SET Sprpispetitsiiii} geteipissstatsees iBass Ssisbstpiets estrietss Hates psicte SEEEISES Sees +I; i jesizeses peoiessess Sper ssiiase? assests Sezsctre K-2-4 wAccEen Z O Y 2 WwW a 2 wi 5 3 yY) <2 O O a [2] ra a ° b-2x UML ER , Tt XN “AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY NORTHERN MICHIGAN. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF CHAS. C. ADAMS. A Report from the University Museum, University of Michigan, published by the State Board of Geological Survey as a part of the Report for 1905. JUN 15 1988 LIBRARIES LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS 1906 Division of Mollustes Seetiona) Librerty LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. OFFICE OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST, LansineG, Micu., Oct. 30, 1905. To the Honorable, the Board of Geological Survey of the State of Mich- igan: Hon. Fred M. Warner, President. Hon. L. L. Wright. Hon. Patrick H. Kelley, Secretary. Gentlemen:—I herewith transmit for publication, in the Annual Report of the Board for 1905, the following report. This is a contribution to the Biological Survey of the State, which the Legislature authorized you to supervise and execute by Act No. 250 of the Session of 1905. The follow- ing report is the result of a natural history survey made in the Porcupine Mountains and on Isle Royale by a party from the University Museum, University of Michigan. It is not a mere list of plants and animals, but a study of these forms in relation to their surroundings. It is thus a con- tribution to the natural history of the Upper Peninsula, and in addition to its scientific value will, I trust, be of use to teachers in all parts of this region and stimulate them in the study of the forms of life about them. Very respectfully, ALFRED C. LANE. PY) a a, hats J banat 4 +0) rad =o a ee REX W.. i: ee, @ Oo 0 OGY 'f ahve elo Wie - Ke ar 2 col on 1D — = Fs z - > ou ite) Ss a Fe : ane : rd ee GAD NE Keele RE We. Fic. 1. Geological map of a portion of the Porcupine Mountains, Mich. 2. Quartz-porphyry. 3. Diabase, Diabase-amygdaloid (“Trap”). 4. Sandstone and Conglomerate. 5. Diabase and Eee weaned (“Trap”). 6. Sandstone with thin bands of conglomerate. 7. Dark-grey Sandstone and Black Siale.— Aiter Irving). TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introductory Note, by Chas. C. Adams. ECOLOGICAL PAPERS. An Ecological Survey in the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale, Michigan, by Be PEC ING REV ESTIS TRU: Pras Nee cate ee cians cake tatatapehanrei nd ey gis adele) aqalsalaee ays e cia abst tye ea iatA ROACEa PONT AME et Pate AL ac! gd stl ots! Sataerato a's Grebe lola 4 «cede Sia aDaie shy iula\e.“ Biter) Veet apoitney NNO UIA UALS hs) ao PE gees See Ong ae Meola k See tales Waans: 5 MME Ran A Ene Be Sus midis ary ie Mate af Apel a A De ale ala yavcnsFetalatal aie eoagdtates Neh Ook LETS) UR EA Bact i A eB Ac, Sid GRR SA 5 cg LE eR Me ag Sep team GUO TL UML Vicia erakes stain StS Piatat ciatia ato WR oie! asl atele anor wle'ls Phabnua retaliate 4. Location of Field Stations ters rman Sractras a: aye Aidrbet “ated Da are Wee tne Hehe biota Considered: Dy Stations. sei os Nise ard bale cae wale greta CRS CIM IMETE ta ic). ala the! clate schon soln Mdae ope toda oi ahaliiw,e. Shale wyetates a haa ptateabenee & (a inperpretations! ands Conclusions.) .ijg sicis'eid on bee gfe se s/d he wee ea sere ee sve Mr omales ours wa... << 'alg eragetale stescarete erere aici enerase Pay a as tendo Pied ee, Ss Po GEMetAln GEGETAPII. tac). Sater R shatarin as aisua ane spelt 'ataala laid ors, a Me oaueLAt cites she Pema onmole leldSGaOns rice uslalh te. Ciftra henn Wistican os wales a cieeletanae 3. ner Biota @onsidered: Dy Stations. 2: ')n5 005 2 fee als'ee cons tins e/naleralels Gres cr Ineiy nicl (CONCHISIONS 2a ah telacviatyla.s Su le-ciets Aveiots s.0 alalate leis ene Sere upeliaeeVeLENeMGES tare repens ee CONN SPS ee Bia ac arate er are es Cate el Ns hl Ag The Ecological Distribution of the Birds in the Porcupine Mountains, Michigan ESSE Mae rOAMIS Vfx OSORNO. sae Pin cia atte cool sre ths hata, A lays ead vee ] "The Lake Superior Slope of the First Mountain Ridge................ NEE MLSE RION eG ULOM UL. Vlo. 2 gsi .tsis caca's c,ap8ha" sghie sc craeaid athe coe e odtieel se PMA KRIS CACh i (SUAUIONIIL eye ceeds ocd gare: shee sie maLn orale a eeetenee he cere ae ralclers SOCK ArmSWwaANa DN (Station alles Subnet asa: vse ties, 6 srneherteneinrene oferta & @leanmss vin’ the Cedar (SwaMp..22.0 cs vides dais sacle mrs sea bie sslaterels Supplementary Clearing pee eens Rats la 5 o's anc) teem ate nine atone oe AmeremilockHorestia (station Wilts Subs, 2.) hic c'd tereiow-cic etc a tela al tre shea cne lone Supplementary Clearing Observations Gre es wrath eats Siete Rectan LATO OOU WROrESbE (SLatIOM Ll OUlon Beene ae sietslel ak eters ake tarts atdlntoke tetel 6. Camp Clearing (Station II. Sub. 3 at BE iy Bis i Ghed Efe dr eR ORL e OEN b 7. Mountain Top and Escarpment (Station III. Sub. 1 and 6.)........ Mpa pO aera euler WLLGW. SAcas ny ehsdareiiy 2 ctclaels Mabe ales apace Sta, aiB sara Mel Dela Sue Se akelele 1. Carp Lake (Station V. Sub 1 —_ SN a ear iepahi se apcteh dhe 2s, Stay atoretens en 2. Grassy Marshes (Station Nie Subs 2andustanion PVs Sule Zales ese cle BaP A eran (StatignulaVar GUIs Oa)rccan ce ncaiayais ols cre oar eRoia ails xi cake clare Wepe Sooner 4. Damp Woodland (Station TV. MMT Rep in cis arent eens 5. sic jspece me Hone aes Gea lanarack owamp (Station LV. Sub. 42)... a. .0 ce ee cc ee ces clue Pecaromuiwer (otation UV Sub. Dik. sco os dleisrtmewltia oss aoe teeta aml Moe oom, (station UV tub. Bi) crcl «acest eie ajc 2 sw wvesallera areas Bic, NVQ Siero ETI Ue pct ol ne cape OAS ae Pe a UE Me eB cs 8 DAME aD Enh ceive 4 PA Meats) aye oi, Zap Beaton d siya) wlat0\ 8a) sh ohhh MMe III. Hardwood Forest South of Carp River (Station uy od AINE ear ae EV.) MiriplewGapatamers Naltenre 2. art. 2 ioe emapa be 'ecol = «ced a 'dayeca Seapeyereeie anata ens 1. Little Carp Lake (Station AVAL R hS ub abs rg ctar shh tet cain en cane ane ep 2's 2) Beaver mead owe (Spatlom oiler Sue ctl Ge)). sie cie/oleteiei iol eeatemars oe aie,» Rb NUL TAD RTT Casha cy Ome EA INE SA y UME sag dOOtT Sis v/a «! Soe Sanne ace eRe vare ate bi Po Weber merce say Steg aN ache ac abd wie aa dyergdant Woktd wate: Sie MiMIRaUY’ AS candace 2. Birds Frequenting Shores and Banks of Streams.................. 3. Birds found in Grassy Marshes and Alders.....0........2.000eee0. 4. Birds Frequenting Tamarack Swamps and Cedar Swamps.......... 5. Birds Frequenting Hemlocks and Maples................2.eeceeeee 6. Birds. Frequenting the Cliff and Mountain Top.................... 6 CONTENTS. The Ecological Relations of the Orthoptera in the Porcupine Mountains, Michigan, by Albert Pitts Morse, Research Assistant, Carnegie Institution of Washington 1 iGeneral ‘Remarks? sic... ve clemnlsehes eek oe eae ee ae DiStation Wrist sree cce es ace se is suey pei eI CES aie ee ee OP ae a arene te ANNOTATED LISTS. List: of Stations inthe Porcupime Mountaings))..: 0.3 .0'..% ©. - ea ee Seen List of Stations om Isle Royslee ian va sce sad: ei eit cel oats atta ota teal cree Notes on the Plants of the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale, Michigan, by A. Gye SECEDE Vic: > eM RNa ayes A tania eae 4 os tem Nc on ay peu aeteaD mle ace ea Pe Me 2 Nisle) Riowale. <0)... iene a ous ofa Cehe hs Lie anual Jt i 0k) SaManeny ee a ae Annotated List of Molluses of the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale, Michigan, by) Bryamt\Walker and ‘A. fe. Mtithwem ie. ee Yeh k .jau, cbs cuemveuee hee emcees iEorcupine Mountainisy. (cosa cites its ais tests, 5.2.» 6 sco science ia eee ean Do rReV ROYALE: }v.3.\.\ sais another CPCI hc. oe inde ee ae Spiders and Insects from the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale, Michigan, by BAe, ER UPGIL WGI .3.), 5 dele ae mite araiata aie a SRR ISSCC NN eat ANG. cosh a lah cs Sie ge a i Spiders: from the Porcupme) Mountains: o3.0)5 ca...) 2654.52) teins Oe Zvepiders) drome tele wRoyale.):\ 7. ceeeise andi ciemben ls inaiehanvals lettre Ghee 3. Dragonflies from the Porcupine Mountains.................+2+e0008 4. Butterflies and Moths from the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale As, POLCUPIMNe AIMOWMEAIMSS ..< \s3/4 cee erator Mee avec Susleoe a ketey th Wet feeiage ta by) isle: Mtawaller tiki sos he RI Raine a eh gene nine pee c. Notes on the Collection of Butterflies, by Prof. A. J. Snyder...... 5,. Ants from the/Porcupine Mountains. ...0 1 Se eee eee ol ae 6. Ants, from Tale; Royale sibs)... «202 ie aie ersten Neiaes ante eT eee tee The Cold-blooded Vertebrates of the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale, Michi- gan, by A. Gi RGD VOM: <2 suid me's a. 2 5)a-ajedelelatokeks te pepe eisai Sateen enema tame It Nish. of the, Porcupine: Mounta, ns; .. ... sic sciep es eieler ee eee ate 2,Hish: from: Isle. Royale wg: cine atte sicteth athens elev cis /ud hatte eked ro Marea 3. The Amphibians of the Northern Peninsula.................-..02- 4. The Reptiles\ef; Northern) Michigan.) 40.2)... ;ci be ne een eee Annotated List of the Birds of the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale, Michigan, by Ni: A. Wood, Max M.Peet'and ©. ‘McUreary:.(: eee sore c- ’ a Des cay ; Amt wer ; 1 pateaaiedra ts ot iat balan aes uae 2: aes a Pg HiShe ae ; eohaiate Ais, ios ce — et bank Oe ke eae Tie ae er ae Satie: a Pat Seas ar bre gre ks Pas an pa" tats i; ah eae ox es : Myths 2 degen Seep } i‘ . a oo rs y- 2 te CPi tea Sites : men Se ay ig Gar i Peis Bie + | 5 a « cde Bett ge Py si Xe as oD sit Mus mares) oi oi ae = = ms Wrote os o eee } ; = al i * A+ dh - . us| he, . aN i . : 4 ’ ay, ~ (: Sapo ean Shapes eae ee ee ry) capes ce oar Shin : a PS A ee Tae oe PY A Oh ely oe Same eis ‘eae one oa LF Pel ok Weta tbat od ee ab ee LS PROee Se Ti ae nife pees Wit nyints ‘ “ > q Pd sa : 4 4 - . we ‘ Boe oh cag sy eer dl Lack cae Sais ene the Sereirel ort teats | bees Asis cas 4) Aah ts Saha ee : ; vba? Soee ce bce eens . Tse we", C ' ‘ z ” =) a er. 7 ’ 5) wire, = ; "a" RON Nera apa bane GA a! ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 25 little life, but near the upper limit of summer wave action a few straggling annuals come in that characterize the Middle Beach above, while near the upper limit reached by the winter waves and ice a few perennials of the Upper Beach occur. The biotic tension lines between these divisions also undergo occasional fluctuations, since the position of the tension line between the Lower and Middle Beaches is determined by the severity of the summer storms, while between the Middle and Upper Beaches it is determined by the height of the winter waves and ice. Owing to the action of the waves, the beach as a whole is retreating inland, but as it retreats a wave cut and wave: deposited terrace is being formed, and this by shallowing the water carries the breaker line off shore and lessens the effect of the waves, as illustrated in Fig. 7. The conditions of the Lower and Middle Beaches thus become more favorable, resulting in a progessive downward movement of the biota of the Middle and Upper Beaches respect- ively that decidedly narrows the beach zones. On the other hand, the sinking of the coast in this region counteracts, in places, the tendency of the submarine terraces to decrease the efficiency of the waves. The deepening of the water near shore caused by this sinking of the coast*brings the breaker line nearer shore, thus increasing the efficiency of the waves to such an extent that the beach habitats are being forced back into the adjacent swamps. Station II. Substation 1. Back of the beach, at the foot of the first range, there often extends for considerable distances a narrow belt of arbor vitae swamp. This swamp owes its origin, according to Wright (05, p. 37), to the general sinking of the beach of Lake Superior referred to in the dis- cussion of the previous station. Gilbert (’97) in a discussion of this problem states that a general canting or tilting of the Great Lake Basins toward the southwest is taking place, as is indicated by the inclination of the beach lines of post-glacial lakes and by the drowned mouths of the rivers along the coast. It is evident that the rivers of the Porcupine region are drowned, as they are widened near their mouths into broad estuaries with adjacent swamps, and evidence that the tilting of the lake basin that is causing this is going on at the present time may be found in the submergence of standing trees along the lake shore, and in the discrepancy in the length of the section lines between different surveys, (Wright, ’05, p. 37). This sinking of the coast makes the conditions of a narrow zone just back of the beach too wet for some of the mesophytic forest forms that occupy the higher parts of the ridge, but at the same time it makes the conditions favorable for some of the forms of the arbor vitae swamp, so that this area is inhabited by certain forms characteristic of each of these habitats. The tree cover consists principally of the Arbor Vitae, with considerable Balsam Fir and some White Spruce and Paper Birch; the soil cover is characterized by the Running Pine, Lycopodium clavatum, and occasional clumps of Blue Flag. The molluscan fauna is very poorly represented, and the only shells collected were a few specimens of Punctum pygmaeum and Zonitoides milium. A single spider was taken here, Dolomedes tenebrosus. The mammals are those of the forest, such as the Southern Varying Hare, Southeastern Red Squirrel, ete., with the exception of the Lake Superior Chipmunk which was occasionally seen near the beach. If the coast continues to sink, this swamp will approach more closely the conditions of the swamps of the river valleys and will become occupied more exclusively by the biota of the ordinary arbor vitae swamp, while 4 26 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. at the same time it will tend to retreat before the beach and invade the areas at present occupied by the mesophytic forest of the north slope. Station II. Substation 2. Above the arbor vitae swamp, the north slope of the first range rises steeply to the top of the ridge and is covered by a dense mesophytic forest. The angle of this slope and the fact that it is formed by dipping strata, makes the drainage so rapid that the soil on the upper part tends to be washed downward and to accumulate at the bottom. The humus formed by the fallentwigs and leaves of the forest prevents in part superficial wash, and most of the water, for this reason, is conducted away under ground. The ravines are thus small and the streams transient. The lower parts of the slope support a dense hemlock forest in which there is deep shade, Fig. 8. The tree cover of this part of the forest consists principally of Hemlock associated with the Balsam Fir, Ironwood, Yellow Birch, isolated White Pines and a few Sugar Maples. The undergrowth of Ground Hemlock and Maple is very scanty, and the humus is thus com- posed chiefly of leaves and twigs of the Hemlock with the exception of localized accumulations of deciduous leaves from the maple underbrush. The soil cover is also scattered and is composed of the Large-leaved Aster, Wild Sarsaparilla, Twinflower, Goldthread, Maidenhair Fern, Wild Spikenard, Rattlesnake Plantain, Dwarf Dogwood, Clintonia borealis, and Lycopodium lucidulum and clavatum. ; The fauna of the hemlock forest is also rich in species. Besides many insects and other invertebrates, there are a number of birds and the toad (Bujo americanus). The mammals are represented by the Canadian Porcu- pine, Northern Virginia Deer, Northern Plains Skunk, Woodchuck, South- eastern Red and Northern Flying Squirrels, Northeastern Chipmunk, Star-nosed Mole, Large Bobtail Shrew, and the Northern and Woodland Jumping, Canadian White-footed and Red-backed Mice. Owing to the predominance of conifers, it is to be expected that few shells would occur in this forest, but the accumulated leaves of the maple underbrush counteract the unfavorable nature of the coniferous humus and _ support a somewhat scattered molluscan fauna composed of Zonitoides milium, Vitrea ferrea, Euconulus fulvus, Punctum pygmaeum, Helicodiscus lineatus, Strobilops virgo, Zonitoides exigua, Sphyradium edentulum, Carychium exile, and Agriolimax campestris. Onthe upper parts of the slope, the soil becomes thinner, and there is a noticeable change in the character of the forest. It is still mesophytic, but the Hemlock, Balsam Fir, Ironwood and Yellow Birch give way to a forest composed of the Sugar Maple, Basswood, and Paper Birch, in which the Sugar Maple predominates. This transition is gradual and while near the top of the ridge the Ironwood and Yellow Birch are practically absent, the Hemlock and Balsam Fir may still persist. The undergrowth in this part of the forest is much better developed, Fig. 9, and consists principally of Maple, Basswood and Ground Hemlock. The ground is covered to a depth of several inches with leaves, and the soil cover, although better de- veloped, is practically the same as in the hemlock forest except that the Large-leaved Aster, Indian Pipe and Goldthread seem to become replaced by Cinna latifolia, White-flowering Raspberry, Fly Honeysuckle and Brake. The changes in the environmental conditions with which are associated the changes in the composition of the flora toward the top of the slope do not seem to influence the fauna to a marked extent. As the tree cover is principally affected, the most marked change in the fauna is seen in the case of the birds, which are more closely associated with this type of vegetation. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 27 Another change is the occurrence, on the upper part of the slope, of the Red-bellied Snake, Storeria occipitomaculata, which prefers dry, rather open woods. With the coming in of the deciduous forest, the humus becomes composed of leaves, and with this change in the nature of the humus is associated an increase, at least in the number of individuals, of molluscs. When the fallen leaves are examined, they are found to be connected by a film of water. Among these leaves seemed to be the favorite habitat of all the snails collected in these woods. The forms collected are Zonitoides exigqua Zonitoides arborea, Vitrea ferrea, Euconulus chersinus polygyratus, Helico- discus lineatus, Punctum pygmaeum, Cochlicopa lubrica morseana, Sphyra- dium edentulum, Pyramidula striatella catskillensis, Strobilops virgo, Polygyra albolabris, Vitrea indentata and multidentata. It has been suggested (Whitford, ’01, p. 301) that the presence of isolated White Pines in the mesophytic forest indicates a former dominance of xero- phytic forms. This at once suggests an explanation for the origin of the present biota that is in accordance with the observed facts. When the waters of the glacial lakes receded and left the mountains exposed to denuda- tion, the wash on this slope must have been considerable. The vegetation that first gained a foothold was probably a society analogous to that on the Middle Beach at the present time. These forms would be followed, as the conditions became favorable, by the heath society of the Upper Beach. At the bottom of the slope where the soil was thicker and the superficial wash less, the heaths were probably soon succeeded by the conifers that usually follow the heaths in this region. With the accumulation of humus in the coniferous forest, the superficial wash would become less, while the soil formed on the higher parts of the ridge would be held in front of the forest, permitting the coniferous types to ascend the slope and restrict the area occupied by the heaths. As the coniferous forest became well developed at the bottom of the slope, owing to the more favorable edaphic conditions brought about by the accumulation of humus, the pine seedlings which require considerable light would no longer be able to develop. The seedlings of the deciduous trees, Maple, Basswood, Hemlock, ete., which would find a favorable habitat in the increased shade and humus of this forest, would then invade the coniferous forest as underbrush, so that, as the pines died off, they would be replaced by the forms of the present forest. The fauna of this slope would have a history similar in many respects to that of the flora. If the slope was first invaded by the heath plants, it was probably at the same time invaded by the fauna that is associated with this society ; a relation which would also hold in the case of the succeeding societies. The conditions to which the forms in the different societies are adapted, or the habitats, would thus tend to migrate up the slope from the point of invasion, and the mountain top would be the scene of the extinction of the pioneer societies, the last place where they would be found. Since the mountains were islands for some time after the retreat of the ice sheet, the level at which this invasion of life took place presents an interesting question. Evidently it must either have taken place above one of the old beach lines while the mountains were yet islands, or after they had been joined to the main land by the subsidence of the lake. In the latter case, the invasion would have come in near the base of the mountains, as they are entirely surrounded by a low plain, but in either case the succession of societies would have been much the same, with the exception that in the former 28 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. case the migration of the societies would also have taken place down the slope, following the receding lake beach. Station II. Substations 3 and 4. These substations are located in an artificial clearing and will not be discussed. The species that occur here will be found in the annotated lists. Station II. Substation 5; and Station III. The north slope of the first range rises directly to the top of the ridge at an elevation of about 900 feet. Over the crest there is a sharp descent of several rods to the brink of the precipitous escarpment that overlooks the valley of Carp river, Fig. 10. The effect of the dynamics of the mountain top are very conspicuous. The exposed rock is unprotected from the forces which cause disintegration, for as fast as it is broken up the particles are washed away, and thus the first soil to accumulate is in the exposed edges of joint planes. The soil washed down the north slope on Section 21, Fig. 11, is checked and held in front of the forest, which advances as the soil becomes sufficient to support it. On Sections 13 and 14, Fig. 10, the forest has advanced to the crest so that no soil from the bald areas is washed down the north slope. The soil formed on the south side of these areas, meeting with no obstruction, is washed over the precipice and accumulates in a narrow strip along the top of the talus slope, while that which is washed laterally from the top into depressions in the crest is also checked to a certain extent by the encroach- ‘ing forest. The concentration of water in these inequalities causes them to be deepened into ravines, situated at right angles to the crest, and much of the material derived in this way is carried over the cliff and deposited as alluvial cones on the talus slopes below; these alluvial cones join the ravines above forming broad saddles across the ridge, Fig. 10. The face of the cliff is also exposed to weathering agencies that tend to pry loose portions of the rock between the joint planes. The larger fragments fall to the bottom of the cliff and go bounding down the talus slope, often start- ing minature landslides of the talus material. The slope thus lies at the angle of repose of the material and is very unstable, Fig. 17. As a rule, the larger the fragment the farther down the slope it will go before coming to rest, and the strip of fine material at the top of the slope, which was formed partly from the soil washed over the cliff from the bald areas above, receives constant additions from the fine material that is loosened from the cliff face. Toward the bottom of the slope, the conditions become more stable, and the talus blocks are being disintegrated and decomposed into a residual soil. The mountain top, cliff, and talus slope habitats thus offer virgin conditions for plant and animal societies, and it is in localities such as these that the pioneer societies are found. If the results of the processes at work on this ridge be summarized, it is evident that they are tending to lower the ridge toward a base leveled plain, thus changing the present conditions toward those found on the lower parts of the north slope. Station II. Substation 5; and Station III. Substations 1 and 4. The biota. of the north slope of the first range, pushes through the saddles and down the alluvial cones on the south side and mingles with the biota of the forest in the valley of Carp River, Fig. 10. From the north side and the saddles it extends upward and surrounds on three sides the bare areas of the higher parts of the ridge, but, owing to the changed environmental conditions, it becomes modified in its composition near the crest. The Hemlock and Balsam Fir and finally the Sugar Maple become replaced by a zone of aspen and oak, consisting principally of the Quaking Aspen, Paper Birch, Red and Fie. 8. Hemlock forest, showing dense shade and lack of undergrowth, station IT. 2, aise Soe ek ae ee ‘ Rare ss eye ey a: r 5 a . are ‘te “oe Rete tts OT Tee Lae . : 4 mee Niet poe Sage: oo kl <2 ae SRA eri rae. > ia % ae & Louie ane = WAR eae, gf heris oi, tat ine baat! Ee le (ear tesra |: + oa hg : ar a ae a ee ae ares eae gh PP as see some es te -. eo is Zeb ceey ~- 1 Sars vet Caer Al ae ey ao eh a oat i eps t Pee ook s t 1a. Apia omen ai ier EONS 3 - aa Ne: at: ai Siete, Bei: 22 A Sey Ree Rea a ‘acne Daeeeaeae 7 eee ‘ ane ores Poe iA & Sage ah. acer: a a Bag RESON aa ee 5) cOX BAGS: ee ie! cP ae * na 43% eel oy sa: Ss a: pe eens ee (3054: : 7 aie ¥ noir EGY 0s is';..2 ; my ith cp ee ee A ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 29 Burr Oaks, associated with the Mountain Maple, Large-toothed Aspen, Mountain Alder (Alnus alnobetula), several willows and scattered Red and White Pine. The underbrush and soil cover of this zone is composed of Polypodiwm vulgare, Juneberry, Scarlet Sumac, Bush Honeysuckle, Eastern Ninebark, Great Bilberry, Round Leaved Dogwood, Dwarf Cornel, Narrow- leaved Cow-wheat, Low Snowberry, Polypodiuwm vulgare, and Lycopodium clavatum, complanatum and selago; Linnaea americana may also be mentioned. Higher up the mountain the soil cover becomes replaced by the Bearberry, Dwarf and Low Black Blueberry, New Jersey Tea, and Creeping Winter- green. The White Pines still persist, but the shrubs mostly disappear, and the oaks and aspens associated with Juniperus nana become very scrubby, often forming small mats on the slight soil, Fig. 12. As in case of the vegetation, the range of many of the animals of the mesophytic forest reaches an upward limit in the aspen zone, where they occur mingled with other forms that replace them on the bald areas. Thus the molluscs become noticeably fewer in individuals in this zone; Zonitoides exigua, Cochlicopa lubrica, Vitrea jferrea, KEuconulus fulvus, Helicodiscus lineatus and Carychium exile seem to drop out of the fauna entirely, while Punctum pygmaeum, Sphyradium edentulum, Zonitoides miliwm and arborea, and Strobilops virgo, by changing their habitats from the damp fallen leaves of the mesophytic forest to the dry soil held by. the heaths, are able to persist. Mingled with these forms was found for the first time Bifidaria curvidens. Similarly the only grasshopper that occurs in the mesophytic forest (T'ettiz) is replaced in the aspen zone by Melanoplus luridus, fermoratus and islandicus, Chloealtis abdominalis and conspersa, and Camnula pellucida, while the ‘Northeastern Chipmunk, Northern Plains Skunk, Woodchuck, and the wood- peckers, owls, chickadees, nuthatches, ete. are mostly replaced by the Lake Superior Chipmunk, Junco, Robin, and Bluebird. The smaller mammals such as the mice, moles and shrews seem to persist without notice- able diminution in abundance. Station III. Substations 2, 5 and 6. On the mountain top beyond the limit of the aspens and oaks, the biota is composed almost exclusively of the forms that appear in the upper part of the aspen zone. The heaths, represented by the Bearberry and Creeping Wintergreen, with the Dwarf - and Low Black Blueberry and New Jersey Tea, form a large dense mat beyond the aspen zone, that extends in long tongues along the crevices on the bare top, Fig. 11. On the denser portions of this mat occur widely scattered White and Red Pines with many dead stumps, Fig. 13. On the bare mountain top, the flora consists only of the lichens, Lecidea lactea, Lecanora conspersa and cinera, Parmelia conspersa, and Stereocaulon coralloides, on the surface of the rock, and a crevice vegetation of Harebell, Three-toothed Cinquefoil, Wild Wormwood, Evening Primrose, Panicum xanthophysum, Polypodium vulgare, Polystichium lonchitus, Aspleniwm trichomanes, and Solidago bicolor, lanceolata, juncea and erecta. The molluses, Punctum pygmaeum, Euconulus chersinus polygyratus, Zoni- toides milium, Strobilops virgo, Vitrea indentata *and Bifidaria curvidens, that characterize the upper part of the aspen zone, also occur in the larger heath mats, associated with Acanthinula harpa. Bifidaria curvidens greatly predominates in this fauna. Dead specimens of Helicodiscus lineatus and Succinea avara are often found in the rock crevices near the brink of the cliff, but these were probably blown here as they could hardly exist in this habitat, being moisture loving forms. The characteristic insects of this station _ are the dragonfly, Sympetrum obtrusum, the butterflies, Argynnis cybele, 30 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. Thecla edwardsii, and the grasshoppers, Chloealtis abdominalis and conspersa, Melanoplus jasciatus, amplectens and islandicus, Circotettix verruculatus, and Atlanticus pachymerus. The Cliff. Owing to the precipitous nature of the cliff, the rock frag- ments are removed as fast as they are split off the parent rock, and the environmental conditions of the cliff face remain uniformly severe. The only vegetation that can exist consists of the lichens, Gyrophora (Umbilicaria) vellea, Amphiloma (Pannaria) languinosum, and Biatora lucida, that manage. to obtain a foothold on the face of the rock, but these are invariably de- stroyed as the rock weathers away. On the ledges, however, where the conditions are more permanent, a number of plant forms may gain a foot- hold, the extent of the vegetation depending upon the age and size of the ledge. On the fresher ledges the only plants are the lichens, among the representative forms of which may be mentioned Stereocaulon coralloides, Parmelia conspersa and Lecidea lactea. Where a slight soil has accumulated, the Harebell, Panicum xanthophysum, Polystichium lonchitus, Three-toothed Cinquefoil, and Goldenrods may occur. While on the larger ledges, which often possess several inches of soil, the Bearberry, New Jersey Tea and other forms of the heath society, together with the Juneberry, White and Red Pine, Juniperus nana, Arbor Vitae and Northern Poison Oak may obtain a foothold, Fig. 14. The fauna of the cliff face is also very limited. The ledges are too small to support a characteristic fauna, but ants grasshoppers and dragon-flies are often found here. The butterfly, Grapta gracilis, was occasionally seen in considerable numbers on the cliff face, but the only animal that can be said to be characteristic of this habitat is the Raven which nested here. Station III. Substation 8. Where the cliff is broken by large ledges, Fig. 15, the conditions are more stable, and the vegetation consists principally of a growth of Red and White Pine-and an undergrowth of Reindeer Lichens and heath plants, that extends up the cliff and across the mountain top. Where these belts of pine join the mesophytic forests of the north slope and river valley, the undergrowth is predominated by the Sugar and Moun- tain Maples and Quaking Aspen. The fauna of these belts is peculiar. Although the Pine Warbler and Crossbills are often seen here, the belt is too small to support an extensive pine forest fauna, while at the same time it is, perhaps, the deposit of pine needles that excludes the molluscs of the mountain top and mesophytic forest. Talus Slope. Where the precipice is not broken by large ledges, the fragments of rock that weather from its face fall to the talus slope below. The finer material collects along the top of the slope, at the foot of the cliff, and supports a vegetation composed of a number of species, Fig. 10. Among the more prominent of these are the Thorn Apple, Red Oak, Quaking Aspen, Wild Red Cherry, Round-leaved Dogwood, Juneberry, Bearberry, New Jersey Tea and scattered White and Red Pine. Below this zone the talus slope is strewn with dead wood and recently fallen trees, mostly pines, Fig. 16. Where the cliff is composed of trap, Substation 6, the blocks which fall from its face are large, and the talus slope is practically devoid of vegetation with the exception of scattered patches of lichens, principally Parmelia conspersa, Fig. 17. Where the cliff is composed of sandstone, the talus material is finer and often supports a scattered vegetation of White and Red Pine, Paper Birch, Wild Cherry Northern Poison Oak, and Virginia Creeper. Toward the bottom of the slope, the first vegetation that occurs are the lichens, principally Lecidea lactea and Parmelia conspersa, the latter ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 31 redominating. These forms cover more or less completely the surface of the talus fragments. Farther down Stereocaulon coralloides and Lecanora conspersa are added to this society which is dominated on the lower part of the slopes by the Reindeer lichens, Cladonia rangiferina and alpestris, that often occur superimposed on the remains of the other lichens. These are replaced toward the bottom of the slope by the Bearberry, New Jersey Tea, Polypodium vulgare, Raspberry, Wild Red Cherry, Mountain Maple, Paper Birch, Quaking and Large-toothed Aspens, Beaked Hazelnut, Black- berry, Brake, and Bush Honeysuckle, that in turn give way to the typical mesophytie forest forms of the river bottom. The environmental conditions as regards the fauna are more unfavorable than on the mountain top. The only forms that are found here are a few ants in the narrow zone of vegetation at the top, and occasional grass- hoppers and dragon-flies on the bare slope below. Near the bottom of the slope the Lake Superior Chipmunk was often seen running about over the rocks and among the bushes that fringe the forest. Forms from the meso- phytic forest of the river valley such as the Garter Snake and Northeastern Chipmunk are also occasionally seen here. When the biota of the mountain top and north slope are listed by habitats, the genetic explanation suggested for the forest of the north slope is enforced. It is evident that certain groups of forms are, in a general way, dependent on certain environmental conditions. The action of the forces which bring about these conditions tend to modify those that exist at any one time, so that the biota must adjust itself to the new conditions or be exterminated. This is especially noticeable on an elevated area. It was shown in the dis- cussion of the topography that the effect of physiographic processes on the ridge in question was to reduce it to a base-leveled plain. The environ- mental conditions are thus being changed and modified in the direction of the conditions that prevail on the lowland at the foot of the mountain. These conditions are brought about first on the lower parts of the ridge, so that the habitats of the lowland biota are extended at the expense of cliff habitats, and correlated with the changing conditions a succession of societies occurs. This may be easily seen from the top of the ridge, Fig. 11. The first plants to get a foothold on the bare rocks are those of the lichen society such as Lecidea lactea and Parmelia conspersa, that form large patches over the exposed rock surfaces. The wash and decay from these mats is at first mostly washed away down the slopes. As soon, however, as the processes of weathering have opened the edges of the joint planes, the soil accumulates in them and with it a small amount of organic material from the lichen mats. The conditions thus become favorable for a crevice vegetation consisting of certain mosses. the Harebell, Cinquefoils, Goldenrods and grasses. As the soil, held in the crevices by the plant roots, increases in amount, the conditions become still more favorable, and the crevices are invaded by the heaths from the extensive mat that surrounds the mountain top on three sides, in front of the mesophytic forest. The dense mats formed by the heaths do much to make the edaphic conditions more favorable by holding the soil as it is formed, checking that which is washed from higher areas, and by accumulating the humus formed by the decay of the vegetation. The first society to gain a foothold on the lichen mat is represented by the White and Red Pines, and the next by the forms of the aspen zone. In many instances, the Quaking Aspen, which is one of the hardiest plants of this zone, follows the heaths along the crevices before the pines can obtain a foothold, but in any case the pine stage is but poorly represented, probably owing 32 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. largely to the exposure of this habitat to wind, Fig. 12. The aspen zone is in turn succeeded by the biota of the mesophytic forest type. This suc- cession prevails on the north, east and west sides of the crest. On the south side, owing to the presence of the precipice, the soil accumulates only to a slight extent and the succession only progresses as far as the heath or pine stage. The biota of the cliff and upper part of the talus slopes are not in the succession, for owing to the fact that the material is removed nearly as fast as it is formed, the conditions remain practically the same, and the forms only gain a temporary foothold. It is true that on the ledges there is a more or less definite succession of societies leading up to the pine stage, but it rarely proceeds beyond this stage, while it is lable to be destroyed before this stage as is shown by the debris that accumulates on the talus below. The biota of these habitats is evidently derived from the mountain top. A large percentage of the seeds of the vegetation on the south side of the crest is washed over the cliff with the soil. Many of the ants and snails of this area probably have a similar fate, while it is a common sight to see ° grasshoppers on the mountain top caught by the wind, when on the wing, and carried over the precipice to light on the talus slope below. The biota of the narrow strip of finer material at the top of the talus slope, owing to the more favorable soil conditions and the shade furnished by the cliff, is composed of forms that occur in the pioneer societies both on rock and soil habitats, and it is thus acomplex pioneer society. The strip of finer material is only formed at the foot of the cliff and migrates with it, leaving its lower edge to be covered by the larger talus blocks as the cliff retreats. The biota thus be- comes practically destroyed, and the conditions change toward those of the talus slope. At the foot of the talus slope the conditions are nearly the same as on the mountain top. The pioneer forms are the lichens that cover the rocks and hold the material as the rocks disintegrates. The soil that is formed accumulates rapidly among the talus blocks and becomes in time sufficient to support the reindeer lichen society. As the soil continues to increase, the forms of the heath society push onto this mat, followed in turn by the climax forest society, the pioneer forms of which generally extend well up the slopes. The most prominent form among the pioneers of the climax forest on the talus slopes is the Paper Birch, broken and twisted individuals of which are often found well within the range of falling rock fragments. As Harvey (’03, p. 37) has suggested for Mt. Ktaadn, it seems to be adapted to this habitat by its flexibility. There is thus a series of lowland societies steadily encroaching on the cliff habitats from all sides, as the physical processes reduce the ridge toward sea level. The order of succeeding societies is generally the same in a parti- cular region. Cowles (’01) and Whitford (’01) both give the pine stage as generally following the heath society in northern Michigan, but on the cliff habitats in the Porcupine Mountains, owing to the effect of the wind and the shallow soil, the coniferous society may be nearly, if not entirely, left out of the succession. In this case, an entire stage in the order of succession is made impossible by a particular combination of the environmental condi- tions, and the fact is enforced that habitats are composed of a complex of physical conditions. This is further shown by the dwarfed nature of the aspens and oaks that border the “bald” areas. These trees often grow as shrubby mats, owing to the breaking off of their tops by the wind. This is undoubtedly due indirectly to the presence of the escarpment, for on higher ranges to the south, which possess no escarpment, the mesophytic forest covers the highest peaks with no noticeable decrease in the size of the trees. Fic. 9 Deciduous forest, showing character of undergrowth, station I1. 