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Illinois Natural History Survey

Illinois Water Survey

Illinois Geological Survey

Western Illinois University

Illinois State Museum

Aquatic Biology Technical Series 1 985 (6)

Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive

in 2010 witii funding from

CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois

http://www.archive.org/details/ecologicalstructOOspar

Illinois Natural History Survey

Aquatic Biology Technical Report 1985(6)

1985 PROGRESS REPORT

Ecological Structure and Function of Major Rivers in Illinois
"Large River LTER"

National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8114563

Richard E. Sparks, Project Director

Illinois Natural History Survey

River Research Laboratory

Havana, Illinois 62644

Richard E. Sparks ^ Robert W, Gorden, Head

Project Director Aquatic Biology Section

Illinois Natural History Suirvey

Q^^(9^-^^^'^--\

Paul G. Risser, Chief
Illinois Natural History Survey
Chairman, Large River LTER
Executive Committee

30 August 1985

Large River LTER
Scientific and Technical Staff

Richard E. Sparks, Project Director

Illinois Geological Survey

David L. Gross, Ph.D., Geologist and Head, Environmental Studies and

Assessment Unit
Richard A. Cahill, M.S., Chemist
Suzanne Miller, B.S., Technical Assistant
Ann Autry, B. S. , Graduate Assistant

Illinois Natural History Survey

Robert W. Gorden, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist and Head, Aquatic Biology

Section
Michael S. Henebry, Ph.D., Assistant Aquatic Biologst
Kenneth S. Lubinski, Ph.D., Assistant Aquatic Biologist
Paul G. Risser, Ph.D., Chief
Richard E. Sparks, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist
K. Douglas Blodgett, M.S., Associate Research Biologist
Frank M. Brookfield, M.S., Data Manager
Jack W. Grubaugh, M.S., Assistant P.jsearch Biologist
Jens-Dieter Sandberger, M.S., Assistant Supportive Scientist

Illinois State Musetm

James King, Ph.D., Head, Scientific Sections

Illinois Water Survey

J. Rodger Adams, Ph.D., Professional Scientist

Nani G. Bhovmik, Ph.D., Principal Scientist and Assistant Head, Surface

Water Section
Misganaw Demimssie, Ph.D. , Associate Professional Scientist
Wanye W. Wendland, Ph.D., Principal Scientist
Frank Dillon, M.S., Assistant Supportive Scientist

Western Illinois University

Richard V. Anderson, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Dave Day, M.S., Technical Assistant

ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DISCLAIMER

The Long-Term Ecological Research Program has been
sponsored, in part, by the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Association. The findings, conclusions^ recommendations,
and views expressed in this effort are those of the
researchers and should not be considered as the official
position of the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Association.

August 1985
Large River LTER Annual Report

Table of Contents

Page

Title Page and Signature Page i

List of Principal Investigators and Staff iii

Acknowledgment and Disclaimer iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables and Figures vii

SECTION li ACCOMPLISHMENTS

A. Scientific Accomplishments

Introduction (Sparks). . 1-1

Core LTER Data Sets (Lubinski) 1-2

Microbial Populations and Detritus (Henebry and Gorden). . . 1-2

The Illinois River Flood of 1985 — Event-Triggered

Sampling (Demissie and Bhowmik). 1-4

Dams and Successional Changes in the Illinois

River (Demissie and Bhowmik) 1-5

Dams and Successional Changes in the Mississippi

River (Bhowmik). . 1-10

Annual Pattern of Temperature, Precipitation, and Stream-
flow over the Last Century (Wendland and Miskimen) .... 1-16

Decadal Pattern of Moisture Stress over the Span

of a Millenia (King) 1-18

River Ecosystem Model 1-20

Hydrodynamic Model (Demissie and Stephanatos) 1-20

Biological Model (Anderson) 1-26

B. Methods Manual (Cahill) 1-34

C. Data Management and Analysis

Expansion from Data Archiving to Data Retrieval

and Analysis (Gross) 1-36

Importance of Mapping Techniques and GIS to Large

River LTER (Miller and Gross) 1-37

Procedures and Management (Brookfield) 1-38

SECTION 2: SHORTFALLS 2-1

SECTION 3: PROJECT PLAN 2-1

SECTION 4: MOST SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS 4-1

SECTION 5: PUBLICATIONS

A. Publications 5-1

B. Theses 5-4

SECTION 6: PRESENTATIONS 6-1

SECTION 7: LITERATURE CITED .,..„... 7-1

APPENDIX A. Changes in Personnel. . «, . . c ., « o . « c . . » . A- 1

APPENDIX B. External Adivosry Committee « » . c c , « . c . . . B- 1
Report from Chairman Cushing following the
External Adivosry Committee Review of 18-20
February 1985. ....................... B- 2

APPENDIX C. Response to External Advisory Committee

(Sparks) ..... C- 1

APPENDIX D. Current and Pending Support ............ D- 1

APPENDIX E. Collaborative Research and Liaison

Activities E- 1

APPENDIX Fe Budgets ..» .................. . F- 1

APPENDIX G. Use of the Increment of $40,000 at the

Large River LTER Site in 1986. G- 1

List of Tables and Figures

Page

TABLE

1. Functions of large river LTER core data sets.

A = data will provide direct evidence to test one
or more hypotheses; B = data will establish long-
term record of river conditions and indicate
physical and biological relationships. . 1-3

2. Capacity (acre-feet) of Peoria Lake, Illinois River 1-9

3. Average depth (feet) of Peoria Lake, Illinois River 1-9

FIGURE

1. Peoria Lake 1-6

2. Hydrograph of the Illinois River flood, Peoria Pool, 1985. . 1- 7

3. Historical cross-section of Peoria Lake, Illinois River. . . 1-8

4. Comparison of 5-foot contours in Peoria Pool, Illinois

River, 1903 and 1985 1-11

5. Trap efficiency of Pool 19, Mississippi River, and a

comparison with Brune's (1953) curve 1-12

6. Mississippi River upstream of Lock and Dam 19 showing
1984 shoreline and vegetation beds on the left and
projected future shoreline and vegetation beds on the

right 1-14

7. Past, present, and future delta formation at the

mouth of Devils Creel on Pool 19, Mississippi River 1-15

8. Discrete units of flow hydrograph for Mississippi

River Pool 19, 1982 1-22

9. Main channel and channel border compartments 1-23

10. Compartments for nutrient and pollutant transport 1-24

11. Carbon transport simulation for continuous input 1-27

12. Carbon transport simulation for continuous input 1-28

13. Carbon transport simulation for slug input 1-29

14. Flow diagram of the biological model in a habitat

compartment. ....... .... 1-31

15. The 0 to 1 function used to determine the effect
of current velocity on flow from debris (X20) to
POC (X02) and from decomposers in the substrates

(X40) to decomposers in the water column (X04) . . . , . « . 1-32

16. (a) Model simulation showing increase in debris
(X20) with decrease in POC (X02) when current
velocity decreases, (b) Model dimulation of the
effect of pulsed additions of DOC (XOl) on
decomposers in the water column (X04) . (c) Com-
parison of model simulated macrophyte production
(X30) and field data collected from a macrophyte

bed in Pool 19 in 1983 ................... 1-33

17. Map of Pool 19 showing its division into segments
and an expanded set of segments with habitat

compartments ..^...c................. 1-35

18. Computer generated maps of Nauvoo Quadrangle, Pool
19 J depecting quadrangle outline (a), water-land
boundaries (b), and overlays of bed materials (c),

biological habitats (d), and vegetative beds (d) 1-39

19 o Plot of Pool 19 shows the location of Nauvoo

Quadrangle ..» .......... e ... 1-40

SECTION 1: ACCOMPLISHMENTS

A. Scientific Accomplishments

Introduction (Sparks)

The third highest flood on the Illinois River in the 140-year record
occurred in March 1985. This major event triggered sampling to document
changes in the bottom profiles and the flux of water, sediment, and
nutrients in the Peoria Pool. Our sampling crews were already busy with
the spring maintenance sampling on the Keokuk Pool of the Mississippi
River, so our resources were strained to the limit. Fortunately, the
Illinois State Water Survey had obtained a grant from the Rock Island
District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to study the acute
sedimentation problems in Peoria Pool, so we were able to use equipment
and personnel from both projects. The sampling and some preliminary
results are described in this report.

One side effect of the flood event sampling is an acceleration of
the schedule for digitizing map information on our three study sites. The
land-water boundaries in the Peoria Pool have been digitized for the
sedimentation/flood project. We had already hired Suzanne Miller, with a
portion of the $40,000 supplement, to complete digitizing the Pool 26
reaches of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers— the longest and most
complex of our sites — ^so base maps for all our sites should be complete.

The supplement also was used to equip the Water Survey with a
minicomputer-based work station, comparable to those already set up at
Western Illinois University and the field stations at Grafton and Havana,
and to hire a programmer and a graduate assistant in chemistry. The
graduate student is working with Richard Cahill (Illinois Geological
Survey), analyzing carbon isotope ratios in aquatic plants and
invertebrate detritivores, to determine whether we can distinguish
autochthonous and allochthonous sources of detritus and their relative
contribution to secondary production. He is also measuring the carbon
content of sediments and organisms to provide information for our carbon
flow model. The programmer assisted Frank Brookfield (Natural History
Survey) in writing two versions of our biological model in FORTRAN — one to
run on the IBM PC's at the work stations and one on the CYBER. The model
and the input matrices have been carefully structured and documented so
that they will be easy to add to or change.

Other major developments in our model include the routing of water
and sediments in side channels and channel borders and a new capability
for modeling nutrient concentrations. The biological model was simplified
from 22 to 9 state variables and several simulations were completed.

The Large River LTER contributed two papers to the inter-site
symposium on data management at the North Inlet site and participated in
several other inter-site workshops and meetings. We will host the
workshop on sediment transport mechanics and measurement in Grafton,
Illinois on 16-18 September 1985.

1-1

The folloving sections give more details and include reports on
activities not highlighted in our previous annual reports, such as the
microbial-detritus studies (Henebry and Gorden) and reconstruction of
streamflow and precipitation using tree rings and pollen analysis of
sediments (Wendland and King)o

Core ITER Data Sets (Lubinski)

We conducted a major review of the Large River LTER core data sets
and their functions. The goals of this review were to project each future
use of core data sets and to identify modifications necessary to insure
that they will support S3natheses of complex relationships as well as the
testing of specific hypotheses, or long-term documentation of key river
conditions. Recommendations were made regarding additional measurements
to be included during the next 4-year program period. We also agreed on
arrangements to further coordinate sampling schedules.

A major product of the review was the categorization of each core
data set by the specific hypotheses they will be used to test.
Hypotheses were then lumped into general subject areas and a summary table
produced (Table 1). Also identified in this table are the data sets that
will be used to generate long-term records of river conditions related to
each subject.

Microbial Populations and Detritus (Henebry and Gorden)

One of the central hypotheses of the Large River LTER is that there
are two major sources of organic matter assimilated in secondary
production: allochthonous carbon transported via river currents
(particularly during the spring flood) and autochthonous material produced
in the beds of vascular hydrophytes. Each of these sources provides
substantial organic materials, but in a form that is not readily available
to higher trophic level consumers. Our working hypothesis is that
microorganisms contribute significantly to the transformation of these
materials into forms that are readily ingested and assimilated by higher
trophic components. We have addressed this hypothesis in the following
studies.

Distribution of Bacterial Populations in Mississippi River Pool 19
and Correlations with Concentrations of Organic Carbon

Because the activities of microorganisms provide usable forms of
carbon to higher trophic components, the distribution of bacterial biomass
in Pool 19 was examined. Bacterial cells were enumerated by direct
epifluorescent counts and biomass was calculated from measurements of
cellular dimensions. In summer, bacterial biomass (mg carbon/L) in the
water column ranged from 0.05 is the main channel (MC) habitat to 1,13 in
the vegetated main channel border (VMCB); bacterial biomass in the VMCB
habitat was significantly higher (P < 0.05, ANOVA) than in the MC or the
nonvegetated main channel border (NVMCB) habitats.

Bacterial carbon (mg/g dry weight) in sediments ranged from 0.00024
to 0.01073, or to a depth of 10 cm, from 24 mg carbon/m2 in sandy

1-2

Table 1. Functions of large river LTER core data sets. A = data
will provide direct evidence to test one or more hypotheses; B = data
will establish long-term record of river conditions and indicate physical
and biological relationships.

Subject areas

Core data set

Control of

production

by physical

factors

Sources of

organic
matter for
secondary
production

Control of
community
structure
by physical
variables

Succession

Water levels (all
pools, daily)

Discharges (Pool 19,
weekly)

A, B

Sediment, water
quality, nutrients,
carbon (Pool 19,
sensonally)

A, B

A, B

Main channel water
quality (Pool 26,
weekly)

A, B

Aerial photographs
(all pools, annually
and event triggered)

A. B

Land/water, sediment,
vegetation maps (all
pools, as necessary)

A, B

Bathymetric profiles
(all pools, as
necessary)

Populations^ with
supplementary water
quality and habitat
data (all pools,
seasonally)

A. B

A, B

A, B

A, B

A, B

^ Populations include phytoplankton (chlorophyll a), zooplankton,
benthic macroinvertebrates, and adult fishes.

1-3

sediments (generally found in the MC habitat) to 1073 mg carbon/m2 in
muddy sediments containing hydrophyte roots (in VMCB). Biomass in muddy
sediments was significantly higher (P <0.05, ANOVA) than in sandy
sediments. Bacterial biomass was highest on the submersed surfaces of
hydrophytes, ranging from 0 = 06 to 4.90 mg carbon/g dry weight on
Sagittaria latifolia and Vallisneria americana. respectively o When
bacterial biomasses in the water colimn (assuming a depth of 1 m in each
habitat), sediments, and on plant surfaces were combined, the VMCB habitat
contained 1.8 times the bacterial carbon in NVMCB and 6.7 times that in MC
habitats. This pattern of higher amounts of bacterial carbon in VMCB
appears to exist throughout the year, but it is most apparent from August
through October.

Distribution and Characteristics of Dissolved and
Particulate Organic Carbon

During summer, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in Pool
19 were significantly higher (P < 0.05, ANOVA) in the VMCB than in other
habitats; particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration was also highest
in VMCBo DOC and POC concentrations both correlated significantly (P <
0.01, Pearson) with water column bacterial biomass « Enclosure experiments
conducted in the vegetation bed at Nauvoo Flats in the summers of 1983 and
1984 indicated that submersed vascular hydrophytes in the vegetation beds
excrete substantial amounts of DOC.

Annually, about 15% of the fine (<I-mm diameter) suspended
particulate material (SPM) in Pool 19 was organic. During all seasons,
the percentage of SPM consisting of organic matter was higher (up to 28%)
in VMCB than in other habitats and often decreased progressively with
distance from vegetated areas. Organic nitrogen content and oxygen
consumption (as measured in a Gilson differential respirometer) were both
higher for fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) from VMCB than that
from other habitats. These findings suggest that relatively labile
carbon, as DOC, FPOM, and associated bacteria, is produced in vegetated
areas of Pool 19, and subsequently it may be transported by waves and
currents to nonvegetated areas where is provides substantial nutrition to
higher level heterotrophs.

The Illinois River Flood of 1985 — Event-Triggered Sampling
(Demissie and Bhowmik)

The third highest flood on the Illinois River in the 140-year record
occurred in March 1985. We have good historical data on our study area in
the river, Peoria Lake, and the Water Survey obtained supplemental funding
from the Rock Island District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, to support
intensive field data collection in the lake from February to May 1985. The
field data collection included the following components: (1) velocity and
discharge measurements, (2) sediment concentration and particle size
sampling, (3) lake bed material and sediment core sampling, and (4)
bathymetric profiling of the lake bed.

Velocity and discharge measurements were made at several locations
between Franklin Street bridge near downtown Peoria and Chillicothe (Fig.

1-4

1). Velocity measurements were taken across the stream channel and the
lake at two different times. The discharge at the Franklin Street bridge
was measured nine times during the flood. A flood hydrograph of the
Illinois River and the sediment load during that period was generated
(Fig. 2). A total of 256 samples were collected for sediment
concentration analysis and another 25 samples for particle size analysis.
We made 31 attempts to collect bed load samples. Only one measurable
sample was collected at the Franklin Street bridge. Boat sampling,
however, was successful in collecting six bed load samples with very high
organic content, which may require a follow-up study to investigate the
nature and transport of bed load in Peoria Lake.

We collected 25 bed materials and 14 core samples for particle size,
unit weight, and chemical analyses at the different sampling
cross-sections. The results are still being analyzed and will appear in
the 1986 annual report and in publications.

Dams and Successional Changes in the Illinois River
(Demissie and Bhowmik)

The event-triggered sampling also enabled us to update the
hydrographic information on Peoria Lake and to draw conclusions about
long-term successional processes.

