EASY LATIN PROSE W.HORTON SPRAGGE,M.A 1/6 LaL.Gr $7667e.l EASY LATIN PROSE BY W. HORTON SPRAGGE, M.A. / x , LATE SCHOLAR Of ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ASSISTANT MASTER AT THE CITY OF LONDON SCHOOL Ev ARTBIENTAL -IBRARY J-g.. ^ -, Q - LONDON EDWARD ARNOLD 41 & 43 MADDOX STREET, BOND STREET, W. PREFACE THIS book has been drawn up for the use of those who are commencing the translation of consecutive pieces of prose after having had some practice in rendering English into Latin in the form of sentences. All the extracts have been translated from Latin authors. It is hoped that this will suggest to the pupil the form and the phrase with which he has become familiar through his reading. In order to attain to this end the pieces chosen have been ren- dered in as literal a manner as is consistent with the structure of the English language. A few omissions and some slight adaptations have occasionally been found necessary. It is hoped that this plan will ensure that the fair copy at any rate will be Latin as it was actually written. The number of extracts, which are progressive in difficulty, will allow of selection in cases where the pupils happen to be reading the work from which any piece has been taken. A Latin-English Dictionary might be con- sulted for the construction and exact meaning of the words given in the notes, if they are not familiar. No other aid should be required. W. H. S May, 190G. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PAOE THE SIMPLE SENTENCE . . . . . .1 THE COMPLEX SENTENCE . . . . .2 VARIETIES OP SUBORDINATE CLAUSES . . . .4 USE OF PARTICIPLES . . . . . .7 SPECIMEN PIECE . . . . . .9 CONNEXION OF SENTENCES . . . . .10 ORDER OF WORDS AND CLAUSES . . . .11 LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF THE PERIOD . . .13 ORATIO OBLIQUA . . . . . .13 EXERCISES I. 'THE BITER BIT' . . . . .1.9 II. A STORY OF REGULUS . . . . .20 III. A PRUDENT COMMANDER . . . .21 IV. THE FOUNDATION OF ROME . . . .22 V. A RUDE AWAKENING . . . . .23 VI. Two BAD CORRESPONDENTS . . . .24 VII. AN OBSTINATE ENCOUNTER . . . .25 VIII. STORY OF VALERIUS CORVUS . . . .26 IX. MlLTIADES MAKES AN ENEMY OF DARIUS (1) . . 27 X. (2) . . 28 XI. PYRRHUS AT HERACLEA . . . .29 XII. PYRRHUS ASKS FOR PEACE . . . .30 XIII. PHOCION . . . . . . .31 XIV. CAESAR PURSUES POMPEIUS TO EGYPT (1) . .32 XV. (2) . 33 XVI. STORY OF EPAMINONDAS . . . . .34 XVII. DEATH OF EPAMINONDAS AT MANTINEA. . . 35 XVIII. ALEXANDER BATHES IN THE RIVER CYDNUS (1) .36 XIX. (2) . 37 v CONTENTS EXERCISES XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XL1II. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. LII. MIL LIV. LV. CAESAR ENCOURAGES HIS SOLDIERS AFTER A REVERSE POMPEIUS' PLANS FOR THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. ALEXANDER DECIDES TO FIGHT AT Issus . . INTEGRITY OF EPAMINONDAS . . . . PREPARATIONS FOR A NAVAL ENGAGEMENT . . A NAVAL BATTLE ..... ALEXANDER is WOUNDED . . . . THEMISTOCLES AND THE ATHENIAN FLEET . . A BRAVE CENTURION AT THE SIEGE OF GERGOVIA. A PLEA FOR MERCY . . . . . A BESIEGED CITY . . . . . A SURPRISE ATTACK . . . . . A BROKEN TRUCE . . . . . ALEXANDER BEFORE TYKE . . . . A VISIT TO THE OLD SCHOOL . . . A FIRE-SHIP . . . . . . CICERO WRITES TO HIS WIFE FROM ATHENS . HONESTY is THE BEST POLICY . . . THE DIFFICULTIES OF A GENERAL . . . ADVICE TO A PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR . . OPERATIONS BEFORE A BATTLE . . . A CUNNING TRICK (1) . . . . (2) . . . THE RELIGION OF THE GAULS . . . THE RELATIONS OF SICILY WITH ROME . . A GENERAL COMMUNICATES WITH HIS SUBORDINATES ATTACK ON A MOUNTAIN STRONGHOLD (1) . . (2) . . (3) . . PARENTS MUST MAKE ALLOWANCES FOR THEIR SONS' FAILINGS . . . . . . FLIGHT OF DARIUS AFTER ARBELA . . . ALEXANDER REACHES THE Oxus . . . GERMANICUS ADDRESSES HIS MUTINOUS SOLDIERS (1) THE HUNTING EXPLOITS OF THE CASE FOR THE AEDUI LITERARY MAN 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 CONTENTS vn EXERCISES 1>AGI , LVI. WHEN CIVIL WAR THREATENS . . .74 LVII. THE BEGINNING OF A BATTLE . . .75 LVIII. CAESAR'S EXPLOITS IN GAUL . . . 7r> LIX. A JOINT TRIUMPH . . . .77 LX. AN IMPERTINENT THEORIST . . .78 LXI. A DESCENT UPON NEW CARTHAGE . . 79 LXII. SOME NICE POINTS OF HONOUR . . .80 LXIII. CJCERO ASKS FOR A FRIEND'S ADVICE . . 81 LXIV. A TREACHEROUS SCHOOLMASTER (1) . .82 LXV. (2) . . 83 LXVI. YOUTH AND AGE . . . . .84 LXVII. THE FOUNDATION OF ROME . . .85 LXVIII. SPEECH OF AGRICOLA TO HIS SOLDIERS . . 86 LXIX. CAESAR CROSSES THE RUBICON . . .87 LXX. SOCRATES ON DEATH (1) . . . .88 LXXI. (2) . . . . 81) LXXII. A PUBLIC APPEAL TO A TRAITOR (1) . . 90 LXXIII. (2) . . 91 LXXIV. CAESAR'S DISCIPLINE . . . .92 LXXV. THE EXILED TARQUIN APPEALS FOR HELP . 93 LXXVI. DEATH OF CAESAR . . . .94 LXXVII. A MOMENTOUS WAR . . . .95 LXXVIII. THE DEATH OF CACUS . . . .96 LXXIX. THE SPIRIT OF OUR FATHERS . . .97 LXXX. ROME AND THE PIRATES . . . .98 LXXXI. HORATIUS (1) . . . .99 LXXXII. (2) 100 LXXXIII. (3) . . . . 101 LXXXIV. THE VIRTUES OF POMPEIUS (1) . . .102 LXXXV. ,, (2) . . . 103 LXXXVI. UNITY is STRENGTH . . . .104 LXXXVII. THE REASON OF RETREAT . . 105 LXXX VIII. THE MOTHER OF CORIOLANUS TO HER SON . 106 LXXXIX, CORIOLANUS RESIGNS THE ATTACK ON RoME . 107 XC. Two ANECDOTES OF THEMISTOCLES . . 108 XCI. MEETING OF HASDRUBAL AND SCIPIO . . 109 XCII. CRITICISM INVITED 110 Vlll CONTENTS EXERCISES XCIII. THE IDEAL STATESMAN XCIV. AN ADVOCATE'S CLOSING PLEA A ROMAN'S VIEWS ON DEATH A TREACHEROUS LIEUTENANT MAN'S NEED OP SOCIETY SOME VIEWS or FRIENDSHIP (1) (2) THE REWARD OF VIRTUE THE STORY OF DAMOCLES (1) (2) xcv. XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. XCIX. c. CL GIL PAGE 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 111) 120 INTRODUCTION 1. THE base of all composition is the simple sentence. By this we can express (a) a statement of fact, (Z>) a con- ception of the mind. In order to write or say anything we must have first a subject to write or speak about, and then something to say about this subject. So in the simple sentence there are properly two parts, the Subject and the Predicate. Ex. Caesar sends messengers round to the neighbour- ing states. Caesar ad finitimas civitates nuntios dimitfcit. Subject = Caesar. Predicate = ad finitimas civitates nuntios dimittit. 2. In Grammatical analysis the parts of the sentence are generally given as three, Subject, Predicate or Verb, Object of Verb. Each of these parts is capable of enlarge- ment. The subject and object may be enlarged by an adjective, adjectival phrase, or adjectival clause. The verb may be enlarged by an adverb, adverbial phrase, or adverbial clause. Ex. The warlike race of the Helvetii surpass the rest of the Gauls in valour. Helvetii, gens bellicosissima, reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt. (i) Subject = Helvetii. (ii) Enlargement of Subject = gens bellicosissima. (iii) Object = Gallos, 2 EASY LATIN PROSE (iv) Enlargement of Object = reliquos. (v) Predicate = praecedunt. (vi) Enlargement of Predicate = virtute. 3. This is still a simple sentence. If any of these six parts consists of a clause headed by a relative pronoun or some conjunction, the sentence becomes Complex. Ex. When Caesar had been informed by his scouts that the Helvetii had already taken three-fourths of their army across that river, but that the fourth part was left on this side of the Arar, having started from the camp with three legions he attacked that part which had not yet crossed. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus earn partem aggredie- batur quae nondum flumen transierat. (i) Subject = Caesar. (ii) Enlargement of (i) = cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus (participial phrase). (iii) Object = partem. (iv) Enlargement of (iii) = (a) earn ; (b) quae nondum flumen tran- sierat (adjectival clause). (v) Predicate = aggrediebatur. (vi) Enlargement of (v) = ubi per exploratores . . . reli- quam esse (adverbial clause). This sentence starts with the simple statement, Caesar partem aggrediebatur^ and is expanded into its complex form by the addition of the subordinate clauses and phrases. It could be made still more complicated by THE COMPLEX SENTENCE 3 co-ordinating other clauses with these, or by introducing subordinate clauses of the second degree, i. e. clauses which are subordinate to a subordinate clause. Thus the enlargement (iv b) might be expanded to quae, cum sew domo cxiisset, flumcn nondum transicrat atque aitxilia expectabat (which, having left home late, had not yet crossed the river, but was awaiting reinforcements). The ff/m-clause is then of the second degree of subordina- tion, for it expresses the reason why the river had not been crossed ; atque auxilia eocpectdbat is of the first degree, being co-ordinate with quae flumen nondum transicrat. The analysis of this second complex sentence is left to the student. Labienus, ut ei erat praeceptum a Caesare ne proelium committeret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visa essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato nostros expectabat proelioque abstinebat. 4. Instances of such complex sentences can easily be found in Latin authors. English prose has them also, but hardly to the same extent. A series of co-ordinate simple sentences is often found with the necessary con- nexion of thought left to the intelligence of the reader to determine. Ex. On such grounds as these Surajah Dowlah marched with a great army against Fort William. The servants of the Company at Madras had been forced by Dupleix to become statesmen and soldiers. Those in Bengal were still mere traders, and were terrified and bewildered by the approaching danger. The governor, who had heard much of Surajah Dowlah's cruelty, was B 2 4 EASY LATIN PROSE frightened out of his wits, jumped into a boat, and took refuge in the nearest ship. The military commandant thought that he could not do better than follow so good an example. The fort was taken after a feeble resistance, and great numbers of the English fell into the hands of the conquerors. 5. Before translating such a passage into Latin it is essential to read the whole of it through very carefully, and ascertain what are the main ideas, and what are the subordinate statements leading up to them, and pro- ceeding from them. The latter, in the English, are often put in the form of principal sentences, but in Latin a principal statement alone must be put into a principal sentence, while the attendant circumstances and causes, &c., must be rendered by subordinate phrases and clauses, each coming in the logical order of the thought or incident contained in them. So the complete Latin period is built up. 6. Subordinate clauses are of three kinds : (i) A substantival or noun clause, which takes the place of subject or object. (a) How great is the force of friendship is but little understood. (I) You seem hardly to un- derstand the difference between a man and a beast. (c) I cannot reckon up the number of my friends. Parum intellegitur quanta vis amicitiae sit. Quid interhominemac behtam intersit parum intellegere videris. Quot mihi sint amid vix numerare possum. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES All these are indirect questions. In (a) the subordinate clause is subject, in (fc) and (c) object of a verb in the principal sentence. (d) He asked them to un- dertake the business. Ab iis petivit ut negotium susciperent. Here the clause is an indirect command. It is objective. (e) It happened by chance i Forte accidit tit intus essem. that I was indoors. The subordinate clause, often called consecutive, is here subject of accidit. Y (/) I pass over those in- stances that are of too great antiquity, the fact that Gains Ahala slew Spurius Maelius with his own hand. Ilia nimis antiqua prae- tereo, quod C. AJtala Sp. Macliuni manu sua occi- dit. The quod-clause is here substantival, and in apposition to nimis ilia antiqua. 7. (ii) An adjectival clause. This qualifies or describes some noun or pronoun. (a) They are the nearest to the Germans, who live on the other side of the Rhine. (I) We seek those very things which we cannot have. Proximi sunt Germanis qul trans Elienum incolunt. Quae liabcre noti possumus ea quaerimus. 6 EASY LATIN PROSE In (a) the adjectival clause defines G-ermanis, in (b) ea. This adjectival use of the relative must be distinguished from its adverbial use, when qui = ut is, cum is, or qiiamvls is. 8. (iii) An adverbial clause. Of such clauses there are seven varieties : (a) Final, expressing purpose. He carefully made all pre- j Ut ad hoc nefarium scelus parations, in order to ' acccderet, omnia dili- attempt this wicked ! genter paravit. crime. (b) Consecutive, expressing result. Nor am I so ignorant of your feelings as not to know this. (c) Temporal. After Caesar had arrived there he demanded hos- (d) Causal. He preferred peace to war, because he saw that Epaminondas gained suc- cess in the latter. (e) Conditional. Who could have borne such caprice on the part of the judges, if they had acquitted Oppianicus? Nee tarn sum sensus vestri ignarus ut hoc nesciam. Eo postquam Caesar venit (or ul>i venit or cum vetiisset) obsides poposcit. Is, quod in re militari flo- rere Epaminondam vi de- bat, pacem bello ante- ferebat. Si Oppianicum absolvissent, quis tantam libidinem iudicum ferre potuisset? SUBORDINATE CLAUSES (/) Concessive. Although Datis saw that the position was un- favourable to his men, he still desired to fight. (g) Comparative. They dreaded the cruelty of Ariovistus, just as if he had been present. Datis, ci&i non aequum locum videbat suis, tamen con- fligere cupiebat. Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si adcsset, horrebant. 9. These adjectival or adverbial ideas need not always be expressed by clauses. They can often be rendered by a noun in apposition or some phrase ; which will have the advantage, too, of being shorter and neater. Frequent use may be made of the different participles, which occur much more often in Latin than in English. (i) They serve to economize the use of main verbs. (a) I seized the nearest Proximum signiferum standard-bearer by the hand, and carried him along with me against the enemy. (b) He found the body of Marcellus there and buried it. manu arreptum mecum in hostem rapui. (c) Then he embraced his wife and sent her away. Ibi invention corpus celli sepelivit. Mar- Complcxus inde uxorem di- misit. (ii) They may take the place of a relative clause. (d) He drank the water Aquam cadaveribus which had been polluted natam bibit. by corpses. EASY LATIN PEOSE (iii) They express attendant circumstances, and thus are equivalent to an adverbial clause. (e) Though I asked him again and again, he made no reply. (/) That letter was de- livered to me after I had dined. (g) After they had dis- covered this circumstance by means of their scouts, the Gauls abandon the siege. Mihi persaepc roganti nihil respondit. Cenato mild epistula est ilia reddita. Galli, hac re per explora- tores cognita, obsidionem relinquunt. 10. In the employment of participles it must be re- membered (i) that the present participle generally signifies time simultaneous with that of the main verb. In English it is used much more loosely. (a) Calling a council to- gether Caesar exhorted his soldiers not to be dismayed by their re- verse. Concilia convocato Caesar milites cohortatus est ne incommode perturbaren- tur. Concilium convocans would be quite incorrect, council was summoned first. The (&) Seeing that the enemy had crossed the river the dictator led out all his forces. ' Seeing ' is causal, and therefore is rendered by cum vidcret. Dictator, cum videret hostes ilumen transiisse, omnes copias eduxit USE OF PARTICIPLES (ii) That only a deponent verb has a perfect participle with an active meaning. Caesar Remos coliortatiis ad (c) Caesar having encour- aged the Remi ordered all the senate to come to meet him. But(d) Caesar having reached Rome sent for his friends. omnem senatum convenire iussit. se Caesar, cum Romam per- venisset (or postquam . . . pervenit) amicos arces- sivit. (iii) That the future participle always has an active meaning. (e) Intending-to-attack the city he got together a large army. Urbem oppugnaturus exer- citum permagnum com- paravit. 11. The participle is also used to make up for the lack of abstract nouns in such phrases as the following : (a) Prom the foundation of the city. (b) After the murder of the king. (c) Will you disregard loss of life ? Ab urbe condita. Post regem interfectum. Vos crcptam vitam neglege- tis? 12. As an illustration, let us suppose that a passage of English, which has to be translated, runs thus : The above facts became known (1) to the leading men in Britain, who had joined Caesar after the battle. So they held a conference and discussed the matter ('2). They knew that the Romans were short of cavalry, ships, \ 10 EASY LATIN PROSE and corn (3), and the narrow dimensions of the camp betrayed how small the number of their soldiers was (4). This camp was all the more limited (5), because Caesar had brought his legions across without the encumbrance of any baggage. The chiefs therefore considered the best course to adopt was (6) to renew the struggle (7), inter- cept the supplies of the Romans, and prolong the war into the winter. They were confident (8) that, if this expedition was crushed or prevented from returning (9), no other would cross over into Britain with hostile in- tentions (10). The Latin will be : Quibus rebus cognitis (1) principes Britanniae, qui post proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se collo- cuti (2), cum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deesse intellegerent (3), et paucitatem militum ex castro- rum exiguitate cognoscerent (4), quae hoc erant an- gustiora (5), quod sine impediments Caesar legiones transportaverat, optimum factu esse duxerunt (6), re- bellione facta (7), frumento commeatuque nostros pro- hibere, et rem in hiemem producere, quod, his superatis aut reditu interclusis (9), neminem postea belli inferendi causa (10) in Britanniam transiturum confidebant (8). The main idea of the piece is that the chiefs decided to renew the war. So this statement appears as the principal sentence (6). The other ideas are all subordinate, and are therefore expressed by subordinate clauses, par- ticipial phrases, or ablative absolutes. 13. The connecting links between the co-ordinate sentences, often omitted in English, are generally inserted CONNEXION OF SENTENCES 11 in Latin. The relative is frequently employed for this purpose. (a) These people began to cut off our supplies. When Crassus noticed this he thought he ought not to hesitate to fight a de- cisive battle. (b) Our most reliable reve- nues are at stake. If these are lost, you will miss both the embellish- ments of peace and the sinews of war. Hi commeatibus nostros intercludere instituunt. Quod ubi Crassus anim- advertit non cunctandum exist imavit quin pugna decertaret. Vectigalia certissima agun- tur, quibus amissis et pacis ornamenta et sub- sidia belli requiretis. In (a) quod &c. = et ubi id Crassus animadvertit ; in (b) quibus amissis = et eis amissis. 14. Such words also as autem, scd, rcro, cerum, itaque, tyitur, qua re, quam ob rcm, quocirca, deinde, turn, qiiam- quam (= and yet), etsi (= and yet) may be used, in accor- dance with the context, to define the connexion of sentences, which in English have no conjunction at all, or perhaps have simply and. ORDER OF WORDS AND CLAUSES. 15. The normal order of words within the sentence is (i) Subject, (ii) Indirect Object, (iii) Direct Object, (iv) Predicate. But this arrangement is often changed. First, for the sake of emphasis. (a) Law is silent in midst of arms. the Inter arma silent leges. 12 EASY LATIN PROSE To secure this emphasis in English it is often necessary to expand the sentence ; in Latin we merely change the order from the normal, for any word which is not in its usual position becomes conspicuous and therefore emphatic. The most emphatic place in the sentence is the end, and next to that the beginning. (b) It was not only the case | Movit patres conscriptos itself but also its sup- ' cum causa turn auctor. porter that influenced the senate. Notice the greater brevity which the flexible order of the Latin permits. In the English it was necessary to have a complex sentence in order to emphasize the two nominatives. Secondly, to point a contrast. (c) Hear much and say little. | Multa audi, loquere pauca. 16. With regard to the order of clauses in a complex sentence the previous examples (6-8) may be consulted. The following general rules may be given. 1. The noun-clause comes in the same position that an ordinary noun would have occupied. 2. The adjective -clause conies as near as possible to the word that it concerns. 3. The ad verb- clause, with the exception of the con- secutive, comes before the word which it modifies. The consecutive is placed differently because, in deter- mining the order of the clauses, we must consider their priority in regard to time. That which happens first or is first thought of comes first. 4. The principal sentence is generally placed at the end of the series, in order to give it weight and emphasis. LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF THE PERIOD 13 17. A long complex sentence consisting of a series of subordinate clauses with the principal sentence coming at the end is called a Period. The frequent use of the Period is characteristic of the styles of Cicero and Livy. It is not however invariably employed by them. De- tached sentences are purposely used in the description of animated scenes, in summaries, and in letters. In a letter a more conversational and natural style is generally desirable. ORATIO OBLIQUA. 18. There were two methods by which a Latin author could report the words used by any speaker. He could reproduce the speech word for word exactly as it was delivered. This way of writing is called Oratio Recta (Direct Speech). Or he could make the speech dependent on some such phrase as lie said that, and report it in another form with certain changes in the pronouns and tenses. Then his report is said to be in Oratio Obliqua (Indirect Speech). Oratio Eecta is generally preferred when the writer desires his narrative to be especially vivid or picturesque. For instance, in Caesar's account of the invasion of Britain the standard-bearer's exhortation to his fellows (De Bello Gallico, iv. 25) is put in Oratio Recta ; but when a formal speech is recorded, such as that of Ariovistus (-B. G. i. 36), the Oratio Obliqua is used. Both these methods are found in English also, but, as the in- direct form is frequently ambiguous owing to the paucity of pronouns to denote the third person, the direct form is often used in cases where a Latin author would employ the Oratio Obliqua. It is impossible to write correctly in Latin in Oratio Obliqua, unless the distinction between 14 EASY LATIN PROSE the two methods in English is properly understood. Practice in this may be obtained from the reports of Par- liamentary speeches. The student should turn those speeches that are reported directly into the indirect form, and vice versa. 19. Let us suppose the actual words used by a speaker to have been as follows : (i) I acknowledge (says he) that I owe a great debt to Caesar for his kindness towards me, because I have been freed by his help from the tribute which I used to pay to my neighbours, theAdua- tuci. Ego, inquit, pro Caesaris in me beneficiis plurimum ei confiteormedebere, quod eius opera stipend io libe- ratus sum, quod Adua- tucis, finitimis meis, pen- dere consueveram. 20. In Indirect Speech the English runs : He said that he acknowledged that he owed a great debt to Caesar for his kindness towards him, because by his help he had been freed from the tribute which he had been accustomed to pay to his neighbours, the Aduatuci. 21. In translating this into Latin Oratio Obliqua the following rules must be observed : (a) All principal statements in Oratio Recta are put in the accusative and infinitive in Oratio Obliqua. (b) All clauses subordinate to the main sentence, whether headed by a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction, must be put in the subjunctive mood, with the proper tense required by the sequence. ORATIO OBLIQUA 15 (c) Only the third person of pronouns must be used. Oratio Obliqua has se (occasionally ipsc) where ratio Recta has ego or nos, and is (or ille) where Oratio Recta has tu or vos. * (d) Suus takes the place of the meus or noster of Oratio Recta ; illius and illorum or eius and eorum replace tuus and vester. (e) Inqiiit must only be used when the speech is reported directly. Some such word as dixit may be used to intro- duce the Oratio Obliqua, but the introductory word of saying is often implied only. 22. So the Latin for (i) in Oratio Obliqua is : Locutus est (e) sese (c) pro Caesaris in se (c) beneficiis plurimum ei confiteri (a) debere. quod eius opera stipendio liberatus esset (b), quod Aduatucis, finitimis suis (d), pen- dere consuesset (b). 23. (ii) Having heard this the consul began to up- braid those who hesitated to take up arms. ' Why do you linger and hang back ? The enemy will enter the camp, unless you have gone outside the camp. March out, therefore, and wrest vic- tory from your foes. To whom is it not clear that he who waits here for the enemy unarmed must Quae ubi consul accepit, cunctantes arma capere increpans, ' Quid,' inquit, 4 cessatis, quid tergivers- amini ? Hostis in castra veniet, nisi vos extra castra exieritis. Signa igitur proferte, victoriam hosti extorquete. Cui non apparet, qui hie in- ermis hostem maneat, ei aut mortem aut servi- tutemperferendam? Tri- buni quidem atque eorum 16 EASY LATIN PROSE qui mecum dissentiunt, consilium quern habebit exitum ? Postremo cur nunc cunctamur? Nolite de virtute ducis despe- rare.' suffer either death or slavery? What will be the issue of the plans of the tribune and of those who disagree with me ? Why, in fine, do we now hesitate? Do not despair of your leader's valour.' 