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CS. { CA ECHINODERMATA BY JAMES A. GRIEG WITH 5 PLATES, 10 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT, AND CHARTS REPRINTED FROM REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH ATLANT, DEEP SEA EXPED. 1910 CARRIED OUT UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE NORWEGIAN GOVERNMENT AND THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF SIR JOHN MURRAY, K. C. B. and DR. JOHAN HJORT VOLUME III PART 2 ZOOLOGY oC ! ee . PUBLISHED BY THE TRUSTEES OF THE BERGEN MUSEUM JOHN GRIEG, BERGEN (JL ten ECHINODERMATA FROM THE ,MICHAEL SARS” NORTH ATLANTIC DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION 1910 BY JAMES A. GRIEG WITH 5 PLATES, 10 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT AND CHARTS A very rich and interesting material of echinoderms was collected in the summer of 1910 during the cruise of the “Michael Sars“ in the North Atlantic. The material which contained 92 species and 67 genera is distributed, as follows: Holothurioidea: 14 genera 21 species Asteroidea: A 310) Ophiuroidea: Li. rye DT aa Echinoidea: Veo ia gee 5" es Crinoidea: Om G3 A The greater and most interesting part of the collec- tions was taken from the great depths of the North Atlantic, Peniagone ferruginea, one of the species found there, is new to science, and Peniagone wyvillii taken in the Bay of Biscay by the “Michael Sars” is new to the Atlantic region. It was previously known only from the Pacific. Several of the others are likewise of great interest from a zoogeographical point of view, as their vertical as well as their horizontal distribution has been extended by the explorations of the “Michael Sars”. I may thus mention Bathybiaster robustus and Solaster abyssicola which were previously known only from the east coast of North America. The cruise of the “Michael Sars” furnished proofs that they occur also on the east Atlantic side; for Bathybiaster robustus was found west of Ireland (stat. 95) and the Hebrides (stat. 101), and Solaster abyssicola north of the Azores (stat. 88). The northern boundary of Psilasteropsis patagiatus and Astronyx locardi was formerly the Bay of Biscay. The “Michael Sars” found the firstnamed species off the Hebrides (stat. 101) and the latter off Ireland (stat. 95). Benthodytes glutinosa was previously taken only by the “Talisman”in the Sargasso Sea and south of the Azores at depths of 3175 to 3432 m. The “Michael Sars’ collected the species off the entrance to Gibraltar, 2603 m. (stat. 35) and besides a very young individual at the intermediary depth of about 1 400 m. southwest of Ireland (stat. 92). Under the description of the various species, however, an account of their horizontal as well as their vertical distribution will be given. Only one haul was made in the cold area north of the Faroe-Shetland ridge (stat. 102) where 9 species were taken, all characteristic of the Norwegian Sea. Five of them are found principally in the cold area and occur only exceptionally in the warm and then in the border region only. The other four species on the other hand occur in the cold, as well as in the warm, area, where they have a wide distribution. But they are likewise wanting within the Atlantic region proper. They may perhaps be carried as larvae into the Atlantic by the south-going cold ocean currents across the ridge that divides it from the Norwegian Sea, but they do not settle there. It should be stated that three typical warm water species were also obtained at stat. 102, viz: Plutonaster bifrons, Psilaster andromeda and Zoroaster fulgens, but there is every reason to assume, as I shall show more fully below, that they did not live in the locality, but had accidentally remained clinging to the trawl from the foregoing station (stat. 101), where several specimens of these species were taken. The difference between the deep-sea faunas of echinoderms of the Norwegian Sea and the Atlantic appears very distinctly by comparing stat. 101 and 102 which lie on either side of the Faroe-Shetland ridge. Neither of the localities gives a complete picture of the echinoderm faunas of the Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea, respectively, as several characteristic species are wanting in the collections from both stations; but the picture is more complete at stat. 101 than at 102. At the former 13 species were collected; five of these are known, besides from the Atlantic, also from the banks bounding the Norwegian Sea, the other 8 species on the other hand are restricted to the Atlantic region (I leave out of account here that some of them may also occur in the Pacific and Indian Oceans), but none of them are met with in the cold area of the Norwegian Sea, Both regions may have genera in common, thus, to mention a few of them, Bathybiaster, Ophiopleura and Pourtalesia; but they are represented by different species. Bathybiaster robustus, Ophiopleura aurantiaca and Pour- talesia wandeli occur within the Atlantic region, while Bathybiaster vexillifer, Ophiopleura borealis and Pourta- lesia jeffreysi live in the cold area of the Norwegian Sea. 4 JAMES A. GRIEG (REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH HOLOTHURIOIDEA. Mesothuria verrilli Théel. Holothuria verrilli Théel, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 13, 1886, p. 6. 7/5. stat. 25 A, 35° 36’ N., 8 25’ W., 2300m., yellow mud. One specimen. 18/5, stat. 835, 27° 27’ N., 14° 52’ W., 2603 m., yellow mud. Common. 23/5. stat. 41, 28° 8’ N., 13° 35' W., 1365 m., yellow mud. Two specimens. Koehler), Hérouard”) and Ludwig”) consider Mesothuria verrilli as a variety of M. intestinalis. Von Marenzeller*) also seems inclined to take this view, while Ostergren®) and R. Perrier®) on the contrary maintain that they are distinct species. Judging from the material at my disposal I fully agree with the two last-mentioned scientists on this matter. Mesothuria verrilli was first captured by the ‘‘Blake”’ off the West Indies, 760 to 1797 m. It was later taken in the Mediterranean and off the west coasts of Europe and North Africa between 45° 59’ and 22° 57’ N. Bathymetrical range on the east Atlantic side, 280 to 2518 m. Mesothuria maroccana R. Perrier. (Ele eeiicem): Mesothuria maroccana R. Perrier, Comptes Rendus de |’Acad. des Sci., tome 126, 1898, p. 1665. 18/7, stat. 88, 45° 26’ N., 25° 45’ W., 3120 m., sand and yellow mud. A somewhat contracted specimen, 59 mm. long, 22 mm. broad, 17 mm. thick. The lateral ambulacral papillae are as much as 5 mm. long. Colour gray. The specimen agrees very closely in the arrangement of the ambulacral papillae, the form of the calcareous deposits, etc. with the description that Perrier gives of this species. Mesothuria maroceana was hitherto known only from two specimens taken off the west coast of Morocco, 2105 to 2200 m.; but the variety of Holothuria murrayi described by Théel”) and collected by the “Challenger” off Gibraltar (stat. 5, 35° 47’ N., 8° 23’ W., 1995 m., temp. 3.6° Cel.) most likely also belongs to this species. The Mesothuria murrayi from the Azores described by Herouard*) seems likewise to belong to this species. 1) Koehler: Echinodermes, Res. Sci. Camp. du ‘‘Caudan”, Fasc. 1, 1896, p. 106. 2). Hérouard: Holothuries, Res. Camp. Sci., Monaco, Fasc. 21, 1902, p. 18. 3). Ludwig: Ark. und subark. Holothurien, Fauna Arctica, 8d. 1, Lief. 1, 1900, p. 138. 4). v. Marenzeller: Holothuries, Res. Camp. Sci., Monaco, Fasc 6, 1893, p. 7. 5). Ostergren: Subfamilie Synallactinidae unter den Apsidochiroten. Festskrift for Lilljeborg, 1896, p. 347. 6). R. Perrier: Holothuries, Exp. Sci. du ‘“Travailleur’ et du “Talisman”, 1902, p. 307. 7), Théel: Holothurioidea 2, Rep. Sci. Res. ‘Challenger’, Zool., vol. 14, part 39, 1885, p. 187, pl. 9, fig. 3. Sy Op: cit., p. 20. Pseudostichopus villosus Théel. Pseudostichopus villosus Théel, Holothurioidea Res. ‘Challenger’, Zool. vol. 14, part 39, 1885, p. 170. 8/6. stat. 53, 34° 59’ N., 33° 1’ W., 2615 to 2865 m., yellow hard clayey mud. One specimen, length 70 mm., breadth 24 mm. The “Challenger” found Pseudostichopus villosus in the northern as well as in the southern part of the Atlantic, also in the Pacific, Antarctic and southern part of the Indian Oceans, 3016 to 5307 m., temp. 0.06 to 2.3° Cel. The “Princesse Alice” took it off the west coast of Morocco and the Azores, 3745 to 4360 m. Pseudo- stichopus villosus has therefore a world-wide distribution. According to the explorations of the ‘Michael Sars” its bathymetrical distribution is now 2615 to 5307 m. 2, Rep: scie Bathyplotes tizardi Théel. Stichopus tizardi Théel, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11, 1882, p. 696. 8/5. stat. 24, 35° 34’ N., 7° 35’ W., 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. 8 Cel. Two specimens. Ludwig (,Arktische und subarktische Holothurien‘, p. 158) gives the range of this species as 44 to 60° N. According to more recent explorations the southern limit must be extended to 20° 41’ (‘Talisman’) and the northern limit to 63°30’ N. or to the Trondhjemsfjord. Bathymetrical distribution, 255 to 1615 m. Deima atlanticum Herouard. (Rie tcsn 2) Deima atlanticum Herouard, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, vol. 23. 1898, p. 88. 31/5, stat. 48, 28° 54’ N., 24° 14 W., 2800 to 3000 m. One specimen. The specimen, 94 mm. long and 63 mm, broad, has 11 tube-feet, 3 pair of lateral and 5 pair of dorsal papillae (I have used the term proposed by Ludwig in the Albatross “Holothurioidea’”’)'), 14 tentacles with 2 to 8 small retractile processes. Colour of specimen in alcohol white. Deima atlanticum was previously taken only by the “Princesse Alice’ between Portugal and the Azores (stat. 7538, 39° 50’ to 39° 54’ N., 20° 18’ to 20° 27’ W., 4360 m.). It is closely related to Deima fastosum Théel of the Pacific Ocean and it is also recorded under that name in Murray and Hjort’s “Depths of the Ocean” (p. 541, fig. 384). It may, however, be easily distinguished from that species by the absence of a conical knot on the calcareous plates. 1), Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 17, no. 3, 1894, p.63. ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. III]. Oneirophanta mutabilis Théel. (Pl. 2, figs. 1. & 2). Oneirophanta mutabilis Théel, Bih. K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., Bd. 5, no. 19, 1879, p. 6. tab. 1, figs. 4-6. 19/,, Stat. 10, 45° 26’ N., 9° 20’ W., 4700 m., yellow mud, temp. 2.56° Cel. 10 specimens. The largest specimen was 108 mm. long and 47 mm. broad. It had 12 tube-feet on either side, 10 lateral and 6 dorsal papillae. The middle ambulacrum of the trivium had 5 very small tube-feet, two of them quite near the anus. The fifth pair of dorsal papillae were smaller than the rest. Another specimen, 60 mm. long, 27 mm. broad, had 12 tube-feet on the right and 13 on the left side. The middle ambulacrum of the trivium had 4 tube-feet. There were six pairs of lateral and dorsal papillae. The smallest specimen, 37 mm. long, 15 mm. broad, had 7 tube-feet on the right and 8 on the left side. The middle ambulacrum of the trivium had 3 tube-feet. The specimen was unfortunately a_ little mutilated, and therefore the number of lateral and dorsal papillae could not be exactly determined. In the remaining specimens the number of tube-feet varied between 10 and 14 pairs on either side. In 2 specimens they were arranged in distinct double rows on either side. In a third this arrangement was found on one side only, on the other side they formed a single row. The number of lateral papillae varied between 4 and 10 on either side, and the dorsal papillae, between amand 8: In the specimen depicted (pl. 2, fig. 1.) the third and fifth pair of dorsal papillae were smaller than the rest. The same was the case in a second specimen; in the other specimens only 5 pairs were smaller. Colour in life, transparent. Calcareous plates and deposits agree entirely with those in Oneirophanta mutabilis. 1 have therefore referred the specimens to this species, the more as the variations in the number of papillae and tube-feet come within the limits given by Théel') and Ludwig?) for this greatly varying species. Oneirophanta mutabilis has a world-wide distribu- tion. The “Challenger” captured it in the Atlantic region off Montevideo, and the “Talisman” in the Bay of Biscay. It is further known from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, Bathymetrical range, 2516 to 5307 m. The “Challenger”, “Blake” and “Michael Sars” found the bottom temperature varying between 0.2° and 2.56° Cel. '). Théel: Holothurioidea I, Rep. Sci. Res. “Challenger”, Zool., vol. 4, part 13, 1881, p. 62. ?). Ludwig: Albatross Holothurioidea, p. 70. ECHINODERMATA iy Laetmogone violaceaThéel. Laetmogone violacea Théel, Bih. K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Bd. 5, no. 19, 1879, p. 11, Tab, 1, figs. 14a—d. 10/4. Stat. 4. 49° 38’ N., 11° 35’ W., 923 m., temp. 9.2° Cel. Three specimens. 5/5. Stat; 23, 35° 32’ N., 7° 7' W., 10.17° Cel. 8 specimens. 8/5. Stat. 24, 35° 34’ N., 7° 35 W., 8° Cel. 9 specimens. There are besides 2 specimens without definite locality. The “Michael Sars’ took numerous specimens of this species in 1902 south of the Faroe-Iceland banks (stat. 76a, 59° 28' N., 8° 1’ W., 1100 to 1300 m., temp. 8.07° Cel., and stat. 79, 61° 7’ N., 9° 33’ W., 750. m.). Handl., sand and mud, 1215, m. yellow mud, temp. 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. Laetmogone violaceé is known trom the Atlantic, the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Archipelago, and the Pacific. Within the Atlantic region it appears to have its principal distribution on the east side, where it was found in a number of localities from the Faroe-Iceland banks to the Azores and the west coast of North Africa. On the west Atlantic side it is only recorded from the Davis Straits and the Bredefjord, Greenland (Mortensen) ?). Bathymetrical range, 225 to 1739 m. Bottom temperature 2.2 10 10.17° “Cel; Laetmogone wyvilli thomsoni Théel Laetmogone wyvilli thomsoni Théel, Bih. K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 5, no. 19, 1879, p. 10, tab. 1, figs. 12—13. 10/4. Stat. 4, 49° 38’ N:, 11° 35’ W., 923 m., sand and mud, temp. 9.2° Cel. 3 specimens. 8/5, Stat. 24, 35° 34’ N., 7 8 Cel. 3 specimens. 2a/55, stat 41) 282 18 Ns 13° One specimen. 35’ W., 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. 35’ W., 1365 m, yellow mud. Laetmogone wyvilli thomsoni is known only from the east side of the Atlantic region, where it was previously taken by the “Caudan” in the Bay of Biscay and by the ‘Princesse Alice’ off the Azores. It ranges from 28° 8 to 49° 38’ N., while ZL. violacea is found from 20° 41’ to 61° 7’ N. Laetmogone wyvilli thomsoni is further known from the Antarctic, the Pacific and the Indian Archipelago. Bathymetrical distribution, 631 to 3294 m. Bottom temperature, 0.3—9.2° Cel. Benthogone rosea Koehler. Benthogone rosea Koehler, Echinodermes, Res. Sci. Camp, du “Caudan”, Fasc. 1, 1896, p. 114, tab. 1, figs. 2, 3, tab. 3, fig. 36, tab. 4, fig. 46. 8/5, Stat. 24, 35° 34’ N., 7° 35’ W., 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. 8° Cel. 5 specimens. 5. Stat. 25. A, 35° 36’ N., 8° 35’ W., 2300 m., yellow mud. 10 specimens. 1) Mortensen: Conspectus Faunae Gronlandicae, Echinodermer, 1913, p. 322, 6 JAMES A. GRIEG 23/5, Stat. 41, 28° 8’ N., 13° 35’ W., 1365 m., yellow mud. One specimen. 27/7, Stat. 95, 50° 22’ N., 11° 44' W., 1797 m. Common. specimens were preserved. Two The largest specimen was 220 mm. long and 47 mm. broad. Several specimens had retained some of the colouring. Judging from these the colour of the ventral surface was a deeper dark violet than in the specimen depicted by Koehler. It was very light violet on the dorsal surface, while Koehler’s specimen has a yellowish hue. Benthogone rosea is an east Atlantic species, previ- ously taken by the “Caudan” in the Bay of Biscay, and by the “Talisman” off the Azores and the west coast of North Africa. Horizontal distribution, 20° 41’ to 50° 22’ N., bathymetrical range, 1103 to 2300 m. Peniagone wyvillii Théel. (Pl. 3, figs. 3—5). Peniagone wyvillii Théel, Holothurioidea 1, Rep. Sci. Res, “Challenger”, vol. 4, part 13, 1881, p. 42, pl. 10, figs. 3, 4, pl 44, figs. o, 7, pl. 37, fig. 6. 8/6. Stat. 53, 34° 59’ N., 33° 1’ W., 2615 to 2865 m., yellow hard clayey mud, 5 specimens. The two best preserved specimens measured: Total length to the point of the dOtsallPLOGGSSCS ea, sa t0 4 ee 92 mim, 73 mm. PS AS Ae CM OU Mies 2 ah otek tg ee G2e = DAs, Grcatestapreadth 2fys eee, : a ia 24 ICON re 2 healt oe Sh Silden ge econ 29 20m > Length of the biggest dorsal (EROGESSCS acm. taken waren ys Dee is Go Breadth of the biggest dorsal pro- GOSS CMM ry R ee he. sus sane Sts adenine Li oa Fig. 1. Calcareous deposits from the body of Peniagone wyvillii Théel. [REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH 8 tentacles and 6 ambulacral papillae along both sides of the ventral surface. The hindmost of these papillae is situated at 7 mm. from the anus in the largest of the specimens. There is a space of 6 to 7 mm. between the papillae respectively. The largest papillae are 9 mm. long. Besides these large papillae three very small ones are found at the lower border of the anus. The disc of the tentacles is 5 mm. broad. The body, and more especially the dorsal surface, is very sparcely covered with calcerous deposits. They are cruciform and spiny and frequently furnished with protuberances (fig. 1). The calcareous deposits of the ambulacral papille like those of the body are in part cruciform in part rod-shaped (fig. 2). The spicules may sometimes be branched. The calcareous deposits of the tentacles resemble those of the ambulacral papillae. But while the cruciform deposits are most fre- quent in the papillae, the spicules predominate in the tentacles. Fig. 2. Calcareous deposits from the tube-feet of Peniagone wyvillii Théel. The colour of the specimen in formol was hyaline reddish, put into alcohol it changed to grayish. The disc of the tentacles was pale red. The specimens agree closely in appearance with P. wyvillii, and I have therefore referred them to that species. Théel indeed states that P. wyvillii, like the other species of the genus Peniagone, has 10 tentacles, ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 190 VOL. III] while 1 found only 8 in the 3 specimens whose tentacles were intact. This difference cannot be of great signi- ficance, however, for, judging from the material at hand, the tentacles are apparently easily lost, but as easily restored. It is therefore probable that my specimens also originally had 10 tentacles. Peniagone wyvillii is new to the Atlantic region, as it was previously collected only by the “Challenger“ off Christmas Island (stat. 271, 0° 33’ S., 151° 34’ W., 4438 m., temp. 1° Cel.). ECHINODERMATA 7 Peniagone ferruginea n. sp. (PI. 1, figs. 4—6.). 