s 333.9538 E30eos 1999 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 3 0864 1001 7626 5 EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL ON THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE PERIPHYTON COMMUNITY IN CASINO CREEK AND BIG SPRING CREEK NEAR LEWIS TOWN, MONTANA \ Prepared for: State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality- Monitoring and Data Management Bureau P.O. Box 2 00901 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: 'Carol Endicott DEQ Contract No. 200012 Prepared by: Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 November 1999 JATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION f R n 5 2003 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 1515 E. 6th AVE. HELENA, MONTANA 59620 Printed on Recycled Paper SUMMARY Four composite periphyton samples were collected in March 1999 from Casino Creek and Big Spring Creek in central Montana after several hundred gallons of used motor oil were released into Casino Creek. Samples were collected following DEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams. Aside from coating substrates and macroalgae, the oil did not appear to have an immediate effect on the species composition and structure of the periphyton community. The lack of a toxic or chemical effect may be due to cold water temperatures at the time of the spill, dilution and flushing of toxic chemicals, low concentrations of volatile and soluble compounds in the oil, and the relatively short time that had elapsed between the spill and periphyton sampling. The spilled oil may not have had its full biological effect until much later when water temperatures were higher . Diatom association metrics appeared to indicate problematic levels of siltation at all of the sampling sites. Siltation levels were highest in Casino Creek and in Big Spring Creek below Casino Creek. Siltation index values in Big Spring Creek were higher than those recorded in August 1998 for the same reach of stream. It's possible that the spilled oil served as a substrate for motile diatoms and had the same effect on the siltation index as do fine particles of inorganic sediment. It's also possible that the elevated siltation index levels were due entirely or in part to the recorded abundance of motile, cold season diatoms in the genera Navicula and Nitzschia. • INTRODUCTION Near the first of March 1999, several hundred gallons of used motor oil were released into Casino Creek, a tributary of Big Spring Creek south of Lewistown, Montana. Several days later, Anne Tews, an employee of the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, conducted a field assessment of the spill. This report is based on 4 composite periphyton samples that were collected by Tews during her field assessment. This report' evaluates the effects of the oil spill on the species composition and community structure of periphyton (benthic algae) communities in Casino Creek and Big Spring Creek. Using biocriteria for wadeable mountain streams in Montana, the report also assesses the impacts of the spill on aquatic life uses in the two streams. The periphyton or phytobenthos community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity of streams in western Montana (Bahls et al . 1992). Plafkin et al . (1989) and Stevenson and Bahls (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments of streams: • Algae are universally present in large numbers in all streams and unimpaired periphyton assemblages typically support a large number (>30) of species; • Algae have rapid reproduction rates and short life cycles, making them useful indicators of short-term impacts,- • As primary producers, algae are most directly affected by physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, nutrients, and toxins,- • Sampling is quick, easy and inexpensive, and causes minimal damage to resident biota and their habitat; • Standard methods and criteria exist for evaluating the 2 composition, structure, and biomass of algal associations; • Identification to species is straightforward for the diatoms, for which there is a large body of taxonomic and ecological literature; • Excessive algae growth in streams is often correctly perceived as a problem by the public; • Periphyton and other biological communities reflect the biological integrity' of waterbodies; restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of waterbodies is a goal of the federal Clean Water Act; • Periphyton and other biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and provide a measure of their aggregate impact; and • Periphyton and other biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluating impacts from non-point sources of pollution where specific ambient criteria do not exist (e.g., impacts that degrade habitat or increase nutrients). Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms called algae, and other microorganisms that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Most algae, such as the diatoms, are microscopic. Diatoms are distinguished by having a cell wall composed of opaline glass- - hydrated amorphous silica. Diatoms often carpet a stream bottom with a slippery brown film. Some algae, such as the filamentous greens, are conspicuous and their excessive growth may be aesthetically displeasing, deplete dissolved oxygen, interfere with fishing and fish spawning, clog irrigation intakes, create tastes and odors in drinking water supplies, and cause other problems. • ^ Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981) . PROJECT AREA AND SAMPLING SITES The project area is located in Fergus County near the city of Lewistown in central Montana. Big Springs, a few miles southeast of Lewistown, is the source of Big Spring Creek and generates most of its streamflow. Major tributaries of Big Spring Creek, including Casino Creek, head on the north flanks of the Big Snowy Mountains, an outlier of the Middle Rockies Ecoregion. Study sites are located in the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion (Omernik and Gallant 1987) . The surface geology of the Big Snowy Mountains consists of limestones and dolomites of Paleozoic age (Taylor and Ashley, undated) . Lower in the watershed, where the study sites are located. Cretaceous shales of the Colorado Group are exposed (Taylor and Ashley, undated) . Natural vegegation in the study area is mixed grassland dominated by rough fescue, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass (USDA 1976) . The main land uses in the Big Spring Creek watershed are agriculture, recreation, and urban development. Periphyton samples were collected at one site on Casino Creek and 3 sites on Big Spring Creek (Table 1) . One sample was collected from Big Spring' Creek just above Casino Creek and two samples were collected at a distance of 1 mile and several miles below Casino Creek. Only one sample was collected from Casino Creek- -below the spill - -because of problems with access (Carol Endicott, MDEQ, personal communication) . Elevations at the sampling sites range from about 4,000 feet at the sites above Lewi'stown to about 3,900 feet at the lowest site on Big Spring Creek below Lewistown. Casino Creek and the upper 2 sites on Big Spring Creek are classified B-1 in the Montana Surface Water Quality Standards,- Big Spring Creek below . Lewistown is classified B-2. METHODS Periphyton samples were collected following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the rank of those substrates at the study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol ' s solution. Samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls (1993) . Soft algae were identified using Prescott (1978), Smith (1950), and Whitford and Schumacher (1984) . These books also served as the main references on the ecology of the soft algae. After the identification of soft algae, raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfuric acid, and permanent diatom slides were prepared in a high refractive index mounting medium following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998) . For each slide, between 429 and 476 diatom cells (858 to 952 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were used as the main taxonomic and autecological references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975. Lowe (1974) was also used extensively as an ecological reference for the diatoms. The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association metrics (Table 2) . A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al'. 