24. To change this to Oratio Obliqua these additional rules must be followed : (/) Questions which in Oratio Recta are of the second person in Oratio Obliqua are put into the subjunctive in the third person. (g) Questions which in Oratio Recta are in the first or third person are rendered by the accusative and infinitive in Oratio Obliqua. Such questions are generally merely rhetorical. They are statements put in an animated form. (If the question in the third person is really asked for information and expects an answer, it is then put in the subjunctive as the questions under rule (/).) (h) Commands expressed by the imperative in Oratio Recta require the subjunctive in the third person in Oratio Obliqua. (i) What is already in the subjunctive in Oratio Recta naturally remains so in Oratio Obliqua. (Jc) Nunc, now, becomes in Oratio Obliqua tuni or tune, then ; hie, here, becomes ibi, there. The pronouns hie and iste are rare in Oratio Obliqua, being generally changed to is or illc. Note. It will be observed that no other moods are OKATIO OBLIQUA 17 required (as a rule) in Oratio Obliqua but the infinitive and subjunctive, and no other person but the third pei son. 25. So example (ii) may be rendered in Oratio Obliqua thus : Quae ubi consul accepit, cunctantes anna capere incre- pabat (e) : quid cessarent tergiversarenturque(/) ? Hostem in castra veiiturum (), nisi illi extra castra exiissent (b) ; signa igitur proferrent (/*) : victoriam hosti extorque- rent (h). Cui non apparere (g) ei qui ibi (A 1 ) inermis hostem maneret (I) aut mortem aut servitutem perfe- rendam ? Tribuni quidem atque eorum qui secum (c) dissentirent (b) consilium quem habiturum esset (y) exituni ? Postremo cur se (c) tune (k) cunctari (y) ? Nollent (h) de virtute ducis desperare. 26. It is clear how necessary it is, if the English happens to be in indirect speech, to understand what it would have been in the direct form. It is advisable, therefore, before rendering into Latin, to change the whole into the direct form in English, in the mind, at least, if not on paper. 27. For practice in these rules the following exercises will be useful : I. Turn from the Oratio Kecta into the Oratio Obliqua (i) Desilite, inquit, commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodcre : ego certe meum reipullicae atque imperatori officium praestitero. (ii) Quid dubitas ? inquit, aut quem locum tuae pro- bandae virtutis spectas ? hie dies de nostris controversiis iudicabit. 18 EASY LATIN PROSE (iii) Una ratio belli gerendi adversus Hannibalem est, qua ego gessi. (iv) Si igitur edere nolunt, inquit, bibendi dabo facul- tatem. (v) Noli adversus eos me ducere, cum quibus ne contra te arma ferrem, Italian! reliqui, II. Turn from Oratio Obliqua into Oratio Recta (i) Publius Scipio dixit nunquam se minus otiosum esse quam cum otiosus, nee minus sol um quam cum solus esset. (ii) Legatis Helvetiorum Caesar ita respondit : eo sibi minus dubitationis dari, quod eas res quas legati com- memorassent memoria teneret. Quod si veteris contu- meliae oblivisci vellet, num etiam recentium iniuriarum, quod iter per Provinciam per vim tentassent, quod Aeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobroges vexassent, me- moriam deponere posse ? (iii) Dixit ille dictator! magistrum equitum intolera- bilem fuisse : quid consuli adversus collegam seditiosum atque temerarium virium atque auctoritatis fore? se populare incendium priore consulatu semustum effugisse : optare ut omnia prospere evenirent ; sed si quid adversi caderet, hostium se telis potius quam suffragiis iratorum civium caput obiecturum. EXERCISES [Words that are enclosed in round brackets may be omitted in translating into Latin. The references in the notes are to the numbered paragraphs in the Introduction.] 'THE BITER BIT' NASICA once paid a visit l to the poet Ennius, and when he asked for him at the door 2 the maidservant 3 said that he was not at home. Nasica saw that she said this by her master's orders, and that he really was within. A few days afterwards Ennius came to the house of Nasica, and when he inquired for him at the street-door Nasica exclaimed, 'I am not at home.' Then says Ennius, ' What ! do not I recognize your voice ? ' Thereupon the other rejoined, l Shameless fellow that you are 4 ! when I asked for you I believed your maid when she told me that you were not at home ; do not you believe me in person 5 ? ' 1 venio, and see 10 (rf). 2 ab ostio. 3 ancilla. * = you are a shameless (impudent) man. 5 ipse. C 2 20 EASY LATIN PROSE II A STORY OF REGULUS AFTER these reverses the Carthaginians asked Regains, whom they had captured, to set out for Rome and obtain peace for them. Having come 1 to Rome he was led before the senate, but acted in no way like a Roman 2 , saying that from that day when he fell into the power of the Africans he ceased to be a Roman. And so he advised the senate not to make peace with the Cartha- ginians ; that they were crushed 3 by so many disasters and 3 had no hope ; that he himself was not of such value that so many thousand prisoners should be given back in return for him alone and for the few of the Romans who had been captured. He went back to Carthage, and when the Romans offered 4 to keep him at Rome said that he would not remain in a city in which he could not hold the position 5 of an honourable citizen. He re- turned therefore to Africa, and was put to death with every kind of torture fi . 1 see 10 (cf). 2 = did nothing as if (quasi) a Koman. s frango, and see 9 (i). 4 see 9 (iii). 5 dignitas. 6 supplicium. EXERCISES 21 III A PRUDENT COMMANDER MEANWHILE, a few days afterwards, our commander receives information 1 from the Egyptians that all the Arabs are collecting their forces together 2 , and issuing orders to those tribes which are under their sway to send reinforcements both of infantry and cavalry. In con- sequence of this information he looks to 3 his supply of corn, selects a suitable position for a camp, and orders the Egyptians to lead home their cattle and take all their belongings out of the fields into the towns, anticipating 4 that, uncivilized and unskilled as they were 5 , they might be induced by stress of lack of provisions to fight on unfavourable terms 6 ; he commissions them to send many scouts among the Arabs, and to ascertain what is going on there. They carry out his commands, and after the interval of a few days 7 report that all the Arabs, with their own forces and those of their allies whom they had mustered, had withdrawn to the extreme limits of their territories 8 , as soon as more reliable 9 intelligence of the British army reached them. 1 = is informed by. 2 = into one place. 3 provideo. 4 spero. 5 use Apposition. 6 = might be led to unfavour- able terms (condicio) of fighting. 7 = a few days having intervened (intermittor). 8 = far in to their furthest borders. 9 certus. 22 EASY LATIN PROSE IV THE FOUNDATION OF ROME THE memory of man can call to mind scarcely any empire that was smaller at its commencement, or more extensive in its increase 1 throughout the whole world 2 , than that of Rome. It takes its beginning 3 from Romulus, who was the son of Rea Silvia and, as it was supposed, of Mars. When leading-a-robber's-life 4 amongst the shepherds, at the age of eighteen, he founded a little * city on the Palatine mount, 394 years after the destruction B of Troy. When he had founded the state, which he called Rome after his own name, he acted pretty-nearly 7 as follows. He admitted a number of his neighbours into citizenship, and picked out one hundred of the older men, by whose advice he might always act. Then, as he himself and his people had no wives, he invited the tribes that were neighbours to the city of Rome to a show 8 of games, and seized their maidens. 1 increment-urn. 2 orbis. 3 exordium. 4 latrocinor. exiguns. 6 excidium. 7 fero. 8 spectaenlum. EXERCISES 23 V A RUDE AWAKENING THE Gauls, under the leadership of Belgius, in order to test l the feelings of the Macedonians sent ambassadors to Ptolemy 2 , offering peace if he was willing to purchase it, but Ptolemy boasted :{ among his companions that the Gauls sought for peace through fear of war. When the result-of-the embassy* was reported the Gauls laughed, exclaiming on all sides that he would soon realize 5 whether they offered peace through consideration G for him or for themselves. After some days' interval they engaged in conflict ; and the Macedonians were beaten 7 and cut to pieces. Ptolemy, wounded 8 in many places, was taken prisoner. His head was cut off 7 , fixed to a lance, and carried all along the line for the intimida- tion 9 of the enemy. When this had been announced throughout Macedonia, the gates of the cities were shut, and there was general mourning 10 . At one time they feared the destruction of their towns ; at another they called to their assistance the names of Kings Alexander and Philip. 1 tento. 2 Ptolemaeus. 3 glorior. 4 legatio. 5 sentio. 6 use pres. participle of consulo. 7 see 9 (i). 8 saueius. 9 terror. 10 = all things were filled with mourning. 24 EASY LATIN PROSE VI TWO BAD CORRESPONDENTS (a) You have not sent me any letters now for a long time. There is nothing, you say, for me to write. Well ', write just this, that you have nothing to write, or nothing more than that (phrase) with-which 2 your previous letters were wont to commence ; ' If you are in good health 3 , it is well; I myself am in good health/ This is sufficient for me ; for it is the most important point. Do you think that I am joking 4 ? I ask this seriously 5 . Let me know what you are doing, for I can- not be ignorant of that without feeling the utmost anxiety . Farewell 7 . (6) I am angry, and it is not clear 8 to me whether I ought to be, but I am angry (you know how love is sometimes unfair 9 ) because no letters have come from you for a long time. You can prevail 10 on me by one method alone, by sending me, now at least, many long ones. I shall regard this excuse 11 alone as genuine, and all others as false. At my country-house 12 I am taking pleasure partly in study, partly in indolence 13 , both of which are-the-result 14 of leisure. Farewell. 1 At. 2 unde. 3 valeo. * ludo. 5 serio. 6 sol- licitudo. 7 iinperat. of valeo. 8 liquet. 9 iniquus. 10 exoro (with ace.). n excusatio. 12 villa. ls desidia. 14 nascor. EXERCISES 25 VII AN OBSTINATE ENCOUNTER AT dawn our men had all been taken across the river, and the enemy's line was in sight. Our leader exhorted his men to remember their former 1 valour and their many successful engagements, and to think that Germani- cus himself was present, under whose command they had so often routed their foes. Then he gave the signal for battle. On the right wing, where the seventh legion had taken its position 2 , the enemy were driven back at the first encounter :{ , and put to flight. On the left, which was held by the twelfth legion, the front ranks of the enemy fell pierced by the spears, but the rest vigorously held-their-ground 4 . Their leader himself was with his men and encouraged them. While the issue 5 of the fight was still uncertain 6 , intimation of what was happening on the left wing reached the officers 7 of the seventh legion, and they displayed their troops in the enemies' rear 8 , and commenced an attack 9 . Not even then did any of the enemy yield ground 10 , but they were all surrounded and slain. 1 pristinus. 2 consisto. 8 concursus. 4 resisto. 5 exitus. G use abl. abs. 7 tribunus. 8 tergum. 9 signa infero. 10 loco cedo. 26 EASY LATIN PROSE VIII STORY OF VALERIUS CORVUS WHEN the Latins, who had been subdued by the Romans, refused to supply 1 soldiers, recruits 2 were picked from the Romans only, and ten legions were made up. So great was the bravery of the Romans in war, although their power 3 was as yet small 4 . When these 5 legions had set out against the Gauls, under the leadership of Lucius Furius, one of the Gauls challenged 6 one of the Romans. Marcus Valerius, a military tribune, offered himself, and when he had stepped forward fully armed 7 a raven 8 perched 9 on his right arm. Afterwards, when the combat had begun, the same raven struck-at the eyes of the Gaul with his wings n and claws 12 , in order that he might not be able to see straight 1:< . And so he was killed by the tribune. The raven gave the latter not only victory, but also a name, for after this he was called Corvus. praesto. 2 tiro. 3 res. * use abl. abs. '"' see 13. 8 cor rectum. - tiro. 3 res. * use abJ. abs. ' see 13 6 provoco. 7 armatus. 8 corvus. 9 sedeo. 10 verbero 11 ala. 12 unguis, EXERCISES 27 IX MILTIADES MAKES AN ENEMY OF DARIUS (1) ABOUT the same time Darius 1 , the King of Persia, brought his army across from Asia to Europe, and decided to make war on the Scythians. He made a bridge over the river Hister, by which to lead across his troops. He left as guardians of that bridge the princes 2 whom he had brought with him from Ionia and Aeolis 3 , to each of whom he had given the government of their cities for life 4 . Miltiades was one of those to whom that charge r ' was to be entrusted. As several couriers' 3 reported that Darius was unsuccessful 7 and was hard-pressed by the Scythians, Miltiades exhorted the guardians of the bridge not to lose 8 the opportunity of delivering Greece. For (he said) 9 if Darius perished with his troops, not only would Europe be safe, but also all those of Greek blood 10 who inhabited Asia would be delivered from the Persian yoke ll . It could easily be effected ; for if the bridge was destroyed 12 the king would perish in a few days, either by the sword of the enemy or through want. 1 Dareus. 2 princeps. 3 Aeolis, -idis. 4 = the perpetual government. 