31/5, Stat. 48, 28° 54’ N., 24° 14’ W., 2800 to 3000 m. One specimen which measured: Total length to the point of the dorsal IGCESSCSU erates aint Fargas «ale ere u-sene aenaee 34 mm Basal length tomiotuth 2.4.4.5... 55e.. buen PASS eel latgest breadth or DOdY 2.,.0.2.-20.e+s50e5 Are TCI Ole DON ia.) cartes sa On sie ney ae eee 6 , Length of largest dorsal processes .......... OMe Ereddiiveor dorsal) ProcesseS .....4 065058 cums 10 , Fig. 3. Calcareous deposits from Peniagone ferruginea n.sp. a—c from abactinal surface, d, e from actinal surface, f--/ from the tentacles, i from the tube-feet. The body is oval and about twice as long and one half as high as it is broad. The somewhat elongated mouth is situated on the anterior ventral surface. The anal opening is sub-dorsal, about 1.5 mm. above the posterior extremity of the body. There are ten tentacles with a disc diameter of 3 mm. and provided with retractile processes. 5 ambulacral papillae are situated on either side of the edge of the posterior half of the body. The largest of these are 4.5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. The hindmost papilla is situated at 2 mm. from the anus. The space between the papillae is 1.5 to 3 mm. respectively. Besides these large ambulacral papillae there are three very small papillae directly below the anus. On the dorsal surface, at the base of the dorsal processes there are two small papillae on either side, 1.5 mm. in length and 0.5 mm. in diameter. The body-wall is very thin and, together with the ambulacral papillae and the tentacles, is abundantly fur- nished with calcareous deposits. The dorsal deposits are chiefly composed of spiny crosses with arms provided with small processes (fig. 3 a). These processes may frequently be as strongly developed as the branches which give the deposits a rather irregular shape (figs. 3 b, c). Simple, smooth, cruciform deposits and some peculiar saddle-formed ones may likewise be found, but they are rare. The deposits of the ventral surface are similar 8 JAMES A. GRIEG to those of the dorsal surface, but the saddle-formed ones (figs. 3 d, e) predominate there, while the cruciform deposits are more scarce. More or less spiny erosses (fig. 3 f) are frequent in the ambulacral papillae. In other respects the same forms of deposits are found as in the body. The rod-shaped spicules (fig. 3 g) are characteristic of the tentacles. They may be more or less spiny and more or less curved. Figs. 3h, i represent forms which are likewise frequently found in the tentacles. There are besides the same forms as occur in the body. The colour of the disc of mouth and tentacles is dark bluish-violet, the rest of the animal, plain grayish rusty-brown. The specimen, kept in alcohol, is not very well preserved, as it has become rather contracted and a tip of the right lateral process is torn off. Also some of the tentacles and lateral ambulacral papillae are wanting. The forms of the animal given by me (pl. 1, figs. 4—6) are therefore in part reconstructed. At a first glance the specimen reminds one of Peri- amma rosea described by Perrier!) in his monograph on the holothurians of the “Travailleur’ and “Talisman”. The calcareous deposits show, however, that it does not belong to this species, nor even to the genus Periamma, but that it is a Peniagone — | recognize the genera of Elpidiidae, adopted in the classification given by Perrier in the monograph mentioned’). Perrier recognizes 12 species of Peniagone, four of them from the Atlantic, three from the Indian Ocean, four from the Pacific, and one from the Antarctic. Koehler and Vaney?*) added three species from the Indian Ocean to this number’). The specimen herein described differs from all of the species cited, by its external form as well as by the structure of the deposits. It must therefore constitute a new species which I call Peniagone ferruginea on account of the tusty-brown colour of the specimen. Peniagone azorica v. Marenzeller. Peniagone azorica v. Marenzeller, Holothuries, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc. 6, 1893, p. 12, tab. 1, fig. 4, tab. 2, fig. 5. 18/7, Stat. 88, 45° 26’ N, 25° 45’ W, 3120 m., sand and yellow mud. One specimen. The specimen measured 78 mm. in length, 22 mm. in breadth. It was therefore considerably larger than v. Marenzeller’s type-specimen which measured 50 and 1) Op. cit., p. 419, tab. 13 fig. 10—12, tab. 20 fig. 1—11. 2) Op. cit., p. 405. 3) Koehler and Vaney: Investigator Deep-See Holothurioidea, 1905. 4) The two species, P. ecalcarea and P. discrepans, described by Sluiter in ,Die Holothurien der Siboga Expedition“ evidently do not belong to the genus Peniagone, I have therefore paid no regard to them. [REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS" NORTH 13 mm., respectively. The dorsal processes were 19 mm. in length, 8 mm. broad at the base. It had, like v. Marenzeller’s specimen, 21 ambulacral papillae, 9 of which were placed along either side of the body, and 3 at the anus. The largest were 8 mm. in lenght. The dise of the tentacles was 4 mm. wide. I] may add to the description which v. Marenzeller and Herouard') give of the deposits of this species, that they were numerous, not only in the body but also in the tentacles, where they existed chiefly as straight or curved rods of different sizes. Sometimes the rods were branched. Irregularly branched and cruciform deposits, some of them similar to those on the ventral surface, occurred also, though sparingly (fig. 4). Fig. 4. Calcareous deposits from the tentacles of Peniagone azorica Marenz. Peniagone azorica was previously found only off the Azores by the “Hirondelle” and “Princesse Alice‘. Accor- ding to the explorations of the “Michael Sars” its horizontal distribution will be from 38° 8’ to 45° 26’ N. Bathy- metrical range, 2870 to 4020 m. Euphronides auriculata R. Perrier. Euphronides auriculata R. Perrier, Comptes Rendus de 1’Acad. Sci., tome 123, 1896, p, 902. 7/5. Stat. 25 A, 35° 36’ N, 8° 25’ W, 2300 m., yellow mud. Two specimens. The best preserved specimen was 70 mm. long and 13 mm. broad. 1) Op. cit., p. 42, tab. 6, figs. 21—25. ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. III] The posterior dorsal process was 20 mm. long and situated at a distance of 16 mm. from the posterior ex- tremity of the body. The two anterior dorsal processes were 6 mm. long and situated at a distance of 21 mm. from the anterior extremity of the body. The other specimen was 83 mm. long. The ventral deposits were cruciform, as noted by R. Perrier in his monograph of the holothurians of the “Travailleur’ and ‘“Talisman”?). There were besides straight or curved deposits, as well as all transition-lorms between them and the cruciform ones. The most common form of the dorsal deposits was that described by Perrier (pl. 20, fig. 12). But there were also found more simple cruciform deposits similar to those on the ventral surface. Euphronides auriculata is an east Atlantic species taken by the “Travailleur’ and ‘Talisman’ off the west coast of Marocco and the Canary Is. The ‘Challenger’ collected it off Gibraltar (stat. 5, 35° 47’ N., 8° 23’ W., 1995 m., temp. 3.1° Cel.); for, as Perrier correctly remarks, the example of Euphronides depressa Théel?) taken at the lastnamed locality differs from the two specimens found off Juan Fernandez (stat. 300, 33° 42’ S., 78° 18’ W., 2516 m.) and must therefore be referred to E. auriculata, and this is moreover confirmed by the fact that the “Michael Sars“ found the last-named species in the same waters in which the “Challenger” specimen was taken. The horizontal distribution is from 27° 31’ to 37° 47’ N. Bathymetrical range, 1918 to 2300 m. Benthodytes gigantea Verrill. Benthodytes gigantea Verrill, Am. Journ, Sci., ser. 3 vol. 28, 1884, p. 216. 30/5, Stat. 70, 42° 59’ N., 51° 15’ W., 1100 m., temp. 3.7° Cel. 4 large and some very young specimens. The specimens were unfortunately so very badly preserved, that it was impossible to give a good illustraticn of this species of which only a sketchy drawing by Verrill exists®). I merely give an outline drawing of the actinal surface showing the arrangement of its ambulacral papillae (fig. 5), as this is not clearly seen in Verrill’s figure. It is unnecessary to give a detailed description of Ben- thodytes gigantea, as Verrill’s description is very exhaus- tive. I shall therefore confine my remarks to the cal- careous deposits, as they were not dealt with by Verrill. The body was scantily furnished with three-rayed deposits, whose points were slightly branched or provided with a small perforated plate (fig. 6). The deposits of the ten- 1) Op. cit. p. 437, tab. 20, fig. 13. *) Théel, Challenger Holothurioidea 1, p. 93. 3) Verrill, Res. Explor. ‘‘Albatross” 1883 (1885), pl. 10 fig. 31, pl. 11 fig. 31 a, b. ECHINODERMATA fe) tacles, whose form may be best explained by the accom- panying illustration (fig. 7), were comparatively more numerous than those of the body. Fig. 5. Diagrammatic view of the actinal surface of Benthodytes gi- gantea Verr., illustrating the arrangement of the tube-feet. The best preserved of the large specimens measured 298 mm. in length. Anterior breadth 84 mm., posterior breadth 61 mm. According to Verrill this species gene- rally attains a length of 250 to 300 mm., and a breadth of 75 mm. It may however be as much as 475 mm. long and 127 to 152 mm. broad. The very young specimens were 10—!4 mm. long end 4—5 mm. broad. Fig. 6. Calcareous deposits from the body of Benthodytes gigantea Vert. 10 JAMES A. GRIEG Benthodytes gigantea is known only from the north- eastern coast of North America. The ‘Albatross’ found it in a number of localities, very numerous in some of them, off the coast of New England at a depth of 1691 According to the bathymetrical tOmo120) il. “Michael Sars” 1 100—3720 mi: the explorations of the distribution will be Calcareous deposits from the tentacles of Benthodytes gigantea Verr. Benthodytes typica Théel. (Pl. 3 fig. 6, 7). Benthodytes typica “Challenger” Zool., vol. 4 part 13, 1881, p. 103, tab. 27 35 fig. 4, tab. 38 fig. 5. 8/e, Stat. 53, 34° 59’ W., hard clayey mud. One specimen, length 94 mm., breadth in front behind 32 mm. Théel, Holothurioidea 1, Rep. Sci. Res. fig. 7, tab. 33° 1’ W., 2615—2865 m., yellow whose dimensions were as follows: 21 mm., in the middle 389 mm., As may be seen from pl. 3 figs. 6 & 7 the animal has an elongated body with a greatest breadth of about 40 per cent of its length. It was rounded in front and straight cut behind with an incision at the anus. I ought to mention that the animal was slightly mutilated a little below the mouth. It is therefore possible that it had been much contracted, whereby the border between fore- part and body had become a little too distinct. The brim was narrow in front, but broad along the sides of the body. LAI Fig. 8. Spicules from the body of Benthodytes typica Théel. There were 20 tentacles. The middle ambulacrum of the trivium had about 30 papille in each row. The dorsal ambulacra have each 5 or possibly 6 small papille. The body was scantily covered with thorny calcareous rods (fig. 8). The rods of the ventral surface seem also a little more thorny. (REP. OF THE "MICHAEL” SARS NORTH The colour of the fore part was a deep, dark violet which extended a little over on the dorsal surface of the body. The middle part of the trivium, as well as the canals connected with the ambulacral systems, were of the same colour, which in the case of the canals, could be distinctly seen through the brim. The dorsal surface was bluish transparent. The disc of the tentacles was yellowish brown. The specimen contained well developed eggs, with a diameter of 1.3 mm. The specimen agreed in most of its characteristic with Benthodytes typica but differed from it in the form. The typical B. typica is oval, while the specimen in question was elongated. This difference may however be due to preservation or other accidental circumstance. _More- over the present specimen had 5, or possibly 6, papillae in each of the dorsal ambulacra while Théel’s species is said to have “about eight”. The papilla are so small, however, as to be easily overlooked. I there- fore do not attach much importance to this difference and refer the specimen to B. typica as it agreed in all other characteristics with that species, as already stated. Bentodytes typica was taken by the “Challenger” off Gibraltar (Stat. 5, 35° 47’ N., 8° 23” W., 1995 im;, temp: 3.1° Cel.). Afterwards it was taken by the “Hirondelle” off the Azores at 2870 m. Furthermore Théel’) records it, though doubtfully, from the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico, 1885—3514 m. Its horizontal distribution on the East Atlantic side is from 34° 59’ to 41° 40’ 41” N., on the West Atlantic from about 15° to 24° 33’ N. Benthodytes glutinosa R. Perrier. (Pl. 3, figs. 1 & 2). Benthodytes glutinosa R. Perrier, Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sci., tome 123, 1896, p. 903. 18/5, Stat. 35, 27° 27’ N., 14° 52’ W., 2603 m., yellow mud. One specimen, 62 mm. long. 21 mm. broad. A coloured drawing of the specimen preserved in formol is given on pl. 3, figs. 1 & 2 23/7, Stat. 92, 48° 29’ N., 13° 55’ W., 2000 m. wire. One very young specimen, 13 mm. long, 4.5 mm. broad. The structure of this species, like the others of the genus Benthodytes, shows that it is a natatory animal. The young specimen from stat. 92 gives a further proof of this. It was taken in the next to the lowest gear, a young fish trawl set with 2000 m. wire, consequently at a depth of about 1400 m. The lowermost gear was set with 3000 m. wire or a depth of about 2000 m.*?) There 1), Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. 13, no. 1, 1886, p. 2. 2), In accordance with my statement in “Brachiopoda, Lamelli- branchiata etc.” (This rep., vol. 3, part. 2, p. 5). I have estimated the depth at ?/s of the length of the wire (cfr. Brinkmann: Pelagic Nemerteans, this rep. vol. 3, part. 2, pag. 10.) ATLANT, DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. III] ECHINODERMATA 11 was unfortunately no sounding at stat. 92, but judging from the maps of the depths in the North Atlantic the depth can not have been less than 3000 m. The specimen must therefore bave been taken about 1600 m. above the bottom. Benthodytes glutinosa was previously taken by the “Talisman” off the Azores and in the Sargasso Sea. Ac- cording to the explorations of the “Michael Sars”: its hori- zontal distribution will be from 27° 27’ to 48° 29’ N., the bathymetrical distribuation from 1400 to 3432 m. Benthodytes janthina v. Marenzeller Benthodytes janthina v. Marenzeller, Holothuries, Res. Camp. Sci., Monaco, Fasc. 6, 1893, p. 10, tab. 1, fig. 3, tab. 3, fig. 4. 19/4, Stat. 10, 45° 26’ N., 9° 20” W., 4700 m., yellow mud) temp. 2.56° Cel. One specimen, 220 mm. long. 83 mm. broad. A coloured sketch made immediately after the animal had come on deck shows that the colour of the ventral side was intensely violet, that of the dorsal side light violet, considerably lighter than in the specimen illustrated by v. Marenzeller, the colour of which agrees more with that of the ventral side in the specimen under discussion. In alcohol the ventral side is a deep blackish blue, the dorsal side light grayish blue. Benthodytes janthina was previously found by the “Hirondelle’ and the “Princesse Alice” off the Azores and the west coast of Morocco. The ‘Michael Sars” collected the species in the Bay of Biscay, hence its horizontal distribution will be from 34° 4’ to 45° 26’N., the bathymetrical distribution from 2252 to 4700 m. Cucumaria abyssorum Théel. Cucumaria abyssorum Théel, Holothurioidea 2, Rep. Sci. Res Voy. “Challenger”, Zool. vol. 14, part 39, 1886, p. 66, tab. 4 fig. 6, 7, tab. 5 fig. 1, tab. 16 fig. 6. 18/), Stat. 88, 45° 26’ N., 25° 45' W., 3120 m., sand and yellow mud. 3 specimens. Théel and Ludwig') have given a very detailed de- scription of this species to which I shall merely add that the majority of the calcarious deposits in the tentacles are composed of bowed rods whose form may be seen from the present figures (figs. 9 a—c). They very much resemble the deposits in the ambulacral papilla. Fig. 9d is an extreme form of this type. Further straight rods, as well as a few scattered cruciformed deposits (fig. 9 e) are found in the tentacles. . Cucumaria abyssorum was taken by the “Challenger‘ in the Antarctic, Indian, and southern part of the Pacific Oceans, 3516—4061 m., temp. 1.2—2° Cel. The “Alba- 1) Ludwig: Albatross Holothurioidea, p. 122. a Fig. 9. Calcareous deposits from tentacles of Cucumaria abyssorum Théel. tross” took it off the west coasts of Central America and Mexico, 1656—4084 m., temp. 2.1—2.9° Cel. and the “Hirondelle’ at the Azores, 2870 m. Thus the species has a world-wide distribution. Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin. Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1788, p. 3138. 0/5, Stat. 37, 26° 6’ N., 14° 33’ W., 39 m., shingle. Common. The specimens were chestnut brown on the dorsal and lemon yellow on the ventral side. Holothuria tubulosa is known from the Mediterranean, the Canaries and the south west coast of France. The bathymetrical distribution is 0O—40 m. Stichopus tremu/us Gunnerus. Holothuria tremula Gunnerus, K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol 28, 1767, p. 119, tab. 4, fig. 3. 10/5, Stat. 3, 49° 32’ N., 10° 49’ W., 184 m., fine sand. Rather common. 10/5, Stat. 4, 49° 38’ N., 11° 35’ W., 923 m., sand and mud, temp. 9,.2° Cel. Several specimens. Ludwig states in ‘“Arktische und subarktische Holo- thurien” (p. 136) that the northern border of Stichopus tremulus is at 71°, the southern at 43° or the northern coast of Spain, and that its bathymetrical distribution is from 18—1229 m. The researches of the ‘“Talisman’”’ and 12 JAMES A. GRIEG [REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS* NORTH the “Travailleur’ show, however, that its southern distri- bution extends to Cape Garnet, or to 25° 41’ N. and that it descends to a depth of 1918 m. Labidoplax digitata Montagu. Holothuria digitata Montagu, Transact. Linn. Soc., vol. 11, 1815, p. 22, tab. 4, fig. 6. %/5. Stat. 21, 35° 31’ N., 6° 35’ W., 535 m., yellow sand, temp. 11.52° Cel. One specimen. Labidoplax digitata is known from the Mediterranean and the west coast of Europe northward to Great Britain. Its bathymetrical distribution is from 18—618 m. ASTEROIDEA Pontaster tenuispinus Diiben & Koren. Astropecten tenuispinus Diiben & Koren, Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844 (1846), p. 251, tab. 8, figs. 20—22. 