalis C. B. Adams, Lake Worth, Florida. 1 inch. p. 140. 11. Cancellaria reticulata Linn6. Florida. 2 inches. p. 138, 12. Cylichna alba Brown. 5 mm. p, 140. 13. Hydatina physis Linn^. Delray, Florida, 1 inch, p, 141. 14. Acteocina candei Orbigny, 2,5 mm, p. 139. 15a, 15b. Tethys wilcoxi Heilprin. Sanibel, Florida. 7,5 inches, p. 142. 16. Ringicula nitida Verrill. 4.2 mm. p. 142. 17. Bulla striata Bruguiere. Yamato, Florida. 1 inch. p. 140, 18a, 18b. Sinum martiniana Philippi. Lake Worth, Florida. 18 nim. p. 93. 19. Cylichnella bidentata Orbigny. Sanibel, Florida. 4 mm. p. 140. 20. Lora incisula Verrill. Maine. 6.5 mm, p, 136. 21a, 21b, Acteocina bullata Kiener, West Indies, 11 mm. p. 133. 22. Haminoea antillarum Orbigny. 5 mm. p. 141. 23. Atys carlbaea Orbigny. Boynton, Florida. 8 mm. p. 140. PLATE 55 @ ri V PLATE 54 1. Spondylus amerlcanus Hermann. West Florida. 4 inches, p. 32. 2. Chione intapurpurea Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 35 mm. p. 53. 3. Mya arenaria Linn6. New England. 3.5 inches, p. 66. 4. Spondylus americanus Hermann. West Florida, p. 32. 5a, 5b. Voluta musica Linn6. West Indies, p. 127. 6. Tellidora cristata Recluz. Sanibel, Florida. 1 inch. p. 60. 7. Barnea costata Linn6. Marco, Florida. 6 inches, p. 69. 8. Macrocallista nimbosa Solander. Marco, Florida. 4 inches, p. 52. 9. Meioceras nitidim Stimpson. 2.5 mm. p. 103. 10. Caeciom carolinianum Dall. 4.75 mm. p. 103. Pr.A FE 54 PLATE 55 1. Detracia bulloldes Montagu. Florida Keys. 11 mm. p. 147. 2. Auriciilastrum pellucens Menke. Sanibel, Florida. 18 mm. p. 145. 3. Phytla myosotis Drap. 8 mm. p. 145. 4. Crucibulum auricula spinosum Sowerby. Pllo., Florida. l.£ inches, p. 95. 5. Melampus floridanus Shuttleworth. 7.5 mm. p. 146. 6. Tralla pusllla Gmelln. 13 mm. p. 145. 7. Melampus coffeus Linne. Florida. 18 mm. p. 146. 8. Pedlpes mirabilis Muhlfeld. Palm Beach, Florida. 9a, 9b. Siphonaria naufragum Stearns. Eoynton, Florida. 10a, 10b. Siphonaria alternata Say. Florida Keys. 8 mm. 11. Melampus bidentatus Say. 10 mm. p. 146. IS. Melampus flavus Gmelin. 14 mm. p. 146. 13. Dentalium semistriolatim Guilding. 29.5 mm. p. 14a, 14b. Dentalium entale stimpsoni Henderson. 40 mm. p. 15. Trlchotropls borealls costellarus Couthoviy. 19 mm. p. 103. 16a. Dentalium occidentale Stimpson. Apical portion magnified, p. 72. 16b-16d. Dentalium occidentale Stimpson. 26-31 mm. p. 72. 17. Dentalium semistriolatum Guilding. 29.5 mm. p. 72. 18a. Dentalium antillarum Orbigny. 20.5 mm. p. 71. 18b. Same, showing sculptural detail, p. 71. 19. Dentalium texaslana Philippi. 24. mm. p. 72. 20. Pecten raveneli Dall. Florida. 30 mm. p. 33. 21a. Dentalium callithrix Dall. Juvenile 23.5 mm. p. 71. 21b. Same, enlarged sculptural detail, p. 71. 22. Cadulus carolinensis Bush. 8 mm. p. 73. 3 mm. p. 145. 1 inch. p. 146 p. 146. 72. 72. PLATE 55 PLATE 56 1. Chiton tuberculatus Llnn^. 3 inches, p. SS. 2. Acanthopleura granulate Gmelln. Florida Keys. 3. Ischnochlton paplllosus C. B. Adams. Florida K 4. Ceratozona rugosa Sowerby. 40 mm. p. 26. 5a-5d. Ischnochlton florldanus Pllsbry. 41 mm. p. 23 6a, 6b, 6c. Lepldochiton alba Llnn^. New England. 13 mm 7a, 7b, 7c. Lepldochiton marmorea Fabrlclus. New England. 8a-8d. Lepldochiton ruber Lowe. New England. 20 mm. 9a, 9b. Ischnochlton llmaclformls Sowerby. 35 mm. p. 10. Hamlnoea succlnea Conrad. 10 mm. p. 141. see 2.! 5 Inches, p. 24. eys 8.5 mm. p. . 23 P- 22. 35 mm. p. 22. p. 22. 23. PLATE 56 9a PLATE 57 la,lb,lc. Ceratozona rugosa Sowerby. 40 mm. p. 23. Sa,gb. Chiton marmoratus Gmelln. 2 Inches, p. 23. 3. Acanthochites splculosus astrlger Reeve. 20 mm. p. 24. 4. Acanthochites florldanus Dall. 21 mm. p. 24. 5. Acanthochites pygmaeus Pilsbry. 8 mm. p. 24. 6. Chaetopleura aplculata Say. 1 inch. p. 23. 7. Splsula solidlsslma Dlllwyn. 6 Inches, p. 64. 8. Chlone Intapurpurea Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 35 mm. p. 53. 9. Corbula swiftiana C. B. Adams. Palm Beach, Florida. 9 mm. p. 67. 10. Acteocina recta Orbigny. 2 mm. p. 139. 11. Hamlnoea petltii Orbigny. 9 mm. p. 141. 12. Murex trlstichus Dall. Florida Strait. 10 mm. p. 115. 13. Pomacea paludosa Say. Lantana, Florida, p. 147. 14. Retusa pertenuis Mighels. bastport, Maine. 2.5 mm. p. 139. 15. Clio pyramidata Linn^. 15 mm. p. 144. 16. Acanthochites hemphilli Pilsbry. Key West, Florida. Length 24 mm. p. 24. PLATE 57 PLATE 58 1. Busycon perversum Linne. Sanibel, Florida. A freak. 2.5 Inches, p. 1S4. 2. Melongena corona Gmelln. Old Tampa Bay, Florida. 4.5 Inches, p. 125. 3. Strombus pugllis Llnne. Sanibel, Florida. A freak. 3.75 inches, p. 109. 4. Melongena corona altispira Pilsbry. Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida. 1.75 inch- es, p. 125. 5. Coralliophila deburghiae Reeve. Japan. 29 mm. p. 118. 6. Melongena corona persplnosa Pilsbry. Little Eayou, Tampa Bay, Florida. 4.5 inches, p. 125. 7. Melongena corona subcoronata Heilprin. ? Pinellas Point, West Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 125. 