t

UNITED STATES COAST GUARD

OCEANOGRAPHIC
REPORT No. 50

CG 373-50

WEBSEC-70

AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE
EASTERN CHUKCHI SEA

September-October 1970

UNITED STATES COAST GUARD

OCEANOGRAPHIC

UNITED STATES COAST GUARD OCEANOGRAPHIC UNIT

REPORT No. 50

CG 373-50

H/ooofc

Yl

WEBSEC-70

AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE
EASTERN CHUKCHI SEA

September-October 1970

Merton C. Ingham
Bruce A. Rutland
Peter W. Barnes
George E. Watson
George J. Divoky
A. S. Naidu
G. D. Sharma
Bruce L. Wing
Jay C. Quast

WASHINGTON, D.C. $ DECEMBER 1972

MBLWHOI Libra™

0030110002533

is

c

g

c<J

O

k

^

3

C

4)

-Q

^"""^

-§

6

o

u

^— ^

Cfi

s

P

*•

^

TS

1-1

a

^

CS

J'

;-i

o

-*

0

1

%

<

«■

^

'2

'?

CS

Q

1— 1

>-.

o

A

<fl

-a

hj

9-

o

1

u

0

o

S

O J

CD

Ph

t3

aj

• p*

S^

.^

t^

%

Abstract

Oceanographic stations occupied by USCGC GLACIER in the eartem
Chukchi Sea during 25 September-17 October 1970 revealed that currents
and the distributions of physical and chemical variables were strongly
influenced by the effects of wind and cooling. The effects of Alaskan
coastal runoff, melting of sea ice, freezing of sea ice, and bottom water
from the central Bering Strait were observed. Distributions of dissolved
nutrients showed horizontal gradients which may have been the result of
photosynthetic activity. Currents were strongly influenced by the north-
easterly winds and showed the expected northeastward set only on two
stations, when the winds were weak and variable. Currents near shore
between Cape Lisburne and Icy Cape were weak and variable, suggesting
the possibility of an eddy or pocket of slack water "downstream" from
Cape Lisburne.

Geologic sampling was carried out in the same area, using a variety of
field techniques to define the sediment distribution pattern and particle
transport processes. Water turbidity, bottom sediments, current measure-
ments, and water mass data suggest that fine material is transported
northward from the Bering Strait through tho eastern Chukchi Sea to
the Arctic Ocean. Fine particulate matter moves near the bottom along the
eastern side of the trough between Herald Shoal and the Alaskan coast.
Over shallower portions of the shelf, convective overturn and wind mixing
circulate suspended material throughout the water column during the fall.
The coincident association of a muddy bottom with the zone of highest
turbidity indicates sedimentation from northward-flowing waters. The lack
of pebbles in these muds indicates that ice rafting is not, at present, an
important mode of sediment deposition here. Considerable interaction
between the benthos and bottom sediments is apparent. Materials pre-
sumed to be of both modern and relict or residual origin show negligible
current-produced sedimentary structures. Most turbation can be ascribed
to the benthic activity of various fauna consisting of pelecypods, am-
phipods, echinoids, worms, and Walrus. Geochemical studies show no evi-
dence of anomalous values of selected heavy metals or hydrocarbons.

Pelagic bird and mammal observations in the eastern Chukchi Sea
during WEBSEC-70, September 22 to October 17, 1970, provide new fall
distributional and feeding information for the biologically little-knov*m
area from Point Barrow to Cape Lisburne. Additional observations were
made during a 1-day transect through the Bering Strait, October 18.
Throughout the cruise, a total of 36 species of birds and 7 species of
mammals was seen. Observations are presented on maps for most of the
species and these are compared in the text with previously published rec-
ords. Fall migration or post-breeding dispersal was still underway for
loons, Oldsquaw and eider ducks, gulls, alcids, and Walrus, but shear-
waters, fulmars, pond ducks, geese, phalaropes, jaegers, terns and Grey
Whales had either already left the area before cold weather, or did so early
in the cruise. Birds and Walrus were relatively abundant at sea with Ivory
and Ross' Gulls unexpectedly common. An observed vagrant Skua, prob-

111

ably from the Antarctic, is the northernmost Pacific sector record of this
species. A small number of collected specimens of birds yielded stomach
content information, ectoparasites and tissue samples for pesticide and
heavy metal analysis.

Preliminary results of studies of sedimentation, macrobenthic popula-
tion and trace transition metal chemistry of sea water of the east central
Chukchi Sea are described. Notable vertical variations in the texture of
the core sediments are observed. Beach sediments consist of w^ell rounded
moderately well to very poorly sorted sandy gravels with bi- to polymodal
size distributions; their texture suggests a complex depositional history.
Near-shore sediments are primarily sandy muds with occasional presence
of ice-rafted ( ?) gravels. Distributions of clay minerals suggest that
chlorite has its source in the adjacent land whereas smectite is most
probably transported from the Chirikov Basin. Comparison of the data
of this study with those of Naidu et al. (1971) shows significant differences
in the relative abundances of clay minerals in the east central Chukchi
Sea and the continguous western Beaufort Sea. A general increase in Na*
with core depth in the interstitial waters is attributed to the decreased
intake of it by sediments as a result of decreased clay content. However, a
general increase in K+ with depth is believed to be due to greater dissolution
of feldspar and/or decreased adsorption by clays. A net decrease in Ca"^*
and Mg++ with depth is probably related to the increased dolomite precipita-
tion at greater depths. Post-depositional reduction and upward migration
of manganese is attributed to an increase in Mn** toward the core top.
The concentrations of Cu and Co in the overlying waters are slightly
higher than the averages cited in sea water and are ascribed to local supply
of these metals from the adjoining hinterland. However, Ni and Zn con-
centrations are lower compared to those generally observed in sea water.

Sixty-two categories (species and life history stages) of zooplankton
were identified from 77 vertical net tows (39 stations) from the eastern
Chukchi Sea, September 29-October 17, 1970. Species at each station
varied from 5 to 29. Numbers of calanoid copepods varied from 27 to 3146
per 100 m^ of water. Data are summarized in two tables and three charts.

Fish were collected on 20 stations with a 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd midwater
trawl and on one station with a 10-foot, shrimp try net. Lists of species
captured are presented.

Editor's Note : Reference to a product or comment with respect to it
in this publication does not indicate, or permit any person to hold out by
republication in whole or in part or otherwise, that the product has been
endorsed, authorized, or approved by the Coast Guard.

IV

Table of Contents

Page

Title Page i

Abstract iii

Table of Contents v

List of Illustrations vii

List of Tables x

Preface xiii

Physical Oceanography of the Eastern Chukchi Sea off Cape

Lisburne-Icy Cape 1

General Description 1

Geography 1

Ice Cover 1

Climate 2

Oceanography 3

Results of WEBSEC-70 5

Data Collection and Processing 5

Surface Properties and Air-Sea Interaction 6

Water Masses 7

Currents 9

Summary of Conclusions 10

References 11

Illustrations 12

Appendix A — Oceanographic Station Data 69

Preliminary Results of Geologic Studies in the Eastern Central

Chukchi Sea 87

Introduction 87

Methods 87

Results and Data 88

Currents 88

Turbidity 88

Sediments 89

Coastal Observations 89

Sediment Transport Regime 89

Geochemistry 90

Conclusions 90

References 91

Illustrations 92

Appendix A — Data 103

Pelagic Bird and Mammal Observations in the Eastern Chukchi

Sea, Early Fall 1970 Ill

Introduction Ill

Previous Studies on Marine Birds and Mammals Ill

Cruise Track and Environmental Conditions 112

Methods 113

Species Accounts 114

Migration and Post-breeding Dispersal Movements 124

Ice Affinities 125

Food Habits 125

Page

Abundance 126

References 127

Illustrations 129

Appendix A — Supplementary Data 167

Geological, Biological, and Chemical Oceanography of the Eastern

Central Chukchi Sea 173

Geographic and Geologic Settings 173

Methods and Materials 173

Results 174

Grain-Size Analysis 174

Clay Mineral Analysis 175

Geochemistry of Sediment Interstitial Y/aters 175

Trace-Metal Analysis of Sea Water 176

Benthic Faunal Analysis 176

Discussion 176

References 178

Illustrations 180

Appendix A — Data Tables 189

Preliminary Report on the Zooplankton Collected on WEBSEC-70.. 196

Illustrations 197

Tables 200

Preliminary Report on the Fish Collected on WEBSEC-70 203

Illustrations 203

Tables 204

VI

List of Illustrations

Preface

FigTire Page

1. Location of sampling stations during WEBSEC-70 xv

Physical Oceanography of the Eastern Chukchi Sea off Cape

Lisburne-Icy Cape

Figure Page

1. Location of area studied during WEBSEC-70 12

2. Location of oceanographic (water sampling) stations and

sections 13

3. Bottom depth off Cape Lisbume-Icy Cape 14

4. Average surface current velocities 15

5. Current velocities at 5 and 20 m 16

6. Location of the edge of the polar ice pack during WEBSEC-70 17

7. Sea surface temperature 18

8. Temperature at 10 m 19

9. Near-bottom temperature 20

10. Sea surface salinity 21

11. Salinity at 10 m 22

12. Near-bottom salinity 23

13. Dissolved oxygen concentration at the sea surface 24

14. Dissolved oxygen concentration at 10 n' 25

15. Dissolved oxygen concentration near bottom 26

16. Percent saturation of dissolved oxygen at the sea surface 27

17. Percent saturation of dissolved oxygen at 10 m 28

18. Percent saturation of dissolved oxygen near bottom 29

19. Concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphate at the

sea surface 30

20. Concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphate at 10 m 31

21. Concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphate near bottom .... 32

22. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrate at the sea surface 33

23. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrate at 10 m 34

24. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrate near bottom 35

25. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrite at the sea surface 36

26. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrite at 10 m 37

27. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrite near bottom 38

28. Concentration of dissolved inorganic silicate at the sea surface 39

29. Concentration of dissolved inorganic silicate at 10 m 40

30. Concentration of dissolved inorganic silicate near bottom 41

31. Surface air temperature 42

32. Surface wand velocity 43

33. Observed temperature — salinity values during WEBSEC-70,

September-October 1970, and NORTHWIND, October 1962
compared with water mass classifications of previous in-
vestigators 44

34. Water mass classifications for the eastern Bering and Chukchi

Seas 45

Vll

Figure Page

35. Temperature — salinity regressions from WEBSEC-70

observations 46

36. Observed temperature — salinity values and processes or water

masses influencing the properties of the Eastern Chukchi

Sea Fall Influx 47

37. Vertical profile of temperature along section A-A' 48

38. Vertical profile of salinity along section A-A' 49

39. Vertical profile of temperature along section B-B' 49

40. Vertical profile of salinity along section B-B' 50

41. Vertical profile of dissolved oxygen along section B-B' 50

42. Vertical profile of dissolved inorganic phosphate along section

B-B' 51

43. Vertical profile of dissolved inorganic nitrate along section

B-B' 51

44. Vertical profile of dissolved inorganic nitrite along section

B-B' 52

45. Vertical profile of dissolved inorganic silicate along section

B-B' 52

46-59. Histograms of current velocity measured at 10 m 53

60-73. Progressive vector diagram for currents measured at 10 m 60

74. Progressive vector diagram for currents measured near bottom

on station 8 67

75. Vector average velocities at 10 m and near bottom 68

Preliminary Results of Geologic Studies in the Eastern Central

Chukchi Sea

Figure Page

1. Location map, sampling sites, and bathymetry of the area

studied 92

2. Velocity of near-bottom currents 93

3a. Bottom photograph at station 63 94

3b. Bottom photograph at station 87 94

4. Light transmittance at 10-meter depth 95

5. Thickness of bottom turbid layer 96

6. Bottom sediment types 97

7a. Radiograph of 1-cm thick slab of box core from station 79 ... 98

7b. Radiograph of 1-cm thick slab of box core from station 9 98

8. Bioturbation in surficial sediments at station 8 99

9. Beach profiles I and II at Kokolik Pass 100

10. Aerial view south from Kokolik Pass 101

11. Northwest — southeast profile of transmittance, bottom

sediment type, and near-bottom current direction 102

Pelagic Bird and Mammal Observations in the Eastern Chukchi

Sea, Early Fall 1970

Figure Page

1. Transects and stations on which birds and mammals were

observed or collected during WEBSEC-70 129

Vlll

Figure Page

2. Transect 42 through Bering Strait 130

3. Ice conditions observed from GLACIER 131

4. Distribution of loons from Point Barrow to Cape Lisbume 132

5. Distribution of Northern Fulmar in Bering Strait 133

6. Distribution of Slender-billed Shearwater in Bering Strait 134

7. Distribution of Oldsquaw from Point Barrow to Cape Lisbume 135

8. Distribution of eiders from Point Barrow to Cape Lisbume .... 136

9. Distribution of Oldsquaw in Bering Strait - 137

10. Distribution of eiders in Bering Strait 138

11. Distribution of unidentified ducks in study area 139

12. Distribution of uncommon species in Bering Strait — 140

13. Distribution of Red Phalarope from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume .— 141

14. Distribution of uncommon species from Point BaiTOw to Cape

Lisbume - - 142

15. Distribution of Pomarine Jaeger from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume - - - 143

16. Distribution of Glaucous Gull from Point Barrow to Cai)e

Lisbume - 144

17. Glaucous Gull feeding on surface and immature in flight 145

18. Distribution of Herring Gull from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume 146

19. Distribution of Ivory Gull from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume 147

20. Ivory Gulls in flight, sitting on ice cake, and swimming 148

21. Distribution of Glaucous Gull in Bering Strait 149

22. Distribution of Kittiwake in Bering Strait 150

23. Distribution of Kittiwake from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume - - 151

24. Distribution of Ross' Gull from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume 152

25. Flocks of Ross' Gulls flying and sitting on ice 153

26. Immature Ross' Gulls in flight and Black Guillemot swimming

at ice edge 153

27. Distribution of Sabine's Gull near Point Barrow 154

28. Distribution of murres in Bering Strait 155

29. Distribution of murres from Point Barrow to Cape Lisbume.... 156

30. Distribution of large black and white alcids off Cape

Lisbume 157

31. Distribution of Homed Puffin off Cape Lisbume 157

32. Distribution of Black Guillemot from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume 158

33. Distribution of Kittlitz's Murrelet from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume -.. 159

34. Distribution of Kittlitz's Murrelet in Bering Strait 160

35. Distribution of Snowy Owl in Bering Strait 161

36. Distribution of Crested Auklet from Point Barrow to Cape

Lisbume 162

37. Three Polar Bears on edge of ice pack 163

38. Distribution of Walrus from Point Barrow to Cape Lisbume.... 164

IX

Figure Page

39. A pod of at least 57 Walrus on ice cake 165

40. Distribution of seals from Point Barrow to Cape Lisburne 166

Geological, Biological, and Chemical Oceanography of the Eastern

Central Chukchi Sea

Figure Page

1. Location of bottom sediment samples 180

2. Distributions of gravel-sand-silt-clay percentage composition

in core samples 181

3. Size distribution of barrier beach sediments at Point Lay 182

4. Distribution of smectite concentration in bottom sediments — - 183

5. Distribution of illite concentration in bottom sediments 184

6. Distribution of chlorite concentration in bottom sediments 185

7. Distribution of kaolinite concentration in bottom sediments ... 186
8 and 9. Relationship between metal ions in interstitial waters

and pH, temperature and texture of bottom sediments 187

Preliminary Report on the Zooplankton Collected on WEBSEC-70
Figure Page

1. Location of vertical zooplankton tows 197

2. Number of zooplankton species collected 198

3. Concentration of calanoid copepods collected 199

Preliminary Report on the Fish Collected on WEBSEC-70

1. Positions and sequence of trawling stations during

WEBSEC-70

List of Tables

Preface
Table Page

1. Summary of station times, positions, and sampling operations

on WEBSEC-70 xvi

Physical Oceanography of the Eastern Shukchi Sea off Cape

Lisburne-Icy Cape
Table Page

1. Monthly average wind velocity (vector average) and air

temperature for Point Hope and Point Barrow, Alaska 2

2. Monthly average percent frequency of observed winds

equal to or greater than 34 kts and equal to or less than

10 kts at Point Hope and Point Barrow 2

3. Mean monthly percent frequency of observed winds in the

four most prevalent octants at Point Barrow 3

4. Mean monthly percent frequency of observed winds in the

four most prevalent octants off Icy Cape (shipboard
observations) 3

Preliminary Results of Geologic Studies in the Eastern Central

Chukchi Sea

Page
Table

1. Selected elemental concentrations in sediment samples

collected on 65 stations

Geological, Biological, and Chemical Oceanography of the Eastern

Central Chukchi Sea
1. Concentrations (ppb) of some trace transition metals in

the waters of the eastern central Chukchi Sea

Preliminary Report on the Zooplankton Collected on WEBSEC-70

1. Station data for zooplankton samples taken during

WEBSEC-70 ;

2. Preliminary list of the zooplankton collected with the

0 5-m dia., # 0-mesh plankton net from the eastern
central Chukchi Sea during WEBSEC-70, 27 Sept-
17 Oct. 1970

Preliminary Report of the Fish Collected on WEBSEC-70

1. Station data for WEBSEC-70 fish trawl stations 204

2. Fish species collected during WEBSEC-70 ^

3. Occurrences of fish species on trawl stations on WEBSEC-70 .. <iOb

XI

Preface

WEBSEC-70 (Western Beaufort Sea Ecological Cruise — 1970) was
the first of a series of cruises in the Alaskan Arctic to survey the state of
the marine environment and its associated biota. It is hoped that the
physical, chemical, biological, and geological data acquired on this and
subsequent WEBSEC cruises will contribute to a thorough description
of the marine ecosystem in a relatively unpolluted state, providing a base
for assessing the impact of pollution from future increases in development,
mineral extraction, and transportation.

The evolution of the concept of the WEBSEC series began with the
concern held for the fate of the marine ecosystem in the Alaskan Arctic
by individual scientists at the Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit (CGOU).
Because Coast Guard icebreakers provide platforms needed to conduct
scientific investigations in Arctic waters, it was felt that CGOU should
provide the impetus for a study of the marine ecosystem. As planning
progressed, however, it became apparent that CGOU's scientific and tech-
nical staff lacked the capability to deal with some of the relevant variables
in an ecological survey. Inquires were made to fellow scientists in other
Federal agencies, universities, and research institutions to enlist assistance
in the WEBSEC series. Affirmative responses were received from most
people contacted, and scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the U.S. Department of the
Interior the National Marine Fisheries Service of the Department of
Commerce, the Smithsonian Institution, and the University of Alaska
accompanied CGOU scientists and technicians on the CGC GLACmK on
WEBSEC-70.

The main objective of WEBSEC-70 was to perform an ecological
survey in the Beaufort Sea with particular emphasis on the area off
Prudhoe Bay. The Chukchi Sea between Point Barrow and Cape Lisburne
was chosen as an alternate area of operations in the event that the polar
ice pack prevented operations east of Point Barrow, which proved to be
the case The cruise was conducted in a triangular area off Cape Lisbume-
Icy Cape (fig 1), the offshore extent of which was largely determined by
the location of the edge of the polar ice pack. The sampling operations
accomplished (listed in table 1) and the participants responsible for
processing the resulting samples and data were as ^o'J^^^^/^-^^J!!!!,
bottle casts for temperature, salinity, and nutrients (UbOG), Idb Aci

xni

drops (USCG), 14 Niskin bottle casts for geochemical and nutrient water
samples (University of Alaska), 28 current meter lowerings for 130
hours (USGS and USCG), 68 transmissometer lowerings (USGS), sur-
face meteorological observations (USCG), 77 vertical zooplankton tows
(NMFS), 81 mid-water trawls (NMFS), 33 box cores (USGS), 12 metal-
free gravity cores (University of Alaska), 4 piston cores (University of
Alaska), 42 bottom camera lowerings (USGS), 14 beach profiles (USGS),
100 hours of bird and mammal survey (Smithsonian, BSFW), 66 birds
collected (Smithsonian, BSFW), and 4 microplankton tows (USGS).

This oceanographic report is intended to be a compilation by the
participating scientists of the results and preliminary interpretations of
WEBSEC-70. Although this report may be considered a publication and
should be cited as such, it is not intended to be the sole publication result-
ing from WEBSEC-70. The main objective of the report is to provide a
source document to be used as a basis for further research by participating
scientists leading to other publications concerning the marine ecosystem
of the southeastern Chukchi Sea.

XIV

e

s

e
O

e
CM

e

8 -

o

o

u
en
ea

a

a

I
a

I

= 2

58

^*%*»

?

^^^ '
^^^ -.

o

s

• • • T

e

O

(0

XV

TahU J.— Summary of Station times, positions, and sampling operations on WEBSEC-70.

„^ „ Date/Time

Station (GMT) position Activities.

1 Sept. 23/1900 71°35' N., 155°50' W BG

2 24/0114 71-22' N, 157°09' W BG XBT

3 24/0528 7in4' N., 157°22' W, ^^ Bg' XBT

4 24/1714 71-10' N., 157-42' W ._. ^ Bg' XBT

6 24/1846 71-02' N., 158-02' W BG,' XBT

6 24/2036 71-06' N., 158-31' W BG^ XBT

7 24/2255 71°00' N., 159-12' W Bg' BS, XBT

8 25/1944 69-45' N., 163-34' W NAC, NIC, BG, BS VPT T BC CM XRT

9_._.__ 28/0005,_____ 70-10' N., 166-03' W_^____ NAG NIC BG BS,' VPt' T 'bC GC CAM XBT

10 28/0804 70-04' N., 165-57' W MWT XBT ' ^^^' i- «<-. ^^< t.AM, XBT

J2 S/S ZZ 1-' '''"''' ^ NAc'nIC, BG, BS, VPT, T, BC, GC, CAM, XBT

is S/S Zf ^■ '''°'^' ^ ^^^' ^^^' ■««, VPT, T, BC, GC, CAM, XBT

13 29/0954 70-22' N., 165-06' W T, BC, XBT

14 29/1730 70-17' N., 165-02' W MWt' XBT

29/2340 70-18' N., 164-41' W NAC, 'nIC, BG, BS, VPT, BC, GC, CAM XBT

30/0700 70-16' N., 163-58' W MWT, XBT

30/1100 70-16' N., 163-55' W T, BC, XBT

30/1736 70-24' N., 164-09' W NAC, NIC, BG, VPT, T, BC GC CAM XBT

30/2316 70-22' N., 163-16' W NAC, NIC, BG, BS, VPT T Bc' XBt'

20 Oct. 1/0656 70-20' N., 163°24' W MWT, XBT

21 1/2346 70-34' N., 163-16' W NAC, NIC, BG, BS, VPT, T BC CAM XBT

IZ 2/0554 70-20' N., 168°25' W MWT, XBT

23 2/2030 70-23' N., 162-24' W NAC.'nIC, BG, BS VPT T CAM XBT

ll 3/0200 70-09' N., 162-57' W NAC, NIC, BG, VPT T 'cAM XBT

25 3/0625 70-07' N., 163-14' W MWT XBT

26 3/1842 70-11' N., 162-52' W NAC, NIC, BG, VPT, T, CM, CAM XBT

27 4/0736 70-11' N., 163-19' W T, BC, PF

28 4/1700 69-59' N., 163-17' W NAC, 'nIC, BG, VPT, T. BC, CM CAM XBT

29 4/2346 70-01' N., 163-59' W NAC, NIC, BG, VPT, BC, GC, CAM, XBT

30 5/0600 69-58' N., 164-07' W MWT, XBT

5/1700 69-45' N., 163-34' W NAC, 'bG, VPT, CM, CAM XBT

6/0710 69-48' N., 163°49' W MWT, XBT

6/1000 69-47' N., 164-30' W NAC, NIC, BG, VPT T CAM XBT

34 6/1720 69-52' N., 165-37' W NAC, NIC, BG, VPT T BC CAM XBT

35 6/2200 69-59' N., 166°30' W NAC, BG, VPT T CAM XBT

36 7/0230 70-08' N., 167-11' W NAC, NIC, BG, VPT, GC CAM XBT

37 7/0730 70-07' N., 167-36' W MWT XBT

15
16
17
18
19

31
32
33

38
39
40
41

52
53
54

7/1218 69-49' N., 166- 29' W NAC, BG, GC, CAM, XBT

7/1708 69-51' N., 166°47' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, XBT

7/2230 70-18' N., 166-57' W NAC, BG, VPt' T^ BC, GC CAM XBT

8/0545 69-57' N., 167°31' W BG, MWT, XBT

42 Oct. 8/1246 70-00' N., 167-41' W NAC, BG, T, GC, CAM, XBT

43 8/1658 70-03' N., 168-26' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, BC,' CAM XBT

44 8/2200 70-11' N., 168-56' W NAC, NIC, BG, BS, VPT, T BC GC CAM XBT

45 9/0640 69-57' N., 168-38' W MWT, XBT

46 9/1004 69-53' N., 168-39' W BG, T

47 9/1102 69-47' N., 168-.38' W BG, T

48 9/1248 70-01' N., 168°34' W NAC, BG, T, BC. CAM, XBT

49 9/1700 69-48' N., 168-04' W NAC, BG, BS, VPT, T.BC GC CM CAM XBT

50 10/0102 69-38' N., 167-44' W NAC, BG, BS, VPT, T, BC, CM CAM XBT

51 10/0622 69-36' N., 167-36' W MWT, PF

10/1120 69-30' N., 167-43' W BG, T

10/1305 69-24' N., 167-12' W BG, T

10/1650 69-24' N., 167-15' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, GC, CM, CAM, XBT

55 10/2256 69-13' N., 166-52' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, BC, GC, CM, CAM, XBT, PF

56 11/0740 69-14' N., 166°53' W MWT, XBT

57 11/1150 69-14' N., 167-00' W BG, T

XVI

station

DateA'ime
(GMT)

Position

Activities •

68

69

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86 Oct.

87

88

89

90

91

92

11/1300 eo-oo' N.

11/1431 69''04' N.

11/2301 68° 57' N,

12/0555 69°05' N.

12/1732 69°06' N.

12/2115 69°14' N.

13/0101 69°24' N.

13/0555 69-21' N.

13/1010 69''24' N.

13/1205 69°31' N.

13/1420 69"'38' N.

13/1930 69-50' N.

14/0535 69-12' N,

14/1315 69-11' N.

14/1903 69-19' N

15/0025 69-33' N.

15/0523 69-35' N.

15/0930 69-31' N

15/1155 69-35' N

15/1315 69-36' N

15/1850 69-27' N.

16/0130 69-28' N.

16/0614 69-27' N

16/1000 69-29' N.

16/1135 69-32' N.

16/1230 69-26' N

16/1400 69-20' N.

16/1730 69-13' N.

16/2035 69-05' N.

17/0035 69-04' N

17/0717 68-55' N.

17/1300 68-47' N.

17/1700 68-54' N.

17/2315 68-54' N

18/0533 68-36' N.

, 166-54' W BG, T

, 166-40' W NAC, BG, BC, CM, CAM, XBT

, 166-25' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, BC, GC, CM, CAM, XBT

, 166-13' W MWT, XBT

, 166-02' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, CAM, XBT

., 165-56' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, CAM, XBT

, 166-29' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, BC, GC, CM, CAM, XBT

, 166-45' W MWT, XBT

, 166-59' W BG, T

, 166-56' W BG, T

, 166-48' W NAC, BG, T, GC, CAM, XBT

, 167-23' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, BC, XBT

,, 167-38' W MWT, XBT

, 166-28' W BG, T

,, 165-11' W NAC, BG, VPT, BC, CAM, T, XBT

, 164-37' W NAC, BG, VPT, BC, CM, T, CAM, XBT

, 164-29' W MWT

, 164-19' W BG, T, XBT

, 164-48' W BG, T

, 165-10' W NAC, BG, T, BC, CAM, XBT

, 165-38' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, BC, CAM, XBT

, 164-15' W BG, T, BC, XBT

, 164-43' W MWT, XBT

, 164-26' W BG, T

, 164-18' W BG, T

, 164-26' W BG, T

, 164-36' W NAC, BG, BC, CAM, XBT

, 164-45' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, BC, XBT

, 165-05' W NAC, BG, VPT, BC, XBT

, 165-36' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, BC, CAM, XBT

, 166-47' W MWT

, 167-03' W BG, T, GC, PC

, 166-40' W NAC, BG, VPT, T, GC, CM, CAM, XBT

, 167-24' W NAC, BG, VPT, BC, GC, CAM, XBT

, 167° 41' W MWT, XBT

' Activity code NAC=Nansen bottle cast, NlC=Niskin bottle cast, BG=bottom grab. BS=bird sampling, VPT=vertical
plankton tow, T— transmlssometer lowering, BC = box core, GC=gravity core, PC=:piston core, CM = cuiTent meter, CAM
=bottom camera, MWT=mid-water trawl, XBT = expendable bathythermograph, PF=precision fathogram, BES=beach survey.

XVll

Physical Oceanography of the Eastern Chukchi Sea Off Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape

Merton C. Ingham' and Bruce A. Rutlandi

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

Geography

The Chukchi Sea is a small (580,000 km-),
shallow (<100 fm) sea lying between the
Arctic Ocean and Bering Strait, extending
from near Wrangel Island (180°) to Point
Barrow (156° W), generally bounded on the
north by the 100 fm isobath which lies from
300 miles (near Cape Lisburne) to about 30
miles offshore (near Point Barrow) . The south-
eastern portion of this sea lies over the con-
tinental shelf off Alaska's north coast adjacent
to hilly lowlands of varying width (nonexistent
near Cape Lisburne) which separates the sea
from the Brooks Range roughly paralleling the
coastline (Hunkins and Kaplan, 1966). The
portion of the eastern Chukchi Sea studied dur-
ing the WEBSEC-70 cruise lay off Cape Lis-
burne-Icy Cape in shallow water (<50 m),
forming a triangular area about 100 miles off-
shore at its farthest point (figs. 1 and 2).

Ice Cover

The area of open water in the eastern
Chukchi Sea varies seasonally with the position
of the polar icepack, which depends on the wind
field, and the extent of winter ice, which de-
pends on insolation, air temperature, and wind
speed. Ice conditions in the Chukchi Sea have
been summarized as follows in the Oceano-
graphic Atlas of the Polar Seas— Part II The
Arctic. (U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office,

1958) :

"Chukchi and Beaufort Seas— The waters of
the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas are dominated
most of the year by winter ice and polar pack
ice which includes heavy drift ice from the
Arctic Ocean. Of lesser importance is the fast

> U.S. Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit, Bldg. 159-E,
Navy Yard Annex, Washington, D.C. 20390.

ice which covers the bays and fringes the shores
of northern Alaska and Siberia for at least 8
months.

"Generally August and September are the
months with the least ice. During this period
the northwest coast of Alaska should be free
of fast ice northward to Point Barrow and
practically ice free from Point Barrow east-
ward to Herschel Island. However, the heavy
polar pack is never far off the coast between
Point Barrow and Herschel Island and can ad-
vance onto the shore at any time. Westward of
Point Barrow the pack ice usually lies about
10 miles offshore at Icy Cape; beyond this pomt
the edge of the pack swings northwestward
toward Ostrov Geral'd and Wrangel Island.
The ice edge then trends southwestward, ap-
proaching the Siberian coast at about the
vicinity of Mys Shmidta.

"The existence of an open coastal waterway
in the Chukchi-Beaufort Sea sector is strongly
dependent upon favorable winds. Easterly and
southerly winds hold the pack off the coast,
whereas northerly and westerly wmds force
the floes against the shore. Even when the mam
body of the ice recedes from the coast, driftmg
marginal floes and bands of fast ice occur m
the inshore waters.

"The heavy pack ice begins to close in on the
coast after about 10 September, and young ice
forms along the margins of the drift ice and in
any open water that may exist between the
pack and the coast by mid-September.

"The north-setting current in Bering Strait
usually keeps the Alaskan coast ice-free
throughout September as far north as Cape
Lisburne, but before the end of the month the
Arctic ice may be expected to begin its ex-
pansion and southward movement. Before the

first of October the drift ice, which earlier had
been along the Siberian shore, may begin to
advance around Mys Dezhneva into the west-
ern side of Bering Strait.

"Ice formation and growth proceed rapidly
in early October, and shipping is usually not
feasible north of Bering Strait after about 10
October. Prevailing north and northeast winds
pile large accumulations of floes against the
Siberian shore.

"Between Point Barrow and Icy Cape drift
ice occasionally recedes from the coast, and
young ice which forms in the open water is
piled up in heavy masses along the shore when
the drift ice returns. Kotzebue Sound and Ber-
ing Strait are closed during middle and late
October by fast ice. By late October or early
November, ice closes North Sound. As the for-
mation of ice continues toward midwinter, the
ice limit gradually progresses southward until
at its maximum, navigation north of the
Pribilof Islands becomes impossible for ships
other than icebreakers."

Cli7nate

An estimate of the annual variation of
meteorological factors directly influencing sea-
air interaction in the eastern Chukchi Sea can
be obtained from atlases of average weather
conditions and from accumulated weather sta-
tion observations. The paucity of weather sta-
tions and reporting ships in this geographical
area make such an estimate inaccurate and
imprecise at best.

Mean monthly values of surface wind (vec-
tor average) and temperature from volume
VIII of the Marine Climatic Atlas of the World
(U.S. Naval Weather Service Command, 1969)
reveal a relatively small range of seasonal
variation in the eastern Chukchi Sea. Observa-
tions taken over periods of 9 and 12 years from
Point Hope and Point Barrow respectively
(table 1), showed that winds were from the
NE-NNE at both coastal stations in all
months but January at Point Barrow (WNW)
and July and August at Point Hope (SE and
WNW) . The average wind speed at Point Bar-
row (<2i/2-5 kts) was lower than at Point
Hope (<2i/2-10 kts), but the patterns of var-
iation were approximately the same at the two
stations: lower speeds in January-February
and June-August. The monthly percentage

frequency of winds of gale force (>34 kts,
table 2) was always less than 5 percent at
Point Barrow and exceeded 5 percent at Point
Hope only during November and December.
Conversely, the monthly percentage frequency
of light or gentle winds (<10 kts, table 2)
was lowest at both stations during October-
December, highest at Point Hope during May-
June, and highest at Point Barrow during
January-February and June.

Table 1. — Monthly average wind velocity (vector aver-
age) and air temperature for Point Hope and Point
Barrow, Alaska. From Marine Climatic Atlas of the
World— Vol. VIII (U.S. Naval Weather Service
Command, 1969).

Wind

Air

Temp.

(»F)

Point

Point

Month

Point Hope

Poin

t Barrow

Hope I

Jarrow

Jan. -_,

. NNE

2%-5_

WNW

<2Vz —

-10

-17

Feb. _.

. NNE

5-10 _

NE

<2.yz—

- 8

-20

Mar. _.

. NNE

5-10^ _

NE

2%-5_

- 6

-15

Apr. _.

. NNE

5-10 _

NE

2%-5_

+ 6

0

May ^.

. NNE

2%-5_

ENE

5-10__

-f23

+ 20

June _-

. NNE

<2% _

ENE

<2%-_.

4-36

+32

July _,

. SE

<2%___

E

<2%___

+42

+ 4J0

Aug. _.

. WNW

<2% __

NE

<2% __

+42

+ 40

Sept. _.

. NNE

2%-5_

ENE

2^4-5_

+34

+30

Oct.

. NE

5-10_„

NE

2%-5_

+23

+ 14

Nov. _.

. NE

2%-5

NE

2^-5^

+ 12

0

Dec. -

_ NE

5-10__

, NE

2%-5^

- 3

-12

Tabic 2. — Monthly average percent frequency of ob-
served winds equal to or greater than 34 kts and
equal to or less than 10 kts at Point Hope and Point
Barrow. From Marine Climatic Atlas of the World —
Vol. VIII. (U.S. Naval Weather Service Command,
1969).

Month Percent frequency Percent frequency

Winds >34 kts. Winds <10 kts.

Point Hope Point Barrow Point Hope Point Barrow

Jan. <B <5

Feb. <5 <5

Mar. <5 <5

Apr. <5 <5

May <5 <5

June <B <5

July <5 <5

Aug. <5 <5

Sept. <5 <5

Oct. <E <5

Nov. 10 <5

Dec. >5 <5

Prevailing winds at Point Barrow and off
Icy Cape (tables 3 and 4) showed a pattern

37

67

36

54

33

>50

40

>50

>50

51

51

59

40

50

35

60

36

60

>30

41

29

47

32

>60

of variation stronger than that revealed by the ture at Point Hope and Point Barrow occurring
vector average winds (table 1), as is to be in July and August. The seasonal low tempera-
expected. The most prevalent winds in all ture at Point Barrow occurred in February, 1
months in both areas are E-NE except for month later than at Point Hope. The mean tem-
SW winds during July off Icy Cape. Seasonal perature was lower at Point Barrow than at
variation in the wind field is more pronounced Point Hope during all months by an amount
in the third and fourth most prevalent direc- ranging from 2 to 12 F° (1.1 to 6.7 C°).
tions (octants) where W-SW winds appear Oceanography

more frequently during the summer months. Some past oceanographic investigations of

This pattern was more pronounced at Point the eastern Chukchi Sea have included a few

Barrow than off Icy Cape. observations in the Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape

area, but no comprehensive survey had been

Table 5.— Mean monthly percent frequency of observed attempted there prior to WEBSEC-70. How-

winds in the four most Prevalent octants at Point ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^.^^^ ^^^ detailed

Barrow. Values from charts m the Marine Climatic . . .

Atlas of the World-Vol. VI Arctic Ocean (U.S. enough to yield a general description of the

Navy, 1963). eastern Chukchi Sea during the summer and

early fall.

prevalent Sauer, et al. (1954), described water masses

Month octant Second Third Fourth found in the eastem Chukchi Sea (65-73° N,

Jan. __ E 22 NE 19 SW 11 N 10 164-169° W) in the summer of 1949. The

Feb. -_ E 21 NE 20 W 17 SW 10 temperature and salinity data used for classi-

Mar. __ NE 31 E 18 N 10 SW 9 fication of the water masses were obtained

Apr. __ NE 27 E 22 N 11 S 9 by bathythermograph and titration of water

May _, NE 35 E 29 N 7 SE 6 samples, both means yielding data of lower

June __ E 28 NE 24 SW 13 W 10 ■ • j ii_ •

July NE 21 E 20 SW 16 W 10 precision and accuracy than is common m more

Aug. -_ E 23 NE 21 SW 12 W 11 recent investigations. The water masses they

Sept. __ E 26 NE 23 SE 10 N 10 identified in the vicinity of Cape Lisburne-Icy

Oct. __ NE 27 E 23 SE 13 S 12 Cape were Alaskan Coastal Water (approx.

Nov. __ NE 33 E 21 s 10 SE 9 > 6.6° C, <30.5%o) occupying the entire water

Dec. ^_ NE 30 E 18 SW 9 W 9 , j., j.- . ■, t ^ ■.• .

column near the continent, and Intermediate

Water (approx. 4-6.3° C, 30.6-32.2%o) found

Table 4.— Mean monthly percent frequency of observed "ear bottom near the continent and at the sur-

v?inds in the four most prevalent octants off Icy face farther north. As the authors pointed out.

Cape (shipboard observations). Values from charts the water mass classifications may be valid in a

in the Marine Climatic Atlas of the World-Vol. VI particular area for the summer season only.

Arctic Ocean (U.S. Navy, 1963). ttt , i -i , ,. a j

Water masses were described by Aagaard

Most (1964) based on temperature and salinity data

„„ ,. . . c: ^ r,^ ,. ^ ... collected in the eastern Chukchi Sea in October

Month octant Second Third Fourth

1962. He found "Alaskan coastal water"

Jan. (>1° C, <31%o) to occupy the surface layer

e . ^g^j, ^-^^ continent and a layer of "warm sub-
Apr. -I""I"~I""~"'~"~~"~"""""" I surface water" (>2.0° C, 31.5-32.4%o) be-
May __ E 36 NE 28 SE 8 W 7 neath it. Both of these masses were found as
June __ E 28 W 12 SE 11 s 10 far north as Point Hope, but northerly winds
July __ SW 21 NE 20 N 15 E 13 apparently blocked the flow of Alaskan coastal
S.;t-'^S l?s Z\l Z" water into the Cape Llsburne Icy cape area.
Oct. __ NE 54 E 20 N 10 SE 6 Near the bottom in the central and northeast-
Nov. __ NE 58 E 12 N 8 W 6 ern Chukchi Sea, he found a water mass char-
Dec __ NE 59 E 22 SW 7 N 6 acterized by salinity greater than 32.9%o,

■ temperature greater than 1° C, and low con-
Mean monthly surface air temperature (table centrations of dissolved oxygen (dov^m to 26

1) varied seasonally with the highest tempera- percent saturation). With the data available to

3

him, Aagaard was unable to isolate the source
of this water mass but named the Bering Sea,
East Siberian Sea, and northern Chukchi Sea
as possibilities.

Fleming and Heggarty (1966) described
water properties found in the eastern Chukchi
Sea on two summer cruises (2 August-1 Sep-
tember 1959 and 26 Juiy-28 August 1960) but
did not define water masses based on the ob-
served properties. They found warmer, less
saline water near the Alaskan coast extending
northward, more or less parallel to the coast-
line, as far as Icy Cape. In the Cape Lisburne-
Icy Cape area nearer the shore, they found a
southwestward surface intrusion of water
which was warmer and more saline (7°- 10° C,
>32%o) than that generally found throughout
Lhe area. They offered no suggestion regarding
a source of the intruded water. Distributions of
temperature and salinity farther offshore im-
ply the presence of a clockwise eddy, suggest-
ing the possibility that the anomalous intrusion
may have been the residue of a former eddy
trapped downstream from Cape Lisburne.

Kinney, Burrell, et al. (1970), described four
distinct water masses present in the Bering
Strait in July-August 1968. Their description
was based on an analysis of four groups of
factors: nutrients, organics, C/N and PM
(carbon/nitrogen and particulate matter) , and
physical variables (temperature, salinity, and
density). The identified masses were charac-
terized as follows :

1. deep water in the center of the strait and
surface water on the western side with
high nutrients, low organics, high salin-
ity, and low temperature,

2. surface water in the central strait with
partially depleted nutrients, high or-
ganics, and varying temperature and
salinity,

3. surface water in the eastern strait with
low nutrients, low organics, low salinity,
and high temperature, and

4. deep water in the eastern strait with low
nutrients and high organics.

Because the waters of the Bering Strait flow
northward into the Chukchi Sea, these four
water masses, particularly those of the eastern
and central portions, are important in any
study of the Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape area.
A general description of the circulation in

the eastern Chukchi Sea can be constructed
from several reports of investigations in the
area and atlas portrayals of average surface
currents. In a few of these publications the
current portrayals are based on direct measure-
ments, but most of them are based on inference
from the distribution of water properties.