Mapping of Peoria Lake and Tributary Watersheds

Peoria Lake and the watersheds of the tributary streams that drain
directly into Peoria Lake were digitized from 11 7.5-minute quadrangle
maps of the U.S. Geological Survey, starting from Peoria Lock and Dam
(river mile 158) and ending at the Lacon Bridge (river mile 186) using
the Geographic Information System (GIS) (Fig. 3). It is now possible to
produce maps of different sizes and scales, compute the area of the lake,
the length of the shoreline, drainage areas of tributary streams, stream
length, and other relevant information.

Sediment Rates. In 1903, the lake volume was calculated to be
120,000 acre-feet from the Woermann maps (Table 2). For all practical
purposes, the 1903 volume can be assumed to be the original volume of the
lake prior to manipulations by man. In 1965, the lake volume was 73,000
acre-feet. Thus, in 62 years, the lake lost slightly less than half of
its volume. However, a large percentage of this volume loss occurred just
since the completion of Peoria Lock and Dam in 1939, which combined with
the reduction in the diversion of Lake Michigan water, served to double
the trap efficiency of Peoria Lake. By 1975, the lake volume had
decreased by 16,000 acre-feet to a total volume of 57,000 acre-feet. In
1985, the lake volume was only 39,000 acre-feet, which is less than a
third of the 1903 volume.

Sediment Distribution. The sedimentation rate in upper Peoria
Lake is nearly twice that of lower Peoria Lake. The upper lake has lost
about 73Z of its 1903 volume while the lower lake has lost 54%. The depth
in much of the lake is decreasing and the main channel is shrinking (Table

1-5

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ff3.

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166^

Peoria

^A

Farm

'Lower
Peoria Lake

SCALE OF MILES
0 1-2 3 4 5

160 1

Fig. 1. PEORIA LAKE

Peoria
Lock & Dam .

1-6

(Aep/suoi) avO"I lN3l/\lia3S

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1-7

440

RIVER MILE 169.5

435

430

-I 425

420 -

1000

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

DISTANCE FROM RIGHT BANK OF RIVER, feet

7000

Fig. 3. Historical cross-section of Peoria Lake, Illinois River,

1-8

Table 2. Capacity (acre-feet) of Peoria Lake, Illinois
^iver.

Total

lake

120,

,000

11.

,900

56

,600

38,

.700

Year Upper lake Lower lake

1903 96,000 24,000

1965 55,200 17,700

1975 42,200 14,400

1985 25,700 13,000

Table 3, Average depth (feet) of Peoria Lake, Illinois
River.

Year

Upper lake

Lower lake

Total lake

1903

7.6

9.8

8.0

1965

4.4

7.2

4.8

1975

3.4

5.9

3.8

1985

2.0

5.3

2.6

1-9

3, Fig. 3). The lake capacity is approaching a dynamic equilibrixim while
the channel capacity does not show any reduction in the rate of capacity
loss, implying that the channel will require dredging much more frequently
to keep it open.

The 1903 contour for the 5-foot depth shows that much of the lake
was deeper than 5 feet^ while the 1985 contour indicates a narrow channel
that bounces from shore to shore in upper Peoria Lake and close to the
western shore in lower Peoria Lake (Fig. 4)» If sedimentation continues
at the same rate as before and no dredging is performed in the lake, the
1985 contour may reflect the plan form of the future Peoria Lake — a narrow
stream channel in the middle of the lake and mud flats and marsh areas on
both sides of the channel. The equilibrium conditions expected for the
Illinois River within Peoria Lake will be totally different from its
original shape, plan form, and character.

Dams and Successional Changes in the Mississippi River (Bhowmik)

The present morphology of any stream or river is the end product of
all the natural and man-made influences and constraints that have been
imposed on the system from its inceptione The mighty Mississippi River is
no exception to this process of environmental change. In addition to
climatic and natural influences, the river has been altered to insure an
adequate navigation channel since 1824 when the removal of snags, shoals,
sand bars, and rock ledges began (Solomon et al. 1975).

Pool 19 near Keokuk, Iowa, is one of the 27 pools along the
Mississippi River, and one of our three sites for intensive study. This
pool extends from Keokuk, Iowa, past Burlington, Iowa, for a distance of
74.5 km. The lock and dam at this location was constructed in 1913 for
hydropower development and to facilitate navigation past the Des Moines
Rapids; it is the oldest and highest lock and dam (11.6 m) along the
river. This is also the longest pool of the entire navigation channel.
At the flat pool elevation, the head on the dam is 11.64 m, which is the
highest head differential on the Mississippi River except for the Upper
St. Anthony Falls Lock.

Alteration of the river by the construction of locks and dams,
dikes, and other structural means has initiated some reactions that alter
the morphology of the river both immediately upstream and downstream of
the locks. The long-term effect is a widening of the river upstream of
the dam and a slight narrowing of the river immediately downstream of the
dam (Simons et al. 1975). Pool 19 dam has a high storage capacity to
inflow ratio, C/I, compared with most of the low head navigation pools and
has undergone a predictable successional change that includes initially
high trap efficiencies and sedimentation rates, a decrease in
sedimentation rates with time as the storage capacity decreases, and the
eventual attainment of a state of dynamic volumetric equilibrium. We have
also analyzed the trends in capacity loss of this pool in terms of trap
efficiencies (Brune 1953) and have observed that Pool 19 may reach a
dynamic equilibrium when the C/I ratio reaches a value of about 0.002
(Fig. 5).

1-10

5 Depth
(1903)

m

//

Fig 4, Comparison of 5'-foot
contours in Peoria Pool, Illinois River,
1903 and 1985.

1-11

in

c
• o

•H -H

iuaojad 'AON3IOIdd3 dVHl

1-12

Within each successive period, the capacity of the pool decreases
with corresponding decrease in the C/I ratio and the trap efficiency (Fig.
5). If the trend line for Pool 19 is extended to the point of zero trap
efficiency (Fig. 5), that is the average inflow of sediment equals the
average outflow of sediment, the C/I ratio would be between 0.002 and
0.0025. At this point, the pool will attain a dynamic volumetric
equilibrium. Assuming that the rate of capacity loss changes from 3.46
million cubic meters per year in 1979 to zero when C/I equals 0.002 or
0.0025, then this equilibrium will be attained between 2016 and 2053, and
the pool will have lost about 80% of its original capacity.

Extensive sedimentation of the channel border areas will cause the
loss of 80% of the pool capacity. Fig. 6 summarizes the progression of
the downstream portion of the pool toward an ultimate plan form and shape.
This portion of the river will change from a lake-like appearance to a
river and floodplain environment. The main navigation channel will not
change in position or depth and the river will not return to the pre-dam
geometry of rapids and pools. The pool will function more as a
deep-incised river instead of a lake. The river will still have channel
border habitats with benthic and macrophyte communities, but the habitats
will be closer to the main channel and much reduced in area, so the
primary and secondary production of the aquatic environment will also be
reduced. The predicted morphological changes are the end result of the
high dam along the navigation channel which has drastically changed the
low water profiles.

Navigation locks and dams are constructed mainly to develop a
channel deep enough to allow commercial traffic during the low flow season
when the depth of water in the natural river is insufficient to allow
2.75-m draft barges to move safely. This change of the normal low water
depths will in turn alter the interactions between the main river and its
tributaries. Normally, the low water profile of a main river and its
tributaries match at the confluence with minimal backwater effect on the
tributaries. However, with an increase in the low water depths in the
main river due to the construction of the locks and dams, the tributary
mouths are submerged, backwater extends up the tributaries, and the flow
velocity is decreased forcing the deposition of sediment loads at or near
the confluences, with increased delta and island building (Lane 1955,
Wright and Coleman 1972, Solomon et al. 1975, Chen and Simons 1979). The
pooling action of the river has accelerated the formation of islands and
deltas and the tributary mouths are like miniature versions of the main
Mississippi delta.

An example is the confluence of Devils Creek and the Mississippi
River about 21 km upstream of Lock and Dam 19 (Fig. 7). Before being
dammed, the river at this location was about 1.5 km wide with an average
depth of about 1 m. The construction ol the lock and dam increased
backwater and channel border areas. The 1930 outline shown with a broken
line (Fig, 7) indicates the river at this location was about 3 km wide.
However, the deeper part of the river still stayed close to the eastern
bank. During the last 54 years. Devils Creek Delta has progressed toward
the main channel. The shallow offshore area (called Montrose Flats) is
now less than 1 m deep and is biologically highly productive with

1-13

©-4-

Fig. 6. Mississippi River upstream of Lock and Dam 19 showing
1984 shoreline and vegetation beds on the left and projected future
shoreline and vegetation beds on the right.

1-14

EXPLANATION
■— 1903 Outline
.. 1930 Outline

— 1984 Outline

— Final Approximate Bank Line

Fig, 7, Past, present, and future delta formation at the mouth of
Devils Creek on Pool 19, Mississippi River,

1-15

extensive beds of clams and macrophy tes c However, the future
cross-sectional shape of the river at this location will not bear any
resemblance to the present or original cross section. The river will have
an incised channel about 6-10 m deep near the east bank, compared with the
original shallow and broad channel with a 1-2 m average depth*

Our predictions are based on existing data and infonaationc Flows
in the Mississippi River change and the river may go through extreme
events, such as floods and droughts. The 1973 flood on the Mississippi
River was the second highest flood of record (Bhowmik and Adams 1984) and
scoured approximately the equivalent of 1 year of sediment load from Pool
19» Moreover, the 1973 record flood, in combination with the floodplain
levees that constrict the river floodplain area (Belt 1975) may have
increased sediment deposition in the backwater areas and near the mouth of
the river (Wright and Coleman 1974). On the other hand, during the 1977
drought, the sediment load in the river was very low, water was clear with
lew turbidity, and macrophy te beds expanded rapidly on Montrose Flats.
These macrophyte beds, in turn, reduced the flow velocity forcing the
deposition of additional sedimentSo Thus, the stable equilibrium
morphology of the river is predictable, but the time to equilibrium
depends on extreme natural events (floods and droughts) that could either
accelerate or decelerate the long-term trends.

Annual Pattern of Temperature . Precipitation, and Streamf low
over the Last Century (Wendland and Miskimen)

The objectives of this component were: (1) to develop a quality
tree-growth chronology for a few sites on the Mississippi and Illinois
rivers, which would be statistically correlated with temperature,
precipitation, and streamflow for the last 40 years, and (2) to
reconstruct the same three parameters for the period from 40 years ago to
the earliest tree-ring available. The project involved field work to core
several tens of trees of one species at each site, preparation and
measurement of the cores, correlation of the cores with the three
parameters, and actual reconstruction.

The objectives were to be met by several tasks and the progress of
each is discussed below.

Location of Sites

With the help of county foresters and others, we located three sites
where cores from old trees could be obtained along the Illinois and
Misgissippi rivers. The age of trees was not as great as hoped but
permitted reconstructions back to about 1890 along the Illinois River and
about 1910 along the Mississippi River.

Coring Trees

Twenty-one trees were cored (seven cores each) from oak and maple
from the Marshall County Conservation Area in late August and early
November 1984. This site is located within a few hundred meters of the

1-16

Illinois River. Cores were obtained form trees located both on the
floodplain (trees on soils saturated by every flood) and also on adjacent
slopes several tens of meters above bankfull discharge (trees which
experience no flooding). Fifteen oak trees were cored on 1 December 1984
at Big River State Forest in Henderson County along the Mississippi River.
Another 12 oak trees were cored in Loud Thunder Forest Preserve in Rock
Island County on 2 December 1984. Because the last two sites are located
within a few kilometers of each other, the cores were combined and treated
as one site.

Determination of Missing or Multiple Rings

Occasionally, trees will grow no annual rings or perhaps two rings
during one growing year. These events occur because of disease, insects,
or perhaps very unusual weather. Missing or multiple rings were
identified by the use of skeletal plots.

Calculation of Annual Tree-Ring Indices

Because different species grow at different rates and because young
trees typically grow faster than older trees, actual ring widths are not
an appropriate measure of relative growth, either temporally or inter-
species. Therefore annual indices are calculated. The index is a
dimensionless number from which the "growth curve" (i.e., the propensity
for a young tree to grow faster than an older tree) has been removed. A
program from the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of
Arizona was used for this procedure. All oak cores have been subjected to
this procedure. The calculation of annual indices is currently being
delayed because of problems with the program.

Because one species may grow faster than another, each core's ring
widths (in mm) are being converted to an index, which is the width divided
by the standard deviation, making the indices of one species comparable to
those of another. All trees from the same species and from the site are
averaged so that individual idiosyncrasies from one core or tree will be
removed.

Correlation between Annual Growth Indices and Temperature,
Precipitation, and Streamflow

Using growth indices, temperature, precipitation, and streamflow
from the last 40 years, correlations between the annual growth index
(dependent variable) and the three independent variables will be
determined: (1) monthly temperature and (2) precipitation from the
growing season and from several months prior to the growing season, and
(3) streamflow data from sites near each of the tree sites. Correlations
from the last 40 years of data will permit the reconstructions of the
three environmental parameters for years prior to 1945 using the
techniques described in Wendland and Watson-Stegner (1983).

1-17

Reconstruction of Temperature, Precipitation, and Streamflow
from Tree Rings

Reconstructed values of the above three parameters will be
determined for those months where statistically significant relationships
have been identified., Linear regression will be used for the
reconstructions; however, the actual variables used for reconstructions
may differ from those used by Wendland and Watsoa-Stegner (1983) « In that
study, they assumed that the climate of both the floodplain and the
hillside trees was essentially the same, but that the floodplain trees
were also susceptible to periodic flooding and saturated soil moisture
conditions. They constructed a growth ratio for each year, composed of
the floodplain site mean index divided by the hillside site mean index.
The ratio tends toward values less than unity during times of frequent or
large-scale floods. This characteristic permits reconstruction of flood
events based on growth ratios from years prior to the time of flood
records. We anticipate that this work will be completed by the end of
1985.

Decadal Pattern of Moisture Stress over the Span of Millenia (King)

Climatic changes that cause replacement of one community by another
generally occur on long-term time scales of thousands of years; however,
changes of shorter duration, centuries and decades, can also result in
subtle shifts in species composition if specific ecological tolerances are
exceeded.

The fossil pollen record provides a history of vegetation that is
the primary means of reconstructing climatic history for terrestrial
environments. Studies of fossil pollen from sites throughout the
midcontinental region of North America reveal a sequence of vegetation
changes correlated with the large-scale glacial/ interglacial cycles, as
well as lesser shifts in the plant communities in response to the climatic
dynamics of the Holocene (the last 10,000 years). Temperature appears to
have been the primary controlling factor during glacial and deglacial
periods while precipitation has been the most important climatic variable
during the interglacial periods, including the current one. Since the
final wasting of glacial ice about 9000 years ago, the vegetation of the
Midwest has been controlled by available moisture (effective
precipitation) rather than by temperature.

For the past 5000 years, climates have been slowly getting cooler
and wetter in the American midcontinent, so that conditions are similar to
those that occurred in the area about 9000 years ago. Beginning about
1000 years ago and lasting until about 300 years ago, there was one
especially sharp period of hemispheric cooling, knowu as the little ice
age or neoglacial, during which mountain glaciers advanced worldwide.
Pine, spruce, and birch increased throughout the Great Lakes region (King
et al. 1976). In the following short interval between the end of the
neoglacial and the large-scale disturbance of the land and vegetational
systems by Euro-Americans, the pollen record indicates a return to
slightly warmer conditions and a decrease in boreal pollen indicators. In
sites where the sedimentation rate is rapid enough, the pollen record

1-18

reflects the effects of the mid-twentieth century droughts and the
reforestation of abandoned farmlands.

Because of the extent of human disturbance, natural community
evolution or climatically related change is masked. By comparing the
short-term palynological record with that of the last 1000 years, we may
achieve a better understanding of the natural environment. The goal of
the palynology component of the Large River LTER study is to develop the
short-term history of the vegetation within the basins for the last 200
years. The early part of this period is frequently cited as the model for
the natural environment against which the modern disturbed communities can
be compared. The difference between them is often considered a reflection
of anthropogenically induced ecological change.

Progress to Date

The short-term history is being reconstructed from palynological
studies of sediment cores collected from backwater lakes and bays within
the river basins as well as isolated natural ponds in the area. The
sedimentation rates within these target localities are unusually high due
to human activities and have preserved a detailed pollen record of
vegetation changes on a time scale not possible with naturally accumulated
deposits. The details of the process of land conversion to intensive
agriculture and its impacts on the natural vegetation should be preserved
in these sediments. Because of the fast sedimentation rate, it may be
possible to determine changes on the scale of decades or less. By
detailing the changes in the vegetation coimnunities bordering the river,
impacts upon both ecosystems can be addressed as to synchronization,
direction of community change, and source of impacts. For example, the
impacts of agriculture can be separated from upstream events such as urban
pollution.

To date, cores have been collected from the Peoria Pool and several
backwater lakes upstream on the Illinois River and from within the main
channel of the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River cores are
composed of coarse sediment and I do not expect preserved pollen in these
cores. Although pollen is a silt-sized particle, it acts like a
clay-sized particle in suspension and does not settle out except in still
water. The cores from the Illinois River will probably be more valuable
in terms of palynological information. The final analysis of these cores
will be completed this coming year.

