^089

ILLINOIS LARGE RIVERS

NSF ITER

Illinois Natural History Survey

Illinois Water Survey

Illinois Geological Survey

Western Illinois University

Illinois State IVIuseum

Aquatic Biology Tecnnicoi Series 1984 (8)

Illinois Natural History Survey

Aquatic Biology Section Technical Report 1984(8)

1984 PROGRESS REPORT

Ecological Structure and Function of Major Rivers In Illinois
"Large River LTER"

National Science Foundation Grant # BSR-81 14563
Amendment # 01

Richard E. Sparks, Project Director

Illinois Natural History Survey

River Research Laboratory

Havana, I I I I noi s 62644

Richard E. Sparks"/ Project Director Robert W. Gorden, Head

Aquatic Biology Section
Natural History Survey

/^.v./;j^y9a.^;

'vri^'/

Paul G. Risser, /SiTef , Natura |/H i story
Survey, and Chairman, Large River LTER
Executive Committee

21 August 1984

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from

CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois

http://www.archive.org/details/ecologicalstruct1984illi

RIVER LTER

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF

Richard E. Sparks, Project Director

I I I ?no?s Geological Survey

David L. Gross, Ph.D., Geologist and Head of

Environmental Studies and Assessment Unit
Richard A. Cahlll, M.S., Chemist

I I I f nots Natqrql Hfstpry Stirvey

Robert W. Gorden, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist and Head of Aquatic

Biology Section
Michael S. Henebry, Ph.D., Assistant Aquatic Biologist
Kenneth S. LublnskI, Ph.D., Assistant Aquatic Biologist
Paul G. RIsser, Ph.D., Chief

Richard E. Sparks, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist
Michael J. Wiley, Ph.D., Asst. Aquatic Biologist
K. Douglas Blodgett, M.S., Technical Assistant
Frank M. Brookfield, M.S., Computer Programmer
Jack W. Grubaugh, M.S., Technical Assistant
Jens-Dieter Sandburger, M.S., Assistant Supportive Scientist

I I I !no?s State Museqpi

James King, Ph.D., Head of Scientific Sections

I I I Inpls Water Survey

J. Rodger Adams, Ph.D., Professional Scientist

Nani G. Bhowmlk, Ph.D., Principal Scientist and Assistant Headj

Surface Water Section
MIsganaw Demissie, Ph.D., Associate Professional Scientist
Donald Gatz, Ph.D., Principal Scientist and Head, Atmospheric

Chem I stry Sect I on
Wayne W. Wendland, Ph.D., Principal Scientist
Frank Dillon, M.S., Assistant Supportive Scientist

Western I I I Fnols University

Richard V. Anderson, Ph.D., Assistant Professor

Dave Day, M.S., Technical Assistant

Daniel J. Holm, B.S., Graduate Research Assistant

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND DISCLAIMER

The Long-Term Ecological Research
Program has been sponsored, in part, by
the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Association. The findings, conclusions,
recommendations, and views expressed In
this effort are those of the researchers
and should not be considered as the
official position of the Upper Mississippi
River Basin Association.

vl I

August 1984

RIVER LTER ANNUAL REPORT

Tab I e of Contents

£.aa^

Title Page and Signature Page Ill

List of Principal Investigators and Staff v

Acknowledgement and Disclaimer vll

Table of Contents Ix

List of Figures and Tables xl

ACCOMPL ISHMENTS

A. Scientific Accomplishments

Introduction 1-1

Additions to Core LTER Data Sets (Sparks) 1-2

Sources and Fate of Organic Matter (Sparks) 1-2

A I I ochthonous I nputs--Bur I I ngton Island Studies

(Anderson and Sparks) 1-5

Autochthonous Inputs 1-5

Phy top I ankton (Anderson) 1-5

Macrophytes (Anderson, Grubaugh, and LubinskI). 1-7

Losses to Sediment (Cahlll and Gross) 1-10

Detention and Distribution Devices for Nutrients

and Sediments 1-10

Water Driven Mechanisms (Bhowmlk and Adams) .... 1-11

Wind Driven Mechanisms (Bhowmlk and Adams) 1-11

Relationship Between Geomorphlc and Manmade Structure

and Community Structure 1-13

Lateral Pattern 1-13

Phy top I ankton and Invertebrates (Anderson). . . 1-13

Fishes (Lublnski) 1-13

Longitudinal Pattern (Anderson) 1-15

Substrate Patterns (Gross and Casavant) 1-15

Sedimentation Rates of Pool 19 (Gross and Casavant) 1-18
History of Perturbation (Gross, Cahlll, King,

and Wendland) 1-20

River Ecosystem Model 1-20

Mathematical Model for Water and Sediment

Transport In Pool 19, Mississippi River

(Demlssle, Adams, and Bhowmlk) 1-20

Background on Mathematical Modeling

of Water and Sediment Transport

(Demlssle, Adams, and Bhowmlk) 1-20

Calibration and Sample Results (HEC-6 model)

(Demlssle, Adams, and Bhowmlk) 1-21

Inter-Compartment Fluxes (Demlssle, Adams, and

Bhowmlk) 1-22

Biological Component (Brookfleld and Sparks). . . . 1-26

State Variables for Fish (Lublnski) 1-28

B. Data Management and Analysis

Introduction (Brookfleld) 1-29

Ix

Geographic Information System (Brookfleld) 1-29

Data Base Management (Brookfleld) 1-29

Field Stations (LublnskI and Brookfleld) 1-29

SHORTFALLS AND PROBLEMS

A. Hydrologic Component (Adams, Bhowmlk, and Demlssle). . . 2-1

B. Biological Modeling (Sparks) 2-1

C. Merging of Data Sets (Sparks) 2-2

D. Substrate Distribution Patterns In Pools of the

Mississippi (Gross) 2-2

E. Decomposition of Macrophytes (LublnskI) 2-3

PROJECT PLAN

A. Overview (Sparks) 3-1

B. Hydrologic Studies (Adams) 3-2

C. History of Perturbation (Gross, Cahlll, King,

and Wendland) 3-3

MOST SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS 4-1

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS

A. Introduction 5-1

B. LTER Reports 5-1

C. Publications 5-1

D. Theses 5-4

OTHER SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS 6-1

LITERATURE CITED 7-1

Appendix A Changes In Personnel A-1

Appendix B External Advisory Committee B-1

Report from Chairman WIegert Following Review

of 26-28 September 1983 B-3

Minutes of Meeting on Modeling, 28 September 1983. . . . B-7

Letter from Committee Member Simons, 5 October 1983. . . B-9

Appendix C Response to External Advisory Committee C-1

Appendix D Current and Pending Support D-1

Appendix E Collaborative Research and Liaison Activities. . . E-1

Appendix F Budgets E-1

Appendix G Use of Interproject Increment of $40,000 G-1

Appendix H Justification for Equipment and Personnel H-1

X

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Patterns In Organic Matter

2. Eddy

3. Lateral Pattern of Diversity and Blomass .

4. Longitudinal Distribution Patterns . . . .

5. Mean Length of Organic Particles

6. Sedimentation Rates of Pool 19

7. Comparison of Computed and Measured Stages

8. Model Results for 1982 Water Year

9. Average Bed Elevation

L 1ST OF TABLES

Table I. Cumulative Number of Measurements . . . .

2. Phy top I ankton Blomass

3. Comparative Estimations of Annual Net
Productivity

4. Status of Biological Model

£.a g e
-8
-12
-14
-15
-17
-19
-22
-24
-25

1-3
1-6

1-27

1 -1

SECTION 1: ACCOMPLISHMENTS

A. Scientific Accomplishments

I ntroduct I on (Sparks)

The 1983 annual report described the lateral and
longitudinal structures of our floodplain rivers. We Identified
7 main compartments where physical conditions (substrate, depth,
velocity) create habitats for distinct biological communities:
main channels, main channel borders, tallwaters, tributary
mouths, vegetation beds, riparian areas, and backwaters. In 1984,
we continued gathering data on populations of key organisms and
on key phys I ca I /chem 1 ca I factors In each compartment which drive
or control the biological components.

We also continued development of a river ecosystem model,
which Includes the 7 compartments and 22 state variables
representing key organisms and nonliving sinks and sources of
carbon. The model represents our best conceptual Izatlon to date
of how our system works. Integrates our Information, and shows us
where we need more data.

Since data are used both to develop and verify the model,
our data management and model Ing efforts are being careful ly
coordinated. In response to our external advisory committee and
our own sense that our original data management program
overemphasized data archiving at the expense of data analysis, we
made significant changes In our program with the help of a new
data manager, Mr. Frank Brookfleld, and a $50,000 supplemental
al I otment from the National Science Foundation for computer
equipment and software.

The Improvement In data management Is particularly Important
at our site, because much of our analysis depends on extension of
measurements on relatively smal I areas to large habitat
compartments by area and volume weighting. The ability to
exchange and merge data I Ikewlse Is Important at our site where 5
Institutions work out of 3 field stations and 2 main campuses.

Our field and laboratory methods have been compiled by Mr.
Richard Cahll I. Our principal Investigators prepared abstracts
describing each data set, which were compiled and Indexed by Dr.
Walt Con I ey of the Jornada site. The methods handbook, data
abstracts, and the conceptual Izatlon of how our system works
(contained In the handbook for our simulation model) have helped
us organize the our project and will be helpful to outside
Investigators wishing to use our site.

Ten people from the Large River site participated in the
LTER all scientists' meeting at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, 13-17 May
1984, where we presented 21 posters describing our research,
discussed matters of mutual interest with scientists from other

1 -2

sites, and heard from 3 speakers outside the LTER networl< who
have gathered and used long-term measurements and who were
involved in the initial meetings leadingtotheestablishmentof
the LTER program. Several Interslte workgroups were formed at
the meeting and our site was honored to have Dr. NanI Bhowmlk
chosen as chairman of the group on hydrological processes. This
group wit I col late information on the hydrological features of
each site and make recommendations for standardization of methods
for interslte comparisons.

The meeting at Lake Itasca reaffirmed the Importance of
maintaining a core set of long-term measurements at each site:
thus it seems appropriate to begin this annual report with a
section on the number of measurements added to our core data in
each year of our LTER project to date. Subsequent sections of
the report describe our major findings during 1984.

Add It ions to Qore LTER Data Sets (Sparks)

The LTER program has enabled us to continue several long-
term data sets which were Interrupted or on tenuous year-to-year
funding and to add data which wil I help interpret and explain
trends in the older data sets (Table 1). The measurements have
been designed to test hypotheses about how large r \v er systems
work, particularly, hypotheses which deal phenomena which occur on
time scales longer than a conventional funding cycle or which are
stochastic and require before- and after-measurements (floods and
droughts ) .

The following sections describe highlights of 1984, including
reports on both on core data and shorter term studies designed to
elucidate mechanisms or fll I information gaps.

Sources and fate o± ^ r_g anlc Matter (Sparks)

Our LTER research has concentrated on Pool 19 (Keokuk Pool)
of the Mississippi River. We estimate that 1.5 million metric
tons of carbon per year enter the pool, of which 92^ comes from
upstream and 1% from a major tributary, the Skunk River of Iowa.
It appears that most of this material passes through the pool,
but shunting even a sma I i portion of this material Into food
chains could fuel high secondary productivity. Our hydrologlsts
are measuring and modeling the movement of water and sediment In
and out of the pool and Its 7 habitat compartments. The
geologists are determining the rate of deep burial of carbon in
sediments, both in recent times and before the dam was con-
structed, and are Independently verifying rates of sedimentation
using sediment cores and radioisotope markers. The biologists
are measuring production and utilization of organic matter within
compartments .

Of the total surface area within the fioodplain boundaries
of Keokuk Pool, approximately 10% Is land at mean low flow.

1-3

Table 1

Cumulative Number of Measurements or Records
Large River LTER

Copiputerized Illinois

and Mississippi River daily

water levels (No. records)

PI

Lubinski

Before Estimate

1982 1982 1983 1984

365

730

1,094

Water discharge
(No. measurements)

Adams

62

104

144

Pool 26, Mississippi and Lubinski
Illinois River comparative
water quality (5 variables)
(No. records)

Physical-chemical measurements Anderson,

made in conjunction with Lubinski,

biological, water, or sediment Sparks,

sampling: DO, temperature, Adams,

conductivity, pH, turbidity, Gross
velocity (No. samples)

Nutrients: N, P (No.

POC, DOC (No. samples)

les)

Suspended Sediment

Concentration (No. samples)
Particle size analyses

Bed Sediment
Grab samples
Core samples
Particle size analyses

Geochemistry
Sediment maps (7 1/2'
quadrangles)

Aerial photos (No. flights)

Bathymetric profiles

Sparks
Soarks

Adams

Gross

Gross

Gross ,

Adams

CahiU

Gross

Anderson

Gross ,
Adams

68

55

68

101

many
many
many

34

545 1,295

376

740

376

740

464

854

11

19

310

425

60

66

30

30

50

63

145

1,895

1,215
1,215

1,262
36

450

66

164

19
143

Flow patterns (No. vane-
float tracks)

16

36

56

1-4

Table 1 (con't.)

Cumulative Number of Measurements or Records
Large River LTER

Before Estimate

PI 1982 1982 1983 1984

Water column photosynthesis, Sparks 0 220 1,452 2,124

respiration (No. samples)

Water column and sediment Henebry, 24 24 51 250

bacteria (No. samples) Gorden

Phytoplankton (No. samples) Anderson 46 118 593 793

Macrophyte production and Anderson, 0 20 104 314

decomposition (No. samples) Lubinski

Zooplankton (No. samples) Anderson 65 131 576 801

Benthic macroinvertebrates Anderson, 2,238 2,593 2,953 3,353

(No. samples) Sparks

Macroinvertebrate drift Anderson 34 168 412 637
(No. samples)

Fish collections on Lubinski 575 769 1,036 1,336
longitudinal or lateral (60,000) (64,225) (73,414) (83,414)

gradients — No. collections
(No. fish)

1 -5

consisting of Islands, ephemeral ponds, mud flats and bottomland
forests which are seasonal ly Inundated. In 1984, we began to
measure woody debris and I Itter on Burl Ington Island In Pool 19.
Burlington Island represents one floodplain pattern, where flood
water slowly flows over the land. A second pattern occurs at the
mouths of tributaries and In some bottomland lakes, where the
river flows Into an area on the rising hydrograph and out on the
falling hydrograph, like a very slow tidal cycle.

Of the total water area in Keokuk Pool at low flow, 63^ Is
In the channel border compartment, part of which Is vegetated
(submergent and emergent macrophytes) and part unvegetated. The
channel border Is not only one of the most extensive aquatic
areas within the pool, but also one of the most productive on a
unit area basis. For both reasons, our within pool model Ing and
sampi ing efforts are concentrating first on the channel border
compartment.

