PRESERVATION COP* VOQBD ORICiNALTOBE

RETAlNSa APR 21 1994

LONDON.

DAVID NUTT, 57—59 Long Acre. DULAU&Co., 37 Soho Square.

SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON& Co., Fetter Lane, Fleet Street.

NEW YORK.

BRENT ANO'S, F. W. CHRISTERN, E. STEIGER & Co.,

31 Union Square. 254 Fifth Avenue. 25 Park Place.

BOSTON. C. A. KOEHLER & Co., 149 A Tremont Street.

Educational Works and Class-Books

Method (taspey-Otto-Sauer

FOR THE STUDY OF MODERN LANGUAGES. PUBLISHED BY JULIUS GrOOS IN HeIDELBERG.

•With each newly-learut language one wins a new soul.» Charles V.

«At the end of the lO"" century the world is ruled by the interest for trade and traffic; it breaks through the barriers which separate the peoples and ties up new relations between the nations.*

William II.

f,JuUus Groos, Publisher at Heidelberg, has for the last thirty years been devoting his special attention to educational ivorks on modern languages, and has published a large number of class-books for the study of those modern languages most generally spoken. In this particular department he is in our opinion unsurpassed by any other German publisher. The series consists of 160 volumes of different sizes which are all arranged on the same system, as is easily seen by a glance at the grammars which so closely resemble one another, that an acquaintance with one greatly facilitates the study of the others. This is no small advantage in these exacting times tchen the knoicledge of one language alone is hardly deemed sufficient.

The textbooks of the Gaspey-Otto-Sauer method have, within the last ten years, acquired an universal reputation, increasing in pro- portion as a knowledge of living languages has become a necessity of modern life. Tlie chief advantages, by which they compare favorably with thousands of similar books, are lowness of price and good appearance, the happy union of theory and practice, the clear scientific basis of the grammar proper com- bined with practical conversational exercises, and the system, here conceived for the first time and consistently carried out, by which the pupil is really taught to speak and write the foreign language.

The grammars are all divided into two parts, commencing with a systematic explanation of the rides for pronunciation, and are again sub- divided into a number of Lessons. Each Fart treats of the Parts of Speech in succession, the first giving a rapid sketch of the fundamental rides, tvhich are explained more fully in the second. In the first Part attention is given rather to Etymology; in the second Part more to the Syntax of the language; without, however, entirely separating the two, as is generally the

Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer

for the study of modern languages.

case in Systematic Grammars. The rules appear to us to he clearly given, they are explained by examples, and the exercises are quite sufficient.

To this fnethod is entirely due the enormous success toitli tvhich the Gaspey-Otto-Sauer textbooks have met; most other grammars either content themselves with giving the theoretical exposition of the grammatical forms and trouble the pupil with a confused mass of the most far-fetched irregularities and exceptions tvithout ever applying them, or go to the other extreme, and simply teach him to repeat in a parrot- like manner a few colloquial phrases without letting him grasp the real genius of the foreign language.

The system referred to is easily discoverable: 1. In the arrangement of the grammar; 2. in the endeavour to enable the pupil to understand a regular text as soon as possible, and above all to teach him to speak the foreign language; this latter point was considered by the authors so particu- larly characteristic of their works, that they have styled them — to distinguish them from other tcorhs of a similar kind — Conversational Graimnars,

The first series comprises manuals for the use of Englishmen and consists of 38 volumes.

Our admiration for this rich collection of works, for the method dis- played and the fertile genius of certain of the authors, is increased tchen we examine the other series, tvhich are intended for the use of foreigners.

In these works the chief difficulty under which several of the authors have laboured, has been the necessity of teaching a language in a foreign idiom; not to mention the peculiar difficidties tvhich the German idiom offers in writing school-books for the study of that language.

We must confess that for those persons who, from a practical point of vietv, wish to learn a foreign language sufficiently well to enable them to write and speak it tvith ease, the authors have set down the grammatical rules in such a way, that it is equally easy to understand atid to learn them.

Moreover, tve cannot hut commend the elegance and neatness of the type and binding of the hooks. It is doubtless on this account too that these volumes have been received with so much favour and that several have 7'eached such a large circulation.

We willingly testify that the whole collection gives proof of much care and industry, both tvith regard to the aims it has in vietv and the way in which these have been carried out, and, moreover, reflects great credit on the editor, this collection being in reality quite an exceptional thing of its kind.*'

Paderhorn. . . . . t.

(Extract from the Literary Bevieiv,)

All the books are bound.

Julias Groos, Heidelberg.

Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer

for the study of modern languages.

Eng-lisli Ed-itioxis.

Cirerinan Conversation-Grammar by Otto. 28. Ed

Key to the German Conv.-Grammar by Otto. 18. Ed

Elementary German Grammar by Otto. 7. Ed

First German Book by Otto. 8. Ed

German Reader I. 7. Ed., II. 5. Ed., III. 2. Ed. by Otto, a . . . Materials for tr. Engl, into Germ, by Otto -Wright. Part I. 7. Ed.

Key to the Mater, for transl. Engl. i. Germ. I. by Otto. 2. Ed

Materials for tr. Engl, into Germ, by Otto. Part II. 2. Ed. . . .

German Dialogues by Otto. 4. Ed

Accidence of the German language by Otto -Wright. 2. Ed. . . . Handbook of English and German Idioms by Lange

Freiicli Conversation-Grammar by Otto. 11. Ed

Key to the French Convers.-Grammar by Otto. 6. Ed

Elementary French Grammar by Wright. 2. Ed

Materials for transl. English into French by Otto. 4. Ed

French Dialogues by Otto-Corkran

Conv.-Book in French, German and English by Connor. 12. Ed. .

Italian Conversation-Grammar by Sauer. 6. Ed

Key to the Italian Convers.-Grammar by Sauer. 5. Ed

Elementary Italian Grammar by Motti. 2. Ed

Italian Reader by Cattaneo

Italian Dialogues by Motti

I>atch Conversation-Grammar by Valette

Key to the Dutch Convers.-Grammar by Valette

Dutch Reader by Valette

Basis ian Conversation-Grammar by Motti. 2. Ed

Key to the Russian Convers.-Grammar by Motti. 2. Ed

Elementary Russian Grammar by Motti. 2. Ed

Key to the Elementary Russian Grammar by Motti. 2. Ed

$$X)ailish Conversation-Grammar by Sauer. 5. Ed

Key to the Spanish Convers.-Grammar by Sauer. 3. Ed

Elementary Spanish Grammar by Pavia

Spanish Reader by Sauer-Rohrich. 2. Ed

Spanish Dialogues by Sauer-Corkran .

Elementary H^wedisli Grammar by Fort

GrexTnan Editions.

Arabische Konversations-Grammatik v. Harder Schlussel dazu v. Harder

Danisclie Konversations-Grammatik v. Wied SchlUssel dazu v. Wied

JaliuB GrooB, Heidelberg.

Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer

for the study of modern languages.

Grerman Ed.itioxis. Cliinesisclie Konversations-Grammatik v. Seidel

Schlussel dazu v. Seidel

Kleine cliinesische Sprachlehre v. Seidel

Schlussel dazu v. Seidel

£ilglisclie Konversations-GramiDatik v. Gaspey-Runge. 23. Aiifl. Schlussel dazu v. Runge. (Nur fur Lehrer und zum Selbstunterricht.) 3. Aufl. Englisches Konversations-Lesebucli v. Gaspey-Ruuge. 6. Aufl. . .

Kleine englische Sprachlehre v. Otto-Runge. 5. Aufl

Englische Gesprache v. Runge . . *

Materialien z. tJbersetzen ins Englische v. Otto-Runge. 3. Aufl. Englische Chrestomathie v. Siipfle-Wright. 9. Aufl

Franzosische Konversations-Grammatik v. Otto. 26. Aufl. . . Scbltissel dazu v. Runge. (Nur fur Lehrer und zum Selbstunterricht.) 3. Aufl. Franz. Konv.-Lesebuch I. 9. Aufl., 11. 5. Aufl. v. Otto-Runge. a . . Franz. Konv.-Lesebuch f. Madchensch. I. Kurs. v. Otto-Runge. 4. Aufl. Franz. Konv.-Lesebuch f. Madchensch. II. Kurs v. Otto-Runge. 3. Aufl.

Kleine franzosische Sprachlehre v. Otto-Runge. 7. Aufl

Franzosische Gesprache v. Otto-Runge. 7. Aufl

Franzosisches Lesebuch v. Siipfle. 11. Aufl

Franz.-deutsch-englisches Konversationsbiichlein v. Connor. 12. Aufl.

Italieiiische Konversations-Grammatik v. Sauer. 11. Aufl. . . Schlussel dazu v. Cattaneo. (Nur fUr Lehrer und zum Selbstunterricht.) 3. Aufl.

Italienisches Konversations-Lesebuch v. Sauer. 4. Aufl

Italienische Chrestomathie v. Cattaneo. 2. Aufl

Kleine italienische Sprachlehre v. Sauer. 7. Aufl

Italienische Gesprache v. Sauer-Motti. 4. Aufl

Ubungsstiicke zum tJbers. a. d. Deutschen i. Ital. v. Lardelli. 3. Aufl.

Nengriecliisclie Konversations-Grammatik v. Petraris . . . Schlussel dazu v. Petraris

Niederlandische Konversations-Grammatik v. Valette . . .

Scbltissel dazu v. Valette

Niederlandisches Konv.-Lesebuch v. Valette .........

Kleine niederlandische Sprachlehre v. Valette. 2. Aufl

Polnische Konversations-Grammatik v. Wicherkiewicz .... Schlussel dazu v. Wicherkiewicz

Portu^jiesische Konversations-Grammatik v. Kordgien. 2. Aufl.

Schlussel dazu v. Kordgien. 2. Aufl

Kleine portugiesische Sprachlehre v. Kordgien. 3. Aufl

Bnssische Konversations-Grammatik v. Fuchs. 3. Aufl. . . .

Schlussel dazu v, Fuchs. 3. Aufl

Kleine russische Sprachlehre v. Motti

Schlussel dazu v. Motti

IScliivedische Konversations-Grammatik v. Walter

Schlussel dazu v. Walter

Kleine schwedische Sprachlehre v. Fort

I^panische Konversations-Grammatik v. Sauer-Ruppert. 8. Aufl.

Schliissel dazu v. Ruppert. 2. Aufl

Spanisches Lesebuch v. Sauer-Rohrich. 2. Aufl

Kleine spanische Sprachlehre v. Sauer-Runge. 3. Aufl

Spanische Gesprache v. Sauer. 3. Aufl

Spanische Rektionsliste v. Sauer-Kordgien

Julius Groos, Heidelberg.

Method Gaspey-Otto-Saner

for the study of modern languages.

Grermaii Ed-itions.

Saahili Konversations-Grammatik v. Seidel

Schliissel dazu v. Seidel

Tiirkisclie Konversations-Grammatik v. Jehlitschka

Schliissel dazu v. Jehlitschka

Kleine ungarische Sprachlehre v. Nagy

Fi*eiiclx Ed-itions.

Grammaire allemande par Otto. 16. ;^d

Corrige des themes de la Grammaire allemande par Otto. 5. £d

Petite Grammaire allemande par Otto. 8. ;^d

Lectures allemandes par Otto. I. part. 6. Ed

Lectures allemandes par Otto. II. part. 4. l^d

Lectures allemandes par Otto. III. part. 2. ^d

Conversations allemandes par Otto. 4. Ed

Grammaire anglaise par Mauron-Verrier. 9. ^d

Corrige des thfemes de la Grammaire anglaise par Mauron-Verrier. 3. fid.

Petite Grammaire anglftise par Mauron. 4. ]^d

Lectures anglaises par Mauron. 2. I^d

Conversations anglaises par Corkran

Manuel de conversation en fran^,., allem. et anglais par Connor. 12. ^d.