The U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office Oceano-
graphic Atlas of the Polar Seas — Part II
Arctic (USNHO, 1958) shows a pattern of
surface currents (fig. 4) flowing northward
into the Chukchi Sea from the Bering Strait
to the vicinity of the Point Hope-Cape Lisburne
promontory, then northeastward through the
Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape area, with speeds of
0.5 to 1.7 knots. This portrayal was based on
records of vessel drift and dynamic considera-
tions, the latter being of little value in the
shallow Chukchi Sea.

During a joint United States-Canadian ex-
pedition to Arctic waters in the summer of
1949 (Lesser and Pickard, 1950), 28 direct
measurements of currents were made in 15
locations in the eastern Chukchi Sea (four
surface and two bottom measurements in the
Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape area) . Surface
measurements were made with a drift pole and
near-bottom measurements were made with an
Ekman meter. Surface currents ranged from
0.0 to 0.5 knots in essentially random direc-
tions, except for two measurements made near
Point Hope and near Cape Lisburne which
showed currents diverging from the headlands
(NW and WNW) at 2.0 and 1.0 knots, re-
spectively. Near bottom (160 cm above the
bottom) currents in the same area (four
measurements) were found to be generally
northward, paralleling local isobaths at speeds
ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 knots.

The most extensive program of current
measurements in the eastern Chukchi Sea to
date was conducted by the University of Wash-
ington in July-August 1960 as part of a study
of the environment of the Cape Thompson
region (Fleming and Heggarty, 1966). Current
meter obsei-vations were made at 161 stations,
21 of which were in the Cape Lisburne-Icy
Cape area. Drift cards and drogue buoys also
were used to measure surface currents, but
only south of Cape Lisburne. The measure-
ments revealed a general circulation pattern
(fig. 5) involving a northward flow from the

Bering Strait which approximately paralleled
local isobaths, converged on promontories and
curved into a clockwise eddy northeast of Cape
Lisburne. The distributions of temperature and
salinity supported this pattern with isotherms
and isohalines generally paralleling the iso-
baths and forming an eddy pattern northeast
of Cape Lisburne.

There have been no extensive programs of
current measurement in the eastern Chukchi
Sea during the fall months. Aagaard (1964)
has reported the results of a cruise in this area
during October 1962 but there were no direct
measurements of current performed and his
description of circulation was based entirely on
inference from the distributions of water prop-
erties. He described a two-layer system in-
volving "Alaskan coastal water" in the surface
layer and "warm subsurface water" beneath
it. The "Alaskan coastal water" did not flow
northeastward from Cape Lisburne as expected
but turned to the northwest instead, apparently
because of prevailing northeasterly winds in
the Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape area. The "warm
subsurface water," however, apparently was
not influenced by the wind stress and turned to
flow northeastward beyond Cape Lisburne.

There are no general descriptions of circula-
tion during the winter months in the eastern
Chukchi Sea. Coachman and Tripp (1970) have
reported measurements obtained over a period
of 4 days, 21-25 March 1968, with a recording
current meter suspended 15 m beneath an ice
floe drifting about 190 km (114 nm) NNE of
Bering Strait (approximately 140 nm SW of
Cape Lisburne). Their results indicated that
the northward flow from the Bering Strait that
has been frequently measured in summer
months also is present in winter.

RESULTS OF WEBSEC-70

Data Collection and Processing

WEBSEC-70 was conducted from the
USCGC GLACIER (WAGB-4) in the eastern
Chukchi Sea during 23 September-18 October
1970. Eighty-five stations were occupied in the
vicinity of Cape Lisbume-Icy Cape in a grad-
ually diminishing area of open water between
the polar ice pack and the northern Alaskan
coast (figs. 1 and 2). Physical and chemical
oceanographic data were collected at these sta-

tions from 47 Nansen bottle casts, 136 expend-
able bathythermograph (XBT) drops, and 28
current meter lowerings.

Te)npe7'ature

Water temperature data were obtained by
use of paired reversing thermometers attached
to Nansen bottles and by XBTs calibrated with
bucket thermometer readings.

Salinity

Water samples were drawn from Teflon-lined
Nansen bottles for salinity determinations
conducted on board with inductive salino-
meters. The salinometers were calibrated with
standard (Copenhagen) water at least once
per 30 samples. Conductivity values obtained
were converted to salinity values by use of the
International Oceanographic Tables published
jointly by UNESCO and the National Institute
of Oceanography of Great Britain (UNESCO,
1966).

Dissolved Oxygen Concentration

Water samples were drawn from Teflon-lined
Nansen bottles for shipboard analysis of dis-
solved oxygen by means of a modified Winkler
titration (Strickland and Parsons, 1968).
Values of percent saturation were computed
utilizing a computer program based on tables
of oxygen saturation developed by Green and
Carritt (1967).

Dissolved Nutrients

Techniques described in the manual of
Strickland and Parsons (1968) were used in
the determination of nutrients. Molybdate com-
plexes of phosphate and silicate were reduced
to form colored complexes. Nitrate was first
reduced to nitrite using a cadmium-copper
column, and then converted to a highly colored
azo dye. A Beckman DU-2 spectrophotometer
was employed in measuring the light transmit-
tance of the treated samples. The resulting
extinction values were converted to concentra-
tions, in microgram-atoms/liter, taking into
account the salt effect.

Sampling Depth

The Nansen casts were all too shallow to em-
ploy effectively unprotected reversing thermo-
meters to obtain measurements of sampling
depths. Meter wheel readings and wire angle

measurements were used to compute estimates
of sampling depths. Because all of the casts
were made to depths of less than 50 meters
under conditions of low wire angle, no sig-
nificant errors are thought to exist in the com-
puted estimates.

Currents

Direct measurements of currents were made
on 14 stations at two depths from the vessel at
anchor. A Hydropi-oducts model 502 recording
current meter (CGOU) was lowered to 10 m
depth and allowed to run for periods ranging
from 1 to 35 hours (about li/a hours on most
stations). A Geodyne model 102 recording cur-
rent meter (USGS) was lowered to within
1.5-2 m of the bottom on most of the same
stations for simultaneous measurement of
near-bottom currents.

Strip charts from the Hydroproducts meter
were digitized by hand, yielding data points at
3V^-minute intervals. Calibration corrections
were applied to the speed data, and corrections
for magnetic variation were applied to the
direction record. The data were then processed
to yield means and standard deviations of speed
and direction, progressive vector diagrams,
vector histograms, and vector averages.

Photographic records from the Geodyne cur-
rent meter were processed by machine, yielding
speed and velocity information at l-minute in-
tervals. These values then were reprocessed by
computer to obtain 15-minute, 1-hour, and
overall vector sums. Vector values were cor-
rected for magnetic variation before progres-
sive vector diagrams were plotted.

Meteorological Observations

Surface meteorological observations were
made at 6-hour intervals and on each station.
Upper air observations were made daily.

Ice Observations

Observations of ice cover and pack edge loca-
tion were made visually and by radar from the
vessel routinely and from helicopter recon-
naissance flights when necessary.

Qtiality Control

Initial quality control of all physical and
chemical oceanographic data was performed on
board GLACIER, and final control was con-
ducted at the Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit.

All of the oceanographic data were submitted
to the U.S. National Oceanographic Data
Center (NODC) for archiving and further
processing. NODC listings of the processed
data have been included in this report (ap-
pendix A).

Surface Properties and Air-Sea Interaction

Ice conditions encountered during WEBSEC-
70 (fig. 6) were much like those described as
average for September-October (U.S. Navy
Hydrographic Office, 1958). Both the advance
of the polar ice pack on the coastline and the
freezing of winter ice were approximately "on
schedule." Oceanographic stations were gen-
erally occupied in the relatively ice-free water
between the main pack edge and the coast (10
fm isobath), except for occasional stations and
stations 9 through 23 which were occupied
near the pack edge by design (figs. 2 and 6).
Station 21 was located about 10 nautical miles
inside the pack edge, the deepest penetration of
the cruise.

The proximity of the ice pack influenced
water properties at the sea surface and, to a
lesser extent, in the upper 10 meters. Melting
along the pack edge lowered temperature and
salinity of the adjacent water to values gen-
erally less than 1° C and 31 ppt (figs. 7, 8, 10,
11). The concentration of dissolved oxygen in
the surface layer was higher in the vicinity of
the ice pack (figs. 13, 14), but this only reflects
the greater solubility of oxygen in colder water,
as is evident from the lack of similar patterns
in the distribution of percent saturation of dis-
solved oxygen (figs. 16, 17). Nutrient values in
the northern sector of the survey (figs. 19, 20,
22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29) also appeared to be in-
fluenced by melt water from the adjacent ice
pack. Dilution of surface values by the melt
water apparently resulted in low concentra-
tions; stations near the ice pack off Icy Cape
showed the lowest surface nutrient values en-
countered.

The variation of weather conditions during
the cruise period strongly influenced surface
water properties. Air temperature (fig. 31)
remained nearly constant during the early
portion of the cruise (stations 8-30, 25 Sep-
tember-5 October), then generally decreased
for the remainder of the cruise (stations 30-87,
5-17 October) . An increase in air temperature

noted during 17-18 October (stations 89-92)
probably was the result of moving to the area
west of Cape Lisburne, instead of a change in
the weather patterns. Sea surface temperature
(fig. 7) followed a similar pattern of variation :
nearly constant during the early part of the
cruise (stations 8-30), with some variation
resulting from varying proximity to the edge
of the ice pack, and decreasing for the remain-
der of the cruise (stations 30-87).

An area of low sea surface temperature
(<0° C) near shore near Cape Lisburne (sta-
tions 7^87, fig. 7) was the result of strong
cooling by the overlying cold air mass
(<— 10° C). Ice was rapidly freezing on the
sea surface as these stations were occupied, in
response to steadily decreasing air tempera-
ture.

Variations in the surface wind field during
the cruise period (fig. 32) included two periods
of relative calm (most observations <10 kts),
which occurred during the early and middle
portions (stations 8-30, 25 September-5 Octo-
ber, and stations 45-60, 9-11 October). These
were interspersed with two periods of strong
winds (up to 35 kts) from the NNE-ENE
octant (stations 30-45, 5-9 October, and sta-
tions 60-85, 11-16 October). Time variation of
sea surface temperature showed a tendency
toward higher temperatures or a period of
slow decrease corresponding with the two
windy periods, probably because of mixing of
warmer, more saline, subsurface water with
the surface layer. In addition, the surface
temperature of the air mass involved in the
first windy period was higher than that ob-
served preceding or following the periods.

Variations in meteorological conditions and
their effect on the distributions of surface and
near-surface water properties were large
enough to render the observed distributions
asynoptic over the full period of the cruise.
Consequently, the contoured sections of the
physical and chemical properties of the water
must be viewed with their asynoptic character
in mind, and inferences of flow based on these
sections can be considered valid for only short
periods of the cruise.

Water Masses

The temperature and salinity values observed
in the Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape area during

WEBSEC-70 did not correspond closely with
water mass properties defined by Saur et al.
(1954) and Aagaard (1964) (figs. 33, 34). As
might be expected, the WEBSEC-70 values
were closer to Aagaard's fall values than
Saur's summer values. The lack of agreement
between the observed values and previously
defined water masses is not surprising, in light
of the wide time-dependent variation of the
properties of the shallow water of the Chukchi
Sea and the inflow from the Bering Strait.

The surface water sampled in the Cape
Lisbume-Icy Cape area (designated by dots in
fig. 35) appeared to be a cooler, more saline
variety of the "Alaskan coastal water" defined
by Aagaard (1964). Underlying the modified
Alaskan coastal water often was found water
with T-S characteristics corresponding with
those of the "warm subsurface water" defined
by Aagaard (1964). Occasionally the warm
subsurface water was found at the sea surface.
Many of the T-S points fell between the two
water masses defined by Aagaard, which
merely exemplifies the need to adjust the
boundaries of the definitions.

Rather than inventing new water mass defi-
nitions or modifying existing ones to fit the
observed properties, it may be simpler to con-
sider the physical processes and water masses
at the periphery of the T-S distribution which
influence the properties of the main volume of
water entering the eastern Chukchi Sea (fig.
36). Merely to facilitate discussion, the inflow-
ing water mass will be called Eastern Chukchi
Sea Fall Influx (ECSFI).

Alaskan coastal runoff, both as a component
of ECSFI and as an addition to it north of the
Bering Strait, tends to produce higher tem-
peratures and lower salinities in the surface
layer. The volume of runoff, and accordingly
its influence on water properties, varies season-
ally, and from year to year. Because freezing
conditions were prevalent during WEBSEC-70,
the effects of runoff on the water properties
observed in the Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape area
were greatly reduced, yielding cooler and more
saline water than normally found during the
summer and fall months.

Melting of sea ice will produce a surface
layer of cooler (as low as —1.8° C) and less
saline (<30 ppt.) water. A layer of water
whose properties were modified in this manner

was found in the vicinity of the edge of the
polar ice pack during the early portion of
WEBSEC-70 (figs. 7, 8, 10, 11, 37, 38). The
layer, which was easily distinguished from
water beneath and adjacent to it, was quite
limited in its vertical and horizontal extent
(about 10 m or less thick and a few miles from
the pack edge), thus representing a small
volume relative to the total volume studied dur-
ing the cruise.

Freezing of sea ice will produce a change in
the entire water column, making it colder
(down to about —1.8° C) and more saline
(>31 ppt here). These changes occur step-
wise, in temperature first, then in salinity when
the freezing point is reached. Many of the
stations occupied during the last portion of the
cruise (stations 72-87) showed the effects of
rapid cooling and freezing (figs. 7, 8, 9).
Temperature-salinity plots of these stations
(fig. 35) are virtually points, indicating the
nearly isothermal and isohaline conditions in
the water column produced by convective over-
turn resulting from the strong cooling and
freezing of sea ice.

Inclusion of water from near bottom in the
central Bering Strait would decrea.se the tem-
perature and increase the salinity of the water
column (fig. 36) . The effects of this water
category were found near bottom on stations
in the northwestern corner and along the
northern boundary of the WEBSEC-70 area of
investigation. Stations in deeper portions of the
Chukchi Sea farther north (inaccessible during
WEBSEC-70) probably would reveal this
water category to be a common component of
the water column.

Water properties along the western edge of
the area of investigation (stations 44-60, sec-
tion B-B'), which would be "upstream" in a
current pattern such as that described by previ-
ous investigators, varied significantly in their
horizontal and vertical distributions (figs.
39-45). Maximum temperatures (>3" C) at all
depths were found in the center of the section
(stations 49 and 50), where the water column
was nearly isothermal. Minimum temperatures
(<1° C) in the section were found near the
surface on station 44 (near the ice pack) and
near the bottom on .station 48.

The distribution of salinity along the section
(fig. 40) generally did not parallel the distribu-

tion of temperature. Salinity changed very
little northward from Cape Lisbume (station
60) until beyond the midpoint (station 49),
and the water column was nearly isohaline in
the section between stations 49 and 60. North
of station 49 salinity increased at all levels, but
most rapidly near bottom, where a maximum
of 32.66 ppt was found on station 48.

The combination of temperature and salinity
values observed near bottom on the stations at
the northern end of the section (stations 44, 48,
and 49) and along the northern boundary of
the study area closely correspond with those
observed below 20 m in the central Bering
Strait (fig. 33) during a cruise of the USCGC
NORTHWIND in October 1962 (U.S. Coast
Guard, 1964). In addition, the distributions of
dissolved nutrients in the near bottom water on
this section (figs. 42-45) showed higher values
for each nutrient sampled. The higher nutrient
concentrations add to the hypothesis that the
near bottom water on stations 44, 48, and 49
came from the central Bering Strait. All these
water properties correspond well with the
characteristics of a Bering Strait water mass
described by Kinney, Burrell, et al. (1970),
which was found at the surface in the western
strait and at the bottom in the center of the
strait, and was characterized by high nutrients,
low organics, high salinity, and low tempera-
ture. This mass also was thought by Kinney,
Burrell, et al. to make up the bottom water of
the central and western Chukchi Sea.

The possibility that the near-bottom water
found along the northern edge of the
WEBSEC-70 area may have come from the
Arctic Basin instead of the central Bering
Strait is negated by the following observations :
(1) The WEBSEC-70 near-bottom water was
warmer by 2-4° C than Arctic Basin water
(Coachman and Barnes, 1961) of the same
salinity range (31.8-32.6%o) and density range
(cT, 25.5-26.5). (2) The WEBSEC-70 near-
bottom water contained less dissolved oxygen
(about 1.5-2.0 ml/1 less) and more silicate
(about 20-30 ng-at/1 more) than Arctic Basin
water (Kinney, Arhelger, and Burrell, 1970)
of the same density range. (3) The WEBSEC-
70 near-bottom water contained substantially
less oxygen, more silicate, more phosphate,
more nitrate, and was warmer than Arctic

8

Basin water (Kinney, Arhelger, and Burrell,
1970) in the same depth range (35-50 m).

Water near the bottom in the East Siberian
Sea was found by Codispoti and Richards
(1963) to contain concentrations of phosphate
and silicate which are quite similar to those
found near the bottom in the northern edge of
the WEBSEC-70 area. However, the tempera-
ture, salinity, and concentration of nitrate were
unlike those found in the WEBSEC-70 area.
These dissimilarities and the lack of evidence
of flow from the East Siberian Sea to the east-
ern Chukchi Sea rule out the East Siberian Sea
as a source of the WEBSEC-70 near-bottom
water.

Horizontal distributions of dissolved nu-
trients on the sea surface and 10-m surface
(figs. 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29) showed a
general northwestward decrease in concentra-
tions of all those measured. Such a decrease
would be expected if the flow were northwest-
ward and photosynthesis were taking place at
these levels. However, Fleming and Heggarty
(1966) estimated the residence time for water
in the southeastern Chukchi Sea to be only
about 10 days, scarcely enough time to develop
the gradients observed under fall light condi-
tions. The residence time may be substantially
longer than the estimate, perhaps because of
the formation of eddies northeast of Cape
Lisburne and the reduction of flow through the
area by strong northeasterly winds.

An interesting feature visible on nearly all
charts of horizontal distributions of water
properties was an area of vertically well mixed
cold water with relatively high nutrient con-
tent, found extending westward from Point
Lay. Steep horizontal gradients were found in
the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate at
all levels. The high nutrient load of this water
probably was the result of incorporation of
nutrients from the bottom sediments into the
overlying water and vertical mixing caused by
convective overturn and wind mixing, since the
stations involved were occupied late in the
cruise during a period of strong cooling and
rapid freezing.

The distribution of oxygen in the area of
study showed little variation, particularly in
terms of percent saturation (figs. 16-18). The
slightly lower oxygen values observed near
bottom along the northern boundary of the

area of study are characteristic of water from
near bottom in the central Bering Strait. Con-
vective processes produced concentrations very
near saturation in the rest of the water column
along the northern boundary and in the rest of
the area of study.

Currents — Direct Measurement

Current meter records obtained during
WEBSEC-70, which have been digitized and
summarized (figs. 46-74), revealed a wide
variation in magnitude and direction. Tidal
variations were not evident in the 30-hour rec-
ords (15-minute average progressive vector
plots, figs. 60 and 74) from station 8. This is
not surprising because the currents associated
with the mixed semidiurnal tides in the ea.stern
Chukchi Sea are relatively weak. Fleming and
Heggarty (1966) reported measurements of
tidal currents of less than 0.1 kt just south of
Point Hope.

During the 31 hours of current measurement
at station 8, the motion of the vessel swinging
at anchor introduced variation into the velocity
records. A log of the vessel's heading, recorded
at 15-minute intervals for 13 hours, showed
that the vessel moved through an arc of 150°
(210-360° T) during the full period, and
through an average arc of 15.2° in 15 minutes.
Assuming uniform motion during the 15-
minute period, a swing of 15.2° would produce
a recorded velocity of 0.09 kt at right angles
to the vessel's heading. The maximum swing
observed during any 15-minute period was 50°,
which similarly would yield a recorded velocity
of 0.29 kt. The vector average near-bottom
current speed during the 31-hour period was
only 0.08 kt, which is only slightly larger than
the average velocity imparted by the ship's
swinging at anchor. The spurious velocity rec-
ord due to the vessel's motion thus renders
short-term averages or instantaneous velocities
in the record nearly useless. The strip chart
from the 10-m current meter shows variation
in direction (assumedly due to swinging at
anchor) with no obvious general period. Only
the trends revealed by progressive diagrams or
long term vector averages can be considered as
significant under these circumstances.

Currents at the 10-meter depth (fig. 75)
generally fell within the same quadrant and
often the same octant as the wind velocity (fig.

9

32) on the same or preceding stations, except
at stations 28, 29, 54, and 55, where winds
were weak and variable. During periods of
strong northeasterly winds the flow at 10 m
(and less) was generally before the wind,
southwestward out of the Cape Lisburne-Icy
Cape area, opposite to the general flow ex-
pected. Whenever the northeasterly winds sub-
sided, the near-surface currents apparently
returned to a pattern of flow into the area,
toward the northeast. Evidence for this was
observed in the current measurements made of
stations 54 and 55, during a period of weak
and variable winds, and station 64 nearby,
during a period of strong northeasterly winds
(fig. 75) ; the former two stations showed
northeastward currents and the latter station
showed southwestward current.

In the nearshore area between Point Lay
and Icy Cape the 10-m currents were weak and
widely variable. Because of the influence of
tidal currents, vessel's motion, and variable
winds, little significance can be given to the
current measurements, except that they lacked
the orderly alongshore flow expected.

Near bottom currents (vector averages)
varied from the 10-m currents both in direc-
tion (up to 140° either to the right or left) and
speed (up to 0.38 kt) . Excluding the observa-
tions on stations 60 and 90 near Cape Lisburne
and station 26 near Icy Cape, however, the
near bottom and 10-m currents fell at least in
the same quadrant on the remaining 8 stations
and within the same octant on 6 of the 8. Near
bottom currents entering the area of study
were found only on stations 54 and 55, indicat-
ing that they were influenced by the north-
easterly winds, as was the case for the 10-m
currents.

The difference in direction (figs. 60 and 74)
between currents at 10 m and near bottom was
pronounced during the entire period of
measurement (30 hours) on station 8. During
the first 5 hours both meters were deployed, the
directions differed by about 90°. During the
next 16 hours the directions differed by 90-
180°. During the last 10 hours the directions
differed generally by less than 45° and at times
were nearly coincident. The significant changes
in direction which occurred in both records did
not coincide in time, occurring at the 6-hour
mark at 10 m and at the 22-hour mark near

bottom. Only 2 of 17 expendable bathythermo-
graph traces obtained at about 2-hour intervals
showed evidence of stratification.

Inference from Distributions of Water
Properties

The apparent asynopticity of observations
over the full cruise period makes it fruitless to
attempt extensive inference of flow patterns
from the distributions of water properties. The
general absence of the parallelism between
property isopleths and isobaths, as had been
found by previous investigators (Aagaard,
1964, and Fleming and Heggarty, 1966) ,
clearly showed that a I'egime of orderly along-
shore flow did not exist during WEBSEC-70.

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS

1. Pronounced changes in wind velocity and
air temperature during the 23-day sampling
period produced measurable changes in the
distributions of water properties, rendering
the oceanographic data collected decidedly
asynoptic.

2. Distributions of temperature, salinity,
dissolved oxygen, and nutrients showed the in-
fluences of Alaskan coastal runoff, melting of
sea ice, freezing of sea ice, and bottom water
from the central Bering Strait.

3. Distributions of dissolved nutrients
showed horizontal gradients which may have
been the result of photosynthetic activity in the
upper 10 m of moving water. However, if this
was the cause of the observed gradients, the
residence time of water in this area of the
Chukchi Sea must have been longer than the
10 days estimated by Fleming and Heggarty
(1966).

4. Currents at 10 m and near bottom were
found to be strongly influenced by the wind.
Significant northeastward currents (to be ex-
pected from average charts) entering the area
of investigation were found only on two sta-
tions, during a period of weak and variable
winds. Currents ranged from southwestward
to northwestward during periods of strong
northeasterly winds.

5. Currents near shore (15 miles off) be-
tween Cape Lisburne and Icy Cape were gen-
erally weak and variable, suggesting the
possibility of an eddy or pocket of slack water
northeast of Cape Lisburne.

10

REFERENCES

Aagaard, Knut (1964) Features of the Physical
Oceanography of the Chukchi Sea in the Autumn.
M. S. thesis. University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington.

Coachman, L. K. and R. B. Tripp (1970) Currents
north of Bering Strait in winter. Limnol. and Oc,
15(4) :625-632.

Coachman, L. K. and C. A. Barnes (1961) The con-
tribution of Bering Sea water to the Arctic Ocean.
Arctic, 14(3) :146-161.

Codispoti, L. A. and F. A. Richards (1968) Micro-
nutrient distributions in the East Siberian and
Laptev seas during summer 1963. Arctic, 21(2)
: 67-83.

Fleming, Richard H. and Diane Heggarty (1966)
Oceanography of the southeastern Chukchi Sea in :
Environment of the Cape Thompson Region, Alaska.
Norman J. Willimovsky and John N. Wolfe editors.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1966. 1225 pp.

Green, E. J. and D. E. Carritt (1967) New tables for
oxygen saturation of sea water. Jour. Mar. Res.
25(2) : 140-147.

Hunkins, Kenneth and P. A. Kaplan (1966) Chukchi
Sea. in: The Encyclopedia of Oceanography, Vol. I.
Ed. R. W. Fairbridge. Reinhold Publishing Corpora-
tion, New York.

Kinney, P. J., D. C. Burrell, M. E. Arhelger, T. C.
Loder, and D. W. Hood (1970) Chukchi Sea Data
Report: USCGC Northwind, July-August 1968;
USCGC Staten Island, July-August 1969. University
of Alaska Report R-70-23.

Kinney, Patrick, Martin E. Arhelger, and David C.
Burrell (1970) Chemical characteristics of water
masses in the Amerasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean
Jour. Geophijs. Res., 75(21): 4097-4104.

Lesser, R. M. and G. L. Pickard (1950) Oceanographic
cruise to the Bering and Chukchi Seas, summer 1949,
Part II: Currents. U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory
Research Report 211.

Saur, J. F. T., J. P. TuUy, and E. C. LaFond (1954)
Oceanographic cruise to the Bering and Chukchi
Seas, summer 1949, Part IV, Physical Oceanographic
Studies. U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory Research
Report 416, Vol. I.

Strickland, J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons (1968) A
practical handbook of sea water analysis. Bulletin
167, Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Queen's
Printer, Ottawa. 311 pp.

UNESCO (1966) International Oceanographic Tables,
UNESCO Office of Oceanography, Paris, 118 pp.

U.S. Coast Guard (1964) Oceanographic Cruise
USCGC Northwind, Bering and Chukchi Seas July-
Sept. 1962. USCG Oceanographic Report No. 1,
CG 373-1.

U.S. Navy (1963) Marine Climatic Atlas of the World
Vol. VI. Arctic Ocean. NAVWEPS 50-ic-533. 293
charts.

U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office (1958) Oceanographic
Atlas of the Polar Seas-Part II Arctic. H. 0. Pub.
No. 705. 149 pp.

U.S. Navy Weather Service Command (1969) Marine
Climatic Atlas of the World— Vol. VIII The World.
NAVAIR 50-1C-54. 179 charts.

11

12

e
O

e

0)

(0

e
(VJ

o

o
00

■^^

I ^ '^.v^

1

I

I^^B^

1

1 oi fcV:-

. ^ a V

o

- - \ " ^J^

\ ^j ^'%i %

']$'■

ra _

■.M

>>
eg

CO

ro.^v N^^^.

-t->

CVJ s

X ^v--.

c

.c -^

to ^

^ Xi%

o

cu

•,

c^""^

;;.*■■■•.

'■.'• ^

anogr
rent

<

CM vS,
CVJ®

)ro .

*

00

tA

E

' --2-

>i5--*

03 ^

""

®*

/

f

/

^;. ~

lO

ro

fO»

ro

\

1

•

f^

® ©• .

\

V^

IO

N^

:■ 0)
V ■ c

r^

CVJ

oocp, \

¥'• ^

•
CM

^

N»

00

•

CD \
00 1

ro»

rs-»

ro

• 1

J'' CD

• /^

CD

(\j

f J CX

— (D

9

CD '

f.. CO

^^

"" •

^

• O

-fe.."-:;--.:, ~

^•co

00

00
CD

•

CD

®

in
in

0) ^,

CD» CD

sf

ro

•

o

J^

•5^

CVJ

in

y^

^»

^

r

o> .

/^

ro ^

I

1

1

o
CD

o

to

CO

o

OO

CO

o

o

e

J3
O

O

CM <S
CO

o

0)

CO

©
I

sa

c

■p.
£

c

c
.J

s

13

14

Figure 4. — Average surface current velocities (from USINHO Oceanographic Atlas of the Polar Seas — Part II,

1968).

16

e

o
O

o

O

(0

o
CVJ

o

e
(0

o

00

CO

e

00

(0

o

o

\

^ ^ ^

16

cd
u

u
<

«

■8

ja
o

o

I

«J
U

aa

_c
*s-

a

9

a.

•a

0

3

17

I68»

166*

lez-w

70*

69^

SEA -SURFACE
TEMPERATURE CO

25 September- l70ctober 1970

earn

168*

I62*W

4

1 —

4

2

-

ill

2

0
-2

-

i

III

,1,

ii.i ,...

0

-2

K)

-+-

-t-

-+-

H H

H (-

2030409060708090
Staliofl Numbar

Figure 7. — Sea surface temperature ("C) during WEBSEC-70, 25 September-17 October 1970.

18

19

o

o

.a

E

ti

a.

O

a
ca

_c

3
15

a
B

S

o

o

3

61

20

0>

o

.a
E

o

I

U
U

tr.

n

u

3

3

21

22

23

24

25

26

o

0

.0

E

in

N

o'

I

o
u

a
_s

'u

a

.0

o

o

11

VI

Ml

<0

27

<5

0

CM

<0

s

I-

(0

IS

L

o
r-

.a
s

u
en

N

o'

I
U

u
n

s

B
O

B
O

s ^

a

J

<D

28

5

0

CM

to

to

Is

h

e
r-

0

1/5

o'

I

u

u

c/)

CQ

o

^ a.

s

k

Z
ft)

29

o

^■

L

a

g

PI

©■

6

u

«

_e

*u

3

■a

©

a.

c

a
bn
u
o
c

s
il

e
o

a

30

o

ON

O

V

0>

V

in

I

a
m
a

3
-B

©

e
o

S

31

o

0\

.0
o
tJ

O

L

V

I

0,
a
en

w

o"

en
oa

_c

3

s

o

o

X

o

B

h

o

s

0

u

IN

k

s

32

33

e

CM

<0-

S-

<fi

to

<0

(O

o

?sl I

w

M

©'

u

CO

c
o

?

a.

a

01

O S

CO B

^ I

e
u

»?

C4

a

60

I

34

35

in

s

36

0)

o

e

©

.a
o

V

0.

V

in

o

CQ

X

s

•B

E

o

s.

•Q

^

e

•B

c

6

u

0

Z

37

38

39

40

T

^1

to

s

I

o

0)

J3

lA
CI

O

t/i
S3
U

G
'u

S

g

o

o

M

•V

B
u

C
O

a

41

70»

48 ••At

. 3.7

69^

SURFACE AIR
TEMPERATURE CC)

25 September - irOctober 1970

69*N

I66»

164'

ez-w

Figure 32.— Surface air temperature (°C) during WEBSEC-70, 25 Septen.ber-17 October 1970.

42

I68»

166*

164

I62*W

21

40

44

70"

48^3

>2'

B914

49

y 69 <393

35
38

,2-. SO 78

/67
54/ 64

91

92

168*

i Ir.CAPE LISBURNE

69^

0 10 20 30 40

KTS

SURFACE WIND VELOCITY

25 September- l70ctober 1970

164"

I62»W

40
I 30

S 20

-

1

llllnl

II

L ..ii

-

40

30
20

10
0

-I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ ^ 1 I I ^-

10 20 30

40 SO 60
Station Numb«r

70 80 90

Figure 32. — Surface wind velocily during WEBSEC-70, 25 Seplember-17 October 1970.

43

5 -

T

E

M

P

E

R

A 2

T

U

R I

E

-I

4 ---_

3 -.

-2 -

_l

. 1 . .

1 1

1

1

. . 1 . .

1

_i

-

^ ALASKAN "^N
COASTAL

I

\
\
\
\

" %

o

<^ o
o

i

\
\

N.

0 V

° , <S>
o<S>

s

o

\

INTERMEDIATE \
WATFR \^^r• i

i i

«J

K
<u

TO

« 3
(/I
X3

TO
TO

(U

(J

-

^^

WATER

Ala
coa
_ _ wat

MODIFIED \
ICE \

skan

1 1 \aA

;

warm .
subsurface ^

~'' •/

■> ,o , o

o :• o '

# 1 ° o

*« 0 1 «•
oo , o

8 1 o

8>° 1 * ;

_

-

b'dl yy
er

•
•

• *

•

MODIFI
SHEL
WATE

ED

F

R

—

-

\ s •: 1
\ . %• / .

\ / o 0

o

•
•

■*■ -i- ooo

0 0 ^^

-

—

^ o

•• 0
0

% "

o

c

<9

-*. ^

O

OO

0 0

0
O ©0

o

0

cP o o ^'
0 0

o
o

o
o

—

—

- ° oc '-^

^^ ICE MELT i/j/L^;

Siberian ISKN-^
coastal water ^

8

M rfbo

1

-

' 1 ' '

1 1

I

1

1 1 1 1 1

'

1

30

31

SALINITY %o

32

33

Figure 33. — Observed temperature (•C)-salinity (%o) values during WEBSEC-70 September-October 1970
(indicated by o), and NORTHWIND, October 1962 (indicated by • for Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape and
+ for Bering Strait >20 m) compared with water mass classifications of previous investigators (Saur,

et al., 1954 indicated and capital letters, and Aagaard, 1964 indicated by and lower

case letters).

44

TEMPERATURE (°F)

TEMPERATURE (°C)

22.5 24.0

- 5

26.0 28.0 30.0
SALINITY (Voo)

32.0

- 0

33.5

Figure 34. — Water mass classifications for the eastern Bering and Chukchi seas (from Saur, et al., 1954).

45

5 -

' 4 ■

E

M

P 3 •

E

R

A 2 •

T
U
R I ■

E

'c 0 -

•I -
2 -

J I I L

« ' I L

J I L

31

SALINITY %•

33

Figure 35. — Temperature (°C) — salinity (%o) regressions from WEBSEC-70 observations (25 September-17
October, 1970). Dots indicate surface values. Numbers are station numbers.

46

T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E

5 -

4 -

3 -

2 -

I -

0 -

-2 -

J I I L

EASTERN
CHUKCHI SEA
FALL INFLUX

BERING STRAIT
NEAR BOTTOM WATER

FREEZING

-| T

30

1 — ' — ' — "—
31

SALINITY%o

"T"
32

I I

33

Figure 36. — Observed temperature ("C)-saIinity (%o) values during WEBSEC-70, September-October 1970
and processes or water masses influencing the properties of Eastern Chukchi Sea Fall Influx,

47

Figure 37. — Vertical profile of temperature ("C) along section A-A' (location shonn in Figure 2), 1-5 October

1970, during WEBSEC-70.

48

Figure 38. — Vertical profile of salinity (%o) along section A-A' (location shown in Figure 2), 1-5 October

1970, during WEBSEC-70.

STATION NUMBER

Figure 39. — Vertical profile of temperature ("C) along section B-B' (location shown in
Figure 2), 8-11 October 1970, during WEBSEC-70.

49

STATION NUMBER
49 50 54

55

-• —

B'
59 60

31.25 —

Figure 40. — Verlical profile of salinity (%o) along section B-B' (location shown in Figure
2), 8-11 October 1970, during WEBSEC-70.

5

10

15

_ 20

I 25

Ui

a

30

35

40

45 —

STATION NUMBER
49 50 54

B'
59 60

7.50

N. MiUi

50

Figure 41. — Verlical profile of dissolved oxygen (ml/l) along section B— B' (location
shown in Figure 2), 8-11 October 1970, during WEBSEC-70.

Figure 42. — Vertical profile of dissolved inorganic phosphate (;(g-at/l) along section B-B'
(location shown in Figure 2), 8-11 October 1970, during WEBSrC-70.

B

44

STATION NUMBER
49 50

B'
59 60

Figure 43. — Vertical profile of dissolved inorganic nitrate (>ig-at/l) along section B-B'
(location shown in Figure 2), 8-11 October 1970, during WEBSEC-70.

51

b
44

48

0

5

10

IS

1 20

25
30
35
40
45

STATION NUMBER B"

49 50 54 55 59 60

— • • ,j • 7 • e •—

N. MiUs

Figure 44. — Vertical profile of dissolved inorganic nitrite (/ig-al/1) along section B-B'
(location shown in Figure 2), 8-11 October 1970, during WEBSEC-70.

B

44

STATION NUMBER

49 50

-•-

B'

55 59 60

Figure 45. — Vertical profile of dissolved inorganic silicate (/ig-at/1) along section B— B'
(location shown in Figure 2), 8-11 October 1970, during WEBSEC-70.

52

STATION 8

N

Figure 46. — Histogram of current direction measured at 10 m during
a period of 31 hours on station 8, WEBSEC-70, 25 September 1970.
The speed record proved to be unreliable on that station, so an arbi-
trary, constant speed has been assigned for display purposes. Vectors
are directed away from the center of the array. Because of the length
of the record, it was digitized only at 17.5-minute intervals.

STATION 26

T^

N

0.0

0.5

KTS

Figure 47. — Histogram of current
velocities measured at 10 m during
a period of 308 minutes on station
26, WEBSEC-70, 3 October 1970.
Vectors are directed away from the
apex of the array. Record was
digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

53

STATION 28

N

0.0

0.5

KTS

Figure 48. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during
a period of 165 minutes on station 28, WEBSEC-70, 4 October
1970. Vectors are directed away from the center of the array. Record
was digitized at 3.5-ininute intervals.

STATION 29

N

0.0

0.5

54

KTS

Figure 49. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during
a period of 210 minutes on station 29, WEBSEC-70, 4 October
1970. Vectors are directed away from the center of the array. Record
was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 31

N

0.0

0.5

J—L

KTS

Figure BO.- — Histogram of rurrent velocities measured at 10 m during a period of
311 minutes on station 31, WEBSEC-70, 5 October 1970. Vectors are directed away
from the center of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 49

N

0.0

0.5

KTS

Figure 51. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during a period of
164 minutes on station 49, WEBSEC-70, 9 October. Vectors are directed away from
the apex of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

55

STATION 50

N

0.0

0.5

KTS

Figure 52. — Histogram of ourrent velocities measured at 10 m during a period of 200
minutes on station 50, WEBSEC-70, 9 October 1970. Vectors are directed away from
the apex of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 54

0.0

0.5

N

KTS

Figure 53. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during a period of 126
minutes on station 54, WEBSEC-70, 10 October 1970. Vectors are directed away
from the center of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

56

STATION 55

0.0

0.5

I I I I

N

KTS

Figure 54. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during a period of 385
minutes on station 55, WEBSEC-70, 10 October 1970. Vectors are directed away
from the center of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 59

0.0

0.5

N

I I I I

KTS

Figure 55. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during a period of 123
minutes on station 59, WEBSEC— 70, 11 October 1970. Vectors are directed away
from the apex of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

57

STATION 60

0.0

0.5

I I I

N

KTS

Figure 56. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during a period of
329 minutes on station 60, WEBSEC-70, 1 1 October 1970. Vectors are directed away
from the apex of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 64

0.0

0.5

N

KTS

Figure 57. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during a period of 148
minutes on station 64, WEBSEC-70, 12 October 1970. Vectors are directed away
from the apex of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-niinute intervals.

58

STATION 73

0.0

0.5

N

I I I

KTS

Figure 58. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 ni during a period of 206
minutes on station 73, WEBSEC— 70, 14 October 1970. Vectors are directed away
from the apex of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 90

\^

N

0.0 0.5

I I I I

KTS

Figure 59. — Histogram of current velocities measured at 10 m during a period of 144
minutes on station 90, WEBSEC-70, 17 October 1970. Vectors are directed away
from the apex of the array. Record was digitized at 3.5-ininute intervals.

59

STATION 8

\

BEGINNING

\

0 0.5

KTS

END

Figure 60. — Progressive vector diagram for currents at 10 m during period
of 31 hours on station 8, WEBSEC-70, 25 September 1970. The speed
record proved to be unreliable on that station, so an arbitrary, constant
speed has been assigned for display purposes. Because of the length of
the record, it was digitized only at 17.5-minute intervals.

STATION 26

,60

KTS

Figure 61. — Progressive vector diagram for cur-
rents at 10 ni during a period of 308 min-
utes on station 26, WEBSEC-70, 3 October
1970. Record wae digitized at 3.5-minute
intervals.

STATION 28

END

BEGINNING

0 0.5

J_L

\.

\

KTS

Figure 62 — Prosressive vector diagram for currents at 10 m during
a period of 165 minutes on station 28, WEBSFX-70, 4 October
1970. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 29

END

\

\

BEeiNNIN«

Figure 63 — Progressive vector diagram for currents at 10 m during
a period of 210 minutes on station 29, WEBSEC-70, 4 October
1970. Record was digitized at S.5-minute intervals.

61

STATION 31

BEGINNING

0 0.5

I Ml

\.

KTS

\

Figure 64. — Progressive vcclor diagram for currents al 10 m during
a period of 311 minutes on station 31, WEBSEC-70, 5 October
1970. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 49

NNING

05

Figure 65. — Progressive vector diagram for currents at 10 in
during a period of 164 minutes on station 49, WEBSEC-70, 9
October 1970. Record was digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

62

STATION 50

BEGINNING

\

\

END

0 0.5

KTS

200 minutes on station 50, WtUSt^ (u, ^ v^ •
at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 54

ENO

BEGINNING

\.

0 0.5

H

KTS

\

f.7 Proirressive vector diagram for currents at 10 m during a period
figure 67— Progressive ve"""- ^pBSEC-70, 10 October 1970. Record was
of 126 minutes on station 54, WfcBSti- iv,
digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

63

STATION 55

Figure 68. — Progressive vcctory diagram for currents al 10 ni during a period of
385 minutes on station 55, ^ EBSEC-70, 10 October 1970. Record was digitized
at 3.5-niinute intervals.