5 custodia. nuntius. male rem gero. 8 dimitto. put all the rest of the piece in Oratio Obliqua. 10 _ Greeks by race. ll dominatio. 12 rescindo, and see 9 (iii). 28 EASY LATIN PROSE MILTIADES MAKES AN ENEMY OF DARIUS (2) ALTHOUGH many supported 1 this plan, Histiaeus of Miletus prevented its accomplishment. He said that they who held the supreme command 2 had not the same interests 3 as the common-people, because their sovereignty depended 4 on the rule of Darius ; if he 5 was killed they themselves would be driven from power and pay the penalty to their countrymen, and therefore he was so opposed to 6 the plan of the others that he thought there was nothing -more beneficial to them than the main- tenance 7 of the Persian rule. As the majority followed his opinion, Miltiades left the Chersonese and moved back 8 again to Athens, for he had no doubt that his propositions 9 would reach the king's ears. Although his 5 reasoning did not prevail 10 , it is nevertheless greatly to be commended, since he was a better-friend to the freedom of all than he was to his own sovereignty. 1 accede ad. 2 summa imperil. 3 = the same thing was not expedient to (expedio). 4 nitor. 5 see 9 (iii). fl abhor- reo a. 7 = than for the rule to be confirmed. 8 demigro. 9 = plans. 10 valeo. EXERCISES 29 XI PYRRHUS AT HERACLEA ABOUT the same time, because they had wronged * the ambassadors of Rome, war was declared against the Taren- tines. These called in Pyrrhus the King of Epirus, who traced his descent 2 from the family of Achilles, to aid them against the Romans. The consul Publius Valerius was dispatched against him. Having captured the scouts of Pyrrhus, he ordered them to be led through the camp, and then to be sent away, in order that they might report to Pyrrhus all that was being done by the Romans. A battle soon began, and Pyrrhus was just beginning to flee, when he gained the day by the aid of his elephants, at which, being strange 3 , the Romans were greatly -terri- fied 4 . Pyrrhus captured 1,800 Romans, whom he treated 5 with the greatest respect G . He also buried the dead ; and 7 when he saw them lying with their wounds in-front 8 and with a fierce 9 expression 10 even in death, it is said that he raised his hands to heaven with the remark 11 , that he could have been master of the world, if such soldiers had fallen to his lot 12 . 1 iniuriam facio. This clause is in virtual Oratio Obliqua (reported reason). 2 originem traho. 3 iiicognitus. 4 ex- pavesco (gov. ace.). 5 tracto. honos. 7 see 13. 8 ad- versus. 9 trux, trucis. 10 vultus. u vox. 12 coiitingo. 30 EASY LATIN PROSE XII PYRRHUS ASKS FOR PEACE AMBASSADORS were sent to Pyrrhus concerning the ransoming 1 of the captives, and were honourably 2 re- ceived 3 by him. He sent the captives to Rome without ransom 4 . He so admired Fabricius, one of the Roman ambassadors, when he had ascertained he was poor, that he wanted to tempt 5 him to come over to his side, by promising c him a fourth part of his kingdom. He was scorned by Fabricius, and so, filled 7 with great admiration for the Romans, he sent a distinguished 8 man named Cineas to ask for peace on equal terms, so that Pyrrhus should retain 9 that part of Italy, which he had already seized by force of arms. Peace was not to their liking 10 , and word was sent back to Pyrrhus by the senate that he could not have peace with the Romans, unless he retired from Italy. So the ambassador returned, and 11 when Pyrrhus asked him what sort (of a place) he had found Rome to be, he said that he had seen a nation of kings ; and that in truth almost all there were such as Pyrrhus alone was thought to be in Epirus and the rest of Greece. 1 redimo. 2 honorificc. 3 suscipio. * pretium. 5 sollicito. 6 use abl. abs. 7 since he was held by. 8 praecipuus. 9 obtineo. 10 was displeasing. u see 13. EXERCISES 31 XIII PHOCION ALTHOUGH Phocion the Athenian often commanded armies and filled high offices, the blamelessness T of his life is much better known than his labours in war. So of the latter we have no records 2 , but for the former his reputation is great. From this circumstance he received the title 3 of * the Good '. For he was always poor, although he could have been very rich by means of the many honours offered 4 to him and the high powers which were granted him by the people. Once 5 he refused a present 6 of a large sum of money from King Philip. The envoys advised him, even if he could easily dispense 7 with it himself, to consider his children, who would find it difficult to maintain 8 their father's glory in extreme poverty. To which he replied 3 , 'If they are like me, this small estate 9 , which has brought me to such a posi- tion-of-honour 10 , will also support them ; if they are going to prove degenerate 11 , I do not want their self-indul- gence 1 " to be supported and fostered 13 at my expense 14 .' 1 integritas. 2 memoria. 3 = he was called good by title (cognomen). * defero. 5 Put all this in one complex sen- tence, 5. 6 munus. 7 careo. 8 tueor. 9 agellus. 10 dignitas. n dissimilis. pensa. 32 EASY LATIN PKOSE XIV CAESAR PURSUES POMPEIUS TO EGYPT (1) CAESAR was of the opinion that he ought to abandon everything and pursue Pompeius into whatever regions he had retired after his flight, in order that he might not be able to get fresh l forces together and renew 2 the war. He advanced each day over as great a distance as he could accomplish with his cavalry, and ordered one legion to follow by shorter stages 3 . A decree had been issued at Amphipolis 4 in the name of Pompeius, that all the young men of that province, Greeks and Romans, should assemble to take-the-oath 5 . No one could determine whether Pompeius had done this to avert suspicion, so that he might conceal his plan of a further flight for as long as possible, or whether he was attempting, in case he was not pressed 6 , to hold Macedonia by new levies 7 . He himself lay at anchor 8 for one night, and summoned his friends at Amphipolis to meet him. From them he collected y money for his necessary expenses 10 ; but on hearing of Caesar's approach he left that place, and in the course of a few days arrived at My tilene n . After having been detained two days by bad-weather 12 he reached Cilicia and afterwards Cyprus. 1 alius, 2 renovo. 3 iter. 4 Amphipolis, -is. B iuro. 6 = if no one pressed. 7 dilectus, -us. 8 ad ancoram consisto. 9 corrogo. 10 suraptus, -us. n Mytilenae, -arum. la tem- pestas. EXERCISES 33 XV CAESAR PURSUES POMPEIUS TO EGYPT (2) THERE he learnt that, with the consent 1 of all the people-of- Antioch 2 , and of the Roman citizens who were doing-business 3 there, the citadel had been seized with the object of keeping him out 4 , and that messages had been sent round to those who were said to have retired after their flight into the neighbouring states, that they were not to approach Antioch 5 , and that if they did so, it would be at the risk of their lives 6 . The same thing had hap- pened at Rhodes to Lentulus and some others. When, following Pompeius in his flight, they came to the island, they were not admitted in the town or the harbour, and a message was sent to them that they should leave the place ; so contrary to their own wishes they put to sea 7 . And now the news of Caesar's approach was reaching the states. Aware of this Pompeius gave up 8 his plan of going to Syria. He placed on board his vessels a large quantity 9 of money for military needs 10 and two thousand armed men, and so made his way to Pelusium. After stopping a few days in Asia, Caesar arrived at Alexandria with two legions and eight hundred cavalry. 1 consensus. 2 Antioehenses. s negotior. * exclude. 5 Antioch ia. caput. 7 naves solvo. 8 depono. 9 pondus. 10 usus. 34 EASY LATIN PROSE XVI STORY OF EPAMINONDAS THERE was a law at Thebes, which punished * with death any one who had retained his command for a longer period than had been previously-fixed 2 by statute. As Epaminondas saw that this had been passed in order to preserve the state, he did not want it to contribute 3 to its destruction, and so held his command for four months longer than the people had enjo'ned. After their return home 4 , his colleagues were brought to trial on this charge ; but he permitted them to transfer the whole case to him, and to assert that they disobeyed the law at his instance r> . By this defence they were released from their dangerous- position G , and no one thought that Epaminondas would make any answer, as he had nothing to plead 7 . But he came before the court 8 , and denied none of the charges which his enemies imputed 9 to him, but admitted all that his colleagues had said. Nor did he refuse to submit 10 to the legal penalties, but only asked them to inscribe the following on his tomb : ' Epaminondas was punished with death by the Thebans, because he forced them to overcome the Lacedaemonians, and because in one battle he not only saved u Thebes from destruction, but also secured the freedom 12 of all Greece.' After he had said this general laughter arose, and no judge ventured to give in his vote 13 on the matter. 1 multo. 2 praefinio. 3 confero. * use pass, imper- sonal. 5 = that it was done by his efforts (opera) that they did not obey the law. 6 periculum. 7 dico. 8 indicium. 9 = none of those things which his enemies gave for a charge to him. 10 subeo. ll retraho. 12 in libertatem vindico (gov. ace.). r! fero suffragium. EXERCISES 35 XVII DEATH OF EPAMINONDAS AT MANTINEA EPAMINONDAS was in command at l Mantinea, and, after forming his line, was pressing 2 boldly on the enemy when he was recognized by the Lacedaemonians. In-a- body n they made an attack on him alone, because they thought that the safety of their country depended on 4 his death ; nor did they retire until they saw him fall, struck by a spear from-a-distancc r> , while fighting bravely in the midst of great bloodshed and destruction". By his fall the advance of the Boeotians was considerably retarded ; but still they did not leave the field 7 until they had routed their opponents. Now Epaminondas saw that he had received a mortal 8 wound, and that he would die at once if he extracted the head 9 of the spear, which had remained in his body ; but he kept it there until 10 it was announced that the Boeotians were vic- torious. After he heard that, he said, ' I have lived long enough, for I die unconquered.' Then he pulled out the spear-head and immediately breathed his last. 1 apud. 2 insto. 3 uni versus. * situs esso. 6 = great slaughter having been made and many killed, exoedo. * mortifer. 9 ferrum. 10 quoad. 5 eminus. 7 pugna D 2 36 EASY LATIN PROSE XVIII ALEXANDER BATHES IN THE RIVER CYDNUS (1) IN this way Alexander arrived at the city of Tarsus, to which the Persians were just setting fire 1 , to prevent the enemy attacking the wealthy town. But he sent on Parmenio with a body of light-armed 2 soldiers to stop " the conflagration, and, as soon as he heard that the bar- barians had been put to flight by the approach of his men, he entered the town which he had preserved. The river Cydnus flows through the middle of it. It was then summer, and the hottest 4 part of the day had just commenced. The coolness r> of the water enticed 6 the king, covered-as-he-was 7 with dust * and perspiration *, to bathe 10 his body whilst it was still heated n . So he took off his clothes and stepped down into the water in the sight of his army. His limbs had hardly been immersed when 12 they began to stiffen". Then paleness 14 spread over them, and the warmth of-life 15 all but left the whole body. His servants took him out, apparently lifeless 16 , and carried him to his tent 17 hardly in-posses- sion 18 of his senses. 1 ignem subicio. 2 expeditus. 3 inhibeo. 4 fervidus. 5 liquor. 6 invito. 7 use participle of perfundo. 8 pulvis. ? sudor. 10 abluo. u calidus. 12 = his limbs hardly having entered began to stiffen. w rigeo. 14 pallor. 15 vitalis (adjective). ]6 = similar to one expiring. " taber- EXERCISES 37 XIX ALEXANDER BATHES IN THE RIVER CYDNUS (2) THERE was now in the camp great anxiety and mourn- ing. With tears in their eyes 1 they lamented " the fact that he, the most famous sovereign of any age or time s , had not been overthrown by his enemies on the field-of- battle, but had lost his life whilst bathing in a stream. 'We must' (Oratio Obliqua) (said they) 'now again return to those lands, which we have traversed 4 in vic- tory ; either we ourselves or the enemy have laid every- thing waste ; and who will give the signal to us in our flight? who will venture to take the place 5 of Alex- ander? Though in flight we reach the Hellespont, who will prepare a fleet, wherein we may cross ? ' Then their pity reverting to the king himself, unmindful of them- selves, they mourned that their king and comrade 6 was separated 7 and sundered 8 from them. Meanwhile the king raised 9 his eyes, and gradually coming to himself 10 recognized his friends that stood round. 1 = weeping. 2 queror. 3 memoria. * peragro. 5 succedo (with chit.). 6 commilito. 7 divello. 8 abrumpo. 9 adlevo. lu * his mind gradually returning. 