A I I och thonous I nputs--Bur I I ngton Island Studies (Anderson and Sparks)

In February 1984 transects and permanent plots were set up
In 4 locations on Burl ington Island. Coarse particulate organic
matter was sampled along transects and within plots and large
woody debris was marked and measured for volume and mass
determinations. The I- I I Inois Water Survey surveyed the elevation
at several points around the island so that we can determine
whether the Island Is aggrading or degrading with time. The
preliminary results indicate that significant sorting of woody
material occurs on the islands. Coarse material composed of
fal len trees and large I Imbs col lect on the channel margins of
the Island and at the wooded vegetation line. Transport of leaf
I Itter fol lows a complex pattern dependent on flow patterns and
presence or absence of retention structures, such as brush piles.

Autochthonous Inputs (Anderson and Grubaugh)

Phytop I ankton (Anderson). Phytop I ankton community
composition was dominated by diatoms throughout the year with
spring (April) and summer (August) maxima In both density and
calculated blomass (Table 2). Although these densities are
relatively high for lotlc environments, total phytop I ankton
production in Keokuk Pool could account for only approximately
20? of the estimated invertebrate production (mostly filter
feeders In nonvegetated channel borders), even if we assumed a
high turnover rate for phytop I ankton of 4 times a day.

Macrophytes (Anderson, Grubaugh, and Lublnski). The other
autochthonous source of fuel for secondary production Is the
aquatic macrophyte beds. Maximum live blomass was found to occur
in August in floating and emergent macrophytes In Pool 19,
Mississippi River. The greatest change in blomass, 4.87 g
AFDW/day/m^ for lotus, Ne I umbo I utea, and 9.69 g AFDW/day/m^ for

1 -B

Table 2

PhytopLankton Biomass Data
River Mile 364.2 to 378.0
Pool 19, Mississippi River

Measured

Calculated values

Density

Vol

ume

grams dry wt.

g c

Mo. X 106/1

X 10

-3 1

X 10-8/1 X 10-8/1

Date

Mean

(S.D.)

Mean

(S.D.)

Mean

Mean

Channel

1982

October

2.875

(0.742)

3.015

(0.967)

6.415

3.015

December

2.687

1.841

3.917

1.841

1983

January

4.556

(2.325)

2.247

(1.038)

4.781

2.247

March

10.528

(4.148)

4.879

(1.828)

10.381

4.879

April

21.741

(9.247)

10.078

(4.243)

21.442

10.078

May

14.130

(1.976)

7.957

(1.039)

16.930

7.957

June

2.143

(0.545)

1.679

(0.428)

3.572

1.679

July

2.004

(0.720)

1.500

(0.684)

3.191

1.500

August

8.479

(1.435)

7.465

(1.374)

15.883

7.465

Channel Border

1982

October 2.289 (0.717) 2.439 (0.487) 5.189 2.439

December 2.030 1.209 2.572 1.209

1983

January 2.960 (1.995) 1.433 (0.865) 3.049 1.433

March 3.303 (1.679) 1.863 (0.982) 3.964 1.863

April 15.582 (9.649) 7.422 (4.557) 15.791 7.422

May 10.422 (2.901) 4.339 (3.709) 9.232 4.339

June 1.997 (0.639) 1.854 (0.572) 3.945 1.854

July 1.999 (0.158) 1.480 (0.142) 3.149 1.480

August 6.624 (1.006) 5.317 (0.488) 11.313 5.317

1-7

arrowhead. Sag I ttar I a I at I f o I la, occurred between July and August
samplings. If we estimate production from monthly changes In
blomass, the net annual production Is 724 g above-ground
b I omass/yr/m^ for arrowhead and 432 g/yr/m for lotus.

We made a rough estimate of annual net production by
assuming that It equalled the largest combined live and standing-
dead blomass recorded for any one samp I I ng tr I p, 615.79 g AFDW/m^
for arrowhead In August and 336.66 g AFDW/m^ for lotus In
September. To compare these findings to other studies. It Is
necessary to convert to dry-weight values and use only above-
ground blomass (Table 3). Results for ^. latllolla at Pool 9,
Mississippi River (Clark et al. 1983) are similar to our findings
(Table 3). Good et al. (1978) reported somewhat lower values for
tidal wetland areas. Indicating arrowhead production may diminish
with Increased salinity. Boyd (1968), examining tissue protein,
reported a standing crop of 99 g dry weight/m^ for lotus, but he
did not report col lection date, diminishing the comparative value
of the find! ng.

Salt reedgrass (Spart I na cynosure i des) and ferti I Ized corn (Zea
mays ) represent two highly productive plant types (Good et al. 1978;
Transeau 1926). Arrowhead and lotus appear to be half as productive.
Sag I ttar I a Is more productive than most noncu I 1 1 vated terrestrial
p I ants (Table 3 ) .

The above values considerably underestimate the actual pro-
ductivity of Ne I umbo and Sag I ttar I a because they do not account
for the high rate of leaf and shoot turnover, leakage of DOC, and
below-ground production. Maximum new/total shoot ratios of 0.5 1
In 2 weeks for Sag I ttar la Indicate that annual production
estimates should be revised upward by 2-3x. We are currently
measuring turnover, DOC leakage, and below-ground production to
better estimate macrophyte production, and the effects of the
annual water level regime on production.

In spite of the evident high productivity of the plant beds,
the amount of organic matter does not increase significantly
during the growing season or during plant senescence In autumn
(Figure I). Thus, much of the production from aquatic
macrophytes is either exported to other riverine compartments or
rapidly used by primary decomposers within the beds.

Most macro I n vertebrate production in the river occurs In
channel border areas adjacent to macrophyte beds, coinciding with
peak macrophyte production. Organic matter produced In the plant
beds may be moved out and over the border area by currents and
waves. The Water Survey is Investigating secondary circulation
patterns and the recurrence Intervals of summer storms with strong
winds. Dr. Michael Henebry is Investigating another hypothesis:
that organic matter is rapidly used In microbial respiration. The
most likely possibility Is a combination of the two: microbial
processing and physical export.

1-8

1200-

1000-

LIVE

•» 800-

1

V.

a 600-
u.

<

■

g 400-

/*\^^

<•

o

/y^--^

\Sagittaria

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^^^^^^^^l-^^' Nelumbo

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2

Q 6O0'

£ 400

a

5

STANDING DEAD

Jun« July August September October November December January

I200-

SUBSTRATE

1000-

\

_^

Sagittaria -*

" 800-

-^

O 600-
II.

<

g 400-
200-

^^--

-.

.^ ..

Nelumbo

•"-— ^

Nonvegetated ^._..^-->-*

Ju„. '

July

August

September' October ' November' December January

Figure 1. Patterns in organic matter (AFDW) in Nauvoo Plant Bed, Pool 19,
Mississippi River.

1 -9

Table 3

Comparative Estimations of Annual Net Productivity
(Findings are expressed as grams dry-weight of above-ground
biomass/year/m'^)

PLANT and/or ECOSYSTEM ANNUAL NET PRODUCTIVITY

Zea mays (fertilized)

Illinois (Transeau 1926) ' 1400

Minnesota (Ovington et al. 1963) 946

Spartina cynosuroides

Tidal wetlands (Good et al. 1978) 1113

Sagittaria latifolia

P00II9, Miss. River (this study) 724

Pool 9, Miss. River (Clark et al. 1983) 765

Tidal wetlands (Good et al . 1978) 432

Neiumbo lutea

Pool 19, Miss. River (this study) 452

Various Ecosystems (Ovington et al. 1963)

Oakwood 819

Savanna 526

Prairie . 93

Oldfield (Odum 1960)

Well-drained upland 494

Poorly-drained lowland ' 425

1-10

Losses to Sediment (Cahlll and Gross)

The analysis of the organic carbon carbon content of
sediment has been completed on 135 sediment samples. Most values
are between 1.5 and 2.5% organic carbon, although high levels (up
to 12$) can occur In the upper I I I Inols River.

Sedimentation rates In Pool 19 are being measured
Independently using (I) sediment cores dated by Cs- I 37 and Pb-
210, (2) suspended-sediment budget analysis of several data sets
covering 3-12 yr periods, and (3) total accumulation of bottom
sediment as observed by repetitive bathymetric surveys. In Pool
19, sedimentation rates vary from 0 to more than 14 cm/yr. When
calculated by suspended-sediment budget analysis and averaged
over the whole pool the rate Is 2.8 cm/yr. In those areas of the
pool accumulating sediment, deposition rates of organic carbon
have been measured at 300 to 700 g/m^/yr.

Specific sedimentation rates are being measured In sediment
cores from selected compartments of both the I I I Inols and
Mississippi rivers. Cesium-137 determined sedimentation rates
have been completed on 10 cores (150 subsamples), with rates
measured ranging from 0.6 to 3.5 cm/yr. CesIum-137 can only be
used for measuring sedimentation rates since 1954, so a lead-210
procedure was developed which Is capable of going back about 100
years. Comparative sedimentation rates for Swan Lake (III Inols
River) were 1.0 and I.I cm/yr using theCs-137 and Pb-210
techniques, respectively. Further comparison and refinement of th'
two techniques are underway and a manuscript Is planned on their
successful application In a large river system.

Detent I on and D i str i but I on Dev i ces for Nu tr i ents and Sed I ments
( Bhowm Ik and Adams )

Streams and rivers are Impacted by natural phenomena, such
as wind, and geometrical characteristics such as Intersection
angle at the confluence of two rivers or a change in the gradient
at certain locations. A combination of hydraulic, geomorphic,
and geometric characteristics of the river and external forces
can generate localized episodes that drastically alter the
expected patterns of transport, deposition and availability of
nutrients. If these episodes occur frequently or are of
sufficient magnitude, they may control the structure and function
of the ecosystem In the locale.

Water Driven Mechanisms (Bhowmlk and Adams)

In October 1982, we detected a large eddy with a clockwise
flow pattern below the confluence of Devil's Creek and the
Mississippi River In Pool 19. The circulation patterns were
measured using a f I oat-and- vane system (Bhowmlk and Sta I I 1978).
This "detention device" Is about 5 km long and 1.25 km wide with
an average depth of I m (Figure 2). If it is assumed that the
entire flow within this detention device Is contributed by Devil's

1-11

Creek, then the average residence time of water Is 8 days. If th€
water comes from the main channel, the residence time Is 1.5
days. We estimate that Devil's Creek contributes about 73,100
tons of sediment annual I y. Depending upon the distribution of
the sediment load with flow, the eddy may retain most of the
sediment and nutrient load delivered by Devil's Creek.

During a fairly high-flow period there was no eddy, but a
uniform flow of water and sediment In the downstream direction.
This difference between the high and low flow periods In the
formation and persistence of the eddy will be researched further.

The detention device shown in Figure I Is not an isolated
case. Knowledge of river mechanics and flow pattern indicate
that similar detention devices are present In meandering segments
of rivers, near the convex zones of a bend, behind snags and
large features protruding In the water, and at or near the
confluence of many streams and tributaries. The secondary
circulation that Is present in both the straight and curved
reaches of rivers also changes the patterns of sediment and
nutrient deposition In the river (Bhowmlk 1982). Presence of
these water-driven circulation patterns Is another facet of river
mechanics that directly affects the biological continuum In a
river bas I n.

Wind Driven I^echanlsms (Bhowmlk and Adams)

Presence of prolonged wind on a water body not only
generates waves (Bhowmlk et al. 1982; Bhowmlk and Schlcht 1980);
but also circulation patterns within the water body (Bhowmlk and
Sta I I 1978). The pattern, direction, and magnitude of the wind-
generated circulation pattern on a reach of a large river, is a
predictable function of wind velocity, direction, duration, the
hydraulic geometry of the river, the wind fetch, orientation of
the river, and the shape of the river cross section. On large
rivers In the Midwest wind-generated circulation patterns are
general ly present In the spring during high river stages. Summer
thunderstorms can generate waves and secondary circulation
patterns which resuspend bottom sediments, fragment plants and
other organic matter, increase turbidity and reduce light
penetration, and redistribute sediment and nutrients. The
recurrence Interval of storms of various magnitudes may be an
Important control on biota. We gathered data on one storm event
In 1984 which are now being analyzed.

Our findings on both water and wind-driven events do not support
the concept of a large river as a homogeneous, continuous or uniformly
mixed system.

1 -1 2

Figure 2. Eddy on Montrose Flats, Q = 1560 m /sec.

1-13

Relation sh |p Between ^omorpjilc and Manmade Structure and Commun I ty
Structure

Lateral Pattern

Phytop I ankton and I n vertebrate (Anderson). Habitat
specificity has been demonstrated in 4 major groups of organisms:
phytop I anl<ton, zoopi ankton, meiofauna, and benthic macrol nv erte-
brates. Few habitat general ists have been found within the inverte-
brate community. There Is greater variation between habitats within
a navigation pool than within the same habitats In widely separated
pools, particularly among trophic groups of the Invertebrates. The
same pattern of association between species diversity and standing
crop and the lateral structure of the Mississippi River occurs In
Pools 19 and 26 (Figure 3), although the transects are 175 miles
apart. Both transects are In the downstream ends of their respec-
tive pools. Phytop I ankton communities In vegetated sites are
characterized by high densities of pennate diatoms while backwaters
support communities characteristic of organical ly enriched areas.
In both phytop I ankton and zoopi ankton the greatest community habitat
specificity occurs during summer months when differences between
habitats are most pronounced.

F I shes (LubinskI). Fish are not permanently associated
with relatively static substrate conditions as some macro I n v erte-
brates are, but can respond Immediately to environmental changes.

A
change
I ower
I ow d I
change
backwa
below
mov em
habi ta
for wa
that d
channe
spec I e
broade
ro I es
near t

subset of the data col I ected in 1983 was used to examine
s In fish activity in main channel border habitats in the
I I I inols River during a short-term drought and subsequent
scharges. Hoopnet results showed that species composition
d dramatical ly in these habitats from riverine- to
ter-assoc I ated species when current velocities dropped
0.3 m/sec. When velocities remained below this level,
^nt of centrachids between main channel border and backwater
ts appeared to be control led by the preference of the fish
ter at the lowest temperatures available. We concluded
uring periods of low flow, I ower Illinois River main
I borders provide suitable, if not preferred, habitat for
s that are usual ly associated with backwaters. From a
r perspective, the results II I ustrated that functional
of floodplain river habitats can be flow dependent even
he low end of the flow spectrum.

Longitudinal Pattern (Anderson)

Species composition of invertebrate and phytop I ankton
communities shift along an upstream-downstream continuum within
each pool (Figure 4). Physical conditions control community
structure. This control may be indirect, by affecting the quan-
tity, quality and average particle size of detritus, for example.
Figure 5 shows the mean length of 100 randomly chosen particles
from subsamples of col lections made with a plankton net held
col I ected 0.5 m below the surface in May and June 1983. The

1 -14

m- oE

TO WOT C3\

o
o

T-
1

° 1

10 ■

•

'• ^

=-/

/

' i 1

vy •

0 = 1

1 \

/ .2
/ m 1^

Q — » 0) k.

1 -1 5

^ i.

rr < < o
Q. zza
O «"

JOUK « 0«> -■^

J OOi. / -JM Ajp

\

\

\

\

\

\ /'

\

f \

/ ^,

\ ^

\

\

]

\

\

V \

>9^

o

\ 1

*^

(Q

\ ?

^f

i3

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k

0)

< >

V

0)

\

>
c

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o

\ 11

//

o :^

V t

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CD 1.