8 nis Gu AEB - ,! mea Ley 83 ss aa tte’ eS batho he Be ee? ity mae. pes eRe ate: aaaliie, ACO wile oS aaa eI eee tee ate pie 73 has Mivie eees. | vr gia Hi ey aa ay eM Ses ' Dats’. Wa eee Bs | siti pee aad Lo of * as hae Pe . 2 : cae cae fe rr e ‘ae 3 . dX hy . : 3. i Pibek atebo ke? Sear Liao de ol Nl ro i ee vs gtd Sratbenaek — . < —“ & ~~ A yor a : me: Nghe T-? > Re : \ : . x bboy na J +) thar he ‘ bs wires ar a eee , ir a . 5 7 hates y : a 5 cg, aa > ageety coe een ag os Fibs A kre i ain be Se, a wath ft my ot he ig Se = Rare 5 TS” AG eRe tet a rae, ; ee Ee OREN STE ei 2 tee oe a a a Par Ree Fl heath ed ae Giver. ; yee ae ae see ee E. Blasts Ne a ig ‘ VN ED ae hee aoe ay Oe, be ht eS Be: es PE ae: Pra oe | be ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 33 The fate of the pines on the exposed top of this ridge, the scrubby nature of the aspens and oaks, and the fact that the tops of a large percentage of the living pines are dead, suggests that the timber lines on some mountains may be greatly influenced by wind. Station IV. Substation 3. Beyond the limit of the falling rock fragments on the talus slope, where the rocks have been disintegrated and decomposed to form a soil, the Paper Birch, Mountain Maple, Aspen and Mountain Ash become mixed with the Sugar Maple, Balsam Fir and Basswood, that gradually predominate to the exclusion of the Aspen and Mountain Ash. In the forest near the bottom of the slope, Hemlock forms a part of the tree cover and occasionally predominates to such an extent that a hemlock forest results similar in composition to the hemlock forest at the foot of the north slope. More often, however, the Sugar Maple predominates in this forest, associated with the Balsam Fir, Basswood and Ironwood, with scattered Hemlocks, and White Pines, thus making it similar in composition to the mesophytic forest of the north slope with which it is connected through the saddles. The ground cover and fauna are also practically the same and need not be listed. Station IV. Substation 2. Owing to the flat nature of its valley, Carp river above Carp Lake is a slow meandering stream that is doing practically no vertical cutting, Fig. 18. It is easily turned from side to side, and, as it is deflected toward one side of its valley, it tends to cut into it, while on the other side of the bend, owing to the decrease in the velocity of the current, part of the load is deposited to form mud flats. The river thus tends to broaden its valley at the expense of the neighboring divides and to build up its flood-plain with a part of the material derived in this way. The material that is not deposited on the mud flats is carried on until the stream reaches Carp Lake, where again owing to its diminished velocity, the stream deposits much of its load in the lake, forming a large delta at the mouth of the river. -On the flood-plain of the river, Fig. 18, the deciduous forest either gives way to a coniferous society characterized by the Tamarack, Spruce, Arbor Vitae and Black and White Ash, which in turn grades toward the river into an extensive alder thicket, or, where the valley is narrow, the coniferous society may be nearly or entirely absent, and the hardwood forest grade directly into the shrub society. The shrub society is largely composed of the Hoary Alder (Alnus incana) associated with several willows, occasional Tamaracks, and scattered clumps of Red-osier Dogwood. The undergrowth in these thickets is not extensive; among the more noticeable forms are the Skunk Cabbage, Sensitive and Cinnamon Ferns, Skull Cap, and several species of violets. The fauna is characterized by a great increase in the number of birds; the warblers and sparrows are especially conspicuous. This is also the habitat of the Red Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) and the Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica cantabrigensis). For some undetermined reason, the molluses seem to be very poorly represented in this society. Between the alder thickets and the river, in the broader portions of the valley, there is often a well defined zone of vegetation characterized princi- pally by the Dwarf Cassandra. Between the two societies the Hoary Alder and Dwarf Cassandra occur mingled with the Wax Myrtle, High Bush Black- berry, American Meadow Sweet, and Few Flowering Cranberry. Toward the river, the Hoary Alder, Willows, Red-osier Dogwood and Tamarack occur only in scattered clumps among the Cassandra that forms a low dense thicket. Less prominent but conspicuous forms in this society are the Pale 5 34 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. St. Johns Wort, Joe Pye Weed, Swamp Milk Weed, Running Swamp Black-~ berry, Marsh Cinquefoil, Ladies Tresses, Marsh Bell Flower, Creeping Snow- berry, Solidago uliginosa, and a number of grasses and sedges among which are Hriophorum cyperinum, Calamagrostis canadensis, Deschampsia flexusa, Panicularia canadensis, Scirpus cyperinus, Carex viridula, riparia, and filiformis. Owing to the low height of these forms, the habitat is open, and the fauna is similar in many ways to the fauna of the mountain top, but, owing to its proximity to the river, several new forms are added. The more characteristic forms are the butterflies, Argynnis cybele var. (near leto), Argynnis atlantis and Basilarchia arthemis; the dragon flies, Gomphus spicatus, Lestes unguiculatus, Calopteryx aequabilis and Sympetrum obtrusum, and the grasshoppers, Atlanticus pachymerus, Stenobothrus curtipennis, Podisma glacialis, Melanoplus islandicus and Scudderia pistillata. It might be ex- pected that this habitat would be favorable for reptiles and amphibians, but while it is the habitat of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis, the dense entangled nature of the vegetation apparently excludes the frogs. - The cassandra zone extends only to the river bank, where it generally mingles with a narrow zone of alders on the low natural levees, but a number of grasses and sedges, Juncus effusus, Calamagrostis canadensis, Scirpus cyperinus, Dulichium arundinaceum, Carex filiformis, viridula and riparia, push out on the mud flats to the edge of the water, Fig. 19, and form a transi- tion society between the cassandra zone and the aquatic forms of the river. The fauna of these flats is also transitional between the aquatic and terres- trial habitats. This is illustrated by the presence of the turtle, Chrysemys marginata, and the frogs, Rana clamitans and septentrionalis, which are amphibious and thus intermediate in habits between the two habitats. The birds are the waders and shore birds that find their food here; among these may be mentioned the sandpipers, snipes, herons, and bitterns. Al- though by no means limited to this habitat, and to be more properly listed with the fauna of the mesophytic forest,.the Canadian Porcupine is a conspicuous form on these flats where it may often be seen, singly or in groups of two or three, feeding on the pads of the water lilies. Owing to the steepness of the sides of the valley, the entire succession of societies is only found in the broader parts, for where the river swings toward the side of the valley the flood-plain is destroyed, and the cassandra, alder and coniferous societies are all limited to a single narrow zone between the river and the deciduous forest. If the different flood-plain societies be compared with the succession of forms in a tamarack swamp as given by Transeau (’03, pp. 403-404), a remark- able similarity will be revealed. The societies that occur in the bogs of more southern localities are here spread out over the entire flood-plain of the river, and the tamarack swamps of Indiana, Illinois and southern Michigan are minature reproductions of the flood-plain conditions in this region. Station IV. Substation 4. There are, however, areas where more typical bog conditions prevail, so that in the wider parts of the valley the bog types may attain a much better development. In these areas, the bog societies are not arranged in concentric zones, as in the southern bogs, but are, as the flood-plain societies, more or less parallel to the river. The succession is much the same as on the flood-plain and in the southern bogs. The sedge zone grades into a zone composed largely of Dwarf Cassandra associated with the Rose, Juneberry, High Bush Blackberry, Wax Myrtle, American Meadow Sweet, Swamp Honeysuckle, and Cranberry, that is in turn followed by a society composed largely of Balsam Fir, Tamarack and White Spruce, Fic. 10. Escarpment of the First Range, looking west, showing the cliff and talus slope, station III. 5, and Carp Lake, station V, in the distance. s ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 35 the under growth of which consists principally of Dwarf Cornel, Creeping Snowberry, Labrador Tea, Pitcher Plant and Gold Thread on a thick carpet of Sphagnum and other mosses. The fauna of these bogs is not characteristic. The mammals are repre- sented by Hoy’s Shrew, Southeastern Red Squirrel and Red-backed Mouse, and the molluses by Zonztoides arborea, Zonitoides exiqua, Pyramidula striatella catskillensis, Pyramidula asteriscus, Helicodiscus lineatus, Strobilops virgo, Punctum pygmaeum, Vitrea ferrea, Sphyradium edentulum, and Pallijera hemphilli, all forms that are abundant in the deciduous forest. That certain forms, for example the Pitcher Plant and Sphagnum, that characterize the southern tamarack swamps are also restricted to the same habitat in this region, and the fact that the climax flood-plain society is evidently of the deciduous forest type, suggests that the cassandra and coniferous societies will be ultimately replaced in the flood-plain succession. But, on the other hand, the wide distribution in this region of many of the forms that are largely confined to bogs further south, such as the Balsam Fir, Dwarf Cornel and Red-backed Mouse, Starnosed Mole, and Southern Varying Hare, indicate that the conditions which permit the boreal forms to hold certain swamps to the south are here more wide spread; while the similarity between the bog and flood-plain societies indicates, as might be expected, that the more nearly related habitats are the most noticeably and probably the first to be modified by the change of conditions. Station IV. Substation 1. The amphibious forms of the mud flats grade into the aquatic forms of the river by such marginal forms as Dulichiwm arundinaceum and Sagittaria. The slow current of the river is an important. factor in determining the nature of this habitat, as it results in conditions similar to those that prevail in ponds, thus permitting a biota adapted to pond conditions to gain a foothold. The vegetation, although poorly rep- resented, is decidedly of the quiet water type, being composed principally of the Yellow Pond Lily, and Myriophyllum, and to a small extent of the Sweet Scented White Water Lily, and Potamogeton natans, Fig. 19. The fauna also shows the effect of the slow current, but, owing to lack of data on the habitats of the different forms, it is impossible to determine definitely to what extent it is modified by the changing conditions. It is, however, evident in a general way, for the forms that occur here are all forms that occur in ponds as well as streams, while the characteristic river forms that occur in the streams after they leave the mountains are apparently not represented. For example, the molluscs found here, Amnicola limosa, Ancylus parallelus, Valvata tricarinata, Physa sp. and Planorbis exacuous, hirsutus and campanulatus, were all found on the vegetation and are forms that, according to Baker, inhabit ponds and streams with aquatic vegetation and mud bottom, but Limnaea decollata, that occurs on the bare rocky bottom in the swift waters of the lower parts of the river, is apparently absent. The fish are represented by the Fine Scaled Sucker, Horned Dace, Spawn Eater, Trout Perch, Yellow Perch, and Nototropis cayuga. The Horned Dace is, according to Forbes, almost entirely confined to brooks and small streams. It is very abundant in Carp river, especially in the head waters, and may thus be taken to represent the stream conditions that still prevail, but in the quiet waters near the lake, there are associated with it the deeper, quiet water, bottom feeders, the Yellow Perch and Sucker, while the charac- teristic stream forms such as the Brook Trout and Grayling were not found. Certain other forms are so closely associated with this habitat that they must be listed here; the more conspicuous of these are the dragon flies, 36 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. Calopteryx aequabilis, Aeschna clepsydra and Plathemis lydia, and the Kingfisher, Muskrat, etc. Station V. Substation 3. The biota of Carp Lake indicates that the environmental conditions are very similar to those that exist in the river above it but are even more pond-like. The fish are the same with the ex- ception of the Horned Dace, which was not found here. The Sucker and Yellow Perch seem to predominate. Toward the shore the bottom becomes covered with vegetation, chiefly Myriophyllum, among the leaves of which, especially in the axils, occur the snails, Amnicola limosa and Valvata tricar- inata. This society soon becomes mixed with Potamogeton natans that forms a large well defined zone. On the inner margin of this zone, the Tape Grass, Vallisneria spiralis, often occurs in extensive mats but does not form a definite zone. The next zone of importance is composed largely of the Yellow Pond Lily that is replaced near shore by the Canada Rush, Juncus canadensis, that becomes largely mixed in shallow water with the Scouring Rush, Equisetum fluviatile. Station V. Substation 1. Where this marginal rush zone extends to the shore, the bivalves, Sphaerium simile, Anodonta marginata, and Pisidiwm sp., and the univalves, Planorbis bicarinatus, campanulatus and deflectus are found in the silt and on the small stones. On the fine sand of the narrow beach, Equisetum hyemale associated with the Horned Bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), Nodding Ladies Tresses, and Seven Angled Pipewort forms a scattered vegetation behind which comes an alder thicket which is followed in turn by the mesophytic forest types. Station V. Substation 2. The delta that is being formed by the river at the east end of the lake is similar in many ways to the mud flats along the river and presents similar but more extensive environmental conditions. On the submerged part of the delta, Juncus canadensis is mostly absent from the rush society which is extensive and composed principally of Equisetum fluviatile associated on the inner margin with E. hyemale and littorale. These forms are replaced on the area that is ordinarily unsub- merged, by Dulichium arundinaceum, Carex filiformis, riparia and viridula, associated on the dryer areas with Calamagrostis canadensis, Scirpus cyperinus, Agrostis hyemalis, Eupatorium purpureum, Deschampsia flecusa, Panicularia canadensis, Solidago uliginosa, Swamp Milkweed, Nodding Ladies Tresses, Pale St. Johnswort and Marsh Cinquefoil. The fauna also shows the similarity between the conditions of this habitat and the mud flats. The dragon flies found here are Hnallagma_ hagent, Nehalennia irene, Enallagma carunculatum, Ischnura verticalis, Hagentus brevistylus, Gomphus spicatus, Aeschna clepsydra and Plathemis lydia Of these Hnallagma hageni is the characteristic form and occurs in consider- able numbers. The birds, as on the mud flats, are the waders and shore forms such as the Carolina Rail, Great Blue Heron, American Bittern, Solitary Sandpiper and Wilson’s Snipe. The nature of the habitat is also shown by the presence of most of the amphibian species of the region. The frogs are represented by Rana pipiens brachycephala, clamitans, and sep- tentrionalis. No turtles were observed, but the Garter Snake, 7’. sirtalis sirtalis was taken several times. The grass and sedge society passes directly into an alder society without an intervening cassandra zone, and the forms of the alder society are in turn followed by the forms of the deciduous forest. It was shown in the discussion of the topography that the tendency of an Fie 11. “Bald” on the top of the First Range, station III. 6, showing the bare rock, heath plants in crevices, scattered pines and stunted aspens that characterize this habitat. Fig 12. The zone of stunted aspens, station II. 5, surrounding the ‘‘bald.” The pine stumps show the effect of the wind. a : $ nt iy ae 3 at > - y d ~ Wer J aS q , . ee es 1 Port * tay ba t2. 7 : ‘ ‘ : i‘ 7 ' + ' , y ‘ : ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 37 agraded stream is to cut into the sides of its valley, and to build up a plain at its own level by the deposition in its channel of the material derived in this way. It was also pointed out that areas representing different stages in this process are characterized by different biota. Since the process is still going on it is necessary to consider the biota in reference to the changing conditions. The nature of the changes which Carp river produces on the topography is determined by its low gradient and slow current. As it meanders over its flood-plain, the mud flats that are formed on the inner side of the bends are extended into the stream by the deposition of material on their inner margin. The quiet water and favorable substratum on the sub- merged parts of these flats afford a favorable habitat for the pond or quiet water forms of life. As the deposition of the streams during floods builds these flats above the ordinary level of the river, the conditions become un- favorable for the aquatic forms, which are compelled to migrate outward; at the same time, however, they become favorable for the amphibious forms of the grass and sedge zone that gradually push out and occupy the flat as it becomes dry enough. The continued deposition during floods, and the accumulation of plant remains continue to raise the level of the mud flats, and, as the conditions become dryer, they support successively the cassandra, alder and the deciduous forest types of life. Where the river cuts into the sides of the valley, the flood-plain is destroyed, and its societies are limited to a single narrow zone between the deciduous forest and the river; in this zone, the littoral, cassandra and coniferous societies may be entirely lacking, but the alder society is nearly always represented. Carp Lake may be considered as the river expanded and covering its flood-plain to the sides of the valley, and the changes that are going on are very similar to those that are being produced by the river. The conditions however, are more pond-like for the current that the river possessed above the lake is lost, so that there is no lateral corrasion. Deposition is going on all about the margin, owing to wash from the sides of the valley and the de- posits made at the mouth of the river, so that the aquatic conditions are being changed into the terrestrial in a manner analagous to the development of a mud flat’ into a flood-plain, and the successive zones referred to in the discussion of the biota are steadily encroaching on the lake. Different stages in the destruction of the lake may be observed nearly every where about its shores, but, owing to the dominance of different factors, the encroaching societies are not always equally developed. The extreme of this is shown on the north shore where, owing to the proximity of the cliff, the talus slope dips into the lake, the fresh talus fragments fall nearly to the water and very little soil has accumulated. There is, therefore, no shelving beach at this point, the aquatic and mud flat societies are absent while the alder zone is represented only by a few forms, the Hoary Alder more conspicuously, and is largely mixed with the Mountain Ash, White and Red Pine and Wild Cherry of the talus slope. At the east end of the lake the grass and sedge zone constitutes the principal society, for, owing to the large amount of material carried by the river, the delta is built up to the level of the lake much faster than it can be raised above it by the accumulation of plant remains and flood deposits, while at the same time owing to the shelving nature of its outer margin, the aquatic zone is also extensively developed. At the west end of the lake, however, the margin is shallow, deposition is slow, and the aquatic societies are the most prominently developed. But, notwithstanding differences in the rapidity of the process, the lake 38 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. is undoubtedly being filled up, and the present environmental and biotic conditions are being changed toward those of the river flood-plain. Station IV. South of Carp Lake the country is covered by the biota of the deciduous forest type which is essentially the same as on the north slope. The small spring brooks which drain the region, however, bring in a different set of conditions, and may be considered as representative of the headwater conditions of the larger streams. The two studied on Sections 23 and 28, T. 51 N., R. 48 W., are shallow, cold, swift flowing streams from 6 to 15 feet wide with a bottom composed of gravel and stones. The biota is limited in variety probably owing principally to the coldness of the water. There is practically no aquatic vegetation, and the fauna consists chiefly of the snail, Planorbis parvus, caddis—and stone-fly larvae, and the frogs, Rana _ septentrionalis, clamitans, and R. sylvatica cantabrigensis. On the banks of these streams, however, the conditions are much more favorable. The deciduous trees usually overtop them entirely, so that the humus con- ditions along the margin are essentially the same as in the forest with the exception of a considerable increase in the moisture content. The flora that lines the creek is composed of such forms as Caltha palustris, Equisetum sylvaticum, Cinna latifolia, Onoclea sensibilis, Scirpus cyperinus, Osmunda claytoniana, Skunk Cabbage, Carex crinita and pubescens, and large mats of Conecephalus conicus and Hndocarpon miniatum. Behind this narrow zone occur occasional clumps of alders (Alnus incana), and Mountain Maple. The molluscan fauna of the creek bank is characterized principally by an increase in the abundance of the forest forms, while among very wet leaves Physa sayw is occasionally found. It will be noticed that the biota of the creek bank is composed of members of the alder, sedge and forest societies of the river valley, but that the forms of the cassandra and coniferous societies are apparently lacking. Station VII. Practically the same conditions prevail in Little Carp Lake as in Carp Lake, although its smaller size probably affects the biota to some ex- tent. The deciduous forest forms extend down the sides of the bordering hills nearly to the watersedge. Between the forest and the water there is a narrow zone of vegetation the most conspicuous form of which is the Hoary Alder (Alnus incana) which is associated with the Few Flowering Cranberry,etc. The rush society in the margin of the water and on the delta (which is mostly submerged) is composed principally of Equisetum (fluviatile where examined) but for a short distance along the south shore the Canada Rush becomes prominent. As a rule, the aquatic societies are not extensive, the vegeta- tion of the rush societies is scattered even on the delta, while the pond lily zone is only occasionally present. The bivalve, Anodonta marginata,is quite commonly found about the margin of the lake, especially on the delta. The most characteristic fish, at this time of the year, are the Sucker and Horned Dace, the latter being very abundant. Station VII. Substation 2. Above the lake, Little Gin river is a small meandering stream about 15 feet wide and 2 feet deep. It enters the lake through a narrow valley about one-fourth of a mile long which is crossed at the east end by several beaver dams. Above these dams, the valley widens out into an amphitheater about a mile long by one-fourth mile wide. In the narrow part of the valley near the lake, the space between the river and the foot of the adjacent ridges is occupied by a dense thicket of Hoary Alder, (Alnus incana). As the valley widens out above the dams, this alder zone, eomposed now of the Hoary Alder, Betula glandulosa, and several willows, is ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 39 . separated from the mesophytic forests of the slopes by a coniferous society of Tamarack, White Spruce, White and Black Ash, and follows closely the foot of the ridge. The floor of the valley is occupied by a broad beaver meadow, covered with a luxuriant growth of grasses, sedges and other herbaceous forms, Fig. 20. - Among the conspicuous forms in this meadow may be mentioned Carex monile, filiformis and viridula, Juncus effusus and tenuis, Agrostis hyemale, Calamagrostis canadensis, Scirpus cyperinus, Deschampsia flexusa, Pani- cularia canadensis, Solidago neglecta and erecta, and the Marsh Bellflower, Joe Pye Weed, Swamp Milkweed and Nodding Ladies Tresses. The fauna is composed chiefly of the butterflies, Basilarchia arthemis, Vanessa antiopa and Argynnis cybele; the dragon-flies, Sympetrum obtrusum and Aeschna clepsydra; the grasshopper, Camnula pellucida; and the amphibians, Hyla pickeringui and Rana clamitans. This is also the habitat of the Song and Swamp Sparrows, and there was abundant evidence that it was a favorite feeding ground for deer. Station VII. Substation 8. The dams at the west end of the beaver meadow are not now in repair, so that they influence but little the nature of the river, except as small pools, four or five feet deep, are formed behind them, where the current is deflected to one side. In these pools the char- acteristic fish is Cowesius plumbeus, although the Sucker is sometimes found. The fauna of the river, in harmony with the conditions, is composed mostly of brook and creek forms, such as the Shiner, Nototropis cornutus, and the Dwarf Stickle Back, Eucalia inconstans pygmaea. There is very little aquatic vegetation. The mud flats along the river are small and practically devoid of vegeta- tion with the exception of scattered grasses, such as Dulichium arundinaceum and Calamagrostis canadensis, on the dryer portions. The birds that were observed here were the Solitary and Least Sandpipers and the Yellow-legs. On the submerged edges of these flats, the characteristic form is the mollusc Sphaerium simile with which is occasionally associated Anodonta marginata. The meadow is the result of an extension of the conditions that normally prevail on the wetter parts of the flood-plain, and with this extension of the habitat there is associated an increase of the grass and sedge zones. When the dams, which are largely formed of Hoary Alder, were constructed, the flood-plain in the broad part of the valley was flooded, and this ponding of the stream resulted in the killing off of the dryer flood-plain flora. It is not probable that the pond covered the entire valley, but the low adjacent ground between the pond and the sides of the valley would be saturated and subjected to floods, making the conditions favorable for the grasses and sedges and an associated fauna, so that a small meadow analagous to the present one probably existed about its margin. No evidence of the extent of the pond now remains, for with the trapping off of the Beaver the dams were no longer repaired and were broken through by the river. The pond was thus drained and the water resumed its former channel. This resulted in better drainage and a consequently dryer sub- stratum in the meadow, so that the meadow forms were able to follow the water as it retreated, while the conditions are, at the present time, becom- ing favorable for the higher flood-plain and deciduous forest forms, that are working in about the margin. That the encroachment of the forest forms will ultimately destroy the meadow by narrowing the habitats of the grass and sedge societies, is evident from an examination of the conditions in localities where the Beaver formerly occurred. For instance, there have 40 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. been no Beaver on Carp river within the memory of several of the trappers: in the region, and yet several of the bends of the river were found to be due to the remains of old dams which were orice evidently of considerable size. Now a slight raising of the water level in this valley, such as would be caused by these dams if they were in repair, would cause the plain to be flooded, the trees to be killed off and either a pond or meadow would result according to the height of the dam. It thus seems probable that the present flood- plain societies of Carp river have reoccupied the flood-plain since the Beaver were killed off, which suggests that the history of the meadow on Little Carp river will be similar. 6. SUMMARY. In order to get at the relation between the physical changes and the biota of the region as a whole, it will be necessary to summarize the present conditions, the biota, the processes that are dominant in the different. habitats, and the changes which they are bringing about. I. Beach. The beach consists of tilted strata of rock that are exposed to the forces of weathering and the action of waves. It may be divided into three parts on the basis of the processes acting upon it. The Lower Beach is exposed to the pounding of the waves, that tend to break up the rock and carry the fragments back in the undertow, building them up in a sub- marine terrace. The Middle Beach is exposed to the action of waves only during the winter months; during the summer months the forces of weather- ing predominate and tend to form a soil. This soil tends to be removed during the winter with the exception of a small amount that accumulates in the edges of the joint planes. The Upper Beach is, at present, above the reach of both summer and winter waves and is chiefly exposed to the forces of weathering, which have formed a slight residual soil. The biota of the beach as a whole is adapted to the conditions that prevail in this habitat, and may be divided into three groups that are closely asso- ciated with the physiographic divisions. There is practically no life on the Lower Beach, owing to the pounding of the waves. The life on the Middle Beach consists for the most part of annuals that can obtain a foot- hold during the summer on the slight soil in the crevices, and a few asso- ciated animal forms. The flora of the Upper Beach, in response to the more favorable soil conditions and the absence of wave action, consists of a number of annuals and perennials; while the more favorable food conditions are likewise marked by an increase in the animal forms. The changes that are taking place are due to the action of waves and weathering. The waves by cutting into the beach cause it to retreat inland,. but the submarine terrace built up at the same time tends to cause this retreat to proceed more slowly in its later stages, as the growing terrace carries the breaker line off shore and tends to lessen the effect of the summer and winter waves. This is, in part, counteracted in the Porcupine Moun- tains by the sinking of the coast line, and the beach as a whole is moving inland. As the force of the waves is diminished, the process of weathering increases in comparative importance, the beach tends to become broken up, and the area of the habitats frequented by the crevice forms increases. II. 1. Arbor Vitae Swamp. 