Sediment cores have been collected from the Calhoun Point Wildlife
Management Area at the confluence of the Illinois River with the
Mississippi River. These borings were taken from the modern floodplain
surface and include the last few decades of accumulation. In addition,
several natural ponds were located in the area which may contain pollen
records. Initial attempts to core these ponds have not been successful
but I will change methods and try again.

1-19^

River Ecosystem Model

Hydrodynamic Model (Demissie and Stephanatos)

The hydrodynamic model simulates the physical dynamics of Pool 19 so
that the ecological dynamics of the pool can be explained and simulated
properlyo The hydrodynamic parameters which influence the biological
structure and function of different habitats include flow velocity,
discharge, water depth, sediment concentration, sediment accumulation or
scour, and the transport of nutrient and pollutants. Field data
collection alone could not provide all the above information at all places
at any time. However, a model that has been calibrated and verified with
field data will provide the necessary information for actual or
hypothetical conditions.

The hydrodynamic model development for the Illinois Large Rivers
LTER has progressed gradually as the results of the models were evaluated
and used by the Biological Model. Initially, the model was strictly
one-dimensional and the results were satisfactory but did not provide
enough detail for the Biological Model. By using a different option in
the existing model, it was possible to generate two-dimensional hydraulic
information which is compatible with the objectives of the Biological
Model.

Water and Sediment Transport Model. After reviewing existing
models, we selected the HEC~6 sediment transport model developed by the
Hydrologic Engineering Centers U^Sc Army Corps of Engineers. The model
was used with an alternative format which allows subdividing any reach of
the pool into different compartments. However the HEC-6 is not capable of
performing nutrient or pollutant transport, so we developed a nutrient and
pollutant transport model that will use the HEC-6 output.

The data required to run the HEC-6 model include: (1) cross-
sectional profiles, (2) sediment rating curves for the main river and
tributary streams, (3) bed material characteristics, (4) water
temperature, (5) flow resistance coefficients, (6) operating rules at the
downstream dam, and (7) flow hydrographs for the main river and tributary
streams.

For Pool 19, 30 cross-sections profiled by the Illinois State
Geological Survey (ISGS) in 1983 were used. Sediment rating curves by
size fractions were developed for the Mississippi River at Lock and Dam
19, Henderson Creek, and the Skunk River. The bed material
characteristics were defined based on samples collected and analyzed by
ISGS in 1983o

Water temperature affects the settling velocity of the sediment
particl«*s. Because water temperature data were not available at all
locations for Pool 19, air temperature was adjusted to reflect the water
temperature and used in the model.

The flow resistance coefficients represent the resistance to flow
of a given reach of river. They include the effects of channel roughness.

1-20

shape, and alignment. They vary with discharge and depth. Sufficient
hydraulic data were not available to directly compute roughness
coefficients, so past experience and literature values were used to
approximate them. The relations between Manning's n and discharge used by
previous studies on the Mississippi River were used to estimate the
resistance coefficients.

For Pool 19, the operating rule is very simple because the water
level at the Lock and Dam is maintained near 518.2 ft (MSL) at all times
for all discharges.

Finally, the model requires the flow hydrographs for the main river
and the tributary streams for the period of simulation. Daily water
discharge hydrographs are available for the Mississippi River and the two
tributaries, Henderson Creek and Skunk River. However, it is not
necessary to run the HEC-6 model for a 1-day time step. Instead the flow
hydrograph is divided into discrete units (Fig. 8) to decrease the number
of time steps that have to be run. A whole-year hydrograph was reduced to
21 discrete flow values without losing much detail in the flow (Fig. 8).
It can, of course, be divided into more segments if needed.

Outputs from the HEC-6 model include: (1) velocity for each
compartment at every cross-section, (2) discharge for each compartment at
every cross-section, (3) water surface elevations, (4) depth of water for
each compartment at every cross-section, (5) sediment concentration and
load at each cross-section, (6) change in channel bed elevations, and (7)
total sediment accumulation in the pool.

One of the important steps in the hydrodynamic model is the
subdivision of the pool into different habitat compartments. Based on
habitat, substrate, and hydraulic geometry characteristics, the pool was
subdivided into main channel, channel border, and floodplain compartments.
For most cases, the flow is within the channel border and main channel
compartments (Fig. 9). The hydraulic parameters for each compartment and
the flux of material from one compartment to another have to be computed.
The flux of water from one compartment to another is calculated from the
differences in discharge from cross-section to cross-section.

Nutrient and Pollutant Transport Model. Because of the varying
rates of influx of nutrients, either from upstream, lateral, or tributary
sources, gradients in nutrient concentrations occur most of the year.
Point discharges or spills may create localized areas of high
concentrations of pollutants in the future. Pollutants and nutrients can
be transported to other areas by advection, due to flow, and by diffusion
and dispersion, due to differences in concentrations.

The nutrient and pollutant transport model subdivides a reach of the
pool into compartments or stream tubes (Fig. IC). This structure provides
the necessary two-dimensional resolution of the study area and enables us
to calculate the flux of nutrients and pollutants from compartment to
compartment. The initial input data to the model is obtained from the
HEC-6 alternative output format. The discharge within each compartment is
calculated by using the conveyance factor for each tube (Eqiiation 1):

1-21

MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT KEOKUK
WATER YEAR 1982

31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361
TIME IN DAYS

Fig. 8. Discrete units of flow hydrograph for Mississippi
River Pool 19, 1982.

1-22

depth, width, area,

velocity, discharge.

volume

Fig. 9. Main channel and channel border compartments.

1-23

CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW

INFLOW

y y y T y y y y

Transverse

Concentration

Distribution

OUTFLOW

PLAN VIEW

EXPLANATION
Transport by Convectior

Transport by Diffusion

Fig. 10» Compartments for nutrient and pollutant transport.

1-2A

Qki = Qi * Kki/Ki (1)

where: Qki = discharge in compartment ki
Qi = total discharge at a section

^ki = conveyance of compartment ki = 1.49 A^i Rki^/^/nki
Ki = conveyance of the whole cross-section
Aki = flow area
Rki = hydraulic radius
nj^i = Manning's roughness coefficient ',

The flux of water from one compartment to another compartment,
Qlk» is calculated as:

Ik dx dt

where x and t are longitudinal distance and time, respectively, and all
other terms are as described above »

Once water discharges and the corresponding velocities are
calculated, the transport of nutrients and pollutants are calculated by
the following equations. The equations are simplified by dropping the
subscripts, but all the equations are used for each compartment.

(a) Transport by longitudinal convection (current) is calculated by:

3c S(Auc) ^ , .

^ 3t 3x " - ^-^^

where c is the concentration and u is the longitudinal velocity.

(b) Transport by longitudinal diffusion is calculated by:

9c 3(AE 3c/3x)

* sT T^; — (^>

where Ex is the diffusion coefficient in the longitudinal direction.
The transport component is due to the concentration gradient in the
longitudinal direction.

(c) Transport by transverse (lateral) convection is calculated by:

3c 3(Awc) ^ . .

"^ 3t ^ 3z " ^^^

where w and z are the transverse velocity and distance, respectively.
This transport component is due to the current from one compartment to
another compartment.

1-25

(d) Transport by transverse diffusion is calculated by:

^ dc _ 3(AE^ 9c/9z) ,.,

^ 8t ~ 3z ^^^

where Ez is the diffusion coefficient in the transverse direction.

The nutrient and pollutant transport model was used to simulate the
transport processes in Pool 19. The initial simulation runs included
continuous and pulse (slug) carbon input at the upstream end of Pool 19.
The results for a continuous carbon input of 60 g/m^ s~l are shown in Fig.
11, where the carbon mass flux is shown throughout the pool for 12.2,
24.2, 42,2, and 96.2 hours after the initiation of the input. The water
discharge was assumed to be 1650 m^ s"l. The front edge of the carbon
flux traveled 34 miles in 12,2 hours, and after 42.2 hours (less than 2
days), it had already reached Lock and Dam 19. After 96.2 hours, the
whole pool is in a steady state condition. For the same conditions. Fig.
12 shows the change in concentration of carbon at river miles 406.3,
394.9, 382,9s and 373 o 97, starting from the time carbon entered until 80
hours later. It shows how the carbon moved from the upstream portions of
the pool downstream.

In another example, 60 g/m3 b~^ was introduced once and discontinued
with a water discharge of 5120 m^ s~l (Fig. 13). After 9.1 hours, most of
the carbon is between 11 and 25 km downstream from the source. After 18.1
hours, most of the carbon has moved further downstream and is spread over
a larger area. After 30.1 hours, most of the carbon has moved out of the
pool with some spread over the pool.^

Biological Model (Anderson)

Simplification. The initial approach to the biological model (see
our 1983 and 1984 annual reports) has been valuable in that it focused our
research on key organisms or groups within the river system. However,
this model began to develop into an increasingly complex set of population
models which could not answer some basic system-level questions. The
expanding number of state variables required more development time and
input data that) were available. Consequently, a simpler model was
developed to help address the following objectives:

(1) Determine sites of carbon production, accumulation, and use
within a navigation pool. Sampling has shown that some areas, e.g., the
large eddy in the river reach of Pool 19 referred to as Montrose Flats
(river miles 375-377), act as retention devices for organic matter. Also
some habitat types have a high biomass of heterotrophs while other
habitats are areas of high autotrophic production which may fuel the
heterotrophs.

(2) Determine turnover time and the seasonal patterns of carbon flow
of a navigation pool. Large macrophyte beds undergo seasonal production
and senescence, benthic insects show periods of peak growth and mass
emergences, and organic matter is periodically redistributed by floods.

1-26

70

TRANSPORT OF DISSOLVED CARBON

Water discharge = 1654 (m-^ s"^)
Continuous input of 30 (g/m*')

96.20 hr

10

20 30 40 50 60

DISTANCE FROM UPSTREAM BOUNDARY (km)

Fig. 11. Carbon transport simulation for continuous input.

1-27

50

45

E
^ 35

O

30

25

o

§20

z
o

OQ 15

<

o

10
5
0

TRANSPORT OF DISSOLVED CARBON

A

Water discharge = 1654 (m^ s"^ )
A Continuous input of 30 (g/m*^)

River Mile
406.30 /^V

/W

/a a a^

/xV--..-?4-^<V^ \

/ 1

\/ /

\^ / /\

/ 394.90/

/

v /

, / /

/

382.90 '

1

/

7 /

1
1
1

yizan /

/ /[

1
1

y

10

20

30 40 50

TIME IN HOURS

60

70

80

Fig, 12, Carbon transport simulation for continuous, input.

1-28

12

10

z
o

H 8

<

CE

Z
Ui

o 6

o
o

z
o

<

2

TRANSPORT OF DISSOLVED CARBON
Water discharge = 5120 (m^ s"M
Slug input = 60 (g/m"^)

10 20 30 40 50 60

DISTANCE FROM UPSTREAM BOUNDARY (km)

Fig. 13, Carbon transport simulation for slug input,

1-29

(3) Examine carbon use by major biotic components of a navigation
pool. Use of carbon by major biotic components within habitats may change
depending on the life cycle of the dominant organisms.

(4) Evaluate environmental factors that affect carbon movement
through a navigation poolc Floods bring not only allochthonous organic
matter but also inorganic sediment which affects primary production and
feeding efficiencies of consumersc Wind- and boat-generated waves
likewise resuspend and redistribute sediments and organic matter.

Model Structure. The simplified model consists of nine state
variables with 56 flows (Fig. 14). The state variables are divided into
those that occur in the water column (at the top of Fig. 14) and those
that occur in the substrate, i.e., "sediment consumers" are consumers
which live in the sediment but not necessarily those which ingest sediment
(Fig. 14). The model is designed to simulate carbon flow between major
biotic components within a habitat of a navigation pool. Due to fast
turnover rates in some components, i.e., decomposers, a small time-step of
Ool day is used. Flows between state variables represent consumptive
processes and/or hydrodynamic events. Hydrodynamic events include
scouring and mechanical processing of material from the substrate due to
increased current velocity. Deposition of material in the substrate
occurs when current velocities are low* Information on current velocity
and total suspended solids is obtained from the hydrodynamic model and
represents one of the links between the two models.

Each flow consists of the mssss of the state variable multiplied by a
maximum rate constant and modified by a series of functions;

flow - biomass of state variable * maximum rate * modifying functions

All modifying functions are 0 to 1 relationships. For example. Fig. 15
represents the effect of current velocity on rate of movement of organic
matter or decomposers from the substrate to the water column — a scouring
function.

Simulations. A series of model simulations have been completed
using two model packages developed by Dr. Thomas B. Kirchner of the
Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, and the
Experimental Range LTER project. The packages called PREMOD and MODAID
convert mathematical statements into FORTRAN, interpret functions, and
organize data output. A FORTRAN version of the model has also been
developed for use on IBM-PC's at the field stations.

The model is very sensitive to the physical-chemical factors of
current velocity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, and
temperature. For example, as current velocity decreases, particulate
organic matter in the water column settles to the substrate and becomes
incorporated in substrate debris (Fig. 16a) . The model is also responsive
to carbon availability as demonstrated by pulsing the system with
dissolved organic carbon (Fig. 16b). Decomposers respond by an increase
in biomass, taking up the available carbon. Metabolic demands result in

1-30

F:lg, 14. Flow diagram of the biological model in a habitat
compartment.

1-31

0,0

o.s

1.0 IS
VELOCITY

(meters/ second)

Fig, 15. The 0 to 1 function used to determine the
effect of current velocity on flow from debris (X20) to
POC (X02) and from decomposers in the substrates (X40)
to decomposers in the water column (X04).

1-32

X 02 POC
X 20 D«bris

X01 DOC

X04 Decomposer (Wator)

X40 Docompooor (Sodimont)

200.0
Day of Yoor

X03 Phytoplankton
X30 Macrophytes

4004)

Figt 16, Ca) Model simulation showing increase in debris CX20)
with decrease in POC (X02) when current velocity decreases. (B)
Model simulation of the effect of pulsed additions of DOC (XOl) on
decomposers in the water column CXOA), Cc) Comparison of model
simulated macrophyte production CX301 and field data collected from
a macrophyte bed in Pool 19 in 1983,

1-33

biomass loss from the decomposers unless a carbon source is available.
Temporal events, such as the seasonal development of macrophyte beds, have
also been simulated (Fig. 16c). The actual biomass of macrophytes
persisted much longer in 1983 than the simulated biomass (Fig. 16c)
because our simulation was based on data available for two species, lotus
(Nelumbo) and duck potato (Sagittaria) . which senesce fairly early. When
we account for the late season blooms of the duckweeds (Lemna) which are
released from shading by the senescence of lotus and for the persistence
of submergent macrophytes, the model output will more closely simulate
field data.

Model Links . The biological model is designed to simulate carbon
flow in a habitat. To simulate carbon dynamics within a navigation pool,
the pool must be divided into habitat compartments and the compartments
linked. On Pool 19, this has been done by dividing the pool into 30
segments (Fig. 17). Each segment is defined by a bathymetric profile.
The segments are then divided into habitat compartments, with the number
of compartments in a segment dependent on the variety of habitats within
that segment. Each habitat compartment will then have a biological model
functioning in it. Movement between compartments is based on the
hydrodynamic model and the lateral and longitudinal flows in the water
column. Flow of carbon between compartments occurs only for state
variables in the water column. In order for sediment decomposers to move
between compartments, they must first be scoured into the water decomposer
state variable within a compartment. Movement between compartments will
be on a daily time step with mass in each state variable of the biological
model updated following flows between compartments. In this way, carbon
is transferred down the pool with resident timej in particular habitat
compartments dependent on the biotic and hydrodynamic model links. Carbon
will be retained or lost to the sediment in habitats were sediment is
accumulating.

B. Methods Manual (Cahill)

The Large River LTER research program involves four independent
agencies located in five widely separated areas. Coordination of
analytical and field programs and establishment of standard laboratory and
field techniques that will be maintained throughout this 30-*year study
are, therefore, critical. This manual describes 50 LTER field and
laboratory procedures for research associated with this project. Designed
to be used as documentation of LTER methods, it provides a mechanism for
judging the internal compatability of LTER data sets, and when used in
conjunction with other LTER site data, also their external compatibility.

The methods manual is being revised to include updated and added
procedures. The manual is included in our data sets and documentation
file available on the Prime 750.

1-34

en m

•H c

o -H
o ^
PL, ca

00

bO m

1-35

Co Data Management and Analysis

Expansion from Data Archiving to Data Retrieval and Analysis (Gross)

In the early years of the LTER program, most sites defined data
management as an archival function, which limited the assets that good
data management can provide to a project o In 1983, the Illinois Large
Rivers site hosted a data management workshop in which many of the sites
noted a need for more data analysis^ At our site through 1984 and early
1985, the data management program was redesigned to build an information
system that uses a geographic information system as a major tool. These
terms are confusing but very important.

Data management.- — A program of personnel and computer hardware and
software devoted to construction and operation of an information system.

Information system. ^ — A system containing data in a form required by
the user, accessible to the user, and complete enough to produce the
desired results.

Geographic information systeme—A cartographic system built around a
relational data base management system. In our case, ARC/INFO software
for managing geographic information, a Prime 750 computer system, and a
data base of natural resource information for Illinois.