2Q

QlU2W-»->\^ E « 2

7" OOI /ON AxisHao

1-16

quantity and average particle size Is greatest near the upper end
of the pool, where the Skunk River enters and where the spring
flood was washing litter off the floodplain and Islands. Large
particles are probably mechanical ly fragmented or settle out In
the downstream, lentlc portion of the pool, while the smal I
particles continue downstream to Dam 19. The Insets In Figure 5
show the I ength/ frequency distribution of particles In the up-
stream and downstream portion of the pool.

Average particle size and quality of substrate also shows a
predictable upstream-downstream pattern (described In the next
section) which controls the distribution of organisms. Firm
substrates are available on the upstream dam and In tallwaters
below the dam, so net-splnning hydropsychid caddlsflles and
heptagenlld mayflies dominate the upstream end of the pool
(Figure 4). The macro I n v ertebrate groups which tend to drift are
character I st I ca I ly found on coarse substrate In current, so the
blomass, diversity and density of drift organisms diminishes In
the downstream direction (Figure 4). Burrowing mayflies
(Hexagen I a) and fingernail clams (Muscu I I um and Sphaer I um) domi-
nate the soft substrates In the downstream portion of the pool
(Figure 4 ) .

Phytop I ankton are rather uniformly dispersed longitudinal ly
from upstream to downstream and lateral ly from main channel to
channel border (Figure 4), while zoop I ankton are most abundant In
the downstream lentlc portion of the pool (Figure 4). The
extreme upstream portion of the main channel has a high density
of phytop I ankton (Figure 4), evidently washed In from Pool 18.

Substrate Patterns (Gross and Casavant)

In 1982 and 1983, gravity cores up to 1 m long were
col I ected at 60 sites In fine-grained sediment. Grab samples of
the top 5 cm of sediment were col i ected at 377 sites using a
Ponar and a Shipek sampler. Those samples were used to define 12
sediment types and the areal distribution of each type was mapped
using bathymetric profiles to extrapolate between sampling sites.
Substrate maps for Pool 19 are being entered on the geographic
Information system on the Prime computer.

The distribution of bed material in the pool is
characterized by a pronounced trend of downstream fining,
presumably a result of hydraulic sorting processes related to the
backwater effect created at the downstream dam. Sand and
gravel ly sand are restricted to the main channel and the larger
secondary channels of the upper pool, island-braided reach. Mud
and Interbedded mud and sand predominate in backwaters, over
submerged islands, and in the main channel and channel border
areas of the lower pool.

In the next 2 years, we wl I I compare Pool 19 with Pool 26.
Pool 19 is accumulating sediment rapidly, while Pool 26 Is not
(but may when the new lock and dam are completed). We do not

1 -1 7

M-l

M

3

CD

OJ

^

4J

i

rH

(U

^

M

(U

■p

(U

B

lO

o

T3

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c

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rt

4J

J3

O

CO

(U

«

■-I
CI

N

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4-1

in

U

«

P-

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a

o

m

fO

o

00

<T>

X!

4J

M

•>

C

cu

0)

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rH

:^

1-1

C

1

CO

>>

ni

m

S

S

^OU^ 4 0<S S <4a

O

o >

-jou^ «« o<a S -^

O O

o

^^ H19N31

1-18

know which model Is the norm. Reconnaissance sampling has started
on the five pools between 19 and 26. Unfortunately, high water
and mechanical problems with the boats disrupted that effort In
1984, but pools 20 and 21 do not show the downstream fining
sequence of bottom sediment. Indicating that they are not
accumulating great quantities of sediment.

Sed Imentat Ion Rates o± Pool 1 9 (Gross and Casavant)

Pool 19 was created by the construction of a lock and dam In
1913. The pool has since filled with sediment, a natural
phenomenon of any pool. From 1913 through 1928, the
sedimentation rate was about 7,200 Gg per year. in subsequent
years, the rate has decreased, and In 1967-79 the pool fll led at
an estimated rate of 3,200 Gg per year. As of 1979, the pool had
lost 55$ of Its original capacity (Figure 6). By the year 2000,
the pool wl I I have lost about 61% of Its original capacity and
will beclosetodynamlcequlllbrlum. Thehlghestsedlmentatlon
rate within the pool has occurred for a distance of about 3 to 5
km upstream of the dam, where approximately 10 m of sediment has
deposited since construction of the lock. Montrose Flat near the
Iowa shore opposite the city of Nauvoo and an area downstream of
Nauvoo Point have also experienced significant sedimentation
rates .

Maintenance dredging on the pool has decreased from a high
of l65mIIIIonkgin l938toanaverageof59mIIIIonkgIn
recent years. Indicating that the main channel of the river Is
attaining an equilibrium position.

The 1973 flood and the drought of 1977 significantly Impacted
the river environment. During 1973, the river carried a record
sediment load including sediments scoured from upstream of the dam.
The record dal ly sediment load of 1.623 x 10^ kg occurred on 23
April 1973. The high flow rate and the high sediment transport rate
continued for about 4 months.

Water year 1977 had very low flows and extremely low sediment
transport. This low sediment load was In turn responsible for very
low turbidity which al lowed aquatic plants to colonize areas such as
Montrose Flat and upstream of Keokuk Dam, where sedimentation had
decreased water depths to 1.5 m or less. For the month of April
1973, the average sediment concentration was 497 mg/ I compared to
the average of 39 mg/ I In AprI I 1977. The permanent change In
benthic communities and vegetation patterns since 1977 (discussed In
last year's report) demonstrates the long-term impact of low
sediment loads. No persistent impact of the 1973 flood on the
ecosystem has been identified.

1 -1 9

auu

600

-^

1 1

1

1

1

1

-

400

" -*•....____

^^^

-—

•

"^ — •

200

—

-

0

1 1

1

,

1

1

1910

1920

1930

1940 1950
TIME IN YEARS

1960

1970

1980

Figure 6. Sedimentation rates of Pool 19 since 1913.

H I story of Perturbat I on (Gross, Cahlll, King, and Wendland)

Detailed chemical analysis of smal I increments of sediment cores
provide a history of man-induced perturbation. For example, in a core
col I ected above Lock and Dam 19 the organic carbon percentage and
sediment porosity correlate with the mean annual flow of the river;
the extreme drought of 1977 can be identified in the sediment by lower
organic carbon percentage and a decrease in porosity.

1-2D

Chemical analyses have been completed on samples from al I 3
LTER study areas. In general, the sediment composition of pools
19 and 26 are similar. The areas sampled along the lower
Illinois River have lower metal concentrations than the middle
section of the Illinois River. The sediments of the upper
Illinois River are highly contaminated by a number of metals,
values Including 64 ppm Cd, 206 ppm Pb and 2580 ppm Zinc, for
example. Cores from Lake Peoria show decreased Pb concentrations
In the uppermost Increments, Indicating Improved water quality
I n the I ast 1 0 years.

Elver Ecosystem Mode I

Mathematical Model for Water and Sediment Transport In Pool 19,
Mississippi River (Demlssle, Adams, and Bhowmlk)

The objectives of the mathematical modeling of water and sediment
for Pool 19 are:

1. To simul ate the flow of water through Pool 19 and the
7 habitat compartments within the pool and to provide
Information on water depth, velocity of flow, and the Interchange
of water from one compartment to another.

2. To simulate the transport of sediment In Pool 19 Including
scour and deposition In the stream channel, side channels, and channel
border areas.

The results of the water and sediment model will then be utilized
as an Input to the biological model.

Background on Mathematical Modeling of Water and Sediment Transport
(Demlssle, Adams, and Bhowmlk)

The basic formulation of the mathematical models for water
and sediment transport Include a complete set of equations to
describe water flow and sediment transport. The fundamental
equations are:

1. The equation for the conservation of the mass of the
water and sediment mixture within a control volume. The control
volume In this case is bounded by upstream and downstream cross-
sections and the boundary of the river floodplain on both sides
of the river. In simple terms, the conservation equation states
that the difference between what comes Into the control volume
and what goes out of It Is the change in what is stored in the
con tro I vol ume,

2. the equation for the conservation of sediment, and

3. the equation for the conservation of momentum for the water
and sediment mixture.

1-21

To solve these basic equations, some supplemental equations
are needed that relate the unknowns to other variables In the
basic equations. These closure equations usual ly are:

1. Sediment transport functions. These are usual ly empirical ly
selected for good agreement between measured data and computed

resu I ts .

2. Friction slope as a function of flow and channel
characteristics. Manning's equation Is most commonly used.

3. Density relations.

4. Geometric properties of the channel cross sections as
functions of water surface elevation.

Various numerical techniques can be used to solve the system
of partial differential equations: Implicit or explicit finite
difference methods. The HEC-6 and Colorado State University
(SLAM, Simons, LI and Associates) models used In this study
employ ImpI Icit finite difference techniques.

The Input requirements of the models are cross section geometry,
distance between cross sections, flow resistance coefficients
(Manning's n). Inflow hydrographs at the upstream or downstream end
and for tributaries, sediment rating curves by size fractions, and
sediment Inputs at tributaries.

Thirty cross-section profiles were measured In 1983 for sediment
transport modeling In Pool 19. The model outputs include water
surface elevation In the study reach, water discharge distribution,
sediment discharge distribution, average velocities In a given cross
section, and bed elevation change in the various cross sections.

Calibration and sample results [HEC-6 and SLAM models] (Demlssle,
Adams, and Bhowmlk)

The first step In the calibration procedure was to reproduce
the actual water-surface profiles for a range of flow discharges. A
rating curve that gives Manning's n as a function of the water
discharge In Pool 19 was developed. In al I the overbank sections a
value of 0.06 was assumed. The calibration was done using cross-
sections taken In 1946. After 1983 cross-sections became available,
the model was run again using the ca I ibrated Manning's n values. The
newly computed water surface elevations are shown in Figure 6 together
with the computed water surface elevations, obtained using 1946 cross
sections, and the measured stages in Pool 19. The agreement of model
results and measured stages Is good (Figure 7). The flow discharge
ranges shown are for high flow (120,000 cfs), for mean flow (62,000
cfs), and for low flow (28,000 cfs). The SI (metric) values for these
discharges are: 3,398, 1,754, and 793 m^/sec.

1 -22

526

525

524

523

^ 522

521

■z.
o

i= 520

<

>

519

518

517

1 1 \ \ \ r

— Computed water surface elevation, 1983

I I

Computed water surface elevation, 1946
Measured water surface elevation

Q = 790 m^/sec

J L

364 369 374 379 384 389 394 399 404 409
RIVER MILES ABOVE OHIO RIVER

Figure 7. Comparison of computed and measured stages for Pool 19.

1-23

Since bed material size distributions were not yet
available, no attempt was made to reproduce the sediment
transport quantities and the bed-proip I I e trends. Instead, data
from a Pool 20 study were assumed to be appi Icable to Pool 19.
Figure 8 shows a sample output of the HEC-6 model results using
Pool 20 bed material data. These results were obtained by dls-
cretlzlng the 1982 water year hydrograph at the downstream end of
the reach (Keokuk station). The first graph In the figure shows
the loads of clay, silt, and sand through the study reach. The
fourth graph Is the change of bed elevation In feet over the
water year 1982 In which the average discharge was 2,490 m^/sec
or 87,930 cfs; a negative number means that scour occurred In
that cross-section and a positive number means that deposition
occurred .

Figure 9 shows a comparison between 1983, 1946, and 1928 bed
elevations In Pool 19. The 1983 bed elevations were obtained from the
model while the 1946 and 1928 bed elevations are actual field
measurements. The next step Involves running the model for the 1946
to 1983 period with the actual water discharge record and the sediment
rating curves for various sizes of sediment. The bed material
particle size distribution for each cross section will be used now
that we have obtained these data from the Geological Survey.

Similar calibration runs have been made with the SLAM program,
and the additional data will also be used In that model.

Inter-Compartment Fluxes (Demlssle, Adams and Bhowmlk)

One objective of water and sediment transport models Is to
describe the movement of water, dissolved materials, and suspended
materials from one compartment to another. The boundary between two
compartments is a surface within the aqueous habitat and al I fluxes
are rel ated to the water f I ux across the boundary. The water f I ux per
unit time Is equal to the Integral of the velocity perpendicular to
the bounding surface over the entire area of the surface. The flux of
any other material such as dissolved carbon or suspended sediment Is
determined by integrating the concentration of that material times the
water velocity over the boundary surface area. If volumes entering or
leaving a compartment over a period of time are required, an
integration over time Is also necessary.

The hydraulic models currently In operation are one-d I mens I ona I
and do not Include lateral flows between main channel and channel
border areas. One of our goals Is to modify a model, or develop
a new model that wil I determine these lateral flows between
compartments. This will provide the compartment fluxes needed
for carbon and other nutrients. In some cases two-dimensional
models may be needed to provide sufficiently detailed flux pat-
terns for important habitats.

Another element of the hydraul Ic models that needs refinement is
the division of flow around islands. Side channels often are
biological ly very productive, but are not modeled by the one-