Grammaire italienne par Sauer. 9. ^d

Corrig6 des themes de la Gramm. ital. par Sauer. 5. fid

Petite Grammaire italienne par Motti. 2. ^^d

Chrestomathie italienne par Cattaneo. 2. ]^d

Conversations italiennes par Motti

Grammaire neerlandaise par Valette

Corrige des themes de la Grammsiire neerlandaise par Valette

Lectures neerlandaises par Valette

Grammaire portugaise par Armez

Corrige des themes de la Gramm. portug. par Armez

Grammaire russe par Fuchs. 3. I^d.

Corrige des thfemes de la Gramm. russe par Fuchs. 3. fid

Petite grammaire russe par Motti

Corrige des themes de la petite grammaire russe par Motti

Grammaire espagnole par Sauer. 4. ^^d.

Corrige des themes de la Gramm. espagn, par Sauer. 3. fid

Petite grammaire espagnole par Tanty

Lectures espagnoles par Sauer-Rohrich. 2. J^d

Petite grammaire suedoise par Fort

Grreek Edition.

Kleine dentische Sprachlehre filr Griechen von Maltos .... Deutsche Gesprache fiir Griechen von Maltos

Julius Oroos, Heidelberg.

Method Graspey-Otto-Sauer

for the study of moderD languages.

Italian Ed-itions.

Grammatica teclesca di Sauer-Ferrari. 6. Ed. ....

Chiave della Grammatica tedesca di Sauer-Ferrari. 2. Ed

Grammatica elementare tedesca di Otto. 4. Ed.

Letture tedesche di Otto. 4. Ed ■

Antologia tedesca di Verdaro

Conversazioni tedesche di Motti

Avviamento al trad, dal ted. in ital. di Lardelli

Grammatica iiiglese di Sauer-Pavia. 4. Ed

Chiave della grammatica inglese di Saucr-Pavia

Grammatica elementare inglese di Pa via

Grammatica francese di Motti. 2. Ed.

Chiave della grammatica francese di Motti

Grammatica elementare francese di Sauer-Motti. 2. Ed. . .

Grammatica spagnnola di Pavia. 2. Ed

Chiave della Grammatica spagnuola di Pavia

Grammatica elementare spagnuola di Pavia. 2. Ed

Pntch. Edition.

Kleine Hoogduitsclie Grammatica door Scliwippert. 2. Dr.

Portng-nese Editions.

Grammatica allema por Otto-Prev6t. 2. Ed

Chave da Grammatica allemji por Otto-Prevot

Grammatica elementar allema por Otto-Prevot. 2. Ed. . . .

Grammatica franceza por Tanty

Chave da Grammatica fraoceza por Tanty

R,oiiman Editions.

Gramatica ^ermana de Leist .

Cheea gramaticii germane de Leist

Elemente de gramatica germana de Leist. 2. Ed

Conversa^iuni germane de Leist

Gramatica franceisa de Leist

Cheea gramaticii francese de Leist

Elemente de gramatica francesa de Leist. 2. Ed

Conversa^iuni francese de Leist

Spanish. Editions.

Gramatica alemana por Ruppert

Clave de la Gramatica alemana por Ruppert

Gramatica elemental alemana por Otto-Riippert. 3. Ed. . .

Gramatica iiiglesa por Pavia

Clave de la Gramatica iuglesa por Pavia

Gramatica sucinta de la lengua inglcsa por Otto. 3. Ed. . .

Gramatica sucinta de la lengua fraiiceisa por Otto. 3. Ed.

Gramatica sucinta de la lengua italiana por Pavia. 2. Ed.

-A^rnaenian Edition.

Elementary JCng^lish Grammar for Armenians by Gulian .

Julius Groos, Heidelberg.

Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer

for the study of modern languages.

«As long as Bellamy's 'state of the future' is no fact yet, as long as there are millionaires and Social Democrats, until every cobbler can step on to the scene of his handicraft, fitted out with an academic education, so long will private tuition be a necessity.

Since no pedagogic considerations fetter the private tutor, one should think that the choice of a classbook could not be a difficult matter for him ; for it is understood, and justly so, that any book is useful if only the teacher is of any use. But the number of those who write grammars, from the late respected Dr. Ahn down to those who merely write in order to let their own small light shine is too large. Their aim, after all, is to place the pupil as soon as possible on his own feet i. e. to render a teacher superfluous, and to save time and money.

Then the saying holds good: «They shall be known by their works», and for that reason we say here a few words in favour of the books of the Gaspey-Otto-Sauer Method which have been published by Mr. Julius Groos, of Heidelberg.

Valuable though these books have proved themselves to be for the use at school, it is for private tuition that they are absolutely indispensable. They just contain what I claim for such books, not too much and not too little. The chapters of the various volumes are easily comprehended and are arranged in such a way that they can well be mastered from one lesson to the other; besides, the subject-matter is worked out so as to lead the pupil from the commencement to converse in the foreign tongue.

What success these books have met with will best be seen from the ever increasing number of their publications which comprise, in different groups relating to Germans, Frenchmen, Englishmen, Italians, and Spaniards, not less than 160 works the following volumes of which I have successfully used myself and am still using for the instruction of Germans : — the French grammar (24*\ edition), the English grammar (21''. edition), the Spanish, Italian, Dutch, and Russian grammars; for English and French students: — the German grammar, not to mention minor auxiliary works by the same firm.

It is surprising what splendid results one can obtain by means of this method in a period of 6 to 12 months. After such a course the student is enabled to instruct himself in commercial correspondence in a foreign language without a master's helping hand.»

Extract from the „Prankisclier Courier".

The Publisher is untiringly engaged in extending the range of educa- tional works issuing from his Press. A number of new books are now in course of preparation.

The new editions are constantly improved and kept up to date.

Julins Oroos, Heidelberg.

ELEMENTARY

RUSSIAN GRAMMAR.

METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER:

ELEMENTARY

RUSSIAN GRAMMAR

BY

PIETRO MOTTI,

PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES AT THE ROYAL PIACENZA TECHNICAL INSTITUTION.

SECOND EDITION IMPROVED AND ENLARGED.

LONDON.

DAVID NUTT, 57—59 Long Aero. DULAU & Co., 37 Soho Square.

SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & Co., Fetter Lane, Fleet Street.

NEW YORK.

BRENTANO'S, F. W. CHRISTERN, THE INTERNATIONAL E. STEIGER & Co., 31 Union Square. 254 Fifth Avenue. NEWS COMPANY, 25 Park Place.

83 and 85 Duane Street.

BOSTON.

T. H, CASTOR & Co., Succ. to C. Schoenhof, C. A. KOEHLER & Co., 23 School Street. 149 A Tremont Street.

HEIDELBERG.

JULIUS GROOS.

1901.

The method of Gaspey-Otto-SKuer Is my own private property, having been acquired by purchase from the authors. The text-books made after this method are incessantly Improved. All rights, espe- cially the right of issuing new editions, and the right of translation for all languages, are reserved. Imitations and fraudulent impres- sions will be prosecuted according to law. I am thankful for any communications relating to these matters.

Heidelberg. Julius Cfroos.

Ma\aj

PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION.

Xhe present little work, exhibiting in as clear and concise a form as possible the main features of Russian accidence and syntax, may be looked upon as an introductory abridgement to the author's larger Con- versation-Grammar of which a second improved and enlarged edition has likewise recently been published.

This Elementary Grammar is intended to facilitate the study of the language for beginners, and will in many cases suffice, especially for those w^ho wish to learn the Russian language for practical purposes only, without any pretension to literary or scientific study. In spite of its modest aspirations, it is however to be hoped that this short guide will not be found entirely undeserving of even the philologist's attention.

By going through it, learners will soon perceive that Russian is by far not so difficult as it is generally believed, and that, if necessary, it can as well as any other dead or living language, be studied and learnt without the assistance of a teacher. To this end a Key of the Exercises has been issued. It will also be seen that even the much dreaded rules of pronunciation are not beyond the reach of diligent self- tuition.

VI Preface.

This new edition has been carefully revised and the practical part more largely developed. A short dialogue has been added to each lesson, and from the twelfth lesson onward, also reading exercises relating for the most part to Russian history and customs have been inserted. A Russian -English and an English-Russian vocabulary have been added at the end of the book.

Dr. J. Wright in Oxford had the kindness to revise the book.

CONTENTS.

Page.

1. The Russian Alphabet. Classification of Letters .... 1

Synopsis of the Russian Alphabet 2

2. Pronunciation of vowels 5

3. Pronunciation of semi-vowels and consonants 8

4. The italic and written alphabet 12

5. Law of permutation 16

Ist Lesson. Gender of substantives 18

2nd » Declension of hard masc. nouns 20

3rd » » » goft » » 22

4th » » » hard fern. » 24

5th » » » soft » » 26

6th » 5> » hard and soft neuter nouns . . 28

7th » General view of substantive inflections .... 30

8th » Nouns with prepositions 32

9th » Auxiliary verb 6uTb to be 35

10th » Hints on the regular conjugation 37

11th » » » » » » continued . . 39

12th » Interrogative, negative and conditional forms . 42

BijtHHH HejosiKi. 44

13th » Personal pronouns 44

CiapHH (|)HJi6co(})'fc 46

14th » Possessive pronouns 47

06pa36BaHHKii ^ejioB'feK'i, 49

15th » Reflective and demonstrative pronouns .... 50

Xopouiafl penyTaii.iH 53

16th » Relative and interrogative pronouns ..... 53

Ca(|)Hp'i, ua oC-kjifii 56

17th » Definitive and indefinite pronouns 57

Oxoia Ha THrpa, 1 60

18th » Adjectives with full terminations 61

Oxoxa Ha iiirpa, II 64

19th » Adjectives with apocopated terminations ... 65

^acu 68

VIII Contents.

Page, 20tli Lesson. Degrees of comparison 69

BHHMaHie h ciporocTt KEma IIoTeMKHHa . . 72 21st » Cardinal numbers . 73

TpH Bonpoca 77

22nd » Ordinal numbers 78

yCificTBo Il,apeBH«ia JI^HMHipi/i 81

23tli » Adverbs 82

BopHCt Po^tyHOBi. 84

24th » Prepositions 86

IOhoctl IleTpa BejiHKaro, 1 88

25tli » Conjunctions and Interjections 89

IOhoctb nerpa BejiHKaro, II 91

26th » Aspects of the verb 92

nyiemecTBie nexpa BeJiHKaro 3a rpaHHi;y . 96 27th » Formation of the present past and future ... 97

Haiaiio neTep6ypra 100

28th » Formation of the imperat. gerund and participle 101

no6t^a npH IIojiaBi 104

29th » Irregular verbs with a regular termination . . 105

IloSijta npH nojiTaB-fe 108

30th » Irregular verbs with an irregular termination . 108

CeMCHCTBo Heipd BejiHKaro 112

Appendix.

I. Selection of useful words 114

II. Easy Conversational Exercises 122

III. Supplementary Reading Exercises 125

IV. Poems 126

Vocabulary.

English-Russian 128

Russian-English 144

INTRODUCTION.

1.

THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET. CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS.

(See the table pages 2 and 3.)

The Russian Alphabet may be considered as an enlarged Greek alphabet. The many letters added have rendered it as nearly phonetic as can be desired, because it not only expresses each sound by means of one character, but it has also the practical advantage of ex- pressing even complex sounds by means of only one character. Its large number of letters is therefore not to be regarded as an inconvenience by beginners, but as a real and useful simplification, both with regard to orthography and pronunciation.^

Certain letters are indeed somewhat puzzling at first sight on account of their similarity to English letters having a different value. Such are:

B = V, H = n, p = r, c = s, y = u, x = kh.

Deserving of particular attention are also the ita- licized forms of the following letters

le = i 11 = p 7n = i.