At the Illinois Large Rivers site, the evolution in data management
has been from an exceptionally strong base of archiving to a highly
automated computer system with most data entry at field stations. We
began LTER with a strong base of the Illinois Scientific Surveys. The
Illinois State Water Survey has massive files of hydrologic and
meteorological information and enjoys a high degree of automation; they
provided our first data manager. The Illinois State Geological Survey is
a 79-year-old organization with one of the largest and most complete
sample and well log collections of any state. The Illinois Natural
History Survey, our lead agency in LTER, is more than 125 years old with
major collections, many based on our river sites. Thus, we began with
organizations that have a longer view than the LTER program.

As we strengthened data management, our first data manager, Robert
Sinclair, resigned. He was responsible for several research programs and
was unable to devote as many hours to LTER as he felt were necessary.
Frank Brookfield became our data manager in February 1984. Frank is an
expert in information systems, an employee of the Illinois Natural History
Survey (INHS), and able to devote more than 50% of his hours to LTER. His
salary is paid entirely by INHS and thus his presence is a very large INHS
contribution to the LTER program.

In 1984s the NSF equipment supplement was used to purchase a
600-megabyte disk pack for the Prime computer system and four IBM PC's for
Grafton, Havana, and Western Illinois University field stations and for
the central data management site in Champaign. With this equipment, we
were able to maximize data entry, retrieval, and analysis at field
stations and then transfer copies of information to the Prime 750 in

1-36

Chanpaign. At the same time, our data manager could concentrate efforts
on programming the model, training LTER staff on computer systems, and
designing data entry procedures.

In 1985, the NSF supplement for technicians was used, in part, to
employ Suzanne Miller to construct the base of the LTER Geographic
Information System. Ms. Miller is a graduate student in geography, coming
to the LTER program with a double major in biology and geology. As of
July 1985, she has completed the base for Mississippi River Pool 19 and is
working on Mississippi River Pool 26. We expect to complete this work by
December 1985.

An important aside is the parallel development in Illinois of the
Lands Unsuitable for Mining Program (LUMP), which is funded by the U.S.
Office of Surface Mining. That program has as one of its mandates the
development of a natural resource data base for use in informed decisions
on coal strip mining. The data base is a Geographic Information System,
which is the vehicle for our LTER data management system. LUMP was funded
in 1982, soon after we began LTER. LTER needed only to add the disk
storage space to the Prime for the storage of LTER data. Since LTER does
not pay for computer time or other system support, our 1986 budget request
contains only very small requests for computer charges. We pay only for
those tasks that require use of a large main-frame machine at the
University of Illinois.

Importance of Mapping Techniques and GIS to Large River LTER
(Miller and Gross)

Unlike most ecological research where study areas are small, the
Illinois Large Rivera site consists of three very large study areas: (1)
Pool 19 of the Mississippi River is contained on nine 7.5-minute USGS
topographic maps, (2) Pool 26, at the confluence of the Illinois and
Mississippi rivers, is depicted on 20 7.5-minute quads, and (3) Peoria
Pool of the Illinois River covers 14 7.5-minute quads. Certain geographic
features from these maps (i.e., water-land boundaries, islands, backwater
areas, tributaries, floodplains, etc.) are of primary interest to this
research and thereby form the basis for mapping work. To that template,
we are adding the LTER data, such as geologic maps of bed materials and
multiple surveys of aquatic plant beds.

To accommodate the large volume of data generated in creating a
total of 43 base maps for the Large River Site, a geographic information
system (GIS) has been developed using ARC/INFO. A GIS is a specialized
data management system used to store and retrieve cartographic data. At
the simplest level, a GIS is a method of managing, analyzing, and
displaying map information. ARC, developed by Environmental Systems
Research Institute, is the software used to process the geographical
information. ARC interfaces with INFO, a commercial data base system from
HENCO, which handles the descriptive data.

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Processing a map in ARC/INFO starts with the outline of a 7.5-
minute USGS topographic map, the base map (e.g., for Pool 19 nine base
maps were created). Using the four corners of the base map as reference
points, all subsequent displays of information can be related (Fig. 18).
The next step is to digitize overlays that will fit onto the base map.
These overlays contain specific features or points of interest (e.g., land
forms, sampling locations, bed materials, vegetative beds)o The overlay
map is aligned to the base map by the reference points. Overlays
depicting different sets of data may be used alone or in any combination
(Fig. 18). The system also allows the combination of base maps so that
the entire area can be displayed (Fig. 19).

The advantages of GIS to the Large Rivers site are severalfold.
Most of the river research is geographically based. The ability to store
and retrieve data in tabular and graphic forms provides flexibility in
research. The standardized collection and recording of data create a
detailed data base for current and future research.

Knowledge of how data sets are geographically related to other data
sets allows researchers to evaluate changes within one site or between
sites « Long-term trends can be recorded and current changes within these
trends can be evaluated. For example, the sedimentology within each study
area is distinct. Pool 19, the intensively studied area, is the most
"pristine" and is characterized by accumulating fine-grained sediment.
Pool 26 has a coarser bedload and will change with the construction of the
new dam. The Peoria Pool, a highly perturbed area as a result of
industry, is subject to rapid sedimentation of fine-grained material. The
sediment type and trends observed at each pool indicate a dynamic
condition within the river. Changes in the environment, either natural or
man-induced (e.g., the construction of a new dam), will be reflected in
changes in the sediment type, which in turn will affect the long-term
trends in sedimentology of the river.

Incorporation of biology, geology, and hydrology into the data base
will help to develop an understanding of the river. One current use of
data collection sites is the comparison of the biological sampling points
to define different habitat areas within the river. This sectioning of
the river is being used for the hydrological and biological models.

Procedures and Management (Brookf ield)

The last section described some of the changes in data management,
provided a brief description of parts of the system, and demonstrated some
results of our system. In this next section the data management function
is described in more detail.

Configuration of the Site

Champaign. The main system at Champaign is the Prime 750
computer. It is equipped with digitizing boards, plotters, printers,
phone line ports, direct access ports, and direct connection to the

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^ Jlgc 18, Computer generated maps of Nauvoo Quadrangle, Pool
19, depicting quadrangle outline (a), water-land boundaries
(b),^ and overlays of bed materials (c), biological habitats
(d),' and vegetative beds (e).

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Fig, 19, Plot of Pool 19 shows the location of Nauvoo Quadrangle

1-40

University of Illinois CYBER system. It currently has four disk drives,
one of which is dedicated to the LTER project. The direct connections and
phone line connections allow input from terminals or personal computers.

Remote Stations . There are three remote stations that are
involved in the project — Havana, Grafton, and Western Illinois University
at Macomb. The distance from the main system and the long distance phone
costs involved in communicating between stations led to the development of
a "work station" concept. Under this concept, each station is given
enough processing power to store, manage, and analyze their own data.

To do this we have used personal computers. Each station was given
an IBM PC, a plotter, a printer, and a modem for phone communications.
The primary method of storage at these stations is floppy diskettes. Each
station was also given software to run on the equipment, including (1) a
FORTRAN compiler, (2) a statistical package, (3) a spread sheet package
with graphics, (4) a data base management package, and (5) a word
processing package. A complete station was also purchased for Champaign
for system development and consulting purposes.

Integration. We have a distributed system; there are multiple
copies of data stored in different locations, affording a closeness to the
input and processing by people primarily involved with collecting the
data. This leads to easier access and fewer entry errors from
misinterpretations. Data flow is an important part of the integration of
the system. Our data starts with samples that are collected at sites
along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers.

In general, these samples can be divided into two parts: a
descriptive portion and a chemical portion. The descriptive part is a
field data sheet containing location and observational data that are
recorded, input, and verified directly at the field station's computer.
The physical sample has to be analyzed to produce the chemical data, which
is done in Champaign and the results are sent to the field stations to be
input and verified, A future short cut in this flow is the direct input
of chemical data into the Prime, possibly with the use of direct recording
equipment .

After the data are stored in their data base management system, the
field stations can do short-term (<1 year) analyses, such as relating to
other data sets at the site, sorting, searching, manipulating, or input
into other programs.

The next step in the data flow is the transfer to the Prime system,
which can be done by sending the data across the phone lines or by sending
a diskette to Champaign. To transfer data from system to system as well
as program to program, it is converted to ASCII code. ASCII is a
standardized bit image form that is recognized by different systems.
Because of some ccnfusion in working with two systems and for ease of
scientists at field stations, a menu driven program is currently being
developed to provide access to the Prime system.

1-41

Once added to the system, these data are available for long-term
analysis (>1 year), for linkages with data from all remote sites, sorting,
searching, manipulations, and input into other programs. Data are also
available for use with the geographical information system, which produces
base maps and overlays; maps may be updated, stored, and modeled.

Functions of Data Management

The functions of the data management program at the Large River site
are: (1) management of geographic information, (2) evaluation of hardware
and software, (3) system evaluation and design, (4) access and control of
data, (5) documentation, and (6) inter-site activities.

Management of Geographic Information. The previous section of the
report described some of the uses of GIS, but they are only the start of
the future uses of such a system. Management of this system, especially
in the initial design phase, is extremely important. The functions of
data management ares (1) training in digitizing, map production, system
use, input methods, and input form; (2) coordinating work flow,
standardization, and multiple uses; (3) helping develop finished products
(refining requirements and production); (4) evaluating future uses
(awareness of user needs and desires, awareness of capabilities of current
system and future additions); (5) documenting the system; (6) controlling
access to system (limiting access to authorized scientists and
technicians, assuring that maps are easily accessible and indexed); and
(7) developing protocols for digitizing map information.

Evaluation of Hardware and Software. Data management has assumed
the responsibility for evaluating hardware and software, keeping the
remote systems compatible, and decreasing the burden of hardware and
software evaluation on the researchers. Activities include: (1) assuring
compatibility between sites (equipment and software lists to allow
flexibility but retain compatability); providing technical information
about available products; (3) maintaining a file of information on
products and local sources of equipment, software, and supplies and
establishing good working relationships with local dealers; (4) ordering
equipment and software; (5) training staff how to use the equipment and
software; (6) and consulting with staff on problems.

System Evaluation and Design. To provide information, each part
of the system has to work together in a coordinated fashion. Users' needs
have to be known and understood. Each new addition needs to fit in with
the rest of the system. The ultimate design of the system will either
make the system work at a competent level or make the system fail. The
planning and design of an information system requires data management to:
(1) define user needs; (2) develop and maintain file structure; (3)
develop and maintain access structure; (4) integrate the system across the
five participating agencies and individual investigators; and (5) assure
that the system is accessible and usable in all phases of the project.

Access and Control of Data. Easy access to information that is on
the system is essential. Control of the information is also important,
especially with multiple users accessing the system. Updates need to be

1-42

documented and dated. If someone uses a data set and then it is updated,
this could change their results; they need to know what changed and when.
Access to unverified data should be limited to the person responsible for
verification.

Documentation. The documentation for the data sets is consistent
with the requirements established by the LTER data management group in
1982. Basically, documentation has a hierarchical structure.

Data file name and researcher '

Description of data contained in the files
Exact description and format of data

The first two parts are contained in the data set abstracts and the last
is contained in each individual data base. A further addition to this
documentation is the Methods Manual written this year.

This information is stored on the Prime system as a file. When the
menu-driven system is ready, this documentation will be available in the
form of help files and an index. These files must also be kept current.

Inter-site Activities. The LTER data managers meet annually to
share information and develop good procedures for management of long-term
data sets. Each site has its own computer system. To assist the transfer
of data between sites, a matrix of protocols and/or configurations is
being compiled. We have offered to store this information on our computer
system and make it available to other sites or other scientists. This is
a small step to facilitate transfer of data between sites.

Data descriptions for all 11 LTER sites are now being stored on the
computer system at the Jornada (Desert) site in New Mexico. These data
descriptions are available in machine-readable form and we have asked to
transfer a copy to our Prime computer system to make the descriptions
accessible to both the LTER researchers and other researchers at the
Surveys. By making this information readily available and easily
searched, we hope to facilitate inter-site activities.

1-43

SECTION 2: SHORTFALLS

The geological portion of the Large River LTER project worked
without paid staff in 1984. This was a budget compromise agreed to by all
of our principal investigators. We planned to have a geology graduate
student for the first 2 years and then again for the last 2 years. It was
difficult to keep the program viable in 1984, and we were delayed in
finding a replacement student in 1985. For a long-term program, we
believe a better approach would be modest but continuous funding, and we
will strive to achieve that (Gross).

Tasks beyond the extraction of the tree growth curves from the tree
ring chronologies have not been completed because a program must be
modified to run on the University of Illinois' CYBER. We will work with a
programmer to rectify this problem by October of this year (Wendland).

The resignation of the long-time laboratory assistant, who
identified and counted pollen in sediment cores, and increased
administrative duties of Dr. James King have caused unforeseen delays.
The cores have been taken and the palynological analysis will be completed
this next year (King).

We were justly criticized by our External Advisory Committee for not
establishing a better publication record. We met as a group on 8-10 April
1985 at the Horn Field Campus of Western Illinois University, outside
Macomb, to outline S3n3thesis papers involving multiple authors and to
commit to a schedule for manuscript preparation and submission. Our list
of publications this year includes eight papers that have been submitted,
are in press, or have already been published in refereed national or
international journals, and four book chapters in press. Our rate of
submission is accelerating and we expect a much lengthier list in 1986
(Sparks).

Our scientists at field stations still cannot directly tap the
potential of the Prime computer and the Geographic Information System at
Champaign. We can download files from the mainframe to the IBM-PC's, but
telephone costs prohibit interactive sessions. Because of the costs, the
field station staff do not use the systems often enough to remain fluent
in the commands used by the Survey's and University of Illinois'
mainframes and the statistical packages of SPSS and SAS. The Surveys are
working on a public access system that will provide interactive menu-
driven access to the Prime, but the problem of telephone costs remains.
We are using software packages such as LOTUS, RBASE, and SYSTAT for
analysis of small data sets, or subsets, on the PC's, and we are
requesting assistance from the data manager at Champaign for merging and
analysis of large files on the Prime (Sparks).

2-1

SECTION 3: PROJECT PLAN

A. History of Perturbation (Gross, Cahill, King, Wendland, Grubb, and
Autry)

Bed materials in the Mississippi and Illinois rivers range from
fine-grained muds to coarse gravels. Maps of these materials are a
predictive tool in ecosystem modeling, and for that reason, geologic maps
have been completed for two of our three sites. The third site, Peoria
Pool of the Illinois River, will be mapped from sampling done largely for
other projects. By 1986, the geological component of the Large Rivers
LTER will move from mapping to predictive modeling — a study of the
geomorphic evolution of the sites.

Geomorphic systems are in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This
equilibrium is episodically disrupted as thresholds of stability that
define the system are exceeded. These thresholds are governed by the
synergistic effects of principal geomorphic variables.

A geomorphic model of these rivers, the proposed Ph.D. thesis of
Mark Grubb, will identify the relative importance of intrinsic and
extrinsic geomorphic variables, such as geology, geomorphology, climate,
hydrology, and vegetation, in the evolution of the middle Mississippi and
Illinois rivers. With a time scale of a few thousand years, less than the
post-glacial but much greater than the engineering modifications of the
rivers, the diversity of data requires an integrated approach combining
geomorphology, pedology, fluvial sedimentology, hydrology, and
geochemistry to model these rivers.

If a coherent model of geomorphic evolution can be devised, it will
be possible to locate the present fluvial system in relation to critical
geomorphic thresholds and to define the age, mode of formation, and
long-term stability of various ecological compartments, such as baclcwater
lakes. Ideally, the model would allow general predictions to be made in
regard to the future evolution of this segment of the Mississippi fluvial
system.

210pb and 137cs are being used to date sediment cores collected
in Peoria Lake. When combined with chemical analysis, the history of
trace metal loading in the area will be documented. Analysis of sediment
pore waters is underway to establish if there is a gradient in metal
concentrations in the sediment column.

The organic carbon content of sediment will be measured in surface
samples and cores in areas of intensive biological sampling to determine
the temporal and spatial patterns of accumulation and redistribution of
organic matter.

Carbon isotopic ratios will be measured in aquatic plants and a
series of key consumers at several locations to establish what proportion
of the consumption is based on detritus derived from macrophytes.

3-1

Reconstruction of temperature, precipitation, and river flow from
tree rings and pollen analyses will be completed.

B. Hydrologic Studies (Adams)

Suspended sediment monitoring of selected tributaries will be
continued. With the gages installed on Burlington Island, the depth and
direction of overflowing water during floods will be observed. Burlington
Island is our representative floodplaino

Water and suspended sediment measurements will be made periodically
in the Devils Creek to Naiivoo reach to provide validation data for the
mathematical models. These measurements will be coordinated with
intensive measurements of flow patterns in and around the macrophyte beds.
Wind-generated waves can resuspend plant debris » break off senescing plant
parts, and move nutrients in and out of the beds. A wind velocity
recorder, wave gages, current meters, and sediment traps will be installed
for these measurement 8» Both wind- and boat-generated waves will be
measured. These field data will be coordinated with the biological
sampling and collected at several times before, during, and after the
macrophyte growing season.