8. Melongena corona Gmelln. Tampa Bay, Florida. 4 Inches, p. 125. 9. Melongena corona minor Sowerby. John's Pass, West Florida. 2 inches, p. 125. 2ae M.A TK 55) PLATE 59 1. Strombus costatus Gmelin, Biminl, Bahamas. 7.5 inches, p. 108. 2. Strombus costatus Gmelin. Tortugas, Florida. 6 inches, p. 108. 3. Xenophora longleyi Bartsch. Off Tortugas, Florida. 4 inches, p. 94. 4. Xenophora caribaea Petit. Gulf of Mexico. 3 inches, p. 94. 5. Strombus gallus Linne. Antilles. 6.5 inches, p. 109. 6. Coralllophila abbreviata Lamarck. Off Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 1 inch. p. 118. 7. Crucibulum auricula Gmelin. West Indies. 1 inch. p. 95. 8. Cavolina gibbosa Rang. 10 mm. p. 9. Cavolina telemus Linne. 18 mm. 10. Clio recurva Children, p. 144. 11. Styliola subula Quoy and Guimard. 10 mm. p. 144. 12. Cavolina trispinosa Le Sueur. 10 see Indies. 1 . 14a. p. 143. 10 mm. P- mm. p . 143 PLATE 59 PLATE 60 1,1a, lb. Corbula krebslana C. B. Adams. 6.1 mm. p. 67. 2, 2a, 2b. Basterotla quadrata granatina Dall. 10 mm. left valve, p. 67. 3,3a-3c. Corbula cubaniana Orblgny. 12.7 mm. p. 67. 4, 4a, 4b. Corbula dlsparllis Orblgny. 9 mm. p. 67. 5, 5a, 5b. Corbula dietzlana C, B. Adams. 10.7 mm. p. 67. 6, 6a, 6b. Corbula kjoeriana C. B. Adams. 12 mm. p. 67. 7,7a. Corbula cymella Dall. 13.5 mm. p. 67. PLATE 60 PLATE 61 la, lb. Verticordia elegantlsslma Dall; 16.25 mm. p. 42. 2,2a. Lelomya clavlciilata Dall. 12 mm. p. 42. 3a, 3b. Cuspldaria perrostrata Dall. 8 mm. p. 42. 4a, 4b. Verticordia flscheriana Dall. 10 mm. p. 42. 5a-5c. Corbula swiftiana C. B. Adams. 10.4 mm. p. 67. 6a-6d. Corbula chittyana C. B. Adams. 8.5 mm. p. 67. 7,7a-7c. Corbula barratiana Orbigny. 8.9 mm. p. 66. 272 PLATE 61 PLATE 62 la. Amuslum dalll E. A. Smith. 6£ mm. p. 35. lb. The same. Inside of upper valve, p. S5. 2. Pecten sigsbeel Dall. 11.5 mm. p. 35. 3. Amuslvm pourtaleslanum marmoratum Dall. 13.5 mm. p. 35. 4a, 4b. Pecten imbrifer Loven. 12.5 mm. p. 35. 5a, 5b. Dimya argentea Dall. 12 mm. p. 32. 6. Trigoniocardla ceramidum Dall, 7. Protocardla peramabllls Dall. 8. Abra lioica Dall. 8.1 mm. p. 9a, 9b. Saxicava azarea Dall. 25 mm. 8.2 mm. P- 50. 12.5 mm. P- 50. 61. p. 68. PLATE 6Z PLATE 63 1. Dentallum laqueatum Verrlll. 29 mm. p. 72. 2. Dentallum ceratum Dall. Very young. 7 mm. 3. Dentallum carduus Dall. 16 mm. p. 71. 4. Dentallum gouldil obsciirum. 28 mm. p. 72. 5. Cadulus quadrldentatus Dall, and outline of aperture. 10 mm. p. 73. 6. Dentallum perlongum Dall, and outline of aperture. 80 mm. p. 72. 7. Cadulus amlantus Dall. 5.75 mm. p. 73. 8. Cadulus lunula Dall, and outline of aperture. 6 mm. p. 73. 9. Cadulus aequalis Dall, and outline of aperture. 15 mm. p. 73. 10. Dentallum callithrix Dall. 25 mm. p. 71. 11. Cadulus acus Dall. 8 mm. p. 73. 12a. Cadulus watsoni Dall, and outline of aperture. 20 mm. p. 73. 12b. Dentallum callipeplum Dall. 36 mm. p. 71. 12c. Cadulus agasslzii Dall, and outline of aperture. 9 mm. p. 73. 18d. Cadulus cucurbita Dall, and outline of aperture. 4 mm. p. 73. o o PLATE 63 PLATE 64 1. Olivella mutica Say. a-g, varieties of form and color; h, operculiim; 1, 1, operculum outside and inside, magnified; m, animal crawling; n, head, showing absence of eyes and tentacles; section of oral aperture magnified; p, sexual organ; r, section of shell showing absorption of walls, p. 132. 2. Olivella mutica Say. Portion of radula. p. 132. 3. Thais floridana Conrad. c, animal from below; d, head from above, p. 117. 4. Thais floridana Conrad; radula. p. 117. 5. Maculopeplum junonia Chemnitz, b, shell; c, sculpture of early whorls; d, nucleus; e, section, p. 128. 6. Volutomitra groenlandica Beck. Young shell and magnified nucleus, p. 129. 7. Volutomitra groenlandica Beck. Rhachidlan tooth; a, from above; b, in pro- file, p. 129. 8. Oliva sayana Ravenel. a, animal crawling; b, tentacles and eyes; c, soft parts removed from shell, showing (f) foot, (g) propodium, (h) breathing siphon, (i) vent, (l) posterior ligament of mantle, (m) mantle raised up, (n) verge, (o) gill; d, section of muzzle; e. gill and sensory organ, p. 131. 8g. Oliva sayana Ravenel. Dentition from female specimen. These drawings were made in 1889 by Dr. .William Stimpson. p. 131. d t / 9 h PLATE 64 PLATE 65 1. Mangllia oxytata Bush. p. 137. 2. Mangllia lanceolata pslla Bush. p. 137. 3. Mangllia oxla Bush. 4.5 mm. p. 137. 3a. Mangllia oxia melanitlca Dall. p, 137. 4. Mangllia atrostyla Dall. 7 mm. p. 136. 5,5a. Nassarlna glypta Bush. 4.5 mm. p. 123. 6. Triphora turrls-thomae Dillwyn. 6 mm. p. 104. 7,7a. Adeorbls supranltldus Wood. 2.5 mm. p. 98. 8. Epltonlum teres Bush. p. 85. 9. Pyramldella engonla teres Bush. p. 88. 10. Nlso Interrupta aeglees Sowerby. p. 87. 11. Volvula acuta Orblgny. p. 139. 18. Volvula oxytata Bush. 3.5 mm. p. 139. 13. Acteoclna candel Orblgny. 2.5 mm. p. 139. 14. Cyllchnella bldentata Orblgny. 4 mm. p. 140. 15. Retusa caelata Bush. p. 139. 16,16a. Phlllne sagra Orblgny. 4 mm. p. 142. 17. Acteon punctostrlatus Adams, var. 5 mm. p. 138. 