1 -24

—

15,000

.^

^

12,500

o

n

10,000

<

o

7,500

H

(/3

5,000

o3

<■

2,500

u

0

a. Suspended sediment loads, Sept. 1982
\ ^Clay & silt

Sand

Q= 65,138 cfs

250

^

200

^

,•-

150

Q
<

O

100

Q

y

<

50

■z 4i

523

O iL

H -J

f;99

< <

m ^

521

"J <

^^

520

fr >

-1 o

siq

^ t

m H

518

^ ^

z

517

b. Water surface profile, Sept. 1982

Q = 65,138 cfs

^

^----...^^^^

-

^\-^

_

-

~~~ _ ^

- _

m

510

2 >

Z -1

505

O <

1- ^

500

> 2

UJ <

495

O UJ

%?.

490

-1 m

< <

F H

48b

c. Thalweg profile, Sept. 1982

d. Change in average bed elevation during water year 1982
Deposition

Figure 8. Model results for 1982 water year. Pool 19.

1 -25

525

r

1 1

! 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1

^ 520

-

Normal pool elevation (518.0 ft)

\?

-

OJ

-

-

< 510

-

:

-

^ 505

-

-

CD
<

H 500

? 495
1

< 490

>

LU

^ 485

;/

^

1946^^ A— — ^^— \\

pi 983

t"

%

480

1

1 i

1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1

364 367 370 373 376 379 382 385 388 391 394 397 400 403 406 409
RIVER MILES ABOVE THE OHIO RIVER

Figure 9. Average bed elevation for 1928, 1946, and 1983 in
Pool 19.

1 -26

dimensional models. Side channel areas are Included In the cross
section, but the velocity, sediment transport rate, and depth are
average values for the cross section. We have Instituted a field
data col lection program to measure the water and sediment fluxes
In the vicinity of Islands.

Biological Component (Brookfleld and Sparks)

The model Is structured around state variables, representing key
species or groups of organisms and non I Iving reservoirs. The structure
allows us to change each state variable while holding the others
constant so that we can debug one part at a time. Anderson,
Henebry, LublnskI, and Sparks and their respective staffs have
the responslbl I I ty for model I ng one or more of the 22 state
variables. The first habitat compartment selected for modeling
Is the downstream third of the nonvegetated main channel border
of Pool 19.

Our procedure Is to first prepare booklets for each state
variable describing carbon flows and controls on the flows,
based on a combination of our own data, I Iterature, and
Intuition. Assumptions are spel led out and I Iterature cited. In
many cases, the relationship between some rate process and a
controlling factor Is displayed as a graph or table. Second,
we condense descriptive booklets Into a series of codes
and statements written In a form as close to FORTRAN as a
principal Investigator can manage. Both booklets are then
reviewed by two Internal advisors. Dr. Mike Wiley of the Aquatic
Biology Section and Dr. Bll I Rueslnk of the Economic Entomology
Section, both In the Natural History Survey. One member of our
External Advisory Committee, Dr. Richard Wlegert, has Introduced
our group to carbon and energy-flow modeling In two workshops
held at the Natural History Survey In Champaign, and one at the
field station on the Illinois River at Grafton. He has continued
to offer advice and encouragement as we progress. Revisions are
made In consultation with the Pis, and the seml-FORTRAN booklets
are then translated Into FORTRAN by our programmer, Frank
Brookfleld. First and second drafts of the Informational
booklets have been prepared for several state variables,
(Table 4) .

1 -27

TabI e 4
Status of Biological Model

^a±e larlables

00 Air

X15 --Terrestrial plants

20 --Water

XI — Phytopi ankton

X2 --Zoop I ankton

X3 --Benthic fish

X4 — PI anktivorous fish

X7C — Coarse particulate

organic carbon (CROC)
X7 --Particulate organic

organic carbon. (POC)
X8 --Dissolved organic

carbon (DOC)

£lSi 2.±3ll

Anderson,
Grubaugh,
Sparks

Henebry

Descr I pt I ve

Booklet Semi- FORTRAN
Oralis FORTRAN Program

Isl Zn^l BooKlel iQom£lele^

Anderson

X

Anderson

X

Lubl nski

X

Lubl nskI

X

Henebry ,

X

Sparks

Henebry

X

X9

— Per 1 phy ton

Anderson

X10

— Macrophy tes

Anderson,
Grubaugh

XI3

--Dabb 1 I ng ducks

Sparks

X14

--D I V I ng ducks

Grubaugh,
Sparks

X

X20

— Bacterla-planktonic

Henebry

X

30

Sediment

X5A

--F I ngerna II cl ams-
adul t

Sparks

X

X

X5

--F 1 ngerna II c I ams-
subadu 1 t

Sparks - •

X

X

X6A

— Hexagen la-adul t

Anderson

X

X

X6

— ]iexa.3enl^- nymph

Anderson

X

X

XI i;

\ — HydropsycJie-adul t

Anderson

X

X

XI 1

— Hvdropsyche-nymph

Anderson

X

X

X12

--Non Insect-other

Anderson

XI6

— Other mol 1 usks

Anderson

X\7 /\

i--Other Insect-adult

Anderson

X17

--Other Insect-nymph

Anderson

XI9

--Gastropods

Anderson

X2I

--Bacterla-benthic

Heneb ry

X

X22

--£losslaJlonla
complanta and
Helo^ie 1 i a stag-
n q 1 I 5.

Anderson,
Sparks

1-28

Some of the environmental forcing factors, such as
temperature and dissolved oxygen, have already been entered as
tables In a FORTRAN "skeleton" program, which Is written to run on
both the PRIME system and on the IBM PCs at each of the field
stations. This program is structured so that state variables can
be added as they are completed, or tabled values can be used in
the Interim. Also, each PI wi I I be able to change the functions
In their state variables with very little knowledge of FORTRAN
and do simulation runs to check their results. The original
program will reside on the PRIME In read-only format and is
readily accessible for the Pis to copy and use. However, any
changes to this program have to be documented and approved by our
Executive Committee. Changes can only be made on the system
version by our programmer, Frank Brookfield.

A description of the state variables for fishes is presented
next, to give some idea of the complexity of the programs and the
approach used in modeling.

£tate var lab I es lor f Ish (Lubinski). Two major riverine
fish groups are represented in the model, benthic feeders and
plankton feeders. Carbon In each group is further subdivided
into adults, eggs and sperm, young of the year and Immatures.
Initial efforts emphasized benthic feeders to maximize
Interaction with other model components. Information specific to
carp, £y^ r i n us car^lo, a representative and abundant benthic
feeder In main channel border habitats, was reviewed.

In the model, carbon flows from fish eggs and sperm into the
p I ankti vorous fish component once eggs hatch. Carbon flows into
benthic- feeding young-of-the-year as the fry become large enough
to use benthic macroi nvertebrates in addition to plankton.

At levels of benthic macro i nvertebr ate biomass above 0.5
kg C/m"^, temperature, day of the year, and benthic fish
biomass control consumption by the adult fish, young-of-the-year
and immatures. Selection of certain prey classes Is controlled
by the proportions of the classes available. When benthic
biomass fal Is below 0.5 kg/m^, consumption starts being I Imlted to
rates that cannot support maximum growth. When benthic biomass
falls below 0.05 kg/m^, benthic feeding fish begin to emigrate to
other habitats to seek more plentiful or new food resources.

Development of the fish simulation model has already shown
a need for additional kinds of data. As a result, enclosure and
exclosure experiments with carp are being conducted In Pool 19
main channel borders In 1984 to determine specific feeding rates
In vegetated and non-vegetated areas and to test the hypothesis
that carp control, at least partial I y, benthic macro I n v ertebr ate
biomass In vegetated main channel border habitats.

1 -29

B. Data Management and Analysis

:tlon (Brookf lel d)

The major objectives of our data management program are to:
(I) create an Information system rather than a data storage
system, which means that the Pis can obtain results rapidly and
enter and verify data easily, (2) coordinate data entry and
electronic filing, (3) address data entry and analysis problems
and help formulate solutions, (4) archive original data sheets,
maps and other paper documentation on microfiche.

Geograph Ic I nf ormat I on System (Brookf I eld)

We have now moved our map processing to the ARC/INFO system.
This system offers a wide range of tools for Interpreting and
display of cartographic Information. To date we have digitized
base maps and sampling stations for Pool 19, sent final copies on
mylar to each PI to coordinate sampi Ing points, and we can now
display bathymetric maps. The data used to create these maps are
being used In the hydrologlc model. Several maps are
electronical ly available to al I Pis.

Future plans Include the development of a directory of maps
available and an accessing program that allows users with little
or no knowledge of the system to view or plot these maps. Digiti-
zing Is time consuming but, with continued support, maps should
be readily available to everyone who requires them.

Data Base Management (Brookf I eld)

The INFO data base management system (DBMS) Is now the
primary electronic filing system for all data from this project.
The PRIME computer at the Natural History Survey at Champaign Is
the hub for al I our LTER data, with outlying stations having
copies of their own data.

Field stations (Lublnskl and Brookfleld)

Portions of this system are st 1 I I under development. The
major accomplishments at this time are the purchase and distribu-
tion of four minicomputer work stations, training of field
station personnel In the use of the equipment and software, the
development of transfer procedures, and the creation of accessing
routines on the PRIME.

LTER fish data sets from 1982 have been down-loaded from the
University of Illinois CYBER computer and are available on the
field station computers. Fish data sets from 1983 are being
downloaded from the PRIME computer and should be available In
late summer 1984. The 1984 fish data sets are being entered

1 -30

directly Into the field station computers for future transferral
to the PRIME and are, therefore, available Immediately.

Water level regimes are primary controlling factors for
communities and populations In floodplain rivers. River stage
data In our study areas are available from federal agencies but
only In hard copy format. Staff at the Grafton field station
have begun computerizing dally water levels for 8 Illinois and 9
Mississippi River stations. Data from 1982 to the present are
now being entered. historical data wll I fol low. The data wll I
be used In the river model to compute surface area changes that
correspond to changing river discharges or lock and dam
operat Ions.

2-1

SECTION 2: SHORTFALLS AND PROBLEMS

A. Hydrologfcal Modeling (Adams, Bhowmlk, and Demlssle)

Our decision to model water and sediment flows represents a
major new direction for the hydrologic component. The sediment
transport models are large, complex programs which require large
amounts of careful ly prepared data. It takes one person several
months of Intensive use of these models to become familiar with
their operation, sensitivity, and product.

When we began this program in late 1983, we had no one with
the time to become expert with these newly acquired models. Time
and money remain I Imiting factors to the rate at which we can
develop predictive capabilities. Inadequate computer terminals
have also limited the use of graphics which help greatly in
understanding the results of various model options. This problem
wil I be overcome If the $40,000 Increment for computer equipment
and personnel Is granted (See Appendix H). We have also
been unable to send anyone to Colorado State University for
hands-on training in the use of SLAM and their two-dimensional
models because of the lack of funds.

Data which we expected to be available took months to obtain
and then were not clearly described In quantitative terms. This
is mentioned to hlghl Ight the fact that mathematical models are
dependent on good, precise Input data.

B. Biological Modeling (Sparks)

Ecological model I ng Is a new assignment for our Pis and our
LTER program, and whi le we have had much help from one member of
our External Advisory Committee, Dr. Richard WIegert, and two
members of the Natural History Survey, Dr. William Ruesink and Dr.
Michael Wi ley, we are not progressing as quickly as we might if we
had an experienced modeler on the LTER staff. We have twice
revised the number of state variables and our approach since our
last meeting on 28 September 1983 with Richard WIegert. While we
be I ieve these changes have improved both the model and our concept
of how the river system works, they also cost us time. We spent
some time treating life history stages as subunits within state
variables before we adopted the easier approach (from a conceptual
and programming point of view) of treating them as separate state
variables. We found it difficult to bridge the gap between the
graphical, mathematical, and verbal descriptions of our biologists
and the programming language of FORTRAN. We are overcoming this
problem by Inserting an Intermediate step, where the biologists,
with coaching from our advisors, reduce their explanations and
descriptions into a concise set of statements we are ca I I ing semi-
FORTRAN, which our programmer then can translate Into FORTRAN.

2-2

The replacement of our data manager/ programmer In January set
our modeling back temporarily, because the model requires
Information derived from field and laboratory data. We also moved
most of our LTER programs and files (the exceptions are the large*
comp lexhydrologlcal models) fromtheUnlversItyof Illinois CYBER
to the Survey's PRIME where we can take advantage of a geographic
based Information system (ARC/INFO) and the services of our own
support staffs. Our Pis and their technical assistants are stil I
learning how to use the computer software and hardware we
purchased with the $50,000 Increment last year.

The pace of our model Ing is accelerating as our Pis and new
programmer gain experience, and we expect to have results of our
first simulation runs ready for our External Advisory Committee
Meeting in February, 1985.

C. Merging of Data Sets (Sparks)

Field measurements of current velocities and sampi Ing for
sediments and nutrients are conducted jointly by the Natural
History and Water Surveys. Samples are sent to separate
laboratories for analysis and results are obtained several days
or weeks later. To measure fluxes, the concentration data must
be multiplied by flow and integrated across the tributary streamj
main river, side channel, or habitat boundary. Although It has
been our goal since the inception of the project to computerize
the merging and computation, our analyses to date have been done
by hand during coordination meetings.

Merging of discharge and concentration data sets is now
the highest priority of our new Data Manager, Frank Brookfield,
and we have had two meetings regarding the format of the data
sets and procedures for linking the derived data (sample
concentrations) to the sampI ing locations and times. We expect
to overcome the merging problem shortly, and then work on
computation and graphical display of results.

D. Substrate Distribution Patterns In Pools of the Mississippi
(Gross)

Reconnaissance sampling has begun on the five pools
between 19 and 26. Unfortunately, high water and mechanical
problems with the boats disrupted that effort (our d I ese I -powered
workboat, the OMI, was nearly crushed between a lock wal I and a
Coast Guard barge), but it Is already apparent that pools 20 and
21 do not show the downstream fining sequence of bottom sediment.
Indicating that they are not accumulating great quantities of
sediment. The sampling has been rescheduled for 1985, with two
backup dates.

2-3
E. Decomposition of Macrophytes (LublnskI)

Several attempts were made to develop techniques to measure
decomposition rates of lotus, Jfj.eJ.umbo I utea. Al I efforts using
whole plant leaves tethered In the water column, regardless of
whether the water was flowing or not, fal led when al I or most of
the leaf broke away from the tether. Known areas of plant leaves
were placed In I Itter bags In other trials, but the bags
Interfered with water flow over the plant leaf surface. More
trials wll I be made this year using I Itter bags with greater mesh
sizes to reduce this effect.

3-1

SECTION 3: PROJECT PLAN
n

A. Overview (Sparks) I

The project pi an In our original proposal toNSFwasto
study one of our three sites for 5 years, then rotate to the
next. In response to reviewers' comments, we amended our plan so
that basel I ne measurements would be made on a I I 3 pools and
Intensive sampling would rotate on a 1-year cycle. The amended
plan. In turn, has been revised on the basis of our first 3
years of experience and with the encouragement of our External
Advisory Committee. Some of our studies now purposely precede
others, some samples are taken outside our 3 pools, and most
of our sampling and modeling concentrates on one pool. Pool 19.

There are good reasons for some of our studies to range over
3 pools and even reaches of the rivers outside the 3 pools. Our
predictions about relationships between community structure and
physical structure of the pools will be tested by sampling sedi-
ments, water velocities, and biological communities In five
pools, from pool 19 to pool 26, during a low-flow period in 1985.
In taking cores from trees to reconstruct our site history, we
must go where the old trees occur, not necessarily confining