38 EASY LATIN PROSE XX CAESAR ENCOURAGES HIS SOLDIERS AFTER A REVERSE DIVERTED J from his former plans Caesar came to the conclusion that he must change the whole scheme 2 of the war. So collecting 3 all his army together he made a speech and encouraged them not to be deeply affected 4 by what had happened or alarmed by these events. ' You ought ' (Oratio Obliqua) (said he) ' to be grateful to fortune for having gained Italy without a wound ; for having subdued the two Spains, and for having reduced the neighbouring and corn-bearing n provinces to subjec- tion ; in short, you should remember with what good- luck G all have been brought safely across to Greece, in the midst of hostile fleets, when not only the harbours but also the coasts were occupied 7 . If everything does not turn out prosperously, you must aid 8 fortune by your own efforts. Whatever loss has been received ought to be ascribed y to any one's fault rather than mine. I have given you favourable ground to fight on, and I have gained possession of the enemies' camp ; I have driven out and defeated my opponents. But whether it has been our own confusion 10 , or some mistake, or even fortune that n has interrupted 12 the victory when already won and in-our-hands 10 , all must strive by their valour to repair 14 the reverse 1 which we have sustained 16 .' 1 depello. - ratio. :i eee9(iii). 4 graviter fero. 5 frumentarius. 6 felicitas. T opplco. 8 sublcvo. 8 tribuo. 10 perturbatio. n see 15 (&';. 12 interpello. 13 praesens. 14 sarcio. 15 incommodum. lrt = received. EXERCISES 39 XXI POMPEIUS' PLANS FOR THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA POMPEIUS, as was afterwards ascertained, had deter- mined with the encouragement of all his soldiers to fight a decisive battle 1 . For in his council some days pre- viously he had declared that Caesar's army would be defeated before the lines met 2 . When several ex- pressed their surprise at that, 'I know,' said he, 'that I am promising what is almost incredible, but hear the reasons for my decision, so that you may go forward into battle with the more resolution 3 . I persuaded my cavalry, and they asserted that they would comply, to attack Caesar's right wing on their exposed 4 flank, as soon as it approached nearer, so that, by surrounding their line from the rear, they might throw the whole army into confusion and defeat them, before a single spear was thrown by us at the enemy. Thus we shall bring the war to a conclusion without risking 5 our legions and almost without a wound. Now this is not difficult, as we are so strong 6 in cavalry.' 1 proelio decerto. - concurro. :: = with a firmer mind. 4 apertus. 5 periculum. G valco. 40 EASY LATIN PROSE XXII ALEXANDER DECIDES TO FIGHT AT ISSUS PARMENIO had been sent on in advance to explore the road through the defile 1 , through which they had to make their way to the city called Issus. After having seized the passes 2 and left a small guard there, he had captured Issus also, which was deserted by the barbarians. Then the king moved his forces to Issus. There he held a council (to decide) whether he ought to advance further or wait 3 there for the new troops which it was known 4 were coming from Macedonia. Parmenio thought that 110 other place was more suited for a battle; there (Oratio Obliqua) the forces of both kings would be equal in number, since the passes did not hold 5 very many ; they must avoid level ground and plains, where they might be surrounded and overwhelmed by an attack on-both-flanks ; he was afraid that they would lose in consequence of their own fatigue 7 rather than through the valour of the enemy. The arguments 8 of such salu- tary 9 advice were easily admitted, and so the king decided to wait for the enemy in the narrow defile. 1 saltus. - angustiae. s opporior (gov. ace.). 4 constat. :> capio. 6 anccps. 7 lassitude. 8 ratio. 9 saluber. EXERCISES 41 XXIII INTEGRITY OF EPAMINONDAS AT the request of Artaxerxes Diomedon had under- taken 1 to bribe 2 Epaminondas with money. He came to Thebes with a large quantity of gold, and by a present of five talents won over to his views a lad named Micythus, of whom Epaminondas was then very fond. Micythus went-to-see 3 his master, and explained the reason of Diomedon's arrival. 'But,' said Epaminondas in the presence of Diomedon, ' I do not want the money ; for if the king desires what is beneficial 4 to the Thebans, I am ready to do it for nothing n ; if, on the other hand, it is opposed -to- their-interests 6 , he has not enough silver and gold. For I would not take the wealth of the whole world in-exchange-for my country's love. I am not surprised at you, who have thought me like yourself, and I pardon you ; but depart at once, lest you corrupt others, since you have not been able to corrupt me. And do you, Micythus, give him back his money, or I will hand you over to justice V 1 suscipio with gerundive construction as object; cf. 'pontem faciendum curavit '. 2 corrumpo. 3 convenio. 4 utili*. 5 gratiis. 6 contrarius. 7 magistratus (using the concrete instead of the abstract;. 42 EASY LATIN PROSE XXIV PREPARATIONS FOR A NAVAL ENGAGEMENT WHILE this was going on at Her da the people-of-Mar- seilles, following 1 the advice of Domitius, got ready seventeen ships of war, eleven of which were decked 2 . To these they added many smaller vessels 8 , in order that our fleet might be terrified by the mere numbers. They placed on them a large number of archers 4 ," whom they urged on 5 by means of large rewards and promises. Domitius demanded particular 6 ships for himself, and filled them with colonists and shepherds, whom he had brought with him. After the fleet had thus been equipped 7 with all requisites, they went forward with all confidence 8 to meet our vessels, which were under the command of Brutus. These were holding positions 9 near the island which is opposite to 10 Marseilles. When the enemy's arrival was known, Brutus led his ships out of the harbour and engaged with the enemy. Both sides carried on the contest with great courage and vigour. Brutus was much inferior in actual numbers, but Caesar had picked out the bravest men from all the legions, who had claimed that service 11 for themselves, and had assigned 12 them to the fleet. 1 - having used, sec 9 (i) (c). 2 = covered (tego). 3 navigium. 4 Sagittarius. r > incite. 6 certus. 7 instruo. 8 fiducia. ' J static. 10 contra. n munus. 13 attribuo. -EXERCISES 43 XXV A NAVAL BATTLE THE enemy, trusting to the speed of their ships and the skill 1 of their steersmen 2 , easily baffled 3 our men, and did not await 4 their attack. As long as it was possible to avail themselves of the wider space, they attempted, by extending their line further, to surround us or to attack individual ships with greater numbers, or, running past , to sweep oft' 7 their oars. Our men, however, were not only employing less practised 8 rowers ' and less experienced helmsmen, who had suddenly been taken from merchant 10 vessels, and had as yet no know- ledge even of the names of the sails, but also were embarrassed by the slowness 11 and weight 1 - of their ships. And so they contentedly 13 exposed single vessels to double their number 14 , provided that an opportunity was given of fighting at close quarters 15 , and by throwing grappling irons lt; and catching hold of both ships boarded 17 the enemies' vessels. After killing large numbers they sank 18 part of them, captured some with their crews 1!l , and drove the rest into the harbour. 1 scientiu. 2 gubornator. 3 eludo. * cxcipio. 5 sin- guli. 6 transciirro. 7 detergco. 8 exercitatus. 9 rein ex. ln onerarius. ll tarditas. I2 gravitas. 13 = with a calm v aequus) mind. * = to two apiece. 15 cominus. 16 manus lerrca. 17 transcendo in. 18 deprimo. ly = with the men. 44 EASY LATIN PROSE XXVI ALEXANDER IS WOUNDED MEANWHILE the Macedonians, having gone out in a disorderly 1 line to seek fodder 2 , were surprised 3 by the barbarians, who rushed down from the nearest mountains. More were captured than slain, and the barbarians, driving their prisoners before them, retired back again into the mountains. While the king was attacking them 4 , fighting amidst the foremost r> , he was struck by an arrow, which, planted in the middle of his thigh 6 , left its point 7 there. The Macedonians in sorrow and dismay carried him back to camp. On the next day the barbarians sent ambassadors to the king. He ordered them* at once to be admitted, and, loosening the bandages 8 , showed them his thigh. Being ordered to sit down they asserted that the Mace- donians were not sadder than they were when they heard of his wound, and that if they discovered the culprit 9 , they would surrender him ; for only the impious 10 fought against the gods. After giving pledges 11 and recovering the captives the king received their capitulation. 1 incompositus. : pabulum. 3 opprimo. 4 see 13. " prompt us. 6 crus. 7 spiculum. * fascia, -ae. 9 auctor. 10 sacrilegus. u fides. EXERCISES 45 XXVII THEMISTOCLES AND THE ATHENIAN FLEET SINCE the public revenue ' which accrued 2 from the mines 3 was wasted 4 year after year by the lavishness r> of the magistrates, Themistocles persuaded the people to build a fleet of a hundred ships with that money. What a means of safety that was to the whole of Greece was proved in the Persian war, when Xerxes attacked Europe by land and sea with such forces as no one ever employed either before or after. When the news of his approach reached Greece and it was said that the Athenians in particular were the object of his attack, they sent to Delphi to ask what they were to do. In answer to their inquiry the Pythian-priestess 6 told them to protect them- selves by means of their wooden 7 walls. When no one understood what that reply meant, Themistocles persuaded them that the advice of Apollo was that they should take refuge 8 on board the ships with their property : for they were the wooden wall signified by the god. Approving of such a plan they took such property as could be moved either to Salamis 10 or Troezen n ; they handed over the care of the citadel and the temples to the priests and a few old men, and abandoned the rest of the town. 1 pecunia. 2 redeo. s metalla, -orum. * intereo (inti-nns.). 5 largitio. 6 Pythia. 7 ligneus. 8 se conferre. 9 probo. 10 Salamis, -is, or -inos. " Troezen, -enis. 46 EASY LATIN PROSE XXVIII A BRAVE CENTURION AT THE SIEGE OF GERGOVIA VALERIUS, a centurion of the eighth legion, had attempted to burst open the gates, but was over- whelmed by numbers. Despairing for himself, as he had received many wounds, he said ' to the-men-of-his-com- pany 2 , who had followed him, 'Since I cannot save myself along with you, I will at all events provide 3 for the lives of you whom I, led on by the desire of glory, have brought into danger. Now that the opportunity is given, consult your own safety.' With that he charged 4 into the midst of the enemy, and, after slaying two, pushed r> the rest back a little way from the gate. When his men tried to help him, 'It is in vain/ he said, 'that ye try to succour my life. Leave this j lace therefore, while there is a chance 6 , and return to the legion.' So shortly after he fell fighting, but proved the salvation of his men. Our soldiers, hard pressed on all sides, were dislodged 7 from the position with the loss of forty- six centurions. 1 make this one sentence, 5. 2 manipularis. 3 prospicio (with dat.). * irrumpo (intrans.X '" summoveo. faeultas. 7 deicio. EXERCISES 47 XXIX A PLEA FOE MERCY AT last the enemy were beleagured l on all sides. Suffering from the want of water, firewood 2 , and corn, they asked for a parley 3 , as their cattle had been kept for four days without fodder, and for that to be in a place apart 4 from the soldiers, if it were possible. When it was granted on the condition that they were willing to hold the conference in-public 5 , in the hearing of both armies the ambassadors urged that no one should be angry either with themselves or with the soldiers, be- cause they wished to keep faith with their commander. But they had now satisfied the claims of duty 6 and borne sufficient punishment 7 . They had suffered the want of all necessaries ; and now they were hemmed round 8 almost like wild beasts, prevented from obtaining water and prevented from advancing 9 ; their bodies could no longer bear their hardships nor their minds the disgrace ; and so they acknowledged themselves beaten and earnestly begged :0 that, if any room was left for com- passion, they might not find it necessary to proceed to extreme punishment. All this they set forward n with the greatest possible humility and submission 12 . 1 obsideo. ligna, -orum. 3 colloquium. * semotus. 5 palam. = they had done enough for duty (officium). 7 supplicium. 8 circummunio. 9 = were cut off from water, cut off from an advance (ingressus). 10 = begged and beseeched. Two synonymous verbs in Latin often = a verb with inten- sive adverb in English. n exj: .submissively (subiecte^ as possible. 