8/s—'0/g. Stat. 102, 60° 57’ N., 4° 38’ W., and clay, temp. + 0.9° Cel. Common. The largest specimen measured: arm-radius 77 mm., disc-radius 14 mm., the smallest specimen was 33.5 mm. and 6.5 mm. respectively. In 10 specimens of different sizes varied r:R, between 1:4.47 and 1:5.9. The specimens belong to the variety platynota Sladen’) from the cold area of the Faroe-Shetland channel. They have a paired arrangement of the marginal plates, spatuli- form pedicellarie and a not very prominent papularium. The armature of the adambulacral and marginal plates as well as the dorsal paxille was large and well developed. 1098 m., dark sand Benthopecten spinosus Vertill. (Pl. 4, fig. 1). Benthopecten spinosus Verrill, Amer. Journ., ser. 3, vol. 28, 1884, Peels: 30/e. Stat. 70, 42° 59’ N., 51° 15’ W., 1100 m., temp. 3.7° Cel. One specimen. 26/7, 27/7, Stat. 95, 50° 22’ N., 11° 44’ W., 1797 m., temp. 3.5' Cel. 5 specimens. 8/g—i/s. Stat. 101, 57° 41’ N., 11° 48’ W., 1853 m., hard clay, temp. 3.3° Cel. 12 specimens. All the specimens were more or less mutilated. Only in 4 specimens from stat. 101 was at least one of the arms intact. These four specimens measured: mm. mm. mm. mim. PNT PAGUIS rete sec te facts cssecees, sy) 48 38 OZ IDISC=RaAGItIS A caee sents. «ss eu: fl 6 5:5 5 Breadth of arm at base...... 7 5.5 5 5 Ve eG edaepap ei etos et a Weed wiki >. 4116.9 § letOs4 JBI RG ie aca hats oP eee eS 7. 16. MeO Number of dorsomarginal DIAUGSH tc totter one Oi 26 D2 20 1) Sladen: Asteroidea, Rep. Sci. Res. “Challenger”, Zool. vol. 3, 1889, p. 29, tab. 6, fig. 7, tab. 7, figs. 3 & 4. The largest specimen has a disc-radius of 11 mm. Thus all of the specimens were younger individuals. Verrill mentions specimens that were twice as large as the largest of the specimens from the “Michael Sars”. The species varies greatly with respect to the disc- overing as well as the armature of the adambulacral and marginal plates, as pointed out by Verrill. 5—6 papille are normally found in the inner row on the adambulacral plates, but the number may vary between 4 and 7. One large papilla and a small one outside of it are normally found in the transverse row. But two large papilla may also occur, one outside the other as in Pararchaster semisquamatus Sladen, or a small papilla may be sitwated on either side of the large papilla. Also two small papilla may be found instead of the small one outside the large one. One or two large spines besides some very small ones are found on the ventro-marginal plates. One large spine is most commonly found on the dorso- marginal plates, two such spines being an exception. Moreover most of the plates have some spinelets most commonly grouped around the large spine. These spine- lets were in some specimens entirely wanting however (pl. 4, fig. 1). Of the large spines the one on the medial odd plate of the disc-angle is larger and stouter than the rest. In a specimen from stat. 95 (disc-radius 8 mm.), this spine was 8.5 mm., while those on the adjoining plates measured 6 mm. In an other specimen from stat. 101 (disc-radius 5 mm.) these measurements were 5.5 mm. and 3.5 mm. respectively. In two specimens, the medial odd marginal plates were bifurcated in one of the angles of the disc. The bifur- cation included not only the dorsal but also the ventral plate. Each of these plates was furnished with a large spine. The peculiar “spiracle-like or double comb-formed” pedicellariz on the actinal interradial area were observed only in some of the larger specimens. The number of pedicellariz seems to vary greatly. They were absent in some specimens, while a number of them were met with in others of a similar size. The inter-radial areas have a varying number of pedicellariza even in the same indi- vidual. Thus 0—1—2—1-—2 pedicellariz were observed in a specimen from stat. 95 (disc-radius 8 mm.) No pedicellaria could be found between the ventro-marginal plates. Verrill') has correctly referred Parachaster semisqua- matus var. occidentalis and Parachaster armatus des- cribed by Sladen in his report on the ‘Challenger” Asteroidea’), to that species. Pararchaster fisheri E. Perrier 1) Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 17, 1894, p. 245, Cfr. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. 49, 1895, p. 129. 2) Op. cit. p. 10 & 19, tab. 1 figs. 5—6, tab. 4, figs. 5—6. ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. III] a specimen of which was taken by the “Talisman” off the -west coast of North Africa must likewise be referred to it’). The agreement between these species is clearly demon- strated by comparing Perrier’s and Verrill’s figures.”) 1 ought to state that pedicellarie are wanting in Verrills drawing of the specimen, while Verrill himself makes mention of such. The main difference between these forms is then that the pedicellarie between the ventro-marginal plates are wanting in Benthopecten spinosus (Pararchaster armatus). But it is difficult to determine how constant this character is, as only one example of Perrier’s species exists. Most probably it is very variable, however, as indeed indicated by that very specimen. The number of pedicellaria on the left side of the arms was | to 2 with a rudimentary third on one arm, on the right side 1 to 3. Arm a had 5 pedicellarie, b 4, c 3 and a rudimentary fourth, d 3 and e 3. Most probably Mortensens Parar- chaster nov. sp. (P. fisheri Perrier aff.) {rom the slope south of Iceland (“Thor” 1903 stat. 164)*) must be refer- red to Benthopecten spinosus. The “Challenger” has taken Benthopecten spinosus off the east coast of North America between 37° 25’ and 49° 8’ N., at 2269—3111 m., temp. 2.33—3.33° Cel., as well as off Portugal. According to Verrill it is distributed along the east coast of North America between 35° 10’ and 42° 47’ N., from 1319—3698 m., but being most common at a depth of 2200—2900 m. It is further recorded by Verrill from the Mexican Gulf, 2334—2617 m., and from Jamaica, 2999 m. The “Thor” took it south of Iceland (stat. 164, 62° 10.8’ N., 19° 36’ W., 2094 m., temp. at depth of 1850 m., 2.75° Cel.), the “Helga” off the west coast of Ireland (51° 22’ N., 12° 41’ W., 1797 m.) and the “Talisman off the west coast of North Africa (1883, stat. 73, 25° 39’ N., 18° 26’ W., 1435—1056 m.). Benthopecten spinosus thus appears to be a deep-sea species whose distribution includes the entire northern part of the Atlantic and the habitat of which is restricted to the waters whose temperature is not below 2.33° Cel. I may mention for comparison with the temperatures given above, that the “Albatross” in 1883 found a bottom temperature not lower than 2.78° within the range of distribution of this species. 1) E. Perrier: Echinodermes, Exp. Sci. du “Travailleur’ et du “Talisman”, 1894, p. 263, tab. 20, fig. 2. 2) Transact. Connecticut Acad., vol. fig. 7 a. 3) Schmidt: Fiskeriundersogelser ved Island og Fergerne i som- meren 1903 (1904) p. 24. 10, 1900, p. 217, tab. 30, ECHINODERMATA sb) Plutonaster bifrons Wyville T)iomson. Archaster bifrons Wyville Thomson, The Depths of the Sea, 1873, p. 122, figs. 17 and 74. 10/4, Stat. 4, 49° 38’ N., 11° temp. 9.2°Cel. One specimen. 8/5. Stat. 24, 35° 34’ N., 7° 35’ W., 8° Cel. 15 specimens. 5. Stat. 25 A, 35° 36’ N., 8° 25’ W., Two smaller specimens, 8/5, Stat. 25 B, 35° 46’ N., 8 Four smaller specimens. 23/5 Stat. 41, 28° 8’ N, 6° Cel. 13 specimens. oie wOlabeoo; Os 22! ~N-; 17 specimens. 8/s—7/g. Stat. temp. 3.3° Cel. ¢ / 9/g,—10/.. 35’ W., 923 m., sand and mud, 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. 2300 m., yellow mud. 16° W., 2055 m., yellow mud. 13° 35’ W., 1365 m., yellow mud, temp. 11° 44’ W., 1797 m., temp. 3.5° Cel. 10}; of Common. Stat. 102, 60° 57’ N., 4° 38’ W., 1098 m., dark sand temp. + 0.9° Cel. A very defective and macerated specimen, which had most likely remained in the trawl from stat. 101, 41’ N., 11° 48’ W., 1853 m., hard clay, and clay, The two smallest (stat. 25 A) and two of the largest specimens (stat. 101) measured: Arm-radius .......... 33.5 mm. 37 mm. 92 mm. 97 mm. Disc-radius .......... oe ee ehiiaaee 195.5 Number of dorso- marginal plates .. 25 re 20n 37 on » 50th —,— Le eke » ee x At the upper edge of the dorso-marginal plates one or, very rarely, two conical knobs were situated, which may, however, be absent in young individuals. Larger specimens have olten besides these a somewhat smaller knob in the centre of the plate. In younger specimens one or two knobs are situated along the distal margin of the ventro-marginal plates of the arm-angle. In larger specimens there are 3 or, more rarely, 4 knobs. The uppermost of these is situated a little below the edge nearest the dorso-marginal plates, the lowermost near the lower edge of the plate, and the third, about the middle of it. They decrease in number towards the points of the arms, the outermost plate bearing only one knob. The knobs of the ventro-marginal plates are smaller than those of the dorso-marginal ones. They may, however, be absent in the former as well as in the latter. The central “epiproctal cone’ is large and well- developed in young individuals, but gradually disappears with age. It may, however, also be present in older individuals and was thus very distinct in a specimen whose arm-radius war 92 mm. On the other hand it was absent in one with arm-radius 78 mm. The abactinal skeleton is composed of round or irregularly polygonal plates which join, but never over- lap Owing to the irregular shape of the plates small Open spaces are formed between them in which a papula is placed. Each plate bears a little low cylin- drical paxilla whose upper surface is furnished with as many as 12 granules. In the closely related Bathybi- aster vexillifer the skeleton is composed of stellate over- lapping calcareous plates, each bearing a paxilla similar in shape and appearance to that of Bathybiaster robustus but apparently a little more slender than in that species. The abactinal skeleton therefore affords a good specific character for these two closely related and in their habits so similar species. The actinal skeleton is covered with scales. In some individuals several of the scales are converted into small knobs, similar in form to those of the marginal plates, but smaller. The long, narrow mouth-plates carry a double row of little, short and compressed papille, the largest spec- imen having about 20 in each row. The first adam- bulacral plate has a double row of papilla with 12 papilla in each row. The 2nd has 6 papille, the innermost of which is larger and more compressed than the rest, and resembles the large compressed middle papilla of the other adambulacral plates. These plates have 5—6 papillae the middle one of which was larger as well as more slender and compressed than the rest and reached into the ambulacral furrow. Verrill’) writes:—“The pecu- liar purselike or bursiform pedicellarie of the large inner adambulacral spines, characteristic of Bathybiaster, are often entirely wanting in our specimens, especially when small, and usually, when present, there are but few of them even in the large specimens. Possibly they may have been destroyed by rough usage in the dredges and washing sieves”. An examination of the “Michael Sars’s” specimens shows that this ‘“purselike or bursiform pedicel- laria” is identical with the “vexillum” of Bathybiaster vexillifer, which as demonstrated by Mortensen’) is no other than the middle papilla of the adambulacral plates, and as such it was described by me above. It is similar in form to the papilla in Bathybiaster vexillifer, but appears to be somewhat shorter and broader. It is often lost as already stated by Verrill, and was entirely wanting in some of the specimens examined by me; in others it was present in a few of the adambulacral plates only, and merely in a very few specimen it was found in all the plates. Bathybiaster vexillifer Wyville Thomson. Archaster vexilifer Wyville Thomson, The Depth of the Sea, 1873, p. 150, fig. 25. Stat. 102, 60° 57’ N, 4° 38’ W, 1098 m., dark sand and clay, temp. + 0.9° Cel. 24 specimens. The smallest specimen measu- red: arm-radius 52 mm., disc-radius il mm., the largest: 106 mm. and 21 mm. respectively. Yg—10/s. Bathybiaster vexillifer was discovered by the ‘“Porcu- pine” in 1869 in the cold area of Faroe—Shetland Channel (stat. 76, 60° 36’ N, 3° 58’ W, 630 m., temp. + 1.1° Cel.) It was found subsequently at a number of localities in the cold area of the Norwegian Sea (the , Voeringen*, 753— 2222 m., temp. + 1 to + 1.6°, the “Michael Sars’, 6(00— 1960 m., temp. -+ 0.41° to + 1.07°, the ‘““Armauer Hansen”’, 1400 m. temp. -+ 0.74°, the “Thor”, 877—1401 m., temp. + 0.58 to +- 0.95°, the “Princesse Alice”, 1185—1865 m. 1) Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 17, 1894, p. 256. *) Mortensen: Echinoderms, Danmark Exp. Gronlands Nordost- kyst 1906—1908, Bd. 5 no. 4, 1910, p. 252. ECHINODERMATA Wi and the “Danmark”, 304m.) It was likewise found by Swedish expeditions in the cold area of the Norwegian Sea, but no reference to the individual localities was given. Bathy- biaster vexillifer is thus distributed in the Norwegian Sea between 60° 36’ and 79° 59’ N. and between 14° 24’ E., and 18° 30’ W. in 304—2222 m.and in temp. + 0.41 to + 1.6° Cel. It is besides found off western Greenland between 64° 5’ and 70° 47’ N., 223—1276 m. Bathybiaster robustus was taken by the “Challenger” at three localities off the east coast of North America, 2269—3111 m., temp. 2.33—2.89°. It was likewise taken there by American expeditions in several localities between 35° 10’ and 41° 28’ N., 1290—2665 m. All the stations belong to the warm area, as, according to the records of the cruises of the “Albatross” in 1883 and 1884, the temperatures ranged between 2.78 and 3.89° at the depths at which B. robustus was found. B. robustus was not hitherto known to occur on the east side of the Atlantic. The stations off Ireland and the Hebrides also belong to the warm area. This species is therefore a pronounced warm-water form restricted to the depths of the North Atlantic, 1290—3110 m. while the closely related B. vexil- lifer, as shown above, is a true Arctic species. Verrill remarks about these two closely related forms, “that they may prove to be indentical when a full series of each can be compared“, and Koehler?) joins him in this view, as he considers B. robustus and its synonym Phoxaster pumilus Sladen?) identical with B. vexillifer’. The two species, as I have stated before, however, have their distinct habitats, the one being restricted to the warm area of the Atlantic, the other to the cold area of the Norwegian Sea and the waters off the west coast of Greenland where the hydrographic conditions are probably also Arctic. Neither reaches the banks, that divide the Norwegian Sea from the Atlantic. This dif- ference in distribution indicates that the species must be distinct and a closer examinations of their structure con- firms this view. In 5. robustus the marginal plates have a more vertical position than in B. vexilifer, where the arms do not exhibit the rectangular straightened appearance seen in the former species. 5. robustus has 1 to 2 spines on the dorso-marginal plates and 2 to 3, or more rarely 4, on the ventro-marginal ones. In B. vexillifer the dorso- marginal plate bear 0 to 1 in exceptional cases 2 spines; the ventro-marginal plates on the other hand, 1 or 2 very rarely 3 or 4 spines. In the first-named species the spines are larger than in in the other, and the ') Koehler; 1909, p. 57. *) Sladen: Challenger Asteroidea, p. 336, tab. 15, figs. 3—6, tab. 40, figs. 7-—10. Echinodermes, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc, 34, GRIEG ;—ECHINOD. -— 3 18 JAMES A. GRIEG uppermost spine of the dorso-marginal plates is the best developed one. In B. vexillifer on the contrary the lowermost spine of the ventro-marginal plates is the best developed one. In both species the spines may be absent in the marginal plates, but this is more frequently the case in B. vexillifer than in the other species. As stated before the ‘“vexillum” is somewhat different. According to Danielssen and Koren’) the colour of B. vexillifer is “pale yellow over the entire starfish; the marginal plates and ventral surface being paler than the other parts’. Wyville Thomson gives the colour as ‘‘pale rose with a tinge of buff; the suckers semitransparent and pale pink’. In B. robustus is according to Verrill “the colour in life, light bull or salmon”. In alcohol or dried B. vexillifer has a yellowish white colour, while the other species is more reddish gray. These differences are of minor importance, however, and could at most justify their separation into two races or subspecies. The divergencies in the structure of the abactinal skeleton are of more vital importance, being so great as to fully justify the separation into two species, one Arctic (B. vexillifer), the other an Atlantic species (B. robustus). In the first-named the abactinal skeleton is composed of stellate overlapping calcareous elements, in the latter on the other hand of round or polygonic plates which though joining one another, never overlap. We see here the same difference as between the Arctic Solaster squamatus and the boreo-arctic Solaster papposus. In the former the abactinal skeleton consists of overlapping scales or plates, in the latter of small calcareous rods forming a meshwork. Psilaster andromeda Miller and Troschel. Astropecten andromeda Miller and Troschel, System der Asteriden, 1842, p- 129. 8/5. Stat. 24, 35° 34/N., 7° 35’ W., 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. 8° Cel. One specimen. 30/e. Stat. 70, 42° 59’N., 51° 15' W., 1100 m. temp. 3.7° Cel. One specimen. 8/s—/s. Stat. 101, 57° 41’ N., 11° 48’ W., 1853 m., hard clay, temp. 3.3° Cel. 23 specimens. 9/g—10/g, Stat. 102, 60° 57’ N., 4° 38’ W., 1098 m, dark sand and clay, temp. + 0.9° Cel. A very defect and macerated specimen, which had most probably remained in the trawl from stat. 101. The following table shows the dimensions of a few specimens from stat. 101. As will be seen from this table the proportion r:R varies between 1:3.7 and 1: 4.8, and the breadth of arm to arm-radius 1: 3.24 and 1: 4.21. I may mention for comparison that in some specimens of similar dimensions from the Norwegian coast (Sogn). I found r:R = 1:3.7—4.3 and A:R = 1:34—3.9. 