18,18a. Dentallum eboreum Conrad. 30 mm. p. 71. 19. Cadulus carollnensls Bush. 9.5 mm. p. 73. 20. Cadulus quadrldentatus Inclsus Bush. 8.5 mm. p. 73. 21. Cuspldaria ornatissima Orblgny. 9.5 mm. p. 42. 280 PLATE 65 PLATE 66 1. Argonauta argo americana Ball. Slightly contracted, p. 149, la. The same, shell from in front, p. 149. lb. The same, from the side. p. 149. 2. Abralla megaptera Verrill, one of the sessile arms. 3. Cavolina hargeri Verrill. Dubious. 4,4a. Atlanta peronii Le Sueur, p. 91. 5,5a. Heterodoris robusta Verrill and Emerton. p. 144. 6. Geitodorls complanata Verrill and Emerton. p. 145. 7. Koonsia obesa Verrill; distorted by alcohol, p. 144. 8. Caecum cooperi Smith. Enlarged view of anterior end of' shell with animal extended, p. 103. PLATE 66 PLATE 67 1. Melampus flavus Gmelin. 12 mm. p. 146. 2. Melampus florldanus Shuttleworth. 7.5 mm. p. 146. 3. Melampus coffeus Linne. p. 146. 4. Pedipes elongatus Dall. 4 mm. p. 145. 5. Tralia pusilla Gmelin. 11 mm. p. 145. 6. Pedipes unisulcatus Cooper. W. Am., for comparison. 7. Detracia bulloides Montagu. 11 mm. p. 147. 8. Auriculastrum pellucens Menke. 16 mm. p. 145. 9. Melampus bidentatus Say. p. 146. 10. Sayella crosseana Dall. 2.5 mm. p. 147. 11. Sayella hemphillii Dall. a. 75 mm. p. 147. 12. Melampus bidentatus Say. Banded, p. 146. 12. Leuconia bidentata Montagu. American records dubious. 14. Blauneria heteroclita Montagu, p. 147. 15. Pedipes liratus Binney; for comparison. 16. Melampus olivaceus Carpenter; W. Am., for comparison. 17. Pedipes mirabilis Muhlfeld. 3.6 mm. p. 145. 10 m 12 14. 15 17 PLATE 67 PLATE 68 1. Cyma to syrinx thea Dall. 15 mm, p. 135. 2. Oscllla biserlata Gabb. 8.5 mm. p. 90. 3. Mangilla limonltella Dall. 6.75 mm. p. 137. 4. Turbonilla cedrosa Dall. 5.5 mm. p. 89. 5. Mitra floridana Dall. 6 mm. p. 188. 6. Phos parvus Intrlcatus Dall. 13.2 mm. p. 123. 7. Clathodrillia leucocyma Dall. 7.5 mm. p. 135. 8. Capulus iingaricus Linn6. Radula teeth, enlarged, p. 94. 9. Colus pygmaeus Gould. Soft parts, p. 124. 10. Tachyrhynchus erosa Couthouy; portion shell and animal, enlarged, p. 101. 11. Liostraca hemphlllii Dall. 3 mm. p. 86. 12. Crepldula plana Say. Radula. p. 96. 13. Nassarius trivlttata Say; showing animal, p. 121. 14. Limacina helicina Phipps; radula, enlarged, p. 143. 15. Scissurella crispata Fleming, showing animal. 4 mm. p. 78. , 16. Crepidula fornlcata Linne, from below, showing soft parts; 20 mm. p. 95. I i 13 PLATE 68 PLATE 69 1,2. Thais laplllus Llnn4. p. 117. 3. The same; ovlcapsules enlarged, p. 117. 4. Colus pygmaeus Gould, p. 124. 5. Epltoniiim multlstriata Say. p. 84. 6. Urosalpinx clnereus Say. p. 116. 7. Nassarius trivittata Say. p. 121. 8. Nassarius vlbex Say. p. 121. 9. Nassarius obsoletus Say. p. 121. 10. Epltonlum humphreysli Kiener. 17 mm. p. 84. 11. Eupleura caudata Say, small northern form. p. 115. 12. Anachis avara Say, variety, p. 119. 13. Mitrella pura Verrlll. p. 120. 14. Mangilla plicosa C. B. Adams. 7 mm. p. 137. 15. Lora bicarinata Couthouy. 7 mm. p. 136. 16. Mitrella lunata Say. 5 mm. p. 120. 17. Lora harpularia Couthouy. 12 mm. p. 136. 18,19. Pollnlces triseriata Say, young, p. 92. 20. Polinices Immaculata Totten. p. 93. 21. Natica pusilla Say; 6 mm. p. 92. 22. Caecum pulchellum Stimpson. 2.5 mm. p. 102. 23. Crepidula fornicata Linne. 32 ram. p. 95. 24. The same, young, p. 95. 25. Crepidula glauca convexa Say. 14 mm. p. 96. 26. Crepidula plana Say. p. 96. 27. Crucibulum striatum Say; profile, p. 95. 28. The same, from below, p. 95. i No. 7S5 3 12 13 "N i 18 19 % ^' ao 22 So PLATE 69 1 PLATE 70 1. Pollnlces heros Say, showing animal, p. 92. 2, 5. Acmaea testudinalls amaena Say. p. 75. 4. Vermicularia splrata Phlllppl. p. 102. 5. Llttorina obtusata Llnne. 20 mm. p. 99. 6. Llttorina saxitlle Olivi. 12 mm. p. 99. 7. Acmaea testudinalls alveus Conrad, profile. 8. The same, from below, p. 75. 9. Lepldochiton ruber Lowe. 20 mm. p. 22. 10. Chaetopleura aplculata Say. 1 inch. p. 23. 11. Polinices heros Say. p. 92. 12. Polinices duplicata Say. p. 92. 8 mm. p. 75. PLATE 70 1 PLATE 71 1. Cerithlopsls subulata Montagu. 12 mm. p. 105. 2. Cerlthiopsis greenii C. B. Adams. 5 mm. p. 105. 3. Trlphora perversa nlgrocincta Adams. 10 mm. p. 104. 4. Bittlum alternatiom Say. 7 mm. p. 107. 5. Sella adamsi H. C. Lea. 10 mm. p. 105. 6. Turbonilla elegantula Verrill. p. 89. 7. Odostomia bisuturalis Say. 4.7 mm. p. 90. 8. Odostomia trlfida Totten. 4 mm. p. 90. 9. Phytla myosotis Drap. yoxing. p. 145. 10. Odostomia seminuda C. B. Adams. 3.8 mm. p. 90. 11. Odostomia Impressa Say. 4.8 mm. p. 90. 12. Onoba aculeus Gould, p. 97. 13. Pyramidella producta Adams. 5 mm. p. 87. 14. Melanella intermedia Cantraine. 7.5 mm. p. 86. 15. Pyramidella fusca Adams. 5.5 mm. p. 87. 16. Solariella obscura Couthouy. 7 min. p. 79. 17. Hydrobia minuta Totten. 3.5 mm. p. 97. 18. Skenea planorbis Fabricius. 1.4 mm. p. 98. 19. Lacuna vincta Montagu. 8 mm. p. 101. £0. Haminoea solitaria Say. 10 mm. p. 141. 