In books printed before 1840, the ancient Roman form HI is frequently met with instead of t. The great- est care is therefore required not to confuse it with m.

^ Learners who have not the assistance of a teacher should copy the rules of pronunciation before committing them to memory; but being yet unacquainted with the Kussian written alphabet (see page 12), they may imitate as well as they can the printed types. This is the best way of learning them.

Elementary Russian Grammar. 1

SYNOPSIS OF THE

Form.

Proper sound.

Name.

Form.

Proper sound.

A a

a in father

ah

Ji

JI

11 in dollar

E 6

b m butter

bey

M

M

m in man

K B

V in vein

vey

H

JLL n in note

1

r r

g in gone

ghey

0

0

0 in not

A fl

d m done

dey

n

li

p in pit

E e

ye in yet

yey

p

P

r in hurry

m»

z m azure

zhey

c

c

s in safe

3 3

z m zone

zey

T

T

t in turn

H H

i in sick

ee

y

J

00 in moon

I i

i m iota

ee

m

*

f in fine

Ka

i in oil

ee s'kiatkoy

X

X

4 ^>^ 2)q(|

K K

k in kin

kah

^

^

ts in wits

EUSSIAN ALPHABET.

Kame.

Form.

Proper sound.

Name.

ell

^

H

ch in charm

chey

emm

TTT

III

sh in shut

shah

enn

ni,

ni,

shtch in smasht-china

ehtchah

oh

t

'L

mute

hai'd sign

pey

BI

LI

approximately y in pity

yairrwee

airr

T>

L

half mute

soft sign

ess

-B

i

ye in yet

yaht

tey

d

9

e in met

a

00

K)

K)

u in tube

you

eff

il

fl

ya m yard

yah

khah

e

e

f in fine

feetah

tsey

r

r

i m sick

eezhitsa

1*

4 Classification of letters.

It is of the utmost importance, even for beginners, that the following Classifications of Russian Letters be committed to memory.^ They greatly facilitate the proper understanding of the rules of pronunciation and also plain many apparent anomalies of declension and conjugation.

The Russian alphabet contains thirty six letters of these twelve are vowels; three are semi-vowels; the twenty-one others are consonants.

Vowels: a, e, h, i, o, y, h, -fe, 3, ro, a, y;

Semi- vowels: %, l, h;

Consonants: 6, b, r, ji;, m, 3, k, jt, m, h, n, p, c, t, ^, X, ^, H, in, m;, e.

Vowels and semi- vowels are divided into hard and soft, while consonants may be classed into strong and weak, as in other languages.

Hard vow^els: a, 9 y, o, h;

Soft vowels: a, e, (i), k), e^, h (i);

Hard semi- vowel: t;

Soft semi- vowels: l, fi;

Strong consonants: n, (J), x, k, t, in, c;

Weak consonants: 6, b, r, ;i;, at, 3.^

Besides this, when regarded according to the organs that give rise to the various consonants, a second and more important classification is obtained which extends to them all:

Labials: 6, n; b, ^ (e); m;

Gutturals: k, r, x;

Dentals: t, ji,; 3, c, u;;

Palatals: at, in; q, m;;

Linguals: Ji, h, p.

The vowel y and the consonant e have not been comprized in the above classifications, their use being

1 For the present they may be overlooked, if found too difficult; but the sooner they are studied the better it "will be.

2 Pronounced yoh. See page 7, pronunciation of E.

3 Neither the liquids Ji, m, h, p, nor n, h, m, have a corre- sponding weak consonant; they have therefore not been comprized in this classification. The weak consonant r corresponds to the strong consonants k and x, according to circumstances.

Pronunciation of vowels. 5

extremely rare and restricted to words of Greek origin. The first is employed for o, the second for d". Eyanrejiie, AeiiHH (EoaYYsXiov, 'A^7]vai). Such words are now generally written with b and (j): EBanrejiie, A^hhh.

2. PRONUNCIATION OF TOWELS.

a) Hard vowels.

A, a.

Its proper sound is that of a in father; but when at the end of words and not accented^ it is pronounced very rapidly so as to approach a in fat:

aana;!,^ 6apdirb 6d6a rdra

zah-padd ba-rahnn bdh-ba gah-ga nest mutton old woman eider-duck.

The hard vowel a has the sound of e in met, when occurring after a palatal consonant (see page 4), provided it be not accented and not at the end of a word:

HacTiiii;a yacacB »idcTO Ajuid

chai-stee-tsa 6o-zhess chah-sto doo-shdh small part terror often soul.

Li the accented genitive termination arc ^, the vowel a is pronounced o; but in this case also r is pronounced irregularly. See therefore page 10, pronunciation of r.

It has uniformly its proper sound of e in met. This letter occurs mostly in words of foreign origin: aK^aMeH'b axaae^pKa noaMa axoT'b

ek-zah-menn ai-ta-zhair-ka po-al-ma ai-tott examination cupboard poem this.

The proper sound of this vowel is that of ee thick and guttural. To catch the right pronunciation of h, learners ought to utter with a guttural affectation the final y of such words as pity, witty, etc.

1 The tonic accent is no longer printed in Russian; but to assist beginners all words occurring in this grammar are accen- tuated, when formed with more than one syllable.

^ Now generally written and printed oio.

6 Pronunciation of vowels.

After the labials (see page 4), it is pronounced much similar to wi in ivig:

CHH'L u,HHra MHJio rpiidiA

synn tsyn-gah mwee-lo gree-bwee

son scurvy soap mushrooms.

0, 0.

When accented, it sounds like o in not: when unac- cented, its pronunciation greatly resembles that of a in father, but at the end of words it generally preserves its proper sound:

;i,OM^

npecTOJi'B

KOJIOKOJia

ly^e

domm

prai-stoll

ka-la-ka-lah

choo-do

house

throne

bells

wonder.

yfflH

;nypHO

3iyKa

o6-shee

door-no

mo6-ka

ears

badly

torment.

It has uniformly its proper sound of oo in moon: pyEa roo-kah hand

Repetition, 3ana;i.i», dapaHTb, 6a6a, rara, ^acTiiii,a, yacacT., nacTO, ^ynia, 3K3aMeHTE», STamepKa, no3Ma, btoti,, CHH-B, ii,iaHra, mhjio, rpH6H, ^omi», npecTOjit, KOjroKOJia, ^y;i;o, pyna, yniH, j^ypno, MyKa.

FIRST READING EXERCISE, i

3anact, CTaKaH'B, Manna, jiana, ^acm, aianjiiapMi., atap- KO, ^apa, acKajipoHt, 3M6jieMa, iio-3TOMy, 3xo, CHp'B, ii,biraHi., CHOHH, 61JJ10, 66a, M6;iia, ohh, okojig, jiyna, yxo, xy;iiO, MyKa.

b) Soft vowels.

fl, a (soft a).

When accented, it has its proper sound of ya in yard. When not accented and at the end of words its sound is that of ya in ;?/«/; ;

flBKa CTOflHKa senjifl Bp^aia

yahf-ka sta-yahn-ka zyem-lyah vrye-mya. notice halt earth time.

1 The figured pronunciation and literal translation of this and the following Keading Exercises are given in the Key to this Grammar.

Pronunciation of vowels. 7

In all other cases, when not accented, it is pronoun- ced like ye in yet:

a;i,p6 apMO ;i,eBaTL sasKy

yai-droh yair-moh dye-vyet' vyai-zhoo bullet yoke nine I tie.

E, e (soft a) ; E, ..e (soft o).

At the beginning of words and syllables, when not accented, it sounds nearly like ye in yet, i. e. it has its proper sound:

e;i,Bd acejidext sejiriKoe bctl

yed-vah zhai-lah-yet vai-lee-ko-ye yest' hardly he wishes great (neuter) he is.

When accented it has very often the sound of yo in yohe (or that of o in note, if preceded by a lingual or palatal consonant, see page 4). In such cases how- ever, it is customary to mark it with tivo dots: e.iKa TBepAO me.iK'L nepHHii

yol-ka tvy6r-do shollk chor-nee

fir-tree firmly silk black.

In all other,', combinations, and especially after a consonant belonging to the same syllable, the soft vowel e has the hard sound of e in met:

Oeperi»

Mope

nejio

cejio

bai-reg

moh-reh

chai-loh

sai-16h

shore

sea

forehead

village.

% -fe (soft a). The same rules stated for e apply equally to % with the exception that this never has the sound of o and only very seldom that of yo:

'feCTt tajl,^ HtaOM B'^pa H^Mli

yest' yez-dah nye-moy vye-ra chemm to eat journey dumb faith than.^

H, H, I, i (soft h).

The proper sound of both these soft vowels is al- ways that of i in sich and iota. The second of them, i,

1 Among the words in which i has the sound of ?/o, observe the following' and their derivatives: cij^ja saddle, SBisAH stars, rHi3;i;a birds' nests, i;B'fe.ii. he flourished, o5p'fe.TB I (thou, he) found.

8 Pronunciation of semi-vowels.

must invariably be followed by another vowel or semi- vowel, whereas h is employed exclusively before a con- sonant ^ :

MHpt BHHHHHHHa UpH^JI^b c'mft

meerr vin-nee-chee-na pree-yezd see-nyee peace bunch of grapes arrival blue.

H), K) (soft y).

The compound soft vowel lo has in most Russian

words the sound of u in tube. In words of French or

German origin, lo was formerly pronounced as French u

German ii, but now this difference is generally neglected:

KonaH) i66Ka 6h)cti BproccejiL

ka-pah-youh yo6p-ka byoust bryous-sel

I dig petty-coat bust Brussels.

Repetition. iiBKa, CToaHKa, seMjin, BpeMJi, -a^po, apMO, ;i,eBaTL, BfliKy, e;i,Ba, atejiaeTi), BejiiiKoe, ecTB, ejiKa, Tsep- J^o, niejiKT., ^epHHH, 6eper'B, Mope, ^ejio, cejio, fecTt, ia^^a, H^MOH, B^pa, ^iM-L, MHp^, BiiHHH^HHa, npi^3;i,i>, ciimH, KOiiaio, Mksl, 610011., BpioccejiL.

SECOND READING EXERCISE.

Maco CHTHaa mima. BamHa BHCOKa, xiisKHHa HHSKa. AiiAia. 6'iijia, nioHia KpacHa, KjiibKBa Kiicjraa flro;i,a. Jl,66poe cep;],ij,e yBasKaeTca bc^mh. Ile^H TonaTCH ApoBaMH. fymi Haiua 6e3CMepTHa.

3.

PRONUNCIATION OF SEMI-TOWELS AND

CONSONANTS.

a) Semi-Towels.

% I,.

The hard semi-vowel x has now^ no sound whatever, but it serves to give to the consonant that precedes it a strong and harsh pronunciation as though this were double. Before i., a weak consonant has always the sound of its corresponding strong, 6 = n, b = (f , etc. :

CTaH'B KpOB'b IHeCTt CTOJTB

stahnn kroff shesstt stoU

stage roof perch table.

1 The only exception is Mipi, world, to distinguish it from MHpx peace.

Pronunciation of consonants.

The soft semi- vowel l may to a certain extent be regarded as a half uttered h, giving to the preceding consonant a soft and liquid resonance somewhat similar to the French 11 moniUe or the German j:

CTRHL

KpOBL

mecTL

CTO.IL

stahn'

krov'

shest'

stor 1

begin (thou)

blood

six

so much

H, H.

This second soft semi-vowel is a very short h occurring only after a vowel and pronounced very rapidly along with it, so as to form one syllable:

;i,afl MOii neft cjiy'iait

dah^ m6h^ pai^ sloo-cha^

give (thou)! my (masc.) drink (thou)! occasion.

Repetition. CxaHt, KpoBi., niecTB, ctojii,, cTaHL, KpoBL, mecTB, CTOjiL, ^aft, MOH, nefi, cjiy^ian.

b) Consonants.