STATION 59

BEGINNING

r-m^-^

\

\

0 0.5

1 1 1 1

KTS

END

Figure 69. — Progressive vector diagram for currents at
10 m during a period of 12.3 minutes on station 59,
WEBSEt:-70, II October 1970. Record was digitized at
3.5-minute intervals.

64

STATION 60

END

BEGINNM6

P- 70 Pro^rressive vector diagram for currents a. 10 m during a period of 329 minutes on

'"lta.i76rWEBsVc-70, 11 October 1970. Record .as digitized at S.S-m.nute .nterva.s.

STATION 64

BEGINNING

END

64 WEBSEC-70, 12 October 1970. Record «as digitizea a

65

STATION 73

BEGINNING

Figure 72. — Progressive vector diagram for currents
at 10 m during a period of 206 minutes on station
73, WEBSEC-70, 14 October 1970. Record was
digitized at 3.5-minute intervals.

STATION 90

END

KTS

BEGINNING

66

Figure 73. — Progressive vector diagram for
currents at 10 m during a period of 144
minutes on station 90, WEBSEC-70, 17
October 1970. Record was digitized at 3.5-
mi^ute intervals.

I8HRS

STATION 8 - NEAR BOTTOM
*8HRS

START

Figure 74. — Progressive vector diagram for currents near bot-
tom during a period of 33 hours on station 8, WEBSEC-70,
25 September 1970. Vectors represent 15-minute averages.

67

68

Appendix A.— Oceanographic Data

Page
Cruises listed :

71

Table I. CGC GLACIER Sept.-Oct. 1970

Codes utilized :

described below.

TIPTith to bottom Corrected or uncorrected sounding in meters.

Maf d?pth oHampTes ___-_-Depth of deepest sample to nearest multiple of 100 meters.
Wave observations:

Dir Rounded to nearest multiple of 10 degress. , . ,, ■. .« ;= pHHpH to

hS. -H---------- ^^ increments of V. m. Sum of 5 meters plus increments of % m. if 50 ,s added to

direction.
If numerals 2 through 9 are entered, period in seconds is twice the numeric entry
Fer. ^^ ^^ (numeric entry) +1. For other entries see WMO code 3155.

gga Sea state according to WMO code 3700.

Weather^c^dr" U preceded by X, weather according to WMO code 4501. If a two-digit entry.

weather according to WMO code 467 (.

Cloud code: „r-.,r^ j ncnn

rpypg Cloud type according to WMO code 0500.

An^ounT" Cloud amount in eighths. Entry of the numeral 9 indicates cloud amount could not

be estimated.

Water:

Color code C'^lcr according to Forel-Ule scale.

Trans. Transparency in whole meters as determined by Secchi disc.

Wind:

pjj. Rounded to nearest multiple of 10 degrees.

Speed or 7o7ce"7_r--If preceded by letter S, wind speed in knots; if preceded by letter F, wind force

according to Beaufort scale.

Barometer Barometric pressure given in 10, units and tenths of millibars.

Air temp. °C Air temperature to tenths of a degree celsius.

Via. code Visibility according to WMO code 4300.

No. obs. depths Number of observed levels associated with the station.

Messenger time .-.Entered in hours and tenths of an hour GMT. For Nansen casts, indicates time of

Messenger time — ^^^^^^^ ^^ n^essenger applicable to the observational level.

Card tvne OBS designates observed levels. STD indicates the values at this standard level were

yp interpolated by a modified 3-point LaGrange formula.

oepth <m.> ^- -Tu:^. t^s^:ir^•^5^ ;:l:T^^

valuTwas marked doubtful by originator; P indicates value was considered
doubtful by NODC. Postscripts P and Q retain this meaning throughout the
following entries.

69

T °C. Temperature to hundredths of a degree Celsius.

S %o Salinity in parts-per-thousands.

SIGMA-T Entered to hundredths.

Specific-volume Multiply entry by 10 ' to obtain specific-volume anomaly in cubic centimeters per

gram.

2.iD Dyn. M X 10' Multiply entry by 10 ' to obtain anomaly of dynamic depth in dynamic meters

referenced to the sea surface.

Sound velocity Sound velocity according to Wilson's formula entered to tenths of a meter per

second.

O2 ml/1 Dissolved oxygen in milliliters per liter entered to hundredths.

PO4-P ^g-at/1. Inorganic phosphate in microgram-atoms per liter entered to hundredths.

Total-P /ig-at/1. Total phosphorous in microgram-atoms per liter entered to hundredths.

NO;-N /ig-at/1. Nitrite-nitrogen in microgram-atoms per liter entered to hundredths.

NO.i-N /ig-at/1. Nitrate-nitrogen in microgram-atoms per liter entered to tenths.

SiOi-Si /ig-at/l. Silicate-silicon in microgram-atoms per liter entered to whole units.

pH Entered to hundredths.

70

Table /. — Observed and interpolated oceanographic data from stations taken by USCGC GLACIER, 25 September-
17 October 1970, prepared from NODC listing No. 31-1706.

SHrp

CODE

LATITUD£

I/IO

1^

STATION TIME

MO I DAY [Ha.VU

ORIGINATOR'S

NODC

STATION

NUMBtR

311706 GL 694it6N

163338W

233 93 09 26 007 1970 CSS 00

24

FO«Cl

522

lARO-
METEfl

098

NO.

OBS.

DEPTHS

05

/lo I

SfECIKC VOLUMf

&TD

0000

0344

3100

2468

0032577

0000

14591

701

007

OBS

0000

0344

701

007

OBS

0004

0347

31000

2458

14593

708

007

OBS

0009

0342

30993

2458

14591

691

STD

0010

0342

3099

2458

0032725

0032

14592

597

007

OBS

0013

0344

30992

2458

14593

70 r

007

OBS

0015

0347

30992

2458

14595

703

SHIP

CODE

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDE

'1/10

ly

ORIGINATOR'S

WEA-
THER
CODE

311706 GL 69446N 163338W

233 93 09 27 091 1970 CSS 00

0019

29 2 2

X7 6 is

0002

304

SARO-

METER
Imb.l

032

05

STD

0000

0336

3097

2457

0032804

0000

14687

091

OBS

0000

0336

30975

2467

14587

091

OBS

0005

0338

30973

2467

14589

STD

0010

0335

3097

2467

0032834

0032

14588

091

OBS

0010

0335

30970

2467

14588

091

OBS

0015

0337

30970

2467

14590

091

OBS

QOIP

0338

30972

2467

14591

LATITUDE

1/10

STATION T1M£

MO j DAT lHR.1/10

OftlGINATOIfS

or fE« il*

WEA-
THER
CODE

311705 GL

70Q95N

166026W

259 05 09 28 Oil 1970 CSS 009

0044

0 2

lL

oil

on

on

on
on

STD
OBS

STD
OBS

STD
OBS

STD
OBS
OBS

0000
0000
0010
0010
0020
0020
0030
0030
0040

0177
0178
0178
0293
0293
0310
0310
0247

5 |8

SrEEO

01
fOICf

BARO-
METER

180 -055

062

SftCl'IC vOLlii

05

0177 3142 2515 0028274 0000 14523 754

31419

3142

31418

3171

31711

3174

31742

32243

2515
2515
2515
2529
2529
2530
2530
2575

0028291 0028

0025891 0055

0026795 0082

14523

754

061

14525

757

14526

757

052

14582

739

14582

739

066

14591

737

14591

737

055

14572

556

146

004 005 017

005 005 017

009 005 018

004 008 018

023 025 041

71

SHIP
CODE

311706 GL

LATITUDE

1/10

7019 N

16545 W

H

269 05 09 28 176 1970 CSS Oil

33

0"
fOIICE

S03

ORIGINATOR'S

071 -071

0043

05

6 |8

0004

NOj-N
vg - ot/l

STD

0000

0010

3047

2447

00 34694

0000

14435

802

176

OBS

0000

0010

30467

2447

14435

802

037

Oil

001

008

STD

0010

0180

3120

2497

0029934

0032

14523

755

176

OBS

0010

0180

31204

2497

14523

755

0 54

001

001

014

STD

0020

0304

3170

2528

0027055

0060

14586

725

176

OBS

0020

0304

31701

2528

14586

72 5

068

004

005

017

STD

0030

0306

3174

2531

0026777

0087

14589

726

176

OBS

0030

0306

31740

2531

14589

726

07 0

007

006

018

176

OBS

0042

0192

32435

2595

14551

681

152

017

026

043

REFERENCE

SHIP

CODE

if

•^/aSDEN

STATION

II

.E

ORIGINATOR'S

DEPTH

MAX.

WAVE

WEA.

THER
CODE

CLOUD
CODES

NODC

CTIt
COOf

ID.

NO.

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDE

CRUISE
NO.

STATION
NUMBER

BOTTOM

OF

VMPL-S

NUMBER

10*

r

MO

DA¥

HR.l/10

OIR-

MCIl^ER i(A

un AM

31

1706

GL

7028 N

16515 W

269

05

)9

29

015

1970

CSS

012

004^

35

oL

X2

6 8 1

000 5

WATER

WIND

BARO-
METER

AIR TEMP. X

^^Es

SPECIAL

OBSERVATIONS

COLOR
CODE

HANS.

DIR.

SrlED

OR
FORCt

DST

eULB

WET
BULB

35

S20

159

-083

-083

7

1 05

"•"l-5'lcAST

""■ "J NO.
MR l/IO 1

CARD
TYPE

DEPTH [ml

T X

S ■''..

S1GMA-T

Sffctnc vOLUMi

ANOMALT-Xia'

SAD

DYN. M.

t 10^

SOUND
VELOCITY

0? m1/l

PO<-P

vg - ot/l

rOTAl_P

vg ■ oi/i

NOj-N
ug . or/I

NOj-N
Mg - 01/1

SIO*-Si

ng • or/1

pH

J
C

c

1

STD

0000

-0099

2983

2399

0039266

0000

14375

835

015

OBS

0000

-0099

29829

2399

14375

835

STD

0010

-0068

2999

2412

0038056

0038

14393

831

015

OBS

0010

-0068

29994

2412

14393

831

STD

0020

0169

3094

2477

0031847

0073

14517

767

015

OBS

0020

0169

30943

2477

14517

767

STD

0030

0295

3195

2548

0025081

0102

14587

715

015

OBS

0030

0295

31953

2548

14587

715

015

OBS

0042

0223

32316

2583

14563

681

036

046

0 93

003 002 008

000 001 007

000 001 010

012 012 023

023 022 042

LATITUDE

l/IO

LONGITUDE

ORIGINATOR'S

WEA-
THER

CODE

NODC

STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

16441 W

269 04 09 29 238 1970 CSS 015

0042

OR
FO«C[

Sll

BARO-
METER

(mbi)

X2 I 6 18

AIR TEMP. X

066

■062

-ISItNClicAST

STD

0000

0120

3095

2481

0031496

0000

14491

738

238

OBS

0000

0120

30952

2481

14491

738

0 50

STD

0010

0126

3097

2482

0031412

0031

14496

74 3

238

OBS

0010

0126

30967

2482

14496

74 3

051

STD

0020

0279

3141

2506

0029094

0061

14571

755

238

OBS

0020

0279

31406

2506

14571

755

047

STD

0030

0326

3160

2518

0028011

0090

14596

732

238

OBS

0030

0326

31599

2518

14596

732

0 5ft

238

OBS

0040

0277

32126

2564

14584

578

134

014 000 014

006 001 014

004 001 012

008 002 013

Oil 017 044

72

SHIP

CODE

311706 GL

LONGITUDE

'1/10
16409 W

DAY Hfi.V10

269 Oi* 09 30 174 1970 CSS 018

Sll

ORIGINATOR'S

BARO-
METER

(mbll

138 --077 -081

NO.

OSS.
DEPTHS

X2 6 l8

NOOC

STATION
NUMBER

0007

viol

I

SI O4-S.

STD

0000

0176

3111

2490

00 30643

0000

14518

74 7

17A

OBS

0000

0175

31106

2490

14518

74 7

048

009

001

oin

STD

0010

0177

3110

2489

0030669

0030

14521

748

174

OBS

0010

0177

31104

2489

14521

748

045

004

003

010

STD

0020

0182

3112

2490

0030677

0061

14525

745

174

OBS

0020

0182

31120

2490

14525

746

043

000

001

oil

STD

0030

0332

3144

2505

0029265

0091

14597

714

174

OBS

0030

0332

31441

2505

14597

714

064

005

002

014

174

OBS

0039

0323

32064

2555

14603

636

01 3

010

019

038

REFERENCE

SHIP

CODE

ii

'*' .'-SDEN '

;tation

Tl

^.E

ORIGINATOR'S

DEPTH

MAX.
DEPTH

OF
S-MPL-S

WAVE

WEA.
THEH
CODE

CLOUD
CODES

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

CODi

ID.

NO.

1/10

■ -1/10

CRUISE
NO.

STATION
NUMBER

TO

BOTTOM

10*

r

MO

DAY HR.1/10

on JHGVE.I S

*

TIPl AM

311706

GL

7022 N

16316 W

269

03

10

01

001

1970

CSS

019

0030

00

lolxl

XI

3 7

0008

WATER

WIND

BARO-
METER
(mt>*l

AIR TEMP. -C

VIS.
COO

NO.
OSS.

DEPTHS

SPECIAL
OBSERVATIONS

COLOR
CODE

TRANS.

DHL

S»EfD

OR
FORCE

DRY
BULB

WET
BULB

31

S05

134

■090

-094

7

05

MdSENC

TIMI

HR 1/1

HCAST

CARD
TYPE

DEPTH (ml

T -C

s •/..

SiGMA-T

SPECiflC vOLUWf

ANOM*IT_110'

SAO

DYN. M.
K 10'

SOUND
VELOCITY

oa ml/l

POi-P

MB - «t/l

rOTAL-f
KB - o</1

NO]-N
WB • al/l

NO]-N

UB - oi/l

yt - ot/l «•"

1

c

c

1

1

STD

0000

-0077

3009

2420

0037266

0000

14389

795

001

OBS

0000

-0077

30096

2420

14389

796

029

001

001

006

001

OBS

0006

-0072

30085

2419

14392

794

032

001

001

006

STD

0010

0100

3067

2459

0033563

0035

14480

768

001

OBS

STO

0014
0020

0223
0299

31720

2535

14550

74 8
729

035

002

001

010

001

OBS

0022

0323

725

041

002

001

007

001

OBS

0028

0390

3140P

2496P

6860

067

004

006

019

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDE
■ '1/10

:TATI0N TIME

ORIGINATOR'S

OBSERVATIONS

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

16316 W

269 03 10 02 010 1970 CSS 021

0038

30

SfECO

OR
FOiCI

S04

X2 3 l8

0009

AIR TEMP. X:

069 -071

SAO

DYN. M.

X 10^

NO:-N
ug • oi/l

I I

010
010

010

010

010

STD

0000

-0102

2998

2412

0038075

OBS

0000

-0102

29983

2412

OBS

0009

-0002

30265

2432

STD

0010

0045

3042

2442

0035206

OBS

0018

0306

31268

2493

STO

0020

0314

3128

2494

0030294

OBS

0027

0343

31419

2502

STD

0030

0355

3162

2608

0028884

OBS

0036

0377

31776

2627

0000

14376

790

14376

790

043

14428

774

013

14452

766

14581

721

Oil

14685

720

14600

718

020

14607

697

14621

627

038

007 004 007

006 002 007

012 001 009

013 001 Oil
033 015 039

73

SHIP
CODE

LATITUDE

1/10

PAY IHB.VIO

ORIGINATOS'S

311706 GL

7023 N

16224 W

269 02 10 02 205 1970 CSS 023

0010

SPEED

on
fO»C(

BARO-
METER
(mb*)

AIB TEMP. "C

SPtCiFIC VOIUI

SOUND
VELOCITY

STO

0000

-0104

3002

2415

0037748

0000

14375

812

205

OBS

0000

-0104

30025

2415

14375

812

033

Oil

002

008

205

DBS

0005

-0056

30098

2420

14400

803

031

002

001

009

STD

0010

0024

3031

2434

0035932

0036

14441

768

205

OBS

0010

0024

30311

2434

14441

768

037

002

001

Oil

205

OBS

0015

0130

30524

2446

14493

748

047

003

003

015

STD

0020

0329

3124

2489

00 30721

0070

14591

571

205

0B3

0022

0434

31672

2513

14642

525

097

008

Oil

032

LATITUDE

I/IO

ORIGINATOR'S

MGrices sf*

NODC
STATION

NUMBER

311706 GL

16257 W

269 02 10 03 029 1970 CSS 024

ooie

00 0 X

XI 6 |3

SPEED

OR
FOICE

S02

BAttO-
METER

(mbi)

■078

05

SAD

DYN. M.

% 10^

SOUND
VELOCITY

lOTAL-P
iig - al/l

NOj-N
vg - ot/l

0011

si04-Si

STD

0000

0030 3039 2440 0035384 0000 14443 768

029

OBS

0000

0030

30387

2440

14443

758

045

004

002

Oil

029

OBS

0003

0040

30417

2442

14448

770

044

002

001

012

029

OBS

0008

0069

30481

2446

14453

755

044

002

001

012

STO

0010

0217

3077

2450

0033457

0034

14534

729

029

OBS

0012

0320

31000

2470

14582

706

058

002

004

017

029

OBS

0017

0380

31302

2489

14513

653

07 0

003

005

022

LATITUDE

1/10

DAY HR.1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

Cn PEI ;ea

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

16252 W

269 02 10 03 195 1970 CSS 026

0019

00 b X

MtlHNGllcAST

HR 1/10

SPEED

01

roicE

BARO-
METER
(mb*)

216 -094 -094

SAO

DYN. M.
K lo'

195
195
195

195
195

STD

0000

-0032

3025

2431

00 36211

OBS

0000

-0032

30249

2431

OBS

0004

-0031

30249

2431

OBS

0009

0028

30301

2433

STD

0010

0115

3036

2434

0035962

OBS

0014

0339

OBS

0017

0375

31275

2487

0000

0036

SOUND

VELOCITY

NOj-N

14412

789

14412

789

034

14413

793

034

14442

782

037

14483

761

597

0 56

14511

667

062

004 008 008
000 001 008
000 005 009

003
002

004
009

016
020

74

SHIP
CODE

311706 GL

LATITUDt

I/IO

LONGITUDE
* '1/10

1^

MO DAY HSJ/V

233 93 10 04 178 1970 CSS 028

12

srfEO

Ol

roict

S04

ORIGINATOR'S

lARO-
MIIER

Imbil

223 -062

AIR lEMP. X

062

<Cfl »E« U*

WEA-
THER
CODE

NOOC
STATION
NUMIE*

0013

SOUND
VELOCITY

IOTAl_»
vS-ol/l

STD

0000

0131

3088

2474

0032105

0000

14495

761

178

OBS

0000

0131

30880

2474

14495

761

044

009

000

009

178

OBS

0005

OlAA

30884

2474

14502

757

044

002

000

009

STD

0010

0159

3092

2476

0031985

0032

14510

753

178

OBS

0010

30917

753

046

004

001

009

178

OBS

0015

0194

30959

2477

14527

74 8

048

003

000

010

178

OBS

0018

0225

31038

2481

14542

712

051

004

002

018

SHIP
CODE

LATITUDf

1/10

LONGITUDE

' -t/io

,0 DAY Hg.1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

311706 GL

269 03 10 05 006 1970 CSS 029

0030

6 |8

00 SOO 222 -001 -013 6 05

0014

MtlltNCl I
TIMI Of

HR 1/10 T

006
006

006

006
006

STD
OBS
OBS

STD
OBS

STD
OBS
OBS

0000
0000
0007
0010
0014
0020
0021
0028

0237 3110 2485 0031088 0000 14546 742

0237
0243
0241
0238
0265
0275

31102

31110

3111

31106

3117

31188

2485
2485
2485
2485
2488
2489

0387 31390 2496

0031070 0031

0030781 0062

14546

742

0 52

14650

742

051

14549

742

14548

743

0 50

14562

734

14567

728

053

14619 545 096

001 001

002 001

001 002
003 008

016
016

001 001 015

015
035

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDE

■1/10

n

STATION TIME

O DAY HR.1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

Gil fE« J£*

WEA-
THER
CODE

NODC

STATION
NUMIER

311706 GL

233 93 10 05 181 1970 CSS 031

into

OR

roict

05

0015

""' " n"

HR 1/10 1

NO)-N

181
181

181
181
181

STD

0000

0086

3081

2471

0032423

OBS

0000

0086

30808

2471

OBS

0005

0089

30810

2471

STD

0010

0087

3081

2471

00 32409

0B3

0010

0087

30809

2471

OBS

0015

0112

30887

2475

OBS

0019

0115

14474

754

14474

764

07 9

14476

765

082

14476

754

144 76

754

083

14489

755

089

004 004
003 004

038
038

003 004 038

004 004 041

75

311706 GL

6947 N

16430 W

233 94 10 06 142 1970 CSS 033

06

S20

ORIGINATOR'S

121 -049

051

0030

05

OBSERVATIONS

05

X2 6 |8

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

0016

Mt«ENG«[f-

IIME Of I

HR 1/10 T

NO3-N

I I

142
142

142

142
142

STD

0000

0308

3114

2482

0031351

OBS

0000

0308

31137

2482

OBS

0007

0312

31134

2482

STD

0010

0309

3114

2482

0031362

OBS

0014

0307

31138

2483

STD

0020

0309

3114

2482

0031355

OBS

0020

0309

31138

2482

OBS

0027

31146

0031

0062

14577

718

14577

718

050

14580

718

058

14579

718

14579

718

060

14581

720

14581

720

058

773

053

004

004

027

002

004

028

005

005

024

001

004

024

004

004

024

SKIP
CODE

LATITUDE

l/IO

LONGITUDE

ORIGINATOR'S

Gil fER se*

ClOUO
IHER COOES
CODE

311706

10 06 183 1970 CSS 03^.

060 -061

SAD

DVN, M.
X 10^

05 4 |2

0017

I I

183
183

183
183

183
183

STD

0000

0321

3133

2496

0030007

OBS

0000

0321

31328

2495

OBS

0007

0328

31454

2506

STD

0010

0325

3146

2506

0029075

OBS

0015

0322

31458

2507

STD

0020

0324

3146

2506

0029059

OBS

0026

0325

31454

2505

STD

0030

0327

3145

2505

0029127

OBS

0033

0329

31480

2508

OBS

0042

0337

0029

0058

0087

14585

731

075

14591

717

076

14590

717

14590

715

07 8

14592

716

14593

716

07 9

14595

716

14596

714

056

001 004 023

002 003 023

001 003 024

001 003 024

001 003 024

REFERENCE

SHIP
CODE

if

•>/fiSDEN

STATION

Tl

WE

ORIGINATOR-S

DEPTH

MAX.
DEPTH

OF
S-MPL-S

WAVE

WEA-
THER

CODE

CLOUD
CODES

'40DC

CIBT

CODE

10.
NO.

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDE
■ '1/10

TEAR

CRUISE
NO.

STATION
NUMBER

TO
BOTTOM

STATION
NUMIEK

10-

r

MO

DAY

HR.l/IO

D».

HO' fEI SEA

?y« AM

311706

GL

6959 N

16630 W

233

96

10

06

230

1970

CSS

035

0045

35

3 2

X3

6 8

0018

WATER

WIND

BARO-
METER

Imb.l

AIR TEMP. X:

VIS.
COD

NO.

OBS.
DEPTHS

SPtCtAL
OBSERVATIONS

COLOR TiwNS.
CODE ""'

DIR.

into

01
»OtCi

DRY
flULB

WET
BULB

04

S26

108

-058

-061

7

06

MESSING* [cast

TIME oj*^*^;

HR I/IO 1

CARD
TYPE

OfPTH (mj

T -C

s •/..

SIGMA-T

SPECIFIC VOLUME

ANOMAL'-I'O'

SAD

DYN. M.

X loi

SOUND
VELOCITY

Ol m!/l

PO4-P

"fl • ""■I

TOTAL-P
ve - o'/l

NOj-N
wg - ol/l

NOj-N

tifl . or/I

SI 0*-Si
VB - at/l

pH

J

C

c

1

STD

0000

0279

3154

2517

0028038

0000

14570

729

230

OBS

0000

0279

31545

2517

14570

729

07 3

001

003

019

230

OBS

0008

0280

31542

2517

14572

730

07 2

001

003

018

STD

0010

0278

3155

2517

0028022

0028

14571

730

230

OBS

0015

0275

31550

2518

14571

729

07 5

001

003

019

STD

0020

0276

3155

2518

0027987

0056

14572

729

230

OBS

0023

0278

31548

2518

14573

729

07 2

002

003

019

STD

0030

0287

3155

2517

0028099

0084

14579

729

230

OBS

0031

0288

31701

2529

14581

724

075

003

004

018

230

OBS

0041

0284

76

311706

LATITUDE

1/10

16711 W

269

032
032

032
032

032
032

MO I DAT lHW.1/10

10 07 032

1970

ORIGINATOR'S

-1 BARD-

S^'O I METER

(mbil

S27

111 -oq?

036

0048

06

SAD

DTN, M.

X lo'

STD

0000

0217

3165

2530

0026768

OSS

0000

0217

31652

2530

DBS

0009

0217

31649

2530

STD

0010

0216

3165

2530

0026786

OBS

0018

0210

31647

2531

STD

0020

0210

3165

2531

0026769

OBS

0026

0211

31646

2530

STD

0030

0211

3165

2530

0025787

OBS

0035

0212

31657

2532

OBS

0044

0158

0025758 0000 14544 745

0053

0080

fOt-r TOTAl-R

14544

746

058

14546

744

07 2

14545

744

14544

744

07 1

14545

744

14546

744

07 2

14547

744

14548

745

07 5

SI 0«-Si

SHIP

CODE

LATITUDE

I/IO

LONGITUDE

■ •)/io

ORIGINATOR'S

OBSESVATIONS

GT^ n*\ %f*

WEA- CLOUD
COOES
CODE

311706 GL

16629 W

233 96 10 U7 143 1970 CSS 038

^ |2

X7 i 6 i8

04

056 -056

tIMI o> ,

HR I/IO T

NQj-N SIO4-S'

I I

STD

0900

0337

3148

2507

0029009

0000

14594

720

143

OBS

0000

0337

31478

2507

14594

720

070

002

002

020

143

OBS

0008

0340

31452

2505

14597

724

07 1

002

003

020

STD

0010

0338

3145

2506

0029130

0029

14596

724

143

OBS

0015

0335

31455

2505

14596

724

07 1

002

002

020

STD

0020

0338

3146

2505

0029125

0058

14598

719

143

OBS

0024

0340

31463

2505

14599

718

07 2

002

002

021

STD

0030

0341

3146

2505

0029201

0087

14601

722

143

OBS

0032

0341

31455

2505

14601

725

072

002

002

020

143

OBS

0039

0334

31888

2540

14505

5900

0 92

008

008

026

SHIP

CODE

LATITUDE

1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

OBSERVATIONS

311706 GL

6951 N

233 96 10 07 180 1970 CSS 039

SPIED

OR
FORCf

BARO-
METER

Imbi)

P058 fo

0051

0 5 [4 |2

"»' •) NO

HR 1/10 I

180
180

180
180

180
180

STD

0000

0275

3161

2522

0027530

OBS

ouoo

0275

31508

2522

OBS

0008

0278

31511

2523

ST3

0010

0277

3151

2523

0027523

OBS

0018

0275

31512

2523

STD

0020

0275

3151

2523

0027507

OBS

0027

0277

31516

2523

STD

0U30

0274

3162

2523

0027454

ObS

0036

0258

31704

2531

OBS

0043

0210

SAO

DVN. M.

X 10^

0000

SOUND
VELOCITT

PO4-P
vs - ^>/l

tOIAi_p NOi-N

tig - or/1

NOj-N
vg - ot/l

14570

735

14570

735

07 1

14572

736

07 1

14572

736

14572

735

072

14573

735

14575

735

07 1

14574

736

14573

724

080

003 002 018

003 002 018

003 002 018

003 004 018

007 006 021

77

SHIP

cool

LATtTUOl

I/IO

'.TATION TIME

MO DAY HR.1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

16657 W

269 06 10 07 232 1970 CSS 040

232
232

232
232

232
232

SPftO
lOICf

BARO-
METER

083 -097 -099

SHCIFIC VOIL

STD

0000

-0001

3093

2485

0031115

OBS

0000

-0001

30928

2485

OBS

0009

0006

30926

2484

STD

0010

0006

3093

2485

0031145

OBS

0018

0007

30942

2486

STD

0020

0016

3096

2487

0030922

OBS

0027

0046

31028

2491

STD

0030

0174

3146

2518

0027954

OBS

0036

0293

32077

2558

OBS

00'»3

0199

32389

2591

XI 6 17

0022

14436

758

14436

758

063

14441

761

060

14441

761

14443

760

060

14447

759

14463

754

064

14528

716

14589 666 118
14554 650 157

vB - oi/l

001 002 014

002 001 014

002 002 014

003 002 014

022 015 032
028 024 049

REFERENCE

SHIP
CODE

i|

M/.^SOEN '

STATION

II

WE

ORIGINATOR'S

DEPTH

MAX.
DEPTH

Of
S'MPL-S

WAVE

WEA-
THER
CODE

CLOUD
COOES

<ODC

CT«Y

root

ID.
NO.

LATITUDE

I/IO

LONGITUDE

■t/10

CRUISE
NO.

STATION
NUMBER

TO

BOTTOM

STATION
NUMBER

<0*

1*

MO DAY

HR.l/10

OIL

MCI nil SE*

IY»f AM

311706

GL

7000 N

16741 W

269

07

10 08

138

1970

CSS

042

0052

03

4 2

X2

6 8

0023

WATER

WIND

BARO-
METER
(mb.l

AIR TEMP. X

DEPTHS

SPECIAL
OBSERVATIONS

COLOR
CODE

'^m'^

DIR.

Ol
tOiCf

DRY

euLs

WEI

BULI

'

03

S22

085

-069

-071

7

06

HR 1/10 1

CARD
TYPE

DEPTH l»nl

T -C

S •''..

SIGMA-T

iflCIFIC VOIUWI
ANOMAL'-IIO'

s ao

DYfJ. M.
X I0>

SOUND

VELOCITY

Oj ml/I

P04-f

lOTAl-P
vp - ol/l

NOj-N
MS - ol/'

NO,-N
UB ■ a'/l

SIO«-Si

n ■ oi/i

PH

C

c

1

STD

0000

0247

3163

2526

0027158

0000

14557

740

138

OBS

0000

0247

31629

2526

14557

740

07 3

003

004

OIB

138

ORS

0008

0249

31629

2526

14559

739

07 5

003

004

019

STD

0010

0247

3163

2526

0027159

0027

14559

739

138

OBS

0018

0242

31629

2527

14558

740

07 8

003

005

018

STD

0020

0243

3163

2527

0027133

0054

14569

740

138

OBS

0027

0244

31629

2527

14560

739

07 7

003

006

018

STD

0030

0243

3163

2527

0027134

0081

14561

739

138

OBS

0037

0242

31628

2527

14561

738

079

003

004

019

138

OBS

0045

0150

32468

2600

14533

691

150

018

025

038

SHIP
CODE

n

MO DAT MR.1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

WEA-
THER
CODE

NOOC
STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

7003 N

16826 W

269 08 10 OS 178 1970 CSS 043

0046

03

XI 6 l7

itiio

o«

fOICt

320

BARO-
METER

(mbll

AIR TEMP, t

095 -089 -089

178
178

178
178

178
178

STD

0000

0163

3176

2642

0025634

OBS

0000

0163

31755

2542

OBS

0008

0165

31755

2542

STD

0010

0164

3176

2542

0025624

OBS

0018

0161

31768

2543

STD

0020

0151

3176

2543

0025605

OBS

0026

0152

31754

2542

STD

0030

0157

3204

2555

0023503

OBS

0035

0174

32361

2590

OBS

0041

0093

32700

2622

0025

0075

SOUND
VELOCITY

14522

749

07 1

14524

749

074

14524

750

14524

752

073

14624

752

14525

753

078

14533

735

14541

724

121

14510

726

142

NOj-N

NOi-N
KB - Ol/l

SI 0<-Si
KB • ai/l

008 005 018

009 004 018

008 005 018
008 004 018

040 015 025
025 025 034

78

311706 CL

LAmUDE

VIO

-""""ICASI

"" •; Na

HH 1/10

228
228

228

228

228

228

LONGITUDE
* 'l/tO

a

MO OAT Ht.1/10

269 08 10 08 228 1970 CSS 04^

02

SKtD
01

roici

S08

ORJGtNATOrs

AO t£MP. X.

105 •lO'* -106

STD

0000

0095

3160

2534

0026387

oes

0000

0095

31604

2534

OBS

0006

0095

31606

2535

STD

0010

0094

3160

2534

0026402

OBS

0013

0093

31599

2534

STD

0020

0109

3169

2540

0025820

OBS

0020

0109

31688

2540

OBS

0027

0113

31767

2547

STD

0030

0111

3188

2556

0024341

OBS

0033

0107

32052

2570

0036

06

XI

NOOC
STATION
NUMIEft

0025

SAO

DYN. M.
< ll>>

0026

0052

0077

14489

765

14489

765

07 3

14490

764

07 5

14490

765

14490

765

071

14500

763

14500

763

07 6

14504

758

082

14505

754

14506

749

0 94

NO)-N

tig • al/l

NOi-N
VB - ot/1

V 04-S>

■S -ot/I

009 005 016
007 005 016

010 006 016

Oil 006 017
012 009 018

008 Oil 022

SHIP
CODE

LATITUOI

1/10

LONGITUDI
' 'UIO

ii

MO DAT HK.)/10

ORIGIN ATors

WEA- CLOUD
TMER CODES
CODE

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

7001 N

16634 W

269 08 10 09 143 1970 CSS 048

0041

09 0 2

00 26

09

tHED

01
fOICt

S03

SAID-
MnER

107

073 -084

06

Ht l/IO

SAD
OTN. W.

. loJ

FO - "1/1

NO)-N
rs • oi/l

SIO*-Si

143
143

143
143

143
143

STD

0000

0148

3174

2542

0025652

OBS

0000

0148

31740

2542

OBS

0008

0147

31735

2542

STD

0010

0146

3174

2542

0025678

OBS

0016

0144

31737

2542

STD

0020

0146

3174

2542

0025659

OBS

0024

0147

31738

2542

STD

0030

0146

3174

2543

0025622

OBS

0032

0146

31744

2543

OBS

0038

0094

32662

2619

0051

0077

14515

752

14515

752

065

14516

753

068

14515

752

14516

749

069

14517

749

14518

749

065

14519

786

14519

798

07 2

14510

697

136

010 006 018
010 005 018

010 005 018
010 005 018

Oil 005 018
032 026 033

SHIP
CODE

LATTTUOE

I/IO

LONCrrUDE
* "VIO

MO DAT Ht.1/10

ORIGINATOS^

CT^ ru lEA

WEA-
THER
CODE

311706 GL

16805 W

233 98 10 09 181 1970 CSS 049

07 0 2

mtD

o»
roict

S04

BARO-
METER
tmb*)

099

Am TEMP. TC

072

SAD

DYN. M.

lOTAl-P
PB ■ ■•/!

NOj-N

NOs-N SIO4-SI

po - oi/i m - ovi

181
181

181

181

181
181

STD

0000

0303

3145

2508

0028918

OBS

0000

0303

31453

2508

OBS

0009

0303

31453

2508

STD

0010

0303

3145

2508

0028921

OBS

0018

0301

31451

2508

STD

0020

0301

3145

2508

0028932

OBS

0027

0304

31449

2508

STD

0030

0306

3148

2510

0028763

OBS

0036

0309

31533

2514

0043

0198 32308 2584

0000

0028

14579

724

14579

724

082

14581

724

07 6

14581

724

14581

725

07 8

14582

728

14584

731

07 6

14586

727

14589

720

083

14552 657 154

005 003 020
005 003 019

005 003 020
005 003 020

006 004 020
022 025 042

79

LATITUDE

1/10

MO DAY HR.1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

GT|HI| It*

WtA-
THER
COD!

NODC
STATION
NUMIIR

311706 GL

6938 N

233 97 10 10 010 1970 CSS 050

0046

6 l6

0026

o»

FO»C(

S08

BARO-
METER

[tnbl)

066

06

.ESSINO»LcAST
NO.

1/10 ■

SAD

DYN. M.
X 10^

SOUND

vELOCinr

SIO«-Si

010
010

010

010

010
010

STD

0000

0335

3132

2495

00 30171

OBS

0000

0335

31322

2495

OBS

0009

0337

31324

2495

STD

0010

0336

3132

2495

00 30165

OBS

0018

0332

31325

2495

SJO

0020

0332

3133

2495

0030122

OBS

0027

033A

31329

2495

STD

0030

0345

3135

2496

0030027

OBS

0036

03A8

31400

2500

OBS

OCS

0321

31762

2530

0000

0030

0060

0090

14591

713

14591

713

066

14594

720

069

14593

719

14593

718

067

14594

723

14595

727

065

14601

724

14604

701

068

14598

643

097

002 004 023

003 004 023

002 004 023

003 004 023

003 007 027
014 018 040

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDE

'1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

DEPTH

OF
S'MPL'S

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

6924 N

16715 W

233 97 10 10 155 1970 CSS 054

03

X7 3 Is

0029

SPEED
OR

fOPCE

BARO-
METER

AIR TEMP. "C

03 S15 099 -058 -062 6 06

MtSSENCR IfAST

""' •) "a

HR 1/10 1

155
155

155
155

155
155

STD

0000

0276

3146

2511

0028619

OBS

0000

0276

31465

2511

OBS

0009

0279

31464

2511

STD

0010

0278

3146

2511

0028648

OBS

0018

0275

31460

2511

STD

0020

0276

3146

2511

0028650

OBS

0027

0278

STD

0030

0278

3147

2511

0028634

OBS

0036

0279

31469

2511

OBS

0043

0343

31747

2528

1 Aa

DYN, M.
X 10'

0028

0057

0085

SOUND
VELOCITY

14568 712

14568

712

0 90

14570

713

093

14570

713

14570

711

0 92

14571

711

711

092

14574

712

14575

713

093

14608

624

130

SI 04-S<

oil 014 023
008 014 024

009 015 024
008 015 024

009 016 024
025 025 042

SHIP
CODE

LATITUDE

1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

6913 N

233 96 10 10 233 1970 CSS 056

0040

05 1 2

X7 7 |8

33

SIO

BARO-
METER
(mbl)

137 ■■

0030

AIR TEMP. X

072 j-078

06

• ESSENCR I (-AST
TIM. i'^So.
1R 1/10 1

SPEClfIC VOLUME

SOUND
VELOCITY

NOj-N

233
233

233
233

STD

0000

0244

3143

2511

0028628

OBS

0000

0244

31432

2511

OBS

0007

0246

31426

2510

STD

0010

0244

3143

2511

0028647

OBS

0014

0242

31434

2511

STD

0020

0241

3143

2511

0028593

OBS

0021

0240

31434

2511

OBS

0028

0227

31436

2513

STD

0030

0224

3144

2513

0028448

OBS

0220 31447 2514

0000

0028

0086

14553

740

14553

740

0 94

14555

734

089

14555

734

14555

734

0 90

14555

736

14555

736

091

14550

738

087

14550

739

14549

740

0 90

002 Oil 021
001 012 021

001 012 021

006 012 021
005 Oil 022

006 010 02?

80

311706 GL

LATITUDE

T/IO

166'»0 W

ii

MO DAY HR.V10

233 96 10 11 150 1970 CSS 059

into

0*
fOICt

04 503

ORIGINATOR'S

126

AIR TEMP. "C

083 -088

04 1 2

CLOUD
THER CODES
CODE

0031

SOUND
VELOCITY

vg • al/l

NOj-N

Ufl • ol/l

NOj-N

150
150

150
150

150
150

STO

0000

0206

3137

2508

0028873

OBS

0000

0208

31367

2508

OBS

0008

0209

31358

2508

STD

0010

0207

3136

2508

0028936

OBS

0015

0205

31360

2508

STD

0020

0205

3136

2508

0028882

OBS

0023

0207

31365

2508

STD

0030

0210

3135

2508

0028909

OBS

0031

0211 3136* 2508
0208 31380 2509

0026

1*535

739

1A535

739

0 94

14538

745

091

14538

742

14538

739

0 90

14539

741

14540

742

095

14542

743

14543 743 0 94
14542 740 0 92

006 013 022

007 012 022

006 012 022
006 012 022

005 012 022

006 012 022

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDf

ORIGINATOR'S

Gil ml S!A

CLOUD
IHER CODES
CODE

311705 GL 5857 N

16625 W

233 86 10 11 215 1970 CSS 060

0035

05 3 2

215
216

216

216
216

05

SPEfO

FOtCt

S22

BARO-
METER

(mbtl

121 -072 -077

STD

0000

0161

3121

2499

0029780

OBS

0000

0151

31209

2499

OBS

0005

0165

31232

2500

STD

0010

0157

3126

2503

0029415

OBS

0013

0159

31282

2504

STD

0020

0194

3135

2508

0028935

OBS

0021

0196

31353

2508

OBS

0028

0203

31388

2510

0000

0029

0058

14513

746

14513

745

0 90

14516

747

0 95

14519

745

14520

744

0 96

14533

742

14534

742

097

14539

737

0 98

0032

007 010 024
006 Oil 024

007 012 023

007 013 023
006 015 022

0032718 0032

14469

773

0 95

14471

773

089

14470

773

087

14471

773

14472

772

0 92

003 008 030

004 005 030
001 008 030

0084 30750 2457Q

000 006
000 008

030
029

81

311706 GL

LATITUDE

1/10
691A N

16556 W

MO DAY HR.1/1

233 95 10 12 220 1970 CSS 063

ORIGINATOR'S

%rtio

01
FO«CE

BARO-
METER

AIR TEMP. "C

03 533 207 -119 -120 5 05

en n»\ SEA

WEA-
THER
CODE

220
220

220

220

220

STD

0000

0098

3085

2474

0032168

OBS

0000

0098

30849

2474

OBS

0006

0103

30845

2473

STD

0010

0101

3084

2473

0032210

OBS

0014

0100

30845

2473

STD

0020

0102

3084

2473

0032216

OBS

0022

0103

30845

2473

OBS

0028

0105

30845

2473

14480

779

14480

779

065

14483

752

061

14483

755

14483

766

063

14485

762

14486

752

059

14488

764

050

000 007 035
000 005 035

001 007 035

000 004 035
000 007 035

ORIGINATOR'S

311706

5925 N

233 96 10 13 017 1970 CSS 054

0038

06

4 2

X7 7 |8

0035

03

183 -101

AIR lEMR. 'C

105

HR VIO T

SKCIflC VOLUMl

SOUND

vtLOcnv

NOj-N

017
017

017

017

017

017

STD

0000

0241

3120

2492

0030398

OBS

0000

0241

31196

2492

OBS

0007

0242

31189

2492

STD

0010

0240

3119

2492

0030453

OBS

0014

0238

31185

2492

STD

0020

0240

3118

2491

00 30544

OBS

0021

0240

31176

2491

OBS

0028

0240

31180

2491

STD

0030

0239

3118

2491

00 30499

OBS

0035

0237

31186

2492

14549

730

14549

730

07 0

14550

731

065

14550

731

14550

732

07 3

14551

735

14551

735

07 1

14553

732

07 1

14553

732

14553

732

07 3

002

008

027

000

007

027

001

008

028

001

008

027

002

010

027

002

008

027

LATITUDE
' I/IO

LONGITUDE

MO I DAY HR.1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

Gri Pl« StA

WEA-
THER
CODE

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

311705 GL

16648 W

233 96 10 13 150 1970 CSS 06

0045

03 3 2

SPEED
OR

fORCE

03 S20

198 -117 ^119

06

0036

NOj-N SI04-Si

150

150

150
150

150
150

STD
OBS
OBS

STD
OBS

STD
OBS

STD
OBS
OBS

0000
0000
0009
0010
0018
0020
0027
0030
0036
0042

0252 3119 2491 0030552 0000 14553 739

0252 31187 2491

0252
0251

0249
0250
0252
0252
0252
0249

31195

3120

31196

3120

31197

3120

31204

31203

2491
2491
2492
2492
2492
2492
2492
2492

0030480 0030

0030463 0061

0030445 0091

14553 739 088

14555

742

0 90

14555

741

14555

738

088

14556

741

14558

745

0 90

14559

745

14550

74 3

0 90

14559

742

091

009

003

024

002

003

024

001

003

024

001

001

024

001

003

024

001

004

024

82

MFtllfNCf

SHIP
CODE

LATITUDE

VIO

i§

w/ HSDEN

STATION

TIME

ORIGINATOR'S

DEPTH

MAX.