21. Cylichna alba Brown. 5 mm. p. 140. 22. Acteon punctostriatus Adams. 4 mm. p. 138. 23. Cylichnella oryza Totten. 4 mm. p. 140. 24. Diaphana debilis Gould. 4 mm. p. 140. 25,26. Retusa pertenuis Mighels, showing variations. 2.5 mm. p. 139. 27. Acteocina canaliculata Say. 5 mm. p. 139. 202 PI 4 W 11 12 13 I 17 c^ ao 21 Wii- 28 (iV 24 X6 Mf ^,5/=^ i. /-^ 26 27 25 PLATE 71 PLATE 72 1. Anomia simplex Orbigny, side view. p. 37. 2. The same, from below, p. S7. 3. Slllqua costata Say. p. 64. 4. Ensls dlrectus Conrad, p. 64. 5. Anomia aciileata Llnne, from above. 12 mm. p. 37. 6. The same, from below, p. 37. 7. The same, sculpture enlarged. p. 37. 8. The same, smooth variety, p. 37. 9. Modiolarla corrugata Stimpson. 12 mm. p. 59. 10. Crenella glandula Totten. 12 mm. p. 39. 11. Pecten irradians Lamarck, typical form. p. 34. # 10 ''■ '-v^ \.:- PLATE 72 PLATE 16 1. Astarte undata Gould. p. 43. 2. Thyasira goiildii Philippl. p. 45. 3. Solemya veliom Say. p. 25. 4. Astarte quadrans Gould. 6 mm. p. 43. 5. Cardium plnnulatum Conrad. 12 mm. p. 49. 6. Dlvaricella dentata Wood. p. 47. 7. Astarte castanea Say. 23 mm. p. 43. 8. Laevicardium mortoni Conrad, animal extended, p. 50. 9. Venerlcardia borealis Conrad, typical form. p. 44. 10. Venerlcardia borealis novangliae Morse, p. 44. 11. Crassinella mactracea Linsey; much enlarged, p. 43. 12. Thyasira obesus Verrillj much enlarged, p. 45. 13. Crassinella mactracea Linsey. 6 mm. p. 43. 14. Lucina filosa Stimpson. p. 46. 13 PLATE 73 i PLATE 74 110. Atlanta peronil Le Sueur, side view of shell, p. 91. 110a. The same, both much enlarged, p. 91. 111. Atlanta gaudichaudi Eudoux and Souleyet, for comparison, p. 91. 112. Creseis conica Eschscholtz, showing animal, p. 144. llo. Cavolina telemus Linne. 18 mm. p. 143. 115. Cavolina trispinosa Le Sueur, animal extended; shell 13 mm. p. 143. 116. Cavolina uncinata Rang, animal extended, shell 10 mm. p. 143. 117. Cuvierina columnella Rang, animal extended, remnant of the larval cone at base; shell 12 mm. p. 144. 118. Creseis acicula Rang, side view, greatly enlarged, p. 144. 119. Hyalocylix striata Rang, animal extended, enlarged, p. 144. 120. Corolla calceola Verrill, animal extended, p. 144. 121. Spongiobranchia australis Orbigny, for comparison. 122. Clione limacina Phipps. p. 144. PLATE 74 fERNANDlNA JACKSON o TALLAHASSEE Bluff- F L O R I D A 0 lO 20 Jo 1 1 I I <\oavtona beach .coronaoo beach CAPE CANAVERAL GULF ATLANTIC OCEAN CAPTIVA SANIBEL^-^ MEXICO H08E SOUND .\jUPITER NORTH INUT WEST PALMlUpALM BEACH BEACH " LAKEWORTH*^^^^^^ BOVNTON'J qIoHRAY BEACH YAMATOW •/BOCA RATON FORT LAUDER0AL£° ./HOLLYWOOD MARCO ^ CAPE ROMANO- CAPE SABLE^ LI6NUMVITAE KEY.,^" LOWER MATECUMBt KEY c^-" MIAMllffMIAMI BEACH (ICAPE fLORIDA BISCAYNE BAY / fANGELflSH CREEK KEY LARGO DRY T0HTU6AS v" KEY WEST pc.\^^ GLOSSARY OF DESCRIPTIVE TERMS AND GENERAL INDEX (Sections, Genera, etc., in Separate Index) Abyssal region.... p. 5 Acoela p. 144 Acuminate. .. .Sharp pointed Acute. .. .Sharp edged or pointed Admedlan teeth Portion of radula, p. 18 Adnate. .. .Growing together, connected Alated. . . .With wing-like projections. Fig. SO, p. 16 Amphlneura. . . .A class, pp. 1, 22 Analogous. .. .Parallel, similar, related Anatomy. .. .The study of the structure of organ- isms as shown by dissection Anterior end.... In bivalve shells the opposite end to which the ligament is attached; the front of the shell in life Aperture. .. .The opening, p. 14 Apex. .. .Summit or place of beginning of uni- valve shells Archaeogastropoda. . . .p. 74 Archlbenthal region.... p. 5 Articulated. .. .See operculum, p. 14 Attached. .. .Fixed to some solid object Auriculate. .. .Eared or with processes like those in Pecten Auriform. .. .Shaped like the human ear Axis.... An imaginary center around which the whorls coll Basal margin. .. .Margin opposite the umbones, corresponding with foot of animal in bivalves Base (in univalves) ... .Extremity opposite to the apex Beak. .. .Sharp pointed anterior end of a bivalve shellj formerly used to describe the extremi- ty of the umbo Biangulate. .. .Doubly keeled as in Tectarlus nod- ulosus, PI. 37, Fig. &i Bifid. .. .Divided at the tip into two parts Bivalve. .. .Composed of two pieces, rarely en- closed in a tube as in Teredo Byssus. .. .Beard-like filaments proceeding from the animal and used for attachment to some solid object, p. 17 Cabinet p. 7 Calcareous. .. .Of shell substance Callus.... A calcareous deposit such as enamel Camera.... p. 10 Canal. .. .Descending groove in aperture of an un- ivalve Cancellated. .. .When horizontal and vertical lines, of similar strength, cross; cross- barred Carinate. . . .When whorls are strongly keeled as in Astraea Cephalopoda. .. .A class, pp. 1, 148 Ciliate. .. .Edged with parallel hairs Cingulate .Spirally ribbed or ridged as in Sella adamsi, PI. 38, Fig. 22 Cleaning shells.... p. 7 Close. .. .Bivalve shells which do not gape Columella. .. .The pillar of univalves, portion