48 EASY LATIN PROSE XXX A BESIEGED CITY FROM the camp and from all the higher ground it was easy to look down into the city, (and see) how all the young men who had stayed in the town, and all those of riper years with their wives and children, either stretched out their hands to the sky from the wall, or visited the temples of the gods, and falling before the images 1 entreated their deities for victory. And of them all there was no one who did not think that the fate of all their possessions 2 depended on 3 the results of that day. For all the distinguished youths and the most honour- able 4 persons of every age, in answer to a personal sum- mons and appeal 5 , had embarked on the ships, in order that they might see, if anything untoward 6 had happened to them, that there was nothing further left for them to attempt ; if they had gained the victory, either through their own resources or by means of foreign assistance, they would be sure of the safety of their city. 1 simulacrum. 2 = fortunes. 3 consisto in. * amplus. 5 = having been called out by name (nominatim) and entreated. 6 adversus. EXERCISES 49 XXXI A SUEPRISE ATTACK THE dictator then marched all his forces out of camp, and ordered the cavalry, which he thought had been cowed ! by the recent engagement, to follow the main- body-. He formed them in a triple line, and quickly accomplished a march of ten miles. So he reached the enemy's camp before they could discover what was going on. The latter"' were terrified both by the rapidity of our approach and by the departure of their friends, and as no time 4 was given them for holding a council or getting their arms they were undecided whether it was more advisable to lead their forces against the enemy, to defend the camp, or to seek safety in flight. This fear on their 3 part was made plain by their shouting and ruiining-to-and-fro 5 . So our soldiers, enraged by the treachery of the previous day, burst into the camp. There 3 those who were able in the hurry to seize their arms for a while resisted our attack, and fought in the midst of their carts 7 and baggage, but the residue, consist- ing of boys and women, who had left their homes and crossed the river with all their men, began to take to flight on all sides. The dictator sent his cavalry in pursuit 8 of them. The others, hearing the shouting in the rear and seeing their friends cut down, threw away their arms, abandoned their standards 9 , and rushed out of the camp. 1 perterrco. 2 agiuuii. 3 st-e 13. ' .spat him. 5 dia- cursus. 6 pristinus. 7 carrus, -i. 8 connector. " sigiuun. 50 EASY LATIN PROSE XXXII A BROKEN TRUCE THE enemy disloyally 1 were looking for an opportu- nity for treachery 2 and deceit, as after the interval of a few days our men became-weary 3 and relaxed ' in spirit. So at midday, when some had gone away, when others, after their protracted ' labour had fallen asleep actually on the works, and all their arms were laid aside and covered up fi , the enemy suddenly sally forth from the gates and set fire 7 to the works. A strong and favouring 8 wind spread this in such a way that the mantlets , the towers, and the engines 10 all at once became alight 11 , and these were entirely consumed before what had happened could be noticed. Our men, aroused by the sudden mishap 1;i , snatched up what arms they could ; and others rushed up from the camp. They made an attack on the enemy, but were prevented by the arrows and catapults 13 from pursuing the fugitives. So the labour of many months was ruined 14 in a moment 15 of time by the treachery of the enemy and the power of the gale. 1 = -without faith. 2 perfidiu. 3 langueo. * remissus. -' diutiims. 6 contego. 7 ignem infero. 8 secundus. '' pluteiisi. 10 tormentuin. n flammam concipio. 12 for- 13 tormentum. ll intereo (intrans. ). r> puiictum. EXERCISES 51 XXXIII ALEXANDER BEFORE TYRE ALEXANDER having 1 a fleet close at hand and thinking that a long siege would be a great hindrance to his other plans, sent heralds 2 to induce the Tyrians to make peace. These the Tyrians put to death, contrary to the law of nations 3 , and hurled into the sea. Alexander, there- lore, moved by this shameful death of his men, decided to lay siege to the city. But it was necessary first to construct 4 a mole 5 , in order to join the city with the mainland ". Great despair, therefore, came-over 7 the minds of the soldiers, when they looked at the depth of the sea s , which could scarcely be filled up even with divine aid. But the king, by no means unversed 1J in managing ]0 the minds of soldiers, announced that a vision of Her- cules had appeared to him in a dream, stretching n out his right hand, and that with Hercules as leader and clear- ing 12 the way he seemed to enter the city. He spoke also of the murder 13 of the heralds, and the violation of the law of nations, and said that there was only one city, which had dared to hinder his victorious progress 1J . 1 see 1O (&). 2 caduceator. 3 ius gentium. l iauio. 5 moles. 6 contiiieiis. 7 incedo (with dat.). 8 = the deep sea. 9 rudis (with genitive). lu pertracto. u porrigo. 13 aperio. IJ see 11. H = the course (cursus) of the victor. E 2 52 EASY LATIN PROSE XXXIV A VISIT TO THE OLD SCHOOL WHAT more pleasant task could be imposed * upon me by you than to search for a tutor for your brother's children ? For by your favour 2 I return to school ;i , and renew, as-it-were 4 , that most agreeable time of life ; I take my seat among the lads, as I was wont to do, and I actually discover how much influence, in consequence of my pursuits, I possess among them. For recently they were joking 5 together audibly 6 in the crowded lecture-hall 7 in the presence of many of our rank-of-life 8 . I entered ; they became silent. I would not mention this, if it did not conduce 9 to their credit rather than to mine, and if I did not wish that you should be able to hope that } 7 our nephews are studying earnestly. For what is of greater moment to you, than that the children should be found worthy of their father and their uncle ? I should have claimed 10 this n charge as mine 12 , even if you had not entrusted it to me. 1 iniungo. 2 beneficium. 3 schola. * quasi. 5 iocor. c clare. 7 auditorium. 8 ordo. 9 pertineo. 10 vindico. II see 13. 12 = for me. EXERCISES 53 XXXV A FIRE-SHIP IN the meantime the Tyrians had propelled 1 forward with the oars a ship of extraordinary size, laden at the stern 2 with stones and sand ', and smeared 4 with pitch ' and sulphur 1 '. When the sails had caught 7 the full force of the wind, it quickly moved up to the mole 8 . Then, after the prow had been set on fire, the rowers leapt down into the boats '', which followed, provided for that very purpose. The ship, however, as the flame caught, began to spread the fire more widely, and it seized on the tower and the other works placed on the mole, before any resistance could be offered 10 . And those who had leapt down into the little boats threw torches 11 , and whatever was suitable for feeding 1 ' 2 the fire, on to these works. And now, not only the foot of the towers, but also the topmost stories 11 had caught lire, while those who were on the towers were either swallowed up in the flames, or, throwing away their arms, lowered themselves into the sea. 1 concito. 2 puppis. 3 arena. 4 illino. 5 bitumen. fl sulphur. 7 concipio. 8 moles. 9 scapha. 10 -= before it could be met (occurro) ; use pass, impers. n fax. 12 alo. ::! tabulatum. 54 EASY LATIN PEOSE XXXVI CICERO WRITES TO HIS WIFE FROM ATHENS IF it is well with you and Tullia 1 , it is also well with our dear Marcus and with myself. We came to Athens on the 14th of October, after having had unfavourable 2 winds, and a slow and disagreeable voyage 3 . As we left the ship, your slave met us with the letters. I received your missive and gathered from it that you were afraid the previous ones might not have been delivered *. All have been delivered, and you have given a very careful account 5 of everything, which was particularly agreeable to me. I am not surprised that this letter which he brought was short, for you are now waiting for me, or rather for us, in person ; and we indeed are anxious to come to you as soon as possible, although I understand to what a country we are coming ; for I learn from the letters of many friends, which the slave brought me, that everything looks towards war, so that, when I have come, I shall not be allowed to conceal my opinions. But as I must submit to 7 my fate, I shall endeavour to come with all the more haste, that I may consider the whole case with greater ease. I should like you to come on to meet me as far as you possibly can. 1 = if you and Tullia are well. 2 adversus. :: = after having voyaged slowly and disagreeably (incommode). * reddo. ' I give an account = perscribo. 6 specto. 7 subeo (trans.). EXERCISES 55 XXXVII HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY AFTER his victory in the war against the Persians Themistocles announced in the assembly 1 that he had a plan which would benefit the state, but that it must not become generally known. So he asked the people to appoint some one to whom he might communicate it. Aristides was appointed. Then Themistocles informed him that it was possible to set fire secretly to the Lace- daemonian fleet, which had been drawn-up-on-shore 2 at Gythaeum, by which action the power of Lacedaemon would inevitably " be shattered. When Aristides heard this, he returned to the assembly, and said : i What Themistocles proposes is very advantageous, but by 110 means honourable.' The Athenians, therefore, came to the conclusion that what was not honourable was not advantageous either 4 , and, by the advice of Aristides, rejected r> the proposition entirely, though they had never even heard what it was. 1 contio. 2 subduco. 3 = by which action it was necessary that the power would be broken. * not . . . cither -- in- . . . quidem. 5 repudio. 56 EASY LATIN PROSE XXXVIII THE DIFFICULTIES OF A GENERAL SULLA had everything to do at once ; he had to display 1 the flag 2 , which was a signal when it was necessary to begin the battle ; he had to make a signal with the bugle 3 , to recall the soldiers from the works and to send for those who had gone on in advance a little way in order to seek materials-for-an-earthwork 4 . He had to draw up his line, and encourage his soldiers. A great part of all this was prevented by the shortness of time and the arrival of the enemy. Two circumstances proved of assistance in these difficulties. First, the knowledge and experience 5 of the men, who from having been trained 6 in previous engagements could lay down for themselves what was the necessary course, just as well as be shown it by others ; and secondly, the fact that Sulla had forbidden the several lieutenants to leave the works and their respective 7 regiments, unless the camp had been fortified. The latter, because of the close- proximity 8 and rapid-movements of the enemy, no longer waited for Sulla's orders, but of themselves carried out all that seemed necessary. 1 propono. - vexillum. 3 tuba. * agger. 5 usus. c exercito. 7 singuli. s propinquitns. 9 celeritas. EXERCISES 57 XXXIX ADVICE TO A PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR MY love towards you compels me, not to instruct l you (for indeed you need no instructor), but to warn 3 r ou to remember and heed 2 what you already know. Consider that 5 r ou have been sent to the province of Achaia, which is the real and genuine 3 Greece, in which culture 4 , letters, and even the fruits of the earth are said to have first been discovered. Respect 5 the gods who were its founders r> and the names of the gods, respect its past glory and even its old age, old age which in a man is venerable, but in cities is sacred. Let there be in your mind respect for its antiquity, for its mighty deeds, and even for its legends 7 . Always keep before your eyes the fact that this is the land which sent us its laws, that it is Athens which you are visiting and Lacedaemon that you are governing. It would be hard and cruel, (nay) barbarous, to rob these cities of the shadow * and name of liberty which remains to them. Remember what each -state has been, but not in order that you may despise them for having ceased so to be, and let all pride and harshness be put on one side . I wish you to believe, as I said at the beginning, that I have written this by way of advice 10 , not instruction 10 , but in truth I have no fear that in my love for you I have exceeded the limit". 1 praecipio. 2 observe. 3 mems. 4 humanitas. 5 revereor. e conditor. 7 fabula. 8 umbra. u = let pride and harshness be absent. 10 use participles, =1 ... advising. II modus. 58 EASY LATIN PROSE XL OPERATIONS BEFORE A BATTLE THERE was a small marsh between our army and that of the enemy. The latter were waiting to see if our men would cross this ; while our troops were under arms, prepared, if the others commenced to cross, to attack them whilst in-difficulties l . Meanwhile a cavalry skirmish was fought between the two lines. When neither side took the initiative 2 in crossing, Scipio led back his men to camp, though the cavalry engagement proved more favourable 3 to us. The enemy immediately hastened from that place to the river Ebro 4 , which was in the rear of our camp. There they discovered a ford 5 , and attempted to take over a part of their forces, with the intention, if they could, of capturing the fort c , which the lieutenant commanded, and of destroying the bridge ; or, if they could not do this, of laying waste the fields in the vicinity, which were of great use to us in carrying on the war, and of cutting off our supplies 7 . 