Labials: n, n; B, 6; ^, (|); B, b; M, m.

These five letters have the same sound as their English equivalents (p, b, f, v, m), observing however that the weak 6 and b are pronounced like the strong n and (|), when followed by a strong consonant or by ^ :

naBJiHHi>

pa-vleenn pea-cock

6d6Ka

bahp-ka knuckle

6iiTBa

bit-va battle

doopp oak

(|)OHapb

fa-nahr' lantern

.i^BKa

lahf-ka shop

MaTB

maht' mother.

POBI

roff

ditch.

Gutturals: K, k; X, x; T, r.

The consonant k is generally pronounced as in English ; but when it occurs before k, t or ^, it has the spirantal value which is heard in German S)ac6.

1 The pronunciation of these four words may also be figured thus: stdhnye, kr6vye, shestyS, stolye.

10

Pronunciation of consonants.

Such is always the sound of the Russian x, often trans- cribed in Enghsh by Mi:

KpesTi, KHeaiy kto xpaMi,

kresstt kh-chai-mo6 khtoh khrahmm cross to what who temple.

The proper sound of r is that of g in God\ but before k, t, q, and in a few other cases \ it is pronoun- ced as a very soft spirant Russian x (German (^); and when followed by i, its sound is that of Ic in Idn:

rep6'L

jierKO

HOrTH

nHporx

ghairp

lekh-koh

nokh-tee

pee-rok

coat of arms

easily

(finger) nails

pie.

The genitive termination aro is pronounced ova when accented, avo when unaccented ; aro and ero al- ways sound yevo:

;i;ypHaro ^ pyccKaro

door-n6vo rooss-kavo

of the bad (man) of the Russian

CHHflro ero

see-nyevo yai-v6h of the blue of him

Dentals: T, t; JI^ ;ii; C, c; 3, 3; 11^ ^.

The sound of these five consonants is exactly that of Enghsh t, d, s, z and ts:

T2LWh TCTKa JI,OHT, A^A^

tab mm tyott-ka donn dyah-dya there aunt Don uncle

ca;i,^

sahdd garden

cecTpd

ses-trah sister

i^apB

tsar' emperor (king)

nepen,^

pai-rets pepper

SBOH'b

zvonn sound

JIHI],0

li-ts6h face

crop^TL

zga-ryet' to burn.

i],i^H<l

tsai-nah price.

1 Such are Bort God, neiep^ypri. St. Petersburg, and other proper names ending in 6ypr'&. — It must also be noted here that r sounds like he h in hero in all foreign words having in their original form an initial aspirated h, such as rocnnxajib, repoS etc., and in a few Russian words, among which must be especially noticed ^oc^6J^L Lord (God), TocyMpt Sovereign, Emperor, 6.iaro well, and a few others.

2 See note 2 page 5.

Pronunciation of consonants. 11

Palatals: III, m; ^K, jk; H, h; m, m;.

They correspond respectively to sh in shut to z in azure^ ch in charm, shtch in smasht-china :

majidmi) acend naci* iu^iitt.

shai-lahsh zhai-nah chahss shtchitt

cottage woman hour shield.

It must however be noted that, before t and h, the consonant h sounds as in; before h, hi; sounds as in; at is pronounced in before a strong consonant or i,:

HTO nOMOmHIIKT, MjaCT, HOSKKa

shtoh pa-mosh-nik moosh nosh-ka

what assistant husband little foot.

Palatals: JI, Ji; H, h; P, p.

These three consonants do not materially differ in their usual pronunciation from 1 in life, n in riote, r in rose. In regard to Ji, it must be noted that its proper sound of 11 in dollar only occurs when followed by a strong consonant, a hard vowel, or !>. Great care should be taken not to hsp Russian p as Englishmen frequently do (arm-northern), but to pronounce it rather as if it were double, as in the word hurry:.

pdHO ji'^wiBuH jioacKa roBopnjii.

rah-no lai-nee-wee lloh-shka ga-va-rill

soon idle spoon I spoke

Repetition. IlaBJiHH'B, 6nTBa, 4>0HapL, MaTt, 6a6Ka, Ay^'B, jiaBKa, poBi>, KpecTt, K^eMy, kto, xpaMt, rep6'b, jerKo, HOFTH, nnpori), jnypnoro, pyccKaro, ciiHaro, ero, TaMi>, TCTKa, JtoH'L, A^M, cay],!., cecTpa, sbowl, crop^TL, nepeu,^, JTHU,6, n,tHa, majramt, sKena, ^acB, ui,hti., ^to, noM6in,HHK'B, Myat-B, HoatKa, pane, jrliHiiBHii, jioatKa, roBopHJi^.

THIRD READING EXERCISE.

Mej^B-fej^L o^eHL CHJieHi.. JKiiTO cosp'ljBaeT^ ji:feTOM^. JlyHme jiaBaxt ^.laWh npocHTB. Kama jiK)6HMaa nHin,a

JI,iTeH. 3aHn,H 60H3JIHBHiI JKHBOTHIia. C'feHO KOCflT'L KOCaMH.

yKymenie smM HacTO npn^HHieTt CMepTL. Ytkh mb6in:'h njiaBaTB no Bo;i,1i. Y^HTeJL o6y^aeTi. y^ennKOB'B. llHBapL (ecTL) n^pBHH M^cjin,!, b'b ro^y. HKopn Heo6xo;i,HMBi npH Kopa^Jinx-B. 3hm6k) seMjin noKpiiTa CH'BroM'B.

12

Italic and written alphabet.

FOURTH READING EXERCISE.

iiiJianA.

Oji.HH'B 6oraHi. ynajr^ oji,Haaj;i,H b^ piiKy. Ha rpoM- Kin ero KpHKi, npH6'feiKajiH jik);i,h h cl BejiHKHMi. xpyjiiOM'B BUTamHjiH ero h3i> bo;i,h. Oh-b npociijii., ^t66h nocTapa- jiHCL noHMaTB ero nurany, KOTopaa ynjiHjia yjKe jiiOBOjiLHO ;i;ajieK6, h o6'feii];ajii> ;i;aTL 3a to BOSHarpaatAenie. 0;i,iiH'L pH6aK^ noHMaji'B niJiany h iipHHeci. ee ki, Heny. Bora^i. ;i;ajii> eny sa to hojithhhhk'b, a T-i^xT., KOTopne ero caMoro BHTaiiiiHJiH H3T. BO^M, ;i,aace h He no6jiaro;i,apiui'B.

Bhji,ho, ^to 6ora^'L no^HTajri. cbok) nwany ji^opome ce6L

4. THE ITALIC AND WRITTEN ALPHABET.

B6(^^0 3 3(^ 3 Mm

U

Be

Kn&^^F

Italic and written alphabet.

13

tXy Hu

^ Rh

^

6

r r

^

FOURTH READING EXERCISE, atalicj

IRjiHua.

Odum 6oidm odudowdu ymM &h prhK'y. Ha ipoMKiu eto KpuKb npu6rb0f€dMi Jiwdti u Ch GeAUKUMit mpydoMh eu- mamudu eto uai, eodm. Om npociU-b, Hm66hi nocmapdjiuch nouMunib efu) mJiAny, nomopan ynjiujid yoice doeoMuo dajieuo, u o6nmdjiz damh aa mo eosHaipaowdmie. Odum pu6dKh nou- Md.^^ mo.iAny u npumch ec Kb uemy, Eotduz da.%z cmi/ sa mo no.imtiUHUKh, a mmrb, nomopue eio caMoio oumamuMi U3^ eodm, ddo/ce u ue nofjdmodapuA^.

Buduo, umo 6oidm nouumdM ceow mMiny dopooice ce6k.

14 , Reading exercise.

FOURTH READING EXERCISE. (Written.)

6) / . / _%

oo/^t^o^e€i^M'V^fif6m^. ^^(y€i

z/it}M:m^ e^c^ ^um) n/iu-

^'/^o/cO'-yiu A/-0OU u c'6 ve^u-

UM^ mnuat^M^ vMfna-

u^M^u ezt^ u3^ vot^6^. \zy/^h

nnecf^^^ "t^rr^t^OM nocr/^a-

Reading exercise. 15

eiAuet '^^t^uMO'mt ezo

iUA^n'i^^ /^0'/n(m€^si('UnAbi-

^i^ 'Ui?^e t^o-vo^bf^o a^Am^t^^

u oofbci^a^t) oa^mt sa ma

os/^a^/iam>mme. (cyouM'6

Moafc^ n(}aMt^^^ lUASi^-

noAmu/-i^un'% ^ mf6C^%

16 Law of permutatiox.

5. LAW OF PERMUTATION.

In the various changes that words undergo through declension, conjugation, composition and derivation, the final letter of the root is frequently changed according to fixed phonetic rules, which it is of the utmost im- portance to commit to memory as soon as possible:

Consonants: 1. r, ji;, 3,

before a, e, h, k), l change into

2. K, T, ^,

3. X, c,

4. CK, CT,

in ffl.

Law of permutation. 17

Vowels.

2' I after r, k, x, at, h, in, m, u; change into

3. H »rKxaK^inii]; =? »h

4. 0 » at ^ lu m; n; » » e^

5. i » i » » H

Semi-vowels.

1. B after a vowel changes into h

2. L or H before a consonant with 1. » » e

3. i before two consonants » » 0

1

^ When the accented vowel e is pronounced 0 (after 11;, h, JK, m, m), the vowel 0 is now generally printed and written instead of e. Thus they spell xopomo and not xoponie well, oTUfiWb better than omen-L by the father, and so on.

Elementary Russian Grammar.

18

FIRST LESSON.

GENDER OF RUSSIAN SUBSTANTITES.

The Russian language has no article, neither de- finite nor indefinite. Thus OTei],'L signifies indifi'erently the father, a father, father.

Number and case are distinguished by means of in- flections alone. Hence the necessity of a careful study of the Russian declensions.

There are three genders in Russian, as in English; but this distinction applies in Russian also to inanimate objects. In many cases however, the gender of sub- stantives may be known either by their signification or by their termination.

Masculine by their signification are all appellations of men, whatever may be their termination: TBopeu.'fc Creator. Bpajib liar,

itapb Emperor (king). KasHa^efi treasurer.

Kopo.iB king. ]i^km uncle.

Masculine by their termination are all names of animate or inanimate objects ending in ^ or n: Bort God repOM hero,

dpaii. brother, capafi cart-shed,

op'fext wahiut. ciyqafi occasion.

Feminine by their signification are all female ap- pellations :

MaxB mother. KHflrHHH princess.

A01B daughter. cecxpa sister.

TCTKa aunt. acCHa wife, woman.

Feminine by their termination are all nouns ending in a or a (not Ma):

KHHra book. bhuih^ cherry.

najiKa stick. Hana nurse-maid,

rpyraa pear. repoHHa heroine.

Gender of Russian substantives. 19

Neuter by its signification is ;i,HTii child.

Neuter by their termination are all nouns ending in 0, e or Ma:

cjioBO word. mia name.

a6jioKO apple. BpeMji time.

n6jie field. 6peM« burden.

Substantives in l are partly roasculine, partly femin- ine ; the proper gender of each of them must be learnt by practice, or by consulting a good dictionary^: jl0Ht;i;b rain — raasc. .liHt idleness — fem.

Kopa6.ib ship — masc. aensHL life — fam.

HOroTL finger-nail — masc. CTB.Jih steel — fern.

\V0RDS.2

Tjli where. sjiiiCb here.

Be3it everywhere. cero^Ha to-day (prow. sai-v6d-nya).

Kor^a when. TaMi there.

ecTt is (frequently understood). yate already.

AOMa at home (aom'l house). eme still, yet.

H and, also. kto who.

a and, but. mto what.

EXERCISE 1.