1999) . One additional metric was calculated for this study: percent of cells in the diatom family Epithemiaceae . This family is represented in rivers by two genera, Epithemia and Rhopalodia, which commonly harbor endosymbiotic nitrogen- fixing bluegreen algae (cyanobacteria) within their cells. A diatom association that contains a large percentage of cells in these genera may indicate nitrogen-limiting conditions, that is, low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (Stevenson and Pan 1999) . Metric values from study sites were compared to numeric biocriteria developed for streams in the Rocky Mountain Ecoregions of Montana (Table 3) . These criteria are based on metric values measured in least- impaired reference streams (Bahls et al . 1992) and on metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993) . The criteria in Table 3 distinguish among four levels of impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: no impairment or only minor impairment (full support) ; moderate impairment (partial support) ; and severe impairment (nonsupport) . These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. Only metrics generated from periphyton samples collected in summer (June 21 -September 21) may be compared with confidence to the biocriteria in Table 3 . Metric values change seasonally and summer is the season in which reference streams and impaired streams were sampled for the purpose of biocriteria development. Because the samples analyzed for this report were collected in winter, comparisons of metrics with the biocriteria in Table 3 must be made with caution. Quality Assurance. Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample information were recorded in a laboratory notebook and samples were assigned a unique number compatible with the Montana Diatom Database, e.g., 1819-01. The first part of this number (1819) designates the sampling site (Big Spring Creek above Casino Creek at Brewery Flats); the second part of the number (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that have been collected at this site to date for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database . Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab notebook along with station and sample information provided by MDEQ . A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. On completion of the project, station information, sample information, and diatom proportional count data will be entered into the Montana Diatom Database. One set of diatom slides will be deposited in the University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The other set of slides will be retained by ifaxmaea in Helena. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results are presented in Tables 4, 5 and 6, located near the end of this report following the Literature Cited section. Spreadsheets containing completed diatom proportional counts, with species pollution tolerance classes (PTC) and calculated percent abundances, are attached as Appendix A. SAMPLE NOTES Big Spring Creek a±»ove Casino Creek (2) . This sample was partly decomposed and smelled of hydrogen sulfide when opened on August 6. The bulk of this sample was sand and gravel. About 10% of the diatom cells were empty. Casino Creek at Public Bridge (4) . The bulk of this sample consisted of clumps of organic floe held together by a matrix of fungal hyphae . The sample was preserved with formalin. The Cladophora in this sample was also covered with organic floe. About 10% of the diatom cells were empty. The Closterium in this sample was smaller than the one in Big Spring Creek upstream and was probably a different species. Big Spring Creek below Casino Creek (3) . An oily residue covered everything in this sample. The soft algae were in poor condition. About 3 0% of the diatom cells were empty. The sample was preserved with formalin. Big Spring Creek below Lewistown (1) . This sample was partly decomposed and smelled of hydrogen sulfide when opened on August 6. The soft algae were in poor condition and were covered with a taupe (gray /brown/green) colored organic flocj. An oily residue remained on the slide and coverslip after the sample was wiped off. About 10% of the diatom cells were empty. NON- DIATOM ALGAE The non-diatom algal flora was similar above and below the spill (Table 4) . Diatoms and the filamentous green algae Cladophora and Ulothrix were present at all four of the sites. The desmid Closterium was common in Casino Creek and in Big Spring Creek both above and below Casino Creek. ■ Some differences did occur, however. The filamentous green algae Spirogyra and Zygnema were found in Big Spring Creek below Casino Creek but not above Casino Creek or in Casino Creek itself. The coenocytic chrysophyte Vaucheria was found only in Big Spring Creek below Casino