1 impeditus. - initium faeio. 3 secundus. * Hiberus. 5 vada, -orum. 6 castellum. 7 nostros commeatu prohibeo. EXEECISES 59 XLI A CUNNING TRICK (1) A EOMAN knight named Tullius, a man of wit and liberal education 1 , had betaken himself to Syracuse, with the idea 2 , as he used to say, of taking a holiday ", not of doing business 4 . He repeatedly said that he wished to buy a small garden, to which he could invite his friends and where he might amuse himself without fear of any interruption 5 . When this had got about", a certain Greek, who carried on the trade of a banker 7 at Syracuse, said to him that his grounds were not for-sale s , but that Tullius might use them, if he wished, as his own. At the same time he invited the man to dinner in his gardens on the next day. Now the Greek, being a banker , was popular with all classes, and so, when Tullius had promised (to come), he summoned some fishermen 10 , and asked them to fish 11 on the next day opposite to his garden ; and he told them what he wanted them to do, 1 = not unwitty (infacetus) and sufficiently educated (litteratus). ~ cnnsa. 3 otior. * negotior. 5 = without interrupters (interpellator). " percrebresco. 7 argentariam facio. 8 venalis (adj.). 9 argentarius. 10 piscator. n piscor. 60 EASY LATIN PROSE XLII A CUNNING TRICK (2) TULLIUS came to dinner at the proper time, and found tli at a banquet 1 had been prepared by the Greek on- a- magnificent-scale 2 . There were a large number of fishing-boats 3 in -sight, and each fisherman brought what he had caught. The fish were cast at the feet of the host. Then says Tullius. 'What, pray, is this? Are there so many fish, and so many boats here?' To which the other replies, ' Of course 4 ; all the fish there are in Syracuse are here.' Then Tullius, fired by desire, urged the Greek to sell, and buys the garden at the price which the Greek asked. On the next day Tullius invites his friends, and comes himself in-good-time "'. He does not, however, see a single vessel. So he asked his next-door f> neighbour 7 whether it was a fishermen's holiday 8 , because he did not see any of them. i It is no holiday,' says he, 'as far as I know, but none are accustomed to fish here : I was wondering therefore what happened yesterday.' Tullius was indignant 9 ; but what was he to do ? (Render this piece in conversational style ; see 17.) 1 convivium. 2 opipare (adv.). 3 cymba. * - what is wonderful ? 5 mature (adv.). 6 proximus. 7 vicinus. 8 ferine. stomacher. EXERCISES 61 XLIII THE KELIGION OF THE GAULS EVEKY tribe among the Gauls is extremely super- stitious \ On this account, those who are afflicted " with serious illnesses, and those who are engaged 3 in scenes- of-danger or in battles, either sacrifice 4 or make a vow that they will sacrifice human beings as victims. They employ the Druids as ministers 5 for these sacrifices. They think that, unless a man's life is given up in return for a man's life, the power of the gods cannot be appeased . Others have idols 7 of gigantic size, whose limbs are woven 8 of osiers u ; these they fill with living persons, and when they are set on fire the victims are surrounded by the flames and suffocated U) . They think that the torture 11 of those who have been detected in theft or brigandage 12 or some heinous-crime 13 is more pleasing to the gods, but when there are none of this class they also have recourse 14 to the torture of the innocent. Mercury 13 is the god whom they worship most ; there are many idols of him, and they regard him as the dis- coverer of all arts. 1 = is given up to superstitious (religio). - affecttis. 3 versor. * imiuolo. 5 administer. c placo. 7 simula- crum. 8 coiitexo. vinu'ii. 10 oxunimo. u sii};- plicium. ia latrocinium. 13 nuxia, -ae. X1 duscendu. 15 see 15 (6). 62 EASY LATIN PROSE XLIV THE RELATIONS OF SICILY WITH ROME BEFOKE I speak of the troubles 1 of Sicily, I think I ought to say a few words about the dignity, antiquity, and usefulness of that province. Now you ought to take careful account '- of all your provinces, but in particular of Sicily for many very good reasons. Sicily was the first of all foreign ;! countries to attach 4 itself to the friendship and faith of the Roman people : Sicily was the first country to be styled a province, that glory of the Roman empire, and the first to teach our ancestors how glorious a thing it was to rule foreign nations. Sicily alone has showed such loyalty and goodwill towards the Roman people, that, when once the states of that island had entered into friendship with us, they never after- wards fell away". The majority and those the most distinguished continued to be our friends in-perpetuity 7 . Nor would the great power of Carthage have fallen so easily, if Sicily had not been accessible 8 to us, both to furnish a supply of corn and to be a refuge 9 for our fleets. It was for this reason that the Sicilian towns, after the destruction of Carthage, were adorned by Afri- canus with beautiful statues 10 and memorials 1J . 1 iiicommodum. 2 = carefully to take account (ratiouem habere). 3 extents. * applico. 5 ornameutum. c deficio. 7 perpetuo (adv.). 8 pateo. 9 receptaculum. J0 signum. II monumentum. EXERCISES 63 XLV A GENERAL COMMUNICATES WITH HIS SUBOKDINATES So the general made his way by forced l marches into the territories of the Caiitabrians ' 2 . There he ascertained from his prisoners what was going on in the camp of his lieutenant, and in what danger our cause was. There- upon by large bribes :i he persuaded one of the Spanish 4 troopers to carry a letter to his lieutenant. He sends this written in Greek characters 5 , to prevent our plans being discovered by the enemy, if the letter was inter- cepted. He advised the messenger, if he could not approach, to hurl a spear, with the letter attached G to the thong 7 , within the lines 8 of the camp. In the letter he said that he had started with his regiment, and would soon arrive, and he encouraged them to maintain their former 9 courage. The Spaniard, fearing the risk, threw the spear, just as he had been instructed. By chance this stuck to one of the towers, and was not noticed by our men for two days. On the third day it was seen by some soldier, taken down and carried to the lieutenant. He perused it, and then read-it-aloud 10 at a meeting of the soldiers. All were filled with great joy. 1 = by great marches. a Caiitaber, -abri. 8 praemium. * Ilispaims. 6 littera. c deligo. 7 amentum. "munitio. 9 pristinus. 10 recito. 64 EASY LATIN PROSE XLVI ATTACK ON A MOUNTAIN STRONGHOLD (1) MANY obscure l towns were abandoned by their in- habitants and fell into the king's hands. Their people, fully armed, seized on a mountain named Aornis, which, it was rumoured, had been in vain besieged by Hercules, who was compelled by an earthquake - to desist 3 . As the rock was steep and precipitous 4 on all sides, Alex- ander was at-a-loss 5 for a plan, when an old man well- acquainted with the country c came up to him with his two sons, promising, if it was made worth his while 7 , to point out the way-of-approach. Alexander decided to give him eighty talents, and after detaining one of the young men as a hostage, sent him away to carry out what he had offered. The rock did not rise to a high summit 8 , as most do, by moderate and gentle slopes '\ but was set up exactly in the shape of a pyramid 10 ; the lowest parts of it were the widest, the higher portions came together more closely, and the top rose to a sharp peak n . The river Indus, very deep, with rugged banks on both sides, came up close to the foot 12 of it, and on the other side were chasms 13 and steep 14 gullies 15 . 1 ignobilis. ' 2 terrae inotus. 3 absisto. * abruptus. 5 mops (with geuit.}. = the places. 7 to be worth while = operae pretium esse. 8 fastigium. y clivus. 10 ineta, -ac. 11 cacuincn. l ~ = the roots (radix). 13 vorago. u prae- ruptus. J5 eluvies. EXERCISES 65 XL VII ATTACK ON A MOUNTAIN STRONGHOLD (2) AT first, because the danger was so evident, it was decided that the king should not run the risk l . But when the signal was given with the trumpet, he turned to his body-guard 2 , ordered them to follow him, and was the first to attack the cliff. Then no Macedonian stood still, but leaving their posts 3 all of their own accord followed their king. The fate of many was pitiable, for falling from the steep cliff they were swallowed up 4 by the neighbouring river ; a sad sight even to those who were not making-the-venture 5 . They were warned by the fate of the others of what they had to fear for them- selves, and, their pity turning to alarm, they mourned 6 , not for those whom they had lost, but for themselves. And now they had reached 7 a point from which they could not return without fatal-consequences 8 , unless they were victorious, since the barbarians were rolling down huge stones upon them as they ascended. They were struck by these, and fell headlong 9 , as the foothold 10 was insecure " and slippery 12 . 1 discrimen subeo. 2 = the guardians of his body. 3 statio. 4 haurio. 5 periclitor. 6 defleo (trans.). 7 use pass, impers. 8 pernicies. 9 praeceps. 10 gradus. u insta- bilis. 12 lubricus. 66 EASY LATIN PROSE XLYIII ATTACK ON A MOUNTAIN STRONGHOLD (3) NEVERTHELESS Alexander and Charon, whom the king had sent on with thirty picked 1 men, made their way up and began to fight at-close-quarters 2 . But, as the bar- barians showered missiles upon them from-above 3 , they received wounds themselves more often than they in- flicted them. So Alexander, while fighting with more daring than caution 4 , mindful both of his name and his promise, was stabbed 5 and overwhelmed 6 on all sides. And when Charon saw him lying prostrate, he began to rush upon the enemy, forgetful of everything except vengeance 7 , and slew many with the spear and some with the sword. But as so many were attacking him alone, he fell lifeless 8 on the body of his friend. The king, just as was meet 9 , was moved by the death of his most forward 10 warriors and of the other soldiers, and gave the signal for retreat 11 . It proved their salvation that they retired gradually and without fear, and that the barbarians did not press upon them in their retreat. The king, however, decided to give up 12 the attempt 13 , because no hope presented itself of gaining possession of the cliff; but still he made an appearance of per- severing 14 in the attack, for he ordered the roads to be blocked, towers to be moved up, and others to relieve 15 the wearied soldiers. 1 delectus. 2 cominus. 3 superne. * note idiom = more boldly than more cautiously (caute). 5 confodio. 6 obruo. 7 ultio. 8 exanimis (adj.). 9 par. ] promptus. 11 signum do receptui. 12 desisto. vero. 15 succedo (with dat.). EXERCISES 67 XLIX PARENTS MUST MAKE ALLOWANCES FOR THEIR SONS' FAILINGS A CERTAIN person was chiding l his son, because (as he said) he used to buy horses and dogs at too extravagant a rate 2 . I say to him, after the young man had gone, * Ah ! did you never do anything which your father could censure ? Do you not sometimes now do that which your son would blame with the like severity 3 , if he were suddenly to become the father and you the son ? Are not all men tempted 4 by some failing 5 ? Does not one person indulge himself in this, and another in that ? ' Warned by this instance of excessive 6 severity, I have written this to you in the name of the love which we have for each other, lest at any time you also should treat 7 your son too harshly and sternly. Consider that he is a boy, and that you were once, and so use your fatherhood 8 that you may remember that you are a human being and the father of a human being. 1 castigo. 2 = too extravagantly (sumptuose). 3 gravitas. 4 duco. 5 error. 6 immodicus. 7 tracto. 8 = use the fact that you are a father. F 2 68 EASY LATIN PROSE FLIGHT OF DARIUS AFTER ARBELA DAKIUS with a few companions of his flight had hastened to the river Lycus. After he had crossed it he was in doubt whether he should destroy the bridge, as it was announced that the enemy would soon arrive. But he saw that if he broke down the bridge many thousands of his men. who had not yet each the river, would be at the mercy l of the enemy. It is well known 2 that on his departure, leaving 3 the bridge intact, he remarked that he would rather grant a passage to his pursuers than deprive 4 the fugitives of one. After traversing 5 a great distance in his flight he reached Arbela 6 at about mid- night. Chance had directed thither the flight of the greater part of his friends and soldiers. And so he called them together and explained that he had no doubt that Alexander would attack the most populous 7 cities, and the fields that abounded 8 in all kinds of supplies: the furthest parts of his kingdom were still intact ; and from these he would repair his strength without difficulty ; let that greedy 9 race, destined soon to be at his mercy, seize on his treasure 10 and glut n themselves with gold. 1 = would be the prey (praeda). 2 constat. 3 sino. * aufero (with ace. of thing and dat. of person). 5 emetior. 6 Arbela, -orum ; a town of Assyria. 7 celeber. 8 abundo. 