Relevant results from the Quincy Bay sedimentation study will be
incorporated into the description of the geomorphic succession in
navigation pools and associated backwaters. The Peoria Lake sedimentation
project will also contribute to the knowledge of the changes along the
Illinois River.

Mathematical modeling will proceed in several areas. The HEC-6
model will be applied to the 32-km long Peoria Lake reach of the Illinois
River. The Pool 19 transport model will be expanded to include
particulate as well as dissolved organic matter. Two-dimensional modeling
will begin for a selected reach (Montrose Flats or Nauvoo Point).
Wind-generated currents will be included if this does not entail full
three-dimensional modeling. If time allows, models for resuspension and
transport of sediment and particulate organic matter will be assessed for
inclusion in the two-dimensional model.

C. Ecosystem Structure and Function (Anderson and Sparks)

Maintenance sampling of macroinvertebrates , zooplankton,
phytoplankton, fish, and drift will continue in maior habitat types at all
three study sites. This sampling will be done in conjunction with water
chemistry, physical parameters, and carbon sampling to maintain and extend
long-term data sets. In addition, site-specific sampling of invertebrates
to measure rates of secondary production and food sources (using gut
analyses and carbon isotope ratios) will be done at Burlington Island, Ft.
Madison^ Nauvoo-Montrose Flats, and Keokuk on Pool 19. Some of these
collections will be triggered by storms or floods o

We will sample organic matter, nutrients, sediment, and water fluxes
for periods of 1 week several times during the macrophyte growing season
to test our hypothesis that macrophyte beds continually supply high

3-2

quality detritus to offshore consumers during the low-flow period when
supplies from autochthonous sources reach seasonal lows. The sampling
will be coordinated with hydrologic sampling to determine whether wind-
and boat-generated waves and secondary currents are the transport
mechanism.

Further work on the model will first involve fine tuning maximum
rate constants and function arrays. Validation of the model will be
completed using data collected on Pool 19. Connection of all compartments
in Pool 19 will be completed and a total pool simulation will be run.
Following this final link of the hydrodynamic and biological model,
simulation to predict successional processes in Pool 19 will be attempted.
The model will be applied to other pools as a test of generality. Work
will also continue on population models for key organisms, such as
fingernail clams and burrowing mayflies.

3-3

SECTION 4: MOST SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS

We successfully "captured" a major event — the Illinois River flood
of March 1985, the third highest in the 140-year record. We were able to
start sampling well before the crest because of the flood predictions
provided by the National Weather Service. One of the agencies
participating in the LTER, the Illinois State Water Survey, had a grant
from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to take some of the same
measurements we needed, so we were able to pool staff and equipment from
both projects and do more sampling than either project could have done
alone (Sparks).

The hydraulic component of our large river model can now simulate
water flow into lateral areas and movement of dissolved nutrients. The
biological component has been simplified from 22 to 9 state variables, and
several simulation runs have been completed. The programmer hired with
the budget supplement has written well documented versions of the
biological model in FORTRAN. One version runs on the Prime mainframe
computer and another on the IBM PC's (Demissie, Anderson, Brookfield,
Sparks).

Anthropogenic contributions of Ni, Pb, P, and Zn to the sediments in
the Illinois River are declining, when concentrations in sediments
deposited between 1953 and 1965 are compared to the period 1976-1982. In
contrast, it appears that sedimentation rates in Peoria Lake (which
reflect land use in the drainage basin of the Illinois River) have not
changed when recent periods (1963-1982, 1954-1982) are compared to the
long-term average for 1939-1982. Sedimentation rates determined by 137cs
and 210pb are in good agreement with those obtained by traditional
bathymetric techniques (Cahill and Gross).

Digitization of the land-water boundaries of Pool 26, Illinois and
Mississippi rivers, the longest and most complex of our three sites, will
be completed and the point coordinates stored in our geographic
information system this year. We can now add overlay maps depicting
bathymetry, substrate type, sampling locations, and vegetation. It is
especially important to document present boundaries in Pool 26 because the
new dam will become operational in approximately 2 years and we want to
follow the resulting geomorphic and successional changes (Miller and
Gross).

4-1

SECTION 5: PUBLICATIONS

A. Publications ''

Adams, J. R. , and N. G. Bhovmik. 1984. Pool 19 Mississippi River: lake
or river? Proceedings, Illinois Conference on Lake and Watershed
Management. Water Resources Center Special Report No. 15,
University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign, IL

Adams, J. R. , and N. G. Bhovmik. 1985. Long term ecological research and
management of the upper Mississippi River system. Proceedings, Vth
World Congress on Water Resources 1:157-162. Brussels, Belgium.

Adams, J. R. , N, G, Bhovmik, A. P. Bonini, A. M. Klock, and M. Demissie.
1984. Sediment yield of streams in northern and central Illinois.
Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 353, Champaign, IL.

Anderson, R. V. (in preparation) « Implications of distribution patterns
of freshwater mollusks in Pool 19, Mississippi River. Oecologia.

Anderson, R. V. (submitted). An examination of nematode distribution
patterns in relation to habitat. Pool 19, Mississippi River.
Hydrobiologia.

Anderson, R. V., and W. S. Vinikour. 1984. Use of molluscs as pupation
sites by Oecetis inconspicua (Trichoptera : Leptoceridae) .
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 2:417-422,

Anderson, R. V., and D. M. Day. (submitted). Predictive quality of
macroinvertebrate habitat associations in lower navigation pools of
the upper Mississippi River. In M. M. Smart, K. S. Lubinski, and R.
Schnick, eds. The ecology of the upper Mississippi River.
Developments in Hydrobiology, Junk Publishers, the Hague,
Netherlands.

^ Anderson, R. V., R. E. Sparks, J. W. Grubaugh, K. S. Lubinski, and D. M.

Day. (in preparation). Can autochthonous sources fuel a large
river? Oecologia.

Bhowmik, N. 6. 1984. Lake shore erosion management. Proceedings,
Illinois Conference on Lake and Watershed Management. Water
Resources Center Special Report No. 15, University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign, IL.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1984. Sedimentation management of the Horseshoe Lake,
Alexander County, Illinois. Proceedings, Illinois Conference on
Lake and Watershed Management. Water Resources Center Special Report
No. 15, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1984. Relationship between geomorphic parameters and the
sediment transport characteristics of the Spoon River basin in
Illinois. Proceedings, 1984 National Symposium on Surface Mining,

5-1

Hydrology, Sediment o logy, and Reclamation. University of Kentucky,
Lexington, iCY.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1984. Erosion. In D. D. Houghton, ed. Handbook of
applied meterology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

Bhowmik, N. G, 1985. Sediment movement in natural rivers in Illinois,
USA. Proceedings, Vth World Congress on Water Resources 2^99-208,
BrusselSs, Belgium^

Bhowmik, N. G. , J. R. Adams, and M. Demissie. 1985. The role of
hydraulics and sediment in large river ecology. Proceedings, ASCE
Hydraulics Division Speciality Conference, Hydraulics and hydrology
in the small computer age. Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 12-17 August.

Bhowmik, N. G. , W. C. Bogner, and W. P. Fitzpatrick. 1985. Lake

sedimentation surveys in Illinois. Illinois State Water Survey

Miscellaneous Report No. 80. Also Illinois State Water Plan Task
Force Issue Paper 9.

Bhowmik, N, Gc , A« Po Bonini, and D. K. Davie. 1984. Instream sediment
monitoring program for Illinois: water years 1981 and 1982.
Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 345, Champaign, EL.

Bhowmik, N, Gc , D. L. Gross, and P. G. Risser. 1985. Conceptual model of
erosion and sedimentation processes. Proceedings, Vth World
Congress on Water Resources 1;209-218. Brussels, Belgium.

Bhowmik, N. Ge , Mc Demissie, D. To Soong, A. Klock, N. R. Black, D. L.
Gross, T. W. Sipe, and P. G. Risser. 1984. Conceptual models of
erosion and sedimentation in Illinois, two volumes. Illinois
Scientific Surveys Joint Report 1, Champaign, Illinois.

Bhowmik, N. G. , J. R. Adams, R. V. Anderson, R. A. Cahill, M. Demissie, D.
L. Gross, J. E. King, K. S. Lubinski, P. G. Risser, R. E. Sparks,
and W. W. Wendland. (in press). Long-term ecological research on
Illinois rivers. Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science.

Cahill. R, A., and A, D» Autreyc (submitted). Measurement of 210p],^
l^^Css organic carbon, and trace elements in sediments of the
Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Journal of Radioanalytical and
Nuclear Chemistry.

Cahill, R. A., and J. D. Steele, (submitted). Inorganic composition and
sedimentation rates of backwater lakes associated with the Illinois
River. Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Note.
66 p.

Day, De M. , and R. V. Anderson, (submitted)^ Habitat use, behavior and
energy requirements of Canvasback and Lesser Scaup on Pool 19,
Mississippi River. Journal of Wildlife Management.

5-2

Demissie, M. , and N. G. Bhowmik. 1985. Assessment of sediment problems
in Peoria Lake, Illinois. Proceedings, ASCE Hydraulics Division
Specialty Conference, Hydraulics and hydrology in the small computer
age. Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 12-17 August.

Demissie, M. , N. G. Bhowmik,, W. H. Maxwell, D. T. Soong, and W. P.
Fitzpatrick. 1984. Secondary circulation in natural rivers.
Progress report. Water Resources Center, University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign, IL.

Engman, J. A., R. V. Anderson, and L. M, O'Flaherty. (in preparation).
Spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton in Pool 19,
Mississippi River. Hydrobiologia.

Gross, D. L. , R. A. Cahill, D. I. Casavant, J. R. Adams, and N. G.
Bhowmik. (in press). History of sedimentation in Mississippi River
Pool 19, USA. IVth International Symposium on Paleolimnology,
Ossiach, Austria. Manuscript to be submitted to Hydrobiologia.

^■7\ Grubaugh, J. W. , R. V. Anderson, D. M. Day, K. S. Lubinski, and R. E.
Sparks. (submitted). Production of Sagittaria latifolia and
Nelumbo lutea on Pool 19, Mississippi River. Aquatic Botany.

^ Grubaugh, J. W. , R. V. Anderson, and R. E. Sparks. (in preparation).
Physical effects of submergent vegetation on channel-border habitat
in Pool 19, Mississippi River. Limnology and Oceanography.

Holm, D. J., and R. V. Anderson. (submitted). Chaetogaster limnaei
(Oligochaeta: Naididae) infesting unionid mullosks (Pelecypoda:
Unionidae) and Corbicula fluminae (Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae) in
Pool 19, Mississippi River. Journal of Freshwater Ecology.

Jahn, L. A., and R. V. Anderson, (in press). The ecology of pools 19 and
20, upper Mississippi River: an ecological profile. Office of
Biological Services, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
D.C. 110 p.

Lubinski, K. S. , and S. D. Jackson. 1985. Age structure and growth of
carp populations in the Illinois and upper Mississippi rivers.
Aquatic Biology Technical Report 1985(7). Illinois Natural History
Survey, Champaign, IL.

Lubinski, K. S. , S. D. Jackson, and B. N. Hartsfield. 1984. Age
structure and analysis of carp populations in the Mississippi and
Illinois rivers. Aquatic Biology Technical Report 1984(9).
Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL.

Lubinski, K. S. , A. Van Vooren, G. Farabee, J. Janacek, and S. D. Jackson,
(in press). Common carp in the upper Mississippi River. In M. M.
Smart, K. S. Lubinski, and R. Schnick, eds. Ecology of the upper
Mississippi River. Developments in Hydrobiology, Junk Publishers,
the Hague, Netherlands.

5-3

Miller, B. A., M. Demissie, and N. G. Bhowmik. 1985. Assessment of
sediment problems in Peoria Lake, Illinois. Proceedings, ASCE
Hydraulics Division Specialty Conference, Hydraulics and hydrology
in the small computer age. Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 12-17 August.

Pillard, D. A., and R. V. Anderson. (submitted). A survey of the
zooplankton of Pool 19, upper Mississippi River. Journal of
Freshwater Ecology.

Pillard, D. A., and R. V. Anderson, (submitted). Longitudinal variation
in zooplankton in Pool 19, Mississippi River: possible relationship
to particulate organic matter size, Hydrobiologia.

Pillard, D» A., and R. V. Anderson. (submitted). A note on the
parasitism of Rotifera by Plistophora (Protista: Sporozoa) in Pool
19, Mississippi River. Transactions of the Illinois Academy of
Science.

Reed, P. C. , M. L. Sargent, and D. L. Gross, (in preparation). Use of
natural-gamma logging for characterization of bottom sediments in
Mississippi River. Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental
Geology Note.

Smart, M. Mo, K. Se Lubinski, and R. Schnick, eds. (in press). Ecology
of the upper Mississippi River. Developments in Hydrobiology, Junk
Publishers, the Hague, Netherlands.

(/ Sparks, R. E. (in press) o Improving methods of data analysis and

interpretation for environmental management programs. Council on
Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. Conference on Long-Term
Environmental Research. Praeger.

Webster, J., E. Blood, K. Cummings, M. Gurtz, and R. Sparks, (in press).
LTER stream research. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of
America.

B. Theses

Casavant, D. I. 1985. Sedimentation history and sedimentary environment
of upper Mississippi River Pool 19. M. S, thesis in Geology,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 102 p.

Hurley, C. M, 1985. A laboratory study determining substrate preference
and the effect of substrate composition seen in a Corbicula
population. B. S. with Departmental Honors, Western Illinois
University, Macomb. 39 p. (R. V. Anderson, advisor).

Koepke, T. A. 1985. Effects of caddisfly and mayfly emergence upon the
feeding habits of fish in the Mississippi River near Keokuk, Iowa.
B. S. with Departmental Honors, Western Illinois University, Macomb.
24 p. (R. V. Anderson, advisor).

5-4

SECTION 6: PRESENTATIONS

Adams, J. R. 1985. Long term ecological research on the upper
Mississippi River system. Fritz Lab Research to Practice: 50 Years
of Progress, Bethlehem, PA. 31 July-2 August.

Adams, J. R. 1985. Management of the upper Mississippi River systems.
Laboratoire d'hydraulique seminar, Ecole Poly technique Federale de
Lausanne, Switzerland. 30 May.

Anderson, R. V. 1985. Population habitat associations in Pool 19.
41st annual meeting. Upper Mississipppi River Conservation
Committee, Burlington, lA. 7 March.

Anderson, R. V. 1984. Tributary order: does it affect zooplankton and
benthic community structure in the upper Mississippi River? Annual
meeting, American Society of Zoologists, Denver, CO.

Anderson, R. V., D. A. Holm, D. M. Day, R. E. Sparks, and K. D. Blodgett.
1985. Production and distribution of unionid mussels in Pool 19,
Mississippi River. 23rd annual meeting, Illinois Chapter, American
Fisheries Society, Edwardsville, IL.

Anderson, R. V., R. E. Sparks, D. M. Day, K. D. Blodgett, and D. A. Holm.
ly 1984. Unionid mollusc utilization of habitat as indicated by

distribution patterns. 11th annual meeting, Great Plains Limnology
Conference, Stillwater, OK.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1984. Ecology of the Mississippi River. Contemporary
Issues Forum, Marycrest College, Davenport, lA. 12 September.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1984. Long term ecological research on the Mississippi
River: hydraulics, sedimentation, and sediment transport. 1984
Illinois Conference on Soil Conservation and Water Quality,
Champaign, IL. 18 October.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1984. Lakeshore erosion stabilization. Conference
on Multipurpose Lakes, Okaw Bluff Environmental Learning Center,
Lake Shelbyville, IL. 24 October.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1984. Morphology of water bodies. Committee meeting,
American Society for Testing and Materials, Bal Harbor, FL. 30
October.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1985. Lake sedimentation surveys in Illinois. Illinois
State Water Plan Task Force meeting, Springfield, IL. 14 February.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1985. Short term and long term impacts of human
activities. External Advisory Committee, Long Term Ecological
Research Project, Champaign, IL. 18 February.

6-1

Bhowmik, N. G. 1985. Peoria Lake sedimentation problems. Committe, Tri-

County Planning Commission, mayors, state officials, and U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers. Illinois Central College, Peoria, IL. 16
February.

Bhowmik, N. G. 1985. Long term ecological rsearch and sediment transport
in Illinois streams and rivers c Seminar, Landscape Architecture,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, ILe 6 March«

Bhovmik, N. G. , and J. R. Adams. 1985. Geomorphic trends in Keokuk Pool,
Mississippi River. Spring meeting, American Geophysical Union,
Baltimore, MD. 27-31 May.

Bhowmik, N. G. , J. R. Adams, and M. Demissie. 1985. Ecological studies
in Pool 19 of the upper Mississippi River. Symposium, Limnology of
upper Mississippi River impoundments. 48th annual meeting.
Ecological Society of America (with American Society of Limnology
and Oceanography), Minneapolis, MN. 18-21 June.

Bhowmik, N. G. , J. R. Adams, and A. M.. Klock. 1984. Estimating sediment
loads in Illinois streams 1984 Illinois Conference on Soil
Conservation and Water Quality, Champaign, IL. 18-19 October.