'The narrow area back of the beach, at the foot of the north slope is not well drained, and the soil is covered by a thick layer of humus. The forms adapted to these conditions are plants and animals found in Fig. 13, The zone of heath plants and scattered pines, station III. 2, surrounding the bald areas, above.the aspen zone, on the top of the First Range, Fia. 14. Face of the cliff and talus slope (looking north from Carp Lake) station III. 5, show- ing hardwoods in the foreground on the lower part of the talus slope, the bare portion of the talus, and the belt of vegetation (pines, oaks &c.) at the foot of the cliff. The presence of the pines on the cliff show the influence of rock ledges. Teh a ies yt rae! se “aie yee Pages i , te neers Gy | cS eee te ale ie ; ace bateecee sd: * te Bk ce ees eee teat dcx Bada 76: Ci ek ae shes pate: $ Ai eRe - A. $25 pee! ae “ iS al-§ \ -* — be . ‘ bw Geko © ake cere pean een tite? oe th ia eae i Pea Sa eK = a ants okte~ “Sak ieee he ee £o: ce PeeeAe os ge ies Cs ay Ly oe: hs tat ee eis = 8 5% ~ nent ag) oe oie eee fits. i * er hah Ca aa TR a AD, a da Shy att tebe aa oes a ; : Sapper Ak a Cec ash h) eae ale inte plage , : alee eek late LoD De yotec rend honed aban Eas ‘- : r / ; re 5 | ed) he ocala a ; ' 4 7: 3 Lee PEAS ae ee Fa 4 See ia yee ed i seeheed ee aee srevales : a eee ee se ae iat ‘ r % ee s.4 ee Ee os ase feeliots aha ce ES Pog Retake ogra penal fp Salata eo ae oar ie a ge rhea ais ° ia aie, ries H oy a RS CSS sitalis bet eet ae eter > by bees Ais / wees is oF es y GC its . ‘ oo hag we een nde, aca ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 41 swampy areas. If the undrained conditions of these areas are caused by the ‘sinking of the coast, this habitat will tend to become destroyed by the » encroachment of the beach conditions. If, on the other hand, this encroach- ment is relatively slow compared with other changes, the accumulation of the inwash and organic debris will tend to convert such a swamp into a dryer habitat and cause the present biota to be succeeded by a society adapted to the new conditions. II. 2. North Slope of First Ridge. This slope on account of its relief is well exposed both to the forces of weathering and of denudation and is covered by a layer of soil that becomes thinner near the top of the ridge. Above this soil there is a layer of humus and vegetable mould that tends to conduct the water from the surface, thus greatly diminishing the effects of denudation. (It also furnishes organic constituents to the soil). These conditions are very favorable for plant life, and the lower part of the slope is covered by a dense forest with which is associated a large number of animals. This biota is composed partly of forms whose principal dis- tribution is in southeastern North America, and partly of those which predominate to the north of the Great Lakes and in the bogs to the south. On the thinner soil near the top of the ridge, those forms of the forest pre- dominate that can live in the more open, poorer soil, and dryer conditions of this habitat. The processes working on this slope tend to reduce the ridge toward base level and to increase the depth of the soil. The accumulation of humus retards the former process, while the latter proceeds more and more slowly as the soil increases in thickness. Changes are thus taking place very slowly, and the physiographic processes are evidently tending to approach an equili- brium. Near the top of the ridge, owing to thinner layers of soil and humus, the changes are more rapid but in, the direction of the conditions that prevail on the lower part of the slope, and the biota adapted to these conditions is pushing up the slope. ; III. Mountain Top. On the bare mountain top, the forces of weather- ing tend to break up the rock into a soil that is washed or blown away nearly as fast as it is formed, except along the joint planes. | The flora consists of rock inhabiting lichens and a number of crevice forms, the fauna of the types frequenting open habitats, such as the grasshoppers, etc. The soil formed in the crevices is in part held by plant roots, and, since these soil areas are the habitats of the crevice forms of life, as they gradually spread out, the habitats of the rock inhabitating forms are restricted. At the same time, the soil washed down the slope is held at the forest margin, thus permitting the forest societies to encroach on the crevice forms which will thus in time tend to become replaced by the forest forms. This succes- sion of forms is modified by the influence of the strong winds which tend to break down the pioneer trees on the exposed areas. Ill. Cliff and Talus Slope. The cliff is constantly exposed to the forces of weathering, for as fast as the rock is broken up it is removed, exposing ° a fresh surface. : The fauna and flora, owing to the unstable and exposed conditions, are very poor except on the rock ledges, where a slight soil accumulates. The talus slope at the foot of the cliff is also very unstable and is exposed to the destructive effects of falling rock fragments. Toward the bottom, beyond the limit of falling rocks, the blocks tend to become broken up into a soil. 6 42 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. The biota of the talus slope, on account of the unstable conditions, is also very poor. Toward the bottom of the slope the rocks become covered by a vegetation of lichens, and farther down by a slight soil and the heath and forest societies. As the cliff is destroyed, the talus stope and the top of the ridge tend to approach. The lower part of the talus slope in time becomes broken up to form a soil, and the deciduous forest types from below tend to spread up the slope thus encroaching on the areas occupied by the cliff and talus slope forms. IV. Carp River Valley. The sides of the valley of Carp river slope down to a low flood-plain that becomes still lower near the river, grading into mud flats along the stream. The soil is deep and contains a large amount of organic material, and there is a decrease in its moisture content from the mud flats up into the forest. The aquatic biota is a mixture of pond and river types. The mud flats are inhabited by amphibious forms that are replaced on the dryer parts of the flood-plain by the sedge, cassandra, and alder societies, behind which usually oczurs a society of Tamarack, WhiteSpruce and White and Black Ash. On the valley slopes occurs the mesophytic forest type of biota. The prominent forces at work in these habitats are those of denudation and deposition. The river tends to destroy the adjacent ridges and build up a part of the material derived in this way into mud flats. Deposition during high water builds these flats above the level of the water, and they come in time to form part of the flood-plain. The flood-plain is in turn built up by deposition during floods and by the accumulation of organic remains until the conditions become similar to those in the adjacent forest habitats. The effect of the processes is, therefore, to reduce the country to a level plain thus permitting the encroachment of the forest forms. V. VII. Carp and Little Carp Lakes. These lakes on account of the similarity of conditions may be considered together. They are, for the most part, shallow throughout. At the east end of each lake, there is a broad delta formed at the mouth of the entering stream. The aquatic biota is of the quiet water type. At the margin occur the amphibious forms that give way on the dryer ground to the flood-plain and forest forms. The deltas afford conditions similar to those on the mud flats and are occupied by a flora of grasses and sedges, and an associated fauna that is characterized by such forms as the snipes, sandpipers, ete. The lakes are evidently being filled up, and the conditions are approaching those of the surrounding and encroaching forests. VII. 2-3. Little Carp River. This is a small meandering stream which evidently at one time was expanded into a pond by the formation of beaver dams across it. As the Beaver were trapped off, the dams were destroyed and the pond became drained. The biota of this stream consists of brook types. The forms on the mud flats along the stream grade into the flood-plain biota which consists princi- pally of grasses and sedges which ordinarily inhabit the wetter parts of the flood-plain, the higher ground types being limited to a narrow zone in front of the forest. The changes going on are evidently tending to make the flood-plain dryer, and the forest is encroaching on the meadow. The present extent of the area occupied by the meadow forms is due to the fact that they were able to push in and acquire the territory left by the receding water of the river when the dams were destroyed. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 43 VI. Hardwood Forest. This region has been reserved to the last, for the conditions are evidently those toward which the other habitats tend to be changed under the present conditions. The conditions are similarto those on the north slope, and the whole region is covered by a similar type of biota. This society thus represents the climax society of the region. It consists of the forms that are adapted to or associated with the conditions which prevail in this region in the last stages of the mutual adjustment of all the environmental processes. As the processes become adjusted to one another, the habitat of the climax society is increased at the expense of the other habitats, and the associated biota tends to become of general geographic extent in the region. 7. INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. From the conditions of life in this region as summarized above, the follow- ing interpretations and conclusions seem justifiable. Owing to the dependence of forms of life on their environment, biotic changes are necessarily closely related to environmental changes. These biotic changes may occur in two ways; the forms must either be able to respond to the new conditions or be supplanted by other forms. That they tend to become adjusted cannot be questioned, but in many cases at least this adjustment lags behind the changing conditions, and the forms are replaced by others from adjacent habitats which are adjusted to. the conditions toward which the particular habitat is changing, thus bringing about a succes- sion of societies. To understand, therefore, the succession of societies in a region it is neces- sary to know both the environmental conditions and the processes that modify them. The environmental conditions are brought about by the association of certain environmental factors, such as the geographic, physio- graphic, organic, edaphic (the chemical and structural composition of the rock and the depth of the soil), time, and climatic factors. These divisions are arbitrary, for the different factors are so intimately related that they can only rarely be separated, and although certain ones may predominate in different habitats, it is impossible, owing to this interrelation, to explain the distribution of animals or plants on the basis of a single factor, for all are more or less involved in the formation of a habitat. This is one of the primary reasons for emphasizing habitat dynamics. It will be seen by reference to Van Hise (’04, p. 40) that the environmental factors given above are the same as the geological factors in the belt of weathering. Each of these factors is the resultant of various processes (composed in turn of physical forces, heat, light, ete.) which when not in equilibrium tend to become so. The adjustment of these processes to each other brings about changes in the conditions which can only approximately cease when they approach an equilibrium, as, for example, when the topo- graphy has been reduced to a base-leveled plain covered by a layer of residual soil. The conditions in habitats where the processes are not in equilibrium are thus being constantly changed in the direction of other habitats in which they have more nearly reached an adjustment, and a succession of societies oc- curs that only ceases when the processes have become approximately adjusted to each other. ‘The forms that are adapted to the adjusted conditions will constitute the climax society. It is necessary to here emphasize the im- portance of the organic factor; this must also become adjusted to the others for the entrance of new forms into a region may greatly change the equilib- rium of its societies. 44 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. The conditions and changes that are going on in this region at the present time have been given in the discussion of the different stations, but, owing to the fact that the relation between environmental changes and the succes- sion of societies has also prevailed in the past, the historic factor in biotic interpretation, the present conditions will not alone explain the present biotic conditions. It is therefore necessary to take into account the condi- tions that have prevailed in the past. This may be done by reversing the order followed in the discussion and by considering the past in the light of the action of the present processes. The historical geology of the Lake Superior region has been worked out by Van Hise (’04), and his results are the basis of the following account. During the earliest period the oldest rocks were formed of which we have any knowledge; the crystalline schists, gneisses and granites comprising the Basement Complex (the Kewatin and Laurentian). They form in North America the broad old land area, extending, according to Wilson (’03, p. 617), from Coronation Gulf in the extreme northwest of Canada, southward around Hudson Bay, and northward through Labrador to Baffin Bay and beyond. South of Lake Superior, in Michigan and Wisconsin, there is a continuation of this area, largely buried in Michigan under later deposits but exposed in a large area in Central Wisconsin. There were at least three series of rocks formed upon the Basement Complex before the Keweenawan, but the mountains formed by the elevation and folding of these rocks were reduced to a peneplain before the Keweenawan rocks were laid down. During the period of unstable equilibrium that followed the Huronian Epoch, this peneplain was submerged, and the sediments of the Keweenawan Series were laid down. During their formation, these sediments were covered from time to time by great sheets of volcanic lavas, the products of fissure erup- tions. At the close of the Keweenawan Epoch, the land was again elevated and the strata tilted to form great mountains, as is shown by the inclination of the strata in the cross section, Fig. 2. During the subsequent cycle of erosion, the entire thickness of the Keweenawan Series was greatly eroded, and the mountains together with the whole pre-Cambrian area (Wilson, ’03, and Weidman, ’03) were reduced nearly to sea level. During Mesozoic times, there was a particularly well marked period of baseleveling that removed the overlying Palaeozoic sediments from the Lake Superior region and reduced the topography to a peneplain. This peneplain, the Jura-Cretaceous, extended over much of the existing land area of North America and has been recognized in Canada (Wilson, ’03, p. 658), in the Ozarks (Hershey, ’01, pp. 22-24), eastern (Davis, 789, p. 197) and western United States (Woodworth, ’94, p. 221). At this time eastern and western North America were separated by the Cretaceous Mediterranean Sea. At the close of the Cretaceous Period, the continent was unified by an elevation of the interior which banished the Mediterranean Sea and put an end to the Jura-Cretaceous peneplain; but in the Tertiary Period that followed, another cycle of erosion occurred which, although not complete in the mountainous regions of North America, sufficed to reduce the northern part of the continent nearly to baselevel (Upham, ’04). The surface of the earth in the Great Lakes region at this time probably became covered-by a thick mantle of residual soil, owing to the enormous length of time during which it was subjected to disintergrating processes. The present elevations in the Porcupine Mountain region are evidently formed by the projecting edges of the more resistant basic and acidic lava sheets, while the valleys of Carp and Union rivers are sunk by erosion into ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 45 a softer inter-bedded clastic. This contrast between the resistance offered by the sandstone and trap sheets to erosion has given rise, in a small degree, to what Marbut (’96, pp. 29-32) has called step and platform topography. The cross section, Fig. 2, shows that the first ridge is formed by the pro- jecting end of a stratum of trap; if this sheet had been vertical, erosion would have been equal on both sides and the slope on either side would have been the same. But, owing to the fact that the sheet is inclined, the out- cropping edge protects the underlying sandstone and a precipitous escarp- ment is formed. This section also shows that the valley of Carp river is formed by the erosion of the softer stratum of sandstone lying between the escarpment and the second ridge of trap, and that the stream runs along the strike of the rocks, so that it is difficult to believe with Dr. Wright (’05, p. 38) that the valley was formed by the submarine erosion of post-glacial lakes. If the second sheet of trap was, like the first, underlaid by a bed of detrital material, another escarpment would have been formed. But instead of overlaying an interbedded clastic, it overlies the hard resistant quartzi- -ferous porphry that constitutes the central part of the mountainous district. This results in the topography that would prevail if the resistant stratum were vertical, i. e. equal slopes on either side. The topography, however is not of recent origin, and although the physiographic history of this part of Michigan has not been worked out by geologists, one is lead to believe from the work of Wilson in Canada (’03), Weidman in Wisconsin (03), and Van Hise in northern Michigan (’94 and ’96) that the baselevel that is represented by the truncated strata, Fig. 2, probably represents a pre- Cambrian peneplain. Prof. C. K. Leith has suggested to me in a letter that this structure possibly represents a peneplain of later age than the Wisconsin pre-Cambrian, which it probably intersects at a low angle in a manner similar to the intersection of peneplains of different ages about the Laurentian of Canada as described by Wilson (’03, p. 651). The Porcupine Mountains would thus represent the remains of a peneplain, buried since early geological time under later deposits. But whether the topography is of pre-Cambrian or later age, it is largely determined by the geological structure and has been comparatively little modified by the ice age. Thus Van Hise (’04, p. 35) has shown that the rocks at present exposed in this part of the Lake Superior region were buried under later deposits all through the Palaeozoic Era and had probably become approximately adjusted to those conditions. Later when they were brought to the surface by the extensive denudation of Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods, and still later when the thin layer of weathered material had been removed by the ice sheets of the Glacial Epoch, this equilibrium was disturbed, and they at once began to adjust themselves to the new conditions—a process that is not yet completed. At the close of the Tertiary Period, the Tertiary peneplain was destroyed by an elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 feet (Upham, ’04, p. 244) over northern North America. Near the culmination of this uplift, three centers of ice accumulation developed in this region and gave rise to the continental ice sheets of the Glacial Epoch. The glaciers that were formed from these three centers covered Canada and invaded the northern part of the United States at various times, but the final invasion was the most important from the standpoint of the present biota. At this time, ice sheets fed by the different centers united into a 46 MICHIGAN SURVEY. 1905. single sheet, the Wisconsin, that covered Canada and moved southward over northern United States, forcing the biota before it. As the ice from the Labradoran center reached the Great Lake region, it was broken up into lobes, the direction of which was determined by the lake basins. The Superior Lobe traveled southwest to the end of the lake. It then spread out laterally, united with the neighboring lobes and moved southward as a continuous sheet. Thus during the inception of the ice age, certain forces gradually became dominant, throwing the environmental processes out of adjustment, chang- ing the conditions so that the northern forms were able to encroach on the habitats of the more southern societies, thus resulting in a general southward movement of the biota. Atthesame time, the habitats of the northern forms were destroyed, and their societies were forced southward beyond the limits of glaciation. It may be inferred, from the fossils of boreal forms now found in Pleistocene deposits near the margin of the ice sheet (Adams, ’05, p. 55), that the societies during the ice age became adjusted, in a general way, to the conditions beyond the ice margin. But, as the glaciers finally retreated the equilibrium of environmental processes was again disturbed. The conditions changed in favor of the more southern forms which were thus able to extend their habitats into those previously occupied by the boreal types. At the same time, the habitats of the northern forms were extended by the retreat of the ice sheet and a northward migration began (Adams, 702) In this migration the extreme northern types were probably in the lead, and the barren ground left by the retreating glacier was invaded, in all probability, by the lemmings, voles, moles, ptarmigan, etc., representative of the tundra. As the glacier continued to retreat and the conditions became more favorable, the habitats of the tundral types were probably encroached upon by the hares, porcupines, chipmunks and the Lincoln’s, White-throated and White-crowned Sparrows, etc., now characteristic of the northern boreal forest of Spruce, Balsam Fir and Tamarack. This biota was in turn suc- ceeded by the deciduous forest type that includes the dominant forms of life in Indiana, Illinois and southern Michigan today. As these southern forms moved northward, they often surrounded groups of boreal plants and animals, as illustrated by tamarack swamps or bogs. These swamps are characterized by a distinctly northern biota consisting of such forms as the Southern Varying Hare, Star-nosed Mole, Red-backed Mouse, Cas- sandra, Tamarack, Spruce, ete., and are really boreal islands (Bailey, ’96) surrounded by the deciduous forest types in the northward migration (Adams, ’02, and Transeau, 703). When the receding edge of the glacier reached the Great Lake region, it was broken into lobes that retreated up the lake basins. As soon as the lobes had retreated beyond the southern watersheds of the Great Lakes, the water accumulated in front of each lobe as an ice dammed lake which drained through the lowest point in the divide (Taylor, ’05, p. 97). The lake formed in front of the Superior Lobe drained by way of the St. Croix river through the Mississippi to the Gulf, thus forming a highway for the migrating forms into the Lake Superior region. The Porcupine Mountains, however, owing to the height of the St. Croix outlet, were entirely surrounded by the lake (Wright, ’05, p. 38). As the ice retreated, an eastern outlet was opened lower than the St. Croix, and the level of the lake descended; during this descent successive beach lines were cut about the Porcupines until they were finally united with the mainland. _, Meanwhile, as the continental ice sheet continued to retreat north of the ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 47 Great Lakes, it was followed by plants and animals, so that when it finally ‘disappeared the different forms of life were left distributed in a north and south direction approximately in the order of their northward migration. The wide distribution of the boreal forms in northern North America is thus seen to be very intimately related to the character and extent of the pene- plained nature of the region. Toward the south, with the retreat of the last ice sheet, the boreal forms became restricted to local areas, as in bogs for example. but further north they tend to become of wider distribution. This is shown in the Porcupine Mountains by the general distribution of forms that about Ann Arbor, Mich- igan are confined to the tamarack swamps, by the presence of boreal forms in the climax forest to the exclusion of more southern forms, and by the fact that there are few forms restricted to the bog societies. That this spread- ing out of the conditions with which the boreal forms are associated affects the more nearly related habitats first is shown by the number of boreal forms in the flood-plain biota while on the higher ground the southern forms become more numerous. When the present biotic types reached this region, the various societies took possession of the different habitats to which they were adapted, but, owing to the fact that the processes were not in equilibrium these societies could not remain fixed. This is shown, at the present time, where the changes were taking place rapidly, as for example on the mountain top, by the fact that the conditions are being changed in the direction of those that prevail on the low land, and the biota of the cliff habitats is being supplanted by the deciduous forest types which occupy the lower levels where the processes approach an equilibrium. As the processes approach an adjustment, the changes take place more slowly, and the more resistant forms may persist for a considerable time in the succeeding society, as is shown by the presence of the isolated White Pines in the deciduous forest. The deciduous forest society thus represents the climax biota in the Porcupine Mountains, as it is: associated with those conditions toward which the other habitats are tending. From the dynamic nature of the processes that give rise to the environ- mental factors in the different habitats, it follows that a study of the dis- tribution of forms in a particular region should be made from the standpoint of the processes involved, and, since the conditions in particular habitats may become of geographic extent, the same methods are applicable to general distributional problems. This leads naturally to the conclusion so well expressed by H. R. Mill (’05, p. 10) for geography in general: ‘‘Geography was defined long ago as the science of distribution; but the old idea was statical distribution, the laying down on maps of where things are; now we see that we ought to go further and discuss also how the things got there, why they remain there, whether they are in transit and if so how their path is determined. We are learning to look on distribution from its hess y side, the earth with all its activities being viewed as a machine at work.” 48 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. ° PART II. ISLE ROYALE. 1. GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. Isle Royale is situated in the northwestern part of Lake Superior on the junction of the 89th degree of west longitude with the 48th degree of north latitude, Fig. 21. It lies northeast and southwest nearly parallel to the north shore of the lake. The topography is striking; several nearly parallel ridges separated by broad .valleys run the length of the island, and pro- ject out into the lake at either end (more conspicuously at the north) as the walls of deep fiords. These ridges are all low, the highest not exceeding 500 feet. The geology and topography have been discussed by Lane (’98) and Irving (’83), and it is sufficient for this report, to say that the topography, as in the Porcupine Mountains, is closely dependent on the geological struc- ture. The ridges consist of the centers of outcropping sheets of lava, while the valleys between are mostly cut in the inter-bedded clastics as in the Porcupine Mountains. The dip of the rocks, is however, toward the Michi- gan shore, and the escarpments are thus on the north instead of the south side of the ranges. These escarpments are not precipitous in the southern part of the island. There is abundant evidence that the entire island was overridden by the ice sheets of the glacial epoch and that after the final retreat of the glacier it was entirely submerged beneath the Pleistocene Lakes (Lane, 798, pp. 183 and 184). It has not since that time been connected with the mainland, a fact to which many of the peculiarities of its biota are probably due. 2. LOCATION OF FIELD STATIONS. (FIG. 21). Only the southwestern end of the island was examined. Stations were established as follows: Station I. Clearing on the Shore of Washington Harbor, Section 29, oa NG es cao: WV Station II. Washington River, Section 29, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station III. ‘Trail along the Top of Greenstone Range, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station IV. Washington Creek, Sections 28 and 32, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station V. Tamarack Swamp, Section 20, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station VI. North Slope of Greenstone Range, Section 32, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station VII. Lake Desor, T. 64 N., R. 32 W. Station VIII. West End of Siskowit Bay, T. 64 N., R. 32 W. Station IX. Southwestern End of Minong Trap Range, Section 30, Ton64 Ny R.. 890 W: Station X. Washington Harbor, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. 3. THE BIOTA CONSIDERED BY STATIONS. Station I. Clearing on the Shore of Washington Harbor. This station will not be discussed as it is an artificial clearing into which cultivated species Fia. 15. Large rock ledge on the face of the cliff shown in Figure 14, illustrating the character the vegetation on a cliff that is broken by ledges. of Fic 16. Talus slope, station III. 5, showing the nature of the talus. The influence of the unstable character of the slope upon the vegetation is indicated by the fallen pines. ‘ie gar: Looks : os’ en SPI Cates: 08 lea RATS APRS AN, ns See ; ay} s Logi , ire fig A _ $2, 6: = ts se, y) ¥} } 9 14 bei aoe hd Ata? fish h 2 Sse apes ‘eri bee deebeae 6% Ls ee : Vint? Swett ereal a eg tae, Cue So wee) ke’ i” I > 4 J + 4 - Soa = Paka wf , ‘ £ é #, . i tit Sem Liat ino ta Met ryt. Raa did ates AT ye td oe Se et te ie ip ait ame ae es Seay Fe hie oe Rit Ue > m 7 a ; « ah OR eee 2 ee ae se Ry) kee | ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 49 have been introduced, and which is kept open, so that only in a few places ean the succession of forms be observed that would occur if the clearing was left undisturbed. There is evidence, however, in several places, that the pioneer forms are the Quaking and Large-toothed Aspens, and the Paper and Yellow Birch. The animals taken here were probably all forms from adjacent habitats (see annotated lists). Station II, Washington River. This river is a sluggish meandering stream flowing through a broad flat valley between the Greenstone and Minong Trap Ranges, and emptying into the head of Washington Harbor. The aquatic vegetation is very poor. In the quiet water near the mouth of the river, Myriophyllum sp. forms the principal vegetation with Sphar- ganium eurycarpum, and Phragmites communis in the shallow water near shore. These forms are replaced on the mud flats by a zone of sedges and herbaceous forms, among the conspicuous forms of which are Carex tri- buloidea, retrorsa, intumescens and trisperma, Juncus effusus, Joe Pye Weed, Esclepias incarnata, and Spiraea salicijfolia. This society is not extensive but soon grades into the dense thickets of Hoary Alder (Alnus incana) that are characteristic of the flood plains in this region. The undergrowth in these thickets is limited to a few forms such as Caltha palustris, Skunk Cabbage, Vagnera trijolia, and several species of ferns and violets. Where the flood-plain is broad, as toward the mouth of the river, the alder thickets are followed by a society of White and Black Spruce, Tamarack, White and Yellow Birch, and Black Ash, with an undergrowth of Taxus canadensis, Mountain Maple, Andromeda polyjolia, Mitella nuda, Dwarf Dogwood, Coptis trifolia, Chiogenes hispidula, Ledum groenlandicum, Vaccinium cana- densis, and Viburnum opulus, on a thick carpet of moss. As the valley narrows toward the head of the river, this zone gradually disappears. As in the case of the flora, the aquatic fauna is limited both in individuals and species. The birds are represented by the Pied Billed Grebe, American Coot and American Merganser; the molluscs by Planorbis exacuous and Physa sp. among the leaves of aquatic plants, and Pisidium variabile and Pisidium spp. on the mud bottom. Among the alders are found the sparrows, warblers and thrushes; the toad, Bufo americanus; the garter snakes, Tham- nophis sirtalis sirtalis, and T. sirtalis parietalis, and the molluses, Carychiwm exile, Pisidium abditum, Apecta hypnorum, Pyramidula striatella, Zonitoides arborea and exigua, Vitrea binneyana and Agriolimax campestris. In the tamarack and spruce forest, the birds are not so numerous, and the sparrows, thrushes and warblers tend to be replaced by the Arctic Three-toed, Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers, the Crossbills and the Sharp-shinned and Sparrow Hawks. Among the molluscs, Pisidiwm abditum, Apecta hypnorum and Carychium exile also seem to drop out in this zone, but Pyramidula stria- tella, Vitrea binneyana, Zonitoides arborea and exigua were found associated with Huconulus fulvus and E. chersinus polygyratus, Sphyradium edentulum, Acanthinula harpa and Pyramidula striatella alba. Here also the grasshopper, Tettix acadicus, and the spider, Amaurobius bennetti, are occasionally found in the moss. . Station VI. North Slope of Greenstone Range. On account of the intermediate relation which it bears to the flood-plain of Washington river, Station II, and the top of the Greenstone Ridge, Station III, this station will be considered here. The Tamarack and Black Spruce are replaced on the sides of the valley by a forest composed principally of the Balsam Fir, White Spruce, Paper and Yellow Birch, and large isolated White Pines. The undergrowth consists principally of the Ground Hemlock associated 7 50 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. with the Beaked Hazel and Mountain Maple, forming dense thickets that are almost impenetrable, and in exposed situations, particularly about the shores of the island, with the Mountain Ash. Less conspicuous forms in the undergrowth are the Twin Flower, Rattle Snake Plantain, Dwarf Cornel, Mitella nuda, Coptis trifolia, Clintonia borealis, Lycopodium annotinum and clavatum, and Chiogenes hispidula. The birds are represented chiefly ‘by the Nuthatch, Brown Creeper, and the Downy, Hairy, Arctic Three-toed and Pileated Woodpeckers; the molluscs by Pyramidula striatella, Zonitoides arborea, and Vitrea binneyana; the reptiles by Storeria occipitomaculata; the amphibians by the common toad, Bufo americanus, and the mammals by the Canada Lynx, Hudson Bay Red Squirrel, Canadian White-footed Mouse and Hudson Bay Varying Hare. Station III. Top of Greenstone Range. Toward the top of the slope the White Spruce decreases in abundance and the Balsam Fir and Birches become associated on the top of the ridge with a large predominance of Sugar Maple. This forest extends as a narrow strip along the top of the ridge and contains the only Sugar Maples observed on the island. The undergrowth is essen- tially the same as in the Balsam Fir and Spruce forest of the slopes, and the only difference in the fauna is the greater development of molluses; the forms collected are Pyramidula striatella, P. striatella alba and alternata, Zoni- toides arborea, exigua and miliwm, Vitrea binneyana, Euconulus fulvus and EF. chersinus polygyratus, and Sphyradium edentulum among the fallen leaves, and Vertigo gouldii, Punctum pygmaeum, Carychium exile and Vitrina limpida in the damp humus in the small ravines. Other forms that may be listed here, although they also