ourselves to just three pools.

We also have found that there is a marked advantage to
making physical measurements and hydrographic maps before we do
our biological sampi I ng, especial ly in a pool such as 26, where
we have the least historical data. The maps and measurements
help us define habitat compartments and plan our biological
samp ling.

In 1985, we plan again to concentrate our sampI ing and
modeling on Pool 19 because we feel we should understand and
model processes In this pool before moving on to another. We
have good background data on this pool, which Is subject to less
disturbance by man than the Illinois River or Pool 26. We would
like to describe and model a "sem 1 -natur a I " system, before we
superimpose the stresses induced by man.

Pool 19 is biologically interesting because of its high
secondary productivity and because it seems to be at a critical
stage in succession. The downstream third of the pool was fairly
deep for many years after closure of the dam in 1913, and it
probably did not make a great deal of difference to benthic
macro I nv ertebrates whether they were In a depth of 5 meters or 10
meters. However, once sedimentation had raised bottom elevations
Into the euphotic zone (1.0-1.5 m) submergent vegetation
developed and macro ! nv ertebrate communities changed markedly.
Vegetation beds have expanded since 1976-77 and we have the
opportunity to capture this transition and to test the ability of

3-2

our model to predict where and when community structure wil I
change. We then should be able to transfer our knowledge to Pool
26, where the new dam wil I be closed In the late I 980's, presumably
Initiating some long-term changes.

Another reason for concentrating our efforts In one pool and
developing our model as rapidly as possible Is that our results
may find practical application In the very near future. As a
result of a political compromise, the navigation capacity at new
Lock and Dam 26 wi I I be increased and funds wi I I be provided to
enhance existing fish and wildlife resources along the river,
mitigate any damage attributable to increased traffic, undertake
a long-term resource monitoring program, and develop a
computerized Inventory and analysis system. While our model Is
primarily a vehicle for formalizing our concept of how the system
works, we are aware that it could be used to predict the effects
of different management plans.

If we receive the proposed $40,000 Increment, we wil I
increase the pace of our model ing and data analysis by adding a
computer work station for hydrologlcal modeling by the Water
Survey and two graduate research assistants, one for carbon
analyses essential to our carbon flow model, and one to help
digitize maps and aerial photographs (see Appendix G).
Specific plans for the hydrologlcal studies and documentation of
the history of perturbation follow.

B. Hydrologic Studies (Adams)

Continued effort on the water and sediment transport models
will be focused on long-term bed elevation changes using
historical discharges, and extension of the output beyond
strictly one-dimensional analysis. Several empirical techniques
and field measurements will be used to distribute water and
sediment across a cross section. A critical habitat, the
Montrose Flat channel border area, has been chosen for
preliminary efforts at two-dimensional modeling. The hydrologic
models also wil I be expanded to Include the transport of
nutr I ents .

Tributary suspended sediment samp I Ing will be continued.
Also, water and sediment sampling In conjunction with biological
Intensive sampling will be conducted as needed. Water and sediment
measurements at Burlington Island and In the Devil's Creek to Nauvoo
reach wil I be done to refine the results of the mathematical models.
Equipment wi I I be instal led on Burl ington Island and measurements
wil I be taken during floods to determine the erosion or deposition
on the Island, the flow patterns and the transport or trapping of
organic matter.

The LTER Steering Committee has approved an intersite
workshop on sediment movement: mechanics and measurement. This
workshop wil I take place during 1985, probably at Pere Marquette

3-3

State Park. The park Is near the confl uence of the I I I inols and
Mississippi rivers and Is reasonably close to the St. Louis
a I rport .

History of Perturbation (Gross, Cahlll, King, and Wendland)

Work will begin In August 1984 on reconstruction of climate and
stream flow from tree-ring records. As a budgeting compromise, the
start of these later two efforts was delayed for 2 years.
Obviously, that history has been recorded In the sediments and tree
rings and we can schedule this research whenever It fits best with
the ecological samp I I ng of the dynamic systems.

Twenty-Inch Increment borers will be used to extract cores
from paired trees, trees In the floodplain and trees on the adjacent
bluffs. Using the 70 years of measured stream flow as a base,
the hydrologic record of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers will
be extended back for about 200 years.

4-1

SECTION 4: MOST SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS

0 The circulation pattern on Montrose Flats was found to vary
depending on the discharge of the Mississippi. The flow In this
channel border area Is determined by geometry, discharge, and
wind-generated waves. Further measurements wll I be made to
Increase our knowledge of the controlling factors such as the
largest discharge at which the eddy exists, the wind speeds and
directions that affect the water currents, and the geometric
parameters. (Bhowmlk and Adams)

0 Water and sediment fluxes were successfully measured
above and below the junction of the I I I Inols and Mississippi
Rivers. These measurements satisfy the continuity or
conservation of mass condition within acceptable limits. This
encouraged us to do similar measurements at two locations In Pool
19. At this time the water discharge at successive cross
sections balances within 5 to \ 0% which Is quite good for
discharge measurements from a boat. (Bhowmlk and Adams)

0 Verification of the HEC-6 and SLAM sediment transport models
for Pool 19 by reproduction of the water surface profl le Is a
good beginning. The models are now being calibrated for
suspended sediment and bed material characteristics In the
movable bed mode. (Bhowmlk and Adams)

0 A handbook of the laboratory and field methods used In the
LTER project has been compiled. This handbook Is especially
critical for our site because It Involves five Independent
agencies located In widely separated areas. The handbook serves
also as a mechanism to standardize our data sets with other sites
and eliminate wlthln-slte duplication of measurements. (Cahlll)

0 The purchase, set-up and operation of coulometrlc carbon
analysis equipment have resulted In a significant Improvement
over our previous methods. We measured carbon In 135 sediment
samples from the Illinois River and from Mississippi River poo Is
19 and 26. Slxty-slx sampi es were analyzed as part of the LTER
plant bed study, ranging from I Ive plants with 39 ±2.2? organic
carbon for 18 plants to 0.2 ± 0.\% organic carbon In nine ash
samples. We anticipate determining carbon In a variety of key
organisms to provide critical Information for the carbon flow
mode I . (Cahl I I )

0 Geological mapplngof sediment In Pool 19 on nine 7 1/2'
quadrangles has been completed and the digitizing and entry of
the data In our geographic Information system Is nearly complete.
By combining these maps with point measurements of sedimentation

4-2

rates we can compute the total quantities of sediment and of
organic carbon deposited annual iy in the pool and Its habitat
compartments .

0 Our analyses of sedimentation rates, dredging records and
historical hydrographs for Pool 19 Indicate that the main channel
has assumed a nearly stable position and sedimentation wll I reach
dynamic equi I Ibrium (as much sediment wi I I wash out of the pool
as enters the pool, with no net accumulation) by the year 2000,
when the pool will have lost 67? of its original volume.
(Bhowmlk and Adams)

0 Counts of new and old shoots produced by ^a^ f ttar I q
I at I fo I la indicate the above-ground blomass turns over 2-3x
during the growing season. Literature estimates of primary
production by macrophytes In the l^lsslsslppi River grossly
underestimate actual production and the relative Importance of
autochthonous versus a I I och thonous sources of organic matter.
(Lubl nski )

0 During periods of low flow when current velocities were less
than 0.3m/s, the main channel borders of the I I I inols River were
occupied by fishes usual Iy associated with backwaters. The
functional roles of floodplain river habitats are dependent on
flow even near the low end of the flow spectrum. (LubinskI)

5-1

SECTION 5: PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS

A. INTRODUCTION

Fifty-one posters and papers presented at meetings are
listed In Appendix 6. Thfs appendix lists: 3 LTER reports, 28
papers, and 4 theses. E?ght of the papers have been publ [shed/ 7
are with editors, 8 are first or second draft manuscripts, and 5
are In preparation, but not yet Jn manuscript form. The journals
where the manuscripts will be submitted are listed.

a

B,

LTER REPORTS

Cahlll, R.A., ed. (manuscript). Handbook of field and laboratory
techniques used by the Long Term Ecological Research Project,
Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River. 99 pp.

Sparks, R.E. 1984. Ecological Structure and Function of Major

Rivers in I I I Inois -- Large River LTER. 1984 Progress Report
to National Science Foundation.

Sparks, R.E. (with editor). Large River LTER. ±n J. Halfpenny,
ed. "LTER a Network of Sites". LTER Steering Committee.

C. PUBLICATIONS

Anderson, R.V. (manuscript). ImpI Ications of distribution

patterns of freshwater mol I usks Pool 19, Mississippi River.
Oeco I og I a .

Anderson, R.V. (in preparation). Temporal and habitat variation in
benthic macroi nv ertebrates of a navigation pool, Mississippi
River. J. Freshwater Ecology.

Anderson, R.V. (with editor). Distribution of nematodes in Pool 19,
Mississippi River. Hy drob I ol og I a.

Anderson, R.V. (with editor). Predictive qual I ty of macroinver-
tebrate habitat associations In lower navigation pools of the
Upper Mississippi River. In M. Smart, ed., "The Ecology of
the Upper Mississippi River". Developments in Hydrobiology
Series. Junk Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands.

Anderson, R.V., R.E. Sparks, D.L. Gross, J.R. Adams, and N.G. Bhowmik
(in preparation). Source and availability of organic matter In
relation to heterotrophic activity of a large river.
Oeco I og I a.

Anderson, R.V. and R.E. Sparks. (In preparation). Effects of a
short-term drought on long-term succession in a pooled reach
of the Mississippi River. Ecology.

5-2

Anderson, R.V. and W.S. VInlkour. 1984. Use of Mo I I uses as Pupation
Sites by Oecet i s i nconsp i cua (Tr 1 choptera; Leptocer I dae). J.
Freshwater Ecology.

Bhowmlk, N.G. 1982. Shear stress distribution and secondary

currents In straight open channels. Pages 3 1-61 In R.D. Hey,
J.C. Bathrust, and C.R. Thome, eds. "Gravel-Bed Rivers".
John WI I ey & Sons Ltd.

Bhowmlk, N.G. 1984. Instream sediment movement in I II Inols. III.
Conference on Sol I and Water Conservation, I I I inois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources Document i\o. c4/02,
Spri ngf lel d. Mil nois.

Bhowmlk, fs'.G. and J.R. Adams. (with pciitor). The hydrologic
environment of Pool 19 of the Mississippi River. In M.
Smart, ed. "The Ecology of the Upper Mississippi River".
Developments in Hydroblology Series. Junk Publishers, The
Hague, Netherlands.

Blodgett, K.D., R.E. Sparks, A. A. Paparo, R.A. Cahill, and R.V.
Anderson. 1984. Distribution of toxicity In sediments of
the I I I Inois Waterway. Proceedings of the conference on
Urban Effects on Water Quality and Quantity. Urbana,
Illinois. 20-2 1 October 1983.

Cahill, R.A. and J.D. Steele. (manuscript). Sediment

geochemistry of backwater lakes associated with the Illinois
River. I I I inois State Geological Survey Environmental
Geology Notes. 58 pp.

Day, D.M. and R.V. Anderson. (manuscript). Activity patterns as
an indicator of habitat use by diving ducks on Pool 19,
Mississippi River. J. Wildlife Management.

Engman, J. A., R.V. Anderson, and L.M. O'Flaherty. (manuscript).
Temporal and spatial variation In phy top I ankton populations of
Pool 19, Mississippi River. Hydrob I ol og I a .

Gross, D.L., R.A. Cahill, D.I. Casavant, J.R. Adams, and N.G.
Bhowmlk. (In preparation). History of sedimentation in
Mississippi River Pool 19: Geological Society of America,
Abstracts of the Annual Meeting.

Grubaugh, J.W., R.V. Anderson, D. Day, K.S. Lubinski, and R.E.
Sparks. (manuscript). Production of Saglttarla I a 1 1 f o j I a
and Ne I umbo Ijutea on Pool 19, Mississippi River. Aquatic
Botany .

Henebry, M.S. and R.W. Gorden. (manuscript). The temporal and
spatial distribution of bacterial populations of Pool 19,
Mississippi River. Hy drob i o I og i a .

5-3

LublnskI, K.S., S.D. Jackson, J. Janecek, G. Farabee, and A. Van
Vooren. (with editor). The ecology of carp on the Upper
Mississippi and Illinois rivers. In M. Smart, ed. "The
Ecology of the Upper Mississippi River". Developments in
Hydroblology Series. Junk Publishers, The Hague,
Nether I ands .

PI I lard, D.A. and R.V. Anderson. (In preparation). The effects of
aquatic macrophytes on zooplankton. J. Freshwater Ecology.

Pi I lard, D.A. and R.V. Anderson. (with editor). A note on the

parasitism of Rotlfera by PlJ_stoalloJia (Protista; Sporozoa) In Pool
19 Mississippi River. American Midland Naturalist.

PI I lard, D.A. and R.V. Anderson. (with editor). A survey of the
zooplankton of Pool 19, Mississippi River. Hydrob I ol og I a .

Reed, R.C., M.L. Sargent, and D.L. Gross. (In preparation). Use of
natura I -gamma logging for characterization of bottom sediments In
Mississippi River: Illinois State Geolog leal Survey Environmental
Geology Note.

Reese, M.C. and K.S. Lubinski. 1983. A survey and annotated check

list of late summer aquatic and floodplain vascular flora, middle,
and lower Pool 26, Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Castanea
48:305-3 16.

Sparks, R.E. 1984. The role of contaminants in the decline of
the Illinois River: Implications for the Upper Mississippi.
In J.G. Weiner, R.V. Anderson, D.R. McConvil I e, eds.
"Contaminants in the Upper Mississippi River". Butterworth
Publishers, Stoneham, Massachusetts. 384 pp.

Sparks, R.E. 1984. LTER aquatic research. Aquatic Ecology
Newsletter, Volume 17, No. 1.

Sparks, R.E. (with editor). Improving methods of data analysis
and Interpretation for environmental management programs.
Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C.
Conference on Long-Term Environmental Research and
Deve I opment .

Swecker, S.J. and K.S. Lubinski. (manuscript). Decomposition
rates of sago pondweed, Potamogeton pect 1 natus, in Pool 19,
Mississippi River. Transactions I I I inols State Academy
of Sc I ence.

Wiener, J.G., R.V. Anderson, and D.R. McConv I I I e. 1984.

Introduction. Pages 1-4 In J.G. Wiener, R.V. Anderson, and
D.R. McConvil le, eds. "Contaminants in the Upper Mississippi
River". Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Massachusetts.
384 pp.

5-4

D. THESES

Blodgett, K.D. 1983. Toxicity of sediments In the upper Illinois
Waterway. Master's thesis. Western Illinois University,
Macomb. 72 p. (R.V. Anderson, Advisor).

Casavant, D.E. (in preparation). Sedimentary patterns and
sedimentary history of Pool 19 of the Mississippi River.
Master's thesis. University of Illinois, Urbana. (W.H.
Joh nson, Adv I sor ) .

Day, D.M. 1984. Use of diving duck activity patterns to examine
seasonal and habitat utilization of lower reaches of Pool 19,
Mississippi River. Master's thesis, Western Illinois
University, Macomb. 143 p. (R.V. Anderson, Advisor).

Engman, J. A. 1984. Phy top I ankton distribution In Pool 19,
Mississippi River. Master's thesis. Western Illinois
University, Macomb. (L.M. O'Flaherty, Advisor).

6-1

SECTION 6: OTHER SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Poster Presentat I ons at LILR Sc I ent I sts ' Meet I ng

The fol lowing Is a I 1st of posters presented at the LTER A
Scientists' Meeting at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, May 13-17, 1984:

Adams, J.R. and N.G. Bhowmik. Circulation patterns on Montrose
Fl ats.

Anderson, R.V. Melofauna density and distribution In a naviga-
tion pool, Mississippi River.

Anderson, R.V. Predictive quality of hab i tat/ I n v ertebrate
assoc I at I ons .

Anderson, R.V. Seston utilization by net spinning caddlsfly
larvae (Hy dropsych I dae) In a large river.

Anderson, R.V. Macro I nv ertebrate drift In a navigation pool,
Mississippi River.

Anderson, R.V. and D.M. Day. Benthic macro I nv ertebrate community
structure In a navigation pool, Mississippi River.

Anderson, R.V. and D.M. Day. Shal low channel border habitat of Pool
19, Mississippi River: unionid mussel nurseries?

Anderson, R.V., R.E. Sparks, D.L. Gross, J.R. Adams, and N.G. Bhowmik
Source and availability of organic matter in relation to
heterotrophic activity of a large river.

Bhowmik, N.G. and J.R. Adams. Sediment transport in Pool 19,
Mississippi River.