TBopeii;!,. ^Kena. Fpyina. Hmji. BpaT'B. >A6jioko. JI^OTKji^h. Kopa6jiL. JlfoiB. Bort Be3;i,i. BpaTi) eiii,e TaM-B, a cecxpa yate sa'^cb. Kto AOMa? Oxeii,!) ;i;6Ma. r;i,i rpy- ina H ii6jOKO? Tpynia s^tcB, a h6jioko xaM'B.

TRANSLATION 2.

God. The book. A time. The field. Life. The word. A sister. God is the Creator. Who [is]^ there? The mother [is] there, but the daughter [is] here. When [is] the father at home? The father [is] at home to-day.

CONTERSATION.

r^'fe MaTB? MaTB TaMTb.

Kor;i,a cecTpa ,T;6Ma? CecTpa ;i,6Ma.

Kto TaMx? TaM-B ji,Ajj,.fi.

^TO SA'fecB? SA'fecB rpyiua.

' The best is: Alexandrow, Complete English-Russian and Russian-English Dictionary. (St. Petersburg, new edition 1897. Price ten roubles.)

2 These words as well as those contained in the preceding rules must be thoroughly committed to memory, before doing the exercise and translation.

3 Observe that a parenthesis (....) encloses a word to be translated or an annotation, whereas brackets [.-..] signify « leave out».

2*

20 Lesson 2.

SECOND LESSON.

DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS.

(Hard form.)

General remarks. There are in Kussian three declensions, which may be arranged according to the genders: the first, masculine; the second, feminine; the third, neuter.

Besides the usual cases, common with other lan- guages (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative), there are in Russian two more cases: the instrumental answering to the questions hy ivhomP and tvith tvJiat in the sense of by what^ and the prepositional, so called, because it is always preceded by one of the prepositons o, no, Bt, npn, Ha, as will be seen farther on.

Examples of hard masculine nouns.

a) Animate objects.

N. BOHHt the warrior. bohhh the warriors.

G. BOHHa of the warrior. BOHnOBt of the warriors.

D. BOHHy to the warrior. BOHHaMi. to the warriors.

A. BOHHa the warrior. bohhopi. the warriors.

I. BOHHOM'b by the warrior. BOHHaMH by the warriors.

P. (o) BOHH-fe (about) the warrior. (o) BOnnaxTb (about) the warriors.

In the same manner as bohht* are declined the greatest number of masculine nouns of aoimate objects ending in 'b, such as:

CTOJ^ipi. joiner. genitive 2; CTO.iflpa.

Kyaneu,!. blacksmith. » KysHeua.

Bop-L thief. » Bopa.

doateT-B subject. 3 » doateia.

6y.ioHHHK'L baker. ^ » 6yjioiHHKa.

1 When the preposition with denotes company or being together it is not rendered by the instrumental alone; the pre- position CB (page 33) must precede it. Ex: BOHHOMt'by tt^ war- rior, c:b BOHHOM'B with the w^arrior.

^ The genitive is indicated to show the displacement of the tonic accent throughout the declension.

3 Foreign nouns in t are declined as 'if they where true Russian nouns.

* It must be constantly borne in mind, that according to what has been stated (page 17) concerning the use of Russian letters, after a jsJiial or palatal (r, k, x; a:, m, ^, m) the plural inflection is h and not u: 6yjioHHHKH, and not 6yjio^iHHKw; 6uYi'h, 6hkh. etc.

Hard masculine nouns. 21

6apaH's sheep.* genitive: 6apaHa.

CuK-b bull. » 6HKa.

BOJi. ox. » BOJia.

b) Inanimate Objects.

N. CTOJiii the table. cto.ih the tables.

G. CTO.id of the table. crojiOBt of the tables.

D. CTOJiy to the table. CTcidMi. to the tables.

A. CTOJi'b the table. cto.im the tables.

I. CTOJiOMTb with the table. cxcidMii with the tables.

P. (o) CTOjt (about) the table. (o) 010.16x1 (about) the tables.

As it is seen, the deeleDsion of masculine nouns denoting inanimate objects differs from that of animate objects only in the accnsatiye of both numbers, which in the former is the same as the nominative, whereas in the latter it is the same as the genitive.

In the same manner as CTOJiTb are declined among others :

j!iy6'B oak. saKOHi law.

genitive :

;^y6a.2 3aK6Ha.

pori. horn. x.ii6i, bread, loaf.

»

pora. xji4<5a.

;to.irL debt. cyKi branch.

»

SOJira.s cyKa.

Some nouns elide in all other cases the vowel e or 0 of the nominative singular: saMOKt the castle, saMKa of the castle, 3aMKy to the castle, etc., i^t^tok^l flower, i^B^TKa of the flower, etc., Kynen;!. merchant, ajnu^i of the merchant, etc.

WORDS.

^aii give (thou). Majii.MHK'L the boy.

;^a^iTe give (you). yqenHK-L the pupil.

Hrpaext he, she, it plays. pa66THHK'L the workman.

BVLf&y I see. kohgk'l the skate, gen. KOHBKa.

BHAHnit thou seest. HMnepaiopt the emperor,

-a roBopib I speak. th roBopHuiL thou speakest.

EXERCISE 3.

SaKOHi* 'Bora. Par's BOJia. Cy^ta* ji,j66Bi>. Xji'fe6'B

^ Animals are considered as animate objects with regard to their declension.

2 The displacement of the accent begins in this noun from the gen. plur. Ay66B'b downwards.

3 The disfilacement of the accent begins from the nom. plur. ji,0M±.

* The nominative plural is not cyKH but cy^La in this case, because it is be taken in a collective sense.

22

Lesson 3.

6yj[0^HHK0B'B. JI,ojirH BopOB'B. JI,aH xji'i>6i> pa66THHKy. il Biiaty 6apaH0Bi.. JI,aHTe ctoji-l pa66THHKaM'L. MajiL^HKi* HrpaeTi) ch (with) y^eHHKaMH. R roBopio o CTOJii, a bh

rOBOpHTe 0 KOHLKaX'B.

TRANSLITION 4.

The laws of God. The horn of the oxen. The branch of the oak. The loaves of the baker. The debts of the thief. Give (thou) the table to the baker. Thou seest the pupil; he plays with (ci» mstr.) the boys. Thou seest the skate of the workmen. Give the pupils the tables.

COjNVERSATION.

r^'fe KysHeii;^?

^TO B-L ji.OM'fe Kyni];a?

Hto th Biui,Hini>?

K ^TO BHaty?

Korjta MajiL^HK^ ;i;6Ma?

Ky3Heii,'B 3ji;hch.

Bt ji.OM'fe Kyni],a xji'li6'L.

R BHaty CTOJiu.

Th bhahuil opixx.

MajiL^HK'B ^liOMa cer6;i.Ha.

THIRD LESSON.

DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS.

(Soft form.)

Soft masculine nouns have a tw^ofold termination some end in l; others in ft.

Examples of soft masculine nouns in l. a) Animate objects.

N. ii;ap'b the Tear (Czar).

G. ^apa of the Tsar.

D. napib to the Tsar.

A. napa the Tsar.

I. i^apeMi. by the Tsar.

P. (o) itapt (about) the Tsar.

itapH the Tsars, uapeft of the Tsars. iiiapaM'B to the Tsars, uapeft the Tsars. uapaMH by the Tsars. (o) uapaxt (about) the Tsari

Thus may

be declined:

Kopojib king.

genitive :

KOpCIfl.

cjiecapL locksmith.

»

cejicapa.

yHHxejiL teacher.

»

y^Hxejia.

npiflxejib friend.

»

npiaxejia.

HenpiflxejiL enemy.

»

HenpiaxejiH.

atHxejiL inhabitant.

»

atHxejifl.

ojieHB stag.

»

ojieHfl.

MCABiAt bear.

»

MGABiAH.

Soft mascuijne nouns.

23

b) Inanimate Object.

N. ^GHapB the lantern.

G. 4)0Hapa of the lantern.

D. ^oHapib to the lantern.

A. (JtoHapB the lantern.

I. ^oEaijyewh with the lantern.

P. (o) 4)0Hap'fe (about) the lantern.

Such are: cjioBapb dictionary. Kopa6jiL ship, boat. TBosAb iron-nail. rocnHiaJib hospital.

(|)OHapH the lanterns. (J)OHapeft of the lanterns. (i)OHapaM'b to the lanterns, ^onapii the lanterns. 4)0HapaMH with the lanterns. (o) 4>0Hapax'B (about) the lanterns,

genitive: cjiosapH.

» KopaSjiA.

» rB03j;a.

» rocnHTajia.

Examples of soft masculine nouns in h.

N. repoik the hero.

G. repoa of the hero.

D. repoH) to the hero.

A. repoa the hero.

I. repocMi. by the hero.

P. (o) repot (about) the hero

Such are: KaBHaieS treasurer, a.ioi'feri rascal.

a) Animate Being.

repoii the heroes.

repocBi. of the heroes.

repoaMt to the heroes.

repocBi. the heroes.

repoaMH by the heroes.

(o) repdax-B (about) the heroes.

genitive: Ka3Ha^6a.

b) Inanimate Object.

N. cjiy^att the occasion.

G. cjiyqaa of the occasion.

D. cjiynaH) to the occasion.

A. cjiyiatt the occasion.

I. cjiynaeMTb with the occasion.

P. (o) cjy >ia'fe(about) the occasion.

Such are: capafi cart-shed, coach-house. noKOH room.

cjiyiaH the occasions. cjiyiacB-B of the occasions. cjiynaaMi. to the occasions. cjiyHaH the occasions. cjiynaaMH with the occasions. (o)cjiyiaax'B(about)the occasions.

genitive: capda. » noK6fl.

OxoTHHK'L the hunter. Tonopi) the hatchet. BipL believe (thou). BipLxe believe (you). He not, no. njoTHHKi the carpenter.

WORDS.

6uji'b BCip'fe^eH'L he was met. nocTejiL bed, bedstead. TenepB now, at present. ^•feM-L with what; o mcmi about

what. K^Mi by whom.

noKdaHBaeTt he, she, it shows.

EXERCISE 5.

CjOBapL npiiiTejia. rB63;i.H pa66THHKOBTE>. I],apH. Th BHAMniL Kopoji^H. B-tpL npiiiTejiH),

H He BipL

24 Lesson 4.

oxoTHHKy. OxoTHHKi) ecTB BpajiL. IIpiaTejifc noKasHBaeT'B Meji.B'fej^ii jKHTejiflMi). He niipBTe HenpiiTejiaMi.. IIocTejiH BT> noKoi. il TenepL bt. capai. Oh-b pa66TaeTi to- nopoMi.

TRANSLATION 6. The dictionaries of the friends. The toothed plane of the workman. Thou seest the king and I see the heroes. Do not beUeve (trans. BeUeve not) the enemy. The enemy is a Har. Thou speakest with the teacher (ct instr.) about the bedsteads and ships. The Tsar was met by the inhabitants. With what does the boy play (transl. plays the boy)? With an iron-nail.

FOURTH LESSON.

DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS.

(Hard form.) Examples of hard feminine nouns.

a) Animate objects. N. aKGHd the woman, the wife. ateHU the women. G. aieHM of the woman. D. ateH-fe to the woman. A. aceny the woman. I. meHOH) (-68) by the woman. P. (o) atCH* (about) the woman. Such are:

I]^apHu.a Empress (of Russia).

KopojieBa queen.

BAOBa widow.

n^eji4 bee.

co6aKa dog.

KopoBa cow.

A'feBHu.a girl.

In the same manner are declined also the few

masculine nouns in a, such as:

CTapocxa headman. niBHua singer.

b) Inanimate objects, N. KapTHHa the picture. KapxHHH the pictures.

G. KapxHHH of the picture. KapTHHi> of the pictures.

D. KapTHH* to the picture. KaprHHainb to the pictures.

ateHi

of the women.

saea&wb to the women.

atCH-L

the women.

aienaMH by the women.