occur in the Balsam Fir and Spruce forest, are Storer’s Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata), the garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis and T. sirtalis parietalis, and the grasshoppers, T'ettix acadicus and Ceuthophilus seclusus. Station IV. Washington Creek. The conditions represented here are similar to those which prevail on the head waters of the rivers and along the small streams. Where the valley is narrow (near the mouth, Section 32) the forms of the slope forest extend nearly to the waters edge, being separated from it by a narrow zone of Hoary Alder, EHquisetum arvense, Caltha palustris, Vagnera trifolia, Rhamnus alnifolia and various grasses and sedges. Up stream, Section 28, the valley is wider, and the coniferous forest of the slope is separated from the stream by a considerable develop- ment of bog forms. The arboreal vegetation consists of the Arbor Vitae, Tamarack and Black Spruce, with an undergrowth of Coptis trifolia, Chiogenes hispidula, Linnaea borealis, Lycopodium clavatum and obscurum, and a thick carpet of Sphagnum and other mosses. There is practically no aquatic flora, and the only aquatic animals found were Pisidium, too young to identify. _ The molluses collected in the bog society are Pyramidula striatella, Zoni- toides arborea and exigua, Vitrea binneyana, Acanthinula harpa, Vertigo gouldii, Agriolimax campestris and Pallifera hemphilli. Station V. Tamarack Swamp. On Section 20, T. 64 N., R. 38 W., in the valley of the small stream draining into Huginnins Cove, the bog society attains a considerable development. The Tamarack is the principal tree and is associated with the Balsam Fir, Black Spruce and Black Ash. The undergrowth consists of the Dwarf Dogwood, Chiogenes hispidula and Coptis trifolia on a thick mat of Sphagnum and other mosses. The molluses found here are Zonitoides exiqua, Z. arborea and milium, Vitrea binneyana, Euconulus fulvus, Vertigo gouldii, Pyramidula striatella and Euconulus chersinus poly- ECOLOGY .OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 51 gyratus. A conspicuous feature of the bogs in this region is the lack of un- dergrowth. As may be seen from the list of species, the forms that com- pose the undergrowth consist only of a few herbaceous forms, which is in striking contrast to the density of the undergrowth in the surrounding forest. Station VII. Lake Desor. This lake lies between the Greenstone and Minong Trap Ranges. Its shores are for the most part shelving and covered with a fine silt-like deposit. The islands, however, have uniformly rocky shores. The coniferous forest of the slopes comes down to the margin of the lake where it grades into a narrow zone of Hoary Alder, Viburnum opulus and Arbor Vitae that lines the shores. The aquatic flora and fauna is very poor. The marginal forms consist of the plants, Hquisetum sp., Phragmites communis, Sparganium eurycarpum, and occasionally the White Water Lily (Castalia odorata); the frog, Rana sylvatica cantabrigensis, and the molluses, Planorbis bicarinatus striatus, and Anodonta marginata. On the rocky shores of the islands, the vegetation consists of a scattered growth of Isoetes sp. and Phragmites communis in the water among the rocks, and Equisetum arvense on the rocks in exposed places. The animals collected here are the leeches, Haemopis grandis Verrill and Nephelopsis obscura Verrill, a number of caddis fly larvae, and the molluses, Planorbis hirsutus, P. exacuous and parvus, and Physa sp. Station VIII. Siskowit Bay. The only part of Siskowit Bay worked was the west end in T. 64 N., R. 32 W. The shore at this point consists of outcropping strata of conglomerate that dip under the bay, and are often broken up into shingle beaches. Owing to the grinding of the waves, there is practically no aquatic life, although a small Physa is sometimes found on the larger rocks. In the pools that occur occasionally along this beach behind the outcropping strata, the conditions are more favorable. Small mats of Algae may occur on the rocks and there is a limited fauna of which caddis fly larvae, and molluses, Physa sp. and Valvata sincera lewisi, are the principal forms. The beach flora is also very limited, consisting chiefly of Juneberry, Phegopteris polypodiales, Euthamia graminijolia, Campanu- laria rotundifolia and Listera convallariodes that occur in the rock crevices and scattered over the shingle beach. Station IX. Southwestern End of Minong Trap Range. As may be seen on the map, the Minong Trap Range on Section 30, T. 64 N., R. 39 W. pro- jects into Lake Superior, becoming deeply submerged several hundred yards fromthe mainland. It is also sloping on the south side, owing to the dip of the strata, but on the north side it is precipitous. Near the outer end of the ridge, there are a number of rock pools in the angular spaces formed by the removal of portions of the rock between the joint planes. These are very similar in form and probably in origin to the beach pools in the Porcupine Mountains. The flora of these pools is very limited, but a number of animal forms are found such as the molluses, Limnaea swmassi and Planorbis parvus, the water strider, Gerris remigis, and caddis-fly larvae. The flora on the outer end of the ridge consists of scattered patches of Parmelia conspersa, and a crevice vegetation of Srbbaldiopsis tridentata and Dasiphora fruticosa Cam- panularia rotundifolia, Solidago sp., Arbor Vitae and several grasses. ! Toward shore a thin soil covers the rock and supports a flora of Reindeer Lichen (Cladonia rangiferina), and the heaths, Bearberry, Dwarf Blue- berry and New Jersey Tea that are often found growing on the remains of lichen mats. Here also are found Empetrum nigrum, and Lycopodium annotinum, clavatum and complanatum. ‘The first tree is the Arbor Vitae 52 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. that grows nearly prostrate on the rock, associated with Juniperus nana, Mountain Ash, White Pine, and Quaking Aspen. Near the shore the White Spruce, Balsam Fir and Paper Birch come in, forming the forest of the region. The succession. on these points is evidently represented by four stages, the lichen-moss, grass-sedge, heath, and coniferous societies. The history of the pools is somewhat different. There is evidence that these are being filled in places by Sphagnum and other mosses, and on this moss such bog forms as Ledum groenlandicum, Cassandra, Black Spruce and Tamarack are occasionally found. ‘These forms must, however, in time be succeeded by the forms of the upland forest. In listing the fauna of the outer end of the ridge, the Herring Gull should be mentioned as one of the most characteristic forms, for hundreds of in- dividuals were often observed on this ridge during the summer. As in the Porcupine Mountains, a number of molluscs push out in advance of the forest on the heath mat. In the dry soil among the roots of these plants was found, Pyramidula striatella, Zonitoides exigua, Vitrea binneyana and Acanthinula harpa. Station X. Washington Harbor. As may be seen from the map, Wash- ington Harbor is a long narrow bay lying between the Minong Trap and Greenstone Ranges, on the southwest end ofthe island. It attains a depth of 6 to 9 fathoms and has a rocky bottom that rises nearly to the surface in places as reefs. The fauna of the deeper waters, as represented by the collections, consists of the Lake and Brook Trout, Herring, Sucker, Muskallunge, Yellow Perch and Couesius plumbeus. Among the rocks near shore the Millers Thumb (Cottus ictalops) is found, and the molluses, Limnaea stagnalis var., Limnaea summassi, Physa sayvi, Physa sp. and Planorbis exacuous. Of these forms the two Limnaeas were the most characteristic and were par- ticularly abundant on the northeast end of the harbor. 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. On account of the preliminary nature of the work done on Isle Royale, but few conclusions will be drawn. It will be seen at once, however, that while the biota of the Porcupine Mountains possess many southern forms, the Isle Royale societies are characteristically boreal, the bog forms are less re- stricted, the sedge, cassandra, shrub and coniferous societies are better rep- resented on the river flood-plains, and many of the forms of the coniferous society occur in the climax forest. This makes the climax forest society of Isle Royale, of the northeastern North American type. The bog forms are thus boreal types having the same affinities, and their spreading out in this region from the restricted habitats which they occupy to the south may be ac- counted for by the fact that the environmental conditions with which they are associated, toward the north tend to become of general or of geographic ex- tent, so that these forms ultimately come to form the climax society. Thus several forms that about Ann Arbor have been recorded only from tamarack swamps, such as the snails, Philomycus dorsalis, and Pallijera hemphilli (col- lected by Miss Jean Dawson), and the Varying Hare, Star-nosed Mole, and Red Backed Mouse, are all boreal species (Bailey, ’96), that toward the north tend to become of general distribution. It will be noticed in the annotated lists, however, that while most of the species have northeastern affinities, a number of forms collected on Isle ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 53 Royale are forms of western and northwestern distribution. There are conspicuous examples of this: 1. The snail listed as Limnaea sumassi Bd., according to Mr. Bryant Walker, although probably entitled to rank as a distinct variety or species, is very closely related to L. summassi Bd. a peculiarly western form originally described from British Columbia. 2. The range of the ant, Camponotus herculeanus L. var. Whymoperi Forel, according to Dr. Wheeler, is not well known, but it has been previously found in the mountains of Colorado and Britsh Columbia. 3. The specimens of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, taken on the island strikingly resemble in coloration western forms from Washington and Colorado, and not those of southern Michigan, that are sometimes referred to this variety. 4. Although not found on the island, the Michigan Grayling, Thymallus ontariensis, may also be mentioned in this connection. According to Jordan and Evermann (96, p. 518), this variety “represents a detached colony left from the post glacial extension of the range of 7’. signijfer, of which it was a variety.” The range of JT. signijer is given as ‘‘Mackenzie River to Alaska and the Artic Ocean.” 5. Another instance of the same nature was the finding of the Devils Club, Echinopanax horridus Decsene, by Wheeler (’01, p. 620) on the north end of the island in 1900. The range of this plant, as given by Macoun (’83, p. 189), is the north coast of America and in Alaska; being abundant west, but extremely rare east of the Rocky mountains. The occurrence of these western and northwestern elements in the biota of Isle Royale is emphasized because, as was said before, the majority of the species are those of the northeastern North American type. What- ever may be the explanation of the occurrence of these western and north- western forms this far to the east, an important factor is, no doubt, the peneplain nature of the country, which probably formed an extensive highway for boreal forms along the ice margin during the retreat of the last ice sheet. PART II. REFERENCES. Adams, Chas. C. 1902. Postglacial Origin and Migration of the Life of Northeastern North America. Jour. Geog., I, No. 8 and 9. 1905. The Postglacial Dispersal of the North American Biota. Biol. Bull ex No.l ppl bess: Bailey, Vernon. 1896. Tamarack Swamps as Boreal Islands. Science, N. 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Irving, R. D. 1893. The Copper Bearing Rocks of Lake Superior. U.S. G.S., Monog., No. 5. Jordan and Evermann. 1896. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. N. M., Now 47,>Pt.: i. Lane, Alfred C. 1898. Geological Report on Isle Royale, Michigan. Geol. Surv. of Mich. Vi Part L. Macoun, John. 1883. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Pt. I, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Canada. Mill, H. R. 1905. The Present Problems of Geography. Geog. Jour., XXV, No. 1, pp. 1-17. Marbut, C. F. 1896. Physical Features of Missouri. Rep. Mo. Geol. Surv., X, pp. 13-109. Ruthven, A. G. 1904. Notes of the Molluscs, Reptiles and Amphibians of Ontonagon County, Michigan. Sixth Ann. Rep. Mich. Acad. Science, 1904, pp. 188-192. Mmavlor,. (ye 1905. A Short History of the Great Lakes. Studies in Indiana Geog. (Dryer), pp. 90-111. Terra Haute, Ind. Transeau, E. N. 1903. On the Geographical Distribution and Ecological Relations of the Bog Plant Societies of Northern North America. Bot. Gaz., XXXVI, pp. 401-420. Upham, Warren. 1894. Tertiary and Quaternary Baseleveling in Minnesota, Manitoba and Northwestward. Am. Geol., XIV, No. 4, pp. 235-246. Van Hise, C. R. 1894-95. Principles of North American Pre-Cambrian Geology. 16th Ann. Rep. U.S: Gesu Pt. el) pp...67 1-843. 1896. A Northern Michigan Baselevel. Science, New Series, IV, pp. 217-220. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 55 1904. A Treatise on Metamorphism. U. 8. G. S., Monograph XLVII. Weidman, S. 1903. The Pre-Potsdam Peneplain of the Pre-Cambrian of North Central Wisconsin. Jour. of Geol., XI, No. 4, pp. 289-313. Wheeler, W. A. 1901. Notes on some Plants of Isle Royale. Minn. Bot. Studies, II, No. XXXV, pp. 619-620. Whitford, H. N. 1901. The Genetic Development of the Forests of Northern Michigan; A Study in Physiographic Ecology. Bot. Gaz., XXXI, No. 5, pp. 289-325. Wilson, A. W. G. 1903. The Laurentian Peneplain. Jour. of Geol., XI, No. 7, pp. 615-669. Woodworth, J. B. 1894. The Relation between Baseleveling and Organic Evolution. Am. Geol., XIV, No. 4, pp. 209-235. Wright, F. E. 1905. Report on the Progress made by the Porcupine Mountain Party During the Summer of 1903. Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. of Mich. for 1903, pp. 35-44. 56 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. THE ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BIRDS IN THE PORCU- PINE MOUNTAINS, MICHIGAN. .OTTO MCCREARY. The country in which these observations were made is largely included within a narrow area about a mile wide which runs from Lake Superior almost directly south, crossing Carp river about a quarter of a mile east of Carp Lake. Few observations were made south of the Carp river valley. On account of differences observed in the environments of the bird life of this region, it will be discussed according to the following habitats: J]. THE LAKE SUPERIOR SLOPE OF THE FIRST MOUNTAIN RIDGE. 1. Lake Superior | . Be aice Beek Age ities ot re cree re Station I. SO COGAr OWAINDA: «ko op cinie etter Station II. Sub. 1 A mlenmlock HOrest. tn: pees evoienen Station II. Sub. 2. D. ArdwOOGsHOFESt 1). 21) sey cle sete cious Station II. Sub. 2. Gr Camo (Cleaninie ts oo cians hteuy oho s ae ote Station II. Sub. 3 and 4 7. Mountain Top and Escarpment.....Station III. Sub. 1-6. 1. Lake Superior (Station I). This habitat includes the open water of the lake and is only a feeding place for the birds, as it is impossible for them to nest here. The water is very cold, the temperature being about 58° F. during the latter part of July. The shores are rocky and steep, the rocks in some places making an angle of 30° with the surface of the water, and on this account, aquatic life, with the possible exception of small algae and invertebrates, was lacking along the edge of the water, so that waterfowls feeding on these would be expected to occur ee only occasionally, during the migra- tion season. The only birds observed, were eee of fish eating habits, such as mer- gansers, loons and gulls. On July 21 a female American Merganser with nine or ten young in the down was seen near the shore. On my approach they swam out into the lake and were soon out of sight behind some rocks that jutted into the water. Two adult Loons were seen the same day, and two days later two Herring Gulls were observed flying over the lake. These were the only birds seen in about fifteen trips made to the lake shore from July 15 to August 18. 2. Lake Beach (Station I). At this part of the lake shore, the beach is formed by the dipping of the bed rock below the lake, thus making a barren rocky strip, almost destitute of vegetation, between the waters edge and the trees. In addition to the mosses and lichens that grew upon the rocks, the principal plants that ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. BYE occurred here were goldenrods bluebells, lobelias, etc. that grow in the erevices. The scarcity of small invertebrates and plants suitable for bird food made this a very poor feeding ground. Indeed the scarcity of bird life here was especially noticeable, as only three birds, the Spotted, Solitary and Least Sandpipers were seen, all of which are shore birds. Ravens, Crows and Chimney Swifts were seen flying along the shore; the last was probably searehing for insects and the first two for fish. Although no dead fish were seen along the shore, no doubt they are occasionally washed up, and these birds were probably patrolling the coast in search of cast up refuse. I 3. Cedar Swamp (Station IT. 1). This station extended from the lake beach to the hemlock forest, a distance varying from a quarter to a half mile at different places. The trees were mostly arbor vitae, spruce, Canada balsam and birch, the principal forms being the arbor vitae and balsam. There were several clearings in this substation, and, as the bird life was different at such places than in the woodland, I shall divide this station into two parts, the Woodland and the Clearings. Woodland. In some places the woodland has been partially cleared, but where no lumber has been taken out the woods are very dense. The same species of birds, with one or two exceptions, were found in the dense forest as in the open woodland, only there were fewer of them in the former forest. In the very dense forest birds of all species were few and far between. The birds found here were Mangolia Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Redstart, Winter Wren, Canadian Warbler, Olive-backed Thrush, Golden- crowned Kinglet, Myrtle Warbler, White-throated Sparrow, Brown Creeper, Oven Bird, Crow, Hairy Woodpecker, Purple Finch, Red-eyed Vireo, Cedar Waxwing, Chickadee, Wood Pewee, Ruffed Grouse, Black-throated Green Warbler, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Pileated Woodpecker, Pine Siskin, Mourning Warbler, Raven, and Red-breasted Nuthatch, and Arctic Three-toed Wood- pecker. The Black-throated Blue Warbler is characteristic of the under- growth. The Pine Siskin and Purple Finch were nearly always seen in flocks and roamed about over a large expanse of territory. The Olive-backed Thrush, Mourning Warbler, Wood Pewee and White- throated Sparrow were found in the open woods. Clearings in the Cedar Swamp. There were several clearings in this vicinity, most of them being near the lake. In all of them there were plenty of small trees and brush, in which the birds found favorable conditions. The birds seen in the clearings were, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Winter Wren, House Wren, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, Red-tailed Hawk, Sparrow Hawk, White-throated Sparrow, Crow, Flicker, Purple Finch, Red-eyed Vireo, Chickadee, Canadian Ruffed Grouse, Song Sparrow, Great Horned Owl, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Sparrow Hawk, Pileated Woodpecker, Pine Siskin, American Bittern, Raven, Least Fycatcher, Olive-sided Flycatcher and King Bird. The Bittern was a straggler, observed once near the lake shore. The Red-tailed Hawk, Raven and Pine Siskins were seen flying overhead, and 8 58 . MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. the Flickers on the high dead stumps in the clearing. The Purple Finch came to the clearing to feed on the raspberries, and one was shot with part of a berry in its mouth. Supplementary Clearing Observations. This clearing is about two miles west of the main line of observation, and one-half mile south of Lake Superior. The conditions here were decidedly swampy, as cat-tails grew in the middle of the logging road in many places. The arbor vitae had been cleared away several years before and the second growth had become quite a factor in the conditions. This growth, together with the underbrush and tree tops, made traveling outside of the logging road very difficult. Here, among a young growth, of maple about five or six feet high, was found a family of four Connecticut Warblers. Other birds seen in this clearing are as follows: Blue-headed Vireo, Red- breasted Nuthatch, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Pileated Woodpecker and White-throated Sparrow. 4. Hemlock Forest (Station ITI. 2). This habitat may be called the hemlock belt because the majority of the trees were of this species. The lower part of this station, at the edge of the cedars, was covered with a dense growth of hemlock, while farther up the side of the mountain the proportion of maples increased until finally the hemlocks were nearly all replaced by maples. In the dense hemlock forest there was very little underbrush, but where there were many maples there was always a thick underbrush of young maples and some basswood. The birds of this Station were: Pine Siskin, Red-eyed Vireo, Cedar Wax- wing, Purple Finch, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Chickadee, Hairy Wood- pecker, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Brown Creeper, Blackburnian Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Winter Wren, White-throated Sparrow, Oven Bird, Wilson’s Thrush, Ruffed Grouse, Olive-backed Thrush, Raven, _Pileated Woodpecker, Broad-winged Hawk. Here, as in the cedars, different species of birds frequented certain places. The Pine Siskins, Purple Finches and Golden-crowned Kinglets were nearly always seen in the hemlocks. The Winter Wrens were observed mostly along streams and in damp places. The Black-throated Blue Warbler was found quite commonly in the underbrush, but where the dense shade prevented an undergrowth, none were observed. The Olive-backed Thrush and White- throated Sparrow were always found in the open woodland. Supplementary Clearing Observations. This was a clearing in the hemlock forest about two miles west of the main line of observation and about a quarter of a mile south of Lake Superior. The birds seen in this clearing were the Purple Finch, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Least Flycatcher, White-throated Sparrow, Song Sparrow and Ruffed Grouse. The Olive-sided Flycatchers were seen sitting on high dead stubs making themselves conspicious by their noise. §. Hardwood Forest (Station II. 2). This habitat extended from the hemlock belt through the maples to the aspens about the natural clearing at the top of the cliff. This may be called the hardwood belt because the trees were mostly maple with a few scattered hemlocks, basswood, balsam, and birch. In these woods there was a very thick undergrowth composed mostly of young maples. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 59 The birds observed in this habitat are: Black-throated Blue Warbler, ‘Oven Bird, Black-billed Cuckoo, Cedar Waxwing, Red-tailed Hawk, Flicker, Wilson’s Thrush, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-throated Green Warbler, Black- burnian Warbler, Brown Creeper, Chickadee, Pileated Woodpecker, Ruffed Grouse and Olive-backed Thrush. An Oven Bird’s nest containing two eggs and one young was found along the path up the mountain on July 16. It was made of coarse grass and leaves, and was placed on the ground. The Olive-backed Thrush, Black-billed Cuckoo, and Flicker were seen near the camp, where the woods were more open. 6. Camp Clearing (Station IT. 3-4). This was the clearing around the camp. It was not more than two acres in extent and was surrounded by a zone of aspens, except on the north where the trees were mostly maple. It was situated at the crest of a low mountain pass, a little more than 750 feet above the level of Lake Superior. It was bounded on the north by Station II. 2, and on the east by II. 2, and III. 1; on the south by IV. 3, and on the west by II. 2, and III. 5; It con- tained many tall weeds, bushes, and several trees, principally aspen. The birds found on this station were: Purple Finch, Mourning Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-billed Cuckoo, American Crossbill, Song Sparrow, Downy Woodpecker, Pine Siskin, Sapsucker, Robin, Raven, Sparrow Hawk, Indigo Bunting, Chimney Swift and Cedar Waxwing. The Song Sparrow, Sapsucker and Indigo Bunting were probably accidental here, as only one of each was observed. The Chimney Swift was often seen flying overhead. The Purple Finches and Pine Siskins came to feed on bread crumbs and other refuse from the camp. A pair of adult Mourning Warblers and two young were taken among the bushes in the clearing, July 15. 7. Mountain Top and Escarpment (Station IIT. 1-6). From the top of the mountain to the valley of Carp river, there is a pre- cipitous descent of about 400 feet. On top of the cliff and back a few rods from the brink of the precipice, there are no trees except a few scattered pines. The chief vegetation consists of dwarf huckle and _ blueberries, New Jersey tea, bearberry and other heath plants. The cliff is nearly con- tinuous, but not entirely so, being broken occasionally by gullies. Surround- ing the ‘“‘bald” top of the cliff is a zone of aspen which grades down into the gullies, and down the north slope into the hardwoods. At intervals, where the slope is not so steep, the pines form a narrow belt up the face of the cliff, across the top of the mountain and into the hardwoods beyond, thus surmounting the range. It is the top of the cliff on the eastern half of Section 14 and western half of Section 13 (III.1, 2, 3) that will be. described first. The western end of the station lies in a gully in Section 14. As the top is approached the aspens become smaller and smaller and finally disappear. Toward the east end of the mountain top, on Section 13, this ‘“‘bald” area is crossed by azone of Norway and white pines, many of them being of very large size. The middle portion consists of a precipice and a narrow strip at the top. It differed from the west end in that it contained no aspens, and the pines were so far apart that they had but very little influence upon the general conditions. Probably owing to this reason the bird life on the west end and middle portion was practically identical, and I will describe them together, treating the bird life in the pines separately, as it is entirely different. 60 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. Birds were always to be found along the western slope and top (III. I and 2), but the small number of species was noticable. The Junco, Cedar Waxwing and Flicker were the only birds that were abundant. The Flicker was often seen on the few tall dead stumps and scattered pines that occurred here, and probably nested in these stumps, as they contained many holes. Both young and adult Juncos were found in abundance and this séemed their natural habitat. The Cedar Waxwing was attracted here by the Juneberries, upon which they were often seen feeding. Crows, Ravens, Chimney Swifts and Red-tailed Hawks were seen flying overhead. Sparrow Hawks came occasionally to feed upon the grasshoppers, but these birds seem to prefer the cliffs to the west of this location. The birds seen in the pines (III. 3) were the Pine Warbler, Red-breasted Nuthatch, Chickadee, Chipping Sparrow and White-breasted Nuthatch. Two Pine Warblers, evidently a male and female, were seen on the tops of these pines looking for insects. Finally one caught an insect, but instead of eating it the bird perched on a limb, held the insect in its mouth, and scolded. It acted as if it had young near me and was afraid to feed them. Several Chipping Sparrows were seen on the tree tops and one was shot July 19. The tops of the cliffs west of camp (III. 5) were similar to III. 2, except that the ‘‘bald” areas were of greater extent. The same birds that were found in III. 1 and 2 were found here and also a few additional ones. For some reason, which I cannot explain, Robins, Bluebirds, Blue Jays and Vesper Sparrows were often found on this cliff and seldom in Station II. 1 and 2. A Bluebird’s nest containing young was found in a deserted Woodpecker’s hole in a Norway pine; Vesper Sparrows and a Scarlet Tanager were seen here once. The former were perhaps migrating, (August 3), while the latter was from the neighboring forest. The Ravens came here n the evening and left in the morning, when nine were counted at one time. A few could be seen about here at almost any hour of the day. The bird life on the second cliff west of camp was somewhat different from that of the first as no Robins, Bluebirds, or Vesper Sparrows were seen here, while a Phoebe was seen here and not on the other cliffs. Two Bald Eagles were observed flying overhead. II; CARP RIVER VALLEY. This region extended from the foot of the talus slope south to the elevation on the other side of the river valley, a distance of about a quarter of a mile. From west to east, it extended from the outlet of Carp Lake as far up the Carp river as we could ascend in a boat, a distance of about one and a quarter miles. Within this area are included several different varieties of conditions, and these furnish the basis for the following habitats: I.) Camp) uakerpes i i. wa ath Chass ooo Station V. 1, and 38. 2; \Grassy:; Marshes\ci3.pi ved) .ncies semereniae Station V. 2, and IV. 2. B AID ets une Sey aie ake eee ae eet ees Station IV. 2. 4 ,.Damp Woodland 4). -.tseipsas eee Station IV. 3. D.. @lamarack Swany, sien aswoekine sale Station IV. 4. Gi arp HEV eT kits a bo bi Ue MR Se aan Station IV. 1. ha dDiry Woodlam Gent? i 3 oh howe ea ae eae Station IV. 3. a. Western End. b. Eastern End. Fig. 17. Upper portion of the talus slope, station IIJ. 6, showing the angle of slope, and the lichens (light colored patches) on the rocks. The birches in the background are on the lower part of the slope. lig. 18. General view of Carp river valley, looking up stream and southeast from station III. 5. Note the alder and cassandra vegetation bordering the river, station IV. 2. ' . os | hCUGh 7 ~< _, ee) ‘ is Ol ee oe er m oR a b ie a + as ae Sea ice ks ee craueie Sate AG Bae peers setae ire. ce behead ap ra ile igh 32 i 1 eter; eae pe inet te Spe boy eb ata here be mr, ~ Fens SF ea Sinai = i, | ae Pies ye beac Ee fr Cas am ites eae Sera: A id _ a0 . A35" xis a pect Baihe au: hi ors cig. Pat ar ina ; aes ‘ a aa te Lied mit eRee.cG See aly. ec ho er cy ee . e ae ae | om el Chateau be ” os a ey ek ca {aoe F ) * 7 - 4 is ee Ab anes Le be cs cS ¥ eit OBA eSeh Ahi eset se Es JEM 4 ‘ in ; . » ~ 5 6 ex +> 7. ie s : . , aca : ae , ah : - Trike) es ; a ar ssa vii) Stade ee Bs oe ieee re ate OM i ot u f ieaat. <9, Bgrays ae eee a ‘EVE - t WO Pon 4 . see By ee Poa tens ‘ z Fi » ; . 5 oll ye t-> aS La ar Fy * ~ a ae aye rd - > . ‘ - “’ a saa F a 4 Se Se ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 61 1. Carp Lake (Station V. 1 and 8). The lake is about a mile long, a quarter of a mile wide, and comprised, in extent, about one-half of the station. The western half of the lake ex- tended from the foot of the talus slope to the foot of the ridge on the other side, while the eastern half differed from it principally in having a narrow strip of land between the waters edge and the foot of the talus slope on the north side. Bordering most of the lake there is just enough beach to walk on, except on the northwest shore where it is somewhat wider. On the southwest and southeast shores of the lake, there are small grassy marshes, and at such places bulrushes and sedges grow along the edge of the water. On the south side arbor vitae, maples, alders, and other trees grow along the edge of the beach. These trees were usually not more than twenty - feet high and are so close together that it was almost impossible to penetrate them. At other places there is a fringe of alders along the beach. Very few birds were seen on the lake; a Loon, was upon the water August 10; Kingfishers were often seen flying across the lake, now and then diving for a fish; an Osprey was observed several times doing the same thing, and a Great Blue Heron was twice seen flying across the lake and once in the sedges. A Swamp Sparrow, a Solitary Sandpiper and Crows were observed on the beach. 2. Grassy Marshes (Station V. 2, IV. 2). There were two of these grassy marshes. One at the east end of Carp Lake and another a mile and a quarter up Carp river. Both were over- grown with tough marsh grass and were too small to be of any special im- portance as a bird habitat. Song Sparrows and Swamp Sparrows came out of the alders to feed but the only birds taken characteristic of grassy marshes were the Wilson’s Snipe and Carolina Rail. The former was taken in the marsh, up the river, and the latter in the marsh at the east end of the lake. 3. Alders (Station IV. 2). The alders occupied the bottom land along either side of Carp river. There are many willows, dogwoods, and cassandra bushes among the alders, and together they formed a thicket so dense, that it was impossible to see more than a few yards. The birds of this habitat were the White-throated Sparrow, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-throated Green Warbler, Redstart, Oven Bird, Swamp Sparrow, Mourning Warbler, Olive-backed Thrush, Downy Woodpecker, Kingfisher, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Cedar Waxwing, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Chickadee, Canadian Warbler, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Wilson’s Thrush, Black-billed Cuckoo, Alder Flycatcher, Song Sparrow, American Bittern, Ruffed Grouse, Least Flycatcher, Red-winged Blackbird, Water Thrush, and Black-throated Blue Warbler. * The Canadian and Chestnut-sided Warblers and Red-winged Blackbird probably did not breed in this zone, as they were not seen here until after the first of August. The Kingfisher, American Bittern and Sharp-shinned Hawk were seen along the edge of the river. Only one of each of the last two were seen. The Hawk was on the bank eating a grouse and the Bittern was standing 62 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. on an alder that leaned out over the river. Kingfishers were often seen flying up and down the river and would alight upon the overhanging branches to watch for fish. A Cedar Waxwing’s nest was found in an alder. This nest was made of mud and dead grass and was built in the top of the shrub. The nest was found July 28, but contained no eggs. Almost all of the birds among the alders appeared quite tame, for as soon as I would go into the bushes some bird would begin to scold, nearly always a White-throated Sparrow, and the rest of the birds would come to see what the trouble was about. Redstarts, Mourning Warblers, Black-throated Green Warblers, Oven Birds, Red-eyed Vireos, Swamp Sparrows, Song Sparrows, Wilson’s Thrushes, Winter Wrens, Water Thrushes and a Rose- breasted Grosbeak came within a few feet of me. Even the shy Olive- backed Thrush would come within a rod to scold. It was very interesting to observe the marked curiosity which they showed. ; 4. Damp Woodland (Station IV. 8). This was a small strip of maple and ash between the alders, and the maple forest of the slopes. The birds seen here were: Red-eyed Vireo, White- throated Sparrow, Winter Wren, Water Thrush, Black and White Warbler, and Least Flycatcher. The trees of this piece of woodland were not very high but were so crowded that they produced a dense shade. This was perhaps the reason why there were so few birds seen here, and why those seen were near the margin. 5. Tamarack Swamp (Station IV. 4). About a half mile east of the lake where the river turns to the south, there is, on the west bank, a tamarack swamp. ‘The trees of this swamp are arbor vitae, and tamarack, which about the margin of the swamp grow much thicker than in the center. The birds observed were as follows: Purple Finch, White-throated Sparrow, Magnolia Warbler, Cedar Waxwing, Red-breasted Nuthatch, Red Crossbill, White-winged Crossbill, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Pine Siskin, Golden-crowned Kinglet and Ruffed Grouse. The two species of Crossbills were probably attracted here by the seeds of the tamarack cones, as the crops of five specimens all contained tamarack seeds. The Red-breasted Nuthatch nested here, as an adult bird was seen feeding three young. The Olive-sided Flycatchers were seen on the tops of tall dead trees. 