1) Danielssen & Koren: 1884, p. 89. Asteroidea, Norske Nordhavs Exp., [REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH Arm- | Discs (Breadth of Number of adi eemlee dats arm at dorso- r:R A:R base. | marginal 50 13'sen| 14 | De 1 : 3.70 1: 8.57 72 15. | Seo eamDO 1:490 | 1:4°21 75.5 17t52 ||" 20 eles 1:43: | 123a8 81 19 | 25 30 1 : 4.26 1: 3.24 82 20 | 25 30 1: 4.10 1: 3.24 85 22 | 25 30 1: 3.86 1 : 3.40 86 19 25 33 1 : 4.53 1: 3.44 92 20 23 34 ] : 4.60 4 The measurements are in millimetres. Several of the specimens from stat. 101 are remark- able for the abundant spiny armature of their ventro- marginal plates, particularly those of the interbrachia angles which carry O—10 spines. O—5 spines were found in the middle of the arm, while in the distal plates nearest the points of the arms spines were totally wanting. In Norwegian specimens I have never found more than 4 spines on the ventro-marginal plates. In the specimen from stat. 24 the plates of the interbrachial angles and those in the middle of the aim carry up to 7 spine and in the specimen from stat. 70 2—4. In the latter spec- imen as well as in some from stat. 101 a central spine was observed on a few of the dorso-marginal plates. According to Perrier Psilaster andromeda descends to a depth of 2190 m., but this statement needs confir- mation, as Perrier confused Psilaster andromeda and Psilasteropsis patagiatus (cir. Koehler)!). Psilaster andro- meda was not hitherto with certainty known from greater depths than 1795 m. According to the explorations of the “Michael Sars” the bathymetrical range of the species is from 19 to 1853 m. But it is rare at smaller depths than 80 m. Psilaster andromeda is a decided warm-water species which was, however, taken twice in the cold area of the Norwegian Sea (Porcupine 1869, stat. 76, 60° 36’ N., 3° 36” W., 630 m., temp. + 1.1°, “Michael Sars’’ 1902, Stat. 37, 62° 43’ N., 1° 26' E., 775 m.). This sms due to the fact that both stations are close to the warm area. The hydrographical conditions are unstable in such localities which are sometimes washed by warm Atlantic, sometimes by cold Arctic water, as a result of which they are supplied now with larve of Atlantic or boreal, now with those of Arctic forms. The bottom fauna will therefore consist of a mingling of southern and northern species. What 1 have said about Psilaster andromeda also applies to Plutonaster bifrons, which is an inhabitant of the deep water of the Atlantic and 1) Koehler: Echinodermes, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc. 34, 1909, p. 60 and 62. ATLANT DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910 VOL. III] which therefore to a still higher degree is a warm-water species, but which was nevertheless taken three times in the cold area of the Faroe-Shetland Channel. Psilasteropsis patagiatus Sladen. Psilaster patagiatus Sladen, Asteroidea, Rep. Sci. Res. Challenger Zool., vol. 30, 1899, p. 232, tab. 7, figs. 11 & 12, tab. 41, figs. 3 & 4. 6/g—7/g3, Stat. 101, 57° 41' N., 11° 48’ W., 1853 m, hard clay, temp. 3.3° Cel. One specimen, measuring: PE MATTIERtl CL Seamer me ee san Sec vac? CauUeta Musee ik evessusessvtvvencvenestoieis ss 92 mm. IBS SETLIST Ser Oe mn re ec 2c. 5)<.6ds uanesyust duach casduatnawdrnepentceoeseasiené a0) WATE O MM ATITLicat DASC) 2. c8.c.c.cocaccescaececescaevicocseesecesseroeennetsnsverantecs COnee Number of dorso-marginal plates 00.0... ce cetera 34 TRU UMNO ee ce Loe PIE TASE dv ecacisussssedcdassdtrststanawesaverseee 1: 3.07 PNG MUR ee Nr Se ycecsscicnesuidnsnecasucsicaenteadnscsvdoounsvbe ses 1 : 2.56 In the type specimen of this species the proportion r:R was 1:3.95 and A:R = 1: 4.05. Koehler found in some large specimens from the collections of the Prince of Monaco the proportions r:R to vary between 1 : 4.18 and 1:4.72. The specimen under discussion is remarkable for its comparatively short and broad arms. It differs further from the type specimens by a more abundant spiny armature of the ventro-marginal plates, in as much as some of the plates of the arm-angles bore up to 10 spines, which recalls the armature observed in a few specimens of Psilaster andromeda {rom stat. 101. The specimens agree in other respects with the description and figures of Psilasteropsis patagiatus given by Sladen. 17 furrow papilla were present on the middle adam- bulacral plates. The type specimen was captured by the “Challenger” off the Cape Verd Is. The “Princesse Alice” also took it there, as well as off the coast of Morocco, at the Canary Is., the Azores and in the Bay of Biscay. The ‘“Hirondelle” and the “Talisman” likewise collected it within the same area, though the exact localities can not be given, Perrier, as above stated, having confused the species with Psilaster andromeda. The “Helga” captured it off Ireland. The “Michael Sars” locality lies to the west of the Hebrides. Thus Psilasteropsis patagiatus is an East Atlantic species, ranging from 16° 34’ to 57° 41’ N. Bathymetrical distribution 1095—2165 m. Dorigona arenata Ed. Perrier. (Pl. 4, figs. 5—8). Pentagonaster arenatus Ed. Perrier, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 9, ISSisepe aie 5/5, Stat. 21, 35° 31’ N., 6° 35’ W., 535 m., yellow sand, temp. Mies; Gel. Three specimens, of which the two best preserved ones measured: J NYE EVO Spe 88.5 mm 90 mm. DISC MAGKIS oo. soioetiesesvsesssncseteseeseseeee Uo ia gee 21 : ECHINODERMATA 19 Distance of the madreporic plate TROMBCE NITE Ol iSCexs sess... ore 4 mm 4 mm. Size of the madreporic plate ......... 25 xX 2 : D5 eet ie TR 1: 4.66 1 : 4.29 Number of dorso-marginal plates...... 37 32 Number of ventro-marginal plates... 39 39 The dorso-marginal plates are joined together, beginning with the 5th or 6th plate. Perrier states that pedicellarie are wanting in the marginal plates of this species'). I found pedicellariz pre- sent, however, on the dorso-marginal as well as on the ventro-marginal plates of the three specimens mentioned above, but the number of pedicellaria-bearing plates seems to vary considerably in the different individuals In one of my specimens pedicellariz were present on 6 dorso-marginal and on one ventro-marginal plate, in an other specimen on 71 dorso-marginal and on 67 ventro- marginal plates and in the third specimen on 89 dorso- marginal and on 116 ventro-marginal plates. I ought to mention that one or more of the arms of all the specimens were defective, which admits the possibility that the number of pedicellaria-bearing plates might have been greater if the specimens had been intact. Most of the plates of the interbrachial angles were furnished with pedicellaria. They may also, though more rarely, be found on the arm plates, particularly in the distal half of the arms, but in the outermost plates they appeared to be constantly absent. The majority of marginal plates bear one pedicellaria, but both the dorso-marginal and the ventro-marginal plates may have two or very rarely three pedicellariz. Pedicellarie are wanting in the inter-radial actinal area. On the abactinal surface they are restricted to the papularium and are besides, as regards number, apparently subject to great individual variations. Only 6 pedicellarie- bearing plates were counted in the first of the specimens in question, 28 in the second, and 8 in the third. None of the plates bore more than one pedicellaria, and most of these were situated near the margin, only exceptionally farther in on the plate, as is normal in the marginal plates. As in Pentagonaster granularis the pedicellaria are composed of two rounded quadrate flaps about 0.64 mm. long and about 0.23 mm. broad. Those on the marginal plates have the same form, but are somewhat smaller. The mouth-plates carry 6—8 papilla and the adjacent adambulacral plates have 4—5 furrow-papille. The number of adambulacral papille is 6 to 7 in the middle of the arm and up to 9 in the outer half of the arm. Behind the furrow-papille there are three and, at the 1), Ed. Perrier: Echinodermes, Exp. Sci. du “Travailleur” et du “Talisman”, 1894, p. 379. 20 JAMES A. GRIEG [REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NOHRT extreme point of the arm, frequently only two more or less distinct rows of papilla, the hindmost of which equal in size the granules of the adjoining ventro-lateral plates. The number of papille varies in the furrow row as well as in those behind it, as will be clearly seen from the following account of the number of papilla in 7 successive adambulacral plates of the inner half of the arm of the largest specimen: 6—2—4—3, 5—3—2—3, 5—3—3—4, 5—4—3—4, 6—4—4—3, 7—4—5—4 and 6—3—5—5. Dorigona arenata occurs on both sides of the North Atlaritic. It was first found by the “Blake” off the West Indies between Grenada (12° N) and 24° 36’ N., at 298— 1748 m, where it was later also taken by the “Albatross” On the east Atlantic side it was first taken by the “Challenger” southwest of the Canary Is. at 2791 m. The “Travailleur” and the “Talisman” took it later at 16 stations between the Canary Is. and the Bay of Biscay (44° 4’ 29° 1’ N., 407 — 1805 m.) and there it was also found by the Prince of Monaco at 40 stations between 29° 6’ and 47° 45’ N., 1096 — 1588 m. The “Caudan” obtained it at three stations in the Bay of Biscay, 400 — 1410 m. It is finally recorded under the names of Nymphaster protentus, N. subspinosus and N. arenatus from the great depths west of Ireland, 381 — 1332 m. Dorigona arenata thus ranges on the west Atlantic side from 12° to 24° 36’ N., and on the east Atlantic side from 25° 45’ to 51° 23° N. The bathymetrical distribution is 298 to 2791 m. Paragonaster subtilis Ed. Perrier. Goniopecten subtilis Ed. Perrier, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 9, 1881. p26; 19/4, Stat. 10, 45° 26’ N., 9° 20’ W., 4700 m., yellow sand, temp. 2.56° Cel. Two large unfortunately defective, specimens and a very young one. The disc-radius of the two former was 19.5 mm. and 15 mm. respectively. The small specimen measured: PATTIE Al CLUS pereaen eet’ satzc, neg Pc aevpreeins ea owes teen em es A ote 10 mm. IDISC=RAGIUSMamerenee tte sree eiare-tc: 2, ene ete Leeman Se ea 4 , Taser rac, geteerietuecessssticaeets. Se eee ree re eee gs Number of dorso-marginal plates... ccccce ccceeseeeeeees ee 7-8 Number of ventro-marginal plates 0.00.0... ecceeeeeeeeeeees 8—9 The small specimen differs from the two fully deve- loped ones in having the dorso-marginal plates more scantily covered with granules, which form a marginal border; for the rest granules are absent or a few scattered ones only occur. In the two large specimen on the other hand the plates are completely covered with granules. In like manner the ventro-marginal as well as the abactinal plates of the small specimen present more scanty granu- lation. The terminal plates end in two spines which are turned forward, are comparatively broadly and straightly cut off and among which 2 to 4 more spines of smaller and more slender dimensions are found. The adambulacral plates of the two large specimens carry 4 — 8 furrow papilla, most frequently 5 to 6, and behind them 12 papilla arranged in three distinct rows. Pedicellariea were absent in both specimens. Paragonaster subtilis is evidently identical with P. strictus Perrier, which I can not but consider as the juvenile form of this species as was also indicated by Perrier'). I agree with Koehler?) in further referring P. elongatus Perrier*) to the same species and likewise P. cylindratus Sladen*), which was found by the “Challenger” south of the Cape Verd Is. (1° 47’ N. 24° 26’ W., 3386 m., temp. 2.0, Cel.) Verrill?) remarks about the relation between P. cylin- dratus Sladen and P. formosus Verrill, taken of the east coast of the North America between 37° and 41°7'N., at 2455 to 3698 m., that the latter “appears to have the adambulacral plates more salient and angular on the furrow-margin and the notches between them deeper; the furrow-spines appear to be more slender and form a more strongly curved or angular group, which is conti- nued by three to five shorter ones in a fasciole-like row on the proximal and distal edges of the plates; there are about five on the furrow-edge proper; the spines on the actinal surface are more elongated and more regularly stellated, with a longer one in the middie of the group. —The spinules of the lower marginal plates have the same arrangements as in Sladen’s species, but are slightly more slender and acute than shown in his figure; of the larger median series there are usually two or three irregular indefinite rows in the larger specimens, instead of a single definite row. These differences are, however, so slight that the two former may prove to be the same Species: . One of the two larger specimens mentioned by me is a typical Paragonaster subtilis, the other agrees more closely with Verrill’s form, which according to him I must regard as identical with P. cylindratus, and consequently also with P. subtilis, the type specimen of which was taken by the “Blake” off the Antilles (24° 33'N., 84° 23’ W., 3932 m.) Paragonaster subtilis must therefore be a North Atlantic species ranging on the American side from 24° 33’ to 41° 7’ N., 2455—3698 m., and on the European side 1) Ed. Perrier: Echinodermes, Exp. Sci. du “Travailleur” et du “Talisman”, 1894, pag 363, tab. 24, fig. 7, tab. 25. fig. 5. 2) Koehler: Echinodermes, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc. 34, 1909, p, 86, tab. 4, fig. 2. 3) Ann. Sci., Nat., ser. 6, Zool. tome 19, 1885, no. 8, p. 38. | 4) Sladen: Challenger Asteroidea, p. 314, tab. 51, figs. 3 & 4, tab. 53, figs. 3 & 4. 5) Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 17, 1894, p. 257. ’ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910 VOL. III) from 1° 47’ to 45° 26’ N., 2995—4700 m., bottom temp. 56 -—o.0 | Cel. 4). R r mm. mm. rR P. subtilis “Michael Sars” 10 4 ies Per SEFICLUS “Talisman” Was 13.4 , ¢cylindratus “Challenger” 300 85 ee 58 » 9 Sia 51 12.5 1 : 4.08 » subtilis “Blake”’ 60 12 pe) » formosus “Albatross” 74 «#18 see ag , elongatus “Talisman” 87 18 1: 4.83 The foregoing list of specimens of which measurements exist, shows that older fully-developed individuals are more long-armed than very young ones, tor while R ol the smallest specimen was 2.5 r, it was 4 — 5dr in the larger specimens. Mediaster ste//atus Ed. Perrier. Mediaster stellatus Ed. Perrier, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, vol. 4, 1891, p. 268. B0/eemestat. 70) 42° 59’ N., 51° 15’ W., 1100 m., temp. 3.7° Cel, Five specimens, measuring: mm. mm. = mm. mm. mm. BENRITISTAGIUS cc ..cescecseesescceuseeseeeseees 32 38.5 47 48 54 DIS CATAGUUS. .2.......cssceeesceeeseseeeeoess 12.5 14 17 16.5 16 Breadth of arm in the middle 4.5 4.5 6 i 7 Breadth of paxillar area in the PU OMP ACC kar... ctor rcstc veces sees sfecteuss ORS 25 4 4.5 9) FF 2 IR cocoon cee eee ee eee eee Ree Lo sty Gey PAs Ie = al ae ese Number of dorso-marginal NUISUGG Meet tess cnescesed.-sncoares teers 23 28 30 29 31 Number of ventro-marginal [DIIEAUOS - ccapecanc on eoe Sere eR Eee eee 24 28 BE; 29 31 The specimens agree with the description and illustrations which Perrier’) gives of this species. The adambulacral plates bear three rows of papillae with 4 to 6, most commonly 5 papilla in each row, of which the furrow-papillz are the largest. The papille of the outermost row agree in size and form with the granules of the adjacent actinal plates. The larger paxille of the abactinal plates bear 22 to 54 granules, but pedicellariz- bearing paxille have at most 20 granules. The pedicel- lariz are more numerous in the larger specimens, than in the smaller ones, thus evidently increasing in number with the age of the animal. Mediaster stellatus is known only from the great depths south and east of New-Foundland where it was previously taken by the Prince of Monaco in 1887 at a Station north-east of the ‘‘Michae! Sars” locality (stat. 161, 46° 4’ 40” N., 49° 2’ 30” W., 1267 m). 1), “Challenger” 2.6°, “Albatross” 3.3° (3 stations) and 2.8° {one station) ‘““Michael Sars” 2.56°. ; *), Ed. Perrier: Stellerides, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fase. 11, 1896, p. 46, tab. 4. figs. 1 — 1d. ECHINODERMATA ve Astrogonium fallax Ed. Perricr. (Ploy ti oand)): Astrogonium fallax Ed. Perrier, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6 tome 19, 1885, no. 8, p. 37. 80/6, Stat. 70, 42° 59’ N., 51° 15’ W., 1100 m. temp. 3.7° Cel, Two specimens measuring: PAT IT =TA GUUS eertewmetn, ee neereetis. 1 Wc tires sve ssicntanicumes tbe 37 mm. 46 mm. MODIS Geral 11S meee seee esc cesan o2-2s as ssstaeuterssersssuieeesoiettarecseei: ive Ff 14.5 ,, Breadth of armiame tire mid dler..2....::c+..:1sescecessseesve sd es Oo Breadth of paxillar area in the same place .......... 2:2)5, 3 TE Ree Rs eae ce ctinrei dl See trsier ae canta aha hl eS 30 LP3iiz Number of dorso-marginal plates 0.000. 29 35 Number of ventro-marginal plates o..0....0...c.8. 29 35 The largest specimen agrees with Koehler’s figure of this species.) In the smallest specimen some few of the ventro-marginal plates only have rudimentary spiny formations, the rest exhibit a scale-like granulation similar to that of the largest individual. The small specimen has likewise a similar armature of the adam- bulacral plates and similar uniform granulation of the plates of actinal area. I have therefore referred the smallest specimen also to Astrogonium fallax. Astrogonium fallax was first found by the “Talisman” at 4 stations off the Azores, 1440 — 2220 m., and there it was also later taken bv the Prince of Monaco at two stations, 1165 — 1385 m. Verrill*) further records it from the east coast of North America; but judging from Verrill’s figures, this North American form appears to differ from the typical Astrogonium fallax. The uniform crowded granulation of the plates in the actinal area is characteristic of this species, while Verrill’s drawing (fig. 2 a) exhibits a more scattered granulation, and the individual granules vary in Sizes, a circumstance which was, however, also pointed out by Koehler. Pentagonaster dentatus Ed. Perrier. Pentagonaster dentatus Ed. Perrier, Nouv. Arch. du Museum d Hist. Natur., ser. 2 tome 6, 1883, p. 242, tab. 8, fig. 3. 8/5. Stat. 24, 35° 34’ N., 7° 35’ W., 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. 8° Cel. Two specimens. 8/5. Stat. 25B, 35° 46’ N., 8 Three specimens. 23/5. Stat. 41, 28° 8 N., 13° 35’ W., 13865 m., yellow mud, temp. 6° Cel. Six specimens. 