near imaginary axis around which shell re- volves Compressed Flattened laterally; a reduced or • contracted aperture as in Distorsio, PI. 42, Fig. 8 Concave. .. .Hollow, opposed to convex Concentric lines or ribs. .. .Lines which follow, more or less, the margin of bivalve shells, p. 17 Conchyolln. . . .p. 12 Conic. .. .Shape of a cone Conical aperture Sloping from center as in Dladora, PI. 30, Fig. 5 Cordate. Heart-shaped Coronated. .. .Crowned; spines encircling the whorls as in Melongena, PI. 48, Fig. la Costated. . . .Ribbed Crenulated. .. .Scalloped at margin; saw-toothed, often the result of line terminations; see Pisania, PI. 47, Fig. 5 Cretaceous. .. .Shell with a large proportion of calcareous matter Cuspidate. .. .Prickly pointed Cyclodont Hinge teeth arched, see Fig. 22, p. 16 Cylindrical. .. .Transverse diameters somewhat equal as in Oliva Dead shell. .. .More or less worn, lacking origi- nal finish; without the living animal Decapoda. . . .p. 148 Decollated. .. .Apex broken off, p. 13 Decussated .Striae (or sculpture) which cross each other at acute angles; sometimes forming hollows as in Nassarlus trivittatus, PI. 46, Fig. 10 Deflected. .. .Bent backward or to one side Denticles. .. .Hinge teeth, p. 16 Denticulate. . . .Toothed Dental formula. .. .Reference to radula, p. 18 Dentated. . . .Toothed Denuded. Destitute of covering Depressed Spire only slightly elevated above body whorl Dextral. . . .Right-handed Diaphanous. .. .Transparent, clear, pellucid Dibranchiata. . . .p. 148 Discoidal. .. .Revolving nearly in the same plane, resembling a disk Disconnected. .. .Tube separated as in Spirula, PI. 28, Fig. 6 303 304 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Divisions of the sea.... p. 4 Dorsal, .. .Situated at the back Dorsal margin. .. .Upper edge of bivalve shell Drawings....?. 10 Dredge.... p. 6 Ears. .. .Small projecting processes of shell as in Pecten Ecology. .. .The study of environment as related to organisms Edentate Toothless Elongate Spire much produced as in Terebra, PI. 51, Fig. 16 Embryology. .. .The study of early developmental periods of animals Entire. .. .Margin simple, not Indented Epidermis. .. .Outer skin or covering, p. 12 Equilateral....?. 16 Equivalve. . . .p. 16 Escutcheon. .. .In bivalves an elongated depres- sion anterior to the umbones. See lunule Fascicle.... A cluster: numerous filaments placed together in a bundle Fasciculated. .. .Ornamented with pointed markings near suture as in Oliva, PI. 50, Fig. 9 Fasset....In bivalves a cavity of hinge to re- ceive a tooth of opposite valve Ferruginous. .. .Oxide of Iron color Fibrous. .. .With layers of prismatic cells, p. 12 Flexuose. .. .Zigzag without acute angles Fluvlatlle. .. .Inhabiting rivers Follaceous .Like foliage on a plant, p. 17 Foot. .. .Portion of animal used for locomotion and opposite to surface upon which animal moves Fossette. Receptacle for ligament, p. 17 Fulcrum Portion of bivalve shell to which cartilage proper Is attached Fulvous. .. .Orange color Fusiform. .. .Bulging in middle and tapering at each end as In Tralla, PI. 55, Fig. 6 Gaping. .. .Those bivalves which do not fully close Gastropoda A class, pp.1, 74 Genus. .. .Assemblage of species more or less re- lated to each other Gibbous. . . .Hump-backed Glabrous. .. .Surface smooth, opposed to hairy Globiilar. .. .Sphere-shaped as in Tonna, PI. 41, Fig. 6 ..Covered with grain-like elevations ..Living in company with others of Granulated. Gregarious. its kind Herbivorous.. . .Feeding on plants Elans.. . .Gaping Hinge. — Point of union between two valves Hinge margin. . . .Area on which the hinge is situ- ated Hinge teeth .p. 16 Hirsute. .. .Rough with prominent hairs Hispid — .Densely covered with a hairy epidermis Holotype. . . .The original shell described by an author Hyaline. . . .Transparent Imbricated. .. .Placed over one another like shin- gles on a house roof Imbricated operculum. .. .Nucleus at edge, de- velopment one sided, p. 14 Immaculate. .. .Without spots Imperforate. .. .Without umbilicus, p. 13 Incremental lines. .. .Showing an increase Incurved. .. .Bowed Inward Inequilateral. .. .In bivalves, anterior and pos- terior ends unequal in size and form so that umbones are not in center, p. 16 Inequlvalved. .. .Valves not equal to each other as In Ostrea Inflected. .. .Margin turned Inward Internal. .. .Enclosed within the skin or mantle of animal Involute. . . Cypraea Iridescent. Irrorate. . . •Rolled Inward from each side as in . . .Reflecting the prismatic colors •Marked with minute points Labiate. .. .Thickened inside or out, near margin, as In Truricatella, PI. 36, Fig. 13 Labrum. .. .Exterior side of the aperture in uni- valves Lamella. .. .Thin plate or foliation Lamellated. .. .Divided Into thin plates as in Ostrea Lateral. .. .Placed on one side Lateral teeth.... In bivalves the hinge teeth on each side of the cardinal or central teeth, p. 16 Lateral tooth.... Of radula, p. 18 Left valve.... p. l&i' Length. .. .Measurement of shell from anterior to posterior end In bivalves described in these pages; sometimes designates the distance from cartilage or umbones to base; in univalves, the point of spire to base Lenticular. .. .Depressed but keeled as in Modulus, PI. 37, Fig. SI Lenticular operculum, p. 14 Ligament. .. .Cartilage substance which connects the valves and functions in opening them, p. 17 Lineated. .. .Marked with lines Lip.... Edge of aperture In univalve shell Llrate Grooved, see PI. 64, Fig. 6; also as upon exterior of Pedlpes mirabilis, PI. 55, Fig. 8 Lltterate. .. .Lettered with Irregular lines like the Arabic Littoral region....?. 