WAVE

WEA-
THER
CODE

CLOUD
CODES

00c

cm
coot

ID.
NO.

LONGITUDE
• -1/10

CRUISE
NO.

STATION
NUMBER

BOTTOM

OF
S-MPL'S

STATION
NUMBER

10*

1*

MO

DAY

HR.VIO

OIR.

MGT »(« iE*

lYU *M

3U706

GL

6950 N

16723 W

233

97

10

13

202

1970

CSS

069

0046

03

1 2

X4

7 7

0037

WATER

WIND

lARO-

METER
(mb«)

AIR TEMP. "C

'-°'" DEPTHS

SPECIAL
OBSERVATIONS

COLOR
CODE

TRANS.

Did.

into

OR
FOdCE

DRY
BULB

WET
BULB

03

S25

220

-127

'128

3

06

MtSSENGB CAST CARD
"""f % NO. TYPE
HR l/IO

DEPTH (ml

T -C

s •/„

SIGMA-T

SPECItIC VOLUME
ANOMALT-XIO'

SAO

DYN, M.

X 10>

SOUND
VELOCITY

Oj ml/l

PO4-P

vg-oi/i

TOTAl-P
vg ■ ol/l

NOj-N

ufl • ol/l

NO3-N

vg - ol/l

SIO«-Si

yg - ol/l

pH

S

c
c

1 1

STD

0000

0210

3132

2505

0029208

0000

14537

736

202

OBS

0000

0210

31325

2505

14537

736

0 92

002

003

026

202

OBS

0009

0211

31323

2505

14539

737

0 90

001

003

026

STD

0010

0211

3132

2505

0029245

0029

14539

737

202

OBS

0019

0213

31314

2504

14541

739

091

002

003

027

STD

0020

0214

3131

2504

0029309

0058

14542

739

202

OBS

0028

0218

31320

2504

14545

736

091

002

003

027

STD

0030

0222

3133

2505

0029228

0087

14547

735

202

OBS

0037

0239

31433

2511

14557

732

0 98

004

005

029

202

OBS

0044

0263

31620

2524

14571

683

107

006

008

033

SHIP
CODE

LATITUDE

1/10

MO DAY [HR.l/ll

ORIGINATOR'S

CflPER St*

WEA-
THER
CODE

311706 GL

233 95 10 14 198 1970 CSS 072

05

2 |2

05

iPEED

OR
FORCE

BARO-
METER
(mbt)

189 -121 -123

05

0038

SAO

DYN. M.
X 10^

SOUND
VELOCITY

! NOj-N

198
198

198
198

198

STD 0000 -0071 3094 2488 0030779 0000 14404 795

0030

OBS

0000

-0071

30941

2488

OBS

0004

-0069

30940

2488

STO

0010

-0075

3094

2488

0030780

OBS

0011

-0075

30939

2488

OBS

0017

-0072

30945

2489

STD

0020

-0072

3094

2489

0030744

OBS

0024

-0072

30943

2489

14404

795

067

14405

800

064

14403

800

14403

800

066

14406

800

064

14406

800

14407

799

063

001 003
000 003

003 003
001 003

018
018

018

018

001 003 018

SHIP
CODE

LATrruoE

MO I DAY [HR.1/10

ORIGINATOR'S

WEA- CLOUD
THER COOES
COOS ,..,,, „,

311706 GL

233 94 10 15 Oil 1970 CSS 073

02 2 |2

X7 I 7 18

02

SPEED

0«
FORCE

SIO

BARO-
METER
(mbt)

AIR TEMP. T

178 -128 -12

05

0039

SAD

DYN. M.
X 10^

SOUND
VELOCin

l-r NOi-
ot/l wg - a

NOj-N
vg - 01/1

STD

0000

-0028

3176

2553

0024627

0000

14435

739

oil

OBS

0000

-0028

31762

2553

14435

739

125

026

015

035

oil

OBS
STD

0006
0010

-0025
-0024

31765

2553

14437

742

740

106

024

016

034

on

OBS

0012

-0023

739

131

028

015

031

on

OBS
STD

0018
0020

-0016
-0016

737

129

023

016

035

oil

OBS

0023

-0016

127

024

017

035

83

mnuHCi

SHIP
C00£

MARSDEN

STATION

TIME

ORIGINATOR'S

DEPTH

MAX

-

WAVE

WEA-

THER
CODE

Cloud

COOfS

CT«T

cool

ID.
NO.

1/10

'1/10

CRUISE
NO.

STATION
NUMBER

TO
BOTTOM

OF
S'MPL'S

STATION
NUMBER

10"

r

MO

DAY

HR.VIO

Dlt

HCTlPER SEA

tin AM

311706

GL

6936 N

16510 W

233

95

10

15

139

1970

CSS

077

0032

07

A

X7

7 8

0040

WATER

WIND

BARO-
METER

(mbl)

AIR TEMP. T:

1

NO.

SPECIAL
OBSERVATIONS

COLOR
CODE

IRANI

DIR.

SPfED
OR

FORCf

DRV

BULB

WET
BULB

coLe obs.

DEPTHS

07

S20

180

■111

-111

6 06

HR 1/10

CARD
TYPE

DEPTH [ml

t t

s •/..

S1GMA-T

i«cific voiuMt

ANOMAl»-XlO'

SAD

DTN. M.

X 10^

SOUND
VELOCirt

Ol ml/I

PO«-P
vg - ol/l

lOtAL-F
vg • 81/1

NOi-N
ug - Ol/I

NO)-N
vg - ol/l

SI04-Si
ufl - Ol/l

PH

S

c

c

1

STD

0000

-0103

743

139

OBS

0000

-0103

743

100

139

OBS
STD

0006
0010

-0101
-0107

745
745

101

139

OBS

0012

-0108

31100

2502

14390

745

106

139

OBS

0018

-0103

31103

2502

14394

7500

103

STD

0020

-00<t8

3120

2508 0028885

14421

725

139

OBS

0024

0031

31343

2517

14450

713

1 17

139

OBS

0029

0070

31454

2524

14481

597

129

015 Oil 030
014 012 030

017 012 030
015 012 030

017 014 034
023 014 035

REFERENCE

SHIP
CODE

ii

M/RSDEN

STATION

TIME

ORIGINATOR'S

DEPTH

MA

.

WAVE

WEA-
THER
CODE

CLOUD
CODES

yoor

CTir
COOE

ID.
NO.

1/10

LONGITUDE
• 'I/IO

CRUISE
NO.

STATION

NUMBER

TO
BOTTOM

OF
S'MPL'S

OBSERVATIONS

STATION
NUMBER

10*

1*

MO

DAY HR.1/10

DIR.

MCI »(R SEA

ITFt AM

311706

GL

6927 N

16538 W

233

95

10

15

194

1970

CSS

078

0033

07

0 2

X7

7 8

0041

WATER

WIND

BARO-
METER

(mbi)

AIR TEMP. -C

OSflHS

SPECIAL
OBSERVATIONS

COLOR
CODE

TRANS.

DIR.

01
fORCt

DRY

BULB

WET
BULB

07

S16

180

■117

-117

5

06

MESSENCtlcAST
TIM. 0, NO.

HR 1/10 1

CARD
TYPE

DEPTH tn>)

T -C

s •/..

SIGMA-T

IMClfIC VOLUMI
ANOMALT-XIO'

SAO

DYN. M.

SOUND
VELOCITY

Oi ml/I

PO4-P

VP - o./l

tOI*t-P

i>g . ol/l

NOj-N
ug • ol/l

NC)-N

vg - Ol/l

SlO^-Si

ug - Ol/l

pH

1
C

c

1

STD

0000

-0038

3097

2490

00 30561

0000

14419

737

194

OBS

0000

-0038

30970

2490

14419

737

0 99

194

OBS

0005

-0035

30970

2490

14421

739

101

STD

0010

-0043

3098

2490

0030599

0030

14415

738

194

OBS

0012

-0045

30977

2490

14418

737

101

194

OBS

0018

-0047

30978

2491

14418

744

105

STD

0020

-0048

3099

2491

00 30482

0061

14418

742

194

OBS
STD

0024
0030

-0049

30999
3099

2492

14419

739
739

103

194

OBS

0030

30993

739

103

010 010 028
012 009 028

013 010 028
012 010 028

012 Oil 028
012 Oil 028

SHIP
CODE

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDE
' 'I/IO

s^

OWGINATOR'S

311705 GL

6920 N

233 94 10 15 145 1970 CSS 084

0 2

SPEED

OR
>0«CE

S16

BARO-
METER
Imbi)

175 -156

AIR TEMP. K

156

0042

inzmc VOLUME

SAD
DYN. M.

X 10'

SOUND
VELOCITY

146

146

146
146

STD

0000

-0153

3145

2532

0026541

OBS

0000

-0153

31454

2532

OBS

0005

-0151

31400

25270

STD

0010

-0158

3145

2531

0025575

OBS

0010

-0158

31447

2531

OBS

0015

-0154

31485

2534

STD

0020

-0155

OBS

0022

-0155

3144Q

25310

0000

14372

785

14372

785

115

790

119

14371

788

14371

78 8

116

14375

789
789

117

789

117

021 013 028
020 013 028

021 014 029
021 014 029

019 014 029

84

REFERENCE

SM(P
CODE

lATIIUDE

l/IO

LONGITUDE
' 'l/IO

ii

*// «OEN

STATION Tl

«t

ORIGINATOR'S j

DEPTH
TO

MAX.

WAV!

WEA-
THER
CODE

CLOUD
CODES

NOOC

CT«T

CODE

ID.
NO.

CBUISE
NO.

STATION

OF

S'MPL'S

NUMBER

10"

r

MO

DAY HR.1/10

DHL

HGT FEU 5E*

Tin AM

31

1706

GL

6913

N

16445 W

233

9A

10

16 180

1970

CSS

085 0023

00

0 X

X2

7 8

0043

WATER

WIND

BARO-
METER
imbtl

AIR TEMP, r

VIS.
CDOf

NO.

OBS.

DEPTHS

SPECIAL
OBSERVATIONS

COLOR
CODE

TUNS.

OIR.

SfUD

OR
FOUCE

ORT

BULB

WET
BULB

04

S12

180

■166

-166

7

05

vliSENC. IciSl
<"" "NO.
HR 1/10 1

CARD
TYPE

DEPTH Im)

T -C

s •/..

5ICMA-T

SPECIFIC VOLUME

ANOMALT-XIO'

^^^ ?. SOUND
""l^T- VELOCIIY

Oj ml/1

P04-P

ve - oi/i

lOTAl-P

NOj-N

ug - oi/l

NOj-N
tig • ol/l

SI 04-si

i.g - al/l

pH

i
C

c

1

STD

0000

-0167

3134

1 1

2523 0027502 0000 14364

791

1

180

OBS

0000 -0167 31339 2523 14364 791 104 014

009

027

180

OSS

0004 -0164 31336 2522 14366 792 107 016

012

028

ISO

OBS
STD

0009 -0168 31333 2522 14365 792 105 016

0010 -0167 3133 2522 0027546 0027 14365 792

012

028

180

OBS
STD

0014 -0165 31331 2522 14367 792 107 018
0020 -0169 3137 2525 0027255 0054 14367 799

012

028

18

3

OBS

0020

-0169

31369

2525

14367

799

107

015

013

027

REI'ERtNCE

SHIP

CODE

ii

■■ -SDEN '

-TATION

Tl

M

ORIGINATOR'S

DEPTH

MAX

,

WAVE

WEA-
THER
CODE

CLOUD
CODES

^OOC

CUT
r.ooi

ID.
NO.

LATITUDt

1/10

LONGITUDE

"1/10

CRUISE
NO.

STATION
NUMBER

BOTTOM

OF

S'MPL'S

"

STATION
NUMBER

- 10*

r MO

DAY

HR.1/10

OiR.

HOT PER S(A

TYf[ AM

311706

GL

6905 N

16505 W

233

95 10

16

214

1970

CSS

086

0021

00

0 X

X7

7 7|

0044

WATER

WIND

BARO-
METER
Imbt)

B

IH TEMP, 'C

VIS.

coo

NO.

OBS.
DEPTHS

SPECIAL
OBSEfiVAHONS

COLOR
CODE

'""'■

DIR. 01

fo»Ci

>RT

ULB

rwft

BULB

08

S05

180

■155

-156

7

05

HR 1/10 T

CARD
TTPE

OtflH imj

T "C

s •/..

SIGMA-T

s^fcinc voLUMt

ANOMALT-IIO'

SAO

DYN. M.
X 10^

SOUND
VELOCITY

0! ml/I

PO4-P

vg -ol/l

lOTAl-P
vg -or/l

NOj-N
wg - al/l

NO]-N
vg . ol/i

SI 04-Si
vg - at/I

pH

i
c
c

1

STD

0000

-0166

3108

2502

0029499

0000

14361

804

214

OBS

0000

-0166

31U80

2502

14361

804

07 6

006

005

018

214

OBS

0004

-0165

31111

2504

14362

807

07 7

005

006

018

214

OBS

0009

-0173

31181

2510

14360

801

084

006

007

020

STD

0010

-0172

3119

2511

0028635

0029

14361

799

214

OBS

0014

-0170

31219

2513

14363

795

087

007

007

021

214

OBS

0018

-0171

31236

2514

14363

797

089

007

008

021

LATITUDE

1/10

LONGITUDE
■ 'l/lO

ORIGINATOR'S

CLOUD
THER CODES
CODE

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

311706 GL

6904 N

233 95 10 17 Oil 1970 CSS 087

;"lcAST

f »' NO.

'10 I

S04

129

SPECIFIC VOLU

SAO
DYN. M.
X 10*

SOUND
VELOCITY

S10«-SJ

STD

0000

-0168

3120

2512

0028573

0000

14361

814

oil

OBS

0000

-0168

31200

2512

14361

814

07 1

004

003

021

oil

OBS

0005

-0165

31198

2511

14364

812

070

002

005

021

STO

0010

-0170

3119

2510

0028671

0028

14362

812

oil

OBS

0010

-0170

31186

2510

14362

812

068

003

004

022

on

OBS

0015

-0168

31192

2511

14364

813

068

002

004

021

on

OBS

0018

-0169

31191

2511

14364

817

069

003

005

021

85

311706

SHIP
CODf

LAmuDt

I/IO

LONGITUDE

'1/10

16640 W

STATION TIME

r MO DAY H(LV10

233 86 10 17 177 1970 CSS 090

S05

ORIGINATOR'S

150 -083

A« TEMP. X

083

004A

Grim SEA

WIA-

THER
CODE -

XI 6 k

NODC
STATION
NUMBER

0046

Hit V10 I

lOTAi-f

l>0 - ol/l

NOj-N

SI04-Si

vg • ol/l

177
177

177
177

177

177

STD

0000

-0097

3070

2470

0032568

0B5

0000

-0097

30700

2470

OBS

0008

-0093

30701

2470

STD

00 10

-0092

3071

2470

00 32477

OBS

0016

-0048

30744

2472

STD

0020

0051

3088

2478

0031723

OBS

0024

0111

30973

2483

STD

0030

0113

3097

2483

0031278

OBS

0032

0113

OBS

0041

0110

30976

2483

0000

0096

14388

788

14388

788

0 93

14391

792

0 98

14392

790

14414

786

0 97

14462

768

14492

758

0 91

14494

761

761

111

14494

761

104

006
007

006
008

010
015

SHIP
CODE

LATnUDE

I/IO

LONGITUDE

■1/10

STATtON TIME

MO I DAY HR.V10

OBJGINATOR'S

WEA-
THER
CODE

NODC
STATION
NUMIER

311706 GL

233 87 10 17 237 1970 CSS 091

0046

X2 7 Is

SKID
»or(C(

so 7

lARO-
MHER
bnbtt

AIB TEMP. X

127 -041 -042

06

S Ao

DYN. M.
X 10^

237
237

237
237

237
237

STD

0000

-0069

3067

2466

0032886

OBS

0000

-0069

30668

2466

OBS

0008

-0062

30672

2466

STD

0010

-0062

3067

2466

0032859

OBS

0016

-0062

30678

2467

STD

0020

-0019

3073

2469

0032590

OBS

0024

0022

30789

2473

STD

0030

0080

3092

2481

0031493

OBS

0036

0127

31080

2491

OBS

0043

0169

31288

2505

0000

0032

0065

0097

14401

784

14401

784

091

14405

784

081

14406

786

14407

786

0 90

14428

780

14449

775

0 90

14478

770

14502

766

086

14525

742

100

NOj-N
vg - o(/l

006

007

007
007

009

010

NO)-N

SI OfU
n •st/l

86

Preliminary Results of Geologic Studies in the Eastern Central Chukchi Sea^

Peter W. Barnes ^

INTRODUCTION

During late September and October 1970, the
U.S. Geological Survey participated in the
Western Beaufort Sea Ecological Cruise
aboard the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker
GLACIER, in the eastern central Chukchi Sea.
Seventy stations were occupied for geological
sampling purposes (fig. 1). These studies were
undertaken primarily to provide background
data for interpreting ecological relationships,
to locate and define these relationships, and to
outline the processes of sediment transport and
deposition. This report vdll deal with the first
and third aspects of the overall program.

Considerable knowledge of the geology of
the Chukchi Sea existed prior to the 1970 cruise
of the GLACIER. Moore (1964) and Grantz
and his co-workers (1970) studied the bottom
geology and found only a thin sedimentary
cover overlying rocks that extend west from
the Prudhoe Bay and Naval Petroleum Reserve
geologic provinces. The surficial sediments,
morphology, and currents have been the subject
of studies by the Navy and the University of
Washington during their extensive investiga-
tions of the Bering and Chukchi Seas (Dietz
and others, 1964 ; Fleming and Heggarty, 1966 ;
Creager and McManus, 1967; McManus and
others, 1969). Studies have indicated a shelf of
low relief with a broad north-south trending
trough 50 meters deep between the mainland
and Herald Shoal. Relict and residual sediments
dominate the area owing to minimal local sedi-
ment contribution and to sporadic northward
currents that introduce material from outside
the region (McManus and others, 1969).

Sampling on this cruise focused on sediment-
transport processes with near-bottom current

' Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geolog-
ical Survey.

' U.S. Geologrical Survey, Menlo Park, California
94025.

measurements and water-column turbidity de-
terminations, supplemented by suspended sedi-
ment measurements made at the same time by
the University of Alaska (see Naidu and
Sharma, this Oceanographic Report) .

METHODS

Current measurements were made with a
film recording Savonius-type meter, accurate to
0.05 knots but readable to 0.01 knots. The sen-
sor was deployed 1.5-2 meters above the bottom
while at anchor. A 3-meter chain pendant be-
low the meter served to dampen oscillations.
The meter recorded for periods of up to 35
hours at 12 locations (fig. 1 and table I, ap-
pendix A). Due to the movement of the ship at
anchor and the resultant introduction of arti-
ficial currents, data were analyzed by vector
summation. Sequential current speeds and di-
rections were vectorially added, and the vectors
generated by this summation were used in re-
porting the currents for the interval summed.

Bottom samples were obtained with a 10-
gallon Van Veen grab except when ship motion
or bottom conditions necessitated the use of a
Shipek grab. Additional samples were obtained
with a modified Reineck box corer with box
dimensions of 20 X 20 X 60 cm, and a Hydro
plastic corer rigged either as a gravity or a
piston corer. All sediment samples were stored
at 3-5° C prior to analysis (see Bouma, 1969,
p. 313, 317, 332, for discussion of these
sampling devices).

Textural analysis involved standard tech-
niques. Sieves were used for gravels and sands
and hydrometer for silt- and clay-sized ma-
terials. Box cores were extruded laterally from
one side of the box and sliced vertically into
1-2 cm slabs, then placed on a Plexiglas sheet
and radiographed using techniques outlined by
Bouma (1969).

87

Water-clarity data were gathered with a
26-cm Secchi disk and a prototype transmissom-
eter-depth sensor coupled to an x-y recorder.
Calibration of the transmissometer was often
problematical, particularly during the later
part of the cruise when temperatures were
colder. Bottom photographs were taken at
selected stations in black and white and color.
These photographs were used to supplement
water clarity and sediment data.

Splits of four samples were frozen im-
mediately after collection and sent to the U.S.
Geological Survey's Organic Geochemistry
Laboratory in Denver, for analysis of hydro-
carbon content. The analyses for mercury,
arsenic, copper, lead, and zinc were made on
air-dried splits, using techniques outlined by
Ward and others (1963), Vaughn and Mc-
Carthy (1964), and Ward and others (1969).
The detection limit of these techniques is 0.010
parts per million (ppm) for mercury, 10 ppm
for arsenic, and 5 ppm for copper, lead, and
zinc.

RESULTS AND DATA

Currents

Near-bottom currents during September and
October 1970 were dominated by northeast-
southwest components of low to moderate
velocities (fig. 2 and table \, appendix A).
Bottom-current measurements in the northern
and eastern sections of the study area, all in
water depths less than 30 meters, showed a
considerable range in velocity and direction.
The data were not synoptic, because the ob-
servations were spread over a 23-day period.
Consequently, some of the variability may be
due to temporal and transient changes in the
current regime.

Although many of the bottom photos were
clouded by particulate matter, almost all re-
vealed the absence of current- related features
(fig. 3a). The exception was station 87, north-
east of Cape Lisbume, where a current parallel
to shore was indicated by northwest-trending
ripple marks (fig. 3b).

On the northwest-southeast transect from
stations 49 through 60 a central region of
strong northward flow was bordered inshore
and offshore by regions with southward cur-
rents. Velocities on this section, from 0.05 to
0.35 knots, were strongest to the north.

An inshore southward flow and an offshore
northward flow were also found by Fleming
and Heggarty (1966) at 20 meters in this same
general area in August 1960. The velocities
they recorded (0.1-0.7 knots) were generally
higher than those reported here. These dis-
crepancies may be partly due to differences in
current meters and in depth of measurements.
They used an Ekman-type meter which was
placed farther above the bottom than our
meter.

Currents, both at 10 meters and near the
bottom trended with the wind vectors (Ingham
and Rutland, this Oceanographic Report, figs.
32 and 75) at most stations; this relationship
appeared strongest for the 10-meter measure-
ments, and was most evident for stations 54
through 60 (figs. 1 and 2). At stations 54 and
55, weak winds were accompanied by moderate
to strong northward 10-meter and bottom cur-
rents (0.15-0.35 knots). Strong northeasterly
winds deflected the 10-meter current to the
west at stations 59 and 60. Near-bottom cur-
rents were deflected to a lesser degree at sta-
tion 59 and little or not at all at station 60.

Tiirhidity

Water-clarity data at 10 meters were virtually
the same as surface values at individual sta-
tions and are more reliable instrument read-
ings. Therefore, the 10-meter values were used
for plotting purposes and will be considered
representative of the turbidity distribution in
the upper 10 meters of the water column. The
data are assumed to be synoptic, although some
observed differences probably reflect temporal
variations during the 25-day period of observa-
tion.

Light-transmission values at 10 meters in-
dicate a northwestward increase in water
clarity (fig. 4). The clearer waters were as-
sociated with higher salinity values and the
edge of the pack ice (see Ingham and Rutland,
this Oceanographic Report, figs. 6 and 11).
Water was more turbid and less saline to the
south and in the shallower parts of the bight
between Cape Lisburne and Icy Cape.

Bottom photos in the region of higher sur-
face turbidity are somewhat fogged by par-
ticulate matter (fig. 3), although large objects
such as ripples and starfish are discernible.
Turbidity generally showed a pronounced in-

88

crease near the bottom of the water column.
The thickness of this turbid layer was mapped
(fig. 5). It was thickest over the deepest part
of the depression between Herald Shoal and
the mainland. Although turbid water was pres-
ent over much of the inshore area shallower
than 30 meters, the distinct layering found in
deeper water was absent.

Sediments

Sediments ranged from muddy gravels to
well-sorted sands (fig. 6). Particle-size de-
terminations showed the following six types of
deposits in a distribution similar to that re-
ported by McManus and others (1969) :

1. Moderately to well-sorted sand, distri-
buted to 90 km from Point Lay and
farther off'shore at the northern end of
the trough between Herald Shoal and the
mainland.

2. Silt and clay (mud) along the eastern
side of the offshore depression.

3. Muddy gravel on the east flank of Herald
Shoal.

4. Sandy gravel north and east of Cape
Lisburne. The gravel fraction consisted
largely of clasts with very angular and
fragile shapes and pebbles of uniform
lithology, all of which indicate minimal
waterborne transport and mixing.

5. Admixtures of items 1 through 4.

6. Sand and gravel on the modem beach
almost devoid of fine material. Well-
rounded pebbles were randomly distri-
buted in all sediment types.

The occurrence of offshore gravel cannot be
accounted for by modern processes. The fragile
shapes and angularity of individual clasts, and
the uniform lithologies of the gravel samples,
indicate only minimal transport from the
source areas and may indicate proximity to
sea-floor outcrops (McManus and others,
1969).

Studies of subsurface sedimentary features
and the use of radiographic techniques showed
intensive bioturbation (fig. 7). Numerous
worm tubes, burrows, and even individual
worms were found during sectioning and ex-
amination (fig. 8). Other sediment-disrupting
organisms encountered included echinoids,
mollusks, gastropods, and walrus. The radio-

graphs also show that rounded pebbles were
randomly distributed.

Coastal Observations

Some coastal observations which relate to
the problem of sediment supply and transport
along the shore were made on the barrier island
near Point Lay. During October, the seaward
beaches of the barrier island at Point Lay con-
sisted of a series of small (0.1 to 1 meter)
asymmetrical ice-gravel ridges. These appear
to have formed since the onset of winter by
freezing at higher stands of the sea (fig. 9).
For a distance of 1 km from the northern tip
of the barrier island, a series of larger (1-3
meters) more symmetrical ridges occurred at
higher elevation (figs. 9 and 10). These ap-
parently mark former locations of the lagoonal
opening and suggest a northward migration of
sediments along the barrier island. Five
samples from this island consist of a mixture
of sand and gravel (fig. 6).

Sediment Transport Regime

Current directions, orientation of ripples
northeast of Cape Lisburne, and the apparent
displacement of a turbid layer eastward toward
Point Lay suggest a clockwise eddy in the near-
bottom water: circulation similar to that de-
scribed by Fleming and Heggarty (1966).
There is, however, apparently little deposition
from the eddy, as the sandy bottom landward
of the 40-meter contour does not show any
increase in silt and clay content under the dis-
placed turbid layer.

The turbid layer is thickest in the north-
western part of the study area, where water
from the Bering Strait was found at depth
(Ingham and Rutland, this Oceanographic Re-
port) . In studies of particle transport through
the Bering Strait, 125 miles to the south,
McManus and Smyth (1970) found high
turbidity and relatively high concentrations of
particulate matter throughout the water col-
umn. These data suggest that much of the
suspended matter in the area could be derived
from south of the Bering Strait.

When near-bottom current directions are
superimposed on a profile of turbidity along a
line between Cape Lisburne and Herald Shoal
(fig. 11), northward vectors correlate with the
most pronounced zone of turbid water along

89

the eastern side of the depression. In the west-
ern part of this transect, a southerly flow of
less turbid water is indicated. The current and
turbidity data suggest a net northward trans-
port of fine-grained sediment from the Bering
Sea toward the Arctic Ocean, with minimal
deposition in the eastern central Chukchi Sea.

The sediment distribution pattern partly re-
flects the observed currents and water tur-
bidity. Mud present along the eastern flank of
the depression corresponds to the zone where
the bottom turbid layer is thickest (figs. 5 and
11). To the west and east, possible relict or
residual sand and gravel are present. Ice raft-
ing appears to be only a minor source of sedi-
ment, and probably accounts for most of the
rounded pebbles interspersed in the muds and
sands oflfshore.

Geochemistry

Geochemical analyses of seven sediment
samples from four locations in the Chukchi Sea
(table III, appendix A) indicate a reducing
sedimentary environment, except for the up-
permost 1 or 2 cm. This conclusion is based on
sediment color and the distribution of sulfur
and organic components. The alkaline-soluble
organic fraction was dominantly of the humic
type and averaged about 0.5 percent of the total
sediment, whereas the total organic content
averaged 1.7 percent of the dry-sediment
weight. The humic fraction, derived primarily
from land plant detritus, indicates a terrestrial
relict origin for the sediment, or a situation in
which the contribution of terrestrial detritus
masks the production of marine organic
matter.

The bitumen (petroleum-like substances)
content was relatively low, averaging only
0.005 percent. Analyses revealed a constancy
of elemental abundances, with no abnormally
high values for either the total sediment or the
alkaline-soluble humic fraction (table III, ap-
pendix A). Although coal was present in the
coarse fraction of several samples, it ap-
parently was not a major organic constituent.

Mercury values averaged less than 0.02
ppm and ranged from below the limit of de-
tection (0.01 ppm) to a maximum of 0.04
ppm (table II, appendix A). These are ex-
ceptionally low compared with concentrations
in oceanic sediments elsewhere. In some areas.

for example, average values range from 0.05
to 1.20 ppm (Fleischer, 1970). However, they
are not unexpected, as there are no source areas
of mercury nearby, and the organic content of
the sediments is also relatively low.

Copper, lead, and zinc values also were low
(table 1 and table II, appendix A), compared
with marine sediments elsewhere (Turekian
and Wedepohl, 1961). Arsenic values, however,
averaged 24 ppm (table 1 and table II, ap-
pendix A) — high compared with normal values
of 1-20 ppm (Wedepohl, 1969).

Table 1. — Selected elemental concentrations in sediment
samples collected on 65 stations. (Analysis by Kam
Leong, U.S. Geological Survey.)

Element

Average concentration,

dry-sediment

(ppm)

Range of

concentation

values

(ppm)

Arsensic .

24

<10-30

Copper _-

13

5-30

Lead

14

7-25

Zinc

59

25-160

Mercury _

0.02

<0.01-0.04

CONCLUSIONS

1. The movement of fine-grained particulate
matter involves transport toward the north
along the eastern side of the trough bisecting
the study area. Materials are transported from
south of Cape Lisburno and from the coastal
bight northeast of Cape Lisburne. Over shal-
lower parts of the coastal zone an anticyclonic
eddy and storms circulate and mix nearshore
waters.

2. Beach processes were dominated by the
formation of numerous ice-gravel ridges. These
terrace-like ridges seem best explained by re-
peated changes of sea level due to storm surge
and by concurrent freezing of shore-fast ice.

3. Gravel, gravel-mud, and gravel-sand
found in much of this region reflect the fact
that little or no sedimentation is going on.
Along the eastern parts of the central trough,
the presence of silty muds suggests sedimenta-
tion from the northward-flowing turbid layer.
The lack of gravel in this area indicates that
ice rafting is apparently not an important
mode of sediment deposition.

4. Internal sediment structures caused by
extensive bioturbation reveal that the sedi-
ments are heavily utilized by benthic fauna.

90

5. Geochemical studies showed no evidence
of mercury or petroleum pollution and sug-
gested no anomalous values of other elements.
The organic fraction was dominated by land-
derived plant debris.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my appreciation for the
efforts of my fellow scientists, Captain
Roberge, and the officers and crew aboard the
GLACIER, without whose efforts this study
could not have been conducted. Vernon E.
Swanson performed the organic geochemical
analysis; Kam Leong determined the heavy
metal contents in the surface sediments.

REFERENCES

Bouma, A. H., 1969, Methods for the study of sedimen-
tary structures: John Wiley and Sons, New York,
458 p.

Creager, J. S., and McManus, D. A., 1967, Geology of
the floor of the Bering and Chukchi Seas — American
studies, in Hopkins, D. M., Ed., The Bering Land
Bridge: Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California,
p. 7-31.

Dietz, R. S., Carsola, A. J., BufSngton, E. C, and
Shipek, C. J., 1964, Sediment and topography of the
Alaskan shelves: in Papers in Marine Geology, R. L.
Miller, Ed., Macmillan Co., New York, p. 241-256.

Emery, K. 0., 1961, A sample method of measuring
beach profiles: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 6, p.
90-93.

Fleischer, Michael, 1970, Summary of the literature on
the inorganic geochemistry of mercury, in Mercury
in the environment: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper
713, p. 6-13.

Fleming, R. H., and Heggarty, D., 1966, Oceanography
of the southeastern Chukchi Sea, in Wilimovsky,
N. J., and Wolf, J. N., Eds., Environment of the Cape
Thompson Region, Alaska: Springfield, Virginia,
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical
Information, (PNE-481), p. 697-754.

Grantz, A., Wolf, S. C, Breslau, L., Johnson, T. C, and
Hanna, W. F., 1970, Reconnaissance geology of the
Chukchi Sea as determined by acoustic and magnetic
profiling, in Adkison, W. L., and Brosge, M. M., Eds.,
Proceedings of the Geological Seminar on the North
Slope of Alaska, p. F1-F28.

McManus, D. A., Kelley, J. C, and Creager, J. S., 1969,
Continental shelf sedimentation in an arctic environ-
ment: Geol. Soc. America Bull, v. 80, p. 1961-1984.

McManus, D. A., and Smyth, C. S., 1970, Turbid bottom
water on the continental shelf of the northern Bering
Sea: Jour, of Sed. Petrol., v. 40, p. 869-873.

Moore, D. G., 1964, Acoustic reflection reconnaissance
of continental shelves : The Bering and Chukchi
Seas, in Miller, R. L.. Ed., Papers in Marine Geology:
Shepard Commemorative Volume, New York, Mac-
Millan, p. 319-362.

Turekian, K. K., and Wedepohl, K. H., 1961, Distribu-
tion of the elements in some major units of the
earth's crust: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 72, p.
175-192.

Vaughn, W. W., and McCarthy, J. H., Jr., 1964, An
instrumental technique for the determination of sub-
microgram concentrations of mercury in soils, rocks,
and gas, in Geological Survey Research, 1964: U.S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 501D, p. D123-D127.

Ward, F. N., Lakin, H. W., Canney, F. C, and others,
1963, Analytical methods used in geochemical ex-
ploration by the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1152, 100 p.

Ward, F. N., Nakagawa, H. M., Harms, T. F., and Van
Sickle, G. H., 1969, Atomic-absorption methods of
analysis useful in geochemical exploration: U.S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 1289, 45 p.

Wedepohl, K. H., ed., 1969, Handbook of geochemistry,
Vol. II/l, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, p. 83.

91

o

3

« s

o

01

00

E
o

OJ

10

ay

(ST
5f ^'^

en

IS

O

o

•V

e
a

a

n

E

I

-o

s

t V
in

5^ ^^

>?»

s

•5

■8
B
cs

a,
S

S

< ^

oc o

UJ X

X (O

0

b

<0

s

92

93

Figure 3a. — Bottom photograph at station 63. Compass
card is 4 cm in diameter. Note turbidity at this station
over a mud-sand bottom.

Figure 3b. — Bottom photograph at sUtion 87. Scale
same as 3a. Note the ripple marks in sandy gravel
substrate.

94

95

96

97

Figure 7a. — Radiograph of l-i-m thick slab of box core from station 79. Note
worm tubes, rounded pebbles and shell material. The bottom of the core
has higher sand and gravel content. The distance across the core is 30 cm.

Figure 76. — Radiograph of 1-cm thick slab of box core from
station 9. Note abundant bioturbation and occasional pebbles.
The distance across the core is 30 cm.

98

Figure 8.-Bio,urba.ion in surficial sediments a. station 8. Depression above
^hl label is caused by water washing out of box core sampler. Label .s 1.5
cm wide.

99

>
o

o»

c

9

'r^v

'■■9-1*3 -If

-■'"■i

H

X

o_

oJ

Mi

mm

SM,

Mii^."'rs»-';^s''''- '■■'■'?

*i:' .-^■tV .' .j-< "J ■.•-.■•; ."1

U0830

3
E

C

01

t)

(C

^

0

u

b

0

a.

X

«M

X

0

0

Z

en

u

n

M

^

•a

V

.S

a

0

OJ

0.

u

^

s

C3

■■

•n

^

S

a

•3

e

JS

a

■0

>.

*

c

a

e
a.

u

u

««-!

■o

0

01

M

0

u

z

0

C

.a

E

-0

S

£1

:2 ft

"o c
.:< o

0

eg

ca

3

100

101

Sd313V4

o

o

?

o

I I I i I I i I i I

c

Tl

a

S

^

a>

>

m

b

O

*-v

II

S

o

TS

^^

g

u

^N

0.

(•

;k

o

IM

M

t

V

V

B

a

-a

,j*

V

u.

E

0

0

u

ja

V

,

a.

■r

c

a

*

VI

V

a

■*

e

X

i>

0

B
II

M

^

tc:

?-,

>— '

4)

m

O

C

C

0

es

*2

2

b

s

b

in

T3

C

C

u

Ml
B

3

*

n

g

j:

0

0

X

«

0

0.

^

a

ti

X

9

0

«

<■>

V

t

X

k

e

Z

a

102

Appendix A — Data

Table Page

I. Vector sums of currents, eastern central Chukchi Sea, fall 1970 104

II. Summary of station data 105

III. Analyses of bottom sediment samples, Chukchi Sea 109

103

Table I. — Vector Sums of Currents, Eastern Central Chukchi Sea, Fall 1970

Station

Date

(GMT)

Time meter
started
(GMT)

Current
meter
depth

(meters)

Interval

Speed

kiiots

(see note ■)

Direction

true

(see note •>)

8 9/26 0430

8 9/27 0430

26 10/3 2015

29 10/5 0230

31 10/5 2215

49 10/9 2015

50 10/10 0230

54 10/10 1800

55 10/11 0100

59 10/11 1715

60 10/11 2315

73 10/15 0215

90 10/17 1945

17

24

hr- 0

min

0.08

17

10

hr- 0

min

0.05

18

7

hr-54

min

0.12

19

2

hr-26

min

0.19

18

6

hr-26

min

0.08

47

1

hr-54

min

0.23

45

2

hr-12

min

0.10

45

1

hr-48

min

0.33

38

5

hr-49

min

0.17

33

1

hr-40

min

0.16

30

4

hr-39

min

0.16

25

49

min

0.32

42

2

hr-15

min

0.05

007
165
262
028
084
242
329
005
009
315
128
243
179

Note:

' Accuracy of individual current speed readings is ±0.05
knots, but the instrument can be read to ±0.01 knots. This,
in conjunction with the process of vector summation, allows
speeds to be reported to the nearest 0.01 knot, although the
accuracy is not increased.

ti The resolution on both the vane and compass for Indi-
vidual directional observations is 2.8°.

104

Is

-J 0.

Is

n a

Ills

'U

V

0*-;

g m^Sjj —

•a
I

.01 -'

its

V

o

CO

o
o

o
o

1-i iH CO

o o ■=
o o d
V

o o

OJ to

o o
d d

V

o \a

CO CO

V

o

d

o o o
d d d

V V

o o
la CO

CO

o

CO

o

tH

o

o

o

o

o

o

la o

O 1/5 ui

o o o

CO CO CO

O U5

O o
CM CO

o o

CO CO

O o
(N CO

_2

2

o

m

o

oJ

w

>>

B

s

-^^ ia

B

-M S

o

o

o

o

M M

O

M M

P

o

3

+J

■M

3 •'-^

-•J

3 -^

rt

+J

B

o

o

o

•^ >

O

■^ >

OJ

p.

o

J2

n

PQ

m

s

p^

flH

A!

CO t4

O 3
P.<

^ o

CO ^ O)

to to

§

oj to oi
to t~ t-

o t-
t- in

o

co

00

rH CO

lO O

o

to CO (N

05

Ol

a> 00

CO

t>

c-

to

c- to

to to

t>

to t- c-

la

c-

to w

to

o

to

00

o

00

^ to

00 Tj;

to

T-l

1 in

00

00

to

d
to

in

d •-<
to CO

t^^ in

■<i*

d

rH

1-^'

CO

CO CJ

in CO

to ^

00 CO

■*

- 3 ., rt
O O o O

O 00

CO to

o d

Tj<

t> o>

00

OJ

Oi

m

in TT

d

d

00

d
to

,-H

O O

r-l T*

-O . . . .