Creek. Oscillatoria , a filamentous cyanophyte, was found only in Casino Creek. Phormidium, another filamentous bluegreen, was found only in Casino Creek and in Big Spring Creek just below Casino Creek. However, in an earlier assessment of Big Spring Creek (Bahls 1999) , Phormidium was found to be common throughout the upper reaches of the stream above Lewistown. Not much can be made of these results because of the perennial and persistent nature of some non-diatom algae (especially Cladophora and Vaucheria) and the poor condition of these samples. Diatoms, because of their solitary growth habit 8 and rapid division rates, are better suited for detecting the short-term effects of the oil spill. DIATOMS All of the major diatom species in Casino Creek and Big Spring Creek were Class 3 or pollution-sensitive taxa (Table 5) . Class 3 diatoms typically decrease in abundance with increasing concentrations of organic waste (Lange-Bertalot 1979) . However, all of these major species except Achnanthes rninutissima exhibit eutrophic tendencies, meaning that they grow best in higher concentrations of inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus (Lowe 1974) . Three of the major diatom species- -Diato/na vulgare, Gomphonema olivaceum, and Nitzschia dissipata- -are cool season diatoms. These diatoms often dominate the diatom assemblages of mountain streams in the fall, winter, and spring (L. Bahls, unpublished data) . Species diversity values at all sites were normal for healthy mountain streams (Table 5) . Diatom diversity in Big Spring Creek was slightly higher just below Casino Creek than it was above Casino Creek. The lowest diversity value was recorded in Big Spring Creek below Lewistown. Casino Creek had the lowest pollution index value of 2.56. Nevertheless, this was still within the acceptable range for .mountain streams in Montana. Pollution index values for Big Spring Creek above and below Casino Creek were virtually the same . Siltation index values indicated problematic levels of fine sediments at all sites (Table 5) . If this assessment had been conducted during the summer index period, Big Spring Creek above Casino Creek would have been rated as suffering from minor silation, and both Casino Creek and Big Spring Creek below Casino Creek would have been moderately impaired by silation. Below Lewistown, the siltation index would have indicated severe impairment and nonsupport of aquatic life uses. The spilled oil may have served as a substrate for motile diatoms and may have had the same effect on the siltation index as do fine particles of inorganic sediment. An assessment of Big Spring Creek conducted in August 1998 indicated no siltation problems in Big Spring Creek above Lewistown and only minor siltation below Lewistown (Bahls 1999) . Certain cold season species of Navicula and Nitzschia were also more abundant in the winter samples. This may explain all or part of the elevated siltation index values in March as compared to August. The disturbance index (% abundance of A. minutissiwa) indicated no significant physical, chemical, or biological disturbance had occurred in the days and weeks prior to sampling. The percent dominant species values were marginally large at two sites because of an abundance of cool season diatoms. Abnormal cells, which may result from toxins in the water, were not found at any of the sites. Casino Creek had slightly more than a third of its diatom flora in common with sites in Big Spring Creek above and below Casino Creek (Table 5) . It is not unusual for a tributary stream to have a diatom flora that is this different from that of the mainstem, especially if the streams have sources that are different geologically or hydrologically . The two sites in Big Spring Creek above and below Casino Creek had very similar diatom floras, sharing nearly 80% of their diatoms. This would indicate that Casino Creek and its load of waste oil did not have a significant effect on Big Spring Creek. 