9 avidus. ] gaza. :1 satio. EXERCISES 69 LI ALEXANDER REACHES THE OXUS AT last he reached the river Oxus, at about the begin- ning of the evening, but a large part of his army had not been able to follow. He ordered fires to be lighted on a high mountain, in order that those who found difficulty in following might be aware that they were not far from the camp. He quickly refreshed l the soldiers who be- longed to the van-guard 2 with food and drink 3 , and ordered some to fill skins 4 , and others all the vessels 5 in whieh water could be carried, and bear help to their com- rades. But those who drank too eagerly 6 died from suffocation 7 , and the number of these was larger than he had lost in any battle. Alexander, however, without refreshing himself 8 either with food or drink, took his stand where the army was coming, and did not retire to attend to 9 his own person until those who closed the line had all passed. He spent the whole of that night in great mental distress 10 , nor was he happier on the next day, because he had no boats, and a bridge could not be constructed. 1 firmo. 2 primum agmen. 3 potio. 4 uter. 5 vas, vasis. c intemperanter. 7 = the breath (s>piritus) having been cut off. 8 = not refreshed (reficio). 9 euro. 10 motus, -us. 70 EASY LATIN PROSE LIT GERMANICUS ADDRESSES HIS MUTINOUS SOLDIERS (1) NEITHER wife nor son are dearer to me than my father and the state ; but he wi 1 be defended by his own majesty, and the empire of Rome by the other armies. My wife and children, whom I would willingly offer up to destruction for the sake of your glory, I now remove out of the reach of your madness 1 ; in order that, what- ever crime this is that threatens 2 , it may be expiated 3 by my blood alone, and that the murder 4 of a great- grandson of Augustus and a daughter-in-law c of Tiberius may not make your guilt greater still 7 . What name shall I give this assembly ? Am I to call you soldiers, you who have beset 8 your commander's son with an entrenchment and with arms, or am I to call you citi- zens, you who have renounced 9 the authority of the Senate ? You have violated even the rights of enemies, the privileges of ambassadors, and the law of nations. 1 = far from those-being-mad (furo). 2 immineo. 3 pio. 4 see 11. 5 pronepos. G minis. 7 = make you more guilty. 8 circumsedeo. 9 proicio. EXERCISES 71 LIII GERMANICUS ADDRESSES HIS MUTINOUS SOLDIERS (2) A FINE return, first and twentieth legions, do you make 1 to your leader ! Shall I carry this report to my father, who hears from the other provinces nothing but what is welcome 2 , that his own recruits 3 , his own veterans 4 are not satisfied 5 with discharge G or bounty ; that only here centurions are murdered, tribunes cast out, and envoys imprisoned 7 ; that camps and rivers are stained 8 with blood, and that I drag on a precarious 9 life amidst bitter foes. Why, my friends, on the first day of our meeting, in your heedlessness 10 did you snatch from me that weapon, which I was preparing to plunge into my breast ? he who offered me his sword acted better and more lovingly. I should at least have perished before I was conscious of so many crimes, and you would have chosen a leader who might leave 11 my death unpunished, but would avenge that of Varus and his three legions. 1 I make a return = gratiam refero. 2 laetus. 3 tiro 4 veteranus. 5 satio. 6 missio, -onis. 7 include. 8 inficio. 9 precarius. 10 improvidus (adj.). ll sino. EASY LATIN PROSE LIV THE HUNTING EXPLOITS OF A LITERAKY MAN You will laugh, and laugh you may. I, the man you know, have caught three wild-boars ] , and very fine they are too. Yourself? you say. Myself; not that I de- parted in any degree from my (usual) indolence' 2 and calm 3 . I sat by the nets 4 ; there was no hunting-spear 5 or lance at hand, but a pen 7 and a notebook 8 . I was musing over 9 something and making notes 10 , so that I might bring back my tablets n full, though my hands were empty. There is no reason why you should despise this method of study. It is wonderful how the mind is stirred by the exercise 12 and movement of the body. Moreover the woods and the solitude and the very silence itself are great incentives 13 to thought. So when you go a-hunting, you will be allowed, on my authority, to take your note book with you. You will find that Minerva wanders over the mountains just as much as Diana. [Translate in epistolary style, see 17.] 1 aper. 2 inertia. 3 quies. 4 rete. 5 venabulum. 6 lancea. 7 stilus, -i. 8 pugillares, -ium. 9 meditor. 10 enoto. n cerae, -arum. 12 agitatio. 13 incitamentum. EXERCISES 73 LV THE CASE FOR THE AEDUI THE Aedui (Orat. Obliqua) and their dependents 1 have fought again and again with the Germans. They have been defeated, and have suffered great reverses ; they have lost all their nobles, all their senate, all their cavalry. Crushed by these battles and reverses, they, who formerly possessed the most influence 2 in Gaul through their own valour and the friendship of the Roman people, have been compelled to give as hostages the most noble of their state, and to bind 3 the community by an oath not to demand the hostages back, or to ask for assistance from Rome, or to refuse to be for ever under the sway 4 and authority of their enemies. I am the only one out of the whole state, who could not be induced to take the oath or to surrender my children as hostages. For that reason I have fled from my country, and come to the senate at Rome to demand help. 2 I possess most influence = plurimum possum. 4 dicio. 74 EASY LATIN PROSE LVI WHEN CIVIL WAR THREATENS You can tell in what a critical-position 1 my safety is, together with that of all respectable 2 citizens, and even of the entire commonwealth, from the fact that we have left our homes and our country itself to the mercy of the spoiler and incendiary 3 . Matters have reached such a pass that, unless some god or some accident 4 come to our assistance, it is impossible for us to be saved. For my part, ever since I came to the city, I never ceased to plan, to say, and to do everything that might conduce 5 to harmony 6 . But an extraordinary fit of madness had come over all, not the disaffected 7 only, but those also who are regarded as respectable ; and so they desired a contest in spite of my protesting 8 that there was nothing more harrowing 9 than civil war. So when Caesar was carried away by a sort of frenzy 10 and had so far forgotten his fame and his position as to seize on Arretium, we abandoned the city ; as to how far we acted wisely or bravely there is no advantage in discussing 11 ; you see indeed in what a plight 12 we are. 1 discrimen. 2 bonus. 3 = to be spoiled and burnt. 4 casus. 5 pertineo. c concordia. 7 improbus. 8 clamo. 9 miser. 10 amentia. n dispute. 12 casus. EXERCISES 75 LYII THE BEGINNING OF A BATTLE IN the evening the consul passed the word J through the camp that before daybreak the men and horses should be attended to 2 and fed 3 , and that the troopers should be armed and keep their horses saddled 4 and bridled 5 . Almost before it was light, he sent out all the cavalry with the light-armed troops c against the Carthaginian outposts 7 , and then immediately went forward himself with the heavy-armed legions 8 . Contrary to the expecta- tions of his own men and the enemy the wings were guarded by the Roman soldiery, and the allies were placed in the centre. Hasdrubal, aroused by the shouting of the cavalry, rushed from his tent 9 , and saw the confusion in front of the camp and the panic 10 of his troops while the standards of the legions were gleaming in the distance and the plains were filled with the enemy. So at once he sent out all his cavalry against the enemy's horsemen, and marched out of the camp with a body of infantry. In drawing up his line he made no change from his usual custom. 1 tesseram do. 2 curatus. 3 praiisus. * instratus. 5 frenatus. c levis armatura. 7 static. 8 = with the heavy-armed (gravis) body of legions. 9 tabernaculum. 10 trepidatio. 76 EASY LATIN PROSE LVIII CAESAR'S EXPLOITS IN GAUL IN the course of the nine years in which he was in authority l his achievements were pretty nearly as fol- lows. He reduced all Gaul, which is bounded by the pass 2 of-the-Pyrenees :< , by the Alps and Cevennes 4 , and by the rivers Rhine and Rhone, and has a circumference 5 of about 3,200 miles, to the form of a province, with the exception of the allied states and those that had served him well 6 . He was the first of the Romans, by con- structing a bridge, to attack the Germans who live across the Rhine, and to inflict severe defeats upon them. He also attacked the Bri tains who were formerly unknown, and having vanquished them demanded hostages and an indemnity 7 . Amongst so many successes he experienced a reverse 8 on tfyree occasions, and no more ; in Britain, when his fleet was almost destroyed by a violent storm ; in Gaul, when a legion was routed at Gergovia ; and in the territory of the Germans, when his lieutenants lost their lives by an ambuscade. To the legions which he had received from the state he added others at his own private expense 9 , one of which was levied lo in Trans- alpine Gaul, and had a Gallic title n , for it was called ' Alauda ', which he trained 12 and equipped 13 in the Roman fashion, and to which he afterwards gave the citizenship 14 . 1 imperium. 2 saltus. 3 Pyrenaeus (adj.). * moiis Gebenna. 5 circuitus. = that deserved well. 7 pecuniae (pi.). 8 adversus casus. 9 sumptus. 10 conscribo. " vo- cabulum. Vi instituo. 13 orno. H civitate dono. EXERCISES 77 LIX A JOINT TRIUMPH AN arrangement-was-made l between the two consuls by letter that, although they were coming from different directions, they should approach the city at one and the same time, just as they had carried on the government with one mind. The one who reached Praeneste 2 first was requested to wait 3 there for his colleague. It so happened that they both arrived at Praeneste on the same day. A proclamation was sent on from there that the senate should meet three days afterwards at the temple of Bellona, and they approached the city, all the population pouring out 4 to meet them. Some congratulated 5 them, others expressed their thanks 6 that the state had been saved by their exertions. After 7 giving an account to the senate of their achievements, in the manner of all commanders, they requested that, in return for the reso- lute and successful management 8 of public affairs, honour should be rendered to the gods, and they themselves should be allowed to enter the city in triumph. The Fathers replied that they granted their request from thankfulness 9 first to the gods, and then after the gods to the consuls 7 . So to avoid dividing their triumph after having carried on the war in mutual accord, they arranged that one consul should enter the city in a four- horse car 10 followed by the soldiers, while the other should ride in n unattended 12 . 1 it is arranged convenit (impers.). 2 Praeneste, -is (neut.), a town of Latium. 3 opperior. 4 effundor. 5 gratulor. 6 gratias ago. 7 Make this one complex sentence. Which is the main idea? see 5. 8 I manage = administro: see 11. 9 = through the desert (meritum) of .... 10 quadrigae, -arum. 11 equo invehor. 12 = without soldiers. EASY LATIN PROSE LX AN IMPERTINENT THEORIST WHEN Hannibal, after being banished from Carthage, came as an exile to Antiochus at Ephesus, he was invited by his hosts l to hear the philosopher Phormio. He said he had no objection, and then that eloquent 2 personage discoursed to him for several hours on the duties of a general and the whole art of war. All the rest of the audience were highly delighted, and asked Hannibal what he thought 3 of that philosopher. The Carthaginian there- upon is said to have replied that he had seen many crazy 4 old men, but no one who was more crazy than Phormio. And rightly too. For what could be more presumptuous 5 than for a Greek, who had never seen the face of the enemy G , or a camp, who in short had never come-into- contact 7 with even the humblest department 8 of any state office 9 , to give instruction 10 in the art of war to such a man as Hannibal, who in the course of so many years had contested the supremacy n with the Roman people, the conquerors of the world ? hospes. copiosus. 3 iudico. gans. 8 pars. 5 = had never seen an enemy, munus. 10 praecepta, -orum. 4 delirus. 5 arro- 7 attingo (trans.). 11 de imperio certo. EXERCISES 79 LXI A DESCENT UPON NEW CARTHAGE WHILE Mago was preparing to cross over to Africa, news was brought to him from Carthage that the senate ordered him to take his fleet across to Italy. As he was sailing along * the Spanish coast, he landed 2 some troops near to New Carthage and laid waste the fields in the vicinity. Then he brought 3 his fleet up to the city. During the day 4 he kept his soldiers in the ships, but at night he effected a landing on the shore and marched up to the walls, for he thought that the city was not held by an adequate 5 garrison, and that some of the towns- people would make a movement in the hope of bringing about a revolution. But the news of the raid 6 , of the flight of the country-people 7 , and the approach of the enemy had been carried to the city by some panic- stricken 8 messengers from the fields, and the fleet had been seen during the day. So the inhabitants were kept under arms in battle order within the gate that faced