(o) atenax'b (about) the women.

plural

»

.1: ^apH^H.

KOpOJI^BH.

»

BAOBH.

»

iiieJiH.

»

cooaKH.

»

KOpOBH.

1 With feminine nouns the displacement of the accent is rare and limited to the plural.

Hard feminine nouns. 25

A. KapxHHy the picture. KapTHHti the pictures.

I. KapTHHOH) (-oh) with the pict. KapiHHaMH with the pictures.

P. (o) KapxHoi (about) the pict. (o) KapTHHaxt (about) the pict.

Such are:

posa rose.

plural: posH.

xpaBa grass, herb.

» xpaBH.

KOMHaxa room.

» KOMHaXH.

KHHra book.

» KHHrH.

As to the accusative of feminine nouns, there is no distinction between animate and inanimate objects in the singular; but in the plural the same distinction is made as with mascuHne nouns (page 21).

Such feminine nouns the final vow^el of which is preceded by two consonants, or by a consonant and a soft semi- vowel, insert in the genitive plural e or o, to faci- litate pronunciation : najiKa the stick, najiOK'B of the sticks ; CBa;i,B6a the marriage, CBa;i,e6'B of the marriages, etc.

WORDS.

OCoMmHKt upholsterer. a j^aib I give.

o66h tapestry, wall-paper. bn ;i,aexe you give.

MHi me, to me. ujiemAunuwa. niece.

noaeajiyacxa if you please. a BHj('fe.TL 1 saw, I have seen.

cjiyatauKa servant-maid. jih? is it not? (interr. particle.)

KopsiiHKa basket. hjih either, or.

Aaii give (thou) I yKparaaexi, ornaments.

jiafixe give (you)! nacxo often, frequently.

EXERCISE 7.

Si BHA'feji'B co6aKy. Co6aKa nrpaeT'B qacTO cb Kopo-

BOK). Jtaft XJlidt C06aK'fe. JI,aH MH-fe KOpSHHKy A'^BHII.H.

^an KopoBaMx TpaBH. 066hii];hk'l yKpainaeT-B KOMHaTH o66aMH H KapTJinaMH. ^anxe MH-fe KHHry h KonenKy, no- jKajryftcTa. il Bii^'feJi'B KopsimKH njieM)iHHHi];i> h KHnry

A'feBHIl.tl.

TRANSLATION 8.

Give bread to the dog, and grass to the cow. The brother ornaments the room with papers and pictures. I saw the basket of the niece and the book of the girl. Give the widow the kopeck. Thou speakest of the dog, and I speak of the cow. Do you make {trans. make you ji.'fejiaeTe jik bh) a basket or a book? I often see the picture.

26

Lesson 5.

CONYERSATION.

rOBOpHniL JIH TH 0 co6aK'fe HJIH 0 KOniK-fe?

Jt'fejraeTe Jin bh KopsHHKy

HJIH KHHry. Kto HrpaeTi) o6HKHOBeHHO

C^ KOniKOK)?

^ roBopio 0 KOpOB'fe.

Mh ^^-fejiaeMi) KopsHHKy, a ne KHHry.

MajBHHKH 06HKH0BeHH0 HF-

paioTt ci> KoniKOi) h cl co6aKOK).

KoMy BH ^aexe posy? H ^aib posy ateni 6yjio^HHKa.

FIFTH LESSON.

DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS.

(Soft form.)

Soft feminine nouns have, like soft masculine nouns, a twofold termination. Some of them end in a ; others in l.

Examples of soft feminine nouns in k. a) Animate objects.

N. Hana the nurse (-maid).

G. Bmii of the nurse.

D. HaHt to the nurse.

A. HflHio the nurse.

I. HaneH) (-efi) by the nurse.

P. (o) UHwh (about) the nurse.

Such are: KHarHHH princess. 6orHHa goddess. rpa(|)iiHji countess. repoHHa heroine.

H^HH the nurses.

BHuh of the nurses.

UHHHM'h to the nurses.

UHHh the nurses.

HAHflMH by the nurses.

(o) HAHax-L (about) the nurses.

N. iiyja the bullet.

G. npH of the bullet.

D. nyjit to the bullet.

A. ny.iH) the bullet.

I. iiyjieio (efi) with the bullet.

P. (o) nyji-i (about) the bullet.

Such are: ;iuHa melon. 6ypfl tempest. Hejiijia week.

gen. plur.: KnarHHL. » » 6orHHL. » » rpacjiHHL. » » repoHHL.

b) Inanimate objects.

nyjH the bullets.

nyjiB of the bullets.

npaMi. to the bullets.

iiyjiH the bullets.

iiy.iaMH with the bullets.

(o) nyjaxTb (about) the bullets.

gen. plur.: j^mih. » » 6ypi..

» » HGA't-lb-

There are also a few nouns in a which insert e or 0 to facilitate the pronunciation, such as: 6aniHJi the tower, 6anieHL^ of the towers, etc.

^ Instead of -ghb, many grammarians write -eni., according to pronunciation.

Soft feminine nouns.

27

Such feminine nouns as end in m, like Anrjiia England, Poccia Russia, have in the dative and prepo- sitional the inflection h instead, of % according to the law of permutation (page 17) Anrjiin to England, 06^ AHoiH about England, Poccm, 0 Poccm, etc.

Examples of soft feminine nouns in l.

a) Animate Being.

N. .i6inajiB tlie liorse.

G. JioinaAii of the horse.

D. jiouiaAH to the horse.

A. -lomajib the horsed

I. jiomajibH) (iK)) by the horse.

P. (0) .louia^H (about) the horse.

Such are: CBeKpoBb mother-in-law. MHuib mouse. J1066BL Love (Christian name).^

The two words mrtl, mother, and ji,OHh, daughter, are declined throughout as if their nominative singular were MaxepL and ^o^epB.

b) Inanimate Object.

.lomaan the horses, jioraajiett of the horses. JiomaAaM'B to the horses. JoraaA^tt the horses. joraajiaMH (-lmh) by the horses. (0) JioiuaAaxt (about) the horses.

gen. plur. cBeKpoReii. » » MHineii.

N. KOCTB the bone.

G. KOCTH of the bone.

D. KOCTH to the bone.

A. KOCTb the bone.

I. KOCTBM) (-iio) with the bone.

P. (0) KOCTH (about) the bone.

Such are:

crpaCTL passion. TKaHb tissue. KpoBaTB bedstead. np43AH0CTi. idleness.

KOCTH the bones.

KOCTett of the bones.

KOCTHM'L to the bones.

k6cth the bones.

KOCTHMH with the bones.

(0) KOCTflxi. (about) the bones.

gen. plur.: crpacT^li.

» » TKaHCH.

» » KpoBarefi. » » (^pa3;^H0CTe^^).

WORDS,

roBopHTi he, she, it speaks, ydiatajia she ran away. npnna;i;jeHiaTi, (they) belong. BHCOTa height. Kyyept coachman. TOHH fisher's nets.

aTH these. KoiiH)raH;i stable. nopoKi vice. Tepniuie patience. orpoMHa (she is) immense. pH6aK'L fisherman.

1 These nouns even when denoting animate beings admit of no distinction between the nominative and accusative singular^ but in the plural the usual distinction is made.

•^ "When used as a common substantive, it has j1K)5bh, jiK)- 66BbK), etc.

28 Lesson 6.

. EXERCISE 9.

Ji^o^h KHaniHH nrpaexi ci. HflHeio rpa(j)HHH. Ta^ jio- ina;i,H CBeKpoBH? JIoma^iiH CBeKpoBH bi. KOHioinHt, a a6- ina;i,H MaTepn 3;i,'fecB. 9th kocth npHHa;iiJieataTi> J[k)66bh. BLicoTa 6anieHB r6po;i;a (town) orpoMHa. Ohi, roBopiiT'L 0 dorHHi, a He 0 repoiiHi. KoniKa HrpaeTi> cb MHinBio, a MajB^HK'B HrpaeTi. ch jr6nia;i;BK).

TRANSLATION 10.

The daughter plays with the mother, and the boy plays with the nurse. The Tsar speaks of the princess, and thou speakest of the countess. These horses belong to the mother-in-law. The horses [are] in the stable of the mother. Idleness is the mother of vices. Coachman, give me the bullet!

CONVERSATION. r^'fe TenepB cBeKpoBB? Ona cer6;i,Ha b-b ropo^^.

A r;i,t co6aKa? Co6aKa ci. HflHero na Tpasi.

KoMy npHHa;i;je3KaT'B 3th Oh^ npHHa;i,jiesKaTt pu6aKy.

TOHH?

Buji.'kjivL JiH BH yme jromaAefi il Biiji^kji^b jionia;i;eH KHflrimn

KHflrHHH? B-B KOHIOniHaX'B.

KoMy BH Aaexe sth kocth? K ji,km 3th kocth co6aK'fe h

KoniK'b.

SIXTH LESSON.

DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS.

(Hard and soft termination.)

Example of a hard neuter noun.

N. CJIOBO the word. CJiosa the words.

G. cjiOBR of the word. c.ioBt of the words.

D, cjioey to the word. cjiOBkm'h to the words.

A. CJIOBO the word. cjiob6 the words.

I. cjioBOMTb with the word. cjoBaMH with the words.

P. (o) c.iOBt (about) the word. (o) c.ioB^XTb (about) the words.

Such are:

T-fejo body. gen. sing, rija nom. plur. xijia.^

CTa;to herd. » » cia^a » » CTa;^a.

osepo lake. » » osepa » » osepa.

3epKajio mirror. » » sepsajia » » aepKaji^.

BHHO wine. » » BHHa » » BHua.

aijio business, affair. » » ji'kjiSL » » jiijia.

DHBo beer, ale. » » nnsa not used in the plur.

.iHuo person. » » jiHii,a nom. plur. Mu,a.

1 In neuter nouns, the accent very often distinguishes the gen. sing, from the nom. plur.

Hard and soft neuter nouns. 29

Example of soft neuter nouns in e.

N. Mope the sea. Mopa the seas.

G. Mopa of the sea. Mopeft of the seas.

D. MopH) to the sea. MopaM'B to the seas.

A. Mope the sea. Mopa the seas.

I. MopCM-L by the sea. Mopamn by the seas.

P.-(o) Mopt (about) the sea. (o) Mopax'L (about) the seas.

Such is also: nojie the field.

Nouns in ie, such as Tepn^fenie patience, have in their prepositional singular the termination in (instead of i-fe): 0 Tepn^HiH about the patience.

Also some neuter nouns insert a vowel in the geni- tive plural to facilitate pronunciation : okho the window, OKOHi. of the w^indows, ctckjio glass, CTeKOJi'B of glasses.

There are ten neuter nouns in Ma (some are of very frequent use), which have a peculiar form of declension.

Example of soft neuter nouns in Ma.

N. BpeMa the time. BpeMenA the times.

G. BpeMeHH of the time. BpeiaeH'b of the times.

D. BpeMCHH to the time. BpeMeHdnfB to the times.

A. BpeMa the time. BpeMCnA the times.

I. BpeMCHeMT. with the time. epeMen^MH with the times.

P. (o) Bp^MeHH (about) the time. (o) BpeMeHAx-B (about) the times.

Such are:

6peMa burden. liMa sinciput.

HMfl name, noun. 3uaM« flag.^

n.iaMfl flame. ciMfl seed. 2

^.^eMfl race. buma udder. cxpeMH stirrup.

The word ;i^Ta, child, exhibits the following irre- gularities :

Sing. N. AHT^i, G. AHTaiH, D. aht«th, A. ahth, I. jtHx^Teio, P. 0 Awikm. Plur. N. ;tiTH, G. ;i'feTeH, D. jtiiaMi, A. A'^Tefi, I. j^ferLMH, P. 0 jtiiaxt.