O O cqo caO O OHO

«?

rH

CO

00

CO

o o

o
bi

3

o o

O

O

3

3

N

d
O

o

1-" a *^

S

o

cu

^ o

S

a

o

o

o

^

H

-O .

ij

-O

n" -«

„

O

cq

.-o

*

-O

.^

h t^

^^

O t-

h

b

^

»H

>^

o o

o

pa o

H

o

O

o

O

3 5 3

to o

CO ^

00 o -t

CO CO N

tH N CO
N IM N

o o

CO w

c- 00

O CO

CO Tt

■*

s

105

k

u ft
V ft

a-

la

a c

aft

6^

■§1

2|3S

I 6}

*" W C -"^

•o

o

o

1 iH
1 =.

o

C4

o

o

PJ T)l r^

o o o

o

o

CO rH ca

o o o

o

d

' d

^

d

d

o o o

d

d

d d d

o o o
d d d

o o

CO TJ"

o

o in in

00

O lO o

US

00

.H 03 00

c-

00 o> lO

t-

o in o
(M iH e^

in o
IM cc

t- O (35
CO

00 O .-I

<N T-l

o o o

CO (M (M

O O CO
CO W tH

VI

o 3

° s

Jm o o o

Oi m pq pq

i rt i

. - ... - ei c i

O aj o 55 w o t^

.^J ^ .4-s 3 -^ *J -^

■« u -e -.^ > -w >

n PQ

m

.1
pq

O (U

PQ "o

2 3

o S

(M CO ^^

o

00

00 o>

o

00 00 ^v ^

00 00 IN
t- Cr- 50

00 00 eg
i> t- (C

o

CO

CO CO

CO

d

to

oo' ci

CO

d

00

r-l

CO

CJ

d

d

1-H

d

d

»H

OS CO 00
(M CO CO

OS CO t-
cg CO CO

Ol rH CO

.H d d

CO CO CO

CO

.-H E- »H

CO CO CO

tH 00 iH
CO CO CO

o

C4

CO Tt 00

in

00 t> CO

CO CO eq

d

00

in

in

CO

d

CO

O iH O

(N

d

o CO in
i> d d

iH CO M

03 CO CO rH

oi d CO d

t- CO CO

in 00 CO

in

(N o 00

oo

OS "^ CO
(M <N CO

CO'
CO

•H o4 i-i

CO CO C4

3

1/5 t-H -^3* OS

00 d d C-'

""! "i '^
d d ■*'

.-M

o o

00

£ 5;^ " *-■■ S
o o a

PQ 1:05 ^;H
-H -H - - -

t< t< t< tj >H

o o o o a

S g

O U u O

o

3

o

s
o

s

-O OQ

H Eh H

-O -O DQ

H Eh

,-H

O

(M

CO

t-

in -^ w

t-

m

■*

co

Tf m ■*

■>*

o o o o

CO iH t-

■<* m Til

o o o

CO CO iH

S
ca

m *; 3
a

CO
CO

o

e!5

CO t-

N CO -*

in

t- 00 <J>

o

in in m

in

in in in

to

106

iH

r-l

tH »H .-H

1-t

r-l CJ

r-l

r-l rH ,H

r^

NrH.-IOJCJNN M

O

O

O O O

o

o o

O

O O o

q

qoqqqqo o

d

d

V

odd

V V

d

d d

d

d d O

V

d

G S *S d G ^ c> d

V

a

o la in o irt i-i
ifl S c- O 00 «o

Ot- O OUSlO lO U5omOOU5t-0Q

us ^ H^ o o <o

iH cS .-( M M -H

csM u3 ooo o oiomuiojoooooo

ea \A lA OOO N "50i O OOO O OOOOOiiO^DlO

■a?
Is

oj:2E

o

CO

CO M (M W

OOO
CO CO CO

OOOOtOOtD o
OOeOCOCOCONiH N

o .

"3 E « >,

t, o c 3 -^

^ I o 1 :2 1 i

rt « ^ -g > o E

O m

pq

5 C3

S

tH

O QJ

o

OJ

-tJ ^

■i^

-*-> o

■M

o

o

O

pq

PQ

„ A!

O 3

o B

Oh

. "O

^

B

C4

o

o
o

,2

•&I

T3 n

O ^-, I 00

O ^-. .-V .

— w C

■»* (O U5 ^ i-H
N iH N N CO

I N ■* d
I lO US lA

00

50 in i-i >H

rH N W CO

CO CO as

Tf CO CO

I N -^ .-I

I la la us

3

s

00

us' <M CO
us t:~ to

rH 00 <N

00 d

rH 1-1 N

t> CO d d 00 t> us' uj

d

OS

d
t>

to oi t-;

CO us d

T)< N CO

OSrHrH US OOrHWrHrHUSUS

^ Oi ^ c^* ddcoddcous

O50000 1> OSOOOOOOO'^CO

d

0^

d

00 OS M

o rH d

M ^. OS

t^ T* o

i~< Oq rH

rH C-;

o d o4

(NCOMCOMOSrH O

N O O

rf rH 00 OS
rH ■<3' US

oaSS

H B

s

m c ^ ^ ^ I

3
O

Hi

H 5 E-' H oa ^- CQ

,-.-^-H

O fc. tH h

m E-< H H
iT C C fcT

o o ooo o oo o ooo o oooooooo

Ho

o

S*2

s

00

to to lO

o

•>t «D

<o

O t- N

CO

-*■*■*

us

Tf N

IM

CO (M CO

r-iOO^eOUSe5»H rH

§.

C4

CO

s

to t- 00

OS

to

to

to to to

to

us to t-
t> t- t>

OSrHMCO'^UStO t-
I>000000000000 00

107

Q

T3

3

o
O

=3 b

a

3

s

■ 136

O

o
o

00

o

s

•a
I

01 (0

0&D.-S

h

S^

M fc,

2-c « «j3 . lujartj;
Co be to y-® Si ocu

bfCQ rtft! rtK oCQ gN caoi «PQ b«eQ

hjnPQnwpQPQi-)

o

o

00

to

o ^

o

o

OS

«o

o

to

CO

I-H

to

9
O

'^ rt O

hi

O

5

to

a

us

w

n

^

to
I

t-

I

pa

I

m

^

I

rt is o

O) c4 C
•3 P.

p, 0)

01 '-
> 9

'V 01

3

•S -a

i:^ P-J*

SJ E

fi-lH

8 ^^

0, t?i
o o
c o

C3 »— ' w 0)

E ^

S is

Is s

i 3 «
1 TJ

i S^

o

J3 =3
CO c4

>

C 5
-° X ^ "^

g E 8

II I II
O 09 W

II II

k, c3 3
H O t>

108

>•-

^fe

0 u

t-

iH 50

0

rm

SA

CO

CO 0

c»

10

iH

tH

r-i

0

M

in

.-I N O 00 CO
N (M 01 to 00

O CO i-H t- CO
CJ »H O »H Irt iA
MO O U5 IM N

rH U5 10

Ifl OiAtH i-(NCOCOTHr-(

Ot-0.-IOTHOOOOOO
000000000000

IC CO o
(M T-i O O ^
00000

O t- N tH TH N CO

A

t- (M 10 IM CO

rH N 05 <0 00

1» 00 «0 Tjl M

»H lA Tt -^ O

00 O O t- CO

(NO O -^ iH N

O t- N rH iH (N ca
r-l

A

1-1 b- 10 U5 M

N Ot^O OOOOOOOOt-HrHOO'-'

o 000 0000000000000

C^ <0 lA CD O)

CO Tf 00 CO »-H

NO O CO Tj< N

»H O O Tt N IM

^ 10 lA lA CI

Ol/5i-it>t-ti-(COCCrHTHlO NOlC

tr-Or-HOOOOOOOOi-HrHOOrH
0000000000000000

O t* "M r-t rH i-i (N

A

OJ

<M Tf 00 O CO
eg CO 00 lA 00

00 10 t- 00

CO "^ -^f o

o o t^ -^ CO

O O Tf IM eg

IC O 0 »H

O t> O iH O tH
000000

T-lNCOCOr-liHlO NO

OOOOOOT-lrtOOiH

00000000000

O O 05 (M rH eg CO

A

CO 0 CO eg t>

co eg 1-1 OS to

CO
CO

CO 0
CO 0

t- .H eg 01

T)l CO C- Ift
0 0 r-l t-

0 CO eg I-H

10 in

eg

10 CO 0

in

0 U5
0 0

tH rH rt r-l

0 t- eg iH i-i

T^ ej

i-H t- 10 10 in cj

oinot-rH»HcocgT-»rH»-imc^oin

OtHOOOOOOOOOi-hOOtH

000000000000000

t* r-i ?o t- m

CO eg i-i 05 t-

■* •* 00 00 o

f-i CO CO »-* eg

rH O t^ tH CO

o o in CO eg

o t- M

in

rH eg

iH in in CO

in oint-tt^T-HcgcocorHrHmincooin

Ot-OrHOOOOOOOOi-lrHOOi-l

00000000000000000

1^

o>

<TJ

00

eg

CD

0

o>

eg

OJ

CO

Oi

Tt* lA

CO

0

CO 0

0

r~

0<)

rr\

s2

CO

W ^

0

0

rH 0

0

Tf

T-l

eg

rH

fH

r-l

eg

w

rH t- in eg

in oinot>cgcgcocgrHrHininego

OinOrHOOOOOOOOrHrHOOrH
00000000000000000

O t- CO rH rH

A

13 *'

c

CD

•; " c

t*

Co--

Sh

^hS

0

ii

ca

0

M O

MO
u m
O O

fc, O »H

"3

'S >
3 3

m

w < fe g o

;z; w H s

C4 4> QJ

m pg m o

oouOhj;2;(i<ww>>H

?H N

109

OT

3

J3

S^o

53

•a

or

?i

<u

W

D

g

"5.

^

E

c:

OS

o

M

t)

■^

^■^

C

1

(U

&6

l_

»— 1

E

»— 1

'O

" m

HH

0)

si

E4

m

>J

E

Oi-r

PQ

o

<!

JJ

Eh

o

CO

0)

a d

S2

SB

o

1=^

■2E

■OS

to CO T(" ■*

00 iH CO CO

T-! CO lO I-!

la rH

N lO N O

CO o o o o

o t- o

o o o
o o o

OOt-Oi-lOO TH.H

ooooooo oo

V

vv

GO

o

t- .-I <3>

O CO o

O O N O

O t- lO

o o o
o o o

I o
I o

C- lO Ol .-I

O I-l o o
o o o o

V

V

t-

CO

OS 00 o
OS OS la

1-)

ei >o lO r-i

CO o o o o

.00007

006

001

1 t- t- in lO N th

1 o o t* o o o o
1 o o o o o o o

q q

09
rH

ci ui iO
to

OS

■ ■ V ■ ■

V ■

CO

t- ■* O N
lO ca i-H CD Ol

r^ CO CD kO OS

iH

la

to

o

t-

CI

1 lO

to lO M

1-1

lO

CO

\a lo I-l

o

o

o

1 o

iH US iH I-l O

o

CO

iH

o

o O N o

o

o

o

1 o

O r-l o o o

o

o

o

o

OS N t-

to CO CO

s

t- lO lO o

Ul O O 1-1 o

00 CO lO

I-l

^ • y • •

O t- M O t- US

O O O O O I-l
O O O O O O iH

us

04 I-l lO 04

04 iH O O O) r-l O

o o o o o o o

V

V

s

t- CO us

t-; M lO

OS

us

OS
US US 04 O

o o o o

i-i CO US

u>

us

iH

rH- • V • •

rH lO

Ot-iHi-104 t-t-OIi-l

OOOOOrHt-OOOO

ooooooooooo

t>

o

-0" OJ

OS CO

us

o

OS
00

t- us N o
us q q o q

iH O

o en o US i-

O 04 O O O O

o o o o o o

iH

OS

d

1*

ci co'

CO

d

I-l

rH ' ■ ■ ■

M t- 04 rH US US 04

O O O O rH rH O
O O O O O O O

V

V

(3

a
ba

o

«n o

ni *T (11

0) S

I

o W ^ S "g

E

3

a c

c; u
« a>

60

g fe S O H S

WicaiDoh3,2;-jafc,
•<pQpqpquUuS^CHC»

> N N

ft, ft,

< I

■o «

« c "

C a «

ii 6

X

H o <^

- M "

S ""

g r^ a

C -^ T3

5 ■> «

,^ " "

<« 1) g

. ai z

— S3

^ g S S

js *^ * .,

t. c 5

•a 0, o £

o. 2 « o

3 o C *

•> " C c

m C 5 S ■

• _ _ ■ .

110

Pelagic Bird and Mammal Observations in the
Eastern Chukchi Sea, Early Fall 1970

George E. Watson > and George J. Divoky -

INTRODUCTION

The Smithsonian Institution was invited to
make marine bird and mammal observations
during a U.S. Coast Guard ecological cruise off
the north slope of Alaska in early fall, 1970.
The purpose of the cruise was to gather base-
line data on the marine ecosy.stem in order to
evaluate the effects of pollution which may
occur as a consequence of development of the
Alaskan north slope. The icebreaker GLA-
CIER was deployed to the Beaufort Sea from
22 September to 18 October for the cruise. Ice
conditions in the western Beaufort Sea proved
so heavy in late September, however, that it
was decided to investigate an alternate area in
the eastern Chukchi Sea from Icy Cape to Cape
Lisburne. This region may likewise be de-
veloped for its mineral and petroleum re-
sources. The change in area of study proved a
happy one ornithologically since little was pre-
viously known of pelagic bird distribution in
the Chukchi and our fall, at-sea observations
are the latest in the season for the area. This
preliminary report on the pelagic birds and
mammals is intended to present distributional
and feeding data and to relate them to the
presence of ice and the timing of migration.
The preponderance of information collected
dealt with birds reflecting both the authors'
field of specialization and the relative abun-
dance of observations.

PREVIOUS STUDIES ON MARINE BIRDS
AND MAMMALS

The lack of shipping routes through the
Chukchi Sea has limited knowledge of the dis-
tribution and abundance of pelagic birds for

' Chairman and ' Research Collaborator, Department
of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
20560.

this area. There are only three published ac-
counts of extensive at-sea obsei-vations. E. W.
Nelson (1883) entered the Chukchi aboard the
U.S. Revenue Cutter "Corwin" in late June 1881
and except for a short time in the Bering Sea,
stayed until 14 September of the same year.
His precise cruise course is not clear but he
visited the Siberian coast as far west as North
Cape including Herald and Wrangel Islands
and the Alaskan coast as far east as Barrow.
F. L. Jacques (1930) was in the Chukchi
aboard the schooner "Morrissey" from 30 July
to 25 August 1928 as part of the Stoll-
McCracken Expedition. Most of the cruise
track was south and east of Herald Island. His
most easterly position was approximately
164° W and the most northerly, 73° N. Swartz
(1967) published at-sea observations obtained
by E. J. Willoughby aboard the research vessel
"Brown Bear," from 6 August to 28 August
1960. Most of the cruise was south of Point
Hope and in the Kotzebue Sound area; only
seven legs were north of Cape Lisburne with
70° N being the most northerly position.
Swartz's detailed account is the only one of
the three that attempts to deal with observa-
tions on a quantitative basis. In addition to
these accounts Stresemann (1949) discussed
the birds observed and collected on Captain
Cook's last voyage. The "Resolution" and "Dis-
covery" were in the Chukchi from 11 August
to 3 September 1778 and from 5 July to 31 July
1779. Cook sailed up both the Siberian and
Alaskan coasts until he encountered ice. An
expedition from Harvard University, aboard
the power schooner "Polar Bear," sailed
through the Chukchi Sea from Cape Serdze,
Siberia to Cape Lisburne, and thence north to
Point Barrow in July, 1913. Brooks (1915)
and Dixon (1943) reported extensively on land
observations in Siberia and on the north slope
of Alaska before and after their Chukchi cross-

Ill

ing, but they recorded few at-sea observations.
Alverson, Wilimovsky, and Wilke (1960) made
casual observations in August 1959 from Cape
Lisburne to Kotzebue while engaged in fisheries
research (Alverson and Wilimovsky 1966).

Much of the information on seabirds in the
Chukchi Sea has been obtained by land-based
observers and has been summarized by Bailey
(1948) and Gabrielson and Lincoln (1959).
Barrow has been the center of ornithological
work in arctic Alaska. Harting (1871) col-
lected in the area of Barrow and in Kotzebue
Sound from 1852 to 1854. Murdoch (1885)
collected at Barrow from 1881 to 1883 as part
of the International Polar Expedition. Mc-
Ilhenny (Stone, 1900) spent 1897 and 1898
doing extensive collecting at Barrow. In 1921
and 1922, A. M. Bailey and R. W. Hendee
(Bailey, 1948) collected along the entire arctic
coast of Alaska with the most intensive work
being done in the area of Wainwright. From
1922 to 1945 Charles Brower (Bailey, 1948)
collected at Barrow and greatly increased the
number of species known for that area. Pitelka
and his students have amassed a number of
unpublished "opportunistic" records of sea-
birds for the Barrow area during studies of
shorebird ecology. Their only publications on
seabird species, however, are Pitelka, Tomich,
and Treichel (1955a, 1955b), and Maher
(1970). Ornithological records from the Bar-
row-Wainwright area southwest to Point Hope
are few and scattered. Tarelton Bean (1882)
collected along the Siberian and Alaskan shores
of the Chukchi Sea in 1880 while F. S. Hersey
(1916) visited both coasts in 1914. Benjamin
Sharp visited points along the Alaskan coast in
the summer of 1895, as did Seale (1898) in
1896. The Cape Thompson and Kotzebue Sound
areas have been more intensively studied. Grin-
nell (1900) spent a year in Kotzebue Sound in
1897 and 1898 collecting birds. During the
Project Chariot Program (Wilimovsky and
Wolfe 1966) the birds of the Cape Thompson
region were studied from 1959 to 1961 (Wil-
liamson, Thompson and Hines, 1966 and
Swartz, 1966).

Studies of marine mammals in the Chukchi
Sea area are likewise few. The whales, seals,
walrus, and bears that are utilized for skins,
oil, and food by the Eskimos move north with
the edge of the pack ice in summer and are

mainly hunted during migration in the fall and
spring or from the ice in winter. Investigations,
such as that of Johnson, Fiscus, Ostenson, and
Barbour (1966) in the Chukchi Sea, during
Project Chariot have depended largely on kills
by native hunters and less on at-sea or aerial
surveys. The major sources of general informa-
tion on northern Alaskan marine mammals are
Scammon (1874), Nelson and True (1887),
Bailey and Hendee (1926), Rainer (1945),
Brooks (1954), and Bee and Hall (1956).

CRUISE TRACK AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS

The cruise track in the area of concentrated
study between Icy Cape and Cape Lisburne
was determined partly by ice conditions that
the ship encountered. In general, the northern
and western portions of the area were surveyed
early in the cruise while the pack ice was less
extensive; the inshore, southern portion was
last to be sampled. The entire cruise track and
all station coordinates can be found in the pre-
face to this Oceanographic Report, while fig-
ures 1 and 2 present only stations and transects
where bird watches were kept. Dates, hours, and
positions for transects and stations are given
in table I. No observations were made at night
when the ship was sailing between stations.
Station numbers, shown in squares on figure 1,
are the same as those used for oceanographic,
geological, and marine biological sampling in
other phases of the study. Transects, with
ship's direction indicated by an arrow, are
designated by number on the midpoint. In this
paper "the study area" denotes the zone of
intensive investigation between Icy Cape and
Cape Lisburne (stations 8-91 and transects
9-41), in which we operated, 25 September to
17 October. Observations were also made while
the .ship was anchored and in transit near
Point Barrow 22-23 September (stations 1,
1' and transects 1-3), in transit south to Icy
Cape 23-24 September (stations 5-7 and tran-
sects 4-8), and in the Bering Strait en route to
Nome 18 October (transect 42) (fig. 2).

The eastern Chukchi Sea is a shallow basin
with depths of 10 to 30 fathoms and no prom-
inent features on its gravel, sand and silt
bottom. The main currents are from the south
through the Bering Strait. Details of bottom

112

contours, sediments, currents, and seawater
chemistry encountered during the cruise may
be found in other sections of this Oceano-
graphic Report (Ingham and Rutland; and
Barnes).

Weather conditions were remarkably good
for early fall in the area so that bird observa-
tions were possible on almost all days (table
I). Daytime air temperatures ranged from
3.2° C to —8.6° C during the first week to
—6.6° C to —16.6° C in the last week. Tem-
peratures dropped about 4° C as the ship ap-
proached extensive areas of pack ice. Seas were
moderately calm throughout the cruise, in part
due to the proximity of pack ice. Winds were
seldom greater than 25 knots. What little pre-
cipitation there was, fell mostly as snow at
night. Days were generally overcast, but cloud
cover was high and visibility was seldom less
than 7 miles. Surface water temperature
ranged from 4.0° C in ice free areas early in
the cruise to —1.8° C later when ice began to
form in the study area.

Seasonal change in hours of daylight is dra-
matic north of the Arctic Circle. At the
equinox, 22-24 September, we experienced 12
hours 19 minutes of daylight. This decreased
8 to 9 minutes a day so that by the end of the
cruise, 16-18 October, we had only 8 hours 50
minutes of daylight, a reduction of 25 percent.

Pack ice was present or nearby throughout
the entire period that the ship was north of
Cape Lisburne. The relatively abrupt edge of
the arctic pack (shown in dotted lines in fig.
3) generally moves north and south with the
prevailing wind. It closed in on the study area
from the north during the course of the survey.
Our observations of ice conditions, shown as
oktas or eighths of total coverage on figure 3,
should be compared with the cruise track (fig.
1 and table I) .

Conditions near the Bering Strait were more
moderate on 18 October. Air temperature
varied from —0.8° C to —1.7° C, wind and
waves were calm to moderate. Occasionally, the
sun appeared through the high clouds and visi-
bility was excellent. Sea surface temperature
ranged from 1.2° C to 2.4° C.

Stomach contents from specimens prepared
aboard ship were preserved at once in formalin
while the remainder of the stomachs were re-
moved later and preserved in 70 percent alcohol

and glycerine. Food items were identified by
Divoky with assistance from Mr. Bruce L.
Wing and Dr. Jay C. Quast (National Marine
Fisheries Service). Ectoparasites were col-
lected aboard ship and Mallophaga were later
identified by Dr. K. C. Emerson, research as-
sociate. Department of Entomology, Smith-
sonian Institution, where the specimens are
deposited.

Midwater and benthic invertebrate faunal
samples collected during the cruise were
abundant in species and individuals (Wing,
elsewhere in this Oceanographic Report) ; but
fish, especially large individuals, were strangely
rare. The area may, however, be an important
"nursery" for young Arctic Cod (Boreogadus
saida) (Quast, personal communication).

METHODS

During daylight hours we maintained a
watch for birds and marine mammals from the
flying bridge of the GLACIER (48 feet above
waterline) whenever the ship was underway.
Occasionally weather conditions forced us to
retreat to the pilothouse (39 feet above water-
line) or the crow's nest (74 feet above water-
line). Visibility was good in all directions,
except astern from the pilothouse. Species,
numbers, time, and behavior and appearance
notes were recorded on sealog sheets at the
time of observation. Tracks, positions, and ice
conditions relative to the ship were plotted
later from bridge navigation data while
weather conditions, sea state, and water tem-
perature were recorded every 3 hours by the
ship's marine science technicians. General ice
condition reports were received on board ship
from the U.S. Navy station at Kodiak, Alaska,
based on air reconnaissance. On station we
recorded the presence and abundance of birds
and caught a few specimens on fishlines. When-
ever weather conditions, presence of birds, and
operability of small boats permitted, we went
over the side to collect birds for chemical
analysis, food habit studies, parasites and
museum specimens. Most of the 66 specimens
collected were frozen for later preparation
either as whole pickles or as skeletons, but a
few were prepared as spread-wing or study
skins aboard ship (table II).

Frozen whole specimens of birds were turned

113

over to Drs. Lucille F. Stickel and Eugene H.
Dustman at the Patuxent Wildlife Research
Center, Laurel, Maryland, where tissue samples
of muscles and organs were removed for pesti-
cide and heavy metal analysis. The results of
the analyses for chlorinated hydrocarbons,
polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals,
especially mercury, will be reported elsewhere
when complete. Carcasses were returned to the
Smithsonian Institution for museum specimens.
Marine science technicians aboard the GLA-
CIER recorded bird observations sporadically
and collected three specimens from 18 August
to 21 September while the ship was engaged
in geological sampling in the Chukchi Sea or
en route to Barrow. Where their observations
augment ours they have been included in the
species accounts.

Sightings were plotted by species on maps
(figs. 4 to 40) with all mammals and birds,
except gulls, seen during 20-minute intervals,
or fractions thereof, being summed. Abundance
is indicated by symbols keyed in powers of
three (see figs. 4 and 5 for key). Gulls, which
were attracted to the ship and tended to con-
gregate in the wake, were counted at least once
in each 20-minute interval and at stations. The
highest count was entered in the log and later
mapped.

SPECIES ACCOUNTS

The sequence of species and nomenclature in
the following accounts follows the American
Ornithologists' Union Check List (1957) for
birds and Rice and Scheffer (1968) for mam-
mals. General information on distribution,
migration and food habits in Alaska is based on
Bailey (1948) and Gabrielson and Lincoln
(1959) for birds and Bee and Hall (1956) and
King (1964) for mammals unless otherwise
stated.

The following terms, used to categorize feed-
ing methods of seabirds in the species accounts,
are based on Ashmole and A.shmole (1967).

Contact dipping — The bird remains airborne
and forward motion does not stop as it
snatches its prey out of the water.

Hovering — Forward motion ceases as the
bird with wings beating picks its prey
from either water or ice surface.

Plunge to surface — The bird partly folds its

wings and drops to the water surface but
does not fully enter the water. No species
were observed plunging deeply in pursuit
of prey.

Surface feeding — The bird swims on the
surface and picks up its prey on or just
below the surface.

Surface diving — The bird dives while swim-
ming on the surface and pursues its prey
under the water.

Loons (Gavia spp.)

The Yellow-billed (Gavia adamsi), Arctic
(G. arctica), and Red-throated Loons (G.
steUata) breed on the arctic coast of Alaska,
while the Common Loon (G. immer) breeds
only as far north as Kotzebue Sound. All four
species winter from the Aleutians and southern
Alaska southward. Bailey (1948) found that
most of the loon migration at Wainwright took
place in early and mid-September. Of the 112
loons we observed (fig. 4), one seen between
Wainwright and Barrow on 24 September was
identified as G. adatnsi. The Common Loon was
seen twice: one north of the usual breeding
grounds 20 miles northwest of Point Lay on 4
October and another in the Bering Strait on 18
October (fig. 12). The remainder of the loons
consisted of G. arctica and G. steUata. The
similarity of the two species in winter plumage
and the distance from which most birds were
observed did not allow positive identification,
but on the basis of flight characteristics we
thought the majority were Arctic Loons.

Loons were common in the area of Barrow
and along the coast to the study area (fig. 4) .
In the study area, we observed loons primarily
within 40 miles of land. The majority was
headed southwest. The largest number (54 in
314 hours) was seen on transects 10 and 11
extending northwest from Point Lay 27 Sep-
tember. No loons were observed in the study
area after 6 October. Loons feed on fish ob-
tained by surface diving.

Northern Fulmar (Ftdmarus glacialis)

The Northern Fulmar breeds north to St.
Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, and birds
observed in the Chukchi Sea in the summer are
probably all nonbreeders. It winters from the
Aleutians southward. Nelson (1883) observed
it in the area of Herald and Wrangel Islands
and believed it might nest there but subsequent

114

investigations have failed to show evidence of
breeding. Summer observers have all recorded
this species in the Chukchi. Nelson (1883)
found it north to the pack ice. Jacques (1930)
saw it occasionally south of 71° N and abun-
dantly south of 68°30' N in late August. Both
Swartz (1967) and Alverson, Wilimovsky and
Wilke (1960) found it to be uncommon in the
southeast Chukchi in August. Fulmars were
observed in early September by marine science
technicians aboard the GLACIER. Their most
northerly sighting was made at 72°22' N,
167 °22' W on 6 September. The species was
last observed on 17 September at 71° 27' N,
167° 15' W. We did not observe it in the Chukchi
at all, but it was present in the Bering Strait
throughout the day of 18 October (fig. 5).
Most sightings were of less than five individ-
uals; and all observations were of light phase
birds. Jacques (1930) is the only observer to
have seen dark phase birds in the Chukchi.
They constituted roughly 1 percent of all the
fulmars he observed. In the Pacific, dark phase
individuals predominate in the southern por-
tion of the breeding range and do not breed
north of the Pribilofs. The fulmar is primarily
a scavenger and obtains its food by surface
feeding.

Slender-billed Shearwater (Puffimis
tenuirostris)

The Slender-billed Shearwater breeds on
islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean from
September to May and migrates to the north-
ern hemisphere from June to October. It is
abundant in the Bering Sea in the summer and
fall, and smaller numbers are found in the
Chukchi Sea from July to November. Observa-
tions from this area in the fall are probably of
nonbreeding individuals. Nelson (1883) "sev-
eral times" saw birds he believed to be this
species. Jacques (1930) found it extremely
abundant in the western Chukchi in late Aug-
U!5t. Swartz (1967) reported it most frequent
in the Point Hope and Cape Thompson area,
with one of the sightings a flock of 500 to 1,000
individuals. Alverson, Wilimov.sky, and Wilke
(1960) observed it in increasing numbers in
the month of August and groups of 200 to 300
were seen at the end of the month.

Marine science technicians aboard the GLA-
CIER observed Slender-billed Shearwaters in

the Chukchi in early and mid-September. Their
most northerly sighting was made on 17 Sep-
tember at 71°27' N, 167°35' W, and their last
sighting on 20 September at 68°22' N,
167 54' W. We only saw it south of 67° N in
the Bering Strait on 18 October when it was
observed on 12 of the thirty 20-minute intervals
(fig. 6). Nine of these observations were of
less than five individuals though flocks of up
to 100 birds were observed on two occasions,
east of East Cape and west of Cape Prince of
Wales. Our lack of sightings in the study area
indicates that most Slender-billed Shearwaters
had left that area by late September. It oc-
casionally stays later; Brower observed thou-
sands at Barrow in September and October
associated with the ice (Bailey 1948). The
species feeds on the surface or, less commonly,
dives for euphasid crustaceans, pelagic fish,
and cephalopods.

Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus)

The Pelagic Cormorant breeds commonly
south of the Bering Strait but it is found only
sparingly in the Chukchi Sea and probably does
not nest north of the Cape Lisburne cliffs.
When the Cape Thompson cliffs were censused
in 1961 they were found to support 23 pairs
(Swartz, 1966). Like other cormorants it is
rare out of sight of land and has been observed
only infrequently by pelagic observers. Nelson
(1883) saw two birds in the area of Herald
and Wrangel Islands. Jacques (1930) did not
encounter it north of the Bering Strait. Swartz
(1967) reported four observations, all near
nesting cliffs. There are five records for Bar-
row in the spring, summer and fall and a Jan-
uary record for Wainwright (Bailey, 1948).
We saw the species only once on 18 October
when two birds were observed flying approxi-
mately 15 miles south of Cape Prince of Wales
(fig. 12). Cormorants feed by diving for fish.

Oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis)

The Oldsquaw is circumpolar north of 50° N
in its breeding distribution and nests abun-
dantly on both sides of the Chukchi Sea. It is
rarely observed far from land during the sum-
mer. It winters generally well south of the
breeding range, but individuals have been ob-
served at Barrow in early December. The only
fall migration data for the arctic coast are
those of Bailey (1948) who saw large flocks

115

off Icy Cape on 7 September and 1 October.
The latest date he recorded them was 19
October.

The species was observed throughout the
cruise (fig-. 7). The larger flocks were all ob-
served close to shore with the majority in the
area of Point Lay where 2,400 were seen in a
3-hour transect on 25 September and smaller
numbers on 4 October. Presumably some of the
unidentified ducks seen at a distance in the
study area were Oldsquaws (fig. 11). We ob-
served a flock of 24 Oldsquaws off Cape Sabine
on 16 October when new ice covered Vn of the
water's surface. It appears that a few individ-
uals remain in the Chukchi Sea until driven
out by the formation of new ice. Small num-
bers were observed in the northern part of the
Bering Strait on 18 October (fig. 9). Molluscs
and crustaceans obtained by surface diving are
the primary food items. The stomach of the
single immature specimen collected at Point
Lay 26 September (table II) contained only
grit (table V).

Eiders (Somateria spp. Lampronetta fischeri)

Three species of eider were observed. Positive
identification was possible only of the few
males observed and of females that came near
the ship. The Common Eider (Somateria mol-
lissima) breeds commonly along the entire
arctic coast. In September individuals gather
to the east of Barrow and then fly west along
the shore. Most of the Alaskan breeding rec-
ords for the King Eider (S. spectabilis) come
from the area of Barrow. As with all eiders the
males migrate south before the females and
young. Large flocks of males pass Barrow from
late June until early August. Females and
young migrate from late August through Sep-
tember. The main breeding grounds of the
Spectacled Eider (Lampronetta fischeri) in
northern Alaska lie to the east of Barrow.

Of the approximately 1,300 eiders seen in
the study area only 100 or 7.7 percent were
males. Four of the males were identified as
King Eiders and the remainder were either
Common or Spectacled. Only a single eider was
seen in the area of Barrow and only one flock
of six was seen from Barrow to the study area
(fig. 8). The greatest numbers were observed
on 25 September when large flocks were ob-
served inshore in the area of Point Lay.

Smaller flocks were observed in the same area
on 4 October. Eiders were seen throughout the
study area and small numbers were observed
far from land. Some of the "unidentified
ducks" seen at a distance in the study area
were eiders (fig. 11). One was observed in a
lead during the deepest penetration into heavy
pack ice while small flocks were also found
off Cape Sabine when new ice covered % of
the water's surface. Eiders were seen in the
northern part of the Bering Strait on 18 Octo-
ber (fig. 10).

Eiders feed by surface diving for benthic
molluscs and crustaceans. The stomach of one
of the two immature specimens of Common
Eider collected (table II) contained remnants
of gastropods and plant material (table V) ; the
other was empty.

Common Scoter (Oidemia nigra)

The Common Scoter is circumpolar north of
45° N in its breeding distribution but is un-
common on the arctic coast of Alaska. We
observed it on two occasions : a flock of 300
individuals on 24 September near Wainwright,
and a flock of 25 west of Point Lay on 27 Sep-
tember (fig. 14).

Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator)

The Red-breasted Merganser is a rare
breeder on the arctic coast of Alaska but is
common south of Kotzebue Sound. It was seen
only twice in the study area : one individual at
Point Lay on 26 September and another on 27
September, at sea 20 miles west of Point Lay
(fig. 14) . At Nome on 19 October a single bird
was observed in the small boat harbor swallow-
ing a fish.

Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius)

The Red Phalarope is circumpolar north of
50° N in its breeding distribution and is found
in abundance on both the Siberian and Alaskan
sides of the Chukchi Sea. This peculiar shore-
bird winters in pelagic environments in the
southern hemisphere. Fall migration begins as
early as July. Summer observers have found it
common throughout the Chukchi. Both Nelson
(1883) and Jacques (1930) encountered large
concentrations at the edge of the ice. Swartz
(1967) mentioned 59 sightings of phalaropes
with no areas of large concentration. From the
abundance of summer pelagic observations in

116

the Chukchi it appears that individuals disperse
to the open ocean after breeding rather than
immediately migrating southward along the
coast. Coastal concentrations may occur at
times, however, as Bailey (1948) found 100 in
the shallows at Wainwright during the first
week in September.

Eleven sightings of phalaropes were made
between Point Barrow and Icy Cape and nine
other sightings in the study area. Most of the
observations were of flocks of 10 or fewer
individuals (fig. 13). All were identified as P.
fulicarius although it is possible some were the
Northern Phalarope (Lobipes lobati(s), a
species less abundant at sea but frequent in
Alaskan coastal waters. Our few sightings in-
dicate that most individuals had left the Arctic
by late September. We last observed it in the
study area on 7 October but it has been re-
corded at Barrow as late as 16 October (Mur-
doch, 1885). Our sightings were too few to
demonstrate an ice affinity that other observers
have commented on, but the largest flocks were
close to the pack ice in the area of Barrow and
Wainwright. A single bird was also observed
on 18 October in the Bering Strait (fig. 12).
Phalaropes feed on crustaceans and small fish
on the surface.

South Polar Skua (Catharacta maccormicki)

A large, all dark bird with a conspicuous
white flash at the base of the primaries passed
about 20 feet directly overhead while we were
in one of the ship's small boats at 70° 18' N,
164^41' W, on 29 September (fig. 14). It was
about the same size as nearby Glaucous Gulls,
but had broader more rounded wings. Its dark
greyish brown breast and uniformly dark back
lead Watson (who was familiar with skuas in
the North Atlantic and Antarctic) to conclude
that it was a dark phase South Polar Skua
from the Antarctic rather than a Northern
Skua (C. skua) from the Atlantic. This is the
first record of any skua in arctic Alaska al-
though a specimen of South Polar Skua has
been collected and another seen near the Aleu-
tians (Max Thompson, personal communication
and Sanger in Gibson, 1970) . Three Ross' Gulls
harried the skua as it flew away.

Jaegers (Stercorarius spp.)

All three species of jaeger, the Pomarine
( Stercoraruis pomarinus), the Parasitic (S.

parasiticus) , and the Long-tailed (S. lon-
gicaudus), are circumpolar north of 55° N in
their breeding distribution and are found in
arctic Alaska. They winter in temperate and
tropical seas, beginning southward migration
as early as mid-July.

The Pomarine has the most restricted breed-
ing range in Alaska with most records coming
from the Barrow area where Brower consid-
ered it to be more coastal than the other two
species (Bailey, 1948). Outside of the breeding
season, jaegers obtain much of their food by
robbing other birds so that their distribution
at sea and during migration is somewhat de-
pendent on the presence of other species. Nel-
son (1883) observed the Pomarine Jaeger in
scattered areas close to shore in the Chukchi.
He found it more common on the Siberian side
than the Alaskan side except at Barrow where
it was abundant. Jacques (1930) considered it
at times to be the most abundant bird in the
western Chukchi. Swartz (1967) reported
seven sightings all north of 67° N.

We observed Pomarine Jaegers on six oc-
casions, totaling 11 individuals (fig. 15). In
early September observers aboard the GLA-
CIER saw jaegers more frequently, and our
observations are of the last of the fall migra-
tion. None was observed in the study area after
29 September, but a single individual was
sighted in the Bering Strait on 18 October (fig.
12). Most of our sightings were in ice areas
where large concentrations of other birds were
present. One case of harrassment of gulls was
recorded, two Pomarine Jaegers chasing an
Ivory Gull. Five of the seven Pomarine Jaegers
closely observed were dark phase.

We observed a single Parasitic Jaeger on 30
September (fig. 14). This is the least abundant
jaeger in the Barrow area (Bailey, 1948). Both
Nelson (1883) and Swartz (1967) reported
this species from the Chukchi. Swartz's 12 ob-
servations were all north of 67° N. No Long-
tailed Jaegers were encountered. Summer
observers in the Chukchi have found it uncom-
mon. We saw an unidentified jaeger on land at
Barrow on 22 September.

Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus)

The Glaucous Gull is a common to abundant
breeder on both sides of the Chukchi Sea and
at Herald and Wrangel Islands. Its scavenging

117

and predatory habits cause breeding individ-
uals to concentrate at seabird cliffs; 150 pairs
bred at Cape Thompson in 1961 (Swartz,
1966). During the breeding season it remains
near land and is not conjmonly seen far out
at sea. Nelson (1883) mentions no pelagic ob-
servations; Jacques (1930) found it present
but uncommon north to Herald Island. Most
observations reported by Swartz (1967) were
within 25 miles of land. There are little fall
migration data for the arctic coast. Birds
which breed inland move to the coast where
both adults and young stay until driven south
by ice and lack of food. Bailey (1948) observed
hundreds passing Wainwright on 16 Septem-
ber. The latest date he recorded the species was
19 October.

Glaucous Gulls were observed throughout the
cruise (fig. 16). They were abundant at Barrow
on 23 September when a flock of 40 individuals
followed the ship while it was just south of the
pack ice. From Barrow to the study area only
small infrequent flocks were seen. They were
present throughout the study area but were
most common in the northeast portion and at
other stations close to the shore. They were
present throughout the day in the Bering Strait
(fig. 21). The species displayed no obvious
afl^inity for ice areas. Approximately 25 percent
of all birds seen were immatures (fig. 17).

Glaucous Gulls tended to flock less than other
gulls and single individuals were frequently
seen on transects. On the other hand, large
numbers gathered about the ship on stations to
accept scraps thrown over the side (table III).
Most of its food is probably live fish and
crustaceans but we also saw it feeding on Wal-
rus dung. Hovering, contact dipping and sur-
face feeding were all observed for this species
(fig. 17). Examination of stomach contents
indicates that fish may be the major food dur-
ing this time of year (table V). One individual
had eaten ascidians including a pyrid, Halo-
cynthia sp. or Bottenia sp. and one each of the
styelids Polenaia corrugata and Cnemidocarpa
sp. (the latter identifications are tentative).
Three of the seven specimens collected were
adults (table II).

Slaty-backed Gull (Larics schistisagus)

On 25 September approximately 20 miles
northwest of Point Lay, a large dark-backed

gull was observed that was most probably a
Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schist isagtis) (fig. 14).
This is a species of the Siberian Pacific coast
and is rarely found in Alaskan waters. A speci-
men collected by Bailey at Icy Cape on 16
September 1921 was thought to be this species,
but according to Bailey (1947) further investi-
gation proved it to be the Siberian Lesser
Black-backed (Lams fusc-us). A straggler has
also been reported for Herald Island (Nelson,
1883).

Herring Gull, (Lanis argevtatus)

The Herring Gull is found throughout most
of the northern hemisphere including the east
Canadian Arctic and Siberia but does not breed
on the arctic coast of Alaska. In the fall, and
probably in the spring, it is a regular but un-
common migrant in northern Alaska. The
majority of Alaskan migrants are "Thayer's
Gull," L. a. thayeri which breeds in arctic
Canada and winters along the Pacific coast of
North America. We observed this species five
times in the study area (fig. 18). Three of the
six individuals seen were immatures. Two other
sightings were made in the Bering Strait; a
single individual at 66'22' N, and a flock of
five at 66°05' N.

This species is an unspecialized feeder
similar to L. hyperboreus. The stomach of the
second-year bird collected (table II) contained
remnants of Arctic Cod (table V) .

Ivory Gull (Pagophila eburnea)

The Ivory Gull, a high arctic species re-
ported as far north as 86° N (Dementiev and
Gladkov 1961), breeds north of 70° N. The
known breeding grounds closest to the study
area are at Herald Island and in the Canadian
Archipelago. Outside the breeding season, it
frequents the pack ice, and the southern extent
of its wintering range is largely determined by
the southern margin of the pack ice. Ivory
Gulls move through the Chukchi Sea with the
ice in the spring and fall. Small numbers are
probably present in the open leads throughout
the winter. The pelagic habits of this species
have caused land observers to underestimate its
abundance in the Chukchi (see, for instance,
Gabrielson and Lincoln 1959). It was reported
common in the "frozen" Chukchi Sea on Cook's
last voyage from August to September 1778
and in July 1779 (Stresemann, 1949). It is not

118

clear how fai* north Cook sailed, but no other
summer observers have encountered Ivory
Gulls at sea although all have come in contact
with the pack ice. Both Nelson (1883) and
Jacques (1930) observed breeding birds at
Herald Island.