Bhowmik, N. G. , J. R. Adams, and A. M. Klock. 1985. Importance of
geomorphic parameters in the determination of stream sediment loads :
tributary streams to the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. 17th
annual meeting, Mississippi River Research Consortium, LaCrosse, WI.
17-19 April.

Brookfield, F. M. , and K. S. Lubinski. 1985. Geographic Information
system for long-term fish population data sets. Annual meeting,
Illinois Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Edwardsville, IL.

Cahill, R. A., and D. A. Autrey. 1985. Measurements of 210pb, 137c8,
and trace elements in sediments of the Illinois and Mississipppi
rivers. International Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Chemistry,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 5-7 June.

Demissie, M. , B. Stephanatos, and N. G. Bhowmik. 1985. Hydrodynamic
model for long term ecological research. Spring meeting, American
Geophysical Union, Baltimore, MD. 27-31 May.

Gross, D. L. 1985. Sediment mapping of Pool 19. 41st annual meeting.
Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Burlington, lA. 7
March.

\ Grubaugh, J. W. , R. 7, Anderson, and R. E. Sparks. 1985. The development

of a biologica? simulation model for Pool 19, Mississippi River.

17th annual meeting, Mississippi River Research Consortium,
LaCrosse, WI.

Grubaugh, J. W. , R. V. Anderson, K. D. Blodgett, and R. E. Sparks. 1984.
Seasonal variation of phytoplankton production in channel-border

6-2

4

habitat, Pool 19, Mississippi River. 11th annual meeting. Great
Plains Limnology Conference, Stillwater, OK.

Grubaugh, J. W. , R. V. Anderson, D. M. Day, and D. J. Holm. 1984.
Effects of small tributary input and submerged vegetation on
channel-border habitat. Pool 19, Mississippi River. 11th annual
meeting. Great Plains Limnology Conference, Stillwater, OK.

Jackson, S. D. 1985. Predicting main channel border velocities from
navigation pool water levels. 17th annual meeting, Mississippi
River Research Consortium, LaCrosse, WI.

Lubinski, K. S. 1985. Classification of Mississippi River main channel
microhabitats based on their winter use by fish. 17th annual
meeting, Mississippi River Research Consortium, LaCrosse, WI.

Lubinski, K. S. 1985. Winter main channel habitat utilization and
behavior of Mississippi River fishes. 23rd annual meeting, Illinois
Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Edwardsville, IL.

Lubinski, K. S. 1985. LTER core data sets. 41st annual meeting. Upper
Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Burlington, lA. 7 March.

Lubinski, K. S., and S. D. Jackson. 1985. Velocity controls fish

utilization of lower Illinois River main channel boarder habitats.

23rd annual meeting, Illinois Chapter, American Fisheries Society,
Edwardsville, IL.

Lubinski, K. S. , S. D. Jackson, R. V. Anderson, and D. Day. 1985. Slow
growth rates and short life spans of Illinois River common carp —
possible explanations. International Symposium on Age and Growth
of Fish, Des Moines, lA.

Sparks, R. E. 1985. Uses of ecology, biomonitoring, and bioassay in
linking causes and effects in a degraded river. Symposium,
Biological monitoring. 48th annual meeting. Ecological Society of
America (with American Society of Limnology and Oceanography),
Minneapolis, MN. 18-21 June.

Sparks, R. E. 1985. Introduction to the long-term ecological research
program on the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. 41st annual
meeting. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Burlington,
lA. 7 March.

"^ Sparks, R. E. 1985. Modeling the Pool 19 ecosystem. 41st annual
meeting. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Burlington,
lA. 7 March.

Sparks, R. E. 1985. A natural and unnatural history of the Illinois
River. Shedd Aquarium Lecture Series on Midwestern Wetlands,
Chicago, IL. 28 March.

6-3

Sparks, R. E. , R. V, Anderson, J, W„ Grubaugh, J. Re Adams, and M.
Demissiee 1985. An integrated hydraulic/biological model for the
Mississippi River. International Society for Ecological Modeling
and American Institute of Biological Sciences^ Gainesville, FL.
12-15 August.

6-4

SECTION 7: LITERATURE CITED

Belt, C. B. , Jr. 1975. The 1973 flood and man's constriction of the
Mississippi River. Science 189:681-684.

Bhowmik, N. G. , and J. R. Adams. 1984. The hydrologic environment of
Pool 19 of the Mississippi River. Proceedings, 16th Meeting of the
Mississippi River Research Consortium, LaCrosse, WI, 19-20 April.

Brune, G, M, 1953. Trap efficiency of reservoirs. Transactions of the
American Geophysical Union 34:407-418.

Chen, Y. H. , and D. B. Simons. 1979. Geomorphic study of Upper
Mississippi River. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil
Engineering 105:313-328.

King, J. E. , J. A. Lineback, and D. L. Gross. 1976. Palynology and
sedimentology of Holocene deposits in southern Lake Michigan.
Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 496, Urbana, IL. 24 p.

Lane, E. W. 1955. The importance of fluvial morphology in hydraulic
engineering. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil
Engineering 21:745.

Simons, D. B. , S. A. Schumm, M. A. Stevens, Y. H. Chen, and P. F. Lagasse.
1975. Environmental inventory and assessment of navigation pools
24, 25, and 26, upper Mississippi and lower Illinois rivers, a
geomorphic study. Contract Report Y-75-3, St. Louis District, U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, MO.

Solomon, R. C. , D. R. Parsons, D. A. Wright, B. K. Colbert, C. Ferris, and
J. E. Scott. 1975. Environmental inventory and assessment of
navigation pools 24, 25, and 26, upper Mississippi and lover
Illinois rivers. Summary report. Technical Report Y-75-1, St. Louis
District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, MO.

Wendland, W. M. , and D. Watson-Stegner. 1983. A technique to reconstruct
river discharge history from tree-rings. Water Resources Bulletin
19:175-181.

Wright, L. D. , and J. M. Coleman. 1972. River delta morphology: wave
climate and the role of subaqueous profile. Science 176:282-284.

Wright, L. D. , and J. M. Coleman. 1974. Mississippi River mouth
processes: effluent dynamics and morphologic development. Journal
of Geology 82:751-758.

7-1

APPENDIX A.
Changes in Personnel

Ms. Deborah Casavant completed an M.S. degree with an LTER thesis at
the University of Illinois and moved to Boston University, where she is
pursuing a Ph.D. degree in geology.

Mr. Mark Grubb joined the Large Rivers LTER as a half-time research
assistant on the geological aspects of the project. He came to us after
receiving an M.S. degree in geology at Colorado State University. He will
be writing a Ph.D. thesis on the geomorphic evolution of the Large River
LTER sites.

Dr. James King was on sabbatical leave from his position at the
Illinois State Museum for the spring semester of 1985.

Mr. Frank Brookfield, the computer programmer provided to the LTER
project by the Natural History Survey, accepted a new position with the
Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center at the Illinois State
Water Survey starting in July 1985. He will continue working part time on
the LTER project until January 1986. Dr. Ken Lubinski and Mr. Jack
Grubaugh from the Natural History Survey will supervise and coordinate
data management at the field stations. Dr. David Gross will continue to
direct the map digitizing and use of the geographic information system.

The appointment of Ms. Lisa Miskimen, research assistant with the
tree ring project, has expired. Remaining work for this project will be
completed with continued contributions from her, the assistance of a
programming consultant, and Dr. Wayne Wendland.

A-1

APPENDIX B.

External Advisory Committee

This appendix consists of the written report of the External
Advisory Committee (EAC) following a review of the Large River LTER
project, 20-22 February 1985, integrated and edited by Chairman Colbert
Cushing. The response to the EAC report is in Appendix C.

The members of our External Advisory Committee are listed below.
Dr. Daryl Simons joined the Committee in 1983; the others have been
members since the inception of the LTER project in the spring of 1982.
The chair has rotated each year, from Wayne Minshall, to Richard Wiegert,
to Colbert Cushing, to James Eckblad, who will be Chairman of the 1985/86
meeting in Champaign, Illinois, 10-12 February 1986. The members of the
Committee have paid particular attention to their charge to advise our
group, and we are grateful for much personal help from each member, not
reflected in the summary documents in this Appendix. We look forward to
their continuing assistance in the future.

Colbert E. Cushing
Chairman, 1984/85

Environmental Sciences Department
Batelle-Pacific Northwest Lab.
Richland, WA 99352

James Eckblad
Chairman, 1985/86

Department of Biology
Luther College
Decorah, lA 52101

G. Wayne Minshall
Chairman, 1982/83

Department of Biology
Idaho State University
Pocatello, ID 83201

Daryl B. Simons

Engineering Research Center
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523

Richard Wiegert
Chairman, 1983/84

Department of Zoology
University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30601

B-1

Report from Chairman Gushing following the
External Advisory Committee Review of 18-20 February 1985

This is the third report by the External Advisory Committee
following a presentation of formal progress reports, informal discussions,
and displays by members of the Large River LTER Research Team. They gave
us an impressive performance. For the most part, the review team was
satisfied with their progress; our summary of the project's status
follows;

Positive Attributes

The EAC discerns a marked improvement in the program and the people
involved during the past 17 months. The project to us is impressive in
both scope, integration, and output, and essentially appears to be leading
to valuable scientific contributions.

The group has matured, both individually and as a team. This was
illustrated by the presentations which were professional, with clear
statements of objectives and results. Strengths in the program were
selected and well highlighted; weaknesses, however, were downplayed but
still apparent in some aspects and these will be addressed later. The
team showed much more integration among the groups than was apparent
during the previous extramural reviews. Individuals displayed greater
confidence. In short, you appeared to have confidence in yourselves, your
research, and the direction the project was going. The production of the
methods manual, with up-datings, and the publication of the Annual Report
with plenty of time for us to study it prior to the meeting are
indications of how much the scientists are on top of the project.

We are particularly pleased with the progress in modeling and use
of the model as a guide for the research. As soon as the model is running
on the IBM microcomputer, we'd like to see you make it available to
outside scientists, both for their use and for the input from them you
would receive in exchange. One suggestion would be to write it up, with
documentation, as a preliminary model "tool" and send it in to Ecological
Modeling. Then the submitted manuscript could be distributed, with
program if the latter cannot be published as part of the paper.

The Core Data Sets seemed appropriate, but we were unsure as to
where they were leading — more about this below. The data management
program reorientation has been accomplished in a most significant manner
and looks like it now provides the needed information.

We were encouraged by your apparent efforts to interact with regard
to data synthesis with other LTER sites as indicated by your reference to
Marty Gurtz's work and we encourage positive follow-up.

In reference to Section 3 of the Annual Report, the Project Plan,
we were frankly more encouraged by what we heard during the review than in
what we read. We would suggest that you make a greater effort to
formalize these plans, such as the work on the Illinois River

B-2

perturbations. Here, the baseline data and Core Data Sets should be of
great help.

It's good to see the computer equipment at the different sites —
obviously a great help in your efforts. We recommend obtaining an 8087
math coprocessor (about $165 each) for each IBM machine and a compiler
that will address this chip, and a 5-10 megabyte hard disk for each site.
We suggest getting the removable rather than the fixed disks to facilitate
exchange of programs and data.

Weaknesses

More effort to involve outside scientists in the site work should be
made. The research is at a level now where others would be interested in
participating in the on-going studies, and by so doing, add stature to the
Large River LTER and provide useful insight into various aspects of the
research.

One aspect of the project which was not adequately expressed might
be stated, "What's the main message at this point?" This will be
particularly important in focusing your efforts at writing the renewal
proposal. We did not gain the impression of a strong central theme or
'Win message" in the presentations. In this respect, we would suggest
that a combination of Chapter 4 of the Annual Report, Most Significant
Accomplishments, and what we heard in the presentations should form a
solid basis for a good renewal proposal.

The publication record of the Large River LTER is extremely weak for
the time you've spent in the study. The book concept is good and should
be pursued. The EAC believes that there has perhaps been an overemphasis
on posters, verbal presentations, etc., at the expense of getting papers
submitted to and published in the open literature. A conscious effort
should be made; assign some papers, set some hard deadlines, and see that
they are met.

Some of the model graphic symbols for compartments need correcting.
Also, in relation to the model, we would suggest a continued vigilance
with your coefficients. These should be refined, as possible, with
complete and current documentation as to their derivation; use of outside
reviewers may help in this aspect. Here again, getting these into a
manuscript would be a tremendous step forward and would put the Large
River LTER head and shoulders above the other LTERs with respect to
modeling.

Summary

The EAC was extremely pleased with the review. The pluses far
outweighed the minuses this time. The research team has come a long way
since the first review ano now shows signs of maturity and productivity.
We feel confident that continued efforts to improve, refine, and publish
your results will provide valuable scientific information.

We appreciate the time and hospitality shown us and look forward to
continued association with the group.

B-3

APPENDIX C.
Response to the External Advisory Committee

Comment 1 . Write up the large river model for Ecological Modeling

Sparks presented a paper, co-authored with Anderson, Grubaugh,
Demissie, and Adams, "An integrated hydrodynamic/biological model for the
upper Mississippi River," at the sympositm on river basin modeling at the
annual meeting of the International Society for Ecological Modeling,
Gainesville, Florida, 12-15 August 1985. Presenters were encouraged to
submit manuscripts to Ecological Modeling and we are preparing one now.

Comment 2. Formalize project plans, including the main message for the
renewal proposal, and clearly relate the core data sets to the plan

Our principal investigators have revised and formalized our major
hypotheses and research questions at meetings on 8-10 April and 7 May
1985. We critiqued our baseline measurements and related them to our
hypotheses on 8 July 1985. We will distribute a draft version of the
renewal proposal to the External Advisory Committee before the next
committee meeting on 10-12 February 1986 and we plan to devote most of the
meeting to a critical review of the proposal.

Comment 3. Purchase 8087 math coprocessors, compatible compilers, and
5-10 megabyte hard disks for each of the LTER work stations

Done.

Comment 4. Do more to involve outside scientists

We will meet in January 1986 with researchers from Louisiana State
University who work on the lower Mississippi River and the delta to
discuss collaborative research. We will include funding in our renewal
proposal to support a short-term outside investigator. We have applied to
NSF for a facilities support grant to expand the field laboratory at
Havana to accommodate outside scientists.

Comment 5. Strengthen publication record

Section 2: Shortfalls describes the steps we have taken to increase
our rate of publication, including a writing workshop in an isolated
location, with no telephones but with electrical outlets to run four word
processors. We have established a manuscript submission schedule and are
exerting pressure on each other to meet deadlines.

Comment 6 . Model. Correct graphic symbols, refine and document
coefficients, use outside reviewers, and publish

See comment 1 above. We are correcting the symbols and refining the
coefficients. We plan to review the model with Richard Wiegert in October
at the University of Georgia.

C-1

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D-8

Abbreviations

Com.
Ctr.

Ed.
Res.

Sulfur in coal

IDOC

IDOT

NMFS

NSF

Univ. Res. Assoc.

USM

USFWS

USGS

US Off. Suf. Min.

Commonwealth Edison Co. , Chicago, IL

Center for Research on Sulfur in Coal

Illinois Departmen of Energy and Natural Resources

Illinois Department of Conservation

Illinois Department of Transportation

National Marine Fisheries Service

National Science Foundation

University Research Association

U.S. Department of Agriculture

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Office of Surface Mining .

D-9

APPENDIX E.
Collaborative Research and Liaison Activities

The following grants are directly linked to the Large River LTER or
use our data bases (Anderson):

1. Characterization of mussel populations in shallow channel border
areas, Mississippi River, Pool 19. Drs. R. V. Anderson and M. A.
Romano, Western Illinois University. Funded by Illinois
Department of Conservation, $1,000.

2. Aquatic macrophyte succession in Pool 19, Mississippi River and
its effect on the consumer community. Dr. J. D. Ives, Western
Illinois University. Funded by Western Illinois University
Research Council, $4,392.

3. The ecology of pools 19 and 20, Upper Mississippi River: an
ecological profile. Dr. L. A. Jahn, Western Illinois University.
Funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, $9,988.

4. The breeding biology of wood ducks in the Nauvoo Flats of the
Keokuk, Fool, Mississippi River. Dr. F. C. Bellrose, Illinois
Natural History Survey. Funded by the Illinois Department of
Conservation and Wildlife Management Institute, $9,000.

Quincy Bay (Adams). The Illinois Department of Conservation
funded an investigation of the sedimentation patterns and sources of
sediment in Quincy Bay. This type of bay-backwater area is common along
the Illinois River but uncommon along the Mississippi. An analysis of
changes in the morphology of Quincy Bay will contribute to our LTER study
of the successional changes resulting from dam construction. This project
will be completed in fall 1986.

Sediment Budget of Peoria Lake (Sparks). The Rock Island District
of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provided $50,000 to the Illinois State
Water Survey for an analysis of the acute sedimentation problem in Peoria
Lake, a natural mainstem lake of the Illinois River. The mean low water
level of the lake was raised in the 1930 's by a low navigation dam. This
is one of the three sites for the Large River LTER research, and both
studies will benefit from an exchange of information. Equipment and staff
from both studies were pooled to measure the effects of the March 1985
flood — the third highest flood in the 140-year record on the Illinois
River.