4 Livid. .. .Pale purplish brown Localities....?. 20 Locotype. . . .A shell from the locality where the holotype was obtained Longitudinal.. . .Direction of the longest diame- ter Lunate. .. .Crescent-shaped, or semi-lunar EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 305 Lunule. .. .Depressed or defined area In front of the umbones of bivalves. Absent In many species, p. 16 Lurid. .. .Dirty yellowish Lutose. .. .Covered with dirt or mud Maculated. . . .Spotted Mantle. .. .Fleshy covering of the body which se- cretes the matter of which the shell is formed Mamillar. .. .Rounded or dome-shaped nucleus; see Voluta mamilla, Fig. 10, p. 13 Margin. .. .Usually used to indicate circumference Marginal teeth.... Of radula, p. 18 Marmorate. .. .Resembling marble Median tooth. .. .Portion of radula, p. 18 Mesogastropoda. . . .p. 83 Microscope. .. .p. 10 Miniatus. . . .Red, like red-lead Mouth. .. .Aperture of univalve shell; of the ani- mal, portion where nourishment is taken Mucous pores. .. .Organs which supply lubrication to surface of animal Mucronate. .. .Terminating in a sharp rigid point Multlspiral operculum. .. .Many whorled, p. 15 Multivalve. .. .Composed of many valves or pieces as in Chiton, the coat-of-mail shell Muricated. .. .Armed with sharp elevated rigid points as in many Murex Muscle.... A fleshy organ by which animal is at- tached to the shell Muscular impressions. .. .Cicatrices on inside of bivalve shells where the adductor muscles, which act as antagonists to the ligament, are fastened, p. 16 Nacre. .. .Iridescence, p. 12 Naked Without a shell Navicular. . . .Boat-shaped Net p. 7 Nitidus A little less brilliant than lucid Nomenclature. .. .p. 11 Nuclear whorls. .. .Those which emerged from the egg Nucleus. .. .First formed portion of the cone which emerged from egg, p. 13 Nodule. .. .Knob-like projection Nodose. .. .With knobbed ribs, p. 32 Oblique. .. .Direction Intermediate to longitude and transverse Olivaceous. .. .Olive color Opaline. .. .Bluish white, like the opal Operculum. .. .A shelly or horny door, p. 14 Opisthobranchla. . . .p. 138 Orbicular. .. .Round and flat Order. .. .Subdivision of a class Ovate. .. .Shaped like an egg Oviparous. .. .Propagating by means of eggs Ovoviviparous Producing young alive Packing shells. .. .p. 8 Pallial line.... In bivalves, a more or less im- pressed line Inside and formed by attached mantle Pallial sinus.... A notch in the pallial line. No. 15, p. 17, Fig. 19o Papillary. .. .Apex semi-globular, like a nipple Papillous. .. .Surface with dots or pimples Parasitical. .. .Inhabiting another animal Paratype. . . .Any one of several specimens on which a species is based in addition to, but subservient to, the holotype Parietal callus. .. .Enamel on inside wall of aper- ture Parietal wall Inside wall of shell within aperture Patelliform. .. .Conical or limpet-shaped as in Acmaea Patulous. .. .Openly expanded or dilated as in Thais, PI. 45, Fig. 8 Paucispiral operculum. .. .Few whorled, p. 14 Pelagic Inhabiting the ocean or large body of water far from shore, often upon the sur- face Pelecypoda. . . .A class, pp. 1, 25 Pennaceous. .. .Feathered, like webs of a quill Penxiltimate whorl. .. .Previous to the last whorl Perforated. .. .Univalves, when umbilicus is small, p. 13 Periphery. .. .The keel or that portion of a whorl which extends outward the greatest distance, p. 13 Periostracum. .. .Epidermis, p. 12 Peristome. .. .Cord-like, thickened edge of the lip in univalves Pillar ... .The columella Plaits. .. .Folds Plane. .. .Level, without elevations or depressions Pleurocoela . . , . p . 