We observed few Ivorj' Gulls in the Barrow
area although they wei-e common near Wain-
wright (fig. 19). In the study area this species
was largely associated with the ice (table IV,
fig. 20) . Large flocks assembled at stations with
smaller groups being observed on transects
(table III). The marine science technicians saw
a pair of what they tentatively identified as
this species at 71°25'N, 167° 13' W on 17 Sep-
tember when ice surrounded the ship. None was
observed south of the .study area. Immatures
constituted roughly one quarter of all individ-
uals observed.

Outside the breeding season, the Ivory Gull
is thought to be primarily a scavenger feeding
to a great extent on the kills of Polar Bears.
The only scavenging we saw, other than some
feeding on the ship's garbage, were small flocks
observed over whales on two occasions and a
single individual feeding on Walrus dung on the
ice. The primary methods of obtaining food we
observed were hovering and contact dipping
near ice cakes. Fish appear to be the primary
food obtained in this way since Arctic Cod
constituted the bulk of the food items found in
stomachs (table V). One individual had eaten
a pyrid ascidian, either Halocyntbia sp. or
Bottenia sp. Six of the 14 specimens collected
were immatures (table II). Mallophaga from
this species v/ere identified as Saemundssonia
lari (0. Fabricius 1780).

Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa fridactyla)

The Black-legged Kittiwake breeds through-
out the Chukchi Sea wherever suitable nesting
cliffs exist, almost as far north as Barrow. It
was the third most abundant species at the
Cape Thompson cliffs in 1960 with 13,000
breeding pairs (Swartz, 1966). This most
pelagic of all gulls feeds far out to sea in all
seasons. Summer observers have found it com-
mon in the Chukchi. Nelson (1883) saw it in
all parts of the arctic with large numbers
present at Herald Island and smaller numbers
at Wrangel Island. Jacques (1930) found it
sometimes abundant throughout the Arctic.

Swartz (1967) reported it most common near
the breeding cliffs in the Point Hope-Cape
Thompson area. The species probably winters
at sea from the Aleutians southward but there
is no evidence of mass migration.

Kittiwakes were present in small numbers in
the area of Barrow and along the coast to the
study area. In the study area it was the least
common of the major species of gulls we ob-
served (fig. 23) and tended to flock less than
the others (table III). It showed affinity for
areas of open water (table IV) and in the Bering
Strait it was seen throughout the day 18 Octo-
ber (fig. 22). Approximately three quarters of
all individuals observed throughout the cruise
were immatures.

Plunging to the surface was the most com-
mon mode of feeding observed for this species.
On the few occasions when it was observed in
ice areas, individuals wei'e seen feeding while
hovering near ice cakes. The stomachs of the
four specimens collected (table II) contained
remnants of Arctic Cod (table V) . Mallophaga
from this species were identified as Saemunds-
sonia lari (0. Fabricius 1780).

Ross' Gull (Rhodostethia rosea)

The breeding grounds of Ross' Gull are re-
stricted to the Kolyma and Indigirka River
deltas (62°27' to 70°30'N, 142° to 162° E) in
northern Siberia. There are scattered records
of pairs of birds elsewhere in the arctic during
the spring and summer but only one definite
breeding record outside of northern Siberia: a
nest found on Disko Bay in western Greenland
(Dalgleish, 1886). Two pairs were taken by
Brower near the Seahorse Islands southwest
of Barrow on 16 June 193.5. All four were in
breeding plumage though none had bare brood
patches. There are also records of single birds
taken in the summer on the arctic coast
(Bailey, 1948). Jacques (1930) is the only
summer observer to encounter this species in
the Chukchi. He saw a total of eight birds in
mid and late August; all were north of 70° N
near Herald and Wrangel Islands. In the fall,
Ross' Gulls migrate east through the Chukchi
Sea but there are few records for the Bering
Sea. They are commonly observed at Barrow
in September and October, and on the basis of
these observations the wintering grounds are
thought to lie to the east of Barrow. They

119

probably are pelagic in the high arctic when
not breeding and have been found at extremely
high latitudes. The "Fram" expedition en-
countered them between 84°27' and 84°41' N
in July and August (Collett and Nansen,
1900).

The species was present in the area of Bar-
row and along the coast to the study area, but
large flocks were observed only in the study
area (fig. 24). It was most common in the
northeast portion of the study area where the
ice coverage was greatest. This was the most
social of the gulls we observed and only 10
percent of the seventy 20-minute interval
counts were of single individuals (table III).
Flocks of approximately 120 birds were ob-
served on two occasions southwest of Icy Cape
and at one of the most westerly stations north-
west of Cape Lisburne (fig. 25). Approximately
one-half of all birds seen were immatures (fig.
26). Ross' Gull was absent from the Bering
Strait on 18 October.

Some or all of the birds recorded by the
marine science technicians on the GLACIER
as Bonaparte's Gulls, Larus philadelvhia, or
Arctic Terns, Sterna paradisaea, that were
"following the ship" were most probably Ross'
Gulls. Bonaparte's Gull breeds north to Kotze-
bue Sound but has not been reported farther
north. The Arctic Tern breeds along the arctic
coast, but most leave Alaska on migration
toward southern hemisphere winter grounds by
early September. Sightings of this nature oc-
curred on 8, 17, 18, 19, and 20 September be-
tween 68°35' and 71°13'N, 164°13' and
167°43'W.

We observed three different methods of feed-
ing by this species. Like other gulls, individuals
fed by hovering in the area of ice cakes while
in more open water they plunged to the surface.
Flocks sitting in leads in the ice were feeding
on the surface. One instance of an individual
hovering while feeding on Walrus dung was
observed. Arctic Cod and crustaceans appear
to be of about equal importance as food items
(table V). Three stomachs were examined in
detail. The amphipod Aphenisa glacialis was
the commonest crustacean found in the stom-
achs examined, with as many as 80 in one in-
dividual. Also present but in lesser numbers
were the large amphipods Atylus bruggeni,
Anonyx nugax and Gammarus locusta. One

stomach contained portions of the exoskelton
of a beetle. Insects are the chief food during
the breeding season (Buturlin, 1906). Mal-
lophaga collected included both Saemundssonia
lari (0. Fabricius 1780) and Quadraceps
eugrammicus hryki (Timmermann 1952).

Sabine's Gull (Xema sabinl)

Sabine's Gull is circumpolar between 65° N
and 80° N in its breeding distribution and
breeds locally on the arctic coast of Alaska. In
summer, when there are few at-sea records, it
obtains most of its insect food by contact dip-
ping in tundra ponds while, after breeding, it
feeds on invertebrates cast up on the shore and
fish that it captures by contact dipping. Nelson
(1883) did not observe it in the Chukchi.
Jacques (1930) saw adults on 6 days during
August and juveniles on 23 and 25 August
south of Wrangel Island. Swartz (1967) re-
ported six scattered observations in the eastern
Chukchi.

The species winters in the southern hem-
isphere, but there are surprisingly few records
of migrating birds for Alaska, although large
numbers of migrants are seen in fall off the
Oregon coast. This lead Gabrielson and Lincoln
(1959) to suggest that it stayed well offshore
while moving. Birds have been observed as late
as mid-September at Wainwright and 22
October at Barrow, but the bulk of migration
probably takes place earlier.

We observed Sabine's Gull only in the area
of Barrow and Wainwright on September 23
and 24 (fig. 27). Eight flocks were observed
near ice cakes with the large.st flock containing
10 individuals. Our few observations suggest
that most individuals had already migrated
south and the lack of subsequent observations
indicates that migration, in this area at least,
takes place close inshore, contrary to Gabriel-
son and Lincoln's conclusion.

Murres (C/naspp.)

Two species of murres are found breeding
in the Chukchi Sea. The Thick-billed Murre
(Uria lomvia) is more northern in its distribu-
tion than the Common Murre (U. aalge). Both
species breed in the Bering Strait and at Cape
Thompson, while U. lomvia also nests at Herald
and Wrangel Islands, in small numbers near
Barrow and probably somewhere east of Bar-
row. Murres are the most abundant birds at

120

Cape Thompson. In 1960, 118,000 pairs of
Thick-billed and 78,500 pairs of Common
Murres were breeding on the cliffs. Summer
observers have found them primarily in the
waters around breeding cliffs. Swartz (1967)
reported that during the breeding season U.
lomvia constituted 90 percent of all murres
seen further than 5 miles from shore. Since
60 percent of the murres breeding on the cliffs
are U. lomvia, he believed that U. aalge fed
closer to shore at least during the breeding
season. He reported few murres feeding more
than 40 miles from the cliffs. The Thick-billed
Murre winters in open water at the edge of
the pack ice and moves north and south with
the ice margin. There is thus no well-defined
migration, and birds have been recorded as far
north as Barrow in December.

We made scattered sightings of single birds
in the eastern section of the study area, but
only on the most westerly transects were mur-
res observed in numbers (fig. 29). They could
not be identified to species, however, and the
similarity of murres and the Horned Puffin at
a distance caused us to list some birds as large
black and white alcids (fig. 30). Murres were
seen throughout the day on 18 October in the
Bering Strait (fig. 28). Murres feed by diving
for fish and crustaceans. The stomach of the
one Common Murre collected (table II) con-
tained remains of Arctic Cod and a single
larval hermit crab (Pagtiriis spp.) (table V) .

Guillemots (Cepphus spp.)

Both Black (Cepphus grijlle.) and Pigeon
Guillemots (C. columba) breed in the Chukchi
Sea. The Black Guillemot is also found in the
North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, but the
Pigeon is restricted to the Pacific sector. The
Chukchi is the only area where the two species
are sympatric, with both breeding on Herald
and Wrangel Islands and at Cape Thompson.
The Pigeon Guillemot also nests in the Bering
Strait area while the Black Guillemot is
suspected to nest near the Seahorse Islands
(Bailey, 1948). Black Guillemots have recently
taken advantage of artificial "burrows" pro-
vided by discarded oil drums and have nested
at the tip of Point Barrow (MacLean and
Verbeek 1968). Swartz (1966) found fewer
than eight pairs of either species breeding at
Cape Thompson but guillemots rarely breed

anywhere in dense concentrations. They are
found primarily in the littoral zone during the
breeding season and are generally found in
pelagic situations only at the edge of the pack
ice in the nonbreeding season.

Some Black guillemots probably remain in
the Chukchi all winter, for specimens have
been taken in almost every month in arctic
Alaska and they are present whenever there is
open water at the ice edge. Bailey (1948) sug-
gests they may even live in pressure ridges
under the ice.

Summer observers in the Chukchi give con-
flicting reports on the status of these two
sibling species that are not easy to separate
even in the breeding season. Nelson (1883)
observed both species and considered the
Pigeon Guillemot to be the more common of
the two. He found it to be the most abundant
bird at Herald Island where, however, he also
observed numerous Black Guillemots. Jacques
(1930) did not observe the Pigeon Guillemot
north of the Diomedes but found the Black
Guillemot common north of 69° N. He found
it to be especially abundant at Herald Island
and at the edge of the ice. In the eastern
Chukchi, Swartz (1967) reported only the
Pigeon Guillemot. One of two sightings was
off Cape Li.sburne and the other at the edge of
the pack ice at 70^50' N, leS-^SO'W.

All guillemots we observed were in winter
dress and were identified as C. grylle (figs. 26
and 32). The only possible sighting of C.
cohnnba was an immature individual west of
Cape Lisburne. Although it was not common
at Barrow, a flock of 30 individuals was ob-
served in that area. Lesser numbers were seen
on transects 4-8 from Barrow to the study
area. In the study area, the great majority of
observations were on the most northerly tran-
sects near the edge of the pack ice with the
largest concentrations in the eastern portion
of the study area. None was seen in the Bering
Strait.

Fish are the primary food of guillemots, but
crustaceans sometimes also constitute a large
portion of the diet. The stomachs of the three
Black Guillemot specimens collected (one adult,
two immature; table II) all contained remnants
of Arctic Cod (table V). One also contained
four crustaceans: two Gammaracanthus lor-

121

icatus, Gammarus locusta and Weyprechtia
pingiiis.

Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus
brevir'ostre)

Kittlitz's Murrelet breeds in scattered coastal
locations in Alaska from Leconte Bay possibly
north to Point Barrow and on the Chuckost
Peninsula in Siberia but is rare north of the
Bering Strait. Breeding of this inconspicuous
species probably has been overlooked by in-
vestigators. Brower took many specimens at
Barrovif from August to October but, although
Bailey (1948) believed suitable nesting sites
existed between the Seahorse Islands and Bar-
row, there is still no proof of nesting. The only
previous pelagic observations are those re-
ported by Swartz (1967) : three sightings,
totalling four birds, north of Cape Lisburne.
Little is known of the migration of the species.
There are no winter records, and the latest
specific fall record for Barrow, is one collected
by Brower 4 October 1927 (Field Museum
specimen).

We recorded 15 sightings of Kittlitz's Mur-
relet between 24 September and 8 October,
eight of them between Barrow and Icy Cape
(fig. 33). The remainder was in the northern
part of the study area. It was never abundant,
with 12 of the sightings being of three or less
individuals. Small numbers were also seen in
the southern part of the Bering Strait on 18
October (fig. 34). These observations probably
are now the latest on record for Kittlitz's Mur-
relet in Alaska. Little is known about the food
habits of this species though invertebrates
probably constitute most, if not all, of its food.

Parakeet Auklet (Cydorrhynchus psittacula)

The Parakeet Auklet breeds near the Bering
Strait and the Aleutian Islands. Small nesting
colonies occur on the Siberian coast in the
western Chukchi Sea (Koslova, 1961) but none
on the Alaska Chukchi coast. Jacques (1930)
saw several flocks of small auklets at 69°40' N,
170°00'W on 14 August which may have in-
cluded this species. Grinnell (1900) found it
common in Kotzebue Sound on 1 June but
Swartz (1967) reported only one sighting of
several individuals there in August. There are
only three records for Barrow: 12 September
1896 (Seale, 1898), 3 October 1932, and 27

July 1942 (Bailey, 1948). The species winters
in variable numbers oflF the Pacific coasts of
Canada and the United States, but little is
known of its migration.

We observed three individuals in the study
area at 69°47'N, 167°50'W on 9 October
(fig. 14). A single bird was seen in the Bering
Strait on 18 October (fig. 12) .

The Parakeet Auklet feeds by diving for
planktonic amphipods, arrow worms, fish
larvae, polychaetes, and cephalopods (Bedard,
1969).

Crested Auklet (Aethia cristatella)

The Crested Auklet has the same breeding
range as the Parakeet Auklet ; it is one of the
most abundant species breeding on the
Diomedes but is not known to breed in Alaska
north of the Bering Strait. Bailey (1948) listed
a number of summer records for Barrow and
believed a few individuals might nest on arctic
coastal boulder fields. Nelson (1883) observed
a small number at Herald and Wrangel Islands.
Jacques' (1930) only possible sighting was of
unspecified auklets at 69°40'N, 170°00'W 14
August. Swartz (1967) had two sightings 18
miles west of Cape Thompson. The Crested
Auklet winters in ice-free waters from the
Bering Strait southward, especially near the
Pribilofs, Aleutians, and Kodiak.

Seven of our 12 sightings were northeast of
the study area between Barrow and Icy Cape
(fig. 36). The largest concentration was a
group of more than 100 individuals swimming
among ice cakes suggesting a considerable
northward movement after breeding. This is
the only alcid in which a large flock (30 indi-
viduals) was observed sitting on the ice. None
was observed after 27 September.

No specimens were collected. Studies during
the breeding season have found herbivorous
zooplankton (Calanus and Thysanoessa) to be
the primary food (Bedard, 1969).

Horned Pufl'in (Fratercula corniculata)

The Horned Puffin is a north Pacific species
found breeding in the Chukchi Sea from the
Bering Strait north to Cape Lisburne. Nelson
(1883) and Jacques (1930) reported it from
Herald Island but there are no definite breed-
ing records. Swartz (1966) found 950 pairs
breeding at the Cape Thompson cliifs in 1960.
Summer observers have reported Horned

122

Puffins primarily from Point Hope and Kotze-
bue Sound. Swartz (1967) thought they prob-
ably utilized the same feeding areas as murres.
They winter in ice-free waters in and somewhat
south of the breeding grounds.

We identified Horned Puffins only on the
most westerly transects in the study area (fig.
31). They appeared to outnumber murres
though the difficulty in separating murres and
Horned Puffins at a distance did not allow
accurate estimation of relative numbers (see
also fig. 30). One was seen in the Bering Strait
(fig. 12).

Small fish constitute the bulk of the diet of
this diving species although it probably also
takes some crustaceans.

Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca)

While passing through the Bering Strait
within sight of both Alaska and Siberian coasts
on 18 October we observed Snowy Owls nine
times in about four hours (fig. 35) . Though only
one bird was observed at a given time, dif-
ferences in plumage and direction of flight
indicated that at least four individuals were
involved. Glaucous Gulls and Kittiwakes drove
the owls away from the ship; otherwise, they
might have landed in the rigging. Snovi^ Owls
are resident in arctic Alaska but in years of
lemming scarcity they may irrupt southwards.

Raven (Corvns corax)

On 17 October, 10 miles west of Cape Lis-
burne, a Raven flew over the ship (fig. 14).
This species is a year-round resident through-
out arctic Alaska.

Yellow Wagtail (MotacUla ftava)

A Yellow Wagtail in winter dress landed on
the deck of the ship in the Bering Strait 20
miles east of East Cape on 18 October and
remained aboard for about 5 minutes (fig. 14).
The Yellow Wagtail is an Old World species
that has become established in western and
northern Alaska. Individuals migrate across
the Bering Strait in the spring and fall and
four previous pelagic observations have been
reported for this region. On Cook's last voyage
one was reported in the Bering Strait at
66°00' N on 3 September 1778 (Stresemann,
1949). Swartz (1967) reported three observa-
tions for the Chukchi Sea: one off Point Lay
on 7 August and two southwest of Point Hope

on 10 and 13 August. Our sighting is an ex-
tremely late date for this area; most individ-
uals leave Alaska in late August and early
September.

Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus
sandwichensis)

The Savannah Sparrow commonly breeds
inland on the tundra and less frequently on the
arctic coast of Alaska. An individual of this
species was collected by marine science tech-
nicians aboard the GLACIER at 72°59'N,
167=36' W, 110 miles from the nearest land
on 6 September. On 24 September a bird, pre-
sumed to be this species, circled the ship 10
miles northwest of Wainwright (fig. 14).

Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis)

A flock of 15 Snow Buntings was feeding on
Beach Ryegrass (Elymus mollis) on the snow-
covered frozen beach at Point Lay on 26 Sep-
tember. Six specimens, one an immature, were
collected (table II). This species was not ob-
.served on the second visit to Point Lay on 5
October when more snow covered the ground.
Most Snow Buntings leave arctic Alaska on
migration by mid-September.

Polar Bear (Thalarctos ursinus)

Polar Bears live largely on heavy pack ice
and in nearby water and are therefore absent
from the southern Chukchi during the ice-free
summer months when they move north with
the drifting pack. They are most common dur-
ing winter when they are hunted by eskimos
and sportsmen. The populations are apparently
declining because of increased trophy hunting
from airplanes. Gravid females retire inland
during winter where they whelp and, in late
March, they and their cubs join the solitary
males and barren females on the ice.

We observed Polar Bears on four occasions
either on the pack ice or swimming near it.
Two single individuals were seen near Point
Barrow 25 September. Three bears, presumably
a mother and two nearly full grown immatures
were at 71°08'N, 158°55'W the following day
(fig. 37), and while on our deepest penetration
into the pack ice we saw another single bear at
70°34'N, 163°16'W on 1 October.

Polar Bears feed on Seals, young Walruses,
fish, and carrion that they find on the ice or in
nearby waters.

123

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)

The shallow waters of the Chukchi Sea are
the main summer ground of the Walrus in the
Pacific sector. Most females and young stay in
the western Chukchi while the majority of in-
dividuals in the area of Barrow are males. The
species is unusual east of Barrow. Walrus move
north in the spring and early summer on ice
floes reaching Point Barrow in mid-July and
start their southward migration toward the
Bering Sea in mid-September (Brooks, 1954).

We observed Walrus primarily in the north-
east portion of the study area (fig. 38). All
large groups were seen in ice areas and most
were hauled out on ice floes (fig. 39). The
largest single sighting was of a loose concen-
tration of approximately 525 individuals seen
25 miles northwest of Point Lay. We observed
females with small young on six occasions
throughout the cruise.

Walrus feed by foraging in water up to 40
fathoms deep for benthic organisms, par-
ticularly bivalve molluscs, other invertebrates
and occasionally Arctic Cod. At Barrow the
mollusc Mya truncata is their primary food
(Brooks, 1954). They stir up bottom sediments
with their tusks, sort out food with their lips
and whiskers and presumably suck out the
contents rejecting the shells.

Seals (Phocidae)

Seals were seen throughout the cruise
though few were observed well enough to be
reliably identified to species (fig. 40). The
Harbor (Phoca vitulina), Ringed (Pusa
hispida), Ribbon (Histriophoca fasciata) and
Bearded Seals (Erignathus barbatus) are
found in the Chukchi all year with the Ringed
Seal being the most common and the Ribbon
only a rare vagrant.

The three common Chukchi species appear to
be ecologically distinct. The Harbor Seal is an
inshore species frequenting estuaries and sand
bars. It avoids heavy ice and feeds largely on
fish, the species varying seasonally. Presum-
ably seals seen in the open waters of the la-
goons and near the barrier beach at Point Lay
on 26 September and 5 October were this
species. The Ringed Seal frequents open water
leads in areas of fa.st ice but avoids the open
sea and floating ice. It feeds on small pelagic
crustaceans and to a lesser extent on fish in-

cluding Arctic Cod. The many seals observed
swimming near ice oflfshore were identified as
this species. The Bearded Seal inhabits shallow
waters near coasts and unlike the other two
species, displays little gregariousness. Individ-
uals rest on beaches and ice floes and although
they do not migrate, they tend to move north
and south with the drifting ice. Their food
consists of benthic organisms-crustaceans,
holothurians, clams, snails, whelks, octopus,
and bottom fish. The majority of the numerous
individuals that were hauled out on the ice on
transects late in the cruise was identified as
Bearded Seals on the basis of muzzle shape. No
Ribbon Seals were seen on the cruise.

Whales (Cetacea)

We observed whales on only three occasions
during the cruise. At 71°08'N, 158°55' W on
24 September and at 70°34'N, 163°16'W on
1 October we tentatively identified single indi-
viduals as Bowhead Whales (Balaena mys-
ticetus). Both were near pack ice. A group of
five to eight Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) was
observed in a lead in the ice at 70°05' N,
168 "53' W on 8 October pursuing a female
Walrus with a young one on her back.

The Bowhead Whale is associated with ice
and is present in the Chukchi Sea during the
winter, but tends to move even further north
in the summer. It is hunted by the eskimos but
is protected from commercial exploitation.
During the summer this baleen species, which
feeds on .small planktonic organisms, is re-
placed by the Grey Whale, Eschrichtitis gib-
bostis in the Chukchi. This latter species
presumably already had migrated south in late
September for we saw none during the cruise.
A few Killer Whales presumably stay in the
Chukchi all year wherever there is open water.
They travel in groups and feed on seals, young
Walruses and even porpoises and other whales.

MIGRATION AND POST-BREEDING
DISPERSAL MOVEMENTS

We saw no shearwaters or fulmars, except in
the Bering Strait, no pond ducks nor geese, no
shorebirds save phalaropes, no Arctic Terns,
and no Grey Whale.s — all species that have been
commonly recorded in the Chukchi Sea by other
observers earlier in the season. The only
Sabine's Gulls that we saw there were in the

124

Barrow area early in the cruise. Jaegers and
phalaropes were infrequent and generally seen
oiily during the first 2 weeks of the cruise in
the study area. Fewer Kittiwakes were seen
than had been found by other observers. On
the other hand, among the birds we saw most
commonly was Ross' Gull, an arctic species
that does not breed in the Chukchi Sea at all,
and the Ivory Gull that breeds only on Herald
Island in the western Chukchi. Many of the
loons, Oldsquaw and eider ducks. Glaucous
Gulls, and alcids wei'e well offshore in relative
abundance, farther from land than one would
expect from other published accounts.

All of these distribution anomalies were the
result of various sorts of seasonal movements.
Southward fall migration had already taken
place or was well advanced in the less tolerant
species that feed or breed in the arctic but move
to temperate latitudes with the onset of cold
weather in the fall. These included the Slender-
billed Shearwater, Northern Fulmar, most
ducks, geese, phalaropes, jaegers, Sabine's
Gull, Arctic Tern, and Grey Whale. East-west
dispersal or migration accounted for the pres-
ence of Ivory and Ross' Gulls in the Chukchi
where they may winter among the open leads
in the pack ice. Post-season dispersal of birds
that were released from dependence on land for
rearing young probably accounts for the
pelagic records of a number of species that we
recorded, but which were not regularly re-
corded far from land during the breeding sum-
mer season. These include the Oldsquaw and
eiders. Glaucous Gull, murres, guillemots and
Horned Puffin. The Parakeet and Crested
Auklets were present considerably north of
their breeding grounds, the latter species in
relative abundance. This post-breeding disper-
sal spreads predation pressure on prey species
over a much greater range, at a time when food
may start to become scarce, than during the
breeding season, at the height of plankton and
fish abundance.

ICE AFFINITIES

Ice was a major factor affecting the distribu-
tion and abundance of some species in the study
area. Guillemots, for instance, were found al-
most exclusively at the edge of the pack ice
(figs. 26 and 32). Some of the gulls, likewise,
were more abundant near the ice than in open

water. In order to assess the significance of the
affect of ice on the distribution of gulls,
watches were divided into two categories ; those
with ice and those in open water in which no
ice was visible from the ship. The categories
were tested statistically by X - (chi square)
(table IV). Watches in heavy fog or those in
new or grease ice were presumed atypical and
were not included in the totals.

On transects Ivory and Ross' Gulls showed a
decided preference for ice areas while the
Glaucous Gull showed no significant preference,
and the Kittiwake was found primarily in open
water. At stations Glaucous, Ivory and Ross'
Gulls showed no significant preference, and
Kittiwakes avoided ice. The partly contradic-
tory results may be the resemblance of a white
icebreaker to ice or the natural attraction of
gulls to a standing ship. Observations from a
moving ship, therefore, probably provide a
better indication of a species' ice affinities than
those from a standing ship.

The presence of Ivory and Ross' Gulls in ice
areas is not surprising in that both species
spend much of the year in the pack ice and are
adapted to feeding on organisms found at the
surface in ice areas. Furthermore, ice may
provide secure roosting and resting sites for
these two species (fig. 24). The Ivory Gull was
only rarely seen swimming, but it frequently
perched on ice cakes (fig. 20). That ice had
little affect on the distribution of Glaucous
Gulls probably is due to its association with
land and its relatively unspecialized feeding
habits. The preference of Kittiwakes for open
water could not be due to the presence of food,
since the Arctic Cod, Boreogadus saida, the
only food item found in their stomachs, occurs
closer to the surface in ice areas. The Kittiwake
was the only gull whose flying ability was not
visibly hindered by high winds that we en-
countered on many of the open water watches,
and there is no evidence that this pelagic
species needs land or ice for roosting outside
the breeding season.

FOOD HABITS

Although a number of species of diverse
families of marine birds occurs in the Chukchi
Sea in fall, the primary foods of all but the
ducks are pelagic crustaceans and small fish,

125

mainly Arctic Cod. Boreogadus saida (table
V). The methods used by various predator
species to capture their prey, and the depths at
which they feed, differ (table VI), so that they
may not be in competition for the same food
resource. It is not known, however, whether
predation by higher vertebrates constitutes a
significant factor that might limit populations
of invertebrates and fish in the Chukchi (Quast
in preparation).

ABUNDANCE

We have not yet attempted to convert our
line transect counts of the birds and mammals
we observed into estimates of total population.
Such estimates from line transect data of at-
sea observations are frought with hazards
(Yapp 1955, Bailey 1966). The major prob-
lems are the near impossibility of estimating
distance from a moving ship and the diflferen-
tial visibility of various species. For instance,
a Walrus or seal on a cake of ice is visible at
a greater distance than one in the water. A
single adult Ross' Gull flying is far more difl^-
cult to see than a Glaucous Gull or a flying loon.
Small auklets may be virtually invisible when
swimming in rough water, but are conspicuous
during flat calms. This makes both our counts
of birds seen, and any estimates of birds per
unit area based on them, somewhat suspect.
Secondly, in order to convert line transect data
to absolute density, one needs to assume that
birds are distributed at random. This is pre-
sumably so for species that pay little attention
to ships, such as alcids or loons, but is not so
for birds that are attracted to ships or follow
in the wake, such as gulls. We used only the
largest count of gulls on each station or each
20-minute transect interval for just this rea-
son. The same is true if the environment is not
uniform as in the study area where some
species were more common near shore than far
out at sea, while others congregated near ice.
Migrating flocks passing through an area, like-
wise, do not constitute random distribution.
Some of the large flocks of Oldsquaw and eiders
that we saw were probably migrating and were
a part of the local population one hour and
gone the next. Good statistical methods have
not yet been devised to account for all of these
variables.

On the other hand, it should be possible to
compare line transect counts made under
similar environmental conditions at different
times in the same area in order to obtain esti-
mates of relative abundance in different sea-
sons (.see also Bailey 1966, appendix). One can,
therefore, compare abundance between species
such as the Kittiwake and Ross' Gull, or be-
tween areas. Such analyses are being pursued
by DivokJ^

At any rate, it is apparent that considerable
numbers of birds and mammals of some species
are present in the Chukchi Sea at this time of
the year. A significant fraction of the world
population of Ross' Gull probably migrates
through or winters in the Chukchi. We saw
numerous large pods of Walrus. In one re-
stricted area we are sure that over 500 were
present (October 4) because we saw almost all
of them at the same time. Estimates of the
combined total population of Pacific Walrus,
both Siberian and Alaskan (0. r. divergens)
range between 30,000 and 70,000 (King 1964,
Johnson et al, 1966). Our observation that day,
therefore, may have included between 1/60 and
1/140 of all the individuals of the subspecies in
the world.

The resident populations of birds and mam-
mals in the Chukchi may be neither large nor
concentrated, except in inshore waters or near
the cliffs at Cape Lisburne during breeding.
On the other hand, the Chukchi serves as an
important migratory pathway for the marine
species and many ducks, geese, and shorebirds
that breed east of Point Barrow and migrate
to the Bering Sea or Pacific Ocean. In addition,
it serves as a temporary post-nuptial feeding
ground for some species that breed further
south. Even during September and October we
found that considerable numbers of some
species of marine birds and mammals were
using the area and we conclude that large scale
pollution in the area, in any season, could have
an important effect on the higher vertebrates.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the Oceanographic Unit
of the U.S. Coast Guard and its director Dr.
Merton C. Ingham, for extending the invitation
for our participation in WEBSEC-70. We are
indebted to Capt. Theodore L. Roberge, the

126

officers, and crew of the GLACIER for facili-
tating our work aboard ship. In particular we
thank Ensign James R. Reach, Chief Marine
Science Technician Lynn Dawson, Chief Boat-
swain's Mate B. L. Johnson, Engineman 2nd
Class A. W. Ipock, and the ship's other Marine
Science Technicians and small boat crews. Our
participation was made possible by special
funding from the Smithsonian Oceanography
and Limnology Program. During the first 2
weeks of the cruise we were assisted in mak-
ing observations by J. Larry Haddock of the
U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Anchorage. Divoky also presented data col-
lected during this study in a master's degree
thesis presented to Michigan State University,
1972.

REFERENCES

Alverson, D. L. and N. J. Wilimovsky (1966). Fishery
investigations of the southeastern Chukchi Sea. Pp.
843-860 in N. J. Wilimovsky and J. N. Wolfe (eds.)
Environment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska.
U.S. Atomic Energy Comm., Oak Ridge.

Alverson, D. L., N. J., Wilimovsky and F. Wilke
(1960). A preliminary report on marine investiga-
tions of the Chukchi Sea-August 1959. (unpublished
manuscript).

American Ornithologists Union (1957). Checklist of
North American birds. Amer. Orn. Union, Baltimore.
5th ed. xiii + 691 pp.

Ashmole, N. P. and M. J. Ashmole (1967). Compara-
tive feeding ecology of sea birds of a tropical oceanic
island. Yale Peabody Mm. Nat. Hist. Bull., 24:1-131.

Bailey, A. M. (1948). Birds of arctic Alaska. Colorado
Mus. Nat. Hist. Popular series No. 8, 317 pp.

Bailey, A. M. and R. W. Hendee (1926). Notes on the
mammals of northwestern Alaska. Journ. Mavim.,
7:9-28.

Bailey, R. S. (1966). The seabirds of the southeast
coast of Arabia. Ibis, 108:224-264.

Bean, T. H. (1882). Notes on birds collected during the
summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia. Proc. U.S.
Nat'l Mus., 5:144-173.

Bedard, J. (1969). Adaptive radiation in Alcidae. Ibis,
111:189-198.

Bee, J. W. and E. R. Hall (1956). Mammals of north-
ern Alaska on the arctic slope. Univ. Kansas Mus.
Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. No. 8, 309 pp.

Brooks, J. W. (1954). A contribution to the life history
and ecology of the Pacific Walrus. Alaska Coopera-
tive Wildlife Res. Unit, Spec. Rept. No. 1, 103 pp.

Brooks, W. S. (1915). Notes on birds from east Siberia
and arctic Alaska. Bull Mus. Comp Zool., 59:361-413.

Buturlin, S. A. (1906). The breeding grounds of the
Rosy Gull. Ibis, Ser. 8(6) :131-139.

Collett, R. and F. Nansen (1900). An account of the
birds. Pp. 1-53 in. F. Nansen (ed. ) Norwegian North

Polar Exped. 1893-1896 sci. Res. Longman's Green,

London.
Dalgleish, J. J. (1886). Discovery of the nest of Larus

rossii in Greenland. Auk. 3:273-274.
Dementiev, G. P. and N. A. Gladkov (eds.) (1961).

Birds of the Soviet Union. Israel Prog. Sci. Transl.

Jerusalem. Vol. 3, 756 pp.
Dixon, J. S. (1943). Birds observed between Point

Barrow and Herschel Island on the arctic coast of

Alaska. Condor, 45:49-57.
Gabrielson, I. N. and F. C. Lincoln (1959). The birds

of Alaska. Stackpole, Harrisburg, Penna., xiii +

922 pp.
Gibson, D. D. (1970). Alaska region. Audubon Field

Notes, 24:79-82.
Grinnell, J. (1900). Birds of the Kotzebue Sound

region, Alaska. Pacific Coast Avifauna, 1:1-80.
Harting, J. E. (1871). Catalogue of an arctic collection

of birds presented by Mr. John Barrow. F.R.S., to

the University Museum at Oxford with notes on the

species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, 110-123.
Hersey, F. S. (1916). A list of the birds observed in

Alaska and Northeastern Siberia during the summer

of 1914. ,'^mithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol.

66(2) :l-33.
Jacques, F. L. (1930). Water birds observed on the

Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea in 1928. Auk,

47:35.3-366.
Johnson. M. L., C. H. Fiscus, B. T. Ostenson and M.

L. Barbour 1966). Marine Mammals. Pp. 877-924

in N. J. Wilimovsky and J. N. Wolfe (eds.). Environ-
ment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska. U.S.

Atomic Energy Comm,, Oak Ridge.
King, J. E. (1964). Seals of the world. Brit. Mus.,

London, 154 pp.
Koslova, E. V. (1961). Charadriiformes, suborder

Alcae. Fauna of the USSR 2(3) :1-140. Israel Prog.

Sci. Transl., Jerusalem.
MacLean, S. F. and N. A. M. Verbeek (1968). Nesting

of the Black Guillemot at Point Barrow, Alaska.

Auk, 85:139-140.
Maher, W. J. (1970). The Pomarine Jaeger as a Brown

Lemming predator in northern Alaska. Wilson Bull.,

82:130-157.
Murdoch, J. (1885). Birds. Pp. 104-128 in Report of

the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow,

Alaska. Govt. Print. Off., Wash. D. C.
Nelson, E. W. (1883). Birds of Bering Sea and the

Arctic Ocean. Cruise of the Revenue Steamer Corwin

in Alaska and the N.W. Arctic Ocean in 1881. Govt.

Print. Off., Wash. D.C.
Nelson, E. W. and F. W. True (1887). Mammals of

northern Alaska. Pp. 227-294 in H. W. Henshaw

(ed.). Report upon natural history collections made

in Alaska between the years 1877 and 1881 by Ed-
ward W. Nelson. Arctic series of publications No. 3

issued in connection with the Signal Service, U.S.

Army. Govt. Print. Off., Wash. D.C.
Pitelka, F. A., P. Q. Tomich, and G. W. Treichel

(1955a). Breeding behavior of jaegers and owls near

Barrow, Alaska. Condor, 57:3-18.

127

Pitelka, F. A., P. Q. Tomich, and G. W. Treichel
(1955b). Ecological relations of jaegers and owls as
lemming predators near Barrow, Alaska. Ecological
Monographs 25:85-117.

Rainey, F. G. (1945). The Whale Hunters of Tigara,
Anthrop. Pap. Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist., 41:231-283.

Rice, D. W. and V. B. Scheffer (1968). A list of the
marine mammals of the world. U.S. Fish & Wildlife
Serv. Spec. Sci. Rept. Fish., 579:1-16.

Scammon, C. M. (1874). The marine mammals of the
northwestern coast of North America. Carmany, San
Francisco, 319 pp.

Seale A. (1898). Notes on Alaskan water birds. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 126-140.

Stone, W. (1900). Report on the birds and mammals
collected by the Mcllhenny expedition to Pt. Barrow,
Alaska. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 4-49.

Stresemann, E. (1949). Birds collected in the north

Pacific area during Capt. James Cook's last voyage
(1778 and 1779). Ibis, 91:244-255.

Swartz, L. G. (1966). Sea cliff birds. Pp. 611-678 in
N. J. Wilimovsky and J. N. Wolfe (eds.). Environ-
ment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska. U.S.
Atomic Energy Comm., Oak Ridge.

Swartz, L. G. (1967). Distribution and movements of
birds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Pacif. Sci.,
21:332-347.

Wilimovsky, N. J. and J. N. Wolfe (eds.) (1966).
Environment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska.
U.S. Atomic Energy Comm., Oak Ridge, xvi + 1250
pp.

Williamson, F. L., M. C. Thompson, and J. Q. Hines
(1966). Avifaunal investigations. Pp. 437-480 in
N. J. Wilimovsky and J. N. Wolfe (eds.). Environ-
ment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska. U.S.
Atomic Energy Comm., Oak Ridge.

Yapp, W. B. (1955). The theory of line transects. Bird
Study, 3:93-104.

128

c

c
o

u

£6

s t»

a S
•s «

N

o ,
-?

S 03

>

"0 -a
c o

.a
o

129

The
Diomedes

\

Transect 42

25 miles

170°

168°

Figure 2. — Transect 42 through Bering Strait during daylight hours of 18 Oct.

1970.

130

a

o

ON

O

.a

■5 o

b »T3

o V

Is

o

X

E
O

B
O

eo

em

131

CQ

132

p.

Fulmarus glacialis

1-3
4-9

10-27
28-81

OVER 81

o □
e m

C D

TRANSECTS

o— •

STATIONS

170°

168°

Figure

5 -Distribution of Northern Fulmar in Bering Strait, 18 October 1970.
Abundance key applies to all other Bering Strait maps.

133

Figure 6. — Distribution of Slender-billed Shearwater in Bering Strait, 18

October 1970.

134

135

9

b
o

©

.S
O

S

.a

0

E

o

-a

eo

s

136

170° 168°

Figure 9. — Distribution of Oldsquaw in Bering Strait, 18 October 1970.

170° 168°

Figure 10. — Distribution of eiders in Bering Strait, 18 October 1970.

138

Figure 11. — Distribution of unidentified ducks seen at a distance in the studr
area, 22 September-17 October 1970. See also Figures 7, 8 and 14.

139

A

D

P<

Uncommon species

O Gavia immer

• Phalacrocorax pelagicus

0 Phalaropus fulicarius

4 Stercorarius pomarinus

a Cyclorrhynchus psittacula

■ Fratercula corniculata

A Motacilla flava

170°

168°

Figure 12. — Distribution of uncommon species in Bering Strait, 18 Oct. 1970.

140

141

142

e
u

O

L

g

a.
»
en

M

«

s

a

UP

B.
a

e

u
k-
a
CB

I
I

e
C

a

I

3
J3

US

s

148

144

a

V

•B

B
O

■B
E

B
O

en
_B

"3
u
»

a

3

«

<n

S
0

s
a

a

145

146

o
I-

.a
o

u

S

«

V

m

S

.a

a.

eg

U

o

b

a

a

i.

s

o
fa

s

s

J3

~(D Q

a
tic

147

s

•a

B

c

S
E

e

it
e

c

a

a

148

1

o
o

o

1

o

o

o
o

%c)

o

0

o

^

~f^

o
o

o

o

° i

0

e

f0

:-^ ^

Larus hyperboreus

1

o

0

1

-

66°

170'

I68»

Figure 21. — Distribution of Glaucous Gull in Bering Strait, 18 October 1970.

149

170° 168°

Figure 22. — Distribution of Kittiwake in Bering Strait, 18 October 1970.

150

L

i

s

in

N

s

a

»
o

u
u
a

oa

e

■K
a
*

S
■a

o

a

151

o

k

O

V

.a
E

a

a

V

1/5

N
N

O
C

La
S

e

b

■•
a

oa

o

s

3

o

e

3

3

152

Figure 25. — Flocks of Ross' Gulls flying and sitting on an ice floe.

AV-.

Figure 26. — Immature Ross' Culls in flight (left and center) and Black Guillemot swimming at ice edge.

153

Figure 27. — Distribution

of Sabine's Gull near
September 1970.

Point Barrow, 23, 24

154

170° 168'

Figure 28. — Distribution of murres in Bering Strait, 18 October 1970.

155

o
m

61

o

9\

■a
o

s

o.
en

N

B

a
U

s

h

a
CQ

m
C

'o

S

o

a
■a

0\

156

Figure 30. — Distribution of large black and white alcids off Cape Lisburne, 25
September-17 October 1970. See also Figures 29 and 31.

168°

166*

Figure 31. — Distribution of Horned Puffin off Cape Lisburne,
25 September-17 October 1970. See also Figure 30.