27/7, Stat. 95, 50° 22’ N., 11° 44” W., 1797 m., temp. 3.5° Cel. A large specimen. The specimens were measuring in millimetres: 16° W., 2055 m., yellow mud. 1), Koehler: Echinodermes, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc. 34, 1909, p. 71, tab. 18, fig. 2. 2). Transact. Connecticut Acad., vol. 10, figs. 2 — 2b. 1899, p. 190, tab. 30, 99 JAMES A. GRIEG [REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH Stations 14 25B 25 B 24 25B Diametenecr..n 26 42 49 56 59 Arm=-radits’....2.. 13.5 DDE 26 30 31.5 Disc-radius .......... “19 13 14 18 16 Size of the mad- teporic plate vo OR SW UP SG || Oe Ib eel lek Distance of the! madreporic plate from centre of CiSC er eetven 3 4.5 5) 5.5 6 Number of dorso- marginal plates.. 6 8 fe) 6-7 10 Number of ven- | tro-marginal pla- HES Mattias ccs 7 8 9—10 7 10 | IGS Carros eee TvleS te 763} 86 Ie: 1k67 1: 1.96 The largest of Perrier’s specimens had an arm-radius of 67 mm., and a disc-radius of 38 mm!) It was thus but a little smaller than that from stat. 95, from which it differs by proportionately longer arms, the proportion r:R was 1: 1.76, while in the specimen from stat. 95 it was 1:11.48. The latter has not, however, attained the maximum growth of this species. Farran mentions in the deep-waters Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea of the West Coast of Ireland?)” two specimens of consider- ably larger size, which measured respectively: R 86 mm ands 95 mm 1eo0smm and 63°mime rak = 1: 172 and Jee Gssy le The specimen from stat. 95 is remarkable for its short arms. Apart from a few exceptions the “Michael Sars” specimens had longer arms and in a few of them the arm-radius was even nearly twice as large as the disc-radius. According to the measurements quoted by Perrier the proportion r:R seems to vary between 1: 1.62 and 1:1.78. The largest specimens had the largest arms, while in the “Michael Sars” specimens in which r:R varied between 1:1.48 and 1: 1.96, the middle-sized individuals had proportionately the longest arms. Indivi- dual variation is, however, present; thus the 62 mm. specimen from stat. 24 was very short-armed (1: 1.52); while the 59 mm. specimen from stat. 25B had very long arms (1:1.96). The Prince of Monaco’s largest specimen had an arm-radius of 42 mm. and a disc-radius Ofe24amimeer: Re== 11 21.75%). 1), Ed, Perrier: Echinodermes, Exp. Sci. du “Travailleur” et du ‘Talisman”, 1894, p. 391, tab. 25, figs. 1a — b. 2). Fisheries Ireland, Sci. Invest. 1912, no. 6, (1913) p. 10. 3). Koehler: Echinodermes, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc. 34, 1909, p. 85, tab. 2, fig. 7. 24° |) al || Ae 41 | 4) shee al | | | | 62 65 70 81 83 | 905 | 180 32 35 37 43 44 | 485 | 69.5 21 21 2] 26 23 | ~80:5° | aeen | | LX 1s | 07 12) 12% 17 ls X2)17X2/ 1sx2| 2x8 | 7 7 7 8 8 9 13 (pa: 9—10 8 8—9 12 [8 9—10 8 9—10 9 9 14—15 | 9 tO til licale52 1s ileyy 1: 1.76 ile 1.66 1k: 1.91 ils 1.59 1: 1.48 The arms were distinctly marked off in most of the specimens, the terminal plates being separated from the abactinal plates by 3 or 4 dorso-marginal ones or even by 5 plates in the most long-armed specimen. The abactinal plates of the larger specimens were angular and furnished with one row of large round granules, but in other respects bare. In the smaller specimens, on the other hand, the majority of the plates were granulated throughout. The abactinal plates are thus originally entirely covered with granules, but the granulation disappears gradually with the growth of the individual, except along the border of the plates. It first disappears in the plates of the papularium, which in the smallest specimen bore only a ring of granules along the border, while the remaining abactinal plates were still covered with them. The dorso-marginal plates of the large specimen from stat. 95 bore one row of granules along the border, but were otherwise bare. The ventro-marginal plates were granulated along the border nearest the dorso marginal plates, and the same was the case with a larger or smaller portion of the ventral part adjacent to the actinal plates. The ventro-marginal plates of the smallest specimens were covered with granuls throughout, and the lateral portion of the dorso-marginal plates was likewise granulated, while the dorsal portion was bare. In the remaining specimens the granulation of the dorso-marginal plates was similar to that of the largest specimen, while the ventro-marginal plates presented transition forms between the granulation of the largest and that of the smallest specimen. The terminal plates were bare. The papularium was very large and papule were wanting only in a comparatively small interradial area from the centre of the disc to the middle interradial dorso- ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. III] ECHINODERMATA 23 marginal plates. They vere likewise absent from the area nearest the marginal plates. As will be seen from the foregoing table the madreporic plate was situated nearer to the centre of the disc to its border, the distance from the centre being about one third of the disc-radius. No pedicellarie could be discovered in the two smallest specimens. But in the remainder on the other hand several were found. They were present in the abactinal as well as in the’ dorso-marginal plates, while I did not succeed in finding them in the ventro-marginal or actinal plates. Perrier states, however, that pedicellaria are found scattered on the actinal plates. They are very small and similar to those in Pentagonaster granularis, and are found on the radial as well as the interradia] plates, and in the centre of the plates as well as along the border. The adambulacral papilla are arranged in 3—4 rows, among which one or several isolated papilla are some- times found. The furrow papille are the largest, while those in the outermost row are shortest and similar in form to the granules of the adjoining actinai plates. As in Pentagonaster granularis the number of papilla found in a row varied greatly. In some of the middle adambula- cral plates of the smallest specimen there were thus: 3—3 os, 4—3—2—3, 3—1—2—3 and so on; in the 81 mm. specimen: 6—4—1—5, 6—5—6, 6—4—2—5, 5—1—5 7—2,.5—5—5 and so on; and in the 130 mm. specimen: 5—5—4—6, 4—5—_1—4—_2—-6, 4—-4—-5—4 and so on. In the three specimens from stat. 25 B the adambulacral plates had three row of papillae with 5 to 6 papille in the furrow-row and 3 to 6 in the remaining rows. Some plates had besides an indefinite fourth row with 2 to 3 papilla. In some specimens the papilla behind the furrow- row were gathered in a cluster without definite order, instead of being arranged in rows. The colour of the specimen from stat. 95 preserved in formol was orange-yellow on the abactinal and yellowish white on the actinal surface. The papule were white. The remaining specimens preserved in alcohol, had lost their colour entirely. With respect to the interpretation of Pentagonaster dentatus | agree entirely with Farran, who maintains that P. perrieri Sladen s. grandis Perrier and P. concin- nus Sladen are identical with it. P. dentatus is therefore a North Atlantic species and is known from the western as well as from the eastern side. It was first found by the “Blake” in the West Indies, between Grenada (12° N.) and 19°7'N., at 75 to 2196m. The “Talisman’”’ later obtained it off the west coasts of Morocco and Spain (20° 32’—38° 38’ N.), 930—1590 m., the “Caudan” in the Bay of Biscay, 950—960 m.; the Prince of Monaco in several localities between the Cape of Verd Is. and the Bay of Biscay (15° 17’—45° 9' N.) 1095—1804 m., and English expeditions in several localities off the west coast of Ireland, 628—1455 m. While thus P. dentatus on the west Atlantic side was known only between 12° and 19° 7’ N. it was found on the east Atlantic side between 15°17’ and 51° 35’ N. Its bathymetrical distribution is from 75 to 2196 m. Luidia ciliaris Philippi. Asterias ciliaris Philippi, Arch. f. Naturgesch., vol. 3, 1837, p. 70. 1/4, stat. 3, 49° 32’N. 10° 49’ W., 184 m., fine sand, temp. 10.3 Cel. One specimen. 20/5, stat. 37, 26° 6’ N. 14° 33’ W., 39 m., shingle, temp. 15.6 Cel. One specimen. 26/7;, stat. 94, 00° 13° N, 11° 238° W., imens, and 1 m. net, 200m. wire. 4 specimens. 8/g—i/s, stat. 101, 57° 41’ N. 11° 48’ W., 1m. net, 200 m. wire and */1 m. net, 600 m. wire. From each gear one specimen only was obtained. 1m. net, surface. 11 spec- The specimens from stat. 94 and stat. 101 were young, with remnants from the larval stage adhering. The largest of them had a diameter of 3.7 mm. The specimens from stat. 3 and stat. 37 were on the contrary fully-developed. The specimen from stat. 3 measured: arm-radius 270 mm., disc-radius 32 mm., breadth of arm at base 28 mm., r:R = 1: 8.44. In the individual from stat. 37 these measurements are 182 mm., 20 mm. and 16 mm. respectively, r:R = 1: 9.1. Both specimens belong to the variety normani Lud- wig. Likewise three specimens taken by the ‘Michael Sars” in 1902 and 1906 in the northern part of North Sea’) belong to this variety. Luidia ciliaris is common in the western part of the Mediterranean, but apparently absent in the eastern part (cfr. Ludwig’). It further occurs off the west coasts of Africa and Europe from the Cape Verd Is. to the Faroe and Shetland Is. In the North Sea it is known only from the north-western part, where it was collected by the “Michael Sars” and the ‘Poseidon’ between 58° 2’ and 61° 14’ N. and between 2° 21'E. and 2° 19’ W., 70 — 215 m. and it was altso taken off and on by the bank- fishermen; also from the eastern coasts of Scotland and England, where it ranges as far south as Scaborough. Siissbach and Breckner*) statements “An der norwegischen Kiiste scheint sie selten aufzutreten und nur an ihren 1) The localities are: 1902, stat. 50, 61° 14’ N. 2° 13’ E., 155 m. temp. 6.78° Cel. 1906, 287, 60° 52’N. 0° 36’ E., 130 m. 7.6° 1906, 299, 60° 52’ N. 0° 18’ E., 130 m. 6.5° 2) Ludwig: Die Seesterne des Mittelmeeres, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, vol. 24, 1897, p. 80. 3) Siissbach & Brekner: Die Seeigel, Seesterne und Slangensterne der Nord- und Ostsee. Wissensch. Meeresuntersuch. N. F. Abt. Kiel, Bd. 12, 1910, p. 210. 24 JAMES A. GRIEG (REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS* NORTH stidlichen Teilen‘‘ seems to be founded in mistake. As far as I know, Luidia ciliaris, is never collected off the Norwegian coast. But there is a specimen in the Riks- museum in Stockholm that is recorded as taken off Bohus- lan (cfr. Diiben & Koren?), which is the more remarkable as Luidia ciliaris is not found in the eastern part of the North Sea, the Skagerak or the Kattegat. I am most inclined to think that Professor Lovén obtained the specimen from fishermen from Bohuslan, who had brought it from the fishingbanks of the north-western part of the North Sea. Helland Hansen mention in “Farvandenes hydrogra- fiske forholde”’) that some of the saltv and rather warm water of the Atlantic passes into the North Sea through the channels between Scotland and Norway. It then flows southward along the coasts of Scotland and Eng- land, until it turns eastward across the North Sea immedi- ately north of the Doggerbank. If we mark on a chart the localities in the North Sea, where Luidia ciliaris was obtained, we shall find that its distribution comes within the bounds of this Atlantic current and that the southern limit of the species is where the current turns eastward. Its southernmost locality of the east coast of England, Scaborough being abreast of the Doggerbank. Luidia ciliaris must therefore have migrated from north into the North Sea. Some water from the Atlantic also flows through the English Channel into the North Sea, but Luidia ciliaris can not have come that way, as it is not found in the southwestern part of the North Sea and, in the English Channel, not east of Plymouth. The bathymetrical distribution is 4—220 m. Luidia sarsii Ditben & Koren. Luidia sarsii Ditben & Koren, Ofvs. Kgl Vet. Akad. Forhandl., vol. 1. 1844 (1845), p. 113. 8/6, stat. 53, 34° 59’ N. 33° 1’ W., 1m. net, 100 m. wire. A very young fully transformed specimen. 10/, stat. 56, 36° 53’ N. 29° 47' W., 1m. net, 100m. wire. One specimen with adhering remnants from larval stage. Diameter 4.5 mm. 24/¢, stat. 64, 34° 44’ N. 47° 52’W., 1 m. net, 200 m. wire and youngfish trawl, 300m. wire. From either gear one specimen with adhering remnants from larval stage. Diameter 3 mm. 5/g, stat. 98, 56° 33’ N. 9° 30’ W., 1m. net, 200 m. wire. One specimen with adhering remnants from larval stage. Diameter 4mm. 6/g—7/g, stat. 101, 57° 41’ N. 11° 48’ W., 1 m. net, 200 m. wire. 6 specimen with adhering remnants from larval stage. Diameter 3 —4,2 mm. 9/g—10/g, stat. 102, 60° 57’ N. 4° 38’ W., 3/4 m. net, 400 m. wire. Two very young, fully transformed specimens. Diameter 5 mm. and 6 mm., disc-radius 0.7 mm. and 1 mm., arm-radius 3 mm. and 3.2 mm. ') Kgl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1844 (1846), p. 254. °) Hjort: Norges Fiskerier 1 Norsk Havfiske, 1905, p. 19. Luidia sp. 26/g, stat. 67, 40° 17’N. 50° 39’ W., 1 m. net, 50 m. wire. One specimen with adhering remnants from larval stage. Diameter 3.5 mm. The larva, which was not very vell preserved, could not be definetely determined, but as stat. 67 is situated south of Newfoundland, it seems reasonable to assume that it belongs to one of the species of Luidia common along the eastcoast of North America, Luidia clathrata Say ot L. elegans Ed. Perrier. Stichaster roseus O. F. Miiller. Asterias rosea O. F. Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prod., 1776, p. 234. 10/s, stat. 3, 49° 32’ N. 10° 49’ W., 184 m., fine sand, temp. 10.3 Cel. One specimen. Stichaster roseus is an east Atlantic boreal species that ranges northward to the banks of Tromsoe (the “Voeringen” stat. 173, 69° 18’ N. 14°32’E., 549 m.). It ranges south to the Bay of Biscay (45° 18'N.), where it was obtained by the “Caudan” as well as by the “Princesse Alice”. The “Caudan” found it to be numerous at depths from 100 to 180 m. The bathymetrical distribution of the species is from 4 to 1232 m., but the typical form does not descend to below some 500 m. Zoroaster fulgens Wyville Thomson. Zoraster fulgens Wyville Thomson, Depths of the Sea, 1873, p. 154. °/5>—‘/s, Stat. 24, 35° 34’ N. 7° 35’ W., 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. 8° Cel. Two smaller specimens. °3/5, stat. 41, 28° 8’N. 13°35’ W., 1365 m., yellow mud, temp. 6° Cel. 10 specimens. 30/g, stat. 70, 42° 59’N. 51° 15’ W., 1100 m., temp. 3.7 Cel. specimen. %7, stat. 75, 47° 22’N. 49° 16’ W., 120 m. One specimen. 8/s—‘/s, stat. 101, 57° 41’ N. 11° 48’ W., 1853 m., hard clay, temp. 3.3° Cel. 8 specimens. 9/s—10/s, stat. 102, 60° 57’ N, 4° 38’ W., 1098 m., dark sand and clay, temp. + 0.9° Cel. One very defective and macerated specimen, which had probably remained in the trawl from stat. 101. One The smallest specimen measured: Arm-radius 26.5mm., disc-radius 6.5 mm., breadth of arm at base 8 mm., r:R = 1:403, A:R = 1:38.31. The remaining specs imens measured: arm-radius 66—162 mm., disc-radius 6.5 —15 mm., breadth of arm at base 8—13 mm., r:R varied between 1:6.6 and 1:12.36, A:R varied between 1:6.5 and 1:13.6. In some specimens taken by the “Michael Sars” in 1902 r:R varied between 1:6.4 and 1: 11.5 and A:R between 1:6.5 and 1: 10.5. In others mentioned by Sladen?) these figures were 1: 6.87—1:10 and 1: 7.86 -—1:9.89 respectively. From the foregoing we may infer 1) Bell: Cat. British Echinoderms, 1892, p. 88. ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910 VOL. III] ECHINODERMATA 25 that the relative length as well as breadth of arm are subject to great variations and judging from the material at my disposal, older individuals appear to have propor- tionately longer and more slender arms than younger ones, the ratio, hovewer, being subject to individual variations. The colour in life was pink or white. Zoroaster fulgens was discovered by the “Porcupine” in 1869 north-west of the Hebrides, 992—1304 m. It was later taken on the east Atlantic side south of Iceland by the “Thor” (921 m.), in the Faroe—Shetland Channel by the “Triton” (1016—1043 m.) and the ‘‘Michael Sars” (1100—1300 m.), west of Ireland (732—1797 m.) by the “Flying Falcon” and the “Helga”; in the Bay of Biscay, 1300 m. by the “Caudan” as well as by the ‘“Travailleur” and the “Talisman” between 23° and 44°N., 912 —1975 m. On the west Atlantic side the “Challenger” found it off North America, 2287—2470 m. and off Pernambuco, 1235 m. The ‘Michael Sars” obtained it east of New Foundland, 120m. Thus Zoroaster fulgens ranges from 23° to 62°57’ N. on the east Atlantic side and from 8° 37'S. to 47° 16’ N. on the west Atlantic side. The bathymetrical distribution is 732 to 2470 m., there is besides one specimen from a depth of only 120m. The bottom temperatures at the localities, where temperature ’ measurements were made, are: “Porcupine” 5.2°, “Chal- lenger” 3.3—4.4°, “Triton” 7.5—7.6°, “Michael Sars” 3.3— 8.07°. It will be seen from the foregoing that Zoro- aster fulgens is a true warm-water species. It must therefore be due to a mistake, as stated before, when a Specimen of this species was recorded from stat. 102 which belongs to the cold area of the Faroe—Shetland Channel. The specimen must have been left in the trawl from stat. 101, where several specimen of this species were taken. as regards Plutonaster bifrons and Psilaster andromeda of both of which a very defective and macerated specimen exists from stat. 102, while several specimens were taken at stat. 101. Like Zoroaster fulgens they are true warm- water species as stated before, and do not belong to the cold area of the Norwegian Sea. The other echinoderms taken at stat. 102, viz: Pontaster tenuispinus var. platy- nota, Solaster papposus var. septentrionalis, Solaster squamatus, Ophiopleura borealis, Ophioscolex glacialis and Hathrometra prolixa ate on the contrary decided arctic and boreo-arctic species. The same is true of the others invertebrates found at stat. 102, which I may men- tion :—Buccinum hydrophanum, Neptunea curta, Neptunea mohni, Philene finmarchica, Cuthonella abyssicola, Scal- pellum angustum, Colossendeis proboscidea, Colossendeis angusta, Nymphon grossipes, Borenymphon robustum etc. The same must have been the case Solaster abyssicola Vertill. (Pl. 5 figs. 2—4) Solaster abyssicola Verrill, Amer. Journ., ser. 3, vol. 29, 1885, p. 152 and Ann. Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1885, p. 541. 