CahiM, R.A. and A.D. Autrey. Pb-210, Cs-137, organic carbon

and trace element measurements In sediments of the Illinois and
Mississippi rivers.

Casavant, D.I. and D.L. Gross. Bed material mapping for ecological
research .

Day, D.M. Diving duck behavior as an index of resource availability.

Day, D.M., R.V. Anderson, and R.E. Sparks. Long-term changes in peak
standing crop and productivity in dominant benthic
macroi nvertebrates. Pool 19, Mississippi River.

Engman, J. A. Seasonal phytop I ankton density and distribution in a
navigation pool, Mississippi River.

6-2

Gross, D.L.» J.R. Adams, and D.I. Casavant. Sediment accumula-
tion In Mississippi River Pool 19.

Grubaugh, J.W., D.M. Day, R.V. Anderson, K.S. Lublnskl. Macrophyte
production In a navigation pool, Mississippi River.

Henebry, M.S. and R.W. Gorden. Distribution of bacterial populations
I n I arge rivers.

Lublnskl, K.S. Winter diving observations of main channel habitats
and fishes at Thalweg disposal sites In navigation Pool 13,
Mississippi River.

PI I lard, D.A. Seasonal zooplankton density and distribution In a
navigation pool, Mississippi River.

Sparks, R.E. and R.V. Anderson. Effects of a short-term drought on
long-term succession In a pooled reach of the Mississippi River.

Sparks, R.E., R.V. Anderson, J.R. Adams, N.G. Bhowmlk, M. Demlssle,
R.W. Gorden, M. Henebry, K.S. Lublnskl, K.D. Blodgett, J.W.
Grubaugh, D. Day, and M.J. Wiley. Why large floodplain rivers do
not fit the river continuum concept: An alternative model.

Hydro|og.y. -Lntersite Act ly It les

During the LTER Scientists' meeting at Itasca Park In May 1984,
the hydraulic engineers from our site agreed to summarize the
hydraul ic, hydrologic, and meteorological data being col I ected at
al I the LTER sites. A detailed Information form has been
sent to a I I LTER Project Directors. A composite
listing will be made and distributed to all the sites. The
benefits of such an lntersite activity wll I be:

1. Compilation of the hydraulic, hydrologic, and sediment data
col I ected at a I I si tes.

2. Identification of areas where additional data should be
col I ected .

3. Exchange of lntersite know-how and assistance.

4. Formulation of lntersite comparative studies.

5. Close cooperation between scientists working at various sites in
different geographic, physiographic, and climatic settings.

Presentations at Meet I ngs

Adams, J.R. Instream sediment movement In III inols. Presented
at the I I I Inols Conference on Sol I Conservation and
Water Quality, Springfield, Illinois, November 9-10, 1983.

6-3

Adams, J.R. Long term ecological research on the Mississippi
River. Presented at St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory Col loqulum, Minneapol Is, Minnesota, AprI I 12,
1984.

Adams, J.R. and N.G. Bhowmlk. Circulation patterns on

Montrose Flat. 16th annual meeting, Mississippi River Research
Consortium, La Crosse, Wisconsin, April 19-20, 1984.

Adams, J.R. Long term ecological research and management of

the Upper Mississippi River. Proceedings of the ASCE Hydraulics
Division Conference, "Water for Resource Development," Coeur
d'Alene, Idaho, August 14-17, 1984.

Anderson, R.V. Spatial d I s tr I b u 1 1 on an d s I z e f req u ency of

un I on I d musse I s In the shal low channel border areas ofPool
I 9, M i ss i ss I pp I River. 45th annual meeting of Midwest Fish
and Wildlife Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, December 14-17,
1983.

Anderson, R.V. Con s I s tency of I n v er teb r ate associations: within
and between pool comparisons on UMR Pools 19 and 26. (Invited
paper). 40th Meet I ng. Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee, Rochester, Minnesota, March 14-16, 1984.

Anderson, R.V. Predictive quality of macro I n v ertebr ate habitat

associations in lower navigation pools of the Upper Mississippi
River. Upper Mississippi Research Consortium, La Crosse,
Wisconsin, April 19-20, 1984.

Anderson, R.V. Influence of tributary stream order on

Invertebrate community structure. Upper Mississippi River.
A I BS/Eco I og I ca I Society of America, Ft. Col I ins, Colorado,
August 5-9, 1984.

Anderson, R.V., D.M. Day, and D.A. PI I lard. Macroi nv ertebrate
drift In Pool 19, Mississippi River. 77th annual meeting,
IIIInoIsStateAcademyofScIence, DeKalb, Illinois, April
27-28, 1984.

Bhowmlk, N.G. Stream bank erosion. In; Peoria Lake a Question
of Survival. Tri-County Regional Planning Commission,
Interim Campus, Illinois Central Co II eg e. East Peoria,
Illinois, September, 1983.

Bhowmlk, N.G. Stream bank stabilization techniques. National
Symposium on Surface Mining, Hydrology, Sed I mento I ogy and
Reclamation, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, November-
December, 1983.

Bhowmlk, N.G. River basin development: Role of hydraul Ics and
hydrology, ASCE Hydraulics Division Specialty Conference,
Coeur d' Alene, Idaho, August 14-17, 1984.

6-4

Bhowmfk, N.G. and M. Demlssle. Momence Wetland--A riverine

wetland: Its Influence on sediment load and water discharge.
3rd International Symposium on the Interactions Between
Sediments and Water, Geneva, Switzerland, August 28-31, 1984.

Day, D.M. and R.V. Anderson. Seasonal variation In diving duck
activities In the lower reach of Pool 19, Mississippi River.
45th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, St. Louis, Missouri
December 14-17, 1983.

Day, D.M. and R.V. Anderson. An evaluation of changes In size
and peak densities of dominant benthic organisms from lower
reaches of Pool 19, Mississippi River. 16th annual meeting,
Mississippi River Research Consortium, La Crosse, Wisconsin,
April 19-20, 1984.

Day, D.M. and R.V. Anderson. Developing submerged vegetation as
habitat islands in shallow channel border areas of the
Mississippi River. A I BS/Eco I og I ca I Society of America, Ft.
Collins, Colorado, August 5-9, 1984.

Demlssle, Misganaw. Sediment load during flood events. Spring
meeting of Ameerlcan Geophysical Union, Cincinnati, Ohio, May
14-17, 1984.

Engman, J. A., R.V. Anderson, and L.M. O'Flaherty. Phy top I ankton
density and distribution In Pool 19, Mississippi River. 16th
annual meeting, Mississippi River Research Consortium, La
Crosse, Wisconsin, April 19-20, 1984.

Grubaugh, J.W., R.V. Anderson, D.M. Day, B.S. Clark, D.J. Holm,
and K.S. Lublnski. Methods of analysis and preliminary
results of aquatic macrophyte production. Pool 19,
Mississippi River. 16th annual meeting, Mississippi River
Research Consortium, La Crosse, Wisconsin, April 19-20, 1984.

Hartsfleld, B.N., K.S. Lublnski, and S.D. Jackson. Comparison
of carp, CxBrlUJJS carp io, aging methods using scales, dorsal
spines, otoliths, and opercles. 22nd annual meeting, Illinois
Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Urbana, Illinois.

Henebry, M.S. and R.W. Gordon. Factors affecting the

distribution of bacterial populations in the Mississippi and
Illinois rivers. A I BS/Eco I og I ca I Society of America, Ft.
Collins, Colorado, August 5-9, 1984.

Jackson, S.D. and K.S. Lublnski. Effects of a short-term drought
and subsequent low flows on fish activity in main channel
border habitats of the lower Illinois River. I6th annual
meeting, Mississippi River Research Consortium. La Crosse,
Wisconsin, April 19-20, 1984.

6-5

Jackson, S.D. and K.S. Lubfnskl. Temporal ly consistent carp

population characteristics In the Illinois River. 22nd annual
meeting, Illinois Chapter of the American Fisheries Society.
Urbana, Illinois.

LublnskI, K.S. Potential relationships between annual carp

recruitment and water levels In the Mississippi and Illinois
rivers. 45th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference. St. Louis,
Missouri, December 14-17, 1983.

LublnskI, K.S. Summer shoot growth characteristics of

undisturbed and transplanted arrowhead. Sag I ttar I a I at I f o I la,
1., along the lower Illinois River. AIBS/Ecologlcal Society
of America, Ft. Collins, Colorado, August 5-9, 1984.

LublnskI, K.S. Winter diving In Pool 13, problems and Initial
findings. 40th annual meeting. Upper Mississippi River
Conservation Committee. Rochester, Minnesota."

LublnskI, K.S., S.D. Jackson, J. Janecek, G. Farabee, and A Van

Vooren. Ecology of carp In the upper Mississippi River. 16th
annual meeting, Mississippi River Research Consortium, La
Crosse, Wisconsin, April 19-20, 1984.

PI I lard, D.A. and R.V. Anderson. Within and between pool

variation In zooplankton density and diversity on the Upper
Mississippi River. 16th annual meeting, Mississippi River
Research Consortium, La Crosse, Wisconsin, April 19-20, 1984.

Reed, P.C., M.L. Sargent, and D.L. Gross. 1984. Use of natural-
gamma logging for characterization of bottom sediment in the
Mississippi River: 16th annual meeting, Mississippi River
Research Consortium, 16th annual meeting. La Crosse, Wisconsin,
Apri I 19-20, I 984.

Sparks, R.E. 1984. Improving methods of data analysis and

Interpretation for environmental management programs. Expert
Panel on Monitoring, Assessment, and Environmental Management.
Conference on Long Term Environmental Research and Development.
Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C., May 21-22,
1984.

7-1

SECTION 7: LITERATURE CITED

Bhowmik, N.G. 1982. Shear stress distribution and secondary currents
in straight open channels. Pages 3 1-61 In R.D. Hey,
J.C. Bathurst, and C.R. Thome, eds. "Gravel-Bed Rivers". John
Wl I ey & Sons Ltd.

Bhowmik, N.G., 1^. Demissie, and C.Y. Guo. 1982. Waves generated

by river traffic and wind on the Illinois and Mississippi rivers.
University of Illinois Water Resources Center Report 167.

Bhowmik, N.G. and R.J. Schicht. 1980. Bank erosion of the Illinois
River. I I I inois State Water Survey Report of Investigation 92.

Bhowmik, N.G. and J.B. Sta I I. 1978. Circulation patterns in the Fox
Chain of Lakes in Illinois. Water Resources Research I4(4):633-
642.

ft-1

Appendix A: Changes In Personnel

Richard Allglre, Technician, resigned 31 December 1983. His
position has been filled by Frank S. Dillon who Joined the Water
Survey 1 December 1983. Mr. Dillon has an M.S. In Biology from
Western Illinois University.

Robert Sinclair, Data Manager, resigned In January 1983, and
has been replaced by Frank Brookfleld. Mr. Brookfleld has a B.S.
In business and management Information systems and Is the
Programmer at the Natural History Survey.

Deborah Casavant, Graduate Research Assistant In Geology,
completed her employment on the LTER project In May. She Is
continuing voluntary work on the project through the remainder of
1984. Another graduate student In geology will be employed In
January 1985.

B-1

APPENDIX B
External Advisory Committee

This appendix consists of 3 parts: (L) the written report of the
External Advisory Committee (EAC) following a review of the Large River LTER
Project, 26-28 September 1983, integrated and edited by Chairman Richard
Wiegert, (2) the minutes of a meeting on modeling, 28 September 1983, attended
by the Pis from the Large River LTER and our advisor, Richard Wiegert, and (3)
a letter regarding data base management and hydrological modeling from EAC
member Daryl Simons to LTER PI Nani Bhowmik. The response to the EAC report
is in Appendix C.

The members of our External Advisory Committee are listed below. Dr.
Daryl Simons joined the Committee in 1983 — the others have been members
since the inception of the LTER project in the spring of 1982. The chair has
rotated each year, from Wayne Minshall, to Richard Wiegert, to Colbert
Cashing, who will be Chairman of the 1984/85 meeting in Champaign, Illinois,
20-22 February 1985. The members of the Committee have paid particular
attention to their charge to advise our group, and we are grateful for much
personal help from each member, not reflected in the summary documents in this
Appendix. We look forward to their continuing assistance in the future.

Colbert E. Cushing
Chairman

Environmental Sciences Dept.
Battelle-Pacif ic Northwest Lab.
Richland, WA 99352

James Eckblad

Department of Biology
Luther College
Decorah, lA 52101

G. Wayne Minshall
Chairman. 1982

Department of Biology
Idaho State University
Pocatello, ID 83201

Daryl B. Simons

Engineering Research Center
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523

Richard Wiegert
Chairman, 1983

Department of Zoology
University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30601

B-3

REPORT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FOLLOWING A
REVIEW OF THE LARGE RIVER LTER

26-28 September 1983
Grafton, Illinois

Report of the External Advisory Committee following a review of
the Mississippi River LTER, Sept. 26-2S, 1883.

This second review of the Mississippi R. LTER program comprised
verbal presentations of progress and proposed research by key
personnel, consulationa with the program directors and a brief
trip to acquaint us with Pool 26 of the Mississippi R. Our report
considers, in order, 1) Accomplishments of the program since our
first review in June, 1982, 2) Progress towards implementation of
suggestions made in our first report, and 3) Suggestions for
further improvements in the coming year.

Accomplishments

a)The large size of the river pools, the difficulties presented
by river currents, bottom heterogeneity, barge traffic and the
geographic distance separating the three study sites created some
initial logistical problems which have now been largely overcome.

b) Integration of what were initially largely separate and dis-
tinct sampling/experimental sections has proceeded in a satisfac-
tory manner. At the same time this integration has led to a
gratifying convergence of estimates of rates and amounts from
different groups studying the same process or variable.

c)At the same time, this integration has led to a convergence of
those parts of the program regarded as large scale 'whole system'
studies with the specific population studies.

d)Finally, without emphasizing input/output measurements, some
whole system budget estimates now seem to be emerging from the
process measurements.

P£29?:§§§ ilDEiei5?DtlD9 suggestions from the first review

In our first report we identified five areas where significant
improvement was needed. These comprised the hypotheses, methods,
the overemphasis on input/output budget measurements, the manage-
ment of the data storage and retrieval, and the modeling.

Considerable progress in formulating good explanatory hypotheses
has been made. This is evident in the annual report and in our
conversations with individual investigators, but there is still
much room for improvement. In the verbal presentations by most
investigators there was still a noticeable lack of emphasis on
explanation and the experimental/observational data necessay for
testing. This needs immediate attention and could, in our
opinion, be combined with a careful restatement of the overall
goals of the study. We feel that the rapid progess that has been
made in the first years o±' this program now necessitates such a
reconsideration of goals because the data now availble suggest
some new obiectives that may be feasible. Conversely, some o£

B-4

the original goals may, upon reflection, turn out to have a
lowered priority. We propose that such reconsideration be done
as part of a regularly scheduled monthly meeting of the investi-
gators and directors of the program. Such a meeting would, in
our opinion, improve communication between the investigators and
efficiently solve routine problems in addition to the aid it
would give the overall planning.

The program has advanced in terms of evaluating the methodology,
a point of serious criticism in our earlier report; but continued
attention to this area is needed. Details of methods should be
given and continued evaluation must be carried out on such things
as the efficacy of the sampling and the statistical validity of
the data. The proposed handbook of methods would be very
valuable and we urge that it be completed as soon as possible.

The view of this LTER study as primarily an input/output budget
oriented program, which we detected during our first review, is
no longer prevalent, but we urge continued vigilance.

Finally, our earlier report contained several comments about both
the data management and the modeling. Because some serious
problems remain, a detailed discussion of these two areas is
contained in the third section of the present report.

Suggestions for further imeroyement,

DData management.

Our perception of the present system is that it is primarily one
for archiving data, not the retrieval/analysis system that is
needed for a scientific program like the Mississippi R. LTER.
The various invesigators in the program need a system which will
give them access to analyzed data, analyzed to their specifica-
tions, not simply let them retrieve masses of raw data. We saw
little evidence that the present system will accomplish this goal
nor was it apparent that it would be changed to do so in the
future. In this regard we felt that far too much attention was
being given to the site retrieval aspect of the system.

We suggest that a system be implemented that will a) permit the
entry of all data pertinent to the program f. i.e. climatological ,
hydrological , hydraulic, biological, etc.), 2) pei^mit accessing
these data in any way desired, ( i.e. by type, specific time,
specific location, characteristic etc.), and most importantly, 3)