157

158

I

o

a.

S

9

s

W5

S

159

Figure 34. — Distribution of Killlitz's Murrelet in Bering Strait, 18 October

1970.

160

Figure 35. — DUtribiilion of Snowy Owl in Bering Strait, 18 October 1970.

161

o

ja
o

!L' o

.A

E

4)

a.

u

S

E

e

d

s

J3

»1

162

Figure 37. — Three Polar Bears on edge of pack ice, presumably a female and two nearly full-grown cubs.

163

o
r-

b
V

o

L
B

M

N

IS

ea

o
a.

S

.2

^

a

to

164

Figure 39. — A pod of at least 57 Walrus on ice cake.

165

o

o
Z

o

«

B
u

a

o

a
03

0

B
o

9

ja

o
^

3

Appendix A — Data

Table Page

I. Environmental conditions on transects and stations 168

II. Bird specimens collected in the Chukchi Sea 171

III. Flocking of gulls on transects and stations 171

IV. Ice affinities of gulls 172

V. Stomach contents of birds collected in Chukchi Sea 172

VI. Methods of feeding of Chukchi seabirds in the fall 172

I

167

Table I. — Environmental Conditions on Transects and Stations.

Transects

Time (BST)

Stations

Time (BST)

22 September 1970

23 September 1970

No environmental data collected

1 1700-1900

(71°34' N 155°53' W)

1

0730-

0925

1

0925-

-1000

2

1000-

1100

(71-34'

N 155-53' W)

3

1200-

■1300

No

environmental data collected

24 September 1970

4

0630-

-0814

5

0940

-1020

5

0840-

-0900

6

1135-1165

6

1020-

-1135

7

1355-1456

7

1155-

-1355

8

1800-

2000

Local

Position

Wind

Cloud

cover

Temperature "C

Waves

Visibility

time

N. Lat.

W. Long

Dir.

Vel

1 (kts)

Tenths

Type

Air

Sea surf

Hgt. Ft.

(miles)

altost.

0900

71''08'

157-09'

013

7

10

cirrost.

-4.7

-0.4

__

7

1200

71°05'

158-32'

200

10

10

stcu.

-3.7

0.4

__

7

1600

71°00'

159-09'

182

14

10

steu.

-2.7

0.5

6

1800

70''42'

160-19'

045

4

10

stcu.

-0.15

-0.9

__

7

2100

70°43'

160-57'

080

9

10

stcu.

-0.4

0.2

__

7

25 September 1970

9

0735-:

1035

8

1036-2359

0600

70-18'

163-07'

070

3

4

stcu.

-0.6

3.9

—

7

0900

69°55'

163-58'

000

0

2

altost.

0.0

4.4

7

1200

69°45'

163-33'

230

2

4

cum.

2.1

3.4

01

7

1600

69°45'

163-33'

232

15

9

stcu.

2.7

3.4

02

7

1800

69°45'

163-33'

236

22

10

stcu.

3.2

3.4

03

6

2100

69-45'

163-33'

316

15

10

stcu.

0.1

3.3

03

6

26 September 1970

8

0000-:

2359

0000

69°46'

163-33'

357

18

10

stcu.

0.6

3.3

6

0300

69''45'

163-33'

330

13

6

stcu.

-1.9

3.4

7

0600

69°45'

163-33'

310

14

10

stcu.

-3.1

3.4

__

7

0900

69°45'

163-33'

330

15

10

stcu.

-4.6

3.5

03

7

1200

69"'45'

163-33'

320

11

10

stcu.

-4.3

3.5

00

6

1500

69°46'

163-33'

353

9

10

stcu.

-3.7

3.3

03

6

1800

69°45'

163-33'

357

3

10

stcu.

-4.1

3.5

03

6

2100

69°45'

163-33'

313

2

10

stcu.

-3.9

3.4

02

7

27 September 1970

10

0850-

1110

8

0000-

•0850

11

1130-

1450

9

1520-

■2111

0000

69°45'

163-33'

294

4

10

stcu.

-3.2

3.4

6

0300

69-45'

163-33'

340

13

10

stcu.

-4.0

3.5

7

0600

69°45'

163-33'

340

4

10

stcu.

-4.0

3.5

7

0900

69-45'

163-33'

300

11

10

stcu.

-4.9

3.5

7

1200

69-51'

164-51'

330

8

10

stcu.

-5.8

4.0

01

6

1500

70^09'

166-02'

323

21

10

stcu.

-5.6

2.8

01

6

1800

70-08'

165-58'

340

20

10

stcu.

-6.7

1.7

6

2100

70-08'

165-58'

005

5

10

stcu.

-6,9

0.2

7

28 September 1970

12

1345-1445

11

0730-1215

12

1605-1934

0900

70-19'

165-45'

330

2

10

stcu.

-7.1

-0.2

7

1200

70-19'

165-45'

330

3

10

stcu.

-7.2

-0.1

7

168

Local
time

Position
N. Lat. W. Long

Wind Cloud cover

Dir. Vel (kts) Tenths Type

Temperature °C
Air Sea surf

Waves Visibility
Hgt. Ft. (miles)

1500 70-25'
1800 70°25'
29 September 1970

0900
1200
1500

1800

70-17'
70°17'
70-18'
70-18'

30 September 1970

0900 70-21'
1200 70-21'
1500 70-22'
1 October 1970

0600
0900
1200
1500
1800

70-28'
70-26'
70-26'
70-35'
70-35'

2 October 1970

0900 70-18'

1200 70-23'

165-24'
165-24'

13

14

165-02'

165-09'

164-41'

164-41'

15

164-09'
164-09'
163-16'

16

163-07'
162-53'
162-53'
163-16'
163-16'

17
18

19

163-18'

162-24'

354
313

0810-1115
1220-1400

340

330

311

337

1115-1400

290
310
310

1240-1445

290
310
310
296
314

20
3

7

2

11

12

8

18

5

1500

70-23' 162-24'

0840-1050

1620-1700

1910-1940
290 2

270 3

287 5

10
10

10
10
10
10

10

10

9

10
10
10
10

10
10

1800

70-09'

162-52'

334

2

4

3 October 1970

20

0750-1

0945

0900

70-12'

162-59'

000

0

10

4 October 1970

21

1300-

1505

0900

69-59'

163-14'

120

4

10

1200

69-59'

163-14'

110

3

8

1500

70-05'

164-02'

000

0

10

1800

70-05'

164-02'

120

8

10

2100

70-05'

164-02'

104

11

10

5 October 1970

0900

69-44'

163-33'

060

4

6

1200

69-44'

163-33'

100

10

0

1500

69-44'

163-33'

079

12

0

1800

69-44'

163-33'

079

19

0

6 October 1970

22

1125-1305

23

1600-

1725

0900

69-56'

164-54'

050

26

10

1200

69-58'

165-12'

060

24

10

1500

70-01'

165-34'

044

26

10

1800

70-07'

166-13'

040

27

9

7 October 1970

24

1230-

1310

25

1730-

1850

stcu.
stcu.

stcu.
stcu.
stcu.
stcu.

-8.3
-8.6

15

fog

-7.8

altost.

-7.2

stcu.

-6.6

stcu.

-6.7

18

19

altocu.

-7.2

altost.

-6.6

altocu.

-9.8

20

21

stcu.

-9.5

nmbst.

-9.3

nmbst.

-8.4

stcu.

-6.9

altocu.

-10.0

23

24

stcu.

-8.4

stcu.

-7.7

altocu.

stcu.

-9.1

altocu.

stcu.

-7.6

fog

9.4

28

29

fog

-6.2

altcu.

-6.6

stcu.

-0.1

stcu.

-2.6

stcu.

-2.3

31

altcu.

-3.9

stcu.

clear

-5.1

clear

-3.9

clear

-3.9

34

-6.0
-5.3
-5.8
-9.2

40

■0.1
■1.2

7
5

1415-1749

0.0
1.9
1.1
0.5

Va
7
7
7

0740-1055
1435-1640

1.6

1.7

1.7

7
7
7

0735-1240
1445-1745

-1.2

0.2

0.4

•1.1

■1.2

7
7
7
7
7

1050-1450
1720-1845

•0.7
■1.0

7
7

1.1

7

0.2

7

-1.1

'Ao

0820-1240

1505-2015

1.1

yi6

1.2

6

0.2

4

2.2

4

2.2

Ml

800-1955

0.9 3

5

0.8

7

1.3

7

1.2

6

0840-1120

2.8

7

3.3 5

6

2.7 6

6

2.3 7

3

1345-1640

169

Local

Position

Wind

Cloud

cover

Temperature °C

Waves

Visibility

time

N. Lat.

W. Long

Dir.

Vel (kts)

Tenths

Type

Air

Sea surf

Hgt. Ft.

(miles)

1200

70°08'

167-07'

050

35

10

stcu.
stcu.

-7.2

3.0

—

4

1500

70°18'

166-57'

030

27

9

altcu.
stcu.

-9.7

0.7

—

7

1800

70°19'

167-10'

054

17

9

altcu.

-9.6

-0.9

—

7

8 October 1970

26

1010-;

1255

43

0756-1010

27

1710-

1901

44

1325-

-1705

0900

70''09'

168-21'

030

20

9

stcu.

-8.9

1.6

2

7

1200

70°00'

168-38'

020

15

4

cirrus

-9.0

2.0

—

7

1500

70''12'

169-04'

016

8

2

stcu.

-10.4

0.5

7

1800

70°05'

168-53'

020

18

1

altocu.

-11.6

0.5

--

7

9 October 1970

28

1345-:

1525

49
50

0815-
1530-

-1325
-2015

0900

69°47'

168-05'

070

4

10

altcu.

-7.2

3.1

7

1200

69°47'

168-05'

100

3

10

altst.

-6.0

3.2

__

7

1500

69-46'

167-59'

097

8

10

stcu.

-5.7

2.9

__

7

1800

69°37'

167-45'

092

9

10

stcu.

-5.0

3.1

7

2100

69°38'

167-44'

104

21

10

stcu.

-4.8

2.9

2

4

10 October

1970

29

1215-

1346

54
55

0800-
1347-

-1150
-2205

0900

69°24'

167-15'

030

10

10

stratus

-6.9

2.8

__

6

1200

69°24'

167-15'

010

10

10

stratus

-6.9

2.8

__

6

1500

69°13'

166-52'

330

10

10

stratus

-7.2

2.6

3

4

1800

ens'

166-52'

266

3

10

stratus

-7.1

1.9

3

4

2100

69°13'

166-52'

310

11

10

stratus

-7.7

1.8

3

6

11 October 1970

30

1110-

1200

59
60

0800-
1200-

-1100
-1920

0900

69°04'

167-34'

050

22

10

stratus

-7.7

1.8

6

6

1200

68-58'

166-25'

050

22

8

stcu.

-7.2

1.6

4

7

1500

68°57'

166-25'

312

32

8

stcu.

-7.8

1.0

7

7

1800

68-57'

166-25'

283

30

9

stcu.

-8.2

1.1

7

6

12 October 1970

31

1410-

1600

62

0832-

-1038

0900

69-06'

166-03'

060

25

10

stratus

-12.2

0.6

7

1

1200

69-13'

165-52'

030

33

10

stratus

-11.9

0.5

5

1

1500

69-19'

165-06'

065

16

10

stratus

-10.4

0.5

7

1

13 October 1970

32

0905-

1030

33

1330-

1845

0900

69-39'

167-13'

040

23

10

stratus

-12.4

2.2

5

%

1200

69-51'

167-23'

030

25

10

stratus

-12.7

2.1

2

%

1500

69-41'

166-36'

004

21

8

stratus

-11.4

1.9

3

5

1800

69-32'

166-55'

012

26

10

stratus

-11.7

1.6

3

5

14 October 1970

34

0855-1010

35

1240-

1530

0900

69-21'

165-26'

050

25

10

stratus

-11.0

-0.6

4

6

1200

69-18'

165-14'

050

15

10

stratus

-12.1

-0.8

4

6

1500

69-33'

164-31'

104

18

10

stratus

-12.2

-1.0

3

1

16 October 1970

36

0850-

0950

78

0950

-1155

37

1230-

1620

0900

69-32'

165-22'

070

16

10

stratus

-11.7

-1.1

1

1

1200

69-27'

165-40'

070

20

10

stratus

-11.4

-0.8

2

6

1500

69-26'

164-41'

030

12

10

stratus

-11.6

-0.6

3

7

1800

69-28'

164-09'

074

15

4

stratus

-13.1

-1.8

__

4

170

Local
time

Position
N. Lat. W. Long

Wind
Dir. Vel (kts)

Cloud cover
Tenths Type

Temperature °C
Air Sea surf

Waves
Hgt. Ft.

Visibility
(miles)

16 October 1970

0900
1200
1500
1800
2100

69°13'
69-05'
69''06'
69°04'
69°02'

17 October 1970

0900
1200
1500
1800

68°55'
68°54'
68°54'
68°55'

18 October 1970

0600
0900
1200
1500
1800
2100

67° 25'
66°48'
66°17'
65''55'
65°23'
65°06'

38
39

40

164°49'

165°05'

165°25'

165''36'

166°46'

41

166°43'
166-43'
167-25'
167-32'

42
168-30'
168-30'
168-30'
168-27'
168-24'
167-47'

1035-1135
1400-1530
1800-1900

040

080

090

080

123

1230-1415

140
170
040
167

12

5

13

4
7

5

4

7

13

240
340
340
004
340
358

0845-1900
2
8
10
14
16
16

10
9

10
10

6

6

10

10

10
8
9

10
10
10

86

stratus

-16.6

stratus

-15.5

stratus

-13.2

stratus

-12.8

stratus

-12.5

90

91

stcu.

-8.3

cum.

-4.7

stratus

-4.1

stratus

-3.5

stcu.

-1.7

stcu.

-1.7

stcu.

-1.4

stcu.

-1.3

stcu.

-1.1

stcu.

-0.8

1135-1355

-1.7
-1.7
-1.7
-1.7
-1.8

0800-
1415-

-1.1

-1.2

-1.1

-0.9

•1220
■1740

1.2
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.2

7
7
7
6

Table II. — Bird Specimens Collected in the Chukchi Sea.

Stations

Species

Pt. Lay
7 26 Sep. e 9 11 15 19

21

23 44

49

Clangula hyemalis
Somateria moUissima

1 im

50 86 91

1 im 1 im

Lams hyperborens

2 ad

2 im 1 im

1 ad
1 im

Lams argentatus

1 im

Pagophila eburnea

Sad

3 ad

4 im

2im

lad

lad

Rissa tridactyla

1 im

1 im

1 im 1 ad

Rhodostethia rosea

7 ad
2im

6 ad
2im

1 im

1 im

2 ad
5im

lad

Uria aalge

lad

Cepphus grylle

lad

1 im 1 im

Plectrophenax nivalis

Sad
lim

Notes: Station dates and coordinates are given in Table I; ad=adult, im=immature, including both first- and
second-year birds.

Table III. — Flocking of Gulls on Transects and Stations.

Observations at 28 stations

Observations during 208 20-minute intervals on transects

Stations with
gulls seen

Mean no.
gulls/station

Species

Intervals

with Mean no. Single gull
gulls seen gulls/interval intervals

Larus hyperboreus
Pagophila eburnea
Rissa tridactyla
Rhodostethia rosea

22
19
12

20

18.7
14.3

Larus hyperboreus
Pagophila eburnea

74 3.3 32
61 4.3 28
44 2.8 22
70 18.8 7

5.9
22.6

Rissa tridactyla
Rhodostethia rosea

171

Table IV.— Ice Affinities of Gulls.

Ice

Open water

x>

Significant at

Species

Present

Absent

Present

Absent

99.5 percent

Transects :

Larus hyperborens

48

88

11

39

2.98

No

Pagophila eburnea

55

81

2

48

22.8

Yes

Rissa tridactyla

21

116

22

28

16.77

Yes

Rhodostethia rosea

60

86

7

43

8.9

Yes

Stations :

Larus hyperboreus

15

2

7

S

1.38

No

Pagophila eburnea

13

4

6

4

8.1

Yes

Rissa tridactyla

2

15

9

1

15.9

Yes

Rhodostethia rosea

12

6

7

S

.001

No

Table V. — Stomach Contents of Birds Collected in Chukchi Sea.

Stomachs

Stomach contents

Tunica tes.

Plant

Species

Examined

Arctic Cod

Crustaceans

Molluscs

Ship refuse

material

Empty

Clangula hyemalis

1

0

0

0

0

0

1 (100%)

Somateria mollissima

2

0

0

1 (50%)

0

1 (60%)

1 ( 60%)

Larus hyperboreus

6

5 ( 83%)

1 ( 17%)

2 (34%)

1 (17%)

0

0

Larus argentatus

1

1 (100%)

0

0

0

0

0

Pagophila eburnea

14

12 ( 86%)

1 ( 7%)

1 (7%)

1(7%)

2 (14%)

1 ( 7%)

Rissa tridactyla

4

4 (100%)

0

0

0

0

0

Rhodostethia rosea

24

17 ( 71%)

13 ( 54%)

0

0

0

0

Uria aalge

1

1 (100%)

1 (100%)

0

0

0

0

Cepphus grylle

3

3 (100%)

1 ( 33%)

0

0

0

0

Table V/.— Methods of Feeding of Chukchi Seabirds in the Fall.

Species

Food

Method of capture

Depth

Loons
Ducks
Phalaropes
Jaegera
Glaucous Gull
Ivory Gull
Kittiwake
Ross' Gull

Large alcids
Small alcids

Fish

Molluscs, crustaceans

Zooplankton

Mostly fish

Fish, crustaceans, refuse

Fish, refuse

Fish

Crustaceans, fish

Pish, crustaceans
Crustaceans

Surface diving

Surface diving

Surface feeding

Piracy from gulls, alcids

Surface feeding

Contact dipping

Plunge to surface

Hovering, plunge to surface,

surface feeding
Surface diving
Surface diving

Surface, midwater

Bottom

Surface

In air, surface

Surface

Surface

Surface

Surface

Surface, midwater
Surface, midwater

172

Geological, Biological, and Chemical Oceanography of the
Eastern Central Chukchi Sea^

A. S. Naidu - and G. D. Sharma ^

GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SETTINGS

The nearshore environment of the eastern
central Chukchi Sea lies west of northwest
Alaska (fig. 1). East of Point Barrow this sea
merges imperceptibly into the western Beau-
fort Sea. The coastline between Point Barrow
and Point Lay is very slightly curved, but
further south to Cape Lisburne the coast is
distinctly embayed. Between Icy Cape and
Point Lay a barrier-spit-lagoon-delta complex
characterizes the coastline.

The oceanography of the Chukchi Sea off
Alaska's northern coast has not been investi-
gated as thoroughly as that portion between
the Bering Strait and Cape Lisburne in the
southeastern Chukchi Sea. From a few sound-
ings made by Moore (1964) and Creager and
McManus (1965) it is suggested that the off-
shore area between Icy Cape and Point Lay is
shallow (<25 m), very flat and featureless.
Contrary to this the topography off Point Hope
is relatively steep and is characterized by the
presence of a submarine valley (Creager and
McManus, 1966). In the area we investigated
there is a net northward movement of currents
over the year (Aagaard and Coachman, 1964),
although presence of a local clockwise gyre has
been indicated off Cape Lisburne by Fleming
and Heggarty (1966).

The eastern central Chukchi Sea is covered
with ice almost 8 months of the year. The
climate over this sea and the hinterland is
dominated by long severe winters and short
cool summers, with a mean annual temperature
around 20° F. The average rainfall of 10 inches
is comparable to that in arid and semiarid
regions. The northwestern coast of Alaska is

^ Institute of Marine Science, Contribution No. 119.
' Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska.

generally windy and storms are not uncom-
mon.

The drainage basin ad,)acent to the eastern
central Chukchi Sea coast consists of the
Coastal Plain and the Foothill Provinces
(Payne et al., 1951) ; the latter pass in the
southeast into the Brooks Range. Cape Lis-
burne consists of a limestone promontory. The
geology of the southern hinterland of the east-
ern central Chukchi Sea, extensively studied by
Smiley (1969a and 1969b), is composed of the
predominantly marine Kukpowruk and non-
marine Corwin Formations of Early Albian to
possibly Cenomanian age. These rock types are
chiefly conglomerates, graywackes, sandstones,
shales and limestones, with coal beds confined
to the nonmarine formations. In far north-
western Alaska the coastal plains are overlain
with Quaternary glacial and glacio-fluvial sedi-
ments, alluvium and beach deposits.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

The geological sampling yielded a suite of
107 sediment samples from the nearshore
marine environment of the eastern central
Chukchi Sea (fig. 1). Of the total samples col-
lected, 73 were obtained with a Van Veen
and/or Shipek grab sampler, 13 were short
cores obtained with a gravity corer, one was a
long piston core and 15 were handpicked from
the beach surface. The beach samples were
taken from a few transects across the barrier
in the vicinity of Point Lay to study the nature
of arctic barrier beach deposits coincident with
the beginning of ice push onto the beaches.

To minimize metal contamination, the 13
gravity core samples were collected in plastic
core liners with no metal core barrel or core
catcher. The gravity corer was dropped only
on stations which had relatively muddy bot-

173

toms. The nature of the sea bottom was de-
termined by first taking a grab sample at every
station. Aboard the ship immediately after col-
lection, the gravity core sediment samples were
extruded from the core liner w^ith a core pusher
that also introduced the least metal contamina-
tion. After extrusion, the surficial portion
around the sediment core was carefully scraped
out using a teflon-coated spatula. This step was
introduced to minimize the inclusion of any
soupy sediment that might have run down the
length of the core from the top during retrieval
of the corer. Then the sediment core was cut
into two longitudinal halves, one of which was
cut into a number of convenient small trans-
verse sections. Almost immediately after this,
the pH and temperature of these wet sediments
were measured with a Coleman, Model 37A,
portable pH-Eh meter and a glass thermometer,
respectively. The interstitial fluids of these
sediment sections were separately squeezed out
into polyethylene bottles using squeezers de-
scribed by Reeburgh (1967). In order to avoid
chemical precipitation of some hydroxides and
biochemical reactions the expressed interstitial
fluids were acidified with 0.1 ml of cone. HCl
and stored frozen. After it was examined and
photographed, the second half of each core was
cut into a number of transverse sections aboard
the ship and stored at freezing temperature in
polyethylene bags and bottles for further lab-
oratory analysis.

Prior to storing, the inorganic P concentra-
tions in the sediment interstitial fluids were
determined colorimetrically aboard the ship. At
the Institute laboratory the K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe
and Mn concentrations in 40 of these samples
were analyzed in a Perkin-Elmer, Model 290,
atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Forty water samples were collected from 14
stations with Niskin bottles at various depths.
Aboard the ship 500 ml of these water samples
were filtered through 0.45 {i millipore filter
papers in order to separate suspended par-
ticulate matter.

Approximately 1-gallon unfiltered water
samples were collected at a number of depths
from two stations (table 1). These samples
were frozen for trace transition metal analyses
at the Institute laboratory. The concentrations
of Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, and Pb were determined
with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

following the APDC/MIBK extraction tech-
nique of Brooks et al. (1967). The water
samples were not filtered prior to chemical
analysis because previous experience had in-
dicated potential contamination problems from
filtering, and because the particulate content
of the samples was exceedingly low. Thus, the
present analysis represents only total ex-
tractable ions (written communication, Mr. M.
Lee, Institute of Marine Science, University of
Alaska) .

Benthic organisms having a size between 2.8
mm and 0.99 mm were collected from 16 sta-
tions by wet-sieving a measured volume of
bottom sediments collected by the Van Veen
grab sampler. Organisms thus separated were
preserved in 10 percent formalin solution,
buff'ered with sodium acetate, for identification
and cataloging in the laboratory.

The gravel-sand-silt-clay contents of the core
sections and detailed size distributions of the
barrier beach sediments were determined by
following the method of Krumbein and Petti-
john (1938). Conventional grain size para-
meters were calculated based on the formulae
of Folk and Ward (1957).

A set of 24 sediment samples was selected
for clay mineral analysis from the inshore shelf
area of the Chukchi Sea adjacent to Alaska.
Two of them were obtained from Dr. J. S.
Creager, University of Washington, and the
remainder, including two from south of the
Bering Strait, were collected from the GLA-
CIER on WEBSEC-70. In the le8s-than-2 |x
fraction of the bottom sediment samples and
in two samples of suspended sediments the clay
mineral assemblage was determined by X-ray
diffraction technique. Details of the techniques
and steps adopted for the separation of the
less than 2 /j, fraction, the X-ray analysis, and
the method of quantifying the clay minerals
were similar to those presented by Naidu et al.
(1971).

RESULTS

Grain-Size Analysis

Vertical variations of the percentage com-
position of gravel-sand-silt-clay in the cores
are presented in table I (appendix A) and
illustrated in figure 2. In the majority of the
cores there is a general coarsening in the sedi-

174

ment texture from the top to the bottom, and
every core sample contains small amounts of
gravel and bioclastic material. The longitudinal
sections of the cores which w^ere examined
aboard the ship showed a sharp demarcation in
color and rigidity between 5 and 10 cm from
the top. The top 5 to 10 cm portions of all
cores were light olive-green and relatively soft,
whereas all the sediments below 10 cm were
dark olive-green with irregular black streaks
and patches and were tough. Some of the lower
portions gave out an odor of H.S. On closer
scrutiny it was noted that in almost all cases
decomposing worms were surrounded by large
black patches. Presumably, the sharp demarca-
tion in the sediment core color is related to
abrupt vertical changes in the oxidation-
reduction potentials along the core, and the
black patches represent some stage of hydro-
troilite precipitation. The oxidizing nature of
the core tops seems to be substantiated by the
fact that the habitation of marine macrobenthic
fauna was confined to the relatively lighter
colored top portions.

The results of the grain-size distribution of
the Point Lay barrier beach deposits are
graphically represented in figure 3, and the
grain-size parameters are given in table II
(appendix A) . Generally speaking, the analysed
sediments consisted of well-rounded, mod-
erately well to very poorly sorted sandy
gravels, with distinct bi- to polymodal distribu-
tions. The mean size ranged from fine to coarse
gravel. These sediments have size distributions
which ranged from nearly symmetrical to very
coarsely skewed and mesokurtic to leptokurtic.
Texturally, there is a great similarity between
the sediments of the Point Lay barrier beach
and the sediments collected from the barrier
beaches around the Colville Delta-Prudhoe Bay
complex. The latter suite of samples was an-
alysed in a separate study funded by the
E.P.A. and the N.O.A.A.-Sea Grant (Naidu
et ah, 1970) . It is of interest to note that every
one of the barrier beach samples contained
several gravel-size anthracitic coal pieces.

Clay Mineral Analysis

The types and abundance of clay minerals in
the less-than-2 \i fractions of the sediment
samples are presented in table III (appendix
A), and their distributions are illustrated in

figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. In all samples illite is
the predominant clay mineral, with weighted
peak area (Biscaye, 1965) ranging from 50.0
to 63.3 percent. The next two minerals in the
order of abundance are chlorite and kaolinite,
respectively. Smectite eitner occurs in traces
(less than 1 percent) or in small amounts (less
than 10 percent) .

The patterns of distribution of clay minerals
(figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7) should be considered to be
tentative because they are based on a limited
number of sample analyses. However, some
very broad generalizations can be made from
the data obtained. It is of interest to note that
smectite occurs either in traces or is absent in
the nearshore environment. This is specially
true north of Point Lay. Any definite pattern
of distribution of kaolinite and illite, if present,
is not apparent at this stage of the study. There
seems to be, however, a marked concentration
of chlorite in the inshore shelf environment and
off the embayed region between Point Lay and
Cape Lisburne, a region, as mentioned earlier,
suspected to be the site of a gyre (Fleming
and Heggarty, 1966) .

Comparison of the clay mineral assemblages
of the Beaufort Sea (Naidu et al, 1971) and
eastern central Chukchi Sea sediments brings
out some interesting diff"erences between the
two. Although sediments from both the seas
contain the same clay mineral assemblages,
some dissimilarities in the proportions of the
different minerals in the two regions are ap-
parent. For example, the kaolinite/chlorite
ratios in the eastern central Chukchi Sea are
relatively lower (avg. 0.4) than those in the
Beaufort Sea (avg. 0.7). However, the chlorite/
illite ratios in the Chukchi Sea are relatively
higher (avg. 0.6) than those in the Beaufort
Sea (avg. 0.4).

Geocheynistry of Sediment Interstitial Waters
The concentrations of various ions in the
interstitial waters from cores are presented in
table I (appendix A) and figures 8 and 9. The
cationic concentrations vary from horizon to
horizon within individual cores and also be-
tween cores. The relative concentrations of ions
of the interstitial waters are similar to but
slightly higher than normal sea water. Gen-
erally, the total concentration of the several
ions increases with depth in the core.

175

The concentrations of Mg**, Ca-'*, and K+, in
interstitial waters are given in relation to Na*
to eliminate the effects of evaporation which
may give relatively higher absolute measured
values. From Figures 8 and 9 it is apparent
that Na+ and K* generally increase with depth
while Mg^ and Ca** decrease with depth.
Among the trace elements analysed, Mn was
found enriched in the top sections of the cores
while iron varies irregularly throughout the
section.

The influence of texture of sediments on the
Na* concentration is apparent. Increased per-
centage of clay in the cores invariably de-
pressed the Na* concentration.

Variations in temperature and pH of sedi-
ments are presented in figures 8 and 9. The pH
varied within a narrow range; however, the
temperatures of sediments varied significantly.
These measurements should be considered as
approximations rather than the true values in
view of the fact that during retrieval changes
in temperature and pressure were unavoidable.
The decrease in hydrostatic pressure will in-
evitably lead to escape of carbon dioxide and
an increase in pH. Exposure to air will sim-
ilarly result in rise or fall of sediment tem-
perature causing an increase or decrease in pH.

Trace-metal Analysis of Sea Water

Table 1 gives the concentrations of Cu, Co,
Ni, Fe, Zn, and Pb in six samples of water
collected at two stations. The concentrations of
Cu (avg. 7.2 ppb) and Co (avg. 0.7 ppb) in
eastern central Chukchi Sea waters were
slightly higher than the average concentrations
of Cu (avg. 3 ppb) and Co (avg. 0.1 ppb)
cited for the world ocean waters (Goldberg,
1965). Possibly this slight enrichment in Cu
and Co in the nearshore waters of the Chukchi
Sea is caused by the local introduction from
the adjacent hinterland which is rich in ore
deposits of these two metals. The concentra-
tions of Ni (avg. 1.470 ppb), Fe (avg. 5.498
ppb) and Zn (avg. 3.528 ppb) in the eastern
central Chukchi Sea water are relatively lower
than those generally observed in sea water.
Within the area investigated no systematic
vertical variations were observed in the con-
centrations of any of the six metals analyzed.

Table 1. — Concentrations of some trace transition
metals in the waters of the eastern central Chukchi
Sea. AH values are expressed as ppb.

St.
No.

Water

depth

(m)

Cu

Co

Ni

Fe

Zn

Pb

8

0

9.0

0.4

1.6

1.5

4.2

Trace

8

6

4.9

0.8

1.3

6.5

4.0

Trace

8

12

7.8

0.6

0.8

6.6

3.0

Trace

8

18

1.9

0.8

1.0

5.3

2.7

Trace

9

0

9.4

0.8

2.6

1.5

_^

Trace

9

36

9.6

0.5

1.2

5.3

3.5

Trace

Benthic Faunal Analysis

A list by station of the benthic faunal species
collected on each station is included in this
report (table IV, appendix A). Data at each
station are often incomplete and are not quan-
titative. However, they give an indication of
the types of Coelenterata, Mollusca, Polychaeta,
Bryozoa, Chordata, Porifera, Annelida, Ar-
thropoda, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, and
organisms of other phyla inhabitating the near-
shore environment of the eastern central
Chukchi Sea.

DISCUSSION

At the present stage of analysis no definite
conclusions can be drawn regarding any aspect
of the research carried out. Several sediment
samples are yet to be analyzed for the para-
meters already mentioned here and for some
additional ones. Therefore, the discussion that
follows must be considered tentative.

The bi- to polymodal size distributions of
the barrier beach sediments suggest that these
sediments have had a complex depositional his-
tory. Presumably, their size distribution is a
complex resultant of the eff"ects of periodic
storm-induced waves and shorefast ice on de-
posits laid down normally by the swash and
backwash of waves under relatively calm con-
ditions. The possibility that some of the gravels
in these barrier beaches may be derived from
a relict deposit is not ruled out and if true, this
would further complicate the issue. The action
of ice on the transport and deposition of sedi-
ments in the polar beaches has been speculated
on by several investigators but no quantitative
data have ever been presented. Present studies
on Point Lay sediments and those carried out
under another investigation on the North Slope

176

beaches (Naidu et al, 1970) show that barrier
beach sediments from the polar regions have
distinctly different size distributions from
similar sediments of the low-latitude regions.
The difference is in the very poor sorting and
the predominance of gravels in polar beach
sediments. The gravel-size coal pieces in the
Point Lay barrier beach sediments possibly
have their source in the coal deposits which
outcrop in the adjacent coastal region.

The analyses of the sediment samples com-
pleted so far suggest that the chief source of
chlorite in the eastern central Chukchi Sea is
the adjacent hinterland and that this source
probably does not contribute any significant
amounts of smectite. Presumably, smectite is
transported to the eastern central Chukchi Sea
through the Bering Strait, from the Chirikov
Basin. Presence of smectite in this basin has
been reported by Moll (1970) and the currents
necessary to transport it northward are also
known to be present (Aagaard and Coachman,
1964). The contrast observed in the relative
abundances of clay minerals in sediments from
the eastern central Chukchi Sea and Beaufort
Sea suggests: (1) a difference in the nature of
source material for the sediments of the two
seas and/or (2) a difference in physico-chem-
ical processes in the two seas which help to
sort out two different assemblages of clay
minerals from the same source material. Bis-
caye (1965) and Griffin et al. (1968) have cited
latitudinal variations in clay mineral as-
semblages. The thesis presented by the above
authors is supported by results of the study on
the Chukchi Sea sediments. However, data
from the Beaufort Sea (Naidu et al., 1971) do
not run parallel to the trend of clay mineral
distributions suggested by Griffin et al. (1968).

The analysis of the pore waters of marine
sediments has increasingly become an integral
and important part of geochemical investiga-
tions. These studies have shed some light on
the understanding of the origin of brines and
early diagenesis. Some interesting patterns of
distribution of various ions are evident from
figures 8 and 9. Although the concentration of
Na* in interstitial water generally increases
with depth, at a certain horizon in some cores
a minimum is noted. This minimum generally
coincides with increased clay content in sedi-
ments. It appears that the concentration of

Na* in interstitial water is primarily controlled
by the amount of clay present in sediments.
Similar observations were made in southeast-
ern Alaska (Sharma, 1970a, 1970b and 1970c).
These variations in Na+ concentrations are re-
lated to ion exchanges between Na* in in-
terstitial water and clay particles.

The observed increase of K^ with depth in
the interstitial waters is believed to be due to
dissolution of feldspars as suggested by Garrels
and Howard (1959). Similar increase of K+ in
interstitial waters has been reported by Siever
et al. (1961, 1965) and Friedman et al. (1968).

Decrease in Mg** with depth in interstitial
waters has been reported by various authors;
however, the explanations offered for such a
decrease differ. Some investigators believe that
Mg** from interstitial waters is increasingly
fixed by clay preferentially over K+ with in-
creased depth which is contrary to the con-
clusion of others who believe in the formation
of dolomite. Dolomitization results in simulta-
neous decrease in magnesium and calcium ions.
Recently Drever (1971) proposed that Mg^
from interstitial water replaces Fe*+ in the
clay mineral structure. He suggested that re-
moval of Mg** from seawater controls the com-
positions of interstitial waters in sediments. In
view of simultaneous decrease of Mg^ and
Ca+* in the samples we have analyzed we are
inclined to conclude that such a decrease is due
to the formation of dolomite mineral. This con-
clusion has to be confirmed by the detection of
dolomite which has originated in place, a task
that is difficult to accomplish.

The variational trends of Mn** indicate a net
upward migration of it by a mechanism similar
to that suggested by Bonatti et al. (1971) . Such
upward migration and enrichment generally
occurs because of the presence of a reducing
environment in the bottom sediment layers.
The distinct darker color and release of H2S
from the lower portion of core sediments of the
eastern central Chukchi Sea suggest reducing
conditions in those sediments at depth. Iron
concentrations vary erratically and explanation
for this behavior is difficult on the basis of
available data. Mn/Fe ratios were considered
in an attempt to explain the distribution of
iron in the interstitial waters; however,
measurements of several other parameters are
needed to forward an adequate explanation.

177

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Ship time for collection of the sediment,
benthic fauna and water samples has been pro-
vided by the U.S. Coast Guard. We gratefully
acknowledge the help and support of Capt. T.
L. Roberge, the officers and crew of the
U.S.C.G.C. GLACIER. The generous assistance
and cooperation extended by Dr. M. C. Ingham
of the U.S. Coast Guard, Dr. P. W. Barnes,
Jim Trumbull, and John Croizat of the U.S.
Geological Survey, and Joe Dygas of the In-
stitute of Marine Science during .sample collec-
tion are greatly appreciated. Dr. D. C. Burrell
and Mr. Meng-Lein Lee are responsible for the
trace-metal analysis of sea water. Mr. George
J. Mueller identified the benthic fauna, and Dr.
Peter McRoy and Sam Stoker were concerned
with this aspect of work. We are indebted to
Dr. D. M. Hopkins, Marine Geology Section,
U.S. Geological Survey for his technical advice.

The geological work has been supported by
the U.S. Geological Survey, Marine Geology
Branch, Contract 14-09-001-12559.

REFERENCES

Aagaard, K., and L. K. Coachman, 1964. Notes on the
physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea. In U.S.
Coast Guard Oceanographic Report No. 1 : Washing-
ton, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 13-16.

Biscaye, P. E., 1965. Mineralogy and sedimentation of
recent deep-sea clays in the Atlantic Ocean and
adjacent seas and oceans. Geol., Soc. Amer. Bull., V.
76, pp. 803-832.

Bonatti, E., D. E. Fisher, O. Joensuu, and H. S. Rydell,
1971. Postdepositional mobility of some transition
elements, phosphorus, uranium and thorium in deep
sea sediments. Gcochim. et Cosmochim Acta, V. 35,
pp. 189-201.

Brooks, R. R., B. J. Presley, and I. R. Kaplan, 1967.
APDC-MIBK extraction system for the determina-
tion of trace elements in saline waters by atomic-
absorption spectrophotometry. Talanta, V. 14, pp.
809-816.

Creager, J. S., and D. A. McManus, 1965. Pleistocene
drainage patterns on the floor of the Chukchi Sea.
Marine Geol., V. 3, pp. 279-290.

Creager, J. S., and D. A. McManus, 1966. Geology of
the southeastern Chukchi Sea. In N. J. Wilimovsky,
Ed., Environment of Cape Thompson Region, Alaska,
U.S. Atomic Energy Comm., pp. 755-786.

Drever, J. I., 1971. Magnesium-iron replacement in
clay minerals in anoxic marine sediments. Science,
V. 172, pp. 1334-36.

Fleming, R. H., and D. E. Heggarty, 1966. Physical

and chemical oceanography of the southeastern
Chukchi Sea. In N. J. Wilimovsky, Ed., Environment
of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska, U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission, pp. 697-754.

Folk, R. L. and W. C. Ward, 1957. Brazos River bar —
a study in the significance of grain-size parameters.
Jour. Sedimentary Petrology, V. 27, pp. 3-26.

Friedman, G. M., B. P. Fabricand, E. S. Imbimbo, M.
E. Brey, and J. E. Sanders, 1968. Chemical changes
in interstitial waters from continental shelf sedi-
ments. Jour. Sedimentary Petrology, V. 38, p. 1313-
1319.

Garrels, R. M. and P. Howard, 1959. Reactions of
feldspar and mica with water at low temperature
and pressure. In Proceedings of the 6th Conf. on
Clay and Clay Minerals. Pergamon, London, p. 68-88.

Goldberg, E. D., 1965. Minor elements in sea water. In
J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow, Ed., Chemical Ocean-
ography, V. 1, Academic Press, London, pp. 163-196.

Griffin, J. J., H. Windom and E. D. Goldberg, 1968.
The distribution of clay minerals in the world ocean.
Deep-Sea Research, V. 15, pp. 433-459.

Krumbein, W. C, and F. J. Pettijohn, 1938. Manual of
sedimentary petrography. Appleton-Century-Crofts,
Inc., New York, 549 p.

Moll, R. F., 1970. Clay mineralogy of the North Bering
Sea shallows. Report No. USC-GEOL-70-2. Depart-
ment of Geological Sciences, Univ. Southern Cali-
fornia, Los Angeles, p. 101.

Moore, D. G., 1964. Acoustic-reflection reconnaissance
of continental shelves: eastern Bering and Chukchi
Seas. In R. L. Miller, Ed., Papers in Marine Geology:
Shepard Commemorative Volume, Macmillan, New
York, pp. 313-362.

Naidu, A. S., D. C. Burrell, J. A. Dygas, and R.
Tucker, 1970. Sedimentological studies on coastal
beach deposits of northern Arctic Alaska. Proc.
Second GSA-SEPM Coastal Research Group Sym-
posium, Kalamazoo, Michigan. (Abstract)

Naidu, A. S.. D. C. Burrell and D. W. Hood, 1971.
Clay mineral composition and geologic significance
of some Beaufort Sea sediments. Jour. Sedimentary
Petrology, V. 41, pp. 691-694.

Payne, T. G., and others, 1951. Geology of the Arctic
Slope of Alaska. U. S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas
Invest, Map CM126.

Reeburgh, W. S., 1967. An improved interstitial water
sampler. Limnology and Oceanog., V. 12, pp. 163-165.

Sharma, G. D., 1970a. Sediment-seawater interaction in
glaciomarine sediments of southeast Alaska. Geol.
Soc. Ajnerica Bull., 81 (i): 1097-1106.

Sharma, G. D., 1970b. Evolution of interstitial waters
in recent Alaskan marine sediments. Jour. Sedimen-
tary Petrology, 40(2): 722-733.

Sharma, G. D., 1970c. Cationic balance and early

diagenesis of glaciomarine sediments. Am. Assoc.