10 The site below Casino Creek and the site below Lewistown had somewhat less than 60% of their diatom floras in common, indicating minor perturbations in this reach. The immediate impact of the oil spill appeared to be limited to the physical coating of objects in the stream, including substrates and macroalgae . The oil did not appear to exert a toxic effect or to alter the composition and structure of the periphyton community. There are several possible reasons why the oil spill did not have a measurable impact on the composition and structure of the periphyton community in Casino Creek and Big Spring Creek: • The used motor oil may have contained only small amounts of volatile or soluble organic compounds; • Dilution and flushing may have been sufficient to negate the effects of any soluble or volatile organics in the oil ; • Cold temperatures at the time of the spill may have kept the oil viscous and prevented it from mixing readily with stream water; and • The short time elapsed between the spill and periphyton sampling may not have been long enough for the oil to have worked its full effect on the algae. The full biological impact of the oil may have occurred much later when water temperatures were higher. The persistence of unweathered oil within sediments can have a long-term effect on the structure of benthic communities and cause the demise of sensitive aquatic species (USEPA 1986) . The diatom associations at the three Big Spring Creek sites 11 were also assessed using Protocol II (Table 12) in Bahls (1993) . This method compares selected metrics at study sites to the corresponding metrics at an upstream control site, in this case Big Spring Creek above Casino Creek at Brewery Flats (site #2) . This approach can be used at any time of the year. Metric scores and impairment ratings using Protocol II are presented in Table 6. In Protocol II, the upstream control site is assumed to be relatively unimpaired and automatically scores a perfect 100 percent for all metrics. The bioassessment using Protocol II (Table 6) indicates that the site below Casino Creek had excellent biointegrity and no impairment, and the site below Lewistown had good biointegrity and minor impairment from a lower diversity value, an elevated siltation index, and a somewhat lower than expected similarity index. LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bahls, L.L. 1979. Benthic diatom diversity as a measure of water quality. Proc . Mont. Acad. Sci . 38:1-6. Bahls, L.L. 1993. Periphyton Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams (Revised) . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L. 1999. Use Support in Big Spring Creek Based on Periphyton Composition and Community Structure. Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Helena. Bahls, L.L., Bob Bukantis, and Steve Tralles. 1992. Benchmark Biology of Montana Reference Streams . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. . 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99-002 . U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. 12 • Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspectives on water quality goals. Environmental Management 5:55-69. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1986. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 1: Naviculaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1988. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 4: Achnanthaceae, Critical Supplement to Navicula (Lineolatae) and .Gowphonema , Complete List of Literature for Volumes 1-4. In Ettl, H., G. Gartner, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Lange-Bertalot, Horst . 1979. Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64 :285-304 . Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms. EPA-670/4 -74-005 . McFarland, B.H., B.H. Hill, and W.T. Willingham. 1997. Abnormal Fragilaria spp . (Bacillariophyceae) in streams impacted by mine drainage. Jour, of Freshwater Ecology 12 (1) : 141-149 . Omernik, J.M., and A.L. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the West Central United States (map) . U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae. Monograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1975. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 2, Part 1: Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae, Gomphonemaceae, Epithemiaceae. Nonograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural 13 Sciences, Philadelphia. Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Rivers and Streams: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA 440-4-89-001. Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Smith, G.M. 1950. the Fresh-Water Algae of The United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Stevenson, R.J., and L.L. Bahls. 