permit access and analYSis of the data in any way desired, ( i.e.
tabular, graphical, location, statistical), the latter imple-
mented by the incorporation of software for limited analyses such
as curve fitting, sediment transport, flow duration and fre-
quency, and standard statistical tests.

2) Physical measurements.

The sediment studies would be much more valuable if particle size
was included, at the very least a bi-eakdown into sand vs. clay-
/silt. Some consideration of the probable ultimate fate of the

B-5

pools and possible methods of prolonging the useful life of the
system would not be out of place.

Measurement of such abiotic components as dissolved organic
carbon and particulate organic carbon needs to consider the
effect of biogical processes (particular ly in the case of DOC),
sediment-water interchanges, and the details of methodology (such
as the manner in which inorganic dry wt . is obtained).

Finally, the use of different functional equations describing the
dynamics of such physical/chemical components can be very useful
in estimating probable range of error and is thus encouraged.

3) Nutrient fluxes.

We noted an inexplicable failure to consider the possible impor-
tance of agricultural runoff as a source of much of the nutrient
load entering the river. Similarly, we urge more consideration
of whether the nutients are adsorbed onto particles or not since
this can drastically affect their availability to living org-
anisms as well as their rates of sedimentation. Better integra-
tion of the nutrient flux measurements into the modeling effort
is needed.

4) Biological populations. • "

The desriptivG aspects of the biological sampling seem to be
going along very well. We felt that the present emphasis on
habitat units as the basis of sampling was a good one and the
habitat divisions make sense. With the exception of some rather
minor comments, concerning the emphasis on fresh weights instead
of dry weight we find little to recommend changing. In the
decomposition studies some experimentation with different mesh
sizes and modification in sample placement (level of burial for
example) might pay dividends.

Our ma^or criticism of this segment of the program centers around
the proposal to make a major shift in the third year to work in
the Peoria pool. Based on the experience of the first two years
such a major shift, entailing as it must a considerable reduction
in the studies of pools 19 and 26 would, in our opinion, be a
mistake. We think the work on these latter two sites is just
arriving at the point where some excellent formulation and test-
ing of hypotheses can be done. We suggest that in the coming
year the work proposed for the Peoria pool be scaled down to
encompass only measurements that can clearly be seen to be impor
tant to the integration aspect of the study and which cannot be
inferred from comparable measurements on the Mississippi or from
prior sampling on the Peoria pool. In a word, we are suggesting
the continuation and consolidation of the work on the first two
sites before, not instead of, the detailed study of the Peoria
site .

B-6

5) Modeling.

Aa a result of our earlier comments and following the modeling
workshop of last spring, a detailed conceptual model of the
Mississippi R. sites was developed. A start was made in trans-
lating this conceptual model into one that could be used to
simulate alternative choices of interaction and/or parameter
value. In this model, the basic unit of subdivision was the
habitat site that forms the basis for much of the sampling of
physical and biological processes. Understandably, further work
on the model was slowed as a result of the intensive sampling and
analysis required during the summer research period. However,
the value of this or any other model as a tool for interacting
with and guiding the research program will be largely negated if
a dynamic simulation model is not developed, debugged and used
prior to the coming field research season. The LTER personnel
have been apprised of our views and have agreed that the effort
will be made. We recommend that, in addition to pushing ahead
with the translation into equations and the assignment of pre-
liminary values for the parameters, the following recommendations
be considered, a) Tie the experimental/observational data more
tightly into the conceptual model. That is, use the conceptual
model itself, in the absence of a dynamic version, to justify, or
to change, the type of data being obtained. b) In constructing
the dynamic model and in choosing valuea of the parameters, take
into account the poaaibility of thresholds, limits and the impor-
tance of episodic events as they may influence the system and
thus be necessary components of the model.

In discussion with the committee chairman on the afternoon fol-
lowing the close of the committee review, a plan of procedure was
agreed upon whereby the development of both the hydrological and
the biological aspects of the model would be developed simul-
taneously (the participants and decisions of this meeting are
given in the attached minutes prepared by Rip Sparks) .

Finally, we stress that the rapid development and implementation
o±" the necessary model depends greatly on the availability of a
competent programmer who can take the equations and parameters
supplied by the investigators and turn out a debugged, working
simulation model.

In conclusion, we found the scientists working on the Mississippi
R. LTER to be a highly competent, productive group. We found
several areas where we thought certain changes might improve the
work. But we found relatively little to change our initial
opinion that this study can and will contribute in major ways to
ecological science.

We appreciate the effort that went into the clear and informative
review presentations by all investigators. The help and assis-
tance of Ken Lubmskl and his sta±'f as well as the organizational
work o±" the PI, Rip Sparks, were vital to the success of the
review .

B-7

MINUTES OF MEETING
Large River LTER ModeLiing

Held at

River Research Laboratory

Grafton, Illinois 62644

28 September 1983

Minutes Prepared by Richard E. Sparks

Participants :

Richard Weigert, University of Georgia

Nani Bhowraik, IWS

Mike Deraissie, IWS

Rodger Adams, IWS

Ken Lubinski, NHS

Rip Sparks, NHS

Rick Anderson, WIU

Physical Model Which Drives Biological Model:

1. Water Survey to develop a one-dimensional main channel model of
water flow and flow of at least two (perhaps three) sediment
fractions. Sand has different dynamics than silt/clay.
Nutrients, toxicants, and microorganisms ride on particles.
Sparks will sort nutrients into the fraction moving with water and
the fraction moving as particles,

2. Estimate densities of biologically important particles, such as
POC and algae. IWS will estimate fall velocities.

3. IWS will develop a so-called 1 1/2 dimensional model to estimate
flows into compartments (mam channel border, backwaters, etc.).
Rodger Adams discussed use of a closing valve model to describe
flow into plant beds. Biologists need to know the water flow in
and out of compartments and sediment flow in/out, and deposited
within the compartment. We need to know concentration of
nutrients in the water and in the sediment fraction.

4. Turnover time can be computed from standing stock and input and
output .

5. The suggested approach is as follows: (a) For simplicity,
determine flows for three or four times of the year, such as the
spring flood, summer lowflow, the fall period of slightly
increased water levels, and winter lowflow. (b) Write
deterministic algorithms, stochastic processes can be added later,
(c) Regard each compartment as a tank.

Biologj.cal Model:

1. Model should operate on a square meter or cubic meter basis. The
model can be extended later by area or volume weighting.

2. If we can not find a modeller within our group or on campus, Dick
Wiegert agreed to look over our equations and descriptions. He
will be gone the last part of October and the first half of
November, but could look at material before or after.

Specific Suggestions:

1. Store functions which are used repetitively, and call them up as
subroutines.

2. Equations should be compiled in a model, and kept separate from
parameter values which are stored in a table or matrix. The
matrix is accessed by the compiled model. This makes it easier to
change parameter values than having them built into the model
itself.

Action;

1. Nani Bhowmik will develop a schedule for implementation of the
physical model and submit the schedule and plan to Rip Sparks.

2. Ken Lubinski, Rick Anderson and Rip Sparks will meet in the
Laboratory at Havana on Tuesday 11 October, 1983 at 9 a.m. to help
each other complete the equations for the biological parts of the
model. Each principal investigator is to prepare a booklet to
hand out at the meeting. The booklet contains a verbal
description of the flows, state variables, controlling factors,
thresholds for each component. Include descriptive graphs and do
the best you can with the equation. Sparks will ask Risser if
someone with modelling experience can attend the meeting at
Havana, or a follow-up meeting.

3. Sparks will assemble the booklets, have them typed, and submit
them to Paul Risser for comment and for programming assistance.

4. Model should be used for sensitivity analyses during winter, 1983,
so that we can use the outcome to plan our sampling before our
season begins in earnest in early spring of 1984.

B-9

Simons, Li & Associates, Inc.

3555 STANFORD ROAD " TELEPHONE (303) 223-4100

POST OFFICE BOX 1816 TLX; 469370 SLA FTCN CI

FORT COLLINS, COLORADO 80522 J CABLE CODE; SIMONSLI

October 5, 1983

Dr. Nani G. Bhowmik
Hydraulic Systems Section
State Water Survey
Post Office Box 5050
Chanpaign, IL 61820

Dear Mr. Bhowmik:

I am pleased to serve as a member of the External Advisory
Committee of the Long Term Ecological Research Program (LTER) . The
recent committee meeting has improved my understanding and appre-
ciation of the objectives and research plan of the LTER. I believe
that this program will significantly improve our knowledge of the
response of ecological systems to change if the major objectives are
kept in focus throughout the life of the project.

As I commented in the meeting, a hydrodynamic model that is
capable of simulating the hydraulic characteristics, sediment
transport, water quality, chemical response and nutrient loading, con-
sidering both natural processes and man-made controls, is required to
evaluate the system response to changes. Also, a data storage and
retrieval system that is capable of storing, retrieving, updating and
processing data and that can be easily accessed through interactive
terminals, will greatly facilitate the information transfer, data ana-
lysis and results. For comparative purposes please consider the
following hydrodynamic model and a data base management system deve-
loped to model river systems and to process data.

The proposed hydrodynamic model is a model developed in conjunc-
tion with my research at Colorado State University in 1973, and later
modified by staff of Simons, Li ^ Associates, Inc. 'SLA). The model
was originally developed based on the complete St. Venant equations
(one dimensional continuity and momentum equations) to simulate the
hydraulic and sediment transport behaviors of a river network con-
sisting of branches and loops. In 1975, the model was modified to
consider effects of operation of a series of locks and dams, dredging
and lateral inflows and outflows between the main channel and back-
water areas. This model was applied to predict the long term physical
changes and effects of alternative operation plans in pools 24-26 of
the Upper Mississippi River and Lower Illinois River. In 1978, a
dispension equation was incorporated into the model to simulate
biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and any conservative

DENVER OFFICE: 4105 EAST FLORIDA AVENUE. SUITE 300, DENVER. COLORADO 80222 (303) 692-0369

TUCSON OFFICE: 120 W BROADWAY, SUITE 260. P O, BOX 2712, TUCSON. ARIZONA 85702 (602)884-9594

CHEYENNE OFFICE: 1780 WESTLAND ROAD, CHEYENNE, WYOMING 82001 (307) 634-2479

PITTSBURGH OFFICE: 724 FIELD CLUB ROAD, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15238 (412) 963-0717

NEVyPORT BEACH OFFICE: 4020 BIRCH ST,, SUITE 104, NEWPORT BEACH CA 92660 (714) 476-2150

B-1D

Mr. Bhowmik 2 October 5, 1983

sxibstance. The dispersion equation has the advection, dispersion and
source and sink terms. The simulation of other substances can be
added to the model by including the mathematical description of the
reaction processes in the source and sink terms of the dispersion
equation. This system of equations was solved by an implicit scheme
using modified Guass elimination procedure. The model was applied to
Jacui Delta, Brazil to assess water quality problems in the Delta and
to identify and evaluate mitigation measures.

In 1981, the principals and senior staff of SLA conducted a study
for the Environmental Protection Agency to develop a hydrologic simu-
lation for generalized forest management alternative planning model.
The model considers nutrient and temperature routing including nitro-
gen and phosphorus. The biological conversion processes (minerali-
zation, nutrification, denitrif ication, plant uptake), absorption-
desorption for ammonium and orthophosphorus, and sediment as a pollu-
tant transport medium were considered. These and other processes can
be included in the hydrodynamic model described above to study the
river ecological system in your study reaches of Pools 19 and 26 on
the Upper Mississippi River and Peoria Pool in the Illinois River.
Additional information regarding the proposed model can be provided if
desired.

Regarding the database, we developed the Upper Mississippi River
Data Base Management System (MISSIDB) in 1979 for the St. Paul
District, Corps of Engineers. The data included xn the data base con-
sists of stage, discharge, suspended load, bed load, bed material
size, cross-section, and control structures in Pools 1-10 and major
tributaries. The objectives of developing the MISSIDB were to: (1)
design an efficient data base management system that will retrieve and
process the data to analyze the evolution of the Upper Mississippi
River system, (2) expedite the daily duties of the Corps of Engineers,
(3) Provide a system that can be used by persons not proficient with
the computer and (4) develop a system with a flexible structure to
enable improvements or expansions without major modifications. This
system enables users with varying amounts of computer experience to
efficiently access, retrieve, store and analyze large amount of
hydraulic and hydrological data. This data base management system is
a modified version of the Yazoo Data Base (YAZDB) which is now routi-
nely utilized by the Vicksburg District for hydraulic analysis and
design for the Yazoo basin. Other types of data such as water
quality, precipitation, primary products can be included in the data
base with minor modifications. The structure of this data base may be
useful to the LTER data management. A report describing this data
base is attached for your information. Demonstration of this data
base can be arranged if desired.

B-1 1

Mr. Bhowmik 3 October 5, 1933

Also, a report on monitoring and evaluation of watershed manage-
ment practices is enclosed. Similar concepts described in the report
can be applied to design of data collection system in river basins.

I hope that the enclosed material is useful to you. After you
finish reading the reports, please route these reports or a cony to
Dr. Rip Spasks and other members of the LTER and IWS who may be
interested in these topics. If you need additional information or if
you have any questions, please contact me.

Sincerely yours.

(XJ/l^A

Daryl 3. Simons
President

DBS/kdw

Enclosures: Upper Mississippi data base manual
: Watershed management workshop

LD11/1006YHC

C-1
APPENDIX C ■ '-
Response to External Advisory CommItte(

The complete report of the External Advisory Committee Is given In
Appendix B. A synopsis of the major recommendations Is given below,
fol lowed by our response.

1. Reconsider and restate goals of the study, emphasize explanation
and collection of data to test hypotheses.

2. Hold monthly meetings of Pis to Improve communication and aid
planning.

3. Methods. Provide details and continue to evaluate.

4. Data management. Change emphasis from an archiving system to a
retr I eva I /ana I ys I s system.

5. Nutrient fluxes. Consider agricultural runoff as a source of
nutrients entering the river. Determine whether nutrients are
absorbed on particles. Integrate nutrient flux measurements into
mode I .

6. Physical measurem-ents. Divide sediment into particle size
classes, consider processes and mechanisms affecting organic carbon
and nutrients, use functional equations to estimate errors, and
eva I uate methods .

7. Continue and consol Idate work on pools 19 and 26 before Intensive
effort on the Peoria Pool.

8. Model i ng. Develop and run a dynamic simulation model before the
1984 field research season. Use the conceptual model to Justify or
change the type of data being obtained. Consider and include