Petroleum Geologists Bull, 54(5): 869-870. (Ab-
stract)

178

Siever R R M. Garrels, J. Kanwisher, and R. A. Colville Region, Alaska: Stratigraphy and prehmi-

Berner " 1961 Interstitial waters of recent marine nary floristics. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists,

mud off Cape Cod. Science, V. 134, p. 1071-1072. V. 53, pp. 482-502. . , k.., nf

Siever R K C. Beck, and R. A. Berner, 1965. Com- Smiley, C. J.. 1969b. Floral zones and correlations of

position' of interstitial waters of modern sediments. Cretaceaous Kukpowruk and Corwm Formations^

^Jour. GeoL, V. 73, p. 39-73. Northwestern Alaska^ Am.n Assoc. Petroleum

Smiley, C. J., 1969a. Cretaceous floras of Chandler- Geologists, V. 53, pp. Miy-^m6.

179

165'

160'

155'

72"'

71'

70'

69'

68 <

STUDY *(!£* ^^^

^-~,

L.'"'

■ <^

J 1

'M-

S^^'^^^^^

C^^ ^"^'' ^■^ ALASKA^

%

PT. BARROW

•46

•47

• 49

•033

7rN

170?

165'

Figure 1. — Location of bottom sediment samples collected in the eastern central Chukchi Sea, 22 Septeinber-18
October 1970, during WEBSEC— 70. The four stations prefixed by 0 were obtained from previous University
of Washington cruises.

180

£
o

X
I-
Q_
LlJ
Q

GLA 70-11

or

10

30

40

50

GLA 70-40

0

GLA

70-

15

]

GRAVEL

SAND

10

"

SILTJ

\cLAY

.

\

20

-

\

. \

30

1

1

1

\ 1 J
1 1

GL A 70 -38

.GRAVEL

40 ■

50-

J I I I

GLA 70-54

10

30 -

40 -

501

1 1 I I I

GLA 70-55

10

20

-I L

-I 1 30

J L

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80

PERCENT

i i

J I

Figure 2. — Distriburions of gravel-sand-silt-clay percentage composition in
eastern central Chukchi Sea core samples collected during WEBSEC-70.

181

99.99

a3

>

3

E

0.01

Phi Size

Figure 3. — Size distribution of barrier beach sediments collected at Point Lay on 25 September

1970 during WEBSEC-70.

182

165°

Figure 4. — Distribution of smectite concentration (%) in bottom sediments of the eastern central Chukchi Sea

collected during WEBSEC-70.

183

7rN

Figure 5. — Distribution of iilite concentration (%) in bottom sediments of the eastern central Chukchi Sea

collected during WEBSEC-70.

184

7rN

70'

65

160^

Figure 6. — Distribution of chlorite concentration (%) in bottom sediments of the eastern central Chukchi Sea

during WEBSEC-70.

185

165

72*

7V

70*

69'

68*

7I*»N

170

165

160*

Figure 7. — Distribution of kaolinite concentration (%) in bottom sediments of the eastern central Chukchi Sea

collected during WEBSEC-70.

186

SEDIMENTS

INTERSTITIAL WATERS

e

X
I-
CL
UJ
Q

o
o
o

TEMP pH "^ SAND % SILT % CLAY% Mg/Na K/Na Ca/Na Mn Fe

n ■, 77 yR'i ?n 40 20 40 10 20 10 II I II 035 „ 045 035 045 _l 15 „2 4

10
20
30
40

50

— r 1

-1 1 /
/

' ' 1

1— r 0| — 1

-

— 1—°

-o

/■'

1 . 1

-

\

/

\

/
\

/■

1

i

\
\

\
/

/

\

1

i

■\

/

1

■ ■ 1

0
10
20
30

40
50

COffE G L A

70-11

4

8

'T — r

T

1 T

1

1 1

I 1

1 li

1 \ i

1 1

111/

\ 1

'

10

-

\

1

1
i

\
1

/

■\

x.

20

CORE GLA 70-12

-r

-I — r-

1 1 1

1 1

— 1 — 1 —

—1—1 —

\

— r-i —
/

\

/

-1 [—

1
1

1

1

!

/

\

CORE GLA

70-/3

2 0 4 0 60

20 40 20

0

1

'\

1 1 J

1

Jl

'I '

'1 '

1 |i

' \ '

' '/

1 '

10

-/

•

\
/

/
1

1

\

\
\

y

y

1

i

?n

- •

•

\

/

1

•

•

\

\

\

r

\

1

\

1

\

30

\

\

/

1

'.

'

*,

".

CORE GLA 70-/3

Figure 8. — Relationship between the concentrations of metal ions in interstitial waters and the pH, temperature,
and texture of bottom sediments of the eastern central Chukchi Sea collected during WEBSEC-70, stations
11, 12, 13 and 15.

187

SEDI MENTS

INTERSTITIAL WATERS

UJ

q:

TEMP pH 13
5 72 78 10

>- Xq

SAND % SILT % o

Mg/Na K/Na Ca/No Mn

20 40 60 10 30 10 10 II 10 II 535 045 035 .045 .5 15

Fe
_2 4

10
20
30
40

0
10
20

-^ 30
^ 0

o

"" 10

X 20

— 1 —

' \

T-r-

III,

'\ '

1
1

' r

'/ '

' 1

\ '

1

1 ' '

-

1

\

/

\

/

\
/

/

1

1

\

-

\

\

J

/
\

1
\

1
/

1

.

\

\

I

i

/

CO/?E G LA 70- 40

25 20 40 20 40 10 20

I

I 1

1 '

' ' /

' ' /

I' '

' \

' ll

'l 1

' /'

' /'

-

\

\

/

/

/

/

/

-

/

i

\

/

/

1

\

]

\.

1

!

1

10

CORE GLA 70-54

30

i

■1 '
\

/

/

1' '

\

'1'
/

— 1 1-

\

/

1 1 ,1 1

/ /

-

1'
1

\ /

•

i

'l

\

1

\

i

\

r

10 12

CORE GLA

7C

^-55

0

l| '

1 1

1

'

I 1

|| '

1 1'

1 ||

\ 1

I 1

' '/

10

/

!

\

/

/

/

20
7n

\

i

/

/

/

3 5

CORE

G L A

70-60

0
10

-\

1

' '/

\

\

' r

/

\

j

1 1

1 1

20

-

\

1

1

/

30

1

1

I

1

1

1

1

CORE GLA 70- 64

Figure 9. — Relationship between the concentrations of metal ions in interstitial waters and the pH, tem-
perature, and texture of liottoni sediments of the eastern central Chukchi Sea collected during WEBSEC-70,
stations 40, 54, 55, 60 and 64.

188

Appendix A — Data

Table Page

I. Ionic concentrations in interstitial waters, texture, temperature, and pH of core sedi-
ments collected during WEBSEC-70 - 190

II. Grain-size parameters of barrier beach sediments at Point Lay, Alaska on 25

September 1970, during WEBSEC-70 191

III. Types and abundances (in percent) of clay minerals in the eastern central Chukchi

Sea bottom sediments collected during WEBSEC-70 (GLA), or collected by the
University of Washington (SI, BB) 191

IV. Benthic organisms collected in the eastern central Chukchi Sea during WEBSEC-70 192

189

Table /.—Ionic concentrations in interstitial waters, texture, temperature and pH of core sediments collected during

WEBSEC-70.

Station
Number

Depth
(em)

Gravel
%

Sediment
Sand Silt
% %

Clay

%

Temp.
°C

pH

Interstitial Water
Na+ Mg++ K+

(cone.
Ca+

in ppm)

*■ Mn++ Fe++

P+++

GLA 70-9

0-10

7.24

10,660

1,100

500

390

0.60

0.87

0.03

GLA 70-11

Grab

10,330

1,086

460

380

1.85

6.12

0.32

GLA 70-11

0-4
13-17
24-30

42-47

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19

17.96
20.84
18.05
40.25

54.58
50.43
50.45
42.11

27.46
28.72
31.50
17.45

10,660
11,000
10,660
11,000

1,100
1,086
1,060
1,115

450
473
470
490

375
375
375
390

0.75
0.30
0.20
0.40

1.12
1.50
1.25
1.25

0.03

GLA 70-12

Grab

0.75

7.5-15

15-23

10,660
10,160
10,500
10,330

1,100
1,992
1,145
1,115

445
430
455
455

380
360
385
370

0.50
1.80
0.60
0.25

2.50
3.40
8.63
0.69

0.14
0.10

GLA 70-13

0-5
15-25
30-35
40-45

10,330
10,330
10,660
10,830

1,115
1,086
1,105
1,086

435
482
455
463

370
370
375
370

1.20
0.60
0.30
0.30

1.87
0.25
0.75
1.19

0.05

GLA 70-15

0-8

8-16

16-24

24-32

0.05
0.02
0.00
0.16

59.84
53.52
65.72
67.59

25.89
28.74
21.99
22.46

14.22

17.72

12.28

9.79

5.0
4.0
4.0
5.0

7.63
7.85
7.70
7.92

10,330
10,330
10,330
10,660

1,115
1,100
1,115
1,150

405
420
435
473

375
365
370
380

1.50
0.40
0.35
0.25

0.87
0.75
0.50
0.87

GLA 70-35

0-5

468

365

0.55

1.87

0.04

GLA 70-36

0-4
11-15

10,660
11,000

1,105
1,120

450
500

370
375

0.80
0.70

2.50
1.63

0.06

GLA 70-38

0-10
18-25

3.58
7.71

52.85
53.55

26.14
25.46

17.43
13.28

19.5

7.33

10.330
10,500

1,050
1,060

480
475

355
355

0.70
1.00

3.75
4.94

0.07

GLA 70-40

0-10
18-22
30-35

0.86
3.01

7.67

72.56
74.23
70.50

16.51
12.62
13.42

10.07

10.14

8.41

7.73
7.31
7.94

10,660
10,830
11,000

1,093
1,060
1,093

475
492
525

375
365
380

0.70
0.50
0.30

1.60
2.00
1.13

GLA 70-42

0-10
10-20

15.0
18.0

7.39
7.33

10,330
10,660

1,020
1,000

475
450

360
355

0.95
0.90

4.25
16.25

0.09

GLA 70-44

0-10

11,000

1,075

510

370

0.30

1.75

0.05

GLA 70-49

0-6
6-12

10,330
10,500

1,090
1,100

485

485

360
370

0.42
0.45

0.63
1.06

0.02

GLA 70-54

0-10
10-20
20-30

0.09
0.05
0.42

19.63
30.29
37.29

54.41
47.19
43.20

25.86
22.47
19.09

11.9
12.0
13.5

7.36
7.64
7.51

9,660
10,660
10,000

1,050
1,100
1,050

415
430

450

360
340
360

1.20
0.65
0.75

4.37
1.37
1.13

GLA 70-55

0-10
10-20
20-30

1.14
3.06
5.30

25.99
37.69
32.47

49.14
42.22
43.02

23.73
17.02
19.21

11.0
9.0
9.0

7.70
7.62
7.71

10,000
10,500
10,660

1,060
1,090
1,110

410
470
480

355
360
380

2.00
1.05
1.75

1.50
1.25
1.25

0.02

GLA 70-60

0-10
15-20
25-30

10.0

8.0

12.0

7.46
7.53
7.53

10,000
10,660
10,660

1,070
1,090
1,100

435
460
430

360
380
380

2.20
1.30
1.15

4.37
2.25
1.75

0.07

GLA 70-64

0-10
10-20
20-30

3.0
4.0
4.0

7.60
7.55

7.77

10,000
10,330
10,500

1,080
1,090
1,090

420
450
466

360
370
370

2.00
0.50
0.55

0.02
1.56
1.00

190

Table II. — Grain-size parameters of barrier beach sedi-
ments at Pt. Lay, Alaska on 25 September 1970,
during WEBSEC-70.

St. No.

Md0

M^0

,7,0

Sk,

K«

BI-1

-2*50

-2*53

0-98

-0'18

1«B0

Br-2

-3 -SO

-3'26

1«00

0*52

1'98

BI-4

-2*90

-2'86

0«67

0'08

0-93

BI-5B

-3'55

-3*56

0*44

0«03

0'91

BI-6A

1«70

1«60

0-64

-0«13

0*99

BI-6

-I'OB

-0«95

2*20

0*02

0«86

BI-7

-1«50

-1«66

1'33

-0«17

1«01

BI-8A

-1«76

-1-76

0*64

-0*08

1-06

BI-9

^2*90

-2*98

0*57

-0*32

1-57

BI-llB

-3-45

-3*46

0*44

-O'lO

1'15

Bi-ia

-1'15

-0*96

1*33

0'21

0'73

BI-13B

-0-90

-1«13

1«89

-1«00

0*87

BI-PL

-3«55

-3*63

0«45

-0«23

1«02

BI-25

-3*25

-3'30

1'03

0*01

0*85

BI-Z

1»75

1-45

1«40

-0*66

1«61

Table III. — Types and abundances (in percent) of clay minerals in the eastern central Chukchi Sea bottom
sediments collected during WEBSEC-70 (GLA), or collected by the University of Washing1:on (SI, BB).

Station
No.

Water
Depth (m)

IlUte

Smectite

Chlorite

Kaolinite

Kaolinite

Chlorite

Ratios

Chlorite
IlUte
Ratios

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A or B

B

GLA-70-1

143

39*7

59«4

12'5

4.7

28'7

21'5

19'1

14'3

0'67

0'36

GLA-70^2

19

34*3

51-2

Tr

Tr

44'8

33'3

20«8

15'5

0'47

0'65

GLA-70-5

44

46'3

63*3

Tr

Tr

40'4

27'5

13'4

9'2

0-33

0'43

GLA-70-7

40

44.4

61-5

Ab

Ab

37'0

25'7

18-5

12'8

0-50

0-42

SI-015

35

39*1

58'1

8.7

3«2

36'0

26-7

16'2

12'0

0-45

0'46

GLA-70-8

30

35«2

52«2

Tr

Tr

46'2

34-1

18'5

13'7

0'40

0'65

GLA-70-9

38

36*4

55'2

9-1

3*5

37'5

28-4

17'0

12'9

0-45

0-51

GLA-70-12

19

33.3

53'3

16«7

6«7

32'6

26'1

17-4

13'9

0-53

0^50

GLA-70-13

20

32*2

51«7

15«2

6.1

36«3

29'1

16-3

13'1

0'45

0'56

GLA-70-18

45

40«0

58*1

4'6

1.7

30-8

22'2

24-6

17'9

0'81

0'38

GLA-70-21

51

31«6

50-0

10-5

4'2

43'4

34'3

14'5

11'5

0'34

0'69

GLA-70-34

35

37*8

57'1

4.4

1'6

56'1

31'0

18'7

10'3

0'33

0-54

GLA-70-35

38

33-3

52'6

13«3

5-3

53'3

42'1

Tr

Tr

0'80

GLA-70-36

45

38'5

55'6

Tr

Tr

44«0

31-7

17'6

12-7

0'40

0'57

GLA-70-40

32

33*3

52»6

13*3

5-3

38'1

30'1

15'2

12'0

0'40

0'57

GLA-70-42

24

31«4

53*7

28-6

12'2

28'9

24'6

ll'l

9'5

0'39

0-48

GLA-70-46

44

34-8

55«2

17*4

6'9

35'9

28'4

12'0

9'5

0'33

0'51

GLA-70-49

47

36«5

54.5

4.8

1'8

47'7

35'5

11'7

8-3

0'23

0-65

GLA-70-57

28

45*2

56'6

8'1

3'0

37'4

28-0

16'6

12'4

0'44

0'49

GLA-70-60

35

37«1

55«4

6*4

2'4

41'1

30'7

15-4

11'5

0'37

0'55

GLA-70-63

35

36-4

54«5

6*1

2'3

34'5

25'9

23'0

17'2

0'66

0'48

BB-033*

46

11'3

25*5

41«5

23'4

33'7

37'1

13'5

14.9

0'40

1'45

GLA-70-93**

35

33'S

53'3

16«7

6'7

Unrei

solved

Unresolved

GLA-70-94**

35

35-8

57«1

20*9

8-3

28'9

23'0

14'4

11'5

0'50

0'40

A: Non-weighed peak-area percentages considered

B: Weighted peak-area percentages (after Biscaye, 1965, p. 808) considered.

♦Sample from S.E. Chukchi Sea; 60 miles due S. of Pt. Hope

**Samples from Chirikov Basin due S. of Bering Strait

Tr: Traces

Ab: Absent

191

Table IV. — Benthic organisms collected in the eastern
central Chukchi S^a during WEBSEC-70.

Station 1

GLA— p-22-70

71°35' N 155°50' W

D/T GMT 231900

Depth: 143 m

COELENTERATA

Eunephthya rubiformis

POLYCHAETA

Chrone infundibuliformis

MOLLUSCA

Trophanopsis pacificus

BRYOZOA

Eucratea loricata
Myriozoam siibgracile

CHORDATA

Boltenia ovifera

Station 3

GLA— 9-23-70

70°14' N 157''22' W

D/T GMT 240528

Depth: 53.1 m

PORIPERA

Echmoclathria beringensis

COELENTERATA

Eudendrium annulatum

one or more sp. — unknown hydroids

Stylasleria sp.

Eunephthya rubiformis

ANNELIDA

Syllis fasciata
Nephtys ciliata
Terebellides stroemi

ARTHROPOD A

Coprella striata

Hyas coarctatus

several species of unknown amphipods

including 2 Gammaridians

MOLLUSCA

Astarte fabula
CUnocardium sp.
Macoma calcarea
Mysella coinpressa
Thyasira gouldii
Trophanopsis pacificus
Mnrgarites cosfalis

BRACHIOPODA

Hemithiris psittacea

BRYOZOA

Bidenkapia spitsbergensis
Eucratea loricata
Myrwzoiim subgracile
Rhamphostomella fortissima

ECHINODERMATA

Gorgonocephalus caryi
Psolidium bullatum

CHORDATA

Boltenia ovifera

Station 4

GLA— 9-24-70

71°10' N 157°42' W

D/T GMT 241714

Depth : 40 m

ANNELIDA

Chone duneri
Pecfinaria auriconia

ARTHROPODA

Byhlis sp. (Amphipoda)
unknown sp. (Amphipoda)

MOLLUSCA

Tachyrhynachus aros^is

Station 5

GLA— 9-24-70

+0.991 m seive

71°02' N 158°02' W

D/T GMT 241846

Depth: 22 m

ANNELIDA

Lumbritiereis fragilis
Rhodine sp.

ARTHROPODA

unknown sp. (Amphipoda)

Station 6

GLA— 9-24-70

+2.8 mm seive

7r06' N 158°31' W

D/T GMT 242036

Depth: 24 m

COELENTERATA <

unknown sp. (anemone)

ANNELIDA
Nepthys sp.

MOLLUSCA

Venericardita sp.
Crenella dicussata
Venericardia crebricostata

192

Hiatella arctica
Admete conthonyi
Margarites sp.
Natica claiisa
unknown sp. (gastropoda)

BRACHIPODA

Terebratulina sp.

Station 7

GLA— 9-24-70

+0.99 mm

7rO0' N 159°12' W

D/T GMT 242255

Depth : 40 m

COELENTERATA
Sertularia sp.
unknown sp. (anemone)

ANNELIDA
Etone longa
Phyllodoce mucosa
Nephtys ciliata
Harviothoe extenuata
Phyllodoce citrina
Glycera tridactyla
Chactozone setosa
unknown sp. (polycheate)

BRYOZOA

Uvibonula patens

MOLLUSCA

Hiatella arctica
Trophanopsis pacificus
Ischnochiton albus?

ARTHROPODA

Balanus glandula
Amphipod unknown sp.

SIPUNCULIDA

Goldfingia margaritacea

Station 8

GLA— 9-26-70

69°45' N 163°34' W

D/T GMT 251944

Depth: 30 m

ANNELIDA

Pectinaria granulata

ECHINODERMATA
Stegophiura nodosa

ARTHROPODA

Pagurus aleuticus

MOLLUSCA

Mya pseudoarenaria

CHORDATA

Corella borealis

Station 9

GLA— 9-27-70

70°10' N 166°03' W

D/T GMT 280005

Depth: 38 m

ANNELIDA

Antinoella badia
Maldanidae 1 species

ARTHROPODA

Cumaceans

several unknown Amphipods

MOLLUSCA

Yoldiclla oleacina

ECHINODERMATA
Echiurus echiurus

Station 12

GLA— 9-28-70

70°28' N 165-15' W

D/T GMT 290005

Depth: 19 m

ARTHROPODA

Cumacea — one unknown species
Amphipoda — one unknown species

MOLLUSCA

Nuculana radiata

ECHINODERMATA

Amphiodia craterodmeta
Echiuris echiuris

Station 15

GLA— 9-29-70

unsieved sample

70°18' N 164°41' W

D/T GMT 292340

Depth: 43 m

ANNELIDA

Axiothella catenata
Terebellides stroemi
Pectinariidae sp.

NEMERTINEA

Cerebratulus sp.

ARTHROPODA

unknown Amphipod

MOLLUSCA

Macoma calcarea
Nucula tenuis
Snlcoretusa sp.

193

ECHINODERMATA
Echiuris echiuris
Amphiodia craterodmeta

Station 18

GLA— 9-30-70

70°24' N 164°02' W

D/T GMT 301736

Depth : 38 m

ANNELIDA
Nephiys sp.
Lumb rin ereis similaris
Glycinda armigera
Magelona japonica
Glycera sp.
Myriochele heeri
Praxillella gracilis
Maldane sarsi
Maldane glebifex
Maldanida — one or two unknown sp.

NEMERTINEA

Ccrebratulus sp.

ARTHROPODA

Cumacea — unknown sp.
Amphipoda — 3 unknown sp.

MOLLUSCA

Polinices caurinus
Beringius sp.
Oenopota sp.
Yoldia hyperborea

Station 19

GLA— 9-30-70

+ 2.8 mm sieve

70°10' N 166°03' W

D/T GMT 010005

Depth: 31 m

ANNELIDA

Lumbrineris fragilis
Glycera sp.
Nepthys sp.

MOLLUSCA

Astarte borealis
Liocyma fluctuosa

ECHINODERMATA
Stegophiura nodosa
Echinarachnius parma

ARTHROPODA

Balanus crenatus

CHORDATA
Mogula sp.

Station 21

GLA— 10-1-70

+2.8 mm sieve

70°34' N 163°16' W

D/T GMT 012346

Depth: 38 m

NEMATODA

unknown species

ANNELIDA

Cirratulus cirratus
Glycera tridactyla
Magelona japonica
Chone infoundibuliformis
AxiotheUa catenata

MOLLUSCA

Yoldia hyperborea
Sorripes groenlandicus
Yoldia scissurata
Macoma calcarea
Astarte alaskensis
Venericardia cribricostata
Liocyma fluctuosa
Nticula tennis
Myselia sp.
Polynicies sp.

ECHINODERMATA

Ophiura quadrispina

ARTHOPODA

Taneidaeea — unknown species
Cumacea — unknown species
Amphipoda — unknown species

Station 23

GLA— 10-2-70

+2.8 mm sieve

70°23' N 162°24' W

D/T GMT 022030

Depth: 24 m

PROTOZOA

large foram

NEMERTINEA

CerebratuluB sp.

ANNELIDA

Glycinde armigera
Travisia forbesii
Glycera tridactyla

MOLLUSCA

Venericardita cribricostata
Serripes groenlandicus
Spisula alaskana
Liocyma fluctuosa
Sulcoretusa sp.
Margarites pribeloffensis
Turriiellopsis sp.

194

ARTHROPODA

unknown sp. — Amphipoda

ECHINODERMATA
Ophiura sp.

ECHIURIDA

Echuris echuris alaskansis

ARTHROPODA

unknown sp. — Amphipoda

Station 24

GLA— 10-3-70

+0.99 mm sieve

TCOQ' N 162°57' W

D/T GMT 030200

Depth : 20 m

PROTOZOA

large foram

ANNELIDA
Etone longa
Glycera tridactyla
Travisia forbesii
Glycinde artnigera

MOLLUSCA

Macoma calcarea
Yoldia limatulata
Liocyma fluctuosa
Spisula alaskana
Margarites sp.
Cylichna sp.

Station 28

GLA— 10-4-70

+2.8 mm sieve

69°59' N 163°17' W

D/T GMT 041700

Depth: 30 m

ANNELIDA

Glycera tridactyla

MOLLUSCA

Macoma calcarea
Hiatella arctica
Astarte borealis
Nucula tenius
Serripes groenlandicus
Yoldia limatulata
Mya psuedoarenaria
Mysella beringensis
Turritellopsis sp.
Polinices caurinus
unknown sp. — gastropoda
Retusa semen

195

Preliminary Report on the Zooplankton Collected on WEBSEC-70

Bruce L. Wing

During WEBSEC-70 zooplankton were col-
lected by three methods. Seventy-seven quan-
titative samples were taken by vertical tows
with a 0.5-m diameter, 0.57-mm mesh, Norpac
standard net, and four qualitative surface
samples were taken with a 12-cm diameter,
0.16-mm mesh, Wisconsin phytoplankton net
(fig. 1 and table 1). Additional qualitative
zooplankton samples were obtained as inci-
dental catch in an Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl
used for capturing small fishes (Qua.st, else-
where in this Oceanographic Report).

' National Marine Fishery Service, Auke Bay Bio-
logical Lahoratory, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821.

The qualitative samples of macroplankton
from the Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl catches
are being held as source material for future
taxonomic investigations on amphipods and
mysids.

Sixty-two categories of marine zooplankton,
including species and distinctive life history
stages, have been identified from the quantita-
tive samples (figs. 2 and 3, and table 2). A
manuscript on the relationship of zooplankton
distributions to oceanographic conditions is in
preparation.

196

o
O

o
(0

S. !^

r

1

1

0

^ X' — y^

ftsi^

tn^

o

"^^^iJ^

s<*

(0

-'^"^

^

1

—

\

N

1
•

UJ

Q.
<

>

">- ,

X-

<

C"

1
1

42Li

r#;

V

N

<

V^ CO ^^ '^

,z

^

V

<

4

.-. V

i;%i4

^^

^— V

•

25

•

s

s/-—

^

C^

o

a

co"

'■"^

1

CO

->

CO

•

J

yui

\ —

•

R

ro

i )k y

^z

7

in

•

•

•

CVlS

i\ V

?\

A

(^

•

• \ \

_l

1 ^\

•

CO

fc ; 1

LU

V /^

—

•

(^

• . ff

Q.

V X «

•

•

^. i 1

<

X jf

<»>•

•

s

18

•

S.8

-- e
o

\ V

f8

•

•

•

as

•

*h'

o
00

•

8

•

(0

—

A

—

1

•

1

1

o

- 8

o

I

u

CQ
H

c

s

E

c
o

J<

c
a,

"o.

e
o

o

00

(O

a

61

o
O

e

197

o
O

o

o

1

^

i

B

\^ Q.

S

S

\ ^^ <

iSSi

{1

^ Y "" A

W^

\

<

\ \ >■ M

f

iU-

^

1 \u jf§

>-

/""A

i/)

2?

/ ^

<

r
•-

o

a.

/^;3^

r

r

<

to C\J — "^v

^

t^A^^

-x.

^^^^^ ^^^^Bi_

-. -. !2/--.

V

^

/^

0

•<^/-

^

^

k

^

CVJ

22

\

/

(D

— ro •

•

,'

i

1*

A

\

(0

1

o

\/

>l

?

00

•

•

*
\

>

\

3
CD

\

o

(£>

\ n

"" "^

\ ^"^T

__

r- •

•

\ fl

\ ^"^

•

•

1 a

[ -•

\ \

^

^ 1

b

Y ^"^

_ -•

—

O)

1 1

k UJ

^\ r ji

•

•

<

' 1 X

f a.

'v/ -Jf

iQ

ro

\ \

<

f ^.^

•

•

1 1

^ae-^

\ ir^

fO

a

M. ^ ^

-"•* p

"^"^^^Ry '"

•

•

CVi

•

o

\ ^ /

•

CM

^

\ 1

lO

?.

— • lO

CM

CM

•

•

•

A

CVJ

u>

V

i

CVJ en.

•

lO —

•
to

•

1

1

8

-S

o

GO

(0

o
O

o

198

o

- 8

611

B

a

o

■c

01

o

B.
V

a

o

O

CO

0

"s

o
o

o
3

•a

•a
c

B

o

a

199

Table 1. — Station data for zooplankton samples taken during WEBSEC-70.

Station

Position

Sampling

Date

Times

Comments

Lat. N

Long. W

depth (m)

EST

8

69°45'

163°34'

17

9/26

22:25
22:30

Times to nearest 5 min.

9

70° 10'

166°03'

42

9/27

15:45
15:50

11

70''19'

165°45'

41

9/28

07:00
07:05

12

70°28'

165°15'

42

9/28

15:20
15:25

Sample fouled by Crysaora

15

70°18'

164°41'

40

9/29

15:15
15:20

Net torn sample lost.

18

70°24'

164°09'

40

9/30

07:15
07:20

19

70° 22'

163°16'

28

9/30

13:35
13:45

21

70°34'

163°16'

36

10/01

14:25
14:30

23

70°23'

162°24'

20

10/02

10:05
10:10

24

70°09'

162°57'

18

10/02

16:20
16:25

26

70°11'

162°52'

16

10/03

08:50
08:55

28

69°59'

163°17'

19

10/04

07:10
07:15

Qualitative phytoplankton
sample also taken

29

70°01'

163°59'

28

10/04

14:00
14:05

Qualitative phytoplankton
sample also taken

31

69°45'

163°34'

18

10/05

07:20
07:25

Almost repeats
Sta. 8 location

33

69°47'

164°30'

30

10/06

03:50
03:55

34

69°52'

165°37'

40

10/06

07:45
07:50

35

69° 59'

168°03'

43

10/06

13:20
13:35

36

70° 08'

167°11'

46

10/06

16:40
16:50

39

69°51'

166°47'

49

10/07

07:25
07:30

Winch troubles

40

70°18'

166°57'

45

10/07

12:25
12:30

43

70°30'

168°26'

44

10/08

07:15
07:20

44

70°11'

168°56'

34

10/08

12:15
12:20

49

69° 48'

168-05'

45

10/09

07:25
07:30

50

69° 38'

167°44'

44

10/09

14:20
14:25

54

69°24'

167°15'

42

10/10

05:05
05:10

Qualitative phytoplankton
sample also taken

55

69°13'

166°52'

38

10/10

12:30
12:35

Qualitative phytoplankton
sample also taken

60

68°57'

166°25'

35

10/11

10:50
10:55

Phytoplankton net lost

62

69° 06'

166°02'

25

10/12

07:40
07:50

63

69°14'

165°56'

32

10/12

11:35
11:40

200

station

Position
Lat. N. Long. W.

Sampling
depth (m)

Date

Times
BST

Comments

64 69°25' 166°29'

69 ag^BO' 167°23'

72 69°19' 165°11'

73 69°33' 164°37'
78 69°27' 165°38'
86 69°13' 164°45'

86 69°05' 165°05'

87 69°04' 165°36'

90 68°54' 166°40'

91 68°54' 167-24'

36

10/12

14:55
15:00

44

10/13

09:35
09:40

27

10/14

09:10

Garbage in sample

09:20

Winch troubles

24

10/14

14:20
14:25

30

10/15

08:40
08:45

20

10/16

07:15

07:20

Ice in net

20

10/16

11:00
11:05

20

10/16

14:15
14:20

42

10/17

07:05
07:10

44

10/17

13:10

Insufficient

13:15

preservative

Table 2. — Preliminary list of the zooplankton collected
with the 0.5-m dia., #0-mesh plankton net from the
eastern central Chukchi Sea during WEBSEC-70,
27 Sept.-17 Oct. 1970.

Coelenterata

Hydromedusae

Aglantha digitale (0. F. Muller)
Melicertum octocostatum (M. Sars)
Staurophora mertensi Brandt '
Obelia sp.
Scyphomedusae

Aurelia aurita (Linneaus)''
Chrysaora melanaster Brandt "
Cyanae capillata (Linneaus)'

Ctenophora
Lobata

? Bolinopsis infundibulum (0. F. Muller)°

Nematoda

Bryozoa-cyphonautes

Annelida

Polychaeta (adults)

Polychaeta (larvae of several species)

A rthropoda-crustacea
Cladocera

Evadne nordmanni Loven

Podon leuckartii G. 0. Sars
Copepoda-calanoida

Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg)

Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus)

Calanus tonsus Brady

Centropages abdominalis Sato

Derjunginia tolli (Linko)

Epilabidocera amphitrites (McMurrich)

Eucalanus bungii Giesbrecht

Eurytemora herdmani (Thompson & Scott)

Metridia lucens Boeck

Pseudocalarius ? gracilis Sars

Pseudocalanus mivutus (Kroyer)

Tortanus discaudatus (Thompson & Scott)

Unidentified copepodites
Copepoda-Cyclopoida

Oithoyia helgolandica Glaus
Copepoda-Harpacticoida
Copepod naupli
Cirripedia-Thoracia

Balanomorpha naupli

Balanomorpha cyprids
Malacostraca
Mysidacea

Acanthomysis sp.

Mysis sp.
Cumacea
Isopoda

Epicaridea cryptonscids
Amphipoda-Hyperiidea

Hyperia sp. (juveniles)

Hyperoche medusarum (Kroyer) (juveniles)

Parathemisto Hbellula (Lichtenstein)

Parathemisto pacifica Stebbing
Amphipoda-Gammaridea

Oedicerotidae (3 or 4 species)

Phoxocephalidae

Unidentified (3 or 4 species)
Euphansiacea

Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer)

Thysanoessa raschii (M. Sars)
Thysanoessa sp. (larvae)
Decapoda-Caridea

Pandahcs goniurus Stimpson

Hippolytidae- ( zoea)

201

Decapoda-Brachyura

Oxyrhyncha- ( zoea )

Oxyrhyncha- (megalopa)
Decapoda-Anomura

Pagurus sp. (zoea)

Pagurus sp. (glauthoe)

Molluska

Gastropoda

Clione limacina (Phipps)
Spiratella helicina (Phipps)
Unidentified veligers
Lamellibranchiata

Unidentified veligers

' Frequently seen but not taken in any of the samples.
" Seen more often than taken in samples.
' All specimens too damaged for positive identifica-
tion.

Chaetognatha

Sagitta elegans Verrill

Echinodermata

Echinoidea (pleutei)
Asteroidea (bipinnaria)

Tunicata

Larvacea

Fritillaria borealis Lohmann
Oikopleura vanhoeffeni Lohmann
Ascidacea- (larvae)

Vertebrata-Pisces
Gadidae

Boreogadus saida (Lepechin) (juv.)
Pleuronectidae- (larvae)

ioz

Preliminary Report on the Fish Collected on WEBSEC-70

I68«

JAY C. QUAST^

166" 164°

I62°W

70" —

(25-29 Sapt)

START

/ ICY CAPE

SS^N

FINISH I © /

70°

69° N

62°W

Figure 1. — Positions and sequence of trawling stations during WEBSEC— 70. Circles indicate stations on which
Isaacs-Kidd trawl was used, square indicates use of otter trawl.

' National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay Biological Laboratory, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821.

203

Table i.— Station data for WEBSEC-70 fish trawl stations.

Station

Date and inclusive

time (Bering Standard)

Approximate position
Latitude Longitude

Depth of
water (m)

No.

Hauls

Type> and depths (m.)-

8

Sept.

25

(1115-1253)

10

Sept.

27

(1917-2207)

14

Sept.

29

(0518-0817)

16

Sept.

29

(1721-2002)

20

Sept.

30

(1740-2025)

22

Oct.

1

(1734-2103)

25

Oct.

2

(1731-2036)

30

Oct.

4

(1756-2137)

32

Oct.

5

(1831-2104)

37

Oct.

6

(1727-1956)

41

Oct.

7

(1752-2014)

45

Oct.

8

(1816-2058)

51

Oct.

9

(1744-2024)

56

Oct.

10

(1940-2229)

61

Oct.

11

(1755-2015)

65

Oct.

12

(1755-2016)

70

Oct.

13

(1735-1958)

74

Oct.

14

(1723-1946)

80

Oct.

15

(1814-2055)

88

Oct.

16

(1917-2205)

92

Oct.

17

(1733-2014)

69°45'
70°04'
70° 17'
70''16'
70°20'
70''20'
70°07'
69°58'
69°48'
70°07'
69°57'
69°57'
69°36'
69n4'
69°05'
69°21'
69n2'
69°35'
69°27'
68''55'
68°36'

163'

= 34'

165

"57-

165

°02'

163

"58'

163

°24'

163'

'25'

163'

'14'

164'

'07'

163'

'49'

167"

'36'

167'

'31'

168'

'38'

167'

■36'

166'

■53'

166'

'13'

166'

■45'

167'

■38'

164'

■29'

164'

■43'

166°

'47'

167''41'

26

2

B

26, 26

44

4

R

11

51

4

R

11

53

4

R

11

42

4

R

12

35

4

R

12

33

4

R

12

31

5

M

2, 5, 10, 13, 19

26

4

R

12

49

4

R

12

44

4

M

10, 10, 12, 22

44

4

M

2, 9, 13, 20

48

4

M

2, 7, 14, 20

44

4

M

2, 9, 18, 23

29

4

M

8, 13, 16, 23

36

4

M

8, 13, 16, 22

39

4

M

8, 13, 18, 22

22

4

M

2, 8, 13, 18

30

4

M

2, 8, 13, 22

45

4

M

2, 11, 24, 40-45

54

4

M

2, 13, 17, 33

'Hauls approximately 30 minutes at depth; all hauls except those at station 8 were made with a 6-foot diameter Isaacs-
Kldd trawl with 76 mm (stretched measurement) webbing and 13 mm liner. Hauls at station 8 were made on bottom with
a shrimp try net, with 10-foot opening and 38 mm webbing. Mi^multi -depth hauls with 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd trawl. B=shrimp
try net on bottom, and R = replicated hauls at single depth with 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd trawl.

- Depth of footrope or depressor.

Table 2.— Fish species collected during WEBSEC-

-70.

Family, species

Life history stages

Temperature (C.)

at presumed depth

of collection

Clupeidae:

Chipea harengus Linnaeus. Herring
Osmeridae:

Mallotus villosus (Miiller). Capelin.
Gadidae:

Boreogadus saida (Lepechin).

Arctic cod.

Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius).

Saffron cod.

Lycodes palearis Gilbert.

Wattled eelpout.
Scorpaenidae:

Sebastes ahitus (Gilbert).* Pacific ocean perch.
Cottidae :

Artediellus scaber Knipowitsch.

Hamecon.

Enophrys diceraus (Pallas). Antlered sculpin.

Gymnocanthus tricuspis (Reinhardt).

Arctic staghorn sculpin.

Myoxocephalus jaok (Cuvier). Plain sculpin.

Myoxocephalus scorpioides (Fabricius).

Arctic sculpin.

Myoxocephalus verrucosus (Bean). Warty

sculpin.

Early juvenile

0.8

Postlarvae, juveniles

-1.5 to 3.3

Postlarvae, juvenile

-1.5 to 8.5

Juveniles

-0.9 to 3.5

Juveniles

1.1

Early juveniles

1.8, 2.4

Juveniles, adults

3.4

Juveniles
Juveniles, adults

0.8
-1.5 to 3.5

Early juveniles
Early juveniles

0.8 to 3.5
-1.5 to 3.5

Early juveniles

0.8 to 3.6

204

Family, species

Life history stages

Temperature (C.)

at presumed depth

of collection

COTTIDAE— (Continued)

Na^utichthys pribilovius (Jordan and Gilbert).

Eyeshade sculpin.

Trig lops pingeli Reinhardt. Ribbed sculpin.
Agonidae:

Aspidophoroides bartoni Gilbert.

Aleutian alligatorfish.

Aspidophoroides olriki Liitken. Arctic

alligatorfish.

Podofhccus acipenserinus (Tilesius).

Sturgeon poacher.
Gyclopteridae:

Liparis hristolense (Burke).
Stichaeidae:

Anisarchus medius Reinhardt. Stout eelblenny.

Eumesogravimus praecisus (Kr0yer).

Fourline snakeblenny.

Lmnpenus fabricii (Valenciennes).

Slender eelblenny.

Stichaeus punctatus (Fabricius). Arctic shanny.
Ammodytidae:

Ammodytes hexapterus Pallas. Pacific sand

lance.
Pleuronectidae:

Hippoglossoides robustus Gill and Townsend.*

Bering flounder.

Limanda aspera (Pallas). Yellowfin sole.

Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas.

Alaska plaice.

Juveniles
Juveniles

Juveniles
Juveniles
Juveniles

Juveniles, adults

Juveniles
Juveniles

Juveniles

Juveniles

Postlarvae, adults

Postlarvae

Postlarvae
Postlarvae

0.8

to

3.5

2.4

to

3.5

■0.1

to

2.4

-1.5

to

2.4

0.9

to

3.5

-1.5 to 3.5

1.9

0.9

to

2.5

-1.5

to

3.5

0.8

to

2.4

-1.5

to 3.5

0.8

to

2.3

0.8

to

3.3

0.8

to

3.3

•Provisional identification.

205

Table 3. — Occurrences of fish species on trawl stations on WEBSEC-70. Species arranged in order of increasing
occurrence on the stations. Stations arranged in order of decreasing occurrence of species. Species occurrences
were highest in the vicinity of Cape Lisburne and generally lowest in the northeastern section of the
sampling area.

Species

Lisburne

Isaacs-Kidd

Trawl

stations, Eastern Chukchi Sea

Northeastern

Total

Otter
trawl
station

61

70

65

88

10

56

80

32

51

92

16

30

41

45

14

25 74

22

20

37

8

Clupea harengits

X

1

Ly codes palearis

X

1

Podothecus acipenserinus

X

1

X

Artediellis scaber

0

X

Enophrys diceraus

X

1

Myoxocephalus jaok

X

1

M. verrucosus

X

1

X

Triglops pingeli

X

1

X

Anisarchus medius

X

1

Sebastes alutus*

X

X

a

Nautichthys pribilovius

X

X

2

X

Aspidophoroides bartoni

X

X

X

X

4

Sfichaeus punctatus

X

X

X

X

4

Liparis bristolense

X

X

X

X

X

6

X

Gymnocanthus tricuspis

X

X

X

X

X

X

6

X

Myoxocephalus scorpioides

X

X

X

X

X

X

6

X

Eumesogram.mus praecisus

X

X

X

X

X

X

6

Limanda aspera

X

X

X

X

X

X

6

Eleginus gracilis

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

7

X

Hippoglossoides robustus*

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

7

Mallotus villosus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

Aspidophoroides olriki

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

Plcuronectes quadrituberculatus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

10

Lumpenus fabrieii

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

14

X

Boreogadus saida

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

20

X

Ammodyfes hexapterus

X

19

X

14

X

12

X

11

X

9

X

8

X

8

X

7

X

7

X

7

X

6

X

6

X

6

X

6

X

4

X X
4 4

X
3

X
2

X
2

20
145

Total

11

•Provisional identification.

•CX U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEt 1972

206