Upper Mississippi River Basin Association (Sparks). The UMRBA has
continued the long-term loan of approximately $50,000 of equipment to the
Large River LTER project. Major items are the Motorola MiniRanger III
and the Marsh-McBirney oceanographic current meter.

E^l

Dendrochrono logy (Wendland). Dr. Wendland is participating with
other LTER dentrochronologists in the United States to identify common
problems and share information. Although several individuals have been
identified, little more has been done to date. Dr. Wendland will attempt
to organize the group to identify common interests and to improve
information exchange.

Sediment Transport Workshop (Adams). An inter site workshop on
sediment transport mechanics and measurement has been scheduled for 16-18
September 1985 at Pere Marquette State Park, Grafton, Illinois. Dr. D. B.
Simons, a consulting engineer from Ft. Collins, Colorado, has agreed to be
keynote speaker and consultant to the workshop. Each participating site
will present a review of sediment or erosion processes at their site.
Small groups will then address several topics of interest. It is expected
that one or more groups will consider arid climate erosion and soil creep
and mass wastage on steep terrain., A summary report will be prepared and
published so that the results of the workshop will be readily available to
all LTER sites and other scientists pursuing similar ecological research.

Joint Meeting of Mississippi River Researchers (Sparks). Richard
Sparks, Large River LTER, and John Day, Center for Wetlands, Louisiana
State University, have organized a meeting of scientists from the two
groups at Baton Rouge during the week of 13 January 1986. Principal
investigators from each site will describe their research. We hope to
generate at least one cooperative research project that we can include in
our renewal proposal and a format for an annual meeting of researchers
working on the upper and lower Mississippi River. In the past,
communication between the two groups has not been adequate, and it will be
exciting to see what pew ideas may be generated by bringing people
together who work on the river systems from the headwaters at Lake Itasca
to the delta.

E-2

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SUMMARY
PROPOSAL BUDGET

ORGANIZATION

Board of Trustees, University of Illinois

FOR NSF USE ONLY

PROPOSAL NO.

DURATION (MONTHS)

RINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR

Richard E. Sparks

AWARD NO.

SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, CoPI's, Faculty and Other Senior Assoclat
(List each separately with title; A. 6. show number in brackets)

NSF FUNDED
PERSON MPS.

CAL. ACADSUMR

FUNDS

REQUESTED B^

PROPOSER

D. L. Gross

R. A. Cahill

_n

R, V. Anderson

3.C

7,875

M. DeTTiissie

3.5

788

OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

^ii

) TOTAL SENIOR PERSOr

:i^.

1^

16.663

B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

0

l^ ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN. PROGRAMMER, El

i6.C

55,994

-^ ) GRADUATE STUDENTS

27,028

) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

SECRETARIAL-CLERICAL

11.603

27.571

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

138.859

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS)

14,123

SALARIES,

^,GES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B+C)

1 'S2.98?.

PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AIVIOUNT FOR EACH
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;

0

TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

13,229

2. FOREIGN

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

1. STIPENDS $

2. TRAVEL

3. SUBSISTENCE

4. OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

6,478

2. PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

3,240

CONSULTANT SERVICES

2,123

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

1,500

5. SUBCONTRACTS

14.631

23.086

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

,51,058

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH

217.269

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY) 45% Qf ^g £15

44,806; 21.5% of 27,028 = 5,811

21,697; 29.3% of 152,923 =

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS

77,314

DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (I-

289.583

RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252 AND 253)

JL

10UNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J

789. S8?

'D TYPED NAME & SIGT

E. Sparks

INST. REP TYPED NAME.

SIGNATURE* 7

>L..

FOR NSF USE ONLY

1030 nOSO) Supersedes All Prev

•SIGNATURES RtQUIRED ONL'
BUDGET (GPM

)H REVISED

Budget Explanation

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)
on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers

15 July 1985

A. Senior personnel

1. D. L. Gross

2. R. A. Cahill

3. W. M. Wendland

4. J. R. Adams

5. N. G. Bhovnnik

6. M. Demissie

7. K. S. Lubinski

8. R. W. Gorden

9. R. E. Sparks

10. P. G. Risser

11. R. V. Anderson

(11) Total senior personnel

B. Other personnel

2. (4) Other professionals

3. (3) Graduate students

5. (1) Secretarial

6. (2) Other

(10) Total other

Total salaries and wages

C. Fringe benefits
0.32% of 27,028
12.551% of 111,831

Subtotal

Total salaries and benefits

D. Permanent equipment

E. Travel (all domestic)

F. Participant support costs

Man-mo s .

2.00
4.00
0.50
5.00
2.00
3.50
8.40
1.50
7.40
0.70
3.00

39.80

46.00
25.00
12.00
19.00

102.00

141.80

Funding requested

0
0
0
0

0
8,788
0
0
0
0
7,875

16,663

55,994
27,028
11,603
27,571

122,196

138,859

87
14,036

14,123

152,982

0
13,229

0

G. Other direct costs

1. Materials and supplies * 6,478

2. Publication, page charges 3,240

3. Consultant services (external advisory committee) 2,123

4. Computer services 1,500

5. Subcontracts (Western Illinois University) 14,631

6. Other 23,086
Water analyses 12,051

Sediment analyses 3,000

Telephone equipment,
maintenance, slip rentals
reactor fees, etc. 8,035

Subtotal 51,058

H. Total direct costs (A-G) 217,269

Exclude WIU subcontract (14,631) and computer

services (1,500) = 16,131

Modified total direct costs 201,138

I. Indirect costs

29.3% of 152,923 (field stations) 44,806

45.0% of 48,215 (on campus) 21,597

21.5% of 27,028 (graduate students tuition) 5,811

Subtotal 72 314

J. Total direct and indirect costs 289,583

K. Residual funds 0

L. Amount of this request 289,583

APPENDIX III

SUMMARY 1986
PROPOSAL BUDGET

FOR NSF USE ONLY

ORGANIZATION

Illinois Natural History Survey, U. of 111.
Will subcontract bndi:

PROPOSAL NO.

Will subcontract bnrigpt

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJLCT DIRECTOR

AWARD NO.

Richard V- Anderson (WIU)

A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co Pis. Faculty and Other Senior Assoc!.
(List each separately with title, A. 6. show number in brackets)

^l^/oSJ^^&g.

GAL. ACADSUMR

DURATION (MONTHS)

FUNDS
EOUESTED BY
PROPOSER

FUNDS
GRANTED BY NEF
(IF DIFFERENT)

1. Richard V. Anderson

OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)

8 OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)

(1 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS $500 / mOUth

6000

IISIDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

) SECRETARIAL CLERICAL

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

6000

INGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS)

TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C)

6000

PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

DOMESTIC (INCL CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

3100

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

1. STIPENDS $

2. TRAVEL

3. SUBSISTENCE

OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

-JTST

2. PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

3 CONSULTANT SERVICES

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

SUBCONTRACTS

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

2351

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)

11451

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY)

53% X A+B ($6000)

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS

$3180

3180

INST .1^5) TY«ED NAME & SICiN

A. Rilev Ma6.on. Directo"

1030 110-80) Supt'rseaes All Previous Editions

1U1RED ONLY FOR RE>
LT (GPM 233)

WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY (subcontract)
BUDGET JUSTIFICATIION - 1986

NSF WIU
Requested Contributed

A. Senior Personnel
Richard V. Anderson

Budget year 1985-86, 10% of

academic time (.9 months) X $2624 $ 2362

Budget year 1986-87, 10% of

academic time (.9 months) X $2834 2551

B. Other Personnel

Graduate Student (1)

12 months X $500 $ 6000

Total Salaries and Wages 6000 4913

C. Fringe Benefits

R. V. Anderson

Retirement: 8.131% X $4913 400

Insurance: $85 X 1.8 months 153

Total of A + B + C 6000 5466

D. Equipment

E. Travel

Travel to field sites and one

national professional meeting 3100 300

F. Participant Support Costs

G. Other Direct Costs

1. Material and Supplies

Collection bottles, oils, slides

paper, glass ware, filters,

chemicals for sample processing 2351 200

6. Other - Aerial photographs 400

Total Other Direct Costs 2351 600

H. Total Direct Cost 11451 6366

I . Indirect Cost

53% X A + B ($10,913) = $5,784 3180 2604

J. Total Direct and Indirect 14631 8970

Total Request $23,601

Ecological Structure and Function of Major Rivers in Illinois
"Large River LTER"

1986 Renewal Proposal

Long-Term Ecological Research Program

National Science Foundation

Washington, DC

Richard E. Sparks, Project Director
Illinois Natural History Survey

Project Period: 16 January 1986 - 15 January 1987
Funds Requested: $289,583

Richard E. Sparks, Project DirectX ./Stan Changnoi/ "fchief /'
Illinois Natural History Survey /^Illinois St^te Water Survey

4^ul G. Risser, Chief
Illinois Natural History Survey

/n/inhuk)

lUALia.

H. Z'. Stapleton, Secretary
Research Board, Univ. of Illinois

'^liU^vy

Morns Leighton, Chief^ /Ql^A J-' J-' Kailierer, A^st. Director

Illinois Geological Survey ^ ^^/>~ Business Affairs? Univ. of 111

28 August 1985

University oi Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign

Grants and Contracts Office

105 Davenport House
809 South Wright Street
Champaign
Illinois 61820

217 333-2186

August 29, 1985

iData Support Services Section

[national science foundation

1800 G Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20550

Attn: Long-Term Ecological
Research Program

U Of I Ref. No. RS-NSF-q-lQAS

Title: Ecological Structure and Function of

Major RlVfc^rs in Illinois.

Amount:
Period:'

$289, 58 J. UU

Jan. Jf^. 1QSA - T^n -15^ 1937

Principal Investigator! s) ^~^

^rii E — Sparks

department state N.rnr.l Hisrnrv Surv.v

Type of Request: New Request, Suppleme^nt,

Xxxi^ontinuation, Renewal of Existing Award

^fc

igh

-^r

5017.8,

Revision of Original Proposal Transmitted on
Proposal Number ~

Enclosed are copies of the referenced proposal. This proposal has been reviewed by
the proper University administrative officials and has been approved for submission.

Your consideration will be appreciated. Any contract or grant supporting the above
described project must be issued in the University's corporate name, The Board of
Trustees of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 51801.

Any questions of a non-technical nature regarding this proposal should be addressed
to Willie Dozier at the above telephone number.

WDM:ef

Enclosure

cc

T. L. Brown, Vice-Chancel lor
for Research

Sincerely,

10

Wm. D. Morgan, Associate Director
Grant and Contract Administration

Sue Hale

ATTACHMENT TO PROPOSAL TRANSMITTAL LETTER

(The following General Information is provided to assist potential
Sponsors. It is recognized some information may not be applicable
to this specific proposal and, if inappropriate, should be disregarded.)

1. The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois reserves the right to
negotiate the terms and conditions of any definitized Contract/Grant which
may result from this proposal application.

2. Any resulting Contract/Grant should indicate the University's legal
corporate title "The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois."

3. All contractual correspondence should be mailed to:

University of Illinois
Grants and Contracts Office
105 Davenport House
809 South Wright Street
Champaign, Illinois 61820

4. University Contract/Grant Negotiators*:

a. Mr. Willie J. Dozier b. Mr. Wm. D. Morgan

*Each may be reached by telephone at (217) 333-2185, same address as (3)
above.

5. Cognizant Federal Administrative Agency:

Office of Naval Research
536 South Clark Street
Chicago, IL 60605
ATTN: Mr. John W. Michalski

Administrative Contracting Officer

(312) 353-6072 or 885-5423

6. Cognizant Federal Audit Agency:

Defense Contract Audit Agency .

Resident Auditor

911 South 6th Street, Room 201

Champaign, IL 61820

(217) 333-0998

7. Contract/Grant payments should be mailed to:

University of Illinois

252 Administration Building

505 South Wright Street

Urbana, IL 61801 EIN # 1-37-5000. 511W

8. The following predetermined indirect cost rate has been currently negotiated
with the Office of Naval Research.

Research Indirect Cost Rate Graduate Research Asst. Period

42.2% 13. 6X 7/1/84 - 6/30/85

45.0% 21.5% 7/1/85 - 6/30/35

LTER ADMINISTRATION

SUMMARY
PROPOSAL BUDGET

ORGANIZATION

University of Illinois

Natural History

FOR NSF USE ONLY

PROPOSAL NO,

DURATION (MONTHS)

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR

R. E. Sparks

AWARD NO.

A. SENIOR PERSONNEL; PI/PD, Co-PI's, Faculty and Other Senior Associates
List each separately with title; A. 6. show number in brackets)

^g^S^O^^&g.

CAL. ACADSUMR

FUNDS

REQUESTED BV

PROPOSER

FUNDS
GRANTED BY NSF
(IF DIFFERENT)

R. E. Sparks

4.00 mo

2. P. G. Risser

0.20 mo

R. W. Gorden

0.25 mo

OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)

8. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)

) GRADUATE STUDENTS

) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

I) SECRETARIAL CLERICAL

11.603

TOTAL SALARIES AND '

11.603

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) 12.551% of 11 , 603

1 ,4Sft

TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A+B + C)

13. 0-^9

PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACI-
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;

0

E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

2,729

FOREIGN

kRTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

STIPENDS $

TRAVEL

SUBSISTENCE

OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

1,200

PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

2,000

CONSULTANT SERVICES

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

SUBCONTRACTS

OTHER (telephone, maintenance agreements)

1,900

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

7.223

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)

23,011

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY)

29.3% of 23,011

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS

6,7A2

TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H +

29,753

RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252 AND 253)

AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K)

>D TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE'

Richard E, Sparks "^ocA^^-^iX ^.5

INST. REP. TYPEDNAME& SIGNATURE'

1030 (10-80) Supersedes All Pre

yfi^

IJR REVISED

Administration
1986 Budget Explanation

Prepared June 1985

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)
on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers

Man-mos. Funding requested

A. Senior personnel

1. R. E. Sparks, PD 4.00 Q

2. P. G. Risser 0.20 Q

3. R. W. Gorden 0.25 0

(3) Total senior personnel 4.45 0

B. Other personnel

5. (1) Secretarial 12.00 11,603

(1) Total other 12.00 11,603

Total salaries and wages 16.45 11,603

C. Fringe benefits

12.551% of 11,603 1,456

Total salaries and benefits 13 059

E. Travel - domestic

External Advisory Committee, one 2-day meeting in Champaign, IL

Ground per Sub-total

Airfare Transp. Lodging Diem per Person

C. E. Gushing 710 0 45 29 784
J. Eckblad 268 30 45 29 372
G. W. Minshall 430 29 45 46 550

D. B. Simons 344 28 45 29 446
R. Wiegert 242 0 45 55 367

Subtotal 1,994 87 250 188 2,519

Overnight travel for Sparks from Havana to other field

stations and to Champaign 210

Subtotal 2 729

F-13

G. Other direct costs

1. Materials and supplies (stamps, office supplies) 1,200

2. Publication, page charges 2,000

3. Consultant services (external advisory committee;

I extra day by R. Wiegert for help in modeling;

II man-days (3 $193/day 2,123
6. Other (one-half maintenance and service cost of

IBM world processor, 3M copier 700

Telephone at Havana Laboratory 1,200

Subtotal 7,223

H. Total direct costs (A-G) 23,011

I. Indirect costs

29.3% of 23,011 6,742

J. Total direct and indirect costs 29,753

K. Residual funds 0

L. Amount of this request 29,753

F-14

DATA MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY
PROPOSAL BUDGET

ORGANIZATION

University of Illinois - Natural History

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR

K. S. Lubinksi

SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co Pi's, Faculty :
(List each separately with title; A. 6. show numbe

lOr Associ

1 K. S. Lubinski

2.4 mo

FOR NSF USE ONLY

'ROPOSAL NO.

\V\lf\HD NO.

NSF FUNDED
PERSON MOS.

CAL. ACADSUMR

DURATION (MONTI-

FUNDS

REQUESTED BY

PROPOSER

OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDL

JDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

lOR PERSONNEL (1-5)

OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER. ETC.) J. GrubaUghH2 . 0

2.0,^7^

GRADUATE STUDENTS

) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

SECRETARIAL CLERICAl

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

20,475

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS)

12.551% of 20,475

2.570

TOTAL SALARIES. WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS ^

23.045

D. PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

FOREIGN

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS
I. STIPENDS $

SUBSISTENCE
OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

2. PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

3. CONSULTANT SERVICES

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

5. SUBCONTRACTS

6. OTHER

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)

23,0/i5

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIF'

IDIRECT COSTS

29.3% of 23,045

6,752

J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (h

29,797

RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252 AND 253)

JT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J

yi^us^

29,797

'l/PD TYPED NAME 8, SIGNATURE'

K. S. Lubinski

NST REP TYPED NAME fi, SIG^

1030 110-80) Superspdes

FOR NSF USE ONLY

INDIRECT COST RATE VERI

Date Check e^.--- D

GEOLOGY

F-15

SUMMARY

PROPOSAL BUDGET

iRGANIZATION

University of Illinm's - Narnral HJQt-m

FOR NSF USE ONLY

•ROPOSAL NO.