1999. Periphyton Protocols. Chapter 6 in Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99- 002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Stevenson, R.J., and Y. Pan. 1999. Assessing Environmental Conditions in Rivers and Streams with Diatoms. Chapter 2 in Stoermer, E.F., and J. P. Smol (eds.). The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York. Taylor, R.L, and J.M. Ashley. Undated. Geological Map of Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman. USDA. 1976. Climax Vegetation of Montana (map). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Cartographic Unit, Portland. USEPA. 1986. Quality Criteria for Water 1986 ("Gold Book"). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C. EPA 440/5-86-001. Whitford, L.A.,- and G.J. Schumacher. 1984. A Manual of Fresh- Water Algae (Revised) . Sparks Press, Raleigh, North Carolina . Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smokey Mountains. Ecological Monographs 22:6. 14 M CD rH Vj Q) m 0) U cma u 0) ^ w .-1 0 •H en C ~ c 0) -H 0) -H JJ S-I w ■H Cli to TS W CO ja QJ (fl iJ rH CnxJ m rH •H fO ■H •H CQ Q rH en n e 0) c 0 Vh 0) m 4-) (0 x: m JJ ^^ •rH w Q) Q QJ 4-1 Q) j-j 0 S-I fC •H u c fO W 0) 0 J-) :3 c c . 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0 d m CQ 0 jJ to d to to u d H E CO o CQ >,x: o x: CD ■O ft-H x: H H >, H to XI to u u 0 JJ |ft§ u ^ u d o u U Cfl APPENDIX A: DIATOM PROPORTIONAL COUNTS Big Spring Creek below Lewistown at Tresch (#1) 11/8/99 Sample | Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count Percent 1 82201 JAchnanthes biasolettiana 3 4 0.47 1 82201 JAchnanthes lanceolata 2 4 0.47 1 82201 Achnanthes minutissima 3 57 6.64 182201 Amphora pediculus 3 27 3.15 182201 Cocconeis pediculus 3 2 0.23 182201 Cocconeis placentula 3 8 0.93 182201 Cymbella affinis 3 2 0.23 182201 Cymbella microcephala 2 3 0.35 1 82201 iCymbella silesiaca 2 3 0.35 1 82201 iCymbella sinuata 3 8 0.93 182201 Diatoma vulgare 3 122 14.22 182201 Fraqilaria construens 3 2 0.23 182201 Fraqilaria leptostauron 3 2 0.23 182201 Fraqilaria vaucheriae 2 2 0.23 1 82201 iGomphoneis herculeana 3 4 0.47 182201 Gomphonema minutum 3 2 0.23 182201 Gomphonema olivaceum 3 27 3.15 182201 Gomphonema parvulum 1 2 0.23 182201 Gomphonema pumilurri 3 3 0.35 182201 Gomphonema truncatum 3 1 0.12 1 82201 iNavicula capitatoradiata 2 3 0.35 1 82201 iNavlcula cryptotenella 2 64 7.46 1 82201 iNavicula qreqaria 2 4 0.47 182201 Navicula menisculus 2 4 0.47 182201 Navicula minuscula 1 2 0.23 182201 Navicula reichardtlana 2 6 0.70 182201 Navicula tripunctata 3 119 13.87 1 82201 iNitzschia capitellata 2 2 0.23 1 82201 Nitzschia dissipata 3 67 7.81 1 82201 INitzschia fonticola 3 233 27.16 1 82201, Nitzschia heutleriana 3 16 1.86 182201 Nitzschia linearis 2 2 0.23 182201 Nitzschia palea 1 8 0.93 182201 INitzschia sociabilis 2 25 2.91 1 82201 ;Rhoicosphenia curvata 3 8 0.93 1 82201 jSurirella minuta 2 2 0.23 1 82201 iSynedra ulna 2 8 0.93 Page 1 Bjg Spring Creek 1 Mile Below Casino Creek (#3) 11/8/99 Sample I Genus/Species/Varietv PTC Count Percent 1 82101 lAchnanthes biasoleniana 3 34 3.63 182101 lAchnanthes lanceolata 2 14 1.50 182101 lAchnanthes minutissima 3 173 18.48 1 82101 lAmphipleura pellucida 2 1 0.11 182101 Amphora inariensis 3 9 0.96 182101 Amphora pediculus 3 33 3.53 182101 Aulacoseira qranulata 3 1 0.11 182101 Caloneis bacillum 2 2 0.21 1 82101 ICampvlodlscus hibernicus 2 1 0.11 1 82101 iCocconeis pediculus 3 4 0.43 1 82101 ICocconeis placentula 3 33 3.53 1 82101 ICymbella affinis 3 9 0.96 182101 Cvmbella hebridica 3 8 0.85 182101 Cymbella mexicana 3 1 0.11 182101 Cymbella microcephala 2 15 1.60 182101 Cymbella minuta 2 14 1.50 182101 Cymbella silesiaca 2 2 0.21 182101 Cymbella sinuata 3 5 0.53 18210l!Dlatoma hiennale 3 11 1.18 1 821 01 biatoma vulqare 3 40 4.27 182101 iFraqllaria construens 3 7 0.75 182101 Ipraqilaria leptostauron 3 15 1.60 1 821 01 iFraqilaria pinnata 3 10 1.07 182101 IFraqilaria vaucheriae 2 2 0.21 1 82101 iFrustulia vulgaris 2 2 0.21 182101 Gomphonema anqustatum 2 2 0.21 182101 Gomphonema minutum 3 7 0.75 182101 Gomphonema olivaceum 3 24 2.56 182101 IGomphonema parvulum 1 3 0.32 1 82101 iMeridion circulare 3 3 0.32 1 82101 INavicula acceptata 2 2 0.21 1 82101 iNavicula capitata 2 2 0.21 1 821 01 'Navicula capitatoradiata 2 6 0.64 18210VNavicula cryptotenella 2 54 5.77 18210llNavicula lanceolata (Aq.) Ehr. 2 1 0.11 1 821 01 INavicula libonensis 2 1 0.11 1 821 01 iNavicula minima 1 2 0.21 1 821 01 iNavicula minuscula 1 2 0.21 182101 Navicula reichardtiana 2 8 0.85 182101 Navicula tripunctata 3 42 4.49 182101 Navicula viridula 2 3 0.32 1 