18/7, stat. 88, 45° 26’ N. 25° 45’ W., 3120 m., sand and yellow mud, temp. 2.5° Cel. Two specimens measuring: PAMCtCK = peewee «recs emerges: 103 mm. 137 mm. AIIM era US: seen. 5 adele < anh ak 54 Cy 10° DIS GaCiUS axl Avis nus haushs.e pas Dy) ae 28 Cx, Breadth of arm at base....... 13—14 15—18 , Height of arm at base ....... 7—9 , 12—1455 , Tey Lee wrath aymenincit cee 6 Sus ea ance. 1 : 2.45 1225 Number of arms............. 8 8 Number of inner adambulacral- Da DU ee ea eee Mme es ae 3—4 3—4 Number of outer adambulacral- FOF0 801 2 Se ange cet een eat 3—5d 3—5 The abactinal skeleton is composed of stellate cal- careous plates (pl. 5, fig. 4), whose four branches united with the branches of other plates forming a qua- drate mesh-work. In some of these plates a branch may be absent whereby two mesh-spaces are turned into one larger of oblong rectangular form. Meshwork of irregular or triangular form may also occur, but seems to be comparatively rare. A short cylindrical paxillz in the centre of the plate bear up to about 15 short divergent calcareous spines. The meshwork have normally 3—4 large papule, but the larger ones may have as many as 8. The skeleton of Solaster endeca (pl. 5, fig. 5) consists in part of caleareous plates similar to those of Solaster abyssicola, in part of short narrow calcareous rods. The network formed by the calcareous deposits is of an ex- tremely irregular shape and bears several paxille, the mesh-spaces bear proportionately to their size from 1 to 7 papula. Besides isolated calcareous rods bearing one paxilla may be present in them, similarly as in the mesh- spaces of Solaster papposus. The paxille in the plates of the actinal area are cylindrical and furnished with as many as 8 very small spines. They are arranged in rows and similar to the paxille of the abactinal skeleton, but smaller. The outer row of adambulacral papille (pl. 5, tig. 3) bears 3—5 papille in both specimens, most often 4. They are comparatively short, covered by a thick membrane and united at the base. The inner row bears 3—4 papille of about uniform size and united by a membrane to half their length. Solaster abyssicola has according to Verrill 5—7 adambulacral papille, while the two specimens under discussion have only 3—5. Notwithstanding this I have GRIEG:—ECHINOD. 4 96 JAMES A. GRIEG [REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH referred the specimens to Verrills species because they agree well with it in other characteristic. The number of papilla apparently does not afford a very reliable specific characteristic, however. In Solaster papposus | have found normally 5--7 papilla in the outer adambulacral row, but the number may vary between 2 and 9, and in several Solaster endeca from Hardanger 5—9 papille were present. Solaster abyssicola was previously known only from the east coast of North America, where it was taken ac- cording to Verrill at several stations between 35° 45.5’ and 39°5.5’N., 1543—3813 m. The species therefore ap- pears to be new to the European fauna. It is possible, however, that this was the species taken by the “Thor” in 1903 south of Iceland (stat. 166, 62°57’ N. 19° 58’ W., 931 m.). For it is recorded by dr. Mortensen under the name Solaser n. sp. (S. earlii Verr. aff.'), a species to which Verrill originally referred his Solaster abyssicola’). Solaster papposus var. septentrionalis Sladen. Crossaster papposus var. septentrionalis Sladen, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11, 1882, p. 704. 102, 60° 57'N. 4° 38’ W., 1098 m., dark sand and Two specimens measuring : ls, stat. clay, temp. + 0.9 Cel. OT AIMCICE ae haa ccwniMies ain d x whece ae 73 mm 71 mm. UM SraUSe, aiken te iho. ios ea aoale ase 6 OOULs ae IDIQOGTIS ak coo Bo ein eo do le Ss 16.5 , fader ee Me eS ie oe See cc a? on he Pay: Number of arms............... 10 10 Number of paxillea in the actinal Clic eee tet Wem eo Se eer ae 47 6—9 Number of inner adambulacral ‘Oe Ob Ice) Se an reer ren Pape 4—6 o—6 Number of outer adambulacral pa- [Oe Ae Se reer Gee r 5—8 5—8 Disc arched, the arms, broad at base, taper rapidly toward the point. Paxilla small and numerous, the largest bear about 30 spines. The abactinal skeleton consists of short, broad rods united together so as to form an irregular meshwork. In the mesh-spaces only a papula as a rule is present, there may be as many as three, however. In several mesh-spaces isolated rods occur besides. The skeleton most closely resembles that of a 77 mm. spec- imen of Solaster papposus {rom the Varangerfjord’). 1) Schmidt: Fiskeriundersokelser ved Island og Feraerne 1903 (1904) p. 22. 2) Ann. Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. 1885, p. 541. ser. 3, vol. 49, 1895, p. 200. 3) Grieg: ‘Michael Sars” Asteroidea, Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1906, no. 13, p. 64, tab. fig. 7. Cfr. Amer. Journ. Most of the plates of the inner adambulacral row bear five papille, but the number varies betwen 4 and 6. In the outer row 5 to 8 papilla are found, most often 7, and those in the middle are largest, the distal ones smallest. The colour is pink, lightest on the actinal side. The specimens agree in all essentials with Sladen’s Solaster (Crossaster) papposus var. septentrionalis, which was likewise taken in the cold area of the Faroe—Shet- land Channel (“Knight Errant” 1880, stat. 2, 60° 29’ N. 8° 19’ W., 686 m., temp. + 0.56° Cel.) I have therefore referred them to that variety. I ought to mention, how- ever, that Sladen’s form has somewhat shorter arms, and the proportion r:R is 1: 1.94, while it is 1:2.04 in the two ‘Michael Sars” specimens. This difference is not of vital importance, however. Solaster squamatus Doderlein Solaster papposus var, squamatus Dederlein, Wissensch. Meeres- untersuch. N. F. Bd. 4, Abt. Helgoland, Heft 2, 1900, p. 208, tab. 6, figs 5—5 ¢. 10/g—U/g, stat. 102, 60° 57’N. 4° 38/ W., clay, temp. 0.9 Cel. 1098 m., dark sand and Two specimens measuring: Diameter. ...4.4. =. 2 eee 76 mm. Jo mt: Atii-tadius: % 44 44¢i4 A406 2 eee 43°.) SS Rae Dise-raditis: 27, 9. » ase) eee 21 4) SiGe POR bec forenoon eee 1: 2.05) 22m Number of arms. .250.0) 2. ee ee 10 10 Number of paxilla in the actinal area 5—8 Number of inner adambulacral papilla 4—6 Number of outer adambulacral papille 5—8 These two specimens are distinguished from the two before mentioned individuals of Solaster papposus var. septentrionalis, which were likewise taken at stat. 102 by a somewhat more arched disc and comparatively shorter arms. The proportion r:R may, however, vary in Sol- aster squamatus between 1: 1.8 and 1: 2.6, most often it is 1:2.2—2.3, as will be seen from the material col- lected by the “Voeringen” and the “Michael Sars”. The paxille are low, cylindrical and furnished with short spines; in S. papposus var. septentrionalis, on the other hand, they are conically pointed and bears longer spines, the middle ones longest, which further adds to their conical appearance. The abactinal skeleton consists of scales, among which small spaces are found with most often one papulle only. The skeleton resembles most nearly that of a 41 mm. specimens from the cold area east of Iceland (“Michael Sars’, 1900 stat. 10, 64° 53’ N. 10° W., 360 m., 1) Grieg: “Michael Sars” Asteroidea, pag. 62, tab. 1, fig. 4. ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. III.J ECHINODERMATA 27 Colour in life orange-red on the abactinal surface with yellowish red paxillea and yellowish white on the actinal surface. Solaster squamatus appears to be indigenous to the cold area of the Norwegian Sea from 100—1159 m. It may, however, occasionally make its way a little into the warm area, where the temperature of the bottom-water may be comparatively high, and where the fauna consists -mainly of warm-water species. The ‘Michael Sars” thus found it in 1902 at a locality, (stat. 85, 62° 53’ N. 9° 6’ W. 450 m., 3.98° Cel.) together with Pentagonaster granularis, Poraniomorpha hispida, Ophiactis abyssicola, Gorgono- cephalus lamarcki, Hathrometra tenella etc. Among other arctic species, besides Solaster squamatus, which were taken at this station, | may mention, Lophaster furcifer, Ophiura sarsi, Ophiopholis aculeata, Ophiacantha bidentata etc. (cir. Appell6ff: Havbundens dyreliv)’). Lophaster furcifer Diiben & Koren. Solaster furcifer Diiben & Koren, Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844 (1846) p. 243, tab. 6, figs. 7—10. '0/g—_"/,° stat. 102, 60° 57’ N. 4° 38’ W., 1098 m., dark sand and clay, temp. + 0.9° Cel. Two specimens measuring: [QUENT CS 138 mm. 72 mm. PAAMPSUAGIIS ato duky a, ool ences ses es fovane OL 4; UG ACS iteen Sas st Wes e eae =) aes Zs, TSR!) GREE ae ae ne er 12536 1: 2.67 Number of ventro-marginal paxille 25 20 Number of inner adambulacral CRONIES | eld ae. .oee ora 3—d 3—4 Number of outer adambulacral pa- BE. 5 coke eae eee ae 3—6 3—5 The specimens belong to the group, which I called the Arctic or cold water form’). Their appearance recalls two specimens, which the Duke of Orleans found in the Kara Sea)’. The interbrachial arc is rounded, and the abactinal skeleton consists of irregular stellate deposits, the branches of which unite with those of the adjacent plates, forming a meshwork. A large and robust paxilla is attached to the calcareous deposits, which in the disc- centre of the largest specimen measured about 2 mm. in height and about 1 mm. in diameter and bore as many as 20 spines covered with a thick membrane. The paxillze of the ventro-marginal plates of the interbrachial arc mea- sured about 2 mm. in breadth as well as in height and ') Hjort: Norges Fiskerier 1 Norsk Havfiske, 1905, p. 105. Cfr. Murray & Hjort: The Depths of the Ocean, 1912, p. 533. *) Grieg: “Michael Sars” Asteroidea, p. 70. 3) Grieg: Echinodermes, Duc d’Orleans: mteyt907, 1910, p. 17, figs, 11 & 12. Campagne Arctique bore 30 to 40 spines. had 4—10 spines. The colour of the specimens in life was brick-red on the abactinal surface and orange-yellow on the actinal. Walter K. Fisher has described two forms of Lopha- ster from the northern part of the Pacific. One of them, Lophaster furcilliger!) ranges from Alaska to southern California and the Galapagos Is. from 351 to 2013 m., the other, Lophaster furcilliger vexator*) inhabits the Bering Sea and ranges south to northern California. Its bathymetrical distribution is from 137 to 640 m., it is most common, however, at depths below 370 m._ Fisher states in “Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent Waters, Phanerozonia and Spinulosa’*) where these two forms are described in detail, that the latter form has an intermediary position between L. furcilliger and L. furcifer. From the typical furcifer it differs, “in having a more open abactinal skeleton with consequently more widely-spaced paxilla, higher paxille with longer spinelets, much smaller actinal paxille (about as in furcilliger) and longer adam- bulacral spines. If equal-sized specimens of the two forms are compared, L. furcifer is seen to have wide rounded interbrachial arcs which merge gradually into the ray. Vexator has a smaller disk, never rounded interbrachial arcs, but acute angles, the rays being sometimes swollen at base so that the marginal and adjacent abactinal paxille of two rays interlock. JL. furcifer reminds one of a five- rayed Solaster, whereas L. vexator suggests a five-rayed Crossaster”’. L. vexator again differs from L. furcilliger by its larger disc, thicker arms, more robust actinal as well as marginal paxille, more robust abactinal spines as well as more closely joined adambulacral plates. Without further entering upon the subject Mortensens remarks in “Conspectus Faune Grenlandicae. Echinoder- mer’ *) about Fishers forms that these seem to be transi- tion forms from furcifer through vexator to furcilliger, so that these forms can hardly be regarded as more than varieties of furcifer. The Bergen Museum possesses very abundant ma- terial of L. furcifer from the Norwegian coast as well as the Norwegian Sea and extreme Arctic regions such as the Kara Sea, Spitsbergen and Jones Sound. This material shows that individuals from the Boreal regions, such as the coast near Bergen, have a pointed interbrachial arc, the arms comparatively narrow at base and_ tapering gradually toward the point. The individual from the neighbourhood of Bergen figured by Diiben and Koren The paxille of the actinal plates 1) Bull. Bur, Fisheries, vol. 24, 1905, p. 312. 2) Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 35, 1910, p. 574. 3) Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum, no. 76, 1911, p. 334, tab. 794, figs. 1 & 2, tab. 114, fig. 1. tab. 116, tab. 5 and p. 338, tab. 114, tab. 2. *) Meddel. om Gronland, vol. 23, 1913, p. 336. 98 JAMES A. GRIEG (REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH must be regarded as typical for this form. Judging from Verrill’s figure’) the form of L. furcifer occurring off the east coast of North America is of similar appearance. In specimens from Arctic regions on the other hand the arc is most often wide and rounded, and the arms broad at base tapering rapidly toward the point. This is evidently the form on which Fisher based his remarks on L. furcifer and it is also the form depicted in works on Arctic echino- derms. Judging, however, from the material at my disposal, the form of the arc seems to be subject to variations and this is moreover borne out by the literature on the sub- ject. Duncan and Sladens figure of L. furcifer*) has but slightly rounded arcs. In two specimens in the Kara Sea by the Duke of Orleans they are a little more rounded and this is more particularly the case in the individual from the cold area of the Norwegian Sea illustrated by Danielssen and Koren?). In a specimen from Gaasefjord, Jones Sound they are extremely wide and rounded*). There are, however, Arctic specimens, which differ very little in their form from the Boreal. This is the case with the L. furcifer from the cold area of the Faroe— Shetland Channel figured by Wyville Thomson in “The depths of the Sea” (p. 119, fig. 14). A very extreme example of such Arctic forms is presented by the speci- mens which I illustrated on “Michael Sars Asteroidea’’(p.71, fig. 9). It reminds one of L. fucilliger vexator, a fact which Fisher likewise calls attention to. The abactinal skeleton of the Arctic furcifer consists of stellate deposits which are united so as to form a meshwork. Its structure appears, however, to be subject to great variations. In some individuals the deposits are close up to one another, so that the meshes become small and narrow, in other examples, such as one from Jones Sound, the deposits are isolated. Between these two are all shades of intermediary forms and also a mesh- work like that which characterices vexator (cir. Fisher pl. 114, fig. 2b). In the Arctic furcifer the paxillz are more scattered than in the boreal form, and they are larger, more robust and have longer spines. We may find examples whose paxille closely resemble those of vexator. The same is true of the actinal paxille and the adambulacral armature. With abundant material of the Atlantic Lophaster at hand, it will not be possible to distinguish it from the Pacific form. Fisher mentions intermediary forms between L. furcilliger and L. fureil- 1) Verrill: Res. Explr. made by the Steamer ,,Albatross” in 1883, 1885, tab. 16, fig. 49. 2) Duncan & Sladen: Mem. on the Echinodermata of the Arctic Sea to the West of Greenland, 1881, tab. 3, fig. 9. 8) Danielssen & Koren: Asteroidea, 1884, tab. 8, fig. 12. 4) Grieg: Echinodermata, Rep. II Norweg. Arctic Exp. in the “Fram” 1898—i902, no. 13, 1907, tab. 3, fig. 1. liger vexator and my material shows transition forms between the latter and L. furcifer. | therefore fully agree with Mortensen in considering furcilliger and vexator as hardly more than varieties of L. furcifer. To the varieties of this species we must possibly also refer Sarkaster validus Ludwig') which was taken by the “‘Albatross” in 1891 between Galapagos Is. and Las Tres Marias Is., 523—1244 m., and which as already pointed out by Fisher, is a Lophaster and presents agreements with L. furcilliger. Pteraster reductus Koehler. Pivos sil OSiOsmife Pteraster reductus Koehler, Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, no. 99, 1907, p. 23. 8/s, stat 53, 34°59’ N. 33° 1’ W., 2615—2865 m., yellow hard clayey mud, temp. 3 Cel. Three specimens of which the best pre- served measured: Diameter... 2 vig so. acces oth oe ee 37 mm Atm-Tadius. ....4.....4 4 acho hen 20.55. Disc-radius, .... 20. ne+s enae oon 6 Ls aes Disc-radius measured on the actinal side to the marginal suture ..... aie 12? oi Height neti cin 2 bed dt es ee 12 Greatest breadth of arm..........235) eee Wee te Greatest breadth of arm measured on the act- inal side between marginal sutures ...... 14, Greatest breadth of the actino lateral area.... by See Number of actino-lateral beams ............. 15 PORe.. a5 ds nb on ch taba tlie Ieee ee ee be In the two other specimens which are somewhat defective the arm-radius measured 22 mm. and 27 mm., respectively, disc-radius 13 mm. and 18 mm., greatest width of arms 16mm. and 20mm.,r:R=1:1.69 and 1: 1.5. Arms broad at base, tapering rapidly. Abactinal sur- face considerably arched, the actinal plane. Supradorsal membrane thin and fibrous. Paxille numerous, compact and furnished with cluster of some 20 long thin calca- reous spinelets. Of the actino-lateral beams the third is longest. In the 37 mm. specimen it is 7 mm. long. The tube-feet are large and present a paired arrange- ment in two rows. The innermost adambulacral plate has 6 papilla, the remainder 5. These papilla are united by a membrane and arranged in slightly curved, trans- verse rows, similarly as in Pteraster personatus Sladen?). The innermost papilla is 1—1.5 mm. in length, the outer- most 3—4 mm. The mouth plates are well-developed 1) Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 32, 1905, p. 185, tab. 15, figs. 75 & 76, tab. 29, figs. 171—173, tab. 30, figs. 174—177. *) Proceed. R. Irish Acad., ser. 3, vol. 1, 1890, p. 694, tab. 27, figs. 1—5. ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. III] and provided with a high and broad ridge along the medianline, where they are united. Six long, thin papilla united by a membrane are arranged in a row along the horizontal edge of the mouth plates. Secondary papille on the actinal surface of the plates are wanting. The colour in life of the best preserved specimen was a deep purple red, on the abactinal surface of which a slight tinge still remained. The actinal surface and the tube-feet were pale red. The other specimen had com- pletely lost its colour. The third specimen, preserved in formol, was ash-grey on the abactinal surface and light reddish gray on the actinal surface, the tube-feet red- dish grey. Numerous light reddish grey eggs with a diameter of 0.6 mm. were found in the interradial spaces. I have referred the specimens to Pteraster reductus Koehler as they agreed with that species in most charac- teristics e. g. in the number of mouth- and adambulcral- papilla, as well as in number of actino-lateral beams. But they differ from the typical P. reductus in that their third actino-lateral beam was longest while in Koehlers species the 4th was longest. Moreover the typical P. reductus has longer arms, its arm-radius according to Koehler being twice the length of disc-radius. Judging from Pteraster militaris no great importance is to be attached to this difference, however. Koehlers coloured illustrations of P. reductus*) likewise differ from the colour of the best preserved one of the specimens in question. But this difference of colour is of no more importance than the relative length of arms. Pteraster reductus was found 1888 by the Prince of Monaco off the Azores and was likewise taken there by him in 1896 and 97. By the find of the “Michael Sars” its horizontal distribution will be from 34° 59’ to 41° 40° 41” N. and from 26° 26’ 15” to 33° 1’ W. The bathymetrical distribution is from 1846 to 2870 m. Hymenaster pellucidus Wyville Thomson. Hymenaster pellucidus Wyville Thomson, The Depths of the Sea, 1873, p. 220. 9/s—l0/s, stat. 102, 60° 57’ N. 4° 38’ W., 1098 m., dark sand and clay, temp. + 0.9° Cel. A somewhat damaged specimen, measuring: arm-radius 29 mm., disc-radius 17 mm., r:R = 1:17. The specimen had two adambulacral papilla and two pair of secondary mouth-papille. Number of primary mouth papilla four. Kalischewskij?) has etablished a 1) Koehler: Echinodermes, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc 34, 1909, tab. 3, fig. 8 & 9. ) Kalischewskij: Zur Kenntnis d. Echinodermfauna d. sibir. Eismeeres, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ser. 8. vol. 18, nr. 4, 1907, p. 36, tab. 1, fig. 9. ECHINODERMATA 29 variety arctica of this species with three pairs of secondary mouth papilla, but his illustration shows only two pairs, which is what the typical form has. I agree wiht Koeh- ler!) that these two forms can not be separated. An examination of the specimen collected by the “Voeringen” and the “Michael Sars” shows that the mouth-plates have 1—3 secondary papille’). . FHlymenaster pellucidus is indigenous to the Nor- wegian Sea and adjacent waters where it ranges from the Faroe—Shetland Channel (60° 21’N., to 81° 1’ N. and from’ the east coast of Greenland, (Forsbladfjord, about 26° W.) to 114° 31’ E. Perrier besides records it from the Azores*). I am inclined to think, however, that he con- fused it with another species. The bathymetrical distri- bution is 27 to 2814. m. Most of the localities of this species belong of the cold area, but it seems to invade the warm area to some extent, as the temperatures records vary between + 1.7° (“Jermak’’) and 3.36° (“Michael Sars” 1902, stat. 86)*). The warm water stations, however, lie close to the limit of the cold area, and the hydrographical conditions may probably therefore vary there. Hymenaster rex Ed. Perrier. Hymenaster rex Ed. Perrier, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6, Zool., vol. 19, 1885, no. 8, p. 69. 7/5, Stat. 25 A, 35° 36’ N. 8° 25’ W., 2300 yellow mud. Two spec- imens, measuring: Wanmesesebhiky ~" 5 Aas aan eae 32 mm. 43 mm. DDiSC=raditiSaeeree eee DOU, BiG | AR § Chan ea ra 1eslio3 Lele The adambulacral plates have three papilla of which the adoral one is largest. The mouth-plates bear two pairs of secondary papillae and three papilla along their free border and one of the mouth-plates of the largest specimen had even 4 primary papilla. Some 20 actino- lateral spines were counted. The valves around the oscu- lum have 10—12 spines. The colour of the specimens in alcohol is grayish-red on abactinal surface, slightly darker on the interradial than on the radial suriace. The actinal surface is dark violet, the tube-feet bluish white. 1) Koehler: Echinoderms, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc. 34, 1919 p. 93. 2) Grieg: Invértebrés du Fond, Duc d’Orleans: Croisiére Oceano- grafique, 1909, p. 54. 3) Ed. Perrier: 1896, p. 40. 4) The recorded temperatures are: ‘Porcupine’ > 1.3°, ‘“Voe- ringen” -- 1.3—1.1°, “Michael Sars’ 1900 + 1—0.11°, 1902 + 0,32° —3.36°, “Thor” + 0,58°, “Belgica” 0.4°, the Russian Spitzbergen Expeditions + 1.1—0.3°, “Jermak” + 1.7—3.1°, “Varna” > 1.4—1,2° The temperatures varied between + 0.8 and + 1.5° at the depths in the Kara Sea, 84—116 m., where the “Dijmphna’”’ found this species. Stellerides, Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, Fasc. 11, 30 JAMES A. GRIEG (REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH The “Michael Sars” specimens agree most closely with Hymenaster rex Perrier among the North Atlantic species of Hymenaster, but differ Irom that species by the presence of three primary papille in the mouth-plates, while typical Hymenaster rex has four, which was, how- ever, found also in one mouth-plate of the largest spec- imen. Judging from Perriers drawing, the secondary mouth- papille are situted very close to the suture of the plates’); in the specimens under discussion they are placed nearer the centre of the plates. The valves around the osculum bear 10—12 spines, while Hymenaster rex has 14. “Jud- ging from H. pellucidus of which numerous specimens were at my disposal, these characteristics seem to be subject to variations. Notwithstanding the divergencies from typical Hymenaster rex, I refer the specimens to that species. Hymenaster rex is an east Atlantic species, previously found only by the “Talisman” at three stations off the west coast of Africa between 23°50’ and 46° 4’N. and between 6° 46’ and 19° 37’ W., 1139—2285m. The “Mi- chael Sars” station also lies within these limits. Echinaster sepositus Gray. Rhopia seposita Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1840, p. 282. 26/5, stat. 37, 26° 6’ N. 14° 33’ W., 39 m., shingle, temp. 15.6° Cel. One specimen, arm-radius 77 mm., disc-radius 12 mm. Echinaster sepositus is an east Atlantic species, rang- ing north to Bretagne (Roscoff) south to the Cape Verde ls. It occurs besides in the Adriatic and the western part of the Mediterranean. Bathymetrical distribution 1—1060 m. Cribrella abyssalis Ed. Perrier. Cribrella abyssalis Ed. Perrier, Echinodermes, Exp. Sci. du “Travail- leur” et du “Talisman”, 1894, p. 144, tab. 11, fig. 1. 23/5, stat. 41, 28° 8’ N. 13° 35’ W., 1365 m., yellow mud, temp. 6° Cel. One larger, not very well preserved, specimen. Cribrella abyssalis was first taken by the “Talisman” off the west coast of Morocco, 1105—1635 m. It was later found in adjacent waters by the Prince of Monaco, 1470—2165 m. According to the discovery of the “Mi- chael Sars” its horizontal range is between 28° 8’ and 38° 47’ N. and between 7°55’ 45” and 28° 4’5” W. The bathymetrical distribution is 1105—2165 m. Brisingella coronata G. O. Sars. Brisinga coronata G. O. Sars, Christiania Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., LSA0 pe: 5/5, stat. 21, 35°31’N. 6°35’ W., 585 m., yellow mud, temp. 11.52 m. A defect specimen with 10 arms, whose disc-diameter was 18.5mm., length of arm 177 mm. 8/s—"/g, stat. 101, 57° 31’ N. 11° 48’ W,, 1843 m., hard clay, temp. 3.3° Cel. A fragment of an arm. 1) Ed. Perrier: Echinodermes, Exp. Sci. du ‘“Travailleur” et du “Talisman”, 1884, p. 186, tab. 13, fig. 2. As regards the nomenclature of this species I have followed Fisher in “New Genera and Species of Bris- ingide” 2). Brisingella coronata is an east Atlantic species which was first recorded by G. O. Sars from Skraaven, Lofoten, 376—564 m. It was later found in the Foldenfjord, 530 m., the Tronhjemsfjord, 376—564 m. and the Sognefjord, 130 1229 m., bottom temperature 6.3 to 6.7°. The temperature was hardly below 8°, however, at the smallest depths in the Sognefjord. It was further found by the Prince of Monaco off Vege (1899, stat. 1052, 65° 41’ N. 9° 30’ 15” E., 440 m.) In the Atlantic Brisingella coronata ranges from the Hebrides to the Cape Verde Is., 366—2330 m. According to Sladen the bottom temperature was 6.4 to 11° at the localities, where the “Porcupine” obtained the species. Records of temperature are wanting from the other sta- tions. In the Mediterranean it was found in the western as well as in the eastern part, where it ranges as far as Samos and Samothrace. It occurs besides in the southern part of the Adriatic. The bathymetrical distribution in the Mediterranean is 100 to 2660 m. The “Pola” found a bottom temperature of 12.9 to 14.4° in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, but records are wanting from the two least depths (129 m. and 218 m.), at which it was taken by that vessel. brisingella coronata appears therefore to be a typical warm-water species. Its range is restricted to localities with a bottom-temperature of not less than 3.3°, its prin- cipal distribution, however, apparently occurring in waters with a bottom-temperature of not less than 6.3° Freyella sexradiata Ed. Perrier. Freyella sexradiata Ed. Perrier, Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sci., Tome 101, 1885, p. 442. 19/4, stat. 10, 45° 26’ N. 9° 20’W., 4700 m., yellow mud,. temp. 2.56° Cel. Four defect specimens as well as fragments of several arms. Wisc diameteraen eee ae 9mm. 10 mm. 11 mm. 11 mm. Breath of arms at base........ 4a 3.5. 3.5 » 4s Greatest breadth of ovarial en lancement : eye aeeneeeeeeior fae BY oe Oy (oH) The smallest specimen has only five arms, the others six. Koehler also found that this species may have 5 arms”). This species like Freyella spinosa has two gonads in each arm and they are similarly arranged in both species. Freyella sexradiata thus belongs to the genus Freyellidea, so named by Fisher in his revision of the 1) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8 vol. 20, 1917, p. 423 & 427. 2) Koehler: Echinodermes, Res. Camp, Sci. Monaco, Fasc. 34, WGIOS), jo WAS). E!LANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910 VOL. III] family of Brisingide’), a name which he changed to Freyella in “Notes of Asteroidea II”). Freyella sexradiata was first found in 1883 by the °Talisman” north of the Azores (stat. 134, 42° 19'N. 53° 36'W., 4060 m.) It was later taken by the Prince of Monaco at two stations between the Azores and Portugal, 4020 m. and 4360 m. The ‘Michael Sars” obtained it in the Bay of Biscay. Freyella sexradiata is therefore an East Atlantic species known up to present time only between 38°8’ and 45°26’N. and between 9° 20’ and 23° 36’ W. Bathymetrical distribution is 4020 to 4700 m. Beside it, the following species of the genus Freyella occur on the eastern side of the North Atlantic: PF. edwardsi from the Bay of Biscay and west coast of _ Africa, 1786 m. ) Op. cit., ser. 8, vol. 20, 1917, p. 425 & 429. 2) Op. cit., ser. 9, vol. 2, 1918, p. 103. ECHINODERMATA 3] Fig. 10. Freyella sexradiata Ed. Perrier from stat. 10. Abactinal vlew, magnified 3 times. F, spinosa from west coast of Africa and the Azores, 4060—4310 m. F. recta from the Azores, 3465 m. F. tuberculata, between Canary Is. and Cape Verde, 4310 m. From the western side of the North Atlantic are known: F. americana from Nova Scotia, 320 m. F, elegans between Nova Scotia and Cape Hatteras, 1115—8700 m. A Freyella was besides taken south of Iceland (“Thor” 1903, stat. 164, 62° 10.8’N. 19°36’ W., 2093 m.), which according to Mortensen!), is closely relative to the last- named species. 1) Schmidt: Fiskeriundersogelser ved Island og Fereerne i som- meren 1903 (1904) p. 24. 32 JAMES A. GRIEG (REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS” NORTH OPHIUROIDEA Pectinura elata Koehler. Pectinura elata Koehler, Ophiures. Exp. Sci. du “Travailleur” et du “Talisman”, 1906, p. 249, tab. 18, figs. 1—3. 8/5 stat. 25 B, 35°46'N 8° 16’ W, 2055 m., yellow mud, 8 spe- cimens. 8/, stat. 53, 34° 59’ N. 33° 1’ W, 2615—2865 m., yellow hard clay- ish mud, temp 3° Cel. Two specimens. The smallest specimen has a disc-diameter of 14 mm. the largest of 25.5 mm. Koehler states that this species har three arm-spines. I found 3 to 4 spines in all of the specimens under consideration, but the extreme arm- joints possessed only 2. One of the specimens from stat. 53 differed besides from the typical Pectinura elata by having the ventral surface of the disc covered with granu- les, in this respect agreeing more nearly with Pectinura heros Lyman. However, as it agreed with Koehler’s spe- cies in other characteristics, such as the forms of the mouth-shields and the size of the arm spines, I have referred it to that species. The remaining specimen were typical Pectinura elata, apart from the somewhat diver- gent number of arm-spines. Pectinura elata was previously taken only by the ,lalisman*“ in 1883 at a station off the west coast of Africa, (25° 2’ — 25° 6' N 19° 11’ — 19° 13’ W, 2325—2518 m.) Its horizontal distribution should thus at present be from 25° 2’ to 35° 46’ N and from 8° 16’ to 33° 1' W. The bathymetrial distribution is from 2055 to 2865 m. Ophiopfeura borealis Danielssen & Koren. Ophiopleura borealis Danielssen & Koren, Nyt Mag. f. Naturvidensk. vol 23, 1877, p. 77, tab. 5, figs. 1—4. 9/g—!0/s stat. 102, 60° 57’ N 4° 38’ W, 1098 m. Dark sand and clay, temp. -+ 0.9 Cel. Three specimens with a disc-diameter of 31—40 m, Ophiopleura borealis has not before been recorded from the Faroe—Shetland Channel. The southern limit of its distribution in the Norwegian Sea was formerly 62° 43’ N. It is a true Arctic species, known from Disco- very Bay, the east coast of Greenland, ihe Norwegian Sea, Spitzbergen, Barents Sea, Franz Joseph Land, the Kara Sea and the Siberian Polar Sea as far as 124° 41’ E. The bathymetrial distribution is 9—1411 m. It lives preferably in the cold area, but was, however, also met within the adjacent warm area (bottom temperature 1.1 to + 1.39°). Ophiura convexa Lyman. Ophiolypha convexa \yman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol 5 no. 7, 1878, p. 84 tab 3 figs. 84 & 85. 19/4 stat. 10, 45° 26’ N 9° 20’ W, 4700 m., yellow mud, temp 2.56 Cel. Four specimens. Diameter of disc 12—15 mm., length of arm 17—27 mm. Ophiura convexa was taken by the “Challenger” in the South Atlantic off the west coast of Africa, 4300 m., as well as in the Pacific, 3751—4209 m._ It was later obtained by the Prince of Monaco between the west coast of Africa and the Azores (29° 5' — 39° 54’ N, 16° 58’ — 22° 22’ 45”W, 3825—4360 m.) and by the “Albatross” olf New England, 2942—4710 m. Lyman besides doubtfully records its being found by the “Blake” off the Antilles, 209—494 m.?) Of the last-named form, which Koehler later de- scribed under the name Ophioglypha coronata?). | have had a specimen for examination from St. Lucia, and after comparing it with the ‘Michael Sars” specimens from the great ocean depths, I agree with him in con- sidering this shallow-water form from the Antilles as distinct from Ophiura convexa. Ophiura concreta Kochler. Ophioglypha concreta Koehler, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, vol. 26., 1901, p. 228. 18/7 stat. 88, 45° 26’N 25°45’ W, 3120 m., sand and yellow mud, temp. 2.5° Cel. Three specimens. Diameter of disc 21—26.5 mm. breadth of arms at border of disc 3-4 mm. In all of the specimens the arms were torn off. Ophiura concreta was hitherto known only from two specimens, the one found in 1901 by the Prince of Monaco off the Cape Verde Is., 2478 m., the other in 1883 by the “Talisman” off the Azores, 2995 m. Ophiura irrorata Lyman. Ophioglypha irrorata Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5 nr. 7, 1878, p. 73, tab. 4, figs. 106—108 Stat. 88, 45° 26’ N., 25° 45’ W., 3120 m., sand and yellow mud, temp. 2.5° Cel. Four specimens. Diameter of disc 15—18.5 mm., breadth of arms at border of disc 2.2.—3 mm. The length of arm in the smallest specimen was 53 mm., without the point, which was wanting. One of the other arms was absent and in all of the speci- mens they were very defective. 18/7, Ophiura irrorata, like Ophiomusium lymani, is a world-wide species. It is known in the Atlantic from New England, the West Indies, the Bay of Biscay, Por- tugal, the Azores and the Canary Is. It was further found off the Cape of Good Hope, the Bay of Bengal, New South Wales, Japan, Bering Sea, the Gulf of California, the Gulf of Panama and the Galapagos Is. The bathymetrical distribution is 604—4315 m. (cfr. Clark®) and Koehler*), who also dealt with the complicated nomenclature of this species. . 40—45. 2) Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum no. 84, 1914, p. 12, fab. 2, figs. 3 & 4. 3) Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, no. 75, 1911, p. 62. 4) Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, no. 84, 1914, p. 18, tab, 1 figs. 3 & 4. ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. III.] ECHINODERMATA eee Ophiura tessellata Verrill. Ophioglypha tessellata, Verrill, Proceed. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 17, 1894, p. 290. 8/g. Stat. 53, 34° 59’ N., 33° 1’ W., 2615—2865 m., yellow hard clayish mud, temp. 3° Cel. Two specimens. Diameter of disc 18 mm, 18/7, Stat. 88. 45° 26’ N., 25° 45’ W., 3120 m., sand and yellow mud, temp. 2.5 Cel. 15 specimens. Diameter of disc 9—24 mm. This species was first described from the east coast of North America, where it was taken at a depth of 458—3720 m., most abundantly between 730 and 1820 m. It was later obtained by the Prince of Monaco in the Bay of Biscay, off Portugal, the Azores and the Cape Verde Is., 1267—2870 m. Ophiura tessellata is thus a North Atlantic species, ranging between about 39° and 41° 39’ N. on the western side and between 14° 47’ and 46° 52’ N. on the eastern side. The bathymetrical distribution is 458—3720 m. Ophiura affinis Liitken. Ophiura affinis Liitken, Kgl. danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, Nat. math. Afd., R 5, B 5, 1859, p. 45, tab. 2, fig. 10. 94. Stat. 1, 49° 27’ N., 8° 36’ W., 146 m., fine sand, temp. 9.57° Cel. One specimen. 0/5. Stat. 38, 26° 3’ N., 14° 36’ W., 77 m., red sand and shingle. Three specimens. 27a Stat, 96, 50° 57’ N.; 10° 46’ W., 184 m., temp. 11° Cel. 6 specimen. Ophiura affinis is a North Atlantic species, occurring off the coasts of North America, as well as of Europe, where it ranges as far north as the Trondhjemsfjord and south to the Mediterranean and Cape Bojador. Ophiocten sericeum Forbes. Ophiura sericea Forbes, Sutherlands Journ. Voy. Baffins Bay, vol. 2, 1852, App. p. 215. 