.TION (MONTHS)

'fSTIGATOR/PRGJECT DIRECTOR

AWARD NO.

D. L. Gross

Ity and Other Senior Assoc!,

"TTTTmo"
4. U mo

NSF FUNDE
PERSON-MC

CAL. ACAI

\3sL

FUNDS

GRANTED BY NSF

(IF DIFFERENT)

1 D. L. Gross, PI

R. A. Cahill, Co-PI

3W. M. Wendland. Co-PI

"075"

) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

( 3 ' TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)

B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)

2 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS M. Grubb . A. Autrev

17,428

UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

) SECRETARIAL CLERICAL

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

17,428

FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) .32% of 17.428

.h£_

TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B+C)

17,484

D. PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTI

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

^ND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH
ICATION)

ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000,

DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

2,000

2. FOREIGN

0

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS
1. STIPENDS $

3. SUBSISTENCE

4. OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

1,831

2. PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

3. CONSULTANT SERVICES

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

0

SUBCONTRACTS Westem Illinois University

14.361

6. OTHER Reactor costs C-14 costs, boat dock fees

800

OTHER DIRECT COSTS

7 -Pf)?

H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THRQUGh

36,746

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY) Tuition 21.5% of 17,428 = 3,747

45% of 22,115 (36,746-14,631) = 9,952

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS

13.699

TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS

50.445

RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252 AND 253)

_D_

AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR

U MINL

^ =^0,445

PI/PD TYPED NAME & SIGN/

David L, Gross

INST. REP TYPED NAME 6, SIGICATURE

lOJO ilO-oOl Supersedes All Pre',

^^^^.^^.^

FOR NSF USE ONLY

iES RbOUIRED ONLY FOR RE-
BUDGET ICPM 233)

F-16

Component 1. Geology
1986 Budget Explanation

Prepared June 1985

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)
on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers

Man-mo s .

2.00
4.00
0.50

Funding requested

6.50

A. Senior personnel

1. D. L. Gross, PI

2. R. A. Cahill, Co-PI

3. W. M. Wendland, Co-PI

(3) Total senior personnel

B. Other personnel

3. (2) Graduate students

M. Grubb, Ph.D. candidate
(9.00 (a 50% time; 2.50 (3
100% time; $l,388/month

A. Autrey, M.S. candidate
(12.0 @ 50% time; $1,286/
month full time)

(1) Total other

Total salaries and wages

C. Fringe benefits
0.32% of 17,428

Total salaries and benefits

E. Travel - domestic

Field work on the Illinois and Mississippi rivers;
presentation of papers at two domestic meetings

G. Other direct costs

1. Materials and supplies

5. Western Illinois University subcontract

6. Reactor, C-14, docking fees for diesel-powered
workboat

Subtotal

7.0

6.0
13.00
13.00

9,712

7,716
17,428
17,428

56

17,484

2,000

1,831
14,631

800
17,262

F-17

H. Total direct costs (A-G) 36,746

Exclusion of subcontract (14,631)

Modified total direct costs . 22,115

I**

I. Indirect costs

21.5% of 17,428 (tuition) ^ ■ 3,747

45.0% of 22,115 9,952

Subtotal 13,699

J. Total direct and indirect costs 50,445

K, Residual funds 0

L. Amount of this request 50,445

HYDROLOGY

F-18

SUMMARY

PROPOSAL BUDGET

ORGANIZATION

University of Illinois - Natural History

FOR NSF USE ONLY

PROPOSAI

DURATION (MONTHS)

'RINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR

N. G. Bhowmik

AWARD NO.

SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co Pi's, Faculty and Other Senior Associates
(List each separately with title; A. 6. show number in brackets)

CAL. ACADSUMR

FUNDS

REQUESTED BY

PROPOSER

FUNDS

GRANTED BY fvEF

(IF DIFFERENT)

J. R. Adams

N. G. BhowTTiik

5 mo

2 mo

M. Demissle

a^

T^^^S-

) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATIO^

lOR PERSONNEL (1-5)

3.5

«,7RR

OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

( 1

OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)

112.0

17,000

3. (1 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS

9,600

) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

) SECRETARIAL CLERICAL

i,GES (A + B)

35,388

C. FRINGE BENEFITS(IFCHARGEDASDIRECTCOSTS) 12.551% of 25.788; 0.327„ of Q , ftOf •^,?fi8

TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AN D F R I NG E B E N E F I TS ( A+ B+C)

38.656

PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

'ERMANENT EQUIPMENT

ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;

DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS

,^OAE = 3,722/TR = 1,778

5,500

2. FOREIGN

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

1. STIPENDS $

2. TRAVEL

3. SUBSISTENCE

4. OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

500

2. PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

1.000

3. CONSULTANT SERVICES

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

1 ,500

5. SUBCONTRACTS

6. OTHER

3,300
-6,300

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COST£

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)

50,456

MDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY)

'^29.3% of 22^8

TOTAL INDIREtT

45.0% of 26,100 (27,600-1500) = 11,745

5^^=36,697; 21.5% of 9,600 - 2,064

TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H

20,506

RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252 AND 253)

70.962

AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS^K)

PI/PD TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE'

N. G. Bhowmik

INST. REP TYPED NAME 8, SIGNATURE

W/f^liamiuK

KO) Supersfdes All Previoui Editions

70.962

FOR NSF USE ONLY

DateChecke^^'^

INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION

JRES REQUIRED OP

'UlOGET ((-,PM 23:

F-19

Component 2. Hydrology
1986 Budget Explanation

Prepared June 1985

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)
on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers

Man-mos. Funding requested

A. Senior personnel

1. J. R. Adams 5.00 0

2. N. G. Bhowmik 2.00 0

3. M. Demissie 3.50 8,788

(3) Total senior personnel 10.50 8,788

B. Other personnel

2. (1) Technician, F. Dillon 12.00

3. (1) Graduate student @1600/mo 6.00

(2) Total other 18.00

Total salaries and wages 13.00

C. Fringe benefits
12.551% of 25,788
0.32% of 9,600

Subtotal

Total salaries and benefits

E. Travel - domestic

Vehicle expense for field data collection 3,722

Meetings 1,778

Subtotal 5,500

G. Other direct costs

1. Materials and supplies 500

2. Publication costs, page charges 1,000

4. Computer services 1,500
6. Sediment sample analysis 3,000

Telecommunications 300

Subtotal 6.300

17

,000

9

,600

26

,600

35

,388

3

,237

31

3

,268

38

,656

F-20

H. Total direct costs (A-G) 50,456

Exclusion of computer services (1,500)

Modified total direct costs 48,956

I. Indirect costs

21.5% of 9,600 (tuition) 2,064

Technician salary and fringe benefits (17,000 + 2,134)
plus vehicle operation (3,722); 29.3% of 22,856
45.0% of 26,100 (48,956 MTDC - 22,856)

Subtotal

J. Total direct and indirect costs

K. Residual funds

L. Amount of this request

6

,697

11

,745

20

,506

70^

,962

0

70:

,962

ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE

F-21

SUMMARY
PROPOSAL BUDGET

ORGANIZATION

University of Illinois ^ Natural History

FOR NSF USE ONLY

'ROPOSAL NO.

DURATION (MONTHS)

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PPOJECT DIRECTOR

K, S. Lubinski

AWARD NO.

NSF FUNDED
PERSON MPS

FUNDS
REQUESTED B
PROPOSER

K. S, T.nhinwki

-bL — Gorden

1 mo

R. E. Sparks

0. A mo

) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

( 3 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)

OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

( 2 > OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)

22.

1H,Siq

) GRADUATE STUDENTS

JNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

SECRETARIAL-CLERICAL

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

18,519

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) 12,551% of 18,519

2,324

TOTAL SALARIES

^GES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A+B + C)

20.843

D. PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLL;^
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

R AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;

0

DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

1,500

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

1. STIPENDS $

2. TRAVEL

3. SUBSISTENCE

4. OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

2. PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

CONSULTANT SERVICES

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

SUBCONTRACTS

2,500

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

_3^310

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)

25.653

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY)

29.3% of 25,653

INDIRECT COSTS

TOTAL DIRECT AND

1ECT COSTS (I-

)UAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252 AND 253)

7,516

33,169

_Q_

"n. \M

FOR NSF USE ONLY

INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION

lUoO (lO-oO) Supersfdes All Pr.

F-22

Component 3. Ecosystem Structure
1986 Budget Explanation

Prepared June 1985

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)
on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers

Man-mo s.

6.00
1.00
0.40

7.40

22.00
22.00
29.40

A. Senior personnel

1. K. S. Lubinski

2. R. W. Gorden

3. R. E. Sparks

(3) Total senior personnel

B. Other personnel
2. (2) Technician

(2) Total other
Total salaries and wages

C. Fringe benefits
12.551% of 18,519

Total salaries and benefits

E. Travel - domestic

G. Other direct costs

1. Materials and supplies

6. Other - contractual services, field station
operation and maintenance, electricity,
telecommunications, equipment repair and
replacement

Subtotal

H. Total direct costs (A-G)

I. Indirect costs
29.3% of 25,653

J. Total direct and indirect costs

K. Residual funds

L. Amount of this request

Funding requested

18,519
18,519
18,519

2,324

20,843

1,500

810

2,500

3,310

25,653

7,516

33,169

0

33,169

ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION

F-23

SUMMARY

PROPOSAL BUDGET

ORGANIZATION

University of Illinois

Natural History

FOR NSF USE ONLY

DURATION (MONTHS)

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR

R. E, Sparks

SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-Pi's, Faculty and Other Senior Associ
List each separately with title; A. 6. show number in brackets)

NSF FUNDED
PERSON MOS.

CAL. ACADSUMR

FUNDS
REQUESTED B
PROPOSER

FUNDS

GRANTED BY NSF

(IF DIFFERENT)

R. E. Sparks

^.n mn

2- P. G. Risser

Q, 5 mo

3 R. W. Gorde.n

0.5

0

R. V.AniiersQn

hre-

7,875

) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

( ^ TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)

5.0

7,875

B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER. ETC.)

) GRADUATE STUDENTS

) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

) SECRETARIAL CLERICAL

2 ) OTHER technicians

27,571

TOTAL SALARIES AND ^

35.446

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS)

12.551% of 35.446-

r44^

TOTAL SALARIES. WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS

39,895

D. PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACF
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;

DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

1.500

2. FOREIGN

n

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

1. STIPENDS $

2. TRAVEL

SUBSISTENCE _
OTHER _

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS ANDSUPPLIES

2,137

PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

240

CONSULTANT SERVICES

4. COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

SUBCONTRACTS

OTHER water sample analyses, service agrepmpnt-.c^, boats

14^5^6-

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGh

44v^3-

58,358

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY)

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS

29.3% Of 58,358

17,099

TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H

75,457

RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252 AND 253)

0

AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K)

?5,457

/PD TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE

Richard E. Sparks 'idhjx^fuy^^ ^ . S p^L

INST. REPTYPED NAME & SIGNATURE- 7

J^ki^

FOR NSF USE ONLY

lOJO (10-801 Siipr^rsedes Ah

IGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REv
RUDGET (GPM 233'

F-24

Component 4. Ecosystem Function
1986 Budget Explanation

Prepared June 1985

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)
on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers

Funding requested

0
0
0

7,875

Man-mo s.

A. Senior personnel

1. R. E. Sparks 3.00

2. P. G. Risser 0.50

3. R. W. Gorden 0.50

4. R. V. Anderson 3.00

(4) Total senior personnel 7.00 7,875

B. Other personnel

6. (2) Technicians

K. D. Blodgett 0 2037.50 10.59 21,571

D. Day (? 1,000.00 6.00 6,000

(2) Total other 16.59 27,571

Total salaries and wages 23.59 35,446

C. Fringe benefits

12.551% of 35,446 4,449

Total salaries and benefits 39,895

E. Travel - domestic 1,500

G. Other direct costs

1. Materials and supplies 2,137

2. Publications, page charges 240
6. Other

Analysis of 309 water samples by INKS Water

Chemistry Lab (3 $39 ea. 12,051

Half of maintenance and service agreements for

IBM word processor, Mettler balance, 3M copier 1,210

Maintenance and service on boats and field equipment 1,325

Subtotal

16,963

ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION

F-23

SUMMARY

PROPOSAL BUDGET

ORGANIZATION

University of Illinois

Natural History

FOR NSF USE ONLY

PROPOSAL

DURATION (MONTHS)

'RINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR

AWARD NO.

R. E, Sparks

A. SENIOR PERSONNEL; PI/PD, Co Pi's, Faculty and Other Sen
(List each separately with title; A. 6. show number in brackets)

^IAs^orS&§.

CAU. ACADSUMR

FUNDS

REQUESTED BY

PROPOSER

R. E. Sparks

•^.n mn

P. G. Risser

Q. 5

3 R. W. Gorden

0.5

R. V.Anderson

hr&-

7,875

) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

^ TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-5)

5.0

7.875

8. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)

) GRADUATE STUDENTS

) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

) SECRETARIAL-CLERICAL

6. ( 2 ) OTHER technicians

27,571

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

35,446

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS)

12.551% of 35,446

4,449

TOTAL SALARIES,

s,GES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A+B + C)

39,895

PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EAC^
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;

_Q_

DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

1.500

FOREIGN

-XL

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

1. STIPENDS $

2. TRAVEL

3. SUBSISTENCE

OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

2,137

2. PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

240

CONSULTANT SERVICES

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

SUBCONTRACTS

6. OTHER water sample analyses, service ^grppmpnrc;^ hr

14,586

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

14t^43-
58,358

DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY)

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS

29.3% of 58,358

17,099

TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (^

75,457

RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM252 AND253)

L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K)

1'5,457

PI/PD TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE'

Richard E. Sparks '^/(}UA<i^^^^ ^ . Sp^t^\-i^'<J-

JST REP TYPED NAME & SIGN AT URE"

lOJO (10-80) Supersedes All Previous £dr

IGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REVISED
BUDGET IGPM 2331

F-24

Component 4. Ecosystem Function
1986 Budget Explanation

Prepared June 1985

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)
on the Illinois and Mississippi Riverj

A. Senior personnel

1. R. E. Sparks

2. P. G. Risser

3. R. W. Gorden

4. R. V. Anderson

Man-mo s.

3.00
0.50
0.50
3.00

7.00

Funding requested

0
0
0

7,875

7,875

(4) Total senior personnel

B. Other personnel

6. (2) Technicians

K. D. Blodgett @ 2037.50 10.59 21,571

D. Day (a 1,000.00 6.00 6,000

(2) Total other 16.59 27,571

Total salaries and wages 23.59 35,446

C. Fringe benefits

12.551% of 35,446 4,449

Total salaries and benefits 39,895

E. Travel - domestic 1,500

G. Other direct costs

1. Materials and supplies 2,137

2. Publications, page charges 240
6. Other

Analysis of 309 water samples by INHS Water

Chemistry Lab @ $39 ea. 12,051

Half of maintenance and service agreements for

IBM word processor, Mettler balance, 3M copier 1,210

Maintenance and service on boats and field equipment 1,325

Subtotal

16,963

F-25

H. Total direct costs (A-G) 58,358

I. Indirect costs

29.3% of 58,358 17,099

J. Total direct and indirect costs 75,457

K. Residual funds 0

L. Amount of this request 75,457

APPENDIX G

Use of the Increment of $40,000 at the
Large River LTER Site in 1986

Justification

We plan to pay two of our senior people summer salaries so that they
can devote more time to the LTER project. Dr. Mike Demissie will extend
the hydraulic model to additional channel border areas and will
investigate ways of modeling complex secondary flow patterns induced by
the main flow, winds, and large boats. We believe that these flows move
detritus from inshore aquatic plant beds to offshore beds of invertebrate
consumers. Drc Richard Anderson will refine the biological model and link
it more directly to the hydraulic model.

Ann Autrey will continue to operate the carbon analyzer which was
partially paid for with LTER funds and will assist with measurement of
carbon isotope ratios in plants, sediments, and invertebrates.

Doug Blodgett will assume some of the field duties now carried out
by Jack Grubaugh, so that Jack can devote more time to managing the entry
and analysis of data on nutrients, organic matter, and invertebrate
populations at the field stations.

G-1

Budget

Man-mo .

On campus

Off campus

Personnel Salaries

R. Anderson

2e000

5,250

D. Blodgett

1.732

3,528

Mc Demissie

3o500

8,788

Ao Autrey (MS student)

6,000

7,716

Subtotals

Fringe benefits

12.551% of 8,778

12.551% of 8,788

0.32% of 7,716

Subtotal

Total direct costs

Indirect costs

21.5% of 7,716 (tuition)
45o0% of 17,632 (in campus)
29.3% of 9,880 (off campus)

Direct and indirect costs
Total costs

13.232

16,504

8,778

1,102

1,103
25

1,128

1,102

17,632

9,880

1,659
7,934

2,895

27,225

12,775

40

,000

G-2