82101 iWitzschia acicularis 2 2 0.21 182101 Nitzschia amphibia 2 6 0.64 182101 Nitzschia anqustatula 2 2 0.21 182101 Nitzschia dissipata 3 32 3.42 182101 Nitzschia fonticola 3 153 16.35 182101 Nitzschia gracilis 2 15 1.60 1 82101 INitzschia heufleriana 3 26 2.78 182101 Nitzschia liebetruthii 3 3 0.32 182101 Nitzschia linearis 2 11 1.18 182101 Nitzschia palea 1 8 0.85 182101 Nitzschia paleacea 2 2 0.21 182101 Nitzschia recta 3 3 0.32 182101 Nitzschia siqmoidea 3 2 0.21 182101 Nitzschia sociabilis 2 22 2.35 182101 Nitzschia vermicularis 2 3 0.32 182101 Surirella anqusta 1 2 0.21 182101 Surirella minuta 2 11 1.18 182101 Synedra ulna 2 25 2.67 Page 1 Casino Creek at Public Bridge (#4) 11/8/99 Sample Genus/Species/Varietv PTC Count Percent 182001 Achnanthes lanceolata 2 4 0.43 182001 Achnanthes minutissima 3 22 2.38 182001 Amphora inariensis 3 1 0.11 182001 Amphora pediculus 3 18 1.95| 182001 Aulacoseira qranulata 3 8 0.87 182001 Caloneis bacillum 2 5 0.54 182001 Cocconeis pediculus 3 2 0.22 182001 Cocconeis placentula 3 19 2.06 182001 Cvmbella affinis 3 9 0.97 182001 Cymbella minuta 2 37 4.00 182001 Diatoma tenue 2 1 o.n 182001 Diatoma vulqare 3 21 2.27 182001 Fraqilaria capucina 2 5! 0.54| 182001 Fraqilaria vaucheriae 2 84 9.09 182001 Frustulia vulqaris 2 4 0.43 182001 Gomphonema anqustatum 2 5j 0.54 182001 Gomphonema minutum 3 5 0.54 182001 Gomphonema olivaceum 3 240 25.97 182001 Gomphonema parvulum 1 10 1.08 182001 Melosira varians 2 1 0.11 182001 Meridion circulare 3 1 0.11 182001 Navicula capitatoradiata 2 15 1.62 182001 iNavicula cryptotenella 2 61 6.60 182001 Navicula menisculus 2 8| 0.87 182001 Navicula minima 1 6: 0.65 182001 Navicula pelliculosa 1 2 0.22 182001 Navicula reichardtiana 2 28 3.03 182001 Navicula tripunctata 3 48 5.19 182001 Navicula trivialis ' 2 4 0.43 182001 Nitzschia apiculata | 2 2 0.22 182001 Nitzschia dissipata j 3 117 12.66 182001 Nitzschia fonticola 3 8 0.87 182001 Nitzschia qracilis 2 4 0.43 182001 Nitzschia heufleriana 3 10 1.08 1 82001 iNitzschia liebetruthii ; 3 2 0.22 182001 Nitzschia palea 1 1 2 0.22 182001 Nitzschia siqmoidea 1 3 1 0.11 182001 Nitzschia sociabilis 2 13 1.41 182001 Rhoicosphenia curvata 3 8 0.87 182001 Surirella minuta 2 731 7.90 1 82001 iSynedra ulna 2 10! 1-08 m Page 1 Big Spring Creek above Casino Creek at Brewery Flats (#2) 11/8/99 Sample | Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count Percent 1 81 901 Achnanthes biasolettiana 3 37 3.89 1S1901 Achnanthes clevei 3 3 0.32 181901 Achnanthes lanceolata 2 13 1.37 181901 Achnanthes minutissima 3 180 18.91 181 901 lAmphipleura pellucida 2 2 0.21 1 81 901 lAmphora inariensis 3 3 0.32 1 81 901 JAmphora libyca 3 4 0.42 181901 Amphora pediculus 3 30 3.15 181901 Caloneis bacillum 2 2 0.21 1 81 901 iCampylodiscus hibernicus 2 0 0.00 1 81 901 (Cocconeis pediculus 3 3 0.32 181901 Cocconeis placentula 3 28 2.94 181901 Cymatopleura elliptica 2 2 0.21 1 81 901 iCymatopleura solea 2 2 0.21 181901 Cymbella affinis 3 41 4.31 181901 Cymbella cuspidata 3 0 0.00 18190llCymbella hebridica | 3 3 0.32 181901 Cymbella microcephala 2 50 5.25 181901 Cymbella minuta 2 2 0.21 181901 Cymbella silesiaca 2 12 1.26 181901 Cymbella sinuata 3 2 0.21 18190l!Diatoma hiemale 3 7 0.74 181901 Diatoma tenue 2 2 0.21 1 81 901 iDiatoma vulqare 3 25 2.63 1 81 901 'Diploneis oblonqella 3 3 0.32 1 81 901 Fraailaria capucina 2 2 0.21 1 81 901 iFraqilaria construens 3 3 0.32 1 81 901 Fragilaria leptostauron 3 29 3.05 1 81 901 Fraqllaria pinnata 3 17 1.79 1 81 901 jFraqilaria vaucheriae 2 3 0.32 1 81 901 iFrustulia vulqaris 2 2 0.21 1 81 901 iGomphonema anqustatum 2 2 0.21 1 81 901 Gomphonema minutum 3 8 0.84 1 81 901 .Gomphonema olivaceum 3 32 3.36 1 81 901 iGomphonema parvulum 1 15 1.58 181 901 iMelosira varians 2 4 0.42 1 81 901 Navicula capitata 2 2 0.21 1 81 901 Navicula capitatoradlata 2 6 0.63 1 81 901 iNavicula cryptotenella 2 59 '6.20 181901 Navicula qreqaria 2 2 0.21 181901 Navicula menisculus 2 5 0.53 181901 Navicula reichardtiana 2 10 1.05 181901 Navicula tripunctata 3 59 6.20 1 81 901 iNavicula ventralis 2 0 0.00 1 81 901 iNitzschia amphibia 2 2 0.21 181901 Nitzschia dissipata 3 15 1.58 181901 Nitzschia fonticola 3 121 12.71 181901'Nitzschia qracilis 2 6 0.63 1 81 901 Nitzschia heufleriana 3 27 2.84 181901 Nitzschia linearis 2 4 0.42 181901 Nitzschia palea 1 4 0.42 181901 Nitzschia sociabilis 2 4 0.42 181901 Nitzschia vermicularis 2 11 1.16 181901 Surirella minuta 2 13 1.37 181901 Synedra ulna 2 29 3.05 Page 1 V