80/s. Stat. 70, 42° 59’ N., 51° 15’ W., 1100 m., tema. 3.7° Cel. Numerous smaller specimens. Diameter of disc 2—5 mm. Ophiocten sericeum is a boreo-arctic species which has its main distribution and attains its greatest development within the Arctic regions, but which is also widely distributed within the boreal area. It was occasionally met with in the Atlantic region proper, to which stat. 70 must belong, although there were found such boreal or boreo-arctic animals as Terebratulina septentrionalis, Pilidium radiatum, Buccinum undatum, Scaphander puncto-striatus etc. In the last-named region it was thus taken by the “Thor” in 1903 in deep water south of Iceland (stat. 164, 62° nO: N., 19° 36’ W., 2128 m., and stat. 166, 62° 57’ N., 19° 58’ W., 947 m.)!) '). Schmidt: Fiskeriundersogelser ved Island og Feroerne Som- meren 1903, p. 22 & 23. Ophiocten /atens Koehler. Ophiocten latens Koehler, Ophiures, Exp. Sci. du “Travailleur’” et du “Talisman”, 1906, p. 267, tab. 18, figs. 11 & 12, 9/4. Stat. 10, 45° 26’ N., 9° 20' W., 4700 m., yellow mud, temp. 2.56° Cel. Two specimens. Of one of them the under surface of the disc only was existant, of the other the entire disc and a portion of one arm. This last-named specimen, whose diameter of disc was 9 mm and which consequently equalled in size the specimens from the ‘Talisman’, agrees perfectly with the description, that Koehler gives of them. In the other, somewhat smaller specimen the form of the mouth-shields, the lateral mouth-plates and the innermost ventral arm- plates are similar to the ‘Talisman’ specimens and I therefore also refer this specimen to Koehler’s species. Ophiocten latens was previously found only by the “Talisman” between the Azores and Portugal (42° 19’N. 23° 26’ W., 4060 m.) Ophiochiton ternispinus Lyman. Ophiochiton ternispinus Lyman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 10, no. 6, 1883, p. 255, tab. 5, figs. 67—69. 8/gs—7/s, stat. 101, 57° 41’ N. 11° 48’ W., 1853 m., hard clay, temp. 3.3° Cel. One specimen. Diameter of disc 23 mm. The arms, which were torn off, were 4mm. broad at the border of the disc. The largest arm-spines measured 3.5 mm. Five to six mouth- papille. The specimen is almost twice as large as the type-specimen, which had a disc-diameter of 12 mm. It differs from the latter by proportionately broader mouth- shields (length 2.7 mm., breadth 2.2 mm.) but agrees with it in other respects. The colour of the specimen preserved in alcohol was brownish gray. One specimen of Ophiochiton ternispinus was found in 1869 by the ‘Porcupine’ SW. of Ireland (stat. 42, 49° 12’ N. 12° 52’ W., 1577 m., 4.3° Cel.) It was later taken by Wandel off the west coast of Greenland (66° 49’N. 56° 28’ W., 442 m.) The species is therefore most prob- ably distributed at the great depths throughout the northern part of the North Atlantic. Ophiomusium lymani Wywille Thomson. (PI. 5, figs. 8—10). Ophiomusium lymani Wywille Thomson, The Depths of the Sea, 1873, p. 173, figs. 32 & 33. 8/s stat. 24, 35° 34'N. 7°35’ W., 1615 m., yellow mud, temp. 8° Cel. One specimen. 7/5 Stat. 25 A., 35° 36’ N. 8° 25’ W., 2300 m., yellow mud. 20 specimens. 8/5 Stat. 25 B, 85°46’ N. 8°16’ W., 2055 m., yellow mud. Common. GRIEG :—ECHINOD 5. 18/5; stat. 35, 27° 27’N. 14° 52/ W., 2603 m., yellow mud. Arm fragments. 8/g stat. 53, 34° 59’ N. 33° 1’ W., 2615—2865 m., yellow hard clayey mud., temp. 3° Cel. One specimen. 30/g stat. 70, 42° 59’ N. 51° 15’ W., 1100 m., temp. 3.7 Cel. Common. 27/7 stat. 95, 50° 22’ N. 11°44 W., Common. 6/g—7/g stat. 101, 57° 41’ N. 11° 48’ W., 1853 m., hard clay, temp. 3.3 Cel. Very common. 1797 m., temp. 3.5 Cel. Disc-diameter of the smallest specimens 2 mm., of the largest 33 mm. In the smallest specimens with a disc-diameter of 2 to 3 mm. (pl. 5, fig. 8) the dorsal side of the disc consists of the central plate, the five primary plates, the radial shields and two small plates placed interradially between the latter. By a disc-diameter of 4 mm. (pl. 5, fig. 9) a secondary plate between the primary plates and the radial shields is added to the disc, which thus possesses 31 plates. By a disc-diameter of 5 mm. (pl. 5, fig 10) this number is further increased by 5 se- condary plates situated interradially between the primary plates, and the number goes on increasing rapidly with continued growth of the disc. The central plates with secondary plates becomes separated from the primary plates, and these from the radial shields, and so on. Mortensen has shown in “Smaa faunistiske og bio- logiske Meddelelser’’!) that ophiurids of various ages are found simultaneously in shallow water at the same locality within the boreal region, and that recently trans- formed young were collected at the same time with one-year old, fully developed two-year old and older individuals. In Arctic waters on the other hand only a single year-class as a rule is found of the ophiurids occurring at locality. A few year-classes may, however, as an exception occur simultaneously, cfr. Mortensen: Echinoderms from East Greenland’) and Grieg: , Michael Sars Ophiuroidea* *). Among the ophiurids collected by the ‘Michael Sars” in 1910 in the North Atlantic Ophiomusium lymani only was represented by a greater number of specimens. In the following synoptic table the measurements of their disc-diameter will be given. As will be seen from this table the great mass of the individuals at a locality seem to belong to the same year-class. Two or three year- classes may, however, occur at the same locality, pos- sibly more. At stat. 25 A there was a maximum of 11 individuals with disc-diameter 15—17 mm., which no doubt represented a year-class. Possibly one or two more year- classes may be found at this station, but the material was too scanty to determine this definitely. At stat. 25 B there 1) Vidensk. Meddelelser 1897, p. 321. *) Meddel. om Gronland, vol. 29 1903, p. 82. 3) Bergens Museums Aarbog 1903 no. 13, p. 23. [REP. OF THE "MICHAEL” SARS NORTH was a maximum of 25 individuals with a disc-diameter of 18—19 mm. The 7 individuals with a disc-diameter of 12 ——13 mm. may possibly represent still another year-class. Three year-classes at least occurred at stat. 70 where a group of 30 individuals aiforded a maximum at 23—25 mm., a small one of six individuals at 17 mm. and a great one of 56 individuals at 4—7 mm. It is probable, however, that the 3—5 mm. examples represented one year-class, and that there was besides a fourth about 10 mm. At stat. 95 a group of 19 individuals afforded a maximum at 27-29 mm. Concerning the remaining 11 to 23 mm. sizes no definite statement can be made, as only single specimens of this group were to hand. They probably represent at least one year-class, however. At stat. 101 there was a very marked maximum at 26 to 29 mm. Besides, the smallest individuals must also represent one year-class. Thus two year-classes at least are found in a | | im ay (eae | | Disc- Stat.| Stat. Stat. Stat. Stat. Disc- | Stat | Stat.| Stat., Stat. Stat. dia- /95 a|25b| 70 | 95 | 101|| “i 25 a|25| 70 | 95 | 101 meter | | | | meter | | | in mim. Number of specimens he 7 Number of specimens 2 |—| =| 2) —|) =] 19:7) Ses eee 3 | —|—| 4] —| =| 20 | 2:8 7am er 4 | —| —| 17] =} —|] 21 | = | 01) ae 5 [—| —|19| —| —] 22 | 1 |) 6 x | 9)/=—|—] 23 | — | — |) Sens srs ae fea rel | eee Nh as ae —); —/} 138}; — 7 8 eee |) 25 | — || 1 Oe eae ils 9 |—| —| 3)—] =) 96 -| 4) 2a eee 0 | =| —[>s;—| =| a7 | 2) See 1] il} 24 1 | 28 —|=—|—| 7) 12 = 2|—|—| | 4 29 |; —|—| =| 5] 24 PLO ET) gos] =") | 14 Yh) Ohya ees || ti eo | i |-3} 5] 1) 1] ‘oe! oo) =. ieee 16 | 3} 10} 2| —| 2] 82.) = 7 | 5}10| 6| 1|—| eo - |) = 18% Le Wel tal geal aul 20 | 81 | 126] 34 |208 As examples for comparison I may mention Pectinura elata, Ophiura tessellata, Ophiocten sericeum and Ophia- cantha abyssicola. At stat. 25B 8 specimens of Pectinura elata were taken. Seven of these had a disc-diameter of 21—25.5 mm., and one of 14 mm. The last-named indi- vidual can hardly belong to the same year-class as the rest. At stat. 88 15 specimens of Ophiura tesselata, (disc- diameter 9—24 mm.) were obtained, which are grouped as follows: There are three examples each of 24 mm., 21 mm. and 18mm. Two specimens measured 20 mm. The sizes 19, 16, 15 and 9 mm. are represented by only ATLANT, DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. IIL] one example each. The smallest of these specimens must belong to a different year-class Irom that of the largest, but whether representatives of a third year-class are found among them it is impossible to decide, as the material is very scanty. Ophiocten sericeum, which was _ so numerous at stat. 70 seems to have been represented there by a single year-class, and as all of the individuals measured 2 to 5 mm., they were probably one year old. 33 examples of Ophiacantha abyssicola were obtained at stat. 101 (disc-diameter 4—8 mm.) These specimens may be grouped as follows: 4 (1), 5 (4), 6 (6), 7 (4) and 8 (8) (The figures in brackets represent the number of specimens; the others the size of the disc-diameter in millimetres.) The specimens from stat. 101 are grouped about a dise-diameter of 7 mm. thus probably also tgpresent a single year-class. If we were to draw any conclusion from this somewhat scanty material, it must be, that what has been said in the foregoing about Ophiomusium lymani applies equally to all of the deep-sea ophiurids of the North Atlantic. For the purpose of comparison I shall give in the following table a summary of the grouping of sizes in some ol the North Atlantic deep-sea star-fishes, of which more abundant material is at my disposal. In determining sizes I have found it most convenient to use the radius of the disc for the star-fishes and not the disc-diameter as in ophiurids. As the table shows there is a great abundance of specimens of Plutonaster bifrons, particularly from stat. 101. We find a group of 96 individuals from this lo- cality with a disc-radius of 8 to 21 mm., and one specimen at 24mm. The group affords two maxima; one consisting of 28 individuals at 10—11 mm. and the other of 17 at 17—18 mm. Both of these must repre- sent a year-class. It is not possible: to determine defi- nitely whether the 24 mm. specimens belong to the older of these year-classes or whether it represents a third one, but judging by the material from stat. 41 I am most inclined to think that stat. 101 had 3 year-classes. At stat. 95 there is a large group of 16 individuals with a disc-radius of 14—20 mm. and one 8 mm. specimen, which must belong to a year-class different from the large group. If we compare these specimens with those from stat. 101, it is evident that the large group must be of the same age as the group from stat. 101 which is grouped about a disc-radius of 17—18 mm., while the 8 mm. example must belong to the youngest year-class. At stat. 41 there were three year-classes. The material comprised 14 speci- ECHINODERMATA 30 mens, one of which measured 10 mm., another 27 mm., the remainder 14—22 mm. The latter must belong to the same year-class as the large group at stat. 95, while the 10 mm. specimen must be of the same age as the 8mm. example in that locality. The 27 mm. specimen must belong to a third and older year-class. The mate- rial from stat. 24 is very little differentiated. It is com- posed of two small groups, one of 9 individuals with a disc-radius of 13—18 mm, the other of 6 individuals with a disc-radius of 18—20 mm. If we compare these groups with the material from the other localities it seems prob- able, that there were two year-classes at stat. 24. The examples of Dytaster agassizi {rom stat. 88 must all belong to the same year-class, as they have a disc-radius of 6—12 mm. The 9—10 mm. group affords a maximum of 18 individuals or 53 per cent of the total number. The specimens of Benthopecten spinosus trom stat. 101 must probably likewise represent a year-class. The features of the material were insufficiently marked, however. $53 Bs iZsclasz Dike: = 3 = Plutonaster bifrons eS Ee is 3 5 25 E ee Ro l|SSEASsS tae Stat. Stat. | Stat. Stat. | Stat. Stat. Stat. | Stat. a LO 24 41 95 | 101 88 101 101 | Number of specimens : 5 ] - = 6 2 — - | = B Son J 2 | - | 3 = 8 3 == al A 3 = 9 2 = — | - 5 ra : 10 2 = oe ie? 10 2 = 11 Tl lee ; 12 7 af | WAY fe r}/—};—| 7] - : 14 = 4 | 1 D) a, Se 1 7 Y - Carre : a 1 3 16 = 2 5 Gy ee | D 17 a — 2 4 8 | l 9 18 he l 2 2 eh | 9 9 ey 3) 2; —) 4 | 2 6 20 = 2) — i 2a) 3 5 Dil = re l ~~ iwi ee 1 3 Dy, = = 1 _ _ = 9 7 23 == = 24 1 25 St |S : a oe 26 ~ } _ ih = = l = 7 (he 7 12 15) | ia | ag) ag sais 25 JAMES A. GRIEG [REP. OF THE “MICHAEL SARS* NORTH At stat. 101 23 Psilaster andromeda were taken which were grouped about 6—10 mm. (9 specimens) and 14 —22 mm. (14 specimens). The grouping was not very distinct, however. If we compare this material with some from the Norwegian coast in the Bergen Museum, it appears that the smallest specimens (disc-radius 6—8 mm.) must belong to a year-class, different from that of the largest specimens (disc-radius 20—22 mm.) It is further evident that some of the intermediary examples (disc- radius 10—19 mm.), must represent a third year-class with a maximum at 12—15mm. The smallest indivi- duals must be two years old and the largest about four, and | should be inclined to consider the before-mentioned year-classes of Plutonaster bifrons as being of the same age as these. The specimens of Bathybiaster robustus taken at stat. 101 are grouped as follows: Two individuals with disc-radius of 11—12 mm., and besides a group of 23 individuals with disc-radius of 15—21 mm. This group affords a maximum of 1] individuals at 19—20 mm. The fact that maximum included the largest individuals (there were only three larger examples at 21 mm.)seems to indicate that the two small individuals (11—12 mm.) may belong to a year-class distinct from the rest. From the foregoing examples we may thus infer that what has been said before about the deep-sea ophiu- rids of the North Atlantic applies equally to the star- fishes of that region. The latter may also be represented by several year-classes in a locality, whilst only one of them is numerously represented. In my treatise “Nogen asteriders alder og aarsklasser’’?) and “Remarks on the Age of some Arctic and North-Atlantic Star-fishes” *) I have entered more at length upon the subject of the grouping of the asterids occurring in a locality. Ophiomusium lymani is a world-wide species, known from the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, 130—3435 m. In the Atlantic where it appears to be the most widely distributed deep-sea ophiurid, it ranges north to 61°10.8’ on the eastern side and to 66°49" on the western side. Ophiomusium planum Lyman. Ophiomusium planum, Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5, no. 9, 1878, p. 218, tab. 3, figs. 46—48. 10/4, stat. 10, 45° 26’N. 9° 20’ W., 4700m., yellow mud, temp. 2.56° Cel. Three specimens. Disc-diameter 16.5—22 mm. 8/6, stat. 53, 34°59’ N. 33° 1’ W. 2615—2865 m., yellow hard clayish mud, temp.3° Cel. Three specimens. Disc-diameter 15.5—22.5 mm, 1) Bergens Museums Aarbok 1916—17, Naturvidensk. Rekke no. 1. 2) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9. vol. 3, 1919, p. 400. This species has normally three arm-spines, but as already pointed out by Koehler'), it may have four, of which the uppermost is placed at some distance from the rest. Some of the specimens under discussion had, however, sometimes as many as five spines, of which the three ventral ones stood very close together, while the two others were separated by a space from them and from one another. The mouth-shields likewise seem to be subject to variations. In the smallest specimens their form resembles that of typical Ophiomusium planum, while those in the larger specimens are more similar to the mouth-shields in Ophiomusium armigerum. As, however, the specimens agree with Ophiomusium planum in other characters, I have referred them to that species. In the Atlantic Ophiomusium planum is hitherto taken only in the northern part, but is found there on the western as well as on the eastern side. It is distributed on the west Atlantic side from 24° 3' to 37° 56’ 20” N., 262—4064 m._ It was first taken by the “Blake” in the West-Indies, where it was also later found by the ‘‘Alba- tross”. The same vessel took it also off the east coast of North America. On the east Atlantic side it ranges from 15° 48' to 45° 26’ N., 2325—5005 m. It was collec- ted by the “Talisman” of the Cape Verde Is., the Canarys and the Azores, where is it later also taken by the Prince of Monaco. Finally the ‘Investigator’ has taken it in the Gulf of Bengal, 2782—3563 m. Ophiactis abyssicola M. Sars. Amphiura abyssicola M. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Echinoder mer, 1861, p. 18, tab. 2, figs. 7—12. °3/5 stat. 24, 28° 8’ N. 13° 35’ W., 1365 m. yellow mud, temp- 8° Cel. Two specimens. 6/s—7/g stat. 101, 57°41' N. 11° 48’ W., 1853 m., hard clay, temp. 3.3° Cel. 9 specimens. The largest specimen measured: mm., length of arm 40 mm. than Sars’ type specimen. This species is distributed along the west-coast of Norway as far as Senjen, but the northern limit of its range is 71°25’ (“‘Voeringen” stat. 200). It was besides found east of Shetland Is., in the Faroe—Shetland Channel, off the west coast of Ireland, on the banks between the Faroe Is. and Iceland and in the Denmark Straits. It is further recorded by Mortensen from the west-coast of Greenland, whereas I have not seen it recorded from the east-coast of North America. The Prince of Monaco took it off the Azores. It ranges therefore from 28°8’ to 71°25’ N. on the east Atlantic disc-diameter 8 It is thus somewhat larger 1) Koehler: man’, 1906, p. 265. Ophiures, Exp. Sci. du “Travailleur”’ et du “Talis- ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL III.] ECHINODERMATA of side. The bathymetrical distribution is 118—1853 m. As already pointed out in “Michael Sars Ophiuroidea”’ (p. 30) Ophiactis abyssicola is a true warm water species. It may, however, occasionally occur in the cold area, and was obtained there by the ‘Porcupine’ (2 stations), the ‘Voeringen (4), the “Knight Errant” and the “Triton” (one station each) and the “Michael Sars” in 1902 (2 stations). Amphiura chiajei Forbes. Amphiura chiajei Forbes, Transact. Linn. Soc., vol. 19, 1843, p. 151, tab. 14, figs. 14—18. 5/5 stat. 21, 35°31’ N. 6°35’ W., 535 m., yellow sand, temp. 11.52° Cel. Several specimens. 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