WORDS.

^Toro of this. ^HiaiB to read.

BKyct taste. cero of that.

MyacHK-L peasant. u.b'It'l colour.

CTHxoTBopeBie poetry. KaKi 30ByT:B? how do they call?

EXERCISE 11.

3Toro ciOBa HiT-L b'b cjiOBapax'B. Il,B'feTi> snaMeHH npi- RTQjiR MHt HpaBHTca, a i^B'feT'b 3HaMeHi> HenpiaTCJieH MH-fe He HpaBHTca. il roBopio 0 nojii, a th roBopHint 0 ciMeHH.

^ In the nom. plur., it is pronounced auaMena and suaMCHa. ^ In the genitive plural, it has ciMJiHi instead of ciMeHL.

30 .

Lesson 7.

JI^aHTe MH-fe, noaiajiyficTa, CTpenena npiaTejia. BoTt (here is) 3HaMii H CTpeMJi. OTei],i> HrpaeTTb ch ji^'hThmi. TRANSLATION 12.

These words [are] not in the dictionary. The colour of this ale does not please me, but the colour of that wine pleases me much. In Russia (Bx^jre/^.) [there are some] lakes. Thou speakest of the flags of the enemies, and I speak of the friends' stirrups. The taste of the eggs does not please me. The uncle speaks about the villages, and thou speakest about the seas.

CONVERSATION.

Hto th BH;i;HniB? ^TO BH ji;'fejraeTe? FA'S TenepL ;i,HTii? 0 HeMi, TH roBopHniB? KaKi* soByT'B 3to ;i,hth? Kto Ha uo JiAxiy? ^HTajiH jiH BH yate cohh- Henia 3Toro noaxa?

R BiiJKy aHi];a h bhho. R Hrparo cl 6paT0M'L. J^win TenepL b-b y^HJiHiii.'fe.

Ri rOBOpK) 0 milJIHm'fe A'tTCH. StOFG K He 3HaH).

Ha nojiax'B MysKimi..

il yate HHTajiT. Bct cthxot- Bopenia 3Toro sHaMenii- Taro pyccKaro noaTa.

SEVENTH LESSON.

GENERAL TIEW OF SUBSTANTIVE INFLECTIONS.

From what has been hitherto said concerning the declensions of substantives, and from the following synoptical table, we may easily draw a few hints of a gene- ral chsLvacter, which will no doubt greatly assist the learner.

Hard form.

Soft form.

Cases.

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Masc. 1

Fern.

Neuter. |

Sing. Nom.

T>

a

0

L

ft

a

h

e

MH

Gen.

a

u

a

a

n

H

H

a

MGHH

Dat.

y

4

y

K)

K)

i

n

H)

MCHH

Ace.

(a)

y

0

(«)

w

K)

^

e

MH

Inst.

OMI.

OK) (oh)

OiM-L

ewb

CMT,

eio (eii)

LK) (iio)

CMl.

MeHeM-B

Prep.

i

-fe

i

%

-fe

■fe

H

i

MCHH

Plur. Nom.

U

H

a

H

B

H

H

a

Mena

Gen.

OBb

■B

t

efi

est

h

CH

e&

Me HI.

Dat.

aMi

aMi.

aMi,

flM'L

awb

hJA'b

flM't

AMI.

MenaMt

Ace.

(oBt)

(^)

a

(eft)

(ee-b)

(!>)

(eii)

a

Mena

Inst.

aMH

aMH

ajin

ma

«MH

aMH

AMH

AMH

MenaMH

Prep.

a XT,

axt

axt

nxi.

HX'b

nx-h

flX't 1

1

flXt

MenaxT.

General view of substantive inflections. 31

1. Though each of the three genders has its own declension, yet we may state that the singular inflections of neuter nouns are in the main Kke those of the mas- culine gender, whereas their plural inflections do not in general diff'er from those of the feminine gender.

2. The prepositional singular always ends in -fe, except in a few feminine and neuter nouns (pages 27 and 29).

3. The dative, instrumental and prepositional of the plural take without any distinction of gender, the inflections 2iWh, aMH, ax'L, in hard nouns ; and siWh, amh, ax-L, in soft ones.

Remarks on the genitive case.

This case must always be employed in all negative sentences and after the following adverbs of quantity: MHoro much, many. CJiaaiKOMt too, to much.

Majo little, few. CTOJbKo as much, as many.

66.1*6 more. HHier6(pr. nit-chai-voh) nothing.

Mente less. yxo HH^y^b something, somewhat.

CKOJibKO how much, how many. HicKOJibKO some, any. AOBdjiLHO enough. HCMHoro a little, some.

Examples.

MBoro cto.i6bt>. many tables.

CKOJbKO pa56THHKOB'b? how many w^orkmen?

;i;ob6jilho AGHert (nom.jpZ. jteHbrn). money enough.

a lie BHiii.ii uapii. I did not see the Tsar.

th He BHjiHuib cieKOJii. thou doest not see the panes,

:M'fecb lie 6bi,io jiomaiH. here was no horse.

WORDS.

M^cnHKi. butcher. coctohtt> he, she, it consists.

3aKaJIHBaeT^ to kill, to slaughter. CKoxb cattle.

KyxapKa cook- woman. BepojiibA'B camel.

KypHna hen. 6631. nacxyxa without shepherd.

ntxyxi cock. oexaBjiaexi. he, she, it abandons.

rycb goose. cnpoia orphan.

y'TKa duck, gen. pi. yTOKi. amnK^ box, case.

ryji^eit he, she, it walks. ciiajKHTe tell aofc

Apyn. friend; plur. ^py^ba. cjiyra servant, footman.

6oraTCTBO riches. 6aHKHp'L banker.

iipHiHHATb to cause. BpeA'L damage.

EXERCISE 13.

Bori. He ocTaBjiHeT'L chp6ti>. no;i,aHTe cjiony ii6jioKO. CKasKHTC, noatajryHCTa, cjiyr:fe 6aHKHpa, hto a aji.'fecL b-b

32 Lesson 8.

KOMHaT-fe odoiimHKa. Obii;h 6e3Tb nacTvxa 6HBaH)Ti> ;i,o6h- ^e.H) (become the victim) bojikob'b. 3to jij&Jio ;i,ocTaBJifleT'L MHi MHoro y^OBOJiLCTBia. /I,aHTe mh^ eiii;e neMHoro xji:fe6a.

TRANSLATIOX 14.

The butcher slaughters cows and bulls, goats and sheep (plur.), and the cook [kills] hens and cocks, geese and ducks. The teacher walks with the boy, the mother (w^alks) with the daughter, the brother with the sister, the friend with the friend. The riches of the Kirgise consist (sing.) of (b-l instr.) cattle: of camels, bulls, goats, sheep and horses.

CONVERSATION.

Fji.'fe cjiyra ymiTejia? Cjiyra y^mejia. sji.'fecB, a

cjiyra 6aHKHpa na Mocxy. He atejiaexe jih bh o6'fe;i.aTL C^ yji.OBOjiLCTBieM'B.

cer6;i;Ha bi. ropo;!;^? Kto 6lijii. TaMi) na noji-fe Jl Chji^ na nojii ct> mhchh-

C^ MaCHHKOMI)? ROM'S.

Ckojibko cxeKOjn. bi» 3tomi> B1) axoM't okh^ o;i;h6 cxbkjio.

OKH'fe?

He npHHHHHjia jih 6ypa mho- Bypa npn^HHiiJia MHoro roBpeji.aji'fecaM'BHcaji.aMi.? Bpeji,a jiicaMX) h ca;iiaMi..

EIGHTH LESSON.

NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS.^

A. Prepositions wMcli always govern the same case: a) With the genitive:

6631 without. oTb from, away from.

jtJifl for. pa;tH for the sake of.

fl;o till, up to. y at, by, near.

Hsi from, out of.

b) With the dative:

Ki, KG 2 to, towards.

1 Very often the cases of nouns are governed by preposi- tions (as in Greek, Latin, German, etc.), which occur so frequently in most sentences, that they must be learnt as early as possible. For the present only those prepositions are given, which are most necessary, this part of speech being fully treated in lesson 23.

2 The final o (instead of i) is frequently met with in many prepositions, in order to soften pronunciation.

Nouns with prepositions. 33

c) With the accusative:

npo of, about, concerning. npeai., nepes'L during, across,

CKB03I) through, throughout. through.

d) With the instrnmental :

Ha,!!, above, over.

e) With the prepositional:

npH near, in the time of.

Examples.

BoTt ;ioMi. 6e3^ okoh^. There is a house without win-

dows. MaJBHHKi, yii;iH ovm omk\ Boy, go away from the fire!

KflHra y yqHxejifl. The book is at the teacher's.

noAHTe K-LnHBOBapy, noacajiyiicTa! Go to the brewer, please! Uyjia iipoJieTi.ia CKdosh CTCKja. The bullet flew through the

panes. IlTHua .liTaeTL ua^^ fojiobor) The bird flies over the head of

upiHTCJiii. the friend.

3to cjiy^MocB wjm AjeKcaHApt This happened in the time of

BTopoMi. Alexander the Second.

B. Prepositions whicli govern two cases:

a) With the accusative and instrumental:

^o;^'L under, below. 3a behind, after.

nepcAB, npcATj before, to.

These three prepositions govern the accusative, when the verb of the sentence conveys an idea of motion or direction ; whereas they are followed by the instrumental if denoting a state of rest:

S. 6p6cHJi'b KHHry no^^ cion'h. I threw the book under the table.

KouiKa CHAHTt no^^ ne^KOBO. The cat lies under the stove.

b) With the accusative and prepositional:

Bt in, into, to, at. Ha on, upon, against, to.

When implying motion with the accusative, when implying rest with the prepositional: Ohu iiouiviH 6* iDKOJiy. They went to school.

Ohi> Chj-b ua yjiHut. He was in the street.

The preposition o, o6t, 66o generally governs the accusative when taken in the sense of against, and the prepositional when employed for ahout, concerning: Owh yA^pHJii KyjiaKOML o6^ ctojiI). He struck (against) the table

with his fist, a roBopK) o6^ omi, a th fobo- I speak (about) of the father pHinb 0 CHHX. and thou speakest of the son.

Elementary Russian Grammar.

34 Lesson 8.

C. Prepositions wMcli govern three cases^: a) With the genitive, accusative and instrumental:

Cb from, about, with.

Generally speaking, ct governs the genitive when it signifies from, the accusative when it signifies about: and the instrumental when it signifies tvith:

C^ yTpa jio Benepa. From morning to evening.

IlajiKa TOJimHHOK) a> najieii,!.. A stick about one finger thick.

S. nomejit ryjiAxL Cb atSHOK). I went and took a walk with

my wife.

b) With the dative, accusative and prepositional:

no in, on, till, after.

This preposition is used with the dative to express ^notion, time and manner; it is followed by the accusative, when signifying till, as far as; with the prepositional, when corresponding to after:

JI ryjiflK) no r6po;iy. I walk in the town.

^ ero BHjidji'L no BTopHHKaMi. I saw him on (every) Tuesday.

Ont o^t-feBaeTc;! no MOA'fe. He dresses fashionably.

JIo JiiByjK) CTopony. As far as the left side.

IIo iipoDieCTBiH naxH jriii. After the lapse of five yoaxs.

WORDS.

Ky;^a where (motion). OHt noraejii he went.

CT^Ha wall. OH-B npHineji'B he came, he may

Bepcxa verst^ come.

piKa river. ko mh^ to me.

is^HTL to go, to drive, to pass. onacHo (it is) dangerous.

n npiixajT-b I started. npiaiHo (it is) agreeable.

OTCT^HLTe! keep away! paacK^s'L tale.

noniJiHTe go (you). cjiyrnaTt to listen, to hear.

Bsajia (she) took. ySiaajia (she) ran away.