6. Carp River (Station IV. 1). About a mile and a quarter east of Carp Lake, the river becomes so narrow that the alders which line the banks meet above the middle of the stream and obstruct further passage with a boat. Where the alders line the bank there were few places for wading birds, but where there were grassy mud flats between the water and the shrubs Solitary Sandpipers were to be seen at almost any time. The Snipe, however, was only seen July 17 and 18. The only birds seen on the river were Hooded Mergansers. 7. Dry Woodland (Station IV. 3, North of Carp River). This is the upper part of the strip of woodland lying between the cliff and Carp Lake, on the north side of the valley, and occupies the lower part ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 63 of the talus slope. The trees here were mostly maple, birch and aspen, with a few pines scattered among them. At the eastern end the forest was open, while the trees of the western end were so close as to make a dense shade. On account of the difference of the character of the two portions, they will be taken up separately. Western End. Were, where the trees were thick, few birds were seen. The different species noticed were as follows: Blackburnian Warbler, Kingfisher, Sparrow Hawk, Red-eyed Vireo, Wilson’s Thrush, Canadian Warbler, Blue Jay and Redstart. There was a Sparrow Hawk’s nest sit- uated high up in a dead tree, in what seemed to be a deserted Woodpecker’s hole. The young of the Wilson’s Thrush, still unable to fly, were found here. Eastern End. The birds found in this end of the forest were: Black- throated Blue Warbler, Robin, Ruffed Grouse, Flicker, Downy Woodpecker, Oven Bird, Olive-backed Thrush, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-billed Cuckoo, Blackburnian Warbler and White-throated Sparrow. In the evening and morning the song of the Olive-backed Thrush could be heard almost every- where in the tree tops, and they seemed to be quite numerous, but in the daytime this bird was seldom heard. The probable explanation of this is that they went into the alder thickets to the south. III. HARDWOOD FOREST SOUTH OF CARP RIVER (STATION VI.) The trees along the trail to Government Peak were mostly maple, birch and hemlock, except in low places along the small streams, where there was much arbor vitae and balsam. Observations along the trail were made July 26 and the following birds were seen in the forest: Oven Bird, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Scarles Tanager, Red-eved Vireo, Magnolia Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warblert Wood Pewee, Winter Wren and Olive-backed Thrush. The Magnolia, Warbler, Wood Pewee and Winter Wren were seen along a stream. An Olive-backed Thrush’s nest was found on top of a small hemlock about ten feet high beneath a larger tree. The nest was composed of leaves, rootlets, and grasses, and was lined with still smaller grasses and rootlets, and contained two bluish green eggs with cinnamon brown spots. IV. LITTLE CARP RIVER VALLEY. 1. Inttle Carp Lake (Station VII. 1). This lake is small, being about one-half mile long and a quarter of a mile wide. The only observations made upon the bird life on the lake shore were in an open spot at the east end. Only one bird was seen on the water, a Pied-billed Grebe, on August 2. The open area was at the foot of asmall hill which arose precipitously out of the lake to a height of about fifty feet. There was very little soil, which accounts for the absence of an extensive vegetation. Observations were made on August 2 and 3 and the birds seen were: Blue Jay, Junco, Humming Bird, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Hairy Woodpecker, White-throated Sparrow, Wood Pewee, Purple Finch, Chimney Swift, Raven, Kingfisher, Cedar Waxwing, Flicker and Song Sparrow. The Chimney Swift and Raven were seen flying overhead. 64 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. 2. Beaver Meadow (Station VII. 2 and 8). This meadow was along Little Carp river, about a quarter of a mile east of Little Carp Lake. It was about a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide, the Little Carp river running through the middle of it. The ground was ‘ quite marshy in many places and was covered with grass, there being no trees in the meadow. There were several willow and alder bushes at the east end. The surrounding trees were alder, tamarack, arbor vitae, balsam and birch. Observations were made on August 8, and the birds seen here were: Kingfisher, Solitary Sandpiper, Cedar Waxwing, Red-eyed Vireo, Swamp Sparrow, Song Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, Marsh Hawk, Pine Siskin, Hairy Woodpecker, Tree Swallow, White-winged Crossbill, Yellow-legs, Least Sandpiper, Red-breasted Nuthatch. The Kingfisher, Solitary Sandpiper, Least Sandpiper, and Yellow-legs were seen along Little Carp river. The Tree Swallow, Marsh Hawk and Pine Siskin were seen flying overhead, and the Song Sparrow and Swamp Sparrow were seen feeding in the grass, while the rest were seen in the trees around the edge. The Crossbills were seen in tamarack trees at the edge of the marsh. As it was August 3 when I was at the beaver meadow, I cannot say which birds bred there and which were migrants. V. SUMMARY. On glancing over the list of birds found at the different stations, it will be noticed that some birds were found at only one or in a few stations, while others were found in nearly all of them. At some stations a certain species of bird would be quite numerous, while another only a short distance away, would contain none of these. From such facts we must conclude that some birds are found only in certain situations which possess definite environ- mental conditions. There were also a number of birds observed which were too rare to determine what kind of localities they preferred; still others were ‘only seen flying overhead. Regarding abundance, at one extreme were the rare forms and at the other those found almost everywhere. The rare birds were: Myrtle Warbler, Great Horned Owl, Black and White Warbler, Indigo Bunting, Broad-winged Hawk, Humming Bird, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, Connecticut Warbler, Blue-headed Vireo, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Scarlet Tanager, House Wren, King Bird, White-breasted Nut- hatch and Phoebe. The birds only seen flying overhead were: Red-tailed Hawk, Chimney Swift, Bald Eagle, Tree Swallow and Marsh Hawk. The birds of general distribution were: Ruffed Grouse, Red-eyed Vireo, Black- throated Green Warbler, Chickadee, Purple Finch, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Cedar Waxwing, Oven Bird and Wilson’s Thrush. In the case of birds with a restricted range, the limiting area was occasion- ally very sharply defined, while in other cases it was difficult to recognize these limits. Examples of the former are the water and shore birds, of the latter, the Golden-crowned Kinglet and Pine Siskin. The distribution of the water and shore birds was the most sharply defined, and, as they are the simplest to place, I will beginmy summary with them. In con- nection with these I will also mention other birds found in association with the shores of the lakes and rivers. 1. Water Birds. Of the water birds only a few species were observed. The Herring Gull, Loon and American Merganser were found on Lake Fig. 19. Carp river, station IV, showing zones of vegetation on the mud flats Fia. 20. Beaver meadow, station VII. 2, showing grasses and sedges bordered by encroaching willows and alders. Tamarack and spruce in the background. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 65 Superior. A Loon was once seen on Carp Lake and a Pied-billed Grebe was seen on Little Carp Lake. The only water bird found on the rivers was the Hooded Merganser which was taken on Carp river. Although not an aquatic bird, I will mention the Osprey here as it was seen flying over the water. It was first seen near the mouth of Union river and afterwards over Carp Lake. It would circle around above the water until it saw a fish and then it would plunge into the water after it. As far as observed most of these efforts were successful. 2. Birds Frequenting Shores and Banks of Streams. Shore birds were most abundant along Carp and Little Carp rivers; only a few were seen on the lake beaches. The Solitary Sandpiper was the only one seen in all the places mentioned. The Lesser Yellow-legs was seen only along Little Carp river. The Least Sandpiper was seen along Little Carp river and on the Lake Superior beach. ne Spotted Sandpiper was seen only on the Lake Superior beach. These birds were always seen near the waters edge except when on the wing. A Snipe was seen at the edge of the water along Carp river, in the neighborhood of a grassy marsh. Another bird that was characteristic of the rivers and small lakes was the Kingfisher, which was nearly always seen at the edge of the water, but never on the ground. It always lit on some bush or tree, and was most frequently seen on trees overhanging the water. The Great Blue Heron was seen standing on the edge of Carp Lake once, and several times it was seen flying over. Besides the birds characteristic of the waters edge, birds from the alders and birds of general distribution were often observed on the beach of Carp Lake and Lake Superior. This includes such birds as the Song Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Crow and Raven. 3. Birds Found in Grassy Marshes and in Alders. Closely associated with the birds of the water’s edge were the birds of grassy marshes and alders along the streams. The birds often seen in the grassy marshes were the Wilson’s Snipe, Rail, Song Sparrow, and Swamp Sparrow. The Rail was only seen once in the grassy marsh east of Carp Lake. The Song Sparrow and Swamp Sparrow are not confined to the grassy marshes, since both were also found in the alders. The Song Sparrow was also found in the camp clearing (Station III. 3) and in one of the clear- ings in the arbor vitae swamp (Station II. 1), so that the Song Sparrow may be said to inhabit clearings both natural and artificial, and the Swamp Sparrow may be said to inhabit marshy clearings. In this case I have classed the alders as a natural clearing because there were no trees among the bushes. The only bird confined to the alders was the Alder Flycatcher, but several others, of limited distribution, were found here, such as the Redstart, Swamp Sparrow, Mourning Warbler, Olive-backed Thrush, Black-billed Cuckoo, Least Flycatcher, Song Sparrow, and Water Thrush. The Redstart was rather common here and among the cedars near the shore of Lake Superior (Station II. 1) and was also seen along Little Iron river. It seems to keep near water and near the ground, as it was very seldom seen in the high trees. The Mourning Warbler was found here, but also in the bushes of the camp ‘clearing, and along the path to the lake in the cedar swamp (Station II. 1). Thus it is seen that this bird is not usually found in thickly forested woodland but is more decidedly a bird of the bushes or thickets. The Olive-backed Thrush was found on the mountain top, in the river 9 66 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. valley, and in the bushes around the edge of the clearings or in partially cleared woodland. In the mornings and evenings it also appeared abundant among the scattered trees at the base of the talus slope. It was never found in dense woodland. The Black-billed Cuckoo was often seen among the alders, in the scattered trees at the foot of the talus slope, and in the aspens surrounding the camp clearing. These facts show that it was a bird of’ the open woodland. The Least Flycatcher was found in the alders and in a clearing in a hemlock forest; the former a natural, and the latter an artifical clearing. It was also seen in damp woodland south of Carp river, on the edge of a clearing. The Water Thrush was seen in two other localities, the damp woodland south of Carp river, and along the road to Ontonagon near Lake Superior. 4. Birds Frequenting Tamarack Swamps and Cedar Swamps. The lowlands haveall been dealt with, with the exception of the tamarack swamps and cedar swamps. The former was not entirely true to its name, as about half of the trees were cedar. The birds of these swamps deserving mention are as follows: Magnolia Warbler, Canadian Warbler, Sparrow Hawk, and Olive-sided Flycatcher, Red-breasted Nuthatch, Red Crossbill, White-winged Crossbill, Winter Wren, White-throated Sparrow, Golden-crowned Kinglet and Pine Siskin. The Magnolia Warbler was found only in the cedar and tamarack swamps or along small streams where the arbor vitae grew. The Canadian Warbler was found near Lake Superior shore and near Carp Lake and always in the more or less open woods. The Sparrow Hawk was seen in a clearing among the cedars, and had a nest just south of the cliff in a limbless tree which stood above the tops of the surrounding trees. It was also often seen on the top of the cliff and around the camp clearing. The Olive-sided Flycatcher was found in the tamarack swamp in Carp river valley and in a hemlock clearing near Lake Superior. It was always seen on the top of a dead tree, usually on the highest perch in the neighbor- hood. The Red-breasted Nuthatch was seen in the tamarack swamp, and among the pines at the top of the mountain. It can, therefore, be classed with the birds characteristic of the coniferous forests. The Red, and White-winged Crossbills were numerous in the tamarack swamps, the White-winged Crossbill being seen only in such places. The Red Crossbill came to the camp clearing several times. The cause for their occurrence in the tamaracks is that these are the only conifers whose seeds could be obtained for food. The Golden-crowned Kinglets and Pine Siskins were very abundant among the coniferous trees, and were seldom seen where these were lacking. The Pine Siskin occasionally came to the camp clearing. The Winter Wren and White-throated Sparrow were found in the low- lands and about half way up the mountain side. The White-throated Sparrow frequented the open woodland and the edge of the clearings. The Winter Wren was found in the more dense parts of the forests and near . streams. 5. Birds Frequenting Hemlocks and Maples. Nearly all the birds that were found in these two stations were also found in the cedar swamp to the north (II. 1) or belonged to the list of rare birds. There were a number of birds that were generally distributed in all the woodland between the Lake Superior and Carp river which, with the exception of the Blackburnian Warbler, ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 67 seemed to be more abundant in these two stations. To this class belong the following: Oven Bird, Blackburnian Warbler, Hairy Woodpecker, Brown Creeper and Pileated Woodpecker. 6. Birds Frequenting the Cliff and Mountain Top. The birds character- istic of this station were the Raven, Pine Warbler, Robin, Bluebird, Flicker, Junco and Chipping Sparrow. The two specimens of Pine Warbler, which were observed several times, were always found among the pines that grew on the top and south slope, so it may be said to be characteristic of the pines. The Robin and Bluebird were often observed on the bare top of the cliffs, and occasionally the Robin was seen in the camp clearing near by. The Robin and the Bluebird are early migrants and may have settled here because it was on the south side of the mountain and well exposed to the sun and protected from the north winds. The Flicker was found here and in a clearing along the south shore of Lake Superior. The Junco was abundant here and was seen in a dry sandy clearing near Ontonagon. It was also abundant on the dry knoll at the edge of Little Carp Lake so that this bird and the Flicker may be said in this region to inhabit.dry clearings. They are also examples of the tendancy of natural clearing birds to spread into the artificial clearings. The Chipping Sparrow was found here among the pines and on the dry knoll above mentioned. The Blue Jay was found on the south slope of the cliff from the top to the edge of Carp Lake and on the dry knoll. I have here only attempted to give the distribution of the birds as I found them in the Porcupine Mountains. The distribution of many of these birds may be very different in other localities. This would be an interesting field for study in other regions. I am under obligations to the University Museum for the opportunity to make these observations, and I am also much indebted to Mr. Charles C. Adams for assistance in preparing this paper for publication. 68 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. THE ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE ORTHOPTERA IN THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS, MICHIGAN. ALBERT PITTS MORSE, RESEARCH ASSISTANT, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. 1. GENERAL REMARKS. The Orthoptera collected by Mr. A. G. Ruthven in the Porcupine Moun- tains represent two families of the Saltatoria and comprise two species of Locustidae and 14 species of Acridiidae. The collection was made between July 13 and August 12, 1904. Though the list is far from complete, it may be said, in general, that the species obtained are representative elements of the orthopterous fauna of the Canadian and cooler parts of the Transition zones of the central portion of the continent. ‘The commingling of species is especially interesting, and in itself would suffice to indicate, within relatively narrow limits, the locality from whence the collection was derived and the environmental conditions present. While data in addition to those of date, locality, and general character of the station are lackinge—no notes on individual captures or particular species and their relation to the environment in this instance being available —I have no doubt that the ecological relations of the spécies secured are essentially the same as in other quarters of the eastern section of the country. This judgment is confirmed by the careful collecting notes and discrimina- ting observations of Mr. Morgan Hebard in reference to the Orthoptera of the Keweenaw Bay region (Rehn, Entom. News, Sept., Oct., 1904). I have elsewhere (Pub. No. 18, Carnegie Inst. of Wash., p. 15 et seq.) classified the Acridian societies of eastern North America and discussed some of their more salient features. The same classification is followed in the present aper. The Acridians secured represent several distinct societies and habitats. These habitats, or complexes of environmental conditions, when viewed from the standpoint of locust biology, may be arranged in three major groups: 1. Bare rock and soil surfaces of the lake shore, clearing, mountain top, or talus slope, either wet or dry,—these are inhabited by campestral geophilous locusts. 2. Areas clothed with a low vegetal growth of grasses or other herbaceous plants, such as meadows, fields, clearings, etc., likewise varying greatly in moisture content of soil, and often extremely limited in size,—these are the haunts of campestral phytophilous locusts. 3. Thickets of shrubs or stunted undergrowth bordering forest edges and openings, either along the lake shore, about clearings, or on the mountain top,—here dwell the sylvan phytophilous species. Of the Locustarians collected, one species is a bush-dwelling form, nearly related to the katydid; the other, a shield-backed grasshopper, is a typical — thicket-inhabiting species. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 69 As is evident from Mr. Ruthven’s field notes on the general character of the stations, and also from a consideration of the station lists of Orthoptera, almost every station contains two or more locust societies. These societies comprise one or more characteristic species of locusts which find their pre- ferred haunts within a relatively narrow range of physical conditions and are practically characteristic of such habitats. It should be pointed out, however, that in the heart of its range a species is usually more generally distributed, and less restricted to its special habitat, than elsewhere; further- more, that accidental occurrences are not infrequent and can*be correctly estimated as such only by careful observation or experience. ‘One swallow does not make a summer,’’ and the capture of a single specimen of a locust in a given locality does not necessarily indicate either an austral or a boreal climate, a campestral or a sylvan habitat. It is scarcely necessary to state that the abundance and extent of the area occupied by the various elements of the locust fauna will inevitably be affected by the physical and organic agencies controlling the condition of the environments they inhabit, and, other things being equal, will change as they change. On the advent of new conditions one of three things will happen: either the species will become adapted to its changed environ- ment, will emigrate, or will die out in that particular spot—probably the latter. There is every reason to think that with increasing deforestation of the terri- tory, the thamnophilous locusts will increase in numbers; and that, if settle- ments and clearings multiply, so will the campestral locusts. The avenue of ingress of the orthopterous fanua into this territory, it is believed, was on the southwest, along the continuous land surface, follow- ing the retreat of glacial conditions. This avenue was probably the only practicable one open to the flightless thicket-dwelling forms, and was doubtless followed by most, or all, of the flying species as well. For further information in regard to the biology of the Orthoptera herein mentioned, the following works should be consulted, in addition to those already referred to: Blatchley, W. S.—The Orthoptera of Indiana.—27th Annual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural Resources of Indiana. Morse, Albert P.—Notes on the Acridiidae of New England.—Psyche, vols. VII, and VIII. The former of these contains a valuable bibliography. 2. STATION LIST. Station I. Beach of Lake Superior. Species taken: Chloealtis abdomi- nalis, Camnula pellucida, Circotettix verruculatus, Melanoplus atlanis and Melanoplus femoratus. Habitats represented and characteristic species. 1. Exposed rock or soil surfaces: Circotettix verruculatus, (Camnula pellucida). 2. Grassy places—dry: Melanoplus atlanis and Camnula - pellucida. 3. Grassy places—moist: Melanoplus femoratus. : 4, Thickets—forest edge: Chlocaltis abdominalis. Station II. North Slope of First Range. Species taken: Sub. 2.—Hardwood Forest.—Teitix brunnerv. Habitats represented and characteristic species. The single species taken is not typical of forested environment, usually occurring on bare soil. 70 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. Sub. 3.—Clearing in Saddle. Species taken: Chloealtis conspersa, Stenobothrus curtipennis, Curcotettix verruculatus, Melanoplus extremus, and Melanoplus jemoratus. Habitats represented and characteristic species. (No notes on condi- tions at this station have been submitted, but the habitats are probably the following:) 1. Exposed rock or soil surfaces: Cvrcotettix verruculatus. 2. Grassy places—moist: Stenobothrus curtipennis, Melanoplus ea- tremus and Melanoplus jemoratus. 3. Thickets—edges of clearing (sometimes in dry, grassy places): Chloealtis conspersa. Sub. 5.—Aspen Zone Bordering Bare Mountain Top. Species taken: Melanoplus fasciatus. Habitats represented and characteristic species. 1. Thickets—usually xerophytic: Melanoplus fasciatus. Station III. Top of First Range and Southern Escarpment. Species taken: Sub. 1.—West Slope of Ridge (aspen zone).—Chloealtis abdominalis, Chloealtis conspersa, Camnula pellucida, Melanoplus jasciatus, Melanoplus femoratus and Melanoplus luridus. Sub. 2.—Bare Mountain Top (heath and grass vegetation).—Chloealtis abdominalis, Chloealtis conspersa, Curcotettix verruculatus, Melanoplus jfasci- atus and Melanoplus islandicus. : Sub. 3.—Zone of Pines crossing Mountain Top.—Melanoplus jasciatus. Sub. 4.—East Slope of Ridge (aspen and scrub oak vegetation).—Melan- oplus fasciatus and Atlanticus pachymerus. Sub. 5.—Mountain Top.—Chloealtis abdominalis, Chloealtis conspersa, Melanoplus fasciatus, Melanoplus femoratus, Cuircotettix verruculatus and Atlanticus pachymerus. Sub. 6.—Mountain Top.—Melanoplus amplectens. Habitats represented and characteristic species. 1. Exposed rock surfaces:—Cvrcotettix verruculatus. 2. Grassy places—(usually moist) :—Melanoplus femoratus. 3. Thickets:—Chloealtis conspersa and abdominalis, Melanoplus amplectens, fasciatus, and islandicus, Atlanticus pachymerus. Station IV. 2. Carp River Valley Flood-plain (characterized by cassandra thickets, grasses and sedges). Species taken: Stenobothrus curtipennis, Podisma glacialis, Melanoplus islandicus, Atlanticus pachymerus, Scudderva pistillata. Habitats represented and characteristic species. 1. Grassy places—moist:—=Stenobothrus curtipennis. 2. Thickets:—Podisma glacialis, Melanoplus islandicus, Atlanticus pachymerus. 3. Bushes; leafage of:—Scudderia pistillata. ) Station VII. 2. Beaver Meadow along Little Carp River. Species taken:— Camnula pellucida. Habitats represented and characteristic species. 1. Grassy places—moist. The species of locust taken here is not characteristic of such conditions, but it is a very common and widely distributed species in the boreal zones, and may occur almost anywhere, especially in grassy places. Its preferred haunts are on dry. upland soils. ee eared 12. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. a 3. SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE ORTHOPTERA. Porcupine Mountains. ACRIDIIDAE. Tettix brunneri Bol. Chloealiis abdominalis Thom. “ “ (juv. spec. do.) Chloealtis conspersa Harr. “ “ “ a“ (juv. spec. do.) Stenobothrus curtipennis Uarr. “ “ “ cc Camnula pellucida Scudd. “ « “ “ “ “ Circotettix verruculatus Kirb. “ “ Podisma glacialis Scudd. Melanoplus amplectens Seudd. Melanoplus atlanis Ril. . Melanoplus extremus Walk. . Melanoplus jasciatus Barnst.-Walk. (juv. spec. do.) 1 &, Station IT. 1, Station III., Substation 1. Ie te Lis 22: =e Weer Ios 2A eal Bn Q , juv. in the -5th stage, I. GO’, juv. in the 5th stage, III., 2. 29 ,juv.in the 5thstage, III., 2. Q , juv. in the 4th stage, III., 2. Q, Juv. in the 5th stage, IITL., 5. Thee woe eeweh chime Hs 12, IIL, 1, long-winged. O', juv. in the Sth stage, IIT., 1. 3’, juv. in the 4th stage, IIL., 2. age Devos f oar as Oh ees ir 2: Ree AEN Jie 1c, L., beach. 19°, iy, beach. 2 Oe Milt st 2 1a ne ee BO ge WES 2 Lot ls 2: POF oe ae ile Sens 0 Nee: 6S eed Og be 2c’, L., beach. 12, 1., beach. GO aie 2: LO Eau G. 1%, I., beach. PAA i es Hae il Eat Ose oe SE: Poh 2. 16°, TIl., 2. Are TEL. 2. Wei ame ti ales oe AS: S. i Vogal ft ger: Lot OO LT. Ob 4h TB. Bes 3 1 Ca io’, IIl., 5 2°, 1., beach. 1o', I., beach. 2 9 ,.juv. in the 5th stage, II., 3. Ue MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. 13. Melanoplus islandicus Blatchl. ISAs WANs Loe io ¥ . 7 Blas ioe 14. Melanoplus luridus Dodge. (ios faa FB Eg LOCUSTIDAB. 15. Scudderia pistillata Brunn. iS Ch ae 16. Atlanticus pachymerus Burm. Lo jawe 6? & SL LT tA a AV TADS Sa 5 Hd UT Shes Batra d * if Wo iets U itis 8 Isle Royale. The following species were identified from this locality; no field notes accompanied the specimens. 1. Tettix acadicus Scudd. 125 ete 2. Camnula pellucida, Scudd. DiS sD Oe ML, 3. Ceuthophilus seclusus Seudd. inet 6 We “ “ Oval: *GItyO AOAINE dV] ’S f WOT) “Your oy 09 soul Z ‘arog = *suUOTIeIS Play JO UOLRoO] ay] Surmoys ‘oVAoY asp JO pus Jamo] Jo dew “1s “Ly Ses Rot: af es , ld é Prag g tee 9 Rao mp e ~ wat ns 10 $ SN NGA RED) Lis tS. LIST OF STATIONS IN THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS. See Fg. 3. Station I.—Beach of Lake Superior, Secs. 11 and 12, T. 51 N., R. 48 W. Station IJ.—North Slope of First Range, Secs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, T. 51.N., R. 43. W. Sub. 1.—Arbor Vitae Swamp at Foot of Slope, Secs. 11 and 12. Sub. 2.—North Slope, Secs. 11, 12, and 14. Sub. 3.—Clearing in the Saddle, Sec. 14. Sub. 4.—Aspen Zone about Clearing, Sec. 14. Sub. 5.—Aspen Zone at Top of Ridge bordering the Bare Mountain Top, Secsa#13, 14, 15; 21,7. 51, NZ RR. 43M. Station III.—Top of the First Range and the Southern Escarpment, Secs. 13, 14, 15, and 21, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. Sub. 1.—West Slope of the Ridge on Sees. 13 and 14. Sub. 2.—Bare Mountain Top, Secs. 13 and 14. Sub. 3.—Zone of Pines crossing the First Range, Secs. 13 and 14. Sub. 4.—East Slope of the Ridge on Secs. 15 and 14. Sub. 5.—Mountain Top on Sec. 44 and 15. Sub. 6.—Mountain Top on Sec. 21. Station IV.—Carp River Valley on Secs. 13, 14, 23, and 24, T. 51.N., R. 43 'W. Sub. 1.—Carp River, Secs. 14 and 24. Sub. 2.—Flood-plain, Sec. 14. Sub. 3.—Valley Slopes, Secs. 14 and 23. Sub. 4.—Peat Bog, Sec. 14, 23 and 24. Station V.—Carp Lake, Secs. 15, 21 and 22, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. Sub. 1.—Beach at West End of Lake, Secs. 21 and 22. Sub. 2.—Delta at East End of Lake, Sec. 22. Sub. 3.—Carp Lake, Sec. 22. Station VI.—Mountains between the Carp and Little Carp Drainage Systems, Secs. 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, and 34, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. Station VII.—Little Carp Drainage System, Sec. 2, T. 50 N., R. 44 W., and Sec. 34, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. Sub. 1.—Little Carp Lake, Sec. 2, T. 50 N., R. 44 W. Sub. 2.—Beaver Meadow along Little Carp River, Sec. 34, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. Sub. 3.—Little Carp River, Sec. 34, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. LIST OF STATIONS ON ISLE ROYALE. See Fig. 21. Station I.—Clearing on the Shore of Washington Harbor, Sec. 29, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station I].—Washington River, Sec. 29, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station III.—Trail along the Top of Greenstone Range, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station IV.—Washington Creek, Secs. 28 and 32, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station V.—Tamarack Swamp, Sec. 20, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station VI.—North Slope of Greenstone Range, Sec. 32, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. Station VII.—Lake Desdér, T. 64 N., R. 32 W. Station VIII.—West End of Siskowit Bay, T. 64 N., R. 32 W. Station IX.—Southwestern End of Minong Trap Range, Sec. 30, T. 64 N., R. 39 W. Station X.—Washineton Harbor, T. 64 N., R. 38 W. NOTES ON THE PLANTS OF THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS AND ISLE ROYALE, MICHIGAN. A. G. RUTHVEN. This list has been prepared from the collections and field notes of Mr. N. F. Macduff, and the field notes of the writer.. To Mr. Macduff, who devoted his time to collecting and listing the plants, many of the determina- tions and most of the annotations are due. The writer was able to add many localities to the list while locating the different stations. We are indebted to Dr. C. A. Davis and Mr. 8. Alexander for the determination of the Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes in the herbarium, and to Prof. B. Fink for the determination of the Lichens. The nomenclature followed is that given in Britton’s ‘“‘Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada,’ (1901). For the general habitat conditions and associations, reference should be made to the discussion of the stations on pp. 22-40, 48- 52. 1. PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS.* Lichens 1. Amphiloma (Pannaria) languinosum (Ach.) Koerb. Found only in shady places on the cliff face, III. 2. Biatora lucida (Ach.) Fr. Associated with Amphiloma languinosum on the cliff face, III. 3. Cladonia alpestris (L.) Rabenh. Occurs in mats, covering the talus blocks toward the bottom of the slopes where a slight soil has accumulated, Athi 4, Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Hoffm. Abundant on the lower part of the talus slopes with C. alpestris, also on ledges of the cliff that possess a slight soil, I1I, and in the pine zone, III. 3. 5. LEndocarpum miniatum (L.) Sch. Covering the rocks in very damp places on the banks of Carp creek, VI. 6. ce aa (Umbilicaria) vellea (L.) Nyl. Only found on the cliff faces tl. 7. Lecidea lactea Fk. This species is one of the pioneer forms on rock habitats and was found associated with Parmelia conspersa and Lecanora cinerea on the mountain top, cliff face and talus slopes, III; also on the Middle Beach of Lake Superior, I. | 8. Lecanora conspersa. With Parmelia conspersa and Lecidea lactea on ledges on the cliff, and on the talus slopes, III. Apparently a pioneer form in rock habitats. 9. Lecanora cinerea (L.) Sommerf. A pioneer form in rock habitats, *A list of plants from the Porcupine Mountains was published by W. A. Burt in 1848. Jackson, . Ist Sess. 31st Cong., Vol. 3, pp. 876-882. 76 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. occurring on the Middle Beach of Lake Superior, I, and on the mountain top, cliff and talus slopes, ITT. 10. Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach. This is the most characteristic form on rock habitats in this region. It occurs abundantly on the Middle Beach of Lake Superior, I, and on the mountain top, cliff, and talus slopes, eh: 11. Peltidea (Peltigera) aphthosa (L.) Ach. Found quite commonly on rocks in the pine zone, III. 3, and with the Cladonias near the bottom of the talus slopes, III. 12. Stereocaulon coralloides Fr. On the mountain top, cliff, and talus slopes, III. 13. Sticta pulmonaria (L.) Schau. Occasional on the trunks of fallen tamarack trees, IV. 4 Ophioglossaceae Presl. Adder’s-Tongue Family. 14. Botrichium virginianum. (L.) Sw. In the climax forest, II. 2, IV. 3 ML. Osmundaceae R. Br. 15. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. Occasional in the alder thickets along Carp river, IV. 2. 16. Osmunda claytoniana L. Clayton’s Fern. In hardwood forest, II. 2, VI, (Macduff). j Polypodiaceae R. Br. Fern Family. 17. Polypodium vulgare L. In exposed situations, occurring commonly on the Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I; on the bald areas on the mountain top, III. 2,5,6; in the aspen zone, II. 5, and III. 1, 4; inthe pine zone, III. 3, and on the lower parts of the talus slope. 18. Adiantum pedatum L. Maiden-hair Fern. Common in the meso- payiue forest, 11:2, .1Vi 93, VE. 19. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Brake. In open places in the forest, II. 2, [V. 3, VI, becoming more abundant in the open woods toward the top of the ranges and on the foot of the talus slope. Especially abundant in the aspen zone bordering the mountain top, II. 5, III. 1, 4. Also in the pine zone, III. 3. 20. Asplenium trichomanes L. Spleenwort. In rock crevices on the mountain top, III. 2, 5, 6, and on ledges and in crannies on the cliff face, III. 21. Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. MHolly-fern. In rock crevices on the mountain top, III. 2, 5, 6; on ledges on the cliff face, and in front of the forest on the lower part of the talus slopes, III. 22. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz) Kuntze. In the hardwood forest, II. 2. Common. 23. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. In the alder thickets along Carp river, IV. 2, and on the banks of Carp creek, VI. Equisetaceae Michx. Horsetail Family. 24. Equisetum sylvaticum L. In the forest in the valley of Carp river. IV. 3, and on Government Peak, VI, (Macduff). 25. Hquisetum litiorale Kuehl. On the delta of Carp river, V. 2. 26. Equisetum fluviatile L. On the submerged part of the delta in Carp Lake, V. 2; about the margin of Carp Lake, V. 1, and about the margin and on the delta of Little Carp Lake, VII. 1. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. rire 27. Equisetum hyemale L. About the shores of Carp Lake, V. 1, and on the delta, V. 2. Lycopodiaceae Michx. Club-Moss Family. 28. Lycopodium selago L. Common in the aspen zone, II. 5; also found in the pine zone, III. 3. 29. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. A common plantin the ground cover of the hardwood forest, II. 2; VI. 30. Lycopodium clavatum L. Running Pine. In the arbor vitae swamp, II. 1; in the hardwood forest, II. 2, and in the aspen zone, II. 5, III. 1, 4. 31. Lycopodium complanatum L. Common in the aspen zone, II. 5, Ill. 1, 4. Often extending out on the heath mats. Pinaceae Lindl. Pine Family. 32. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. Large isolated trees occur through the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI. More abundant in the aspen zone, Il. 5. Occurs principally as a scattered growth with P. resinosa on the heath mats on the mountain top, on the ledges on the cliff face, and on the talus . slopes, III, forming belts of denser growth where the cliff face is broken by large ledges. 33. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red or Norway Pine. Associated about equally with P. strobus on the mountain top, cliff, and talus slopes, III. Not present in the hardwood forest. 34. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Gord. Labrador or Gray Pine. Several specimens observed on the heath mat on the mountain top, III. 5. 35. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. American Larch. Tamarack. Occasional in the cassandra and alder thickets along Carp river, IV. 2, in the broader portions of the flood-plain, and about the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2; often forming in the last two habitats a zone with Picea canadensis and Abies balsamea between the alder thickets and the deciduous forest of the slopes. Predominates in peat bogs, forming a nearly pure stand, IV. 4. 36. Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White Spruce. Occasional in the arbor vitae swamp, II. 1; in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4; in the coniferous zone behind the alder thickets in the valley of Carp river, IV, and about the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VIF. 2. 37. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. This tree nearly always forms a small portion of the tree cover in the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI. Occasionally, as at the foot of the north slope of the first range and on the south slope of the second range, it predominates, forming dense forests with little underbrush. 38. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. Widely distributed, occurring, but never predominating, in the climax forest, II. 2, 1V. 3, VI. It also occurs with the Spruce and Tamarack in the coniferous society in the valley of Carp river, IV. 2; about the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2, and in the tamarack, IV. 4, and arbor vitae swamps, II. 2; being more abundant in these coniferous societies. 39. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar. Arbor Vitae. This tree, occurs in the rock crevices on the Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I; occasionally on the cliff face, III, and about the margins of Carp, V, and Little Carp Lakes, VII. It is more characteristic, however, of the swampy areas at the foot of the north slope, II. 1, and in the river valleys, IV. 2, where it forms a dense and almost impenetrable growth. 78 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. 40. Juniperus nana Willd. Low Juniper. Characteristic of the “bald” areas of the mountain top, III. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, spreading out from the crevices as circular mats over the rocks. Taxaceae Lindl. Yew Family. 41. Taxus canadensis Marsh. Ground Hemlock. Forms, with re Sugar Maples, the principal undergrowth of the hardwood ‘forest, TM: LY: 3, VI. Naiadaceae Lindl. 42. Potamogeton natans L. Common Floating Pond-weed. Occasional in Carp river, IV. 1, and forms a well defined zone in shallow water about the margin of Carp Lake, Vet. \ has bees Alismaceae DC. Water-Plantain Family. 43. Sagittaria sp. Arrow-head. Near the margin of the water on the mud flats, IV. 1, and delta, V. 2, of Carp river. Vallisneriaceae Dumort. Tape-grass Family. 44. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape-grass. Forms extensive mats in the shallow water at the west end of Carp Lake, V. 1, and occasionally about the margin of Little Carp Lake, VII. 1. Gramineae Juss. Grass Family. 45. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. Slender Panicum. In the rock crevices on the mountain top, III. 2, 5, 6. 46. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Occasional in the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, and along the banks of Carp creek, VI. 47. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S. P. Rough Hair-grass. On the delta of Carp river, V. 2, and in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. 48. Calamagrostis canadensis. (Michx.) Beauv. Blue Joint-grass. In the cassandra zone, on the dryer parts of the mud flats, IV. 2, and delta V. 2, of Carp river, and in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. 49, Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.. Wavy Hair-grass. In the cassandra zone, IV. 2, and on the delta, V. 2, of Carp river; also in the beaver meadow, VII. 2, on Little Carp river. 50. Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Rattlesnake-grass. Cas- sandra zone, IV. 2, and delta, V. 2, of Carp river; also in the beaver meadow, VII. 2, on Little Carp river. Cyperaceae J. St. Hil. Sedge Family. 51. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Dulichium.” Near the sub- merged margins of the mud flats and deltas of Carp and Little Carp rivers. 52. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool-grass. In the cassandra zone and on the mud flats, IV. 2, and delta, V. 2, of Carp river; and on the mud flats and beaver meadow along Little Carp river, VII. 2. Also along the bank of Carp creek, VI. 53. Carex monile Tuckerm. A prominent sedge in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. cd 54. Carex riparia Curtis. In the cassandra zone and on the mud flats, ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 79 IV. 2, and delta, V. 2, of Carp river. Also about the shore of Carp Lake, V. 1. * 55. Carex filijormis L. In the cassandra zone, on the mud flats, IV. 2, and delta, V. 2, of Carp river; and in the beaver meadow and on the mud flats on Little Carp river, VII. 2. 56. Carex crinita Lam. On the banks of Carp creek, VI. 57. Carex viridula Michx. In the cassandra zone and on the mud flats IV. 2, and delta, V. 2, of Carp river; and in the beaver meadow and on the mud flats of Little Carp river, VII. 2. 58. Carex pubescens Myhl. Along the banks of Carp Creek, VI. Araceae Neck. Arum Family. 59. Spathyema foetida @.) Raf. Skunk Cabbage. Occasional in the alder thickets along Carp river, IV. 2, and along the banks of Carp Creek, VI. Eriocaulaceae Lindl. Pipewort Family. 60. EHriocaulon septangulare With. Seven-angled Pipewort. Common on the shores of Carp Lake, V. 1. Juncaceae Vent. Rush Family. 61. Juncus effusus L. Bog Rush. Common on the mud flats, IV. 2, and delta V. 2, of Carp river. Also abundant in the beaver meadow and on the mud flats on Little Carp river, VII. 2. 62. Juncus tenuis Willd. In the beaver meadow and on the mud flats of Little Carp river, VII. 2. 63. Juncus canadensis J. Gay. Canada Rush. In shallow water about the margin of Carp Lake, V, and Little Carp Lake, VII. 1. Convallariaceae Link. Lily-of-the-valley Family. 64. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow Clintonia. A very common form in the hardwood forests, II. 2, IV. 3, VI. 65. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Wild Spikenard. In the hardwood Forest, Ue 20h V.) Sy! Vi. Iridaceae Lindl. Iris Family. 66. Iris versicolor L. Larger Blue Flag. On the mud flats and in the cassandra and alder thickets along Carp river, IV. 2; also in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2, and in the arbor vitae swamps, II. 1. Orchidaceae Orchid Family. 67. Gyrostachys cernua (L.) Kuntze. Nodding Ladies Tresses. On the shores of Carp Lake, V. 1; on the delta, V. 2, and occasionally in the cassandra zones on Carp river, IV. 2. Also in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river Vitie2: 68. Peramium pubescens (Willd.) Mac M. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. Generally distributed through the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI; also occurring in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. Salicaceae Lindl. Willow Family. 69. Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. In the hard- wood forest bordering the beach of Lake Superior, I, the clearing, II. 2, and 80 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. mountain top, I]. 5, III. 1 and 4. Also on the lower part of the talus slope, III, and in burnings. 70. Populus tremuloides Michx. American or Quaking Aspen. The principal form-of the forest bordering open localities; adjoins the beach of Lake Superior, I, the clearing, II. 4, and the mountain top, II. 5, III. 1 and 4. Also conspicious on the lower part of the talus slopes, III, and in burnings, VI. 71. Salix spp. Willow. A number of willows occur in the alder and cassandra zones along Carp river, IV. 2; in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2, and in the aspen zone on the mountain top, II. 5. Myricaceae Dumort. Bayberry Family. 72. Myrica cerijera L. Wax-myrtle. In the cassandra zone along Carp river, IV. 2. Betulaceae Agardh. Birch Family. 73. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Iron-wood. Occasional in the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI. 74. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut. In the woods on the lower part of the talus slopes, IV. 3; pushing out beyond the forest with the birches and often extending well up the slope, III. 75. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper or Canoe Birch. Throughout the climax forest, IJ. 2, IV. 3, VI. Also a prominent form on the lower part of the talus slopes, IV. 3. 76. Betula lutea Michx. Yellow Birch. Occasional through the forest IJ. 2, IV. 3, VI. More conspicious in the hemlock forests. 77. Betula glandulosa Michx. Glandular or Scrub Birch. Common about the margin of the beaver meadow, VII. 2; with Alnus incana and several willows encroaching on the meadow. 78. Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch. Green or Mountain Alder. A few shrubs occur in the aspen zone bordering the mountain top, III. 5. 79. Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Nearly always present along streams, forming dense thickets. Along Carp river, IV. 2, between the cassandra and coniferous zones on wide parts of the flood-plain, and between the river and the forest where the flood-plain is narrow. Where a cassandra zone is present, there is nearly always a narrow strip of alders along the natural levees, separating the cassandra zone from the river. Also common about Carp Lake, V. 1; Little Carp Lake, VII. 1, and the beaver meadow, VII. 2. Fagaceae Drude. Beech Family. 80. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. A prominent form in the aspen zone, II. 5, Ill. 1, 4, bordering the mountain top. Also on the fine material at the top of the talus slope and on the ledges on the cliff face, III. 81. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Burr Oak. In the aspen zone, II. 5, bordering the mountain top. Nymphaeaceae DC. Water-lily Family. 82. Nymphaea advena Soland. Large Yellow Pond Lily. Abundant in Carp river, IV. 1, and near the margin of Carp Lake, V. 3. 83. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. and Wood. Sweet-scented White ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN, 81 Water Lily. Several specimens were found in Carp river, IV. 1, which was ‘the only locality in which it was observed. Ranunculaceae Juss. Crowfoot Family. 84. Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigold. In the alder thickets along Carp river, IV. 2; also common on the banks of Carp creek, VI. 85. Coptis trijolia (L.) Salisb. Gold-thread. Common in the hard- wood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI, and in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. Sarraceniaceae LaPyl. Pitcher-Plant Family. 86. Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant. Found commonly in the peat bog, IV. 4, and on a Sphagnum growth in the beaver meadow, VII. 2. Not observed elsewhere. Rosaceae B. Juss. Rose Family. 87. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. Eastern Ninebark. Upper Beach -of Lake Superior, I; in the aspen zone bordering the mountain top, II. 5, and on the rocky bluff at the east end of Little Carp Lake, VII. 88. Spiraea salicifolia L. American Meadow-sweet. In the cassandra zone on Carp river, IV. 2, and about the margin of the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. 89. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. White-flowering Raspberry. In the aspen zone about the clearing, II. 4, and mountain top, IL-5; in the open woods near the top’of the slope, IL. 2, and in burnings, VI. Very common in exposed situations. Locally known as,the Thimbleberry 90. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild RedRaspberry. On the Upper Beach of Laké Superior, I; in the aspen zone about the clearing, II. 4, and on the mountain top, II..5. Also at the foot of the talus slopes, III. 91. Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. High Bush Blackberry. Frequent in the cassandra zone, IV. 2, especially near the margin of the alder thickets. 92. Rubus hispidus Ge Rearines Swamp Blackberry. Common in the cassandra zone on Carp river, IV. 2, and in the beaver meadow, VII. 2. 93. Comarum palustre L. Marsh Cinquefoil. In the cassandra zone, IV. 2, and on the delta of Carp river, V. 2, and in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2 94. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. In the cassandra zone, IV. 2,.and on the delta, V. 2 94a. Potentilla argentea L. Silvery Cinquefoil. In rock crevices on the Middle and Upper Beaches of Lake Superior, I. 95. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Common in the rock crevices on the mountain top and on the cliff face, and among the rocks on talus slopes, III. Pomaceae L. Apple Family. 96. Sorbus americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. Common on the Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I, and at the foot of the talus slopes, III. Also occurs on the rocky bluff at the east end of Little Carp Lake. 97. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. Black Chokeberry. Occasional on the lower part of the talus slopes, III. 98. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Juneberry. Common on the Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I; in the aspen zone bordering the mountain ot 82 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. top, II. 5, III. 1, 4; on the ledges of the cliff; at the bottom and top of the talus slopes, III, and in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. 99. Crataegus sp. Thorn-apple. Occasional on the cliff face and on the fine material at the top of the talus slopes, III. Drupaceae DC. Plum Family. 100. Prunus pumila L. Dwarf Cherry. On the Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I, and in burnings, VI. 101. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Common on the lower parts of the talus slopes and on the finer material at the top, II, Also occurs on the ledges of the cliff, III, and in burnings, VI. Papilionaceae L. Pea Family. 102. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach Pea. Upper and Middle Beaches of Lake Superior, I. 103. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling. ‘Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I. . Anacardiaceae Lindl. Sumac Family. 104. Rhus glabra L. Scarlet Sumac. In the aspen zone about the clearing, II. 4, and mountain top, II. 5. Also scattered over the talus slopes, III. 105. Rhus microcarpa (Michx.) Steud. Northern Poison Oak. On the talus slopes and cliff face, ILI. . Aceraceae St. Hil. Maple Family. 106. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar or Rock Maple. The principal forest tree of the region, forming, with a small portion of Balsam Fir, Bass- wood and Hemlock, the climax forest of the region, II. 2, IV. 3, VI. 107. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. Occurs as a scattered under- growth in the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI; becoming more abundant in the open woods toward the talus slopes, III, mountain top, II. 5, and beach of Lake Superior, I. Rhamnaceae Dumort. Buckthorn Family. 108. Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea. A prominent plant in the heath society on the mountain top, III. 2, 5, 6, and at the foot of the talus slope. Also occurs on the finer material at the top of the talus slope and on ledges of the cliff. Vitaceae Lindl. Grape Family. 109. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia Creeper. Occas- ional on the talus slopes and cliff face, ILI. Tiliaceae Juss. Linden Family. 110. Tilia americana L. Basswood. Occasional in the hardwood forest, Pee) V3. Vi. ’ ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 83 Hypericaceae Lindl. St. Johns-wort Family. lll. Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Pale St. Johns-wort. On the delta, V. 2, and in the eassandra zone, IV. 2, on Carp river; and in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. Violaceae DC. Violet Family. 112. Viola spp. A number of species of violets occur in the forest, II, 2, IV. 3, VI., and in the alder thickets, IV. 2. Eleagnaceae Lindl. Oleaster Family. 113. Lepargyraea canadensis (L.) Greene. Canadian Buffalo-berry. Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I. Onagraceae Dumort. Evening-primrose Family. 114. Chamaenerion angustijolium (L.) Scop. Fire-weed. In the clearing, II. 3, at the foot of the talus slopes, III, and almost universally in burn- ings, VI. 115. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Common Evening-primrose. In the rock crevices on the mountain top, III. 2, 5, 6. Also on ledges on the cliff face. Haloragidaceae WX). and Garke. Water-milfoil amily. 116. Myriophyllum sp. Water-milfoil. The common aquatic plant in Carp river, IV. 1, Carp Lake, V. 3, and Little Carp Lake, VII. 1. Araliaceae Vent. Ginseng Family. 117. Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Common throughout the forest, Tl: 2° 9V.'3;, VI. Umbellijerae B. Juss. Carrot Family. 118. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow-parsnip. Common in the clear- Dries TT.) 3: Cornaceae Link. Dogwood Family. 119. Cornus canadensis L. Low or Dwarf Cornel. Generally distributed, occurring in the hardwood forest, II. 2, VI; in the aspen zone, I. 5, and extending, to some extent, on the heath mat beyond the aspen zone on the mountain top, III. 2, 3, 5,6. Also common in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. 120. Cornus circinata L’ Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Common in the aspen zone, II. 5, about the mountain top; and at the bottom and top of the talus slopes, III. 121. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Quite common in the alder zone along Carp river, IV. 2, Carp Lake V. 1, Little Carp Lake, VII. 1, and in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. Pyrolaceae Agardth. Wintergreen Family. 122. Chimaphila wmbellata (L.) Nutt. Pipsissewa. Prince’s Pine. Occas- ionally in the hardwood forest, II. 2, and in the pine zone, III. 3. 84 \ MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. Monotropaceae Lindl. Indian-pipe Family. 123. Monotropa uniflora L. Indian-pipe. In damp shady places in the climax forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI. Ericaceae DC. Heath Family. 124. Ledum groenlandicum Oder. Labrador Tea. Common in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4 125. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Dwarf Cassandra. Form- ing dense thickets in the wider parts of the flood-plain of Carp river, IV. 2. Also present, but not forming extensive thickets, about the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. 126. Epigaea repens L. Trailing Arbutus. Occasionally seen in the pine zone on the mountain top, III. 3 127. Gaultheria procumbens L. Creeping Wintergreen. A common plant in the undergrowth-of the een zone, II. 5, III. 1 and 4, and in the heath mats on the i ald areas, III. 2, 5, 6. 128. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) ER TeP Red Bearberry. The prin- cipal heath plant ms the aspen zone, II. 5, III. 1, 4, and in the mats on the mountain top, III. 2, 5, 6. Also oceurs on ‘ledges of the cliff, at the bottom and top of the talus | “yam III, and on the Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I. Vacciniaceae Lindl. Huckleberry Family. 129. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Great Bilberry. Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I, and in the aspen zone on the mountain top, II. 5. 130. Vaccinium canadense Richards. Canada Blueberry. In a moist ravine through the hardw eae forest in the valley of Carp river, IV. 3, and in the tamarack sw amp, IV. 131. Vaccinium es Se ae Lam. Dwarf or Low-bush Blueberry. A prominent form in the. undergrowth of the aspen zone Sse Le the mountain top, II. 5, and in the heath mat on the bald areas, III. 2, 5, 6. Also on ledges on the cliff face, at the top and bottom of the talus slopes, LI, and on the U pper Beach of Lake Superior, I. 132. Vaccinium nigrum (Wood) Britton. Low Black Blueberry. Asso- ciated with V. ataaegientlaie WY the aspen zone on the mountain top, II. 5, III. 1, 4; on the bare top, III. 2,5, 6; on ledges on the cliff face, and on the talus slopes, III. 132. Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. and G. Creeping Snowberry. Common in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. Oleaceae Lindl. Olive Family. 134. ee americana L. White Ash. Occasional in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4; with the conifers and alders in broad pero of the flood plain of Carp river, IV. 2, and about the beaver meadow, VII. 135. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Associated with r americana. Asclepiadaceae Lindl. Milkweed Family. 136. a ee incarnata LL. Swamp aes e Occasional in the cas- sandra zone, IV. 2, and on the delta, V. 2, of Carp river. Also in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 85 Labiatae B. Juss. Mint Family. 137. Scutellaria sp. Skulleap. An unidentified species a this genus occurs commonly in the alder thickets along Carp river, IV. 2, and along Carp creek, VI. Scrophulariaceae Lindl. Figwort Family. 138. Melampyrum lineare Lam. Narrow-leaved Cow-wheat. In the aspen zone bordering the mountain top, I. 5, Lil. 1, 4. Lentibulariaceae Lindl. Bladderwort Family. 139. Utricularia cornuta Michx. Horned Bladderwort. On the beach of Carp Lake, V. 1. Rubiaceae B. Juss. Madder Family. 140. Galiuwm triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented or Fragrant Bedstraw. Common in the more open woods near the top of the first ridge, II. 2. -Caprifoliaceae Vent. Honeysuckle Family. 141. Viburnum opulus L. High Bush-cranberry. Along ‘the banks of Carp river, IV. 2, and about the shores of Little Carp Lake, VII. 1. 142. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. Few-flowered Cranberry-tree. On Carp river in the cassandra zone, IV. 2, and tamarack swamp, IV. 4; also about the shores of Little Carp Lake, VII. 1. 143. Linnaea americana Forbes. American Twin-flower. Of general distribution throughout the hardwood forest, I1.2, IV.3, VI; becoming more abundant toward the top of the slopes and in the aspen zone bordering the mountain top, II. 5. 144. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (Robbins) Britton. Low Snowberry. In the aspen zone bordering the mountain top, II. 5, ILI. 1, 4. 145. Lonicera oblongijolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle. In the shrub zone of the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. 146. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American Fly Honeysuckle. In the hard- wood forest, II. 2, and VI. 147. Diervilla diervilla (L.) Mae M. Bush Honeysuckle. Common in the aspen zone bordering the clearing, IJ. 4, and mountain top, II. 5, III. 1, 4. Also occurs on the lower part of the talus slopes, III. Campanulaceae Juss. Bell-flower Family. 148. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. In the rock crevices of the Middle and Upper Beaches of Lake Superior, I, and mountain top, III. 2, 5, 6. Occasional on ledges of the cliff and on the talus slopes, III. 149. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. | Marsh Bellflower. In the cas- sandra zone, IV. 2, and on the oo V. 2, of Carp river; and in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 150. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale. “Spiked Lobelia. In the rock crevices of the Middle Beach, and on the thin soil on the Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I. 86 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. Compositae Adans. Thistle Family. 151. Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-pye-weed. In the cassandra zone IV. 2, and on the delta, V. 2, of Carp river; and in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. 152. Solidago bicolor L. White Goldenrod. In the rock crevices and on the thin soil of the mountain top, III. 2, 5, 6. 1538. Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender Goldenrod. In the crevices on the bare mountain top, II. 2, 5, 6. The specimens collected, according to Dr. C. A. Davis, are not typical but are nearest to this form. 154. Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog Goldenrod. Common in the cassandra zone, IV. 2, and on the delta, V. 2, of Carp river, and in the beaver meadow of Little Carp river, VII. 2. 155. Solidago neglecta T. and G. Swamp Goldenrod. Middle and Upper Beaches of Lake Superior, I, and in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river,, Vid... 2. 156. Solidago juncea Ait. Early or Sharp-toothed Goldenrod. Common in the aspen zone, II. 5, and on the bare mountain top, III. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. 157. Huthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Associated with S. juncea, EBD 5 Rie es eo 158. Aster divaricatus L. White Wood Aster. Apparently of general distribution in the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI. 159. Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster. Occasional in damp shady woods, Lh.) 2)1Ve 3) Vi. te 160. Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall or Wild Wormwood. Occasional in the aspen zone surrounding the mountain top, II. 5, III. 1, 4. 2. ISLE ROYALE. Polypodiaceae R. Br. Fern Family. 1. Polypodium vulgare L. In the rock crevices on the end of the Minong Trap Range, IX, and in the rock crevices and on the shingle beach at Siskowit Bay, VIII. 2. Adiantum pedatum lL. Maiden-hair Fern. Occasional in the Balsam Fir and Spruce woods, VI. 3. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Brake. In the coniferous forest on the north side of the Greenstone Range near the shore of Lake Desor. Also about the margin of the clearing, I. 4. Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Underw. On the shores of Siskowit Bay, VIII. Equisetaceae Michx. Horsetail Family. 5. Equisetum arvense L. On the shore of Siskowit Bay, VIII, and on the shores of the islands in Lake Desor, VII. Lycopodiaceae Michx. Club-moss Family. 6. Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground Pine. In the tamarack and spruce woods in the valley of Washington river, II. 7. Lycopodium annotinum L. On the beach at Grace Harbor; with the heaths on the Minong Trap Range, IX, and in the coniferous forest, VI. 8. Lycopodium clavatum LL. Running Pine. In the coniferous and de- ciduous forests, VI, and III; on the beach at Grace Harbor, and on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 87 9. Lycopodium complanatum L. In the alder thickets alonggWashington ‘river, II. and with the heaths on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. Isoetaceae Underw. Quillwort Family. 10. Jsoetes sp. Among the rocks in shallow water about the islands in Lake Desor, VII. Pinaceae Lindl. Pine Family. 11. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. Large isolated trees occur scattered through the forest, III, and VI. Young trees occur on the jutting promon- tories on the southwestern end of the island, IX. A few trees also occur with P. resinosa on a small strip of rock beach on the north shore of Lake Desor, VII. 12. Pinus resinosa Ait. Norway or Red Pine. Large trees occur occas- ionally in the coniferous forest on exposed slopes, VI. A few trees were also found on the rocky promontory, IX, and with P. strobus on a small strip of exposed beach on the north shore of Lake Desor, VII. 13. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. Occurs along the flood-plains of the streams, where the valleys are broad, II, IV. It becomes more abundant in bogs, forming a nearly pure stand, V. Also occurs occas- ionally in the old beach pools on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 14. Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White Spruce. Generally dis- tributed. It occurs with the Tamarack and Black Spruce on the flood- plains, II, IV, and forms an important part of the coniferous forest of the slopes, VI, but becomes less abundant toward the top of the higher ridges, III. With the Balsam Fir and Paper Birch, it succeeds the heaths and Arbor Vitae on the rocky promontories, IX. 15. Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S. P. Black Spruce. This tree is associated with the Tamarack and White Spruce on the flood-plains of the streams, II, IV. It also occurs occasionally in the old pools on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 16. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. This tree is generally dis- tributed, occurring in the river valleys, II, IV, and on the ridges, III, VI. It apparently forms, with the White and Yellow Birch and White Spruce, the principle forest of the island. 17. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar. Arbor Vitae. This tree is most abundant in the valleys along streams, IV, where it occasionally forms dense growths. It is also found, however, on the shores of Lake Desor, VII, and about Washington Harbor, X; while on the Minong Trap promon- tory, IX, it is the first tree to gain a foothold, and may be seen growing in the crevices, nearly prostrate on the rock. 18. Juniperus nana Willd. Low Juniper. Common on the rock surfaces. of the Minong Trap promontory, IX. Taxaceae Lindl. Yew Family. 19. Taxus canadensis Marsh. Ground Hemlock. This is one of the most characteristic forms of the Isle Royale forest. It forms a dense and almost impenetrable undergrowth throughout the coniferous woods, VI, but it is not as abundant in the flood-plain societies, Il, IV. In the bags it may be nearly or entirely wanting, and in the deciduous forest along the top of the Greenstone Range, III, it is often replaced over small areas by Corylus rostrata. 88 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. Sparganiaceae Agardh. Bur-reed Family. 20. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. In the margin of Washington river near its mouth, II, and about the shores of Lake Desor, Vir Gramineae Juss. Grass Family. 21. Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. Reed. Along the margin of Washington river near its mouth, II, and about the shores of Lake Desor, VII. Cyperaceae J. St. Hil. Sedge Family. 22. Carex intumescens Rudge. Along Washington river, II. 23. Carex retrorsa Schwein. Along Washington river, II. 24, Carex trisperma Dewey. Along Washington river, II. 25. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Along Washington river, II. Araceae Neck. Arum Family. 26. Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf. Skunk Cabbage. In alder thickets, along Washington river, II, and Washington creek, IV. Juncaceae Vent. Rush Family. 27. Juncus effusus L. Soft or Bog Rush. Along the shore of Washing- ton river, II. Convallariaceae Link. Lily-of-the-Valley Family. 28. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. In the forests on the flood-plain of Washington river, II, and on the adjacent ridges, III, VI. 29. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Wild Spikenard. In the alder thicket near the mouth of Washington creek, IV. 30. Vagnera trijolia (L.) Morong. Three-leaved Solomon’s Seal. Found commonly in the alder thickets along Washington river, II, and Washington creek, IV. dl. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.- In the alder thicket along Wash- ington creek, IV. 32. Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. Hairy Solomon’s Seal. In moist places in the coniferous forest, VI. Iridaceae Lindl. Iris Family. 33. Iris versicolor L. Large Blue Flag. In low places about the shores of Lake Desor and on the smaller islands, VII. Orchidaceae Lindl. Orchid Family. 34. Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. On the shores of Siskowit Bay, VIII, and Grace Harbor. : 35. Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MaeM. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. Common in the coniferous forest, VI. Salicaceae Lindl. Willow Family. 36. Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. In burnings and on the margin of clearings. Found in the large clearings at Siskowit ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 89. Bay, VIII, and Washington Harbor, I; and on the cliffs along the northwest ‘shore of the island. 37. Populus tremuloides Michx. American Aspen. This tree occurs in the same conditions as P. grandidentata but is more abundant. It was abundant in the burnings and clearings at Siskowit Bay, VIII, and Washing- -ton Harbor, I. It also occurs on the rocky promontories at the southwest end of the island, IX, on the cliffs along the northwest shore of the Isle, and on the smaller islands in Lake Desor, VII. It prefers dry open habitats and is one of the first trees to encroach on the clearings. 38. Salix spp. Willow. Several undetermined willows occur in the alder zone along the streams, II, IV, and about Lake Desor, VII. Betulaceae Agardh. Birch Family. 39. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut. As underbrush through the forest, III, VI, with the Ground Hemlock. Often forming in small areas a nearly pure stand. 40. Betula papyrijera Marsh. Paper or Canoe Birch. Of general dis- tribution, being a prominent form in the coniferous and deciduous forests, although it predominates in neither. It is the chief deciduous tree on this part of the island, owing to its general distribution. 41. Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. This birch is of general dis- tribution in the forests of the slopes, VI, and river valleys, II, but is apparently more abundant in the former. 42. Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Forms extensive thickets along the streams, II, IV, about the shores of the Isle, and on low ground around Lake Desor, VII. Santalaceae R. Br. Sandalwood Family. - 43. Comandra livida Richards. Recorded by Mr. Macduff as occurring in an alder thicket near the mouth of Grace creek. Nyphaeaceae DC. Water Lily Family. 44. Castalia odorata (Dryand) Woodv. and Wood. Sweet-scented White Water Lily. In a small shallow bay at the west end of Lake Desor, VII. The only place observed. - Ranunculaceae Juss. Crowfoot Family. 45. Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigold. This species seemed to be characteristic of the alder thickets, II, IV. 46. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold-thread. Of general distribution in the river valleys, II, IV, and V, and on the slopes, III and VI. Saxifragaceae Dumort. Saxifrage Family. 47. Mutella nuda L. Occasional in the Tamarack and Spruce forests along Washington river, II, and in the Balsam and Spruce forests of the slopes, VI. Rosaceae B. Juss. Rose Family. 48. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. Eastern Ninebark. About the shores of Siskowit Bay, VIII; on the Minong Trap promontory, IX, and about the shores of the islands in Lake Desor, VII. 12 90 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. . 49. Spiraea salicifolia L. Willow-leaved or American Meadow-sweet. This shrub was found along Washington river, II, between the alder and sedge zones, where the latter was well developed. 50. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. White-flowering Raspberry. In sunny spots in the woods, III, VI, also along the shore of Washington Harbor, X. 51. Rubus arcticus L. Arctic Raspberry. Inthe bogs, I1V,and V. Appar- ently not common. 52. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. In burnings and clearings, Siskowit Bay, VIII, and at Washington Harbor, I. 53. Potentilla argentea L. Silvery or Hoary Cinquefoil. On the shingle beach at Siskowit Bay, VIII. 54. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Three-toothed Cinquefoil. On the shingle beach and in the rock crevices at Siskowit Bay, VIII, and in the rock crevices on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 55. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Shrubby Cinquefoil. In the rock crevices on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. Pomaceae L. Apple Family. 56. Sorbus americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. In rocky ex- posed situations, especially about the shores of the island and on the islands in Lake Desor, VII. 57. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. June-berry. On the shore at Siskowit Bay, VIII, and Grace Harbor; also in burnings and clearings, and on the small islands in Lake Desor, VII. Drupaceae DC. Plum Family. 58. Prunus pumila L. Sand Cherry. In the clearing at Siskowit Bay, VIII, and on the rocky bluffs along the northwest shore of the island. 59. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. On the islands in Lake Desor, VII. Papilionaceae L. Pea Family. 60. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach Pea. On shingle beaches in the bays on the southwest end of the island (Macduff). 61. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling. As the last. 62. EHmpetrum nigrum L. Black Cranberry. With the heaths on thin soil on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. Aceraceae St. Hil. Maple Family. 63. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar or Rock Maple. Only found on the top of the Greenstone Range, III, where it predominates in a narrow strip along the crest of the ridge. This is the only hardwood forest on the south end of the island, and it is reported by Mr. Hollinger to extend the length of the island. 64. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. This shrub is generally distributed as undergrowth in the forest, III, VI, with Taxus canadensis and Corylus rostrata. Although more abundant than the latter, it does not form as large a proportion of the undergrowth as the former. Rhamnaceae Dumort. Buckthorn Family. 65. Rhamnus alnijolia L’Her. In the alder thickets, II, IV. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 91 . 66. Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea. With the heaths on the Minong Trap promontory, [X. Violaceae DC. Violet Family. 67. Viola spp. Violet. A number of species of violets were observed in the woods and alder thickets, but, as they were not in bloom, they were not identified with certainty. Haloragidaceae Kl. and Garcke. Water-milfoil Family. 68. Myriophyllum sp. ~ An unidentified species was abundant in Wash- ington river near the mouth, II. Araliaceae Vent. Ginseng Family. 69. Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Generally distributed throughout the forests of the slope, III, VI, and river valleys, II, IV. Cornaceae Link. Dogwood Family. 70. Cornus canadensis L. Dwarf Cornel. Generally distributed through the forests of the slopes, III, VI, and in the forest of the river valleys, I, IV, V. It also occurs with the heaths on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 71. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Occasional in the tamarack-spruce forests of the river bottoms, II, IV, V. Also about the shore of Lake Desor, VII. Pyrolaceae Agardh. Wintergreen Family. 72. Chimaphila wmbellata (L.) Nutt. Pipsissewa. Prince’s Pine. In damp woods, III, and VI. Monotropaceae Lindl. Indian-pipe Family. 73. Monotropa uniflora L. Indian-pipe. Occasional in shady situations in the forest, III, VI, and in the tamarack and spruce woods in the river valleys, II, IV and V. Ericacae DC. Heath Family. 74. Ledum groenlandicum OEder. Labrador Tea. In the tamarack- spruce forest, on the flood-plain of Washington river, II, and on the Sphagnum in old pools on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 75. Andromeda polifolia L. Wild Rosemary. In the tamarack and spruce woods on the flood-plain of Washington river, IT. 76. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Dwarf Cassandra. On the Sphagnum growth in old rock pools on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 77. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Red Bearberry. On the thin soil on the outer end of the Minong Trap promontory, [X. With the other heaths, it follows the crevice grasses and sedges. Vacciniaceae Lindl. Huckleberry Family. 78. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam. Dyarf or Low-bush Blueberry. Distribution as the last. 92 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. 79. Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. and G. Creeping Snow-berry. Common in the low tamarack-spruce woods along Washington river, Il, and Washing- ton creek, IV. Also in low spots in the slope forest, VI, and tamarack swamp, V. Oleaceae Lindl.. Olive Family. 80. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Occasional in the tamarack and spruce woods on the flood-plain of Washington river, II, and in the bog, V. Asclepiadaceae Lindl. Milkweed Family. 81. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. Occasional in the grass and sedge zone along Washington river near its mouth, II. Caprifoliaceae Vent. Honeysuckle Family. 82. Viburnum opulus L. High Bush-cranberry. In the tamarack and spruce woods, II, and about the shores of the islands in Lake Desor, VII. 83. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. Few-flowered Cranberry-tree. In a bog near the mouth of Grace creek (Macduff). 84. Linnaea americana Forbes. American Twin-flower. Of general distribution throughout the forest, II, III, VI. | 85. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly-honeysuckle. In the slope forest, VI, (Macduff). 86. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American Fly-honeysuckle. Occasional in the slope forests, VI, (Macduff). 87. Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacM. Bush Honeysuckle. In the clearings at Siskowit Bay, VIII, and Washington Harbor, I. Campanulaceae Juss. Bell-flower Family. ° 88. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. In the rock crevices on the Minong Trap promontory, IX, and in the rock crevices and on the shingle beach at Siskowit Ray, VIII. 89. Lobelia spicatiw Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia. In the rock crevices on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. Compositae Adans. Thistle Family. 90. Hupatorium purpureum L. Joe-Pye-Weed. Among the sedges along Washington river, II. Also on the Sphagnum in the abandoned rock pools, LX. 91. Huthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Bushy or Fragrant Goldenrod. On the shores of Siskowit Bay, VIII, and in the rock crevices on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 93 ANNOTATED LIST OF THE MOLLUSCS OF THE PORCUPINE MOUN- TAINS AND ISLE ROYALE, MICHIGAN. BRYANT WALKER AND A. G. RUTHVEN. This list has been prepared from the collections and field notes made by A. G. Ruthven. The species of Pisidiwm, Sphaertwm and Vertigo were identified by Dr. V. Sterki, the Slugs by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, and the re- mainder of the collection by Bryant Walker. 1. PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS. 1. Agriolimax campestris (Binn.). aoe species was found among the - fallen leaves in the hardwood forest, II. 2, and under a pine log in the aspen zone on the mountain top, III. 1. 2. Pallifera hemphilli (W. G. Binn.). As represented by the collections, this slug is quite generally distributed. It was found among the fallen leaves in the deciduous forest, II. 2; beneath a fallen pine log in ce pine zone, III. 1, and under the bark of a tamarack log, IV. 4. 3. Zonitoides arborea (Say). III. 1. A number of specimens of this species were taken under fallen pine trees among the bearberry and huckle- berry bushes in the aspen zone. IV. 4. Several specimens were found beneath the bark of decaying tamarack and cedar logs in the tamarack | swamp. VI. A few specimens were taken in the moist humus about the roots of ferns on the: bank of Carp creek, and among the moist decaying leaves on higher ground. 4, Zonitoides milium (Mse.). III. 2. Individuals of this species were collected in the dry earth about the roots of the New Jersey tea on the moun- tain top; in the humus about the roots of an arbor vitae in the cedar swamp, II. 1, and in the humus in the hemlock woods, II. 2. 5. Zonitoides exigua (Stimp.). Il. 2. A number of individuals were found among the fallen leaves in the hemlock and maple woods. Several were also found in decaying cedar and tamarack logs in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. 6. Vitrea ferrea (Mse.). IV.4. A few individuals of this species were taken in a fallen tamarack log in the peat bog. 7. Vitrea indentata (Say). Il. 2. Under dead moist leaves in the hard- wood forest. III. 1. Under fallen logs and in the soil in the aspen zone on the mountain top. III. 2. In the dry earth in crevices and held by the roots of the heath plants on the bare mountain top, and among the roots of the New Jersey tea in the aspen zone, III. 4. Also found under the bark ‘of fallen tamarack logs in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. 8. Vitrea multidentata (Binn.). III. 1. Several specimens were taken under the bark of a fallen pine in the aspen zone at the top of the first range. 9. Pyramidula alternata (Say). Il. 3. Specimens of this form were found crawling about on a log in the clearing, early in the morning while the dew was heavy. 10. Pyramidula striatella catskillensis Pils. This species was collected 94 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. among the damp leaves in the woods toward the bottom of the slope, II. 2, and near the top under fallen pine logs among the heath plants, III. 1. It was also found in the tamarack swamp, LV. 4, in decaying arbor vitae and tam- arack logs. 11. Pyramidula asteriscus (Mse.). IV. 4. Two were found beneath the bark of fallen tamarack trees in the peat bog. This is the only station at which this species was taken. 12. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say). Among the damp fallen leaves in the hardwoods, II. 2; near the bottom of the slope, III. 1; in fallen tamarack logs in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4; in the damp humus about the roots of ferns on the banks of Carp creek, VI. This species seems to prefer a damp habitat, and the dead shells found in the crevices of the cliff face and among the talus blocks were probably blown there. 13. Acanthinula harpa (Say). Ill. 2. A number of specimens were collected in the dry soil held by the grasses and heath plants on the mountain top. This is one of the characteristic molluscs of this exceedingly dry and exposed habitat. 14. Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). II. 1. A few specimens were collected in the damp humus among the roots of an arbor vitae in the swamp. II. 2. Found to oceur quite abundantly among damp leaves in the hardwood forest. III. 1. A few individuals were found under fallen logs among the huckleberry bushes in the aspen zone. III. 2. Several taken in the dry earth about the roots of New Jersey tea on the mountain top. IV. 4. A few found beneath the bark of fallen tamarack trees in the peat bog. 15. Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.). II. 2. Among the damp leaves in the hardwood forest; also found under fallen pine trees in the aspen zone, III. 1, and in decaying tamarack and arbor vitae logs in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4. 16. Polygyra albolabris (Say). III. 1. Several specimens were taken beneath fallen logs in the aspen zone on the mountain top, and among the damp leaves in the hardwood forest, VI. 17. Polygyra sp. [young, probably albolabris (Say)]. III. 2. In the dry earth about the roots of the pera on the mountain top. 18. Polygyra fraterna (Say). IL. On a log in the clearing after a heavy dew. VI. Among the damp ee in the forest. 19. Strobilops virgo (Pils. ). Found i ne the damp leaves of the hardwood forest near the bottom of the slope, II. 2; under logs in the aspen zone near the top, UU; m ee dry earth among i roots of the heath plants on the mountain top, III. 2, and among the roots of the blueberry in the aspen zone, Ill. 4. It was also ‘found in decaying tamarack logs in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4; a few in the humus beneath a hemlock on II. 2, and in the moist loam about the roots of ferns on the banks of Carp creek, VI. 20. Bifidaria curvidens (Gld.). This species was taken under logs in the aspen zone on the mountain top, III. 1, and on the bald areas, III. 2, in the dry earth held by the heath plants. 20a. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Taken in the Porcupine Mountains, and at Limestone Mountain in the summer of 1903. These specimens have only recently been identified and with the following species constitute the forms listed in the 1903 list as Vertigo sp. (Sixth Report Mich. Acad. Sci. 1904, p- 190). 20b. Vertigo ventricosa elatior Sterki. See 20a. 21. Cochlicopa lubrica morseana oo: This species was only found in damp leaves in the hardwood forest, II. 2, and in the moist humus on the banks of Carp creek, VI. “ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 95 22. Huconulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.). Il. 2. Among the damp - leaves in the hardwood forest. III. 1. Under fallen logs in the aspen zone about the mountain top. III. 2. In the dry soil in rock crevices and among grass roots near the brink of the precipice. VI. In the loam on the bank of Carp creek. 23. Succinea avara Say. III. 2. A few shells were found in crevices in the rock on the brink of the cliff. These specimens were probably blown here as the animal is said to prefer a damp habitat. 24. Carychium exile H. C. Lea. II. 2. Several individuals of this form were taken in a very moist place among fallen leaves in the hardwood forest. Also found in very wet humus about the roots of ferns on the banks of Carp ereek, VI. 25. Limnaea decollata Migh. Occurs quite frequently in the rock pools of the Middle Beach, and behind projecting outcrops on the Lower Beach of Lake Superior, I, where they were protected from the full force of the waves. 26. Limnaea desidiosa Say. I. Occurs quite numerously in the rock pools of the Middle Beach, and has been dredged in Lake Superior at a depth of 8 to 13 fathoms (Baker). 27. Physa sp. (too young to identify). IV. 1. Found on the under side of lily pads in Carp river. 28. Physa sayvi? Tapp. (young specimen). VI. Found in very damp leaves on the bank of Carp creek. 29. Physa ancillaria Say. var. I. In the rock pools of the Middle Beach of Lake Superior. 30. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Taken on the under side of lily pads and among the leaves of submerged water plants on Carp river, IV. 1, and on the larger stones forming the bottom near the shore of Carp Lake, V. 1. 31. Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker. V. 1. Found on the stones composing a strip of shingle beach on Carp Lake. 32. Planorbis exacuous Say. IV. 1. Taken on the under side of water lily leaves in Carp river. 33. Planorbis parvus Say. I. This species was found in several of the pools on the Middle Beach of Lake Superior, both on the bare rock and in the slight algal growth that lines the sides. It was also found among the leaves in the bottom of a pool formed by a spring in the forest, IJ. 2, and in considerable abundance on the under side of the larger rocks that lie loosely in the bed of Carp creek, VI. Dredged in Lake Superior at a depth of 8-13 fathoms (Baker). 34. Planorbis deflectus? Say. (immature). V. 1. Found on the small stones forming the bottom of Carp Lake just off shore. VII. 3. On the submerged sticks of a beaver dam on Little Carp river. 35. Planorbis hirsutus Gld. IV. 1. Among the leaves of a submerged aquatic plant in Carp river, about two feet below the surface of the water. 36. Ancylus parallelus Hald. IV. 1. On the stems and under side of lily pads in Carp river. ' 37. Valvata tricarinata (Say). V. 3. Among the leaves of submerged aquatic plants in Carp Lake. 38. Amnicola limosa (Say). IV. 1. Abundant on the stems and under side of lily pads, and among the leaves of submerged aquatics in Carp river. Also common on the stems and among the leaves of submerged aquatic plants in Carp Lake, V. 3. 39. Anodonta marginata Say. V. 1. Occurs quite numerously in Carp Lake, just off shore on a bottom of either silt or pebbles, and in considerable 96 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. numbers among the rushes on the delta of Little Carp river, VII. 1. VII. 3. One specimen was also taken on a mud flat in Little Carp river, near the lake. 40. Sphaerium simile (Say). V. 1. This species was found in the mud at the outlet of Carp Lake, and on the mud flats of Little Carp river, VII. 3. 41. Sphaerium rhomboideum (Say). YV. 1. Partially buried in the fine silt covering the bottom of Carp Lake just off shore. 42. Pisidium sp. V. 2. Beneath a partly submerged log on the delta of Carp river. 43. Pisidium sp. (immature). II. 2. Among the leaves in a spring pool in the hardwood forest. De TESTE RO NeAUEE 1. Agriolimax campestris (Binn.). Among fallen alder leaves on a wet flat along Washington river, II, and in the humus of the cedar swamp, IV. 2. Agriolimax? (specimen mutilated). VIII. One specimen taken on the under side of a stone in shallow water at Siskowit Bay. 3. Pallijera hemphilli (W. G. Binn.). IV. A specimen of this slug was found in swamp humus on Washington creek. 4. Vitrina limpida Gld. VI. Several specimens were taken in decaying spruce logs in the coniferous forest. Found also in the damp fallen leaves, in the deciduous forest, II. 5. Zonitoides arborea (Say). II. On Washington river among tke fallen leaves in an alder thicket on a wet mud flat, and among the leaves and under the bark of fallen spruce and birch trees on dryer ground. III. Found among the leaves and under the rocks in the deciduous forest. IV. A few specimens taken in the humus of a cedar swamp on Washington ~ ereek. V. Collected in the moss in the tamarack swamp. VI. Several found beneath the bark of fallen spruce trees in the coniferous forest. 6. Zonitoides milium (Mse.). Specimens of this form were collected among the leaves and in fallen birch logs in the deciduous forest, III; in the moss of the tamarack swamp, V, and beneath the bark of fallen spruce trees, VI. 7. Vitrea binneyana (Mse.). II. Taken among the fallen leaves in an alder thicket on a mud flat on Washington river, and in the moss in the coniferous forest bordering the river. Specimens were found under stones and among the fallen maple leaves in the deciduous forest, IIT; in the humus of the cedar swamp, IV; in the fallen spruce logs in the coniferous forest, VI, and in the moss of the tamarack swamp, V. A few specimens were also found in the moss among the bearberry bushes on the Minong Trap promontory, LX. 8. Zonitoides exigua (Stimp.). II. Found among the fallen leaves of an alder thicket on a very wet mud flat, and in the moss covering the ground in the coniferous forest bordering the river. Collected among the fallen leaves in the deciduous forest, III; in the moss of the arbor vitae swamp, IV, and in the moss of the tamarack swamp, V. Also found in the moss among the bearberry bushes on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 9. Pyramidula alternata (Say). III. Among the damp fallen leaves, beneath the bark of fallen birch logs, and under stones in the deciduous forest. 10. Pyramidula striatella (Anth.). This species was collected on Wash- ington river, II, among the fallen leaves of alders on a mud flat, andin the moss in the coniferous forest, bordering the river. It was also collected in ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 97 the deciduous forest, III, among the damp fallen leaves and under rocks; > in the humus of the cedar swamp, IV; inthe mossin the tamarack swamp, V, and in the moss among the heath plants on the Minong Trap promon- tory, IX. i. Pyramidula striatella alba (Walker). IJ. In the moss forming the ground cover of the coniferous forest. III. Several specimens were also collected among the damp fallen leaves in the deciduous forest. 12. Pyramidula asteriscus (Mse.). ILI. Taken among the fallen leaves in a moist ravine in the deciduous forest. 13° Acanthinula harpa (Say). II. This species was found to occur in the moss ground cover of the coniferous forest bordering Washington river; in the humus of the arbor vitae swamp, IV, and in the moss about the roots of the heath plants on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 14. Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). ILI. Several specimens of this form were collected among the damp fallen leaves in the deciduous forest. 15. Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.). II. Beneath the bark of a fallen log in the coniferous forest along Washington river, and among the fallen leaves in the deciduous forest, ILI. 16. Euconulus fulvus (Drap.). This shell was found beneath the bark of a fallen birch tree in the coniferous forest, Il; among the fallen leaves in the deciduous forest, III, and in the moss of the tamarack swamp, V. A few dead shells were also found in the sediment in the bottom of Grace creek. 17. Euconulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.). Collected in the moss and decaying logs in the coniferous forest on the flood-plain of Washington river, IL; among the fallen leaves in the deciduous forest, III, and beneath the bark of a decaying tamarack stump, V. 18. Vertigo ovata? Say. A defective specimen was found in the humus of the arbor vitae swamp, IV. 19. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Among the fallen leaves in the deciduous forest, III, and in the moss of the tamarack swamp, V. 20. Vertigo sp. In the moss about the foot of a tamarack, V. 21. Carychium exile H. C. Lea. This species was found among the fallen alder leaves on a very wet flat along Washington river, II, and among the fallen maple leaves in the deciduous forest, III. 22. Limnaea stagnalis L. var. This snail is very abundant about the shores of Washington Harbor, X. The specimens collected were attached to the larger rocks that are not readily moved by the action of the surf. 23. Limnaea n. sp.? (related to L. sumassit Bd., but probably undescribed). X. This form is also abundant in Washington Harbor, and with Limnaea stagnalis constitutes the characteristic molluscan life of this station. The specimens collected were found clinging to the rocks under the same conditions as L. stagnalis. It was also found to occur commonly in the rock pools on the Minong Trap promontory, IX. 24. Physa sayti Tapp. var. X. This form was found only in Washing- ton Harbor, where it occurs on the rocks near shore. 25. Physa sp. (probably sayi Tapp.). VIII. A few specimens were ee at Siskowit Bay, attached to stones in the back water pools on the each. 26. Physa sp. Under this head are grouped a number of immature shells collected in Lake Desor, VII, in the fine silt near shore and attached to large rocks about the islands; among the leaves of submerged aquatic 13 98 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. plants in Washington river, II, and attached to the rocks about the shore of Washington Harbor, X. 27. Aplexa hypnorum (L.). II. Found only among the fallen alder leaves on a wet flat on Washington river. 28. Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker. VII. This species was found in the silt near shore and on the rocks off the islands of Lake Desor. 29. Planorbis exacuous Say. II. A number of specimens were taken among the leaves of submerged aquatic plants in Washington river. it was also found on the rocks in shallow water about the islands of Lake Desor, VII, and in Washington Harbor, X. 30. Planorbis parvus Say. ILI. Collected among the leaves in the bed of a dry creek in the deciduous forest. Also found in the rock pools on the Minong Trap promontory, LX, and clinging to the rocks in shallow water about the islands of Lake Desor, VII. ' 31. Planorbis hirsutus Gld. This species was only found in Lake Desor, VII, where it occurs on the rocks in shallow water about the islands. 32. Valvata sincera lewisit Curr. VIII. A few specimens of this species were found on the rocks in a back water pool at Siskowit Bay. 33. Anodonta marginata Say. VII. Several specimens were collected in shallow water at the west end of Lake Desor, among a scattered vegetation of equisetum and water lilies. This is the only place where mussels were found on the south end of the island, with the exception of a broken shell in Washington Harbor, X, although a careful search was made for them about the shore of the harbor and in Washington river. 34. Pisidium abditum Hald. var. II. Several specimens were col- ected among the wet fallen leaves in the alder thicket, on the bank of Wash- Ington river. f i 35. Pisidium variabile Pme. II. Among the leaves of a submerged aquatic plant in Washington river. 36. Pisidium sp. Pisidia which could not be identified were collected on water plants in Washington river, II; in the silt in the bottom of Wash- ington creek running through the arbor vitae swamp, IV, and in the debris in the bottom of Grace creek, near its mouth. The following general observations on the collection will call attention to the specimens of special interest and to their faunal affinities. So far as Isle Royale is concerned, the fauna is purely boreal; the land species, as far as they go, are the same (with one exception) as those of the Porcu- pine Mountains, Ontonagon County. The only species not found in Onton- agon County is Pyramidula striatella Anth. The occurrence of the typical form of striatella on Isle Royale while the Ontonagon County form is uniformly var. catskillensis Pils., is very curious. Catskillensis is the characteristic form of Northern Michigan. It has been traced from Beulah, Benzie County, Mich. north through the Grand Trav- erse region, Mackinac Island and the St. Mary’s river, to Marquette, Baraga and Ontonagon Counties. At Charlevoix both forms occur, while specimens from Crooked Lake, Emmet County, are rather intermediate. On the main land of the Upper Peninsula thus far only the variety has been found. Among the aquatic species, however, Isle Royale furnishes some interest- ing forms. The form of Limnaea stagnalis is a peculiar and well marked ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. Sg one, quite different from any of the described forms. The occurrence of ‘the Limnaea related to L. sumassi Bd. on Isle Royale is a very interesting discovery, and, whether distinct or merely a variety of that form, is new to the Michigan fauna. Originally described from British Columbia L. sumassi is peculiarly a western species, and its occurrence so far east, if these shells are referred to it, is quite unexpected. Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker has not before ‘been listed in the Michigan fauna, as it was described since the last (1894) general catalogue of the Mollusca of the State was published. It is, however, a form of general distribution through the northern part of the st ate and occurs occasionally i in the southern counties. (Raisin river, Monroe Co. and Orchard Lake, Oakland Co.). The Pisidia are represented by several interesting forms, some of which are probably undescribed species, but the amount “of material is at present too meager to justify a decisive opinion. It is a matter of regret that this interesting group was not more largely represented in the collection. The collection from the Porcupine Mountains is necessarily largely the same as that made in 1903, and affords no occasion to vary the opinion as to the general character of the fauna already expressed in the report on these collections. * The specimens of Cochlicopa lubrica from the hardwood forest, I. 2, are the elongated slender form described by Doherty as morseana. It has not been listed before from this State. Acanthinula harpa and Zonitoides asteriscus are boreal species, the former hitherto found only at Beulah, Benzie Co., Char- levoix and Petoskey, and the latter at Charlevoix. Their occurrence on Isle Royale and in Ontonagon County are the first records for the Upper Peninsula. Pallijera hemphilli W. G. Binn. is a new species for Michigan and a very interesting one. It was originally described from Mount Mitchell, N. C. and Lulu, Hall Co., Ga. Dr. Pilsbry says, “It looks as though hemphilli might be a Canadian form which extends down the mountains. I have seen it also from the mountains in Pennsylvania.” *Sixth Report Mich. Acad. Science, 1904, p. 192. 100 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. SPIDERS AND INSECTS FROM THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS AND ISLE ROYALE, MICHIGAN. Po Gia, AalOA Ma \WTIN(E With the exception of the Odonata and Orthoptera, no attempt was made to make extensive collections of the different groups of invertebrates, and the lists comprise only the more characteristic forms in the different habitats studied. The collections were, for the most part, made by the author with the assistance of the other members of the party, except in the case of the ants which were collected largely by Mr. Otto McCreary. We are indebted to the following persons for the determination of the collections: Spiders.—Mr. Nathan Banks, U. $8. Department of Agriculture. Dragonflies.—Mr. E. B. Williamson, Bluffton, Ind. - Butterflies and Moths.—Prof. Arthur J. Snyder, Springfield, Idaho. Ants.—Dr. W. M. Wheeler, American Museum of Natural History. 1. SPIDERS FROM THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS. 1. Gnaphosa conspersa Thor. III. 1. Taken under a pine log among the dwarf huckle-and blueberry bushes in the aspen zone, August. 6. 2. Linyphia phrygiana Koch. I. Taken on the leeward side of pro- jecting outcrops of rock on the beach of Lake Superior, July 21. Also occurs in Europe (Banks). 3. Epeira trijolium Hentz. I. This spider occurs numerously along the beach of Lake Superior. It weaves its web behind projecting out- crops of rock, and when surprised runs swiftly into the rock crevices. The webs are often filled with small white moths, July 30. 4. Epeira patagiata Clerck. I. This species was found under the same conditions as Hpeira trifolium. Also occurs in Europe (Banks). 5. Lycosa gracilis Bks. ILI. 1. In a shallow hole in dead grass under a fallen pine log in the aspen zone, August 6. 6. Pardosa lapidicina Th. I. This species was taken on the beach of Lake Superior, July 30. It was observed quite frequently running about over the rocks, and dodging into the crevices when pursued. 7. Pardosa. sp. (probably lapidicina). I. Several immature specimens were taken on the rocks of the Lake Superior beach, July 21. 8. Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz. Il. 1. A specimen of this spider with its egg mass was taken on a cedar stump in the arbor vitae swamp, August 25. 2. SPIDERS FROM ISLE ROYALE. 1. Amaurobius sp. V. One specimen was found in the Sphagnum moss in a tamarack swamp, August 22. 2. Amaurobius bennetti Blackw. II. One specimen was taken in the moss ground cover of the balsam and spruce forest on the flood-plain of Washington river, August 26. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 101 3. Lycosa pratensis Em. IX. Several specimens were found in the “moss about the roots of the dwarf blueberry bushes on the Minong Trap promontory, September 2. 4. Xysticus sp. IX. One specimen was taken in the same habitat as the last, September 2. Mr. Banks remarks in a letter, concerning the collection, that these species are all fairly common throughout the northeastern United States. 3. DRAGONFLIES FROM THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS. 1. Calopteryx aequabilis Say. IV. 2. A male was taken among the alder bushes along Carp river, ‘August 5, and a female flying up the river, BVe Lj on August 12. 2. Lestes unguiculatus Hagen. II. 3. Amale was taken in the clearing on August 12. III. 2. Two females were taken on the “bald” crest of the first range, resting on goldenrods, July 18. IV. 2. One male was taken on a cassandra bush in the valley of Carp river, August 5. 3. Nehalennia irene Hagen. V..2. A female was collected on a grass stem on the delta of Carp river, August 12. 4. Enallagma hageni Walsh. V. 2. Twenty-one males and one female were taken on the delta of Carp river, on August 12, and four males on July 21. This is the only station at which this form was observed. It occurs here, however, abundantly, and is the characteristic species of this marsh. 5. Enallagma carunculatum Morse. V. 2. A single specimen of ihis form, a male, was taken on the delta of Carp river, August #2: 6. Enallagma sp. V.2. A male was taken on the delta of Carp river on August 12. 7. Ischnura verticalis Say. V. 2. A female was taken on the delta of Carp river, July 21, resting on a grass stem, and a male and female in the same locality on August Live 8. Hagenius brevistylus Selys. V. 1. Only one specimen of this form was collected, a female taken on ‘Carp Lake, on an alder branch overhanging the water, August 10. 9. Gomphus spicatus Hagen. A male was taken in the clearing, II. 3, on July 16, a female, flying about among the cassandra bushes on the flood-plain of Carp river, Iv. 2 2, August 5, and five males on the delta of Carp river, V. 2, July 21. The habitat of this form seems to be the marsh and river. The specimen taken in the clearing was the only specimen observed away from water. 10. Aeschna clepsydra Say. I. Several individuals resembling this form were observed, flying back and forth along the beach of Lake Superior on July 30. II. 3, 4. Two males and two females were taken about dusk on July 16, flying about the clearing and in arfd out among the surrounding aspens. V. 2. A male and female were captured in coitu among the erasses and sedges on the delta of Carp river, on August 8. IV. 1. “Individuals resembling this form were often seen in the ev ening, flying up and down Carp river, and along Little Carp river, VII. 3, and over the lake, VII. 1 on August 3. This species seemed to occur generally along the streams, except in the evening, when it was also observed flying back and forth in the woodland clearings. The individuals seen flying over Little Carp Lake often made sudden swerves close to the surface, and nearly every time, as they flew upward again, they were followed by the snout of a hungry dace, but in no instance observed was the fish successful. > 102 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. 11. Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen. Il. 3. One female was taken on July 16; many others were seen in the clearing at various times. II. 4. Five males and one female were taken in the aspen zone that surrounds the clearing, July 15 and 16. II. 5. Two males and two females were taken on the heath undergrowth in the aspen zone bordering the north side of the bald crest of the ridge, July 15. III. 1, 2. Several individuals of the genus, thought to be- long to this species, were seen at different times, flying about over the heath plants, and in the aspen zone on the mountain top. III. 3. One specimen was taken among the pines on July 19. III. 4. Two males and one female were taken on July 15 in the aspen zone that borders, on the east, the bald crest of the first range. IV. 2. Three males were taken among the cassandra bushes along Carp river on July 5. VII. 2. One taken and several seen on the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, August 3. This form seemed to occur most numerously in the cassandra zones and beaver meadows along the streams, although it was also observed to occur quite commonly in hard- wood clearings and on the bald erests. It is not strictly confined to the clearings, however, but seems to occur in equal abundance in the aspen zones. 