138 Plicae Folds Plicate. .. .Ribbed or ridged transversely Plicate aperture. .. .Rib-like internal teeth or folds present Porcellanous. . . .A texture, p. 12 Posterior end.... Rear end of bivalve, p. 15 Primary teeth or cardinals. .. .Central teeth, be- neath the umbones, in bivalves Proboscis. .. .Fleshy part containing the mouth of animal Prosobranchia. . . .p. 74 Pteropoda. . . .A pelagic order, p. 142 Pubescent. .. .Coated with a fine wool-like sub- stance or down Pulmonata. .. .Order of air breathers, p. 145 Punctured. .. .When spots, in the color pattern, are so small as to resemble points or dots Pustulate. .. .Provided with wart-like projections upon surface Pyrlform. .. .Pear-shaped as in Erato Quadrangular. .. .Having four angles Quadrate. . . .Square Quadrilateral. ., .Having four sides Radiate markings. ... see radiated Radiated. .. .With small lines of color or sculp- ture extending from summit to base or outward from a center 306 EAST COAST MAEIHE SHELLS Radiating lines.... In bivalves, lines extending from umbones outward; opposed to concentric lines Radula. .. .Lingual ribbon, p. 18 Recurved. .. .Bowed downward Reference books.... p. 8 Reflexed. . . .Bent backward Renlform. . . .Kidney-shaped Reproduction. .. .p. 17 Reslllum. . . .An Internal ligament in bivalves, p. 17 Reticulate. .. .Resembling a network Retuse. .. .Ending In an obtuse summit Right valve.... p. 15 Rlmate. . . .Form of umbilicus, p. 13 Rostrate. .. .Pointed or beaked at end, usually the anterior end of bivalves Rufous. .. .Red or pale red Rugose. .. .Wrinkled or creased Scalariform. .. .Whorls separated from one another as in Epitonium Scalloped. .. .Indented on edge Scaphopoda. . . .A class, pp. 1, 71 Sculpture,.. .pp. 12, 17 Septate. .. .Interior of aperture contracted by projecting shelly masses Septum. . . .Diaphragm Serrate. .. .Like teeth of a saw Sinistral Left-handed, p. 11 Sinuous. . . .Twisted Sinus Excavation, as if scooped out; indenta- tion Siphons. .. .Tubes of bivalve animal used for im- bibing clean water or discharging wastes Spinose Armed with sharp spines; see muricate Spiral. .. .Wound around an imaginary axis Spiral operculum. .. .p. 14 Spirally striated Sculpture following direc- tion of growth Spire That portion of a univalve shell exclu- sive of the last whorl, p. 13 Stenoglossa. . . .p. 114 Striated. .. .With parallel impressions or raised lines; with thread-like lines Strigose. .. .Covered with short bristles; lean, thin Sulcate Heaviest at the base; furrowed with wide grooves or channels as in Trivia, PI. 40, Fig. 7 Subulate Awl-shaped Suture. .. .Line of separation between whorls, p. 14 Symmetrical Univalves with two equal sides and the nucleus central Taxonomy. .. .The study of the laws of classifica- tion Teeth.... In bivalves an arrangement of eminences and depressions on edges, used for locking the valves. In the center are the cardinal, at the sides the lateral teeth In univalves found adjacent to and partially closing the aperture Translucent. .. .Transmitting light Transverse aperture. .. .At right angles with axis of shell Trapezoidal. .. .Shell quadrilateral in outline and opposite sides, although more or less straight, not parallel Trlnomialism. . . .p. 11 Trochlform. . . .Of conical shape but flattened be- low as in Astraea, PI. 31, Fig. 2 Trochophore. .. .Development of egg stage, p. 1 Truncate. .. .Cut off at tip Tubercles. .. .Small projections Tumid. .. .Swollen, applied to bivalves Turbinate. .. .Top-shaped or conical and rounded below as in Turbo; PI. 31, Fig. 11 Turreted — .Elongate, with upper whorls angulat- ed or shouldered as in Turritella, PI. 37, Fig. 15 Umbilicus. .. .A chink or pit at axis of the spi- ral revolution, varying greatly in different species; often absent or indistinct, p. 13 Umbo.... The beginning of a bivalve shell, which usually emerged from the egg, often elevated and nearly always pointing forward, p. 16 Oncinal teeth. .. .Portion of radula, p. 18 Undulated. . . .Waved Unguiculate operculum. .. .p. 14 Univalve. .. .Single valve or part Varices. .. .Prominent raised ribs on surface of univalve shells, corresponding to rest peri- ods and periodic thickenings of the lip Varicose. .. .See varices Varix....A single one of the varices. Fig. lie, p. 14 Veliger larva. .. .Development of the egg stage, p. 1 Ventricose. . . .Swollen Viscid. .. .Covered with resinous or greasy matter Viviparous. .. .Producing living young Whorl.... One complete revolution of the spiral shell INDEX OF GENERA, SUBGENERA. AND SECTIONS Atra, 61 Acanthochites, S4 Acanthopleura, 24 Acar, 28 Acmaea, 74 Acropagia, 57 Acteoclna, 139 Acteon, 138 Acus, 132 Adeorbis, 98 Admete, 138 Alaba, 98 Alabina, 107 Alexia, 145 Amalthea, 94 Amauropsis, 93 Amerlcardia, 50 Amphineura, 22 Amusium, 35 Anachis, 119 Anatina, 65 Anclstrosyrinx, 134 Angulus , 58 Anomalocardia, 55 Anotnia, 36 Antigona, 53 Aphrodite, 50 Aplysia, 142 Apolymetis, 60 Aporrhals, 107 Area, 26, 16 Archltectonlca, 98, 13 Argonauta, 149 Asaphis, 63 Aspella, 115 Astarte, 43 Astraea, 81 Astralium, 81 Astyrls, 120 Atlanta, 91 Atys, 139 Auriculastrum, 145 Avioula, 30 Balantlum, 144 Barbatia, 28 Barnea, 69 Basterotla, 67 Bellucina, kZ Blttlum, 107 Blaunerla, 147 Boreoscala, 85 Botula, 38 Buccinum, 121 Bulla, 140 Bullina, 140 Busycon, 54, 11, 14, t'^'* Cadulus, 72 Caecum, 102 Calliostoma, 79, 14 Calluclna, 46 Calyptraea, 95 Cancellarla, 138 Cantharus, 122 Capulus, 94 Cardita, 44 Cardium, 48, 16 Carinarla, 91 Cassis, 111 Cavilucina, 46 Cavolina, 143 Cerastoderma, 49 Ceratozona, 23 Cerithidea, 106 Cerithlopsis, 105 Cerithlum, 105 Ceronia, 66 Chaetopleura, 23 Chama, 44 Charonia, 