thresholds, I Imits, and episodic events. Obtain services of a
programmer who can take equations and parameters and turn out a
debugged, working simulation model.

I. We have reconsidered our goals after analyzing data col I ected
during the first three years of the project. WhI le not every new goal
or concept can be developed in detal I here, we can give one example of
the sequence leading from an observed pattern to an explanatory
hypothesis to a new approach. The maximum blomass of benthic
macrol nv ertebrates In pools 19 and 26 occur In main channel border
areas adjacent to macrophyte beds. We hypothesize that organic matter
produced In the macrophyte beds fuels secondary production in adjacent
channel borders. This hypothesis Is derived from what we now perceive
as a major question for our study to answer: why are large floodplain
rivers so productive? We are adopting several new approaches to
answer this question and related questions. One Is to examine the
carbon Isotope ratios of terrestrial and aquatic vegetation to
determine whether there is enough difference to trace the origin of

C-2

detritus In the gut of macroi nvertebrates. Another is to test -.-or-or
an alternative hypothesis Is true: most of the plant production
during the growing season fuels microbial respiration within the -:''>nt
bed. A third approach Is to examine the mechanisms which could -^.cve
detritus from beds to channel borders, such as waves and currents
generated by winds during summer thunderstorms.

2. We have chosen not to have monthly meetings of al I our Pis, but to
have frequent meetings of subgroups of Pis to work on particular
problems. Our Pis represent a mix of disciplines which have state,
regional, national, and International professional meetings on
different schedules. It Is difficult to schedule a general meeting of
the entire group which does not conflict with someone's professional
meeting, departmental meeting, or class schedule. In addition, each
general meeting requires some of our people to make a round trip of
300 miles. The entire goup meets on an ad hoc basis, 4-5 times per
year, and the subgroup meetings average one per month. An example of

a recent subgroup meeting Is one In July at Western Illinois
University on merging of Water Survey and Natural History Survey data
sets and use of the minicomputer work stations.

3. A draft compilation of our field and laboratory methods has been
edited by Richard Cahlll, Chemist with the Geological Survey, and a
final version should be ready for the EAC In February. We are
continuing to evaluate our methods in the light of our revised
object Ives.

4. We have a new data manager/programmer, Mr. Frank Brookfleld, and
we have estab I ished computerized work stations at Western I I I Inols
University, the Natural History Survey In Champaign, and the field
stations at Havana and Grafton. We wl I I add a fifth work station at
the Water Survey in 1985, if the $40,000 increment from NSF is
approved. We have moved our files and programs from the University of
I I I Inois CYBER to the Surveys' PRIME, where we can take advantage of a
geographic based information system, ARC/INFO, and computer staff
support from the Surveys.

5. We are wel I aware of the Impact of agricultural runoff, not only
on phosphorus and nitrogen loads, but also on sediment loads,
because our project director, Richard Sparks, served on the Illinois
Task Force on Agricultural Pollution, and the Surveys are currently
assessing agricultural Impacts on several tributary streams. We
feel that measurement of agricultural contributions to nutrient
loads in our study reaches are beyond the scope of our LTER project.
Modeling such contributions also is difficult because factors
control ling sediment and nutrient delivery from agricultural
watersheds to tributaries are not completely known or wel I
quantified. We are considering the fate and impact of nutrients
once they enter our system. We have been measuring nitrogen In
filtered and unflltered samples so we can determine what fraction is
associated with particles, and we adopted a similar procedure for
phosphorus in August. We are measuring nitrogen and phosphorus

C-3

within plant beds during the growing season to determine whether
either nutrient could I Imit primary production or decomposition. We
also plan to measure microbial activity and nitrogen content of
aquatic macrophyte leaves in various stages of decomposition.

6. We are now measuring and modeling sand and silt/clay. We have
added state variables to our model for planktonic and attached
bacteria and we are considering interactions between microorganisms,
organic matter, and nutrients.

7. We are now concentrating on Pools 19 and 26. Our model wll I be
developed and tested first with data from the downstream third of Poo
19.

8. We did not meet the objective of running a simul atlon model before
the 1984 research season, but we have used the conceptual model to
revise our goals, approaches and samp I I ng methods. Our conceptual and
mathematical models for our state variables do Include thresholds and
limits. Our model will respond to episodic events. For example,
during a major flood, the hydrologic model will simul ate depth changes
due to scouring and change the composition of bed material. The
biological model includes substrate preferences of some
macro I nv ertebrates and a depth limit for aquatic plants, based on
light penetration. Our modeling Is not progressing as quickly as we
hoped, for reasons detailed in the section on shortfalls (Section 2).

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D-5

APPENDIX D: CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT

Richard A. Cahill

Current Support

LTER

CL in Coal

Proposals Pending

Toxicity of River
Sediments

U.S. NSF

Center for Res
Sulfur m Coal

Comraonweaith
Edison

January 15, 1984-
January 14, 1985

September 1, 1984-
August 31, 1985

September 1, 1984-
December 31, 1985

$28,784
$77,600

$94,100

David L. Gross

Current Support

1. LTER

2. LUMP

3. Fermilab Env.
Screening

U.S. NSF

U.S. Office of
Surface Mining

Univ. Res,
Associate!

January 15, 1984-
January 14, 1985

July 1, 1984-
June 30, 1984

May 1, 1984-
December 31, 1985

$28,784
$72,740
$50,253

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E-1
Appendix E: Collaborative Research and Liaison Activities

J. Roger Adams visited the St. Louis District, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers on 25 April 1984. Soundings and contour maps
of the river bed In the immediate vicinity of the construction
site for Replacement Lock and Dam 26 have been furnished by the
Corps. Additional hydrographic data will be provided to us in
the future by Jerry Rap of the St. Louis District staff.

The Upper Mississippi River Basin Association has continued
the long-term loan to the LTER project of approximately $50,000
worth of electronic distance measuring equipment, an electronic
oceanograph I c current meter, minicomputer, and miscel I aneous
sampling gear. The Association receives copies of our publications
and annual reports.

The Large Rivers LTER project Is making extensive use of the
Prime 750 computer and Geographic Information System software
belonging to the Illinois Lands Unsuitable for Mining Program
(ILUMP). The LTER project has added terminals and disk storage
capacity to the system, with the understanding there will be no
charge to LTER for computer time. Thus LTER benefits substantial h
from use of faci I ities of another federal ly funded project and
contributes map information (vegetation, bed substrate) and a
floodplain river model to ILUMP. It is interesting that the first
case considered by ILUMP was a fish and wildlife conservation area
in the floodplain of the Illinois River. The area Included a
floodplain lake, wetlands and bottomland forest, underlain by an
econom i ca I I y extractab le coal deposit. While LTER was Just
starting up and did not contribute to the decision to declare the
area unsuitable for mining, we expect LTER data and models will be
useful in future decisions Involving alteration of floodplain
rivers.

F-1

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m

(SEE INSTRUCTIOroS ON
REVERSE BEFORE
COMPLETING)

1985

SUMMARY

PROPOSAL BUDGET

F-3

ORGANIZATlOiM

Board of Trustees, University of Illinois

INCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR

Richard E. Sparks

FOR NSF USE ONLY

'ROPOSAL NO.

AWARD NO.

DURATION (MONTHS]

SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PI's. Fi
(List each separately with title; A. 6. show

ty and Other Sen
Tber in brackets)

:.E. Sparks, P.P.:

7. A

P.G. Risser

NSF FUNDED
PERSON MPS.

ACADSUMR

R.W. Gorden

1.25_

K.S. Lubinski

-L.7L

5. ( 10 OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

14

TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1

B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.!

( 5 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS

( 1 ) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

( 1 ) SECRETARIAL-CLERICAL

6. ( 4 ) OTHER

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS)

TOTALSALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A+l

+ C)

"977r

"^777"

6,168

657SZir

40,476

1.050

12,935

14,961

151,182

D. PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACI
ITEMS OVER 310,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

Letter quality printer for IBP^ PC $2,068
Sytec Port -)3,DQQ (private line), '
Sytec Port Si, ODD (public -access)
Ifisual 5D0 $1,795 (graphic terminal)
Visual 300 $900 (terminal)
Amadex Dp-9620 $1,184 (printer

12,093
75

il63

ITEM EXCEEDING $1,000;

len Personal Computer (PC

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT

$1,500

E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

1. STIPENDS $

2. TRAVEL

3. SUBSISTENCE

4. OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

'UBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

CONSULTANT SERVICES

COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

5. SUBCONTRACTS

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY)

As specified on individual budgets

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS

TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS ( I-

!<■ RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252 AND 253)'

AMOUNT OF Ti-

ls REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K)

PI/PD TYPED NAME &. SIGNATL

REP TYPEDNAME& SIGNATURE*

Linda S.

"RICHARD E. SPARKS

7/23/84

11,447

T174B5"

1,600

8,992

3.349

2,123

1.493

12^678,

28.430

5i,oe5_

244,872

71 ,944"

316,816

S316.816

FOR NSF USE ONLY

INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATI

ot Rate Shee

.-.' i 1 s 0 n

tern Illinois University (subcontract)

PROPOSAL BUDGET

(SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON
REVEPiSE BEFORE
COMPLETING)

ComiJonent '43

1985

SUMMARY

P.I. lUclicirci V. Anderson

F-5

ORGANIZATION

WIU subcontract budget

Illinois Natural History Survey, U. of 111.

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR „ r^ ^ ■ , 1

P.D. Richard E. Sparks
P.I., Component #3, Richard V. Anderson (WIU)

SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Cc
(List each separately with title; A. 6.

's. Faculty a
how number

I Other Senior Associates

1 brackets)

^- Richard V. Anderson

) OTHERS(LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE)

) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1

B- OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)

) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES

) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER. ETC.:

( 1 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS $500/month X 12

FOR NSF USE ONLY

PROPOSAL NO.

AWARD NO

mioT^h^,

ACADSUMR

) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

) SECRETARIAL CLERICAL

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS)

GE BENEFITS (A +

TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRI

PERMANENT EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $1 000-
ITEMS OVER $10,000 REQUIRE CERTIFICATION)

DURATION (MONTHS)

FUNDS

REQUESTED B^

PROPOSER

6000

FUNDS
GRANTED BY NSF
(IF DIFFERENT)

TOTAL PERMANENT EQUIPMENT
TRAVEL

DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

2. FOREIGN

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS

1. STIPENDS $_

2. TRAVEL

3. SUBSISTENCE

1. OTHER

TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

2. PUBLICATION COSTS/PAGE CHARGES

3. CONSULTANT SERVICES

4. COMPUTER (ADPE) SERVICES

5. SUBCONTRACTS

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)

INDIRECT COSTS (SPECIFY)
TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS

56.8% X 6000 = $3408

DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (^

*^_rt ESIDUAL FUNGS (I

FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS GPM 252

_AMOUNr OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K

PI/PD TYPED NAME a. SIGNATUS^- ZTjJ

Richard V. Andersony^^,^ /,

NST. REP

Sliirlox

^P£D MAME a.

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INDIRECT COST

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G-1

Appendix G

USE OF INTERPROJECT INCREMENT OF $40,000

at the

Large River LTER Site

1985

Budget

Computer Equipment

Sytec port (private line)
Sytec port (public access)
Visial 500 (graphic terminal)
Visiai 300 (terminal)
Amadex Dp-9620b (printer)

Personnel

Graduate Research Assistants

Subtotal

1 in chemistry, 7.25 man-rao . (? I,l50/mo

1 in computer science, 7.1753 rtian-mo. (3 1,614/mo.

Fringe Benefits

Workmen's Compensation, 0.32% x 19,919

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS

Indirect Costs

Tuition, 18.6% X 19,919

Overhead, 27,862-7,879=19,983
42.2% X 19,983

TOTAL COSTS

Subtotal

Subtotal

Subtotal

3,000
1,000
1,795
900
1,184

7.879

8,338
11,581

19,919

64
27,862

3,705

8,433
12,138
40.000

H-1
APPENDIX H

Justification for Equipment

The S7,879 for computer equipment will establish a computer work
station at the Illinois Water Survey compatible with the four work stations
established in 1984 at the three LTER field stations and the main offices of
the Natural History Survey. The additional work station will link the Water
Survey to the main computer used for LTER, the PRIME system at the Natural
History Survey. This is an important link because the Water Survey provides
the water discharge data which are used to compute nutrient and sediment
fluxes. Our ability to make intersite comparisons will be enhanced because
our basic discharge and concentration data, the programs to compute fluxes,
and the derived values for nutrient and sediment loading will all be
available on one computer system.

The Water Survey will be able to transfer their data files to the
PRIME, access other LTER data sets, use the powerful INFO data base
management system and the ARC mapping and digitizing system. They also will
be able to communicate and transfer files to the other four LTER work
stations — an important consideration at our site where principal
investigators are located at field stations and another campus (Western
Illinois University) over one hundred miles from the University of
tl linois.

Two ports are included in the equipment list. The private line will
provide access to the University of Illinois Cyber computer for the purpose
of running the hydrological model for the Illinois and Mississippi rivers.
This model is too large and complex to run on the PRIME at the Natural
History Survey. Output data from the hydrological model will be used to
drive the biological model, which resides on the PRIME. The second port
gives the Water Survey access to one of the public lines on PRIME. Private
access is not yet necessary on PRIME because communications service has kept
up with demand. The two ports are one-time hardware costs, not recurring
service fees.

Justification for Personnel

The graduate research assistant (GRA) in chemistry will assist Dr.
Richard Cahill (Illinois Geological Survev) in radioisotope dating of
sediments and analysis of sediments, organisms, and their waste products for
carbon. The dating is necessary to document the disturbance history of our
site, for comparison with other sites. The carbon analysis provides data
essential to our carbon flow model. The model is a major vehicle for
synthesizing information about our large rivers and for developing and
testing hypotheses.

H-2

The GEIA. in computer programming will assist the Natural History Survey
programmer, Mr. Frank Brookfield, and geologist Dr. David Gross (Illinois
Geological Survey), in the digitizing of maps and aerial photographs
generated by our LTER research: hydrography, vegetation, bed material.
Some of our LTER core data are bes*- recorded as maps, such as the annual
development pattern of submergent plant beds. Once the maps are digitized,
we can use the powerful ARC/INFO software available on the PRIME computer to
extend samples and measurements on small areas to entire habitat
compartments by volume or area weighting. Mapping and use of mapping
techniques are essential for many types of intersite comparisons and
syntheses, such as comparison of geomorphic features of streams and
relationships between community structure and stream morphometry.

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