12. Sympertum costiferum Hagen. I. One male was taken on July 30, flying about over the beach of Lake Superior. This was the only specimen taken. Three others which resembled this form were seen resting on the beach, but they eluded capture. None were observed at any other station. 13. | Plathemis..iydia. Drury...) VV.) Vy) V. 2) VIL. 2. * No specimens of this form were taken, but a dragonfly was observed several times on the mudflats of Carp river, on the marsh at the east end of Carp Lake, and on the beaver meadow, that can be referred to this species with little doubt. 4. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS FROM THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS AND ISLE ROYALE. a. Poreupine Mountains. 1. Argynnis cybele Fab. Il. 3. One specimen of this form was taken on the flower of a cow parsnip in the clearing, July 20, and one on a golden- rod on the mountain top, III. 2,on August 10. Argynnid forms resembling this species were often seen about the clearing, ‘“‘balds” and river valley, but how many of these were to be referred to the species, and to the following variety, was not determined. The observations and collections indicate that both the variety and typical forms prefer an open sunny habitat. 2. Argynnis cybele Fab. var. (near leto). For a discussion of this variety see Prof. Snyder’s comments on the collection at the close of the Isle Royale list. II. 38. One specimen was taken, flying about the clearing, July 21, and one on Carp river, IV. 2, flying about among the cassandra bushes on August 12. 3. Argynnis atlantis Edwards. Specimens of this species were collected on the beach of Lake Superior, I, August 11, in the clearing, II. 3, July 16, and in the valley of Carp river, IV. 2, August 12. 4. Phyciodes tharos Drury. 1. Two were taken, flying over the beach of Lake Superior, July 30 and August 11, and two on a harebell on July 17. II. 3. Two specimens were also found on a cow parsnip flower in the clearing, July 16. This species like the Argynnids, seems to prefer open sunny habitats. 5. Grapta gracilis Grote and Robinson. I. Five specimens were taken on the rocks and flying about over the beach of Lake Superior on August 11. Il. 3. One was collected in the clearing, August 7, and one on the face of the cliff, III. 6, August 11. This form is the characteristic butterfly of ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 103 the beach. The one captured in the clearing was the only one observed - there. They were numerous on the face of the cliff, but, owing to the diffi- culty in sealing the precipice, only one could be secured. Both on the cliff face and beach, they made but short flights when disturbed, and if not pursued soon settled on the rocks again. After alighting they settled close to the rocks with their wings outspread, now and then raising them above their back, but quickly lowering them again. 6. Grapta progne Cramer. I. One specimen of this butterfly was taken, flying over the beach of Lake Superior, August 11. 7. Vanessa j-album Boisduval and Leconte. This form was taken on the beach of Lake Superior, I, on August 11. Two individuals were collected in the clearing, II. 3, on August 5, and August 7. III. 2. One specimen was also found on the talus slope, July 21. 8. Vanessa antiopa Linn. I. One taken on the beach of Lake Superior, August 11. This butterfly was not often seen. It was twice recognized in the clearing, II. 3, once on the shore of Carp Lake, V. 1, and once in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2. 9. Basilarchia arthemis Drury. This form was found to occur on the beach of Lake Superior, I,-in the clearing and surrounding aspen zone, II. 3, 4, in the cassandra zone on Carp river, IV. 2, and in the beaver meadow. It is a very common form in this region, being apparently of general distribu- ‘tion in clearings 10. Thecla edwardsii Saunders. III. 2. One specimen was collected on a goldenrod on the mountain top, August 10. 11. Colias philodice Godart. I. Two specimens were taken on hare- bells on the beach of Lake Superior, August 30, and three flying about, August 11. II. 3. One was found on a cow parsnip in the clearing, August 7. “Yellow” butterflies were not often observed 12. Catocala unijuga Walker. II. 3. One specimen was found in a crevice between the logs of the camp shack in the clearing, August 5. 13. Hypoprepia miniata Kirby. III. 6. On a huckleberry bush on the “bald” mountain top, August 11. 14. Actias luna Linn. II. 2. A single specimen was taken on a hemlock, July’ 15. b. Isle Royale. Basilarchia arthemis and Colias philodice were both common in the clear- ings. One specimen of Vanessa antiopa was seen in a clearing, September 3. ce. Notes on the Collection of Butterflies, by Prof. A. J. Snyder. Of all the lot the most interesting are the two varieties of the female of Argynnis cybele, which so closely resemble the female of Argynnis leto as to startle one. The same form was found in the Lake Superior region by Mr. Bates of Chicago. I believe two specimens of this form are now in the col- lection of Mr. John Healey of Chicago. The two specimens listed above well illustrate geographic variation. Dr. Holland speaks of Carpenteriz, the variety of cybele found in New Mexico and Colorado, and claims a similar form is found in Labrador and Canada; also on the mountains of Carolina. The largest forms of cybele I have seen are from Tennessee. Argynnis leto is a western species common in Utah and some parts of Colorado. The dark female, at its best, is a handsome specimen, and that a female of cybele should be found in the Superior country is enough to make one question the ancestory of leto. Of one thing we are 104 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. certain, altitude and latitude both tend to make smaller and darker colored specimens of a species. 3. ANTS FROM THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS. 1. Formica impexa Wheeler.* III. 6. A colony of this form was found beneath a loose stone among the huckleberry bushes on the mountain top, August 12, 1904 (not 1902 as given by Wheeler). “Worker. Length 3.3—6 mm. “With the habitus of Formica ruja. Mandibles 8 toothed. Clypeus broadly rounded in front, not produced in the middle, carinate its entire length. Head excluding the mandibles, distinctly longer than broad even in the largest workers. Cheeks rather long, straight, subparallel. Posterior border of head straight, posterior corners rounded. Joints 1-4o0f antennal funiculus decidedly longer and more slender than the remaining joints. Thorax of the ruja type, but with the epinotum very low and rounded. Petiole rather thick anteroposteriorly, its anterior surface convex in profile, its posterior flattened, its edge, especially in smaller workers, very blunt. Seen from behind the node is produced upwards in the middle and is of rather variable outline, being notched in the middle in some specimens, but oftener more or less rounded. “‘Mandibles lustrous, finely and sharply striated. Surface of clypeus uneven. Frontal area shining. Remainder of body opaque, distinctly but finely shagreened. “Whole body and appendages covered with very minute white pubescence, which is rather sparse on the head and thorax, but dense and concealing the ground surface on the gaster. Body, antennal scapes, and legs covered with robust, obtuse, erect or suberect, whitish or yellowish hairs. On the gaster they are uniformly distributed and very conspicuous in certain lights. They are also very numerous and prominent on the upper surface of the thorax, clypeus, front, vertex, posterior corners and lower surface of the head. They are absent or very sparse on the cheeks, pleurae and coxae. On the legs they are prominent both on the flexor and extensor surfaces. “Head and thorax red. Gaster black. All specimens, even the largest are more or less infuscated as follows: Mandibles, anterior border of clypeus and apical half of funiculi dark reddish brown. ~ Ocellar triangle, upper surface of pro-and mesonotum, much of the upper portion of the ‘petiole, legs and coxae, except their articulations, more or less blackened. In the largest workers the fore coxae are largely red. Anal region and articula- tions of legs yellowish. In the smallest workers the infuscation is more extensive, involving the whole of the posterior portion of the head and the epinotum. “Described from es workers taken August 12, 1904 by Mr. O. McCreary from a colony nesting under a stone in the Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon county, Michigan. Ty pes in the American Museum of Natural History, cotypes No. 32,925 in the University Museum, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. . “FB. impexa is allied to F. oreas Wheeler and F. microgyna Wheeler, with which it agrees in having erect hairs on the antennal scapes. It differs from F. oreas in the much stiffer and less abundant erect and obtuse hairs on the head and thorax, the prominent hairs on the gaster, the longer head, more opaque surface of the head and thorax, ete. In most of these characters *Wheeler, W. M. New Species of Formica. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. His., X XI, p. 273, 1905. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 105 it also differs from the typical microgyna. The erect hairs on the gaster ‘of impexa are much more robust and obtuse than in the latter species. The new species also resembles F’. difficilis Emery and notably its var. consocians Wheeler, except in pilosity and the absence of any yellow color on the basal gastric segment. “Tt is very probable that the female of F’. impezxa is aberrant, either in being very diminutive like the females of F. difficilis and F. microgyna or in having an unusual color like the female of F. oreas. Until this sex of impeza is discovered there may be some doubt as to whether the form should be re- garded as a species distinct from rufa. That it differs very markedly in pilosity from all the hitherto described subspecies and varieties of ruja, there can be no doubt.” W. M. Wheeler. 2. Formica fusca L. var. subsericea Say. III. 6. On the rocks at the foot of the talus slope and at the foot of the cliff, August 12. Also found in an ant hill in the clearing, II. 8, and under the loose stones on the mountain top, III, August 6. 3. Formica fusca L. var. argentata Wheeler. III. 1, 2. A number of colonies were found under the loose rocks on the mountain top, especially among the heath plants. 4, Formica fusca L. var. neorufibarbis Emery. II. 4. A colony of this species was found in a decaying aspen log, August 8. 5. Formica lasioides Emery. var. picea Emery. III. 2. Collected under the loose stones on the mountain top, August 11. 6. Brachymyrmex heerti Mayr. subsp. depilis Emery. III. 6. Under stones on the mountain top, August 12. III. 2. Taken among the heath plants on the mountain top, July 18. 7. Tapinoma sessile Say. (small var.). III. 1. Under the stones in the aspen zone near the top of the first range, August 11, and on III. 6, under the loose stones on the side of the mountain near the top on August 12. 8. Camponotus herculeanus L. var. whympert Forel. III. 2. A colony was found in a dry decaying pine log on the bare mountain top, August 6. and in a decaying pine log on the mountain top, III. 6, August 12. 9. Lasius brevicornis Emery. III. 2. Beneath the loose rocks on the mountain top, August 11. 10. Spenamma (Aphaenogaster) fulvuum Roger. var. rude Emery. III. 6. Collected beneath the stones near the top of the mountain, August 12, and under stones and fallen pine logs in the aspengzone near the top of the ridge, August 6. 6. ANTS FROM ISLE ROYALE. 1. Formica sanguinea Latr. subsp. aserva Forel. I. One colony found in the clearing, August 18. 2. Formica fusca L. var. subsericea Say. I. Several colonies were found in the clearing, August 18. 3. Lormica fusca L. var. neorufibarbis Emery. I. In the humus beneath a decayed stump in the clearing, August 18. III. In a decayed log on the top of the ridge, August 20. 4. Camponotus herculeanus L. var. whymperi Forel.: I. Found on sides of a log shack, August 18, and feeding on a fish head in the clearing, Sep- tember 1. 5. Leptothorax canadensis Prov. var. I. One colony found in the clearing, August 18. Dr. Wheeler makes the following comments on the collection: ‘‘The 14 106 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. - collection is a very interesting one. * All the forms are subboreal and charac- teristic of the hills or mountains of the northern states or British Columbia. The new Formica [impexa] is especially interesting. Unfortunately only workers are represented. The female is probably an aberrant form like the female of F. oreas or F’. ciliata. All the other species are well known, with the exception of F. aserva and Camponotus whympert. The latter occurs in the mountains of Colorado and British Columbia.” ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 107 THE COLD-BLOODED VERTEBRATES OF THE PORCUPINE MOUN- TAINS AND ISLE ROYALE, MICHIGAN. AS 1G. RUDE VEN. The list of fish in the following report is entirely the result of the work of this expedition, and we are indebted to Dr. 8. E. Meek of the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, for the identification of the specimens. The list of amphibians and reptiles is intended to include the data at present available to the author on the occurrence of these animals in the Northern Peninsula. It is of necessity far from complete, as very little collecting has been done in this region, and the records that have been made are scat- tered. For the latter reason it was thought best to bring together all available information. The sources of the records are the collections made for Mr. Bryant Walker about Limestone Mountain, Baraga County, and in the Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon County; in the summer of 1903*; the collections and field notes of the Museum Expedition in the Porcupine Mountains and on Isle Royale, during the summer of 1904; records and col- lections made about Marquette by Dr. E. R. Downing of the Northern State Normal School, and spevimens in the University Museum collected by Dr. A. E. Foote on Isle Royale. A few notes have also been added from specimens collected during the summer of 1905, by Dr. C. A. Davis of the Michigan Geological Survey. The amphibians, with the exception of the Marquette specimens, have been identified by Dr. Stejneger of the United States National Museum; the Marquette specimens, and the reptiles were identified by the writer, unless otherwise stated. 1. FISH FROM THE PORCUPINE MOUNTAINS. 1. Catostomus commersonii (Lacépede). Fine Scaled or Common Sucker. IV. 1. Ten specimens were taken in the deeper holes in Carp river near Carp. Lake, July 16, on a bottom of fine mud. V. 3. Twelve specimens were collected near the center of Carp Lake on July 16. VII. 1. One was taken and several others seen off the edge of the delta of Little Carp river, August 3. VII. 3. Two specimens were collected in a pool about five feet deep behind a beaver dam on Little Carp river, August 3. This is the charac- teristic and common fish in the deeper waters of this region. . 2. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchell). Horned Dace. IV. 1. Thirteen specimens were taken in Carp river on July 16 and 18. This fish seemed to occur only in small numbers in the deeper water near the lake, but farther up stream, where the current is more rapid, it was very abundant, although the bottom was still composed of mud and debris. No specimens were taken in Carp Lake, but it is abundant in Little Carp Lake, VII. 1, where _*Ruthven, A. G.—Notes on the Molluscs, Reptiles and Amphibians of Ontonagon County, Michigan. Sixth Annual Report Michigan Academy of Science, pp. 188-192. 108 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. thirty-four specimens were taken, August 3. In the latter, locality they were observed repeatedly about dusk to jump partly out of the water in pursuit of dragonflies. 3. Nototropis cayuga Meek. IV. 1. Four specimens were taken off a mud flat in Carp river on July 16, among a vegetation of water lilies. 4. Nototropis hudsonius (DeWitt Clinton). Spawn Eater or Shiner. IV. 1. Four specimens were taken off a mud flat in Carp river, and many others in Carp Lake, V. 3, in about six feet of water, off a gravelly shore, July 16. 5. Nototropis cornutus (Mitchell). Shiner; Red Fin. VII. 3. One specimen of this form was taken in Little Carp river. This fish was observed to occur much more numerously up stream, where the current was swift and the bottom composed of gravel, than in the deeper water near the lake. 6. Couwestus plumbeus (Agassiz). VII. 3. Six specimens of this fish were collected in Little Carp river at about the middle of the beaver meadow, where the stream is shallow, current quite rapid, and the bottom composed of small stones. 7. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell). Brook Trout. Owing to the pre- ference of this species for clear cold streams with a swift current and gravel bottom, it is not surprising that it does not occur in Carp Lake or Carp river within the mountains. It is reported by Mr. Allie, of the Carp Lake Mine, to be abundant in Little Carp Lake during the spring and early summer, but we were unable to obtain any in August. 8. Thymallus ontariensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Grayling. This fish was not taken, but specimens were seen by the writer in the summer of 1903, which had been taken in Little Carp river, near Lake Superior. 9. Eucalia inconstans pygmaea (Agassiz). VII. 3. One specimen was taken in Little Carp river on August 3, where the current was quite rapid and the bottom composed of fine silt. Several others were seen in a small creek cut in the loam of the beaver meadow. 10. Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. Trout Perch. IV. 1. Three specimens were collected in shallow water off a mud flat in Carp river, and in the deeper waters of Carp Lake, V. 3. This genus and species were originally described by Agassiz! from specimens taken in the Lake Superior region. Its habitat is given by Forbes?, as apparently deeper waters, not often found in streams, and by Jordan and Evermann,’ as ‘‘cold ‘or clear lakes and rivers.” It, however, occurs in the Porcupine Mountains, in quite shallow water. This may be due to the fact that it is a northern form, and that in this region the conditions to which it is adapted are more widespread than toward the south. 11. Perca flavescens (Mitchell). Yellow Perch. IV. 1. Four specimens were collected in the deeper parts of the river near Carp Lake, and twenty- five in the lake, V. 3. These specimens were all obtained in the deeper parts of the lake and river, where there was considerable vegetation and muddy bottom. 2. FISH FROM ISLE ROYALE. 1. Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). Common Sucker. X. Often seen in large schools near the shore of Washington Harbor. The conditions were: bottom rocky, and little or no vegetation. 1Agassiz, Louis. Fishes of Lake Superior compared with those of the other Great Canadian Lakes. p. 284. Lake Superior its Physical Character, Vegetation, and Animals. Boston, 1860. 2Forbes, S. A. A Catalogue of the Native Fishes of Illinois. Rep. Ill. State Fish Com., 1886, p. 96. \ ger and phate The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No 7, Pt. L, p. 784. - ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 109 2. Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz). The type of this species was from * Lake Superior.* It oceurs abundantly in Washington Harbor, X, where eight specimens were taken, August 31, just off shore, on hooks baited with worms. 3. Argyrosomus artedi (LeSueur). Lake Herring. X. The Herring was observed in‘large schools in Washington Harbor at different times; one was taken in a gill net out in the harbor, and one near shore in about fifteen feet of water, August 31. 4. Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum). Lake Trout. X. This fish was taken at various times by trolling off rocky reefs in Washington Harbor and along the north shore of the island. The weight of those taken varied from 5 to 12 pounds. 5. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell). Brook Trout. This trout occurs abundantly in Washington river, II, and individuals were often observed in the Herring schools in Washington Harbor, just off shore, X. 6. Lucius masquinongy (Mitchell). Muskallunge. X. But one specimen of this fish was observed, which was speared with a cant hook near the shore of Washington Harbor on August 2. Weight 13 pounds. 7. Perca flavescens (Mitchell). Yellow Perch. X. Occasionally taken in Washington Harbor on hooks bated with worms. 8. Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque). Millers Thumb. X. Occurs among the large rocks along the shore of Washington Harbor. 3. THE AMPHIBIANS OF THE NORTHERN PENINSULA. 1. Plethodon glutinosus Green. Slimy Salamander. I have examined a specimen of this salamander collected by Dr. E. R. Downing at Marquette. He reports it as occurring commonly in that locality. 2. Plethodon cinereus erythronotus Green. Red-backed Salamander. Specimens of this form were taken in decayed logs, especially in damp places, at Limestone Mountain, Baraga County, in August, 1903, and in the Porcu- pine Mountains in August and September, 1903. It is also reported by Dr. Downing from Marquette. 3. Diemyctylus viridescens Raf. Green Triton or Newt. I have examined a specimen of this form taken by Dr. Downing from a small tributary to Dead river, near Marquette. 4. Bufo americanus (Lec.). Common Toad. Found commonly in the woods both at Limestone Mountain and in the Porcupine Mountains in the summer of 1903, and in the Porcupine Mountains and on Isle Royale, in the same habitat, in the summer of 1904. It is reported by Dr. Downing as common at Marquette. There are also four specimens in the University Museum collected by Dr. A. E. Foote on Isle Royale, where the notes of the Museum Expedition indicate that it is very common. 5. Hyla pickeringit Storer. Pickering’s Tree Frog. A specimen of this little frog was taken on a fern in a damp ravine at Limestone Mountain in the summer of 1903, and another on a rush in the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2, in the Porcupine Mountains on August 3, 1904. 7, Castor canadensis Kuhl. American Beaver. IV. 1. Old beaver ' dams were observed on Carp river, and relatively fresh ones on Little Carp river, VII. 3, by Ruthven. Mr. David Allie, of the Carp Lake Mine, reported that the last beaver taken on Carp river was about 1898. VII. 3. No fresh signs of beaver were observed on Little Carp river. Allie reported them to occur on the river below Little Carp Lake. Beaver cuttings were secured from the dams on Carp and Little Carp rivers. 8. Peromyscus canadensis (Miller). Canadian White-footed Mouse. II. 2. Four males taken August 3, 11, and 13, were referred to canadensis by the U. 8S. Biological Survey. Two males taken August 8 (No. 32193) and August 6 (No. 32197), and an immature male taken July 24 (No. 32198), apparently belong here. This was one of the most common mammals in the mountains. 9. Evatomys gappert (Vigors). Common Red-backed Mouse. II. 2. Two males were taken in the hardwood forest, August 3 and 13. III. 5. Two pair of adults were taken in the aspen zone bordering the mountain top between July 22 and 30. IV. 4. Two adult females were taken August 6 and 7, in the tamarack swamp. In the Porcupines this mouse is thus seen to frequent a variety of habitats, the hardwood forest, the aspen zone, and the tamarackswamp. Farther south it is more closely restricted to cool swamps. 10. Fiber zibethicus (Linn.). Muskrat. IV. A few specimens. were seen along Carp river, July 16, by Maclean and McCreary. VII. 1. One specimen was shot at Little Carp Lake, August 7, by Peet. 11. Zapus hudsonius (Zimm.). Northern Jumping,Mouse. II. 2. An immature male was taken, July 30, in the hardwood forest. VII. 1. An immature male was taken on a rocky bluff along Little Carp river, August 11. 12. Napeozapus insignis (Miller). Woodland Jumping Mouse. II. 2. Three adult males were taken in the hardwoods, between August 4 and 13. 13. Hrethizon dorsatum (Linn.). Canadian Porcupine. II. 2. An adult female and a pair of young were taken in the hardwood forest between July 23 and August 8. An adult male was shot, July 13, in the hardwood forest near the base of the mountain slope. II. 3. Three females were taken, during July, in the camp clearing. IV. 1, and V. 1. Porcupines were fre- quently seen, by Ruthven, in the river and lake both during the day. and night, eating leaves of the yellow water lily. (This habit is shown in Fig. 19). This interesting animal was very abundant and of general distribution in the forest. 14. Lepus americanus virginianus (Harlan). Southern Varying Hare. If. 3. An adult female was taken, August 9, in the camp clearing. It had evidently been suckling young and was in full summer pelage. The yellow- ish rufous pelage is much more marked than in the Hares from Isle Royale 17 130 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. / (var. americanus). ‘The white outer ear margin is only feebly developed. IV. 2. A young female was taken, Aug. 21, in the alders along Carp river. In this specimen the rufous tints are very pronounced on the upper side of the legs and on the pectoral region. The outer margin of the ear is of a distinctly yellowish white color. 15. Lynx ruffus (Gueld.). Bay Lynx; Wild Cat. IV. 2. A weathered skull was found in the alder bushes along Carp river, by Ruthven. Trappers reported this species common. 16. Canis occidentalis Richardson. Gray Wolf. The trappers reported them common. Near the Porcupines, during the winter of 1902-03, a trapper was reported to have been treed by a pack. Wolves are reported to have killed many deer near the Porcupines, during the past winter of 1904-05. 17. Taxidea taxus (Schreber). Badger. Trappers reported that occas- ionally specimens were found. 18. Mephitis hudsonica (Rich.). Northern Plains Skunk. II. 3. Young and three adults of both sexes were secured between July 15 and July 30, in the clearing about camp. They were very abundant. A large adult male was taken, July 30, which weighed eight pounds. II. 2. Two specimens were seen by Ruthven along the road through the hardwood forest in Septem- ber, 1903. On the morning of July 15, Wood found a young skunk in a trap, held fast by the foot. Another of about the same size was observed running about the captive, making frequent attempts to liberate it by biting the trap and pulling with its fore feet. The skunks found in the traps were not at all violent in their attempts to escape and could easily be approached and killed with a noose. This is a northern plains and Rocky Mountain species. These northwestern affinities suggest an origin from that direction, by way of Minnesota. 19. Putorius cicognant (Bonap.). Small Brown Weasel. Near II. 2. An adult female was taken along a corduroy road through the hardwoods on Section 17. Dr. Merriam wrote in 1896, “It probably also occurs in Northern Michigan and Wisconsin.” (N. A. Fauna No. 11, p. 11). 20. Ursus americanus Pallas. Black Bear. III. Fresh signs were observed several times on the mountain top, where Allie reports that they often came to feed upon the dwarf and low black blueberries. A cub was observed here, August 5, by Allie. Trappers reported them quite common in the mountains. An adult bear was killed, July 11, 1904, at Iron river, near the Porcupine Mountains. 21. Sorex hoyi Baird. Hoy’s Shrew. III. 5. A pair of adult specimens were found in the aspen zone on the mountain on July 29, and August 2. IV. 4. One specimen was taken, August’ 12, in the tamarack swamp. ‘This is said to be the smallest North American mammal, and is without doubt the smallest one in Michigan. 22. Blarina brevicauda (Say). Large Bob-tailed Shrew. II. 2. Adult shrews of both sexes were taken in the hardwoods during August. II. 3.- Three adult females were taken in the clearing. III. 5. Adults of both sexes were taken in the aspen zone surrounding the mountain top. This shrew and the White-footed Mouse were the most common small mammals in the mountains. 23. Condylura ‘cristata (Linn.). Star-nosed Mole. Il. 2. A pair of moles was taken, September 2, 1903, by Ruthven, in the hardwood forest, on the mountain slope above the camp. This was about 800 feet above lake level. The line of their tunnel was intersected by a cutting, at the base ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 131 of which was an old ore bucket into which they had apparently fallen and drowned. Farther south these animals are closely confined to swamp land. 24. Myotis subulatus (Say). Say’s Bat. II. 3. Three adult males were taken in camp, August 13, by Peet. Supplementary Notes. The following notes were secured by Mr. Wood from Mr. C. E. Haring of Ontonagon, Michigan. Mr. Haring and his brother bought furs from the Indians and trappers between 1860 and 1875. Unless otherwise specified these records refer to Ontonagon County. Caribou. He had no authentic record of this species. Moose (Alce). A moose was taken at Union Bay in 1864, and one at Gogebic Lake, Gogebic County in 1863. Deer. Are more abundant now than formerly. Beaver. Was yet common in 1860. Canada Lynx. Was twite as abundant as the Wild Cat. At the present time this species is rare. Wild Cat. Common. Panther. Had no experience with them but had heard authentic reports of their occurrence before 1860. Wolf. Was very common and killed many deer. Red Fox. Was common; cross fox rare, and silver gray fox very rare. Otter. Several skins were secured each year about 1860. Wolverine. At Rockland, five were bought by his brother, J. M. Haring, between 1865 and 1875. This is the only Michigan (?) locality known to the writer. Of course the animals may not have been killed near Rockland, but may have come from a distance. Hon. Peter White, of Marquette, informs me, that, although he has made inquiry for many years, he has been unable to obtain authentic records of the Wolverine in Michigan. Fisher. Common in 1860; a few skins secured each year. Martin. Very common in 1860. A few have been taken in recent years. Mink. Common. Racoon. A very few have been taken. 2. ISLE. ROYALE. 1. Rangifer caribou (Gmelin). Woodland Caribou. An Indian trapper reported that fresh tracks were seen during July, 1904, in a clearing near Siskowit Bay. 2. Sciurus hudsonicus Erx. Hudson Bay Red Squirrel. II. Nine specimens were taken in the coniferous forests, both young and adults. The resin on the hair about the mouth shows that both young and adults feed upon the coniferous seeds. Two of the specimens are old females which have reared young, as shown by the scanty hair on the belly; in both, four nipples had been functional. III. A young and adult male were taken in the deciduous forest along the Lake Desor trail. There is considerable variation in the color of the upper side of the tail in the Isle Royale specimens. The median rufous band is quite pronounced in two specimens. A winter skin, taken by a trapper, lacks the distinct lateral black line, found in the summer specimens and has a faint rufous stripe extending from the ears to the subterminal black bar onthe tail. The shorter tails, with 132 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. ' much less rufous, and the gray color contrast these squirrels with those from the Porcupine Mountains (var. loquaz). Mr. Wood frequently saw squirrels feeding upon seeds taken from the cones by first cutting away the lower scales. . 3. Peromyscus canadensis (Miller). Canadian White-footed Mouse. I and III. ‘Two specimens, both adult females, one from the camp clearing and the other from the Lake Desor trail were determined by the U. 8. Biological Survey as of this species. Two immature males, from II, were doubtfully referred to this species, also a male from III. Four specimens, of both sexes, taken at II, are provisionally referred to this species. 4. Fiber zibethicus (Linn.). Muskrat. II. A pair of muskrats were taken along the creek through a cedar swamp, other specimens were seen but not taken. No. 32117. August 29. 1. 465., t. 216., h. f. 66. M. M. Peet, No. 32118. August 24. 1. 486., t. 250., h. f. 64. collector. 5. Lepus americanus Erx. Hudson Bay Varying Hare. II. Six speci- mens were taken among the conifers between August 18 and 22. The pelage of three of the specimens is long and loose, the tips of the long hairs on the back are white or very pale yellow; the white hairs give the head a frosted appearence. These are young specimens. The pelage of the other three is more compact, and black hairs are more conspicuous, the upper part of the head is a pale yellowish brown. An adult female, No. 321381, is the largest specimen, and also the darkest; a black mid-dorsal band is fairly distinct. The white outer margin of the ears is very wide and distinct. The upper part of the hind legs is mottled with white and yellow hairs; long, scattered white tipped hairs occur on the end of the body above the tail. The distinctness of the outer white ear margin varies in this series. The large female, mentioned above, has very long white hair; the three speci- mens first mentioned, have quite white hair, while in two others the hair is yellowish white. . It is interesting to note that these are a different variety from that found in the Porcupine Mountains, on the south shore (var. virginianus). This, like several other members of the biota, shows the close affinities of the Isle Royale types to the adjacent mainland rather than to the remainder of Michigan. 6. Lynx canadensis (Kerr). Canada Lynx. Mr. Wood made the follow- ing note on lynx skins which he saw at the Washington Club House, at Washington Harbor. ‘TI saw two Lynx skins taken by Chas. Preulx during the winter of 1903 and 1904. Preulx says that this is the only species he has seen on the Island.” 7. Mustela americana Turton. Eastern Martin. ‘Mr. Preulx had several martin skins which were taken during the winter of 1903-’04, on the maple ridge, not far from Washington Harbor. These skins were very dark brown with a few scattered white hairs, especially on the under side.””’ (Wood). 8. Putorius vison (Schreber). Mink. II. Mr. Wood found a dead specimen in a barrel sunk at a spring. Preulx reported it quite common about the Harbor and along the streams. 9. Putorius cicognani (Bonap.).. Small Brown Weasel. Mr. Wood reports that Preulx had about 10 skins, and said they were quite common. 10. Putorius noveboracensis Emmons. New York Weasel. Preulx had a number of large weasel skins which probably belonged to this species. ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 133 11. Myotis lucifugus (LeConte). Little Brown Bat. I. One specimen ‘was taken, September 1, by Peet. Wood reports seeing a bat on wing August 22. These were the only bats seen on the island. No specimens of the Red-backed Mouse, (Evotomys gappert), were taken although they have been reported from Isle Royale by Coues (Mong. N. American Rodentia, p. 145). Of special interest to the: student of the Isle Royale fauna is Miller’s ‘“‘Notes on the Mammals of Ontario,” (Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. His., 1897, Vol. 28, pp. 1-44). This collection from Isle Royale, although a small one, is of interest in several respects. The Isle, it should be remembered, is 45 miles long with a maximum width of 84 miles, and is about 15 miles from the Canadian shore. As might be anticipated, the affinities of the mammal fauna are with those of the north shore of Lake Superior rather than with those of the south shore. This is shown by the occurrence of the Caribou, Red Squirrel, Varying Hare and, perhaps, the White-footed Mouse. : It should also be borne in mind the relatively recent or postglacial origin of this island fauna. Since the advent of the present fauna we have no reason to believe that this island has ever been connected with the mainland. In other words, the fauna and flora must have reached their present location through the agency of winds, waves, lake currents, over the ice, and, possibly, in the case of some forms, through the influence of man. 4 it Ma em 9h +4 re, fi: rei ALY cate a iat Ms 7” . pan Bites) hs : sd) ae A t A, i. r aaa) - _ 4 : = r oy in . : —_ id J a. 4 i a sh U ‘ Fi © . ' « * - = aor ae : i i : im A . ; : ie A on wi 3 a = | z ° = 2 E = o” Zz z =< z °o a” Ps = = n” ITA 3 9088 00559 2068