113 Chellea, 94 Chi one, 53 Chiton, 23 Chlamys, 33 Chlorostoma, 78 Choristodon, 56 Chrysodomus, 123 Clathodrillia, 135 Cleodora, 144 Clio, 144 Clione, 144 Cochliolepis, 80 Cochlodesma, 40 Codakia, 47 Colubraria, 118 Columbella, 119 Colus, 124 Congeria, 39 Conus, 133 Coralllophaga, 56 Coralliophila, 118 Corbula, 66 Corolla, 144 Couthouyella, 89 Crassatella, 43 Crassinella, 43 Crenella, 39 Crepidula, 95 Creseis, 143 Cruoibulum, 95 Cumingia, 62 Cuspidaria, 41 Cuvieria, 144 Cuvierina, 144 Cycllnella, 53 Cycloscala, 85 Cylichna, 140 Cylichnella, 140 Cymaosyrinx, 134 Cymatium, 112 Cyphoma, 109 Cypraea, 110, 12 Cyrenella, 45 Cytherea, 53 Daphnella, 137 Dentalium, 71 Detracia, 147 Diadora, 76 Diaphana, 140 Dimya, 32 Diostoma, 107 Diplodonta, 45 Distorsio, 113 Divaricella, 47 Dolium, 112 Donax, 62, 16 Dosinia, 51 Drlllia, 134 Echlnella, 100 Echinochama, 45 Emarglmila, 76 Engina, 123 Ensls, 64 Epitonium, 83 Erato, 111 Ervllia, 66 Euciroa, 42 Eunaticina, 93 Eupleura, 115 Eurytellina, 57 Euspira, 92 Fabricius, 53 Fasciolaria, 186, 11 Ficus, 112 Fissurella, 75 Gafrarliim, 52 Galeodes, 125 Garl, 63 Gastrochaena, 68 Geitodorls, 145 Gemma, 55 Glycymeris, 28 Gnathodon, 65 Gutturium, 112 Gyrlneum, 113 307 Haliotis, 78 Haliris, 42 Halonympha , 42 Hamlnea, 141 Haminoea, 141 Hastula, 133 Haustator, 101 Heterodonax, 63 Reterodoris, 144 Hipponix, 94 Hyalaea, 143 Hyalocylis, 144 Hydatina, 141 Hydrobia, 97 Hysteroconcha, 53 Jagonia, 47 Janthina, 85 Kellia, 48 Koonsia, 144 Labiosa, 65 Lacuna, 101 Laevicardium, 50 Lamellarla, 193 Lasea, 48 Laskeya, 105 Latirus, 126 Leda, 26 Lelomya, 42 Lepldochiton, 22 Leucozonla, 126 Lima, 36 Limacina, 143 Llmatula, 36 Linatella, 113 Liostraca, 86 Liotia, 80 Lirophora, 54 Llthophaga, 38 Lithopoma, 82 Lltiopa, 97 Llttorina, 99 Littorivaga, 99 Livona, 78 Lora, 136 Loripinus, 47 Lucapina, 75 Lucapinella, 76 Lucina, 46 Luclnisca, 46 Lunatla, 92 Lyonsla, 41 Lyropecten, 34 Uacoma, 59 308 EAST COAST MARIKE SHELLS Macrocalllsta, 5S llactra, 64 Maculopeplum, 128 Maerella, 58 Mangllla, 136 Margarites, 79 Margaritifera, 30 Marginella, 129 llartesia, 69 Meloceras, 103 Melampus, 146 Melanella, 86 Melaraphe, 100 Mellna, 30 Uelongena, 125 Merlsca, 57 Mesodesma, 66 Metaxla, 105 Metis, 60 Micromelo, 141 Mitra, 128 Mltrella, 120 Mltr\ilarla, 94 Modlolarla, 39 Modiolus, 37 Modulus, 104 Monoplex, 113 Monostiolum, 118 Montacuta, 48 Morum, 111 Mullnla, 65 Murex, 114 Murlcldea, 116 Mya, 66 Myof creeps, 39 Myrtaea, 48 Mysella, 48 Uytilopsis, 39 Mytilus, 37 Nassa, 121 Nassarina, 123 Nassarius, 121 Natica, 91 Navicula, 27 Neara, 41 Heptunea, 123 Nerita, 82 Heritina, 83 Heverlta, 92 Hiso, 87 Nitldella, 120 Hltidoscala, 83 Nodopecten, 34 Noetla, 28 Hucella, 117 Nuculana, 25 Oclnebra, 115 Octopus, 150 Odostomla, 90 Ollva, 131 Ollvella, 131 Onoba, 97 Opalla, 85 Oscilla, 90 Ostrea, 31 Paludestrlna, 97 Pandora, 41 Panomya, 68 Panope, 68 Papyridea, 49 Parastarte, 55 Parthenia, 89 Parviluclna, 46 Patelllpurpura, 117 Pecten, 33, 16 Pectunculus, 28 Pedallon, 30 ^^ Pedipes, 145 Periploma, 40 Perirhoe, 133 Peristlchla, 89 Perna, 30 Petricola, 56 Phacoldes, 46 Phaslanella, 81 Philine, 142 Phillpplna, 41 Pholas, 68 Phos, 123 Phyllonotus, 114 Phytla, 145 Plla, 147 Pinctada, 30 Pinna, 29 Pisanla, 122 Pitar, 52 Pitaria, 52 Placopecten, 35 Plagioctenium, 34 Planaxls, 103 Pleurotoma, 134 Pleurotomaria, 78 Plicatula, 32 Pododesmus, 37 Polinices, 92 Polymesoda, 42 Pomacea, 147 Portlandia, 26 Protocardla, 50 Psammobia, 63 Pseudamusium, 35 Pseudomiltha, 46 Pteria, 50 Pteropurpura, 115 Puncturella, 77 Puperita, 83 Purpura, 117 Pyramidella, 87, 14 Pyrene, 119 Pyrula, 112 Ranella, 113 Rangla, 65 Retusa, 139 Rlmula, 77 Ringlcula, 142 Rissoa, 96 Rlssoina, 97 Rochefortia, 48 Rupellarla, 56 Sanguinolarla, 63 Saxlcava, 68 Sayella, 147 Scalaria, 83 Scissula, 59 Bclssurella, 77 Sella, 105 Semele, 61, 16 Serpulorbis, 102 Serripes, 50 Sigaretus, 93 Siliqua, 64 Simnia, 109 Sinum, 93 Sipho, 124 Slphonaria, 146 Sistrum, 118 Skenea, 98, 13 Smaragdia, 83 Solarlella, 79 Solarium, 98 Solemya, 25 Solen, 64 Spirula, 148 Spisula, 64 Spondylus, 32 Stomatella, 77 Stramotita, 117 Strigilla, 60 Strombus, 108 Stylifer, 86 Styllferina, 107 Styliola, 144 Subemarg inula, 77 Syndosmya, 61 Tachyrhynchus, 101 Tagelus, 63 Taras, 45 Tectarius, 100 Tectonatlca, 92 Tegula, 78 Tellidora, 60 Tellina, 56 Terebra, 132 Teredo, 70 Tethys, 142 Thais, 117 Thracia, 40 Thyasira, 45 Timoclea, 54 Tivela, 52 Tonna, 112 Torcula, 101 Tornatina, 139 Tralia, 145 Transenella, 51 Trlchotropis, 103, 12 Trigonicardia, 49 Triphora, 104 Triton, 112 Trltonalla, 115 Tritonldea, 122 Trivia, 110 Trophon, 116 Truncatella, 96 Turbinella, 127 Turbo, 81 Turbonilla, 88 Turris, 134 Turritella, 101 Turritellopsis, 101 Dmbracialum, 144 Drosalpinx, 116 Vasum, 127 Velutina, 93 Venericardla, 44 Venus, 54 Vermetus, 102 Vermicularia, 102 Verticordia, 42 Vitrinella, 80 Voluta, 127, 13 Volutomltra, 129 Volvula, 139 V^sella, 37 Xancus, 127 Xenophora, 94 Yoldla, 26 Zlrfaea, 69 Cl ^^Ov-w_^L-.-Mv'