EXERCISE 15.

K B^epa npi'fexaji'B hs-b Mockbu. Jt^TH, OTCTanLTe OTi) MOCTa ; onacHO ^sjiiHTL no MOCTaM'L ! Cero^Ha a o6i,- Aaio y cochji^si. PascKas'B o repo-fe MH-fe o^chb npaBHTca, ero npiiiTHo cjiymaTB. IIoniJiHTe ki. njioTHHKy h cKaJKHxe eMv, ^TO H TenepB b^ r6po;i,i. n.^

1 As it is sometimes difficult for beginners to discover at first sight which case must be employed, it has been thought ad- visable to assist them with practical hints, whenever necessary, in the translations occuring before the 23^^ lesson, where more de- tailed explanations are given.

2 A Russian verst is equal to 3500 English feet.

The auxiliary verb ehtb to be. " 35

TRAXSLATIO^^ 16.

I started from St. Petersburg. How many versts [are there] from St. Petersburg to Moscow? Keep away from the fire! To-day I dine at the teacher's. Go to the gardener, please, and tell him that he may come to me to- morrow morning. It is dangerous to pass on the bridge.

CONYERSATlOISf.

KorAa npiixajiH bh hsi. Bqepa a. npiixaji'B hs'b Ile-

neTep6ypra? Tep6ypra.

Kto BSHJiT, xji^6Ty CO CTOjia? Co6aKa B3JiJiaxjrt6i. h y64-

atajia Bt caA'B. Kto ynajit cl jioinaAH? CojrjiiaT'L ynaji^ cb JiomajiiH.

Hto ynajio Bt piKy? IILiana ynajia bi> p-feKy.

Kto npHinejit kg mh^ ce- ^ npnnieji'b k-l Ban-B ce-

TOJIfiH yTpOM-B? T6ji,EH yTpOMl).

Ky^a nonieji'B OTeu.'L? Ohi> nonieji'B ryjiiiTL c^

MaTepbK). O ^ewh BH TenepB jtynaeTe? Mh ^yMaeMTb 061 orni, a

BH ji.yMaeTe 0 boa^.

NINTH LESSON.

CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY TERB BHTL TO BE.

(Translation of to have.)

Indicative Mood.

Present.

.a (ecMB) I am. 1 mh (gcmh) we are.

TH (ecH) thou art.'-^ bh (ecre) you are.

OHi, oHa, OHO ecTb he, she, it is. ohh, oni, ohh cyiL they are.

Past.

A (5hjii., -jid, -J16 I was.^ mh 6hjih we were.

TH 6hjii., -jik, jr6 thou wast. bh 6h.ih you were.

owb 6uji'b he was. ohh 6hjih they were.

OHa 6hj4 she was. oni 6hjh they were.

oh6 6hji6 it was. oh6 6hjih they were.

1 The forms given in parenthesis are used only in poetry. The third person is also very frequently omitted in prose.

2 In poetry sometimes also ecL.

3 The distinction of genders extends in Russian also to the singular of the past of verbs. A man says h 6hjiI); a woman X 6Hjia; a child, or a personified thing says a 6hji6. This fact is explained in the 27th lesson.

3*

36 Lesson 9.

Future, a 6fj[,y I shall be. mh 6yseMt we shall be.

TH 6peinL thou wilt be. bh ^yjteie you will be.

OHt, oHa, oh6 dyAeit he, she, it ohh, oHi, ohh 6yj^yTi they will be. will be.

Imperative Mood.

Present. 6yji,b be (thou). 6yji;BTe be (you).

Conditional and Subjunctive Mood.^

Present and Past, a Cu^'h 6u I should be. mh 6hjih 6u we should be.

TH 6hji'b 6u thou wouldst be. bh 6hjh 6h you would be.

OHt 6hji'l 6u he would be. ohm 6hjih oh they would be.

The verb to have may be rendered by hm-j^t^, which means rather to possess. But the usual way of render- ing it into Russian is by the verb 6htb, expressed or understood, and accompanied by the genitive of the possessor (noun or pronoun).

It must here be observed that the present tense of 6hti> is almost always suppressed. It must farther be noticed that the possessed object stands in Russian in the nominative^ and not in the accusative as in English.

Present. y JAeuk (ecTb) I have. y Haqi we have,

y Te6ii thou hast. y Bact you have,

y Hero he has. y hhx^ they have.

y Hea she has. y coci;ta the neighbour has.

y Hero it has. y jromaAH the horse has.

Past, y MenA 6HJi'b dpai-B. 1 had a brother,

y Te6a 6HJia KHHra. thou hadet a book.

y Hero 6hjio a5jioKO. he had an apple, etc.

Future. y Mena ^y^exi. Hoat-B. I shall have a knife,

y Te6a (Jy^exi aiiii;©. thou wilt have an egg.

y Hero Cy^yit cjioBapa. he will have the dictionaries, etc.

WORDS.

BfiiKi, BiiHo eternally. pojtHTejiH parents,

nocjii saBxpa the day after to- CKasaja (she) said, told.

morrow. cerojtHa B^qepoMt this evening.

E&dkfl,!, back. xaKate also, too.

np^Bji,a truth, right. HH^ero nothing.

1 These moods which are wanting in Russian, may be sup- plied by the forms of the Indicative past followed by the particle 6h.

Hints on the regular conjugation. 37

EXERCISE 17.

Boace, th ecii, th 6ujii>, th 6^;i;eniL B'feqHo! Tjijh 6ujio ji^wiA B^epa no jTpy? Mh ne SHaeMt rji.'fe oh6 6hjio B^epa no yTpj^, a B^epa Be^epoMi. oho 6hjio b'b jitcy. J cocfe^a CHH'B H ji;o^L. y nacB KOuiKa h co6aKa. 3^ Baci> H^T-L co6aK'B. y HnxTb 6hjio MHoro co6aK'B. y MeHii TaKace co6aKH.

TRANSLATION 18.

God is, was and shall be eternally. Where will the parents be the day after to-morrow? Where were you yesterday morning? Your sister (CecTpnnia Bama), was at home and told me: My sister (Cecrpa Moa) will be back this evening; she is now at [her] mother's. She told the truth: I was there. I have the bread, and thou hast the basket.

CONVERSATION.

y Te6a jTH TaKate co6aKa? Jta, y Mena co6aKa h KoniKa. ^To y Te6A ecTL lenepL? TenepL y Mena HH^ero HtT-B. EcTL jiH y Hsa CTOjit? H-feTi), y nea niTi. CTOJia.

Bnji.'feji'B JIH TH yat^ saMOKt H^tI), a hb BHji.iji'B 3aMKa

Il,apa? II,apa, ho a Bii^i.'fej'E

J^Bope^'B Kopojia. EcTL JIH y BacL ;i,OMi. bi> y nact ^i.om'b b-l ropoji.'fe.

AepeBfli? y BacB JIH ji,eHLrH? y nacB Majio ji.^Her'B.

TENTH LESSON.

HINTS ON THE REGULAR CONJUGATION. ^

All Russian regular verbs are divided into two conjugations, according to the inflections of the second person singular and the third person plural of the in- dicative present.^

1

1 The complete theory of the Russian verb is given farther on (Lesson 26). Here only the most necessary paradigms are given to learners, who will no doubt be impatient to know the me- chanism of the most important of all parts of speech.

2 Properly speaking, there is but one regular conjugation in Russian, as will be seen in the 27th lesson. This division into two conjugations has been provisorily adopted here, because of great and unquestionable practical utihty.

38 Lesson 10.

To the first regular conjugation, which embraces the greatest number of verbs, belong those which have the second person singular of the present ending in emt, and the third person plural in yTi> or k)ti».

To assist beginners, it may also be added that the first conjugation comprizes the greatest part of those verbs which in the infinitive present end in axL, axt or HyTL.

Example of the first conjugation. ^HTaTL to read.

Present, a HHTdio I read. mh HHxiieMi. we read.

TH HHTdeiUB thou readest. bh MHxdeTe you read.

OHi ^HiAeT'b he reads. ohh hhtAiot'i. they (in.) read.

OHa HHTdeTt she reads. oh^ hht^iot'b they (f.) read.

OHO HHT^exi. it reads. ohh HHxdiOT'b they (n.) read.

Past, a ^Hxdjii., -Jia, -Jio I read, i mh MHxdwin we read.

iH 'lExajiTi, -jia, -JIO thou readst. bh HHxajiH you read. OHt Hnxajit he read. ohh 'iHxa.in they (m.) read.

OHa HHxajia she read. on-fe HHxa.iiH they (f.) read.

OHO HHxaJio it read. ohh HHxajiH they (n.) read.

Future, a 6y;^y HHxaxL I shall read. mh 6^]i.ewh HHiaxL we shall read.

XH 6y;i;enii. ^hx4xl thou wilt read. bh 6yji,exe HHxaxL you will read. OHx. 6y;^ex'B HHxaxt he will read. ohh Spyxx. ^nxaxL they will read. OHa dpext nnxaxL she will read. oni 6y;;yx'L iHxaxb they will read. oho 6yjtexi HHxaxB it will read. ohh 6pyxx. ^nxaxL they will read.

Imperative. HHxM read (thou) I ^Hx^flTe read (you) I

In the same manner as ^HTaTL are also conjugated :

CJiyraaxB to listen, to hear. 6ojxaxL to chat.

pa66xaxB to work. npiiraxB to jump, to spring.

pascKasHBaxB to tell, to narrate. aEtejiaxB to wish, to desire.

cnparaHeaxB to ask, to demand. jt^feiaxb to make, to do.

oxB-feqaxb to answer, to reply. snaxB to know.

no3BOJiAxB to permit, to allow. ryjiaxt to walk. noHHMaxb to understand.

WORDS.

JI^yMaxb to think. nxHii,a bird.

Bci HayKH all sciences. xBacxaxb to boast.

oxoxHO willingly. cbo6mh ycn'lxaMH of his success.

r6jy6b (masc.) pigeon. jexaxb to fly. fiixBb (fern.) branch (of a tree).

^ A man says r HHxajiib, a woman a inxajia, a thing a ^h- x4jo, and so on. See footnote 3, page 35.

Hints on the regular conjugation. 39

EXERCISE 19.

Hto bh 6y;i;eTe j^-fejiaTL ceroAH^ se'iepoM'L? Mh B^epa HH^ero He ji.^JiajiH. ^to ;i,yMai)TTE> nenpi^TejiH? Ohh ji;y- MajiH BHepa no yTpy, ^to ohh Tenept SHaroT-B Bci nayKH. m>^% XBacTajii) 6paTi»? Ont XBacTajii> cbohmh ycntxaMH. Hto jh^th ji.'fejraiOT'B TaKi) oxotho? Ohh cjiyniaiOTt^ cjiOBa yHHTejTii. ^TO r6jiy6h ji.^jiaji'B? Oh-l jiexaji'L no BiiBflMi. ;i;epeBa.

TRANSLATION 20.

What doest thou there? I work, and you do noth- ing. He thinks that he knows all sciences and in- cessantly boasts of his success. We willingly hsten [to you], when you tell [something]. What did you [do] yester- day? We do not know (transl. we know not). To-day I shall answer, and you will answer to-morrow or the day after to-morrow.

CONVERSATION. UoHHMajiH jih bh, hto a. H. see noHHMajT'B, j^pyrt moh.

BaM-L pa3CKa3HBajii>? r^'fe ohh 6y;iiyTi> o^i^aTB Btofo ohh ne snaroxt; ohh

saBTpa, B'B ;i;epeBHi^ hjih 6y;i.yT'B o6'fe;i,aTB cb npi-

BTE» ropojii'fe? ATeJiaMH.

Koro bh at^ajiH na HJioma- R m.ji^SiJi'h 6paTa h cecxpy.

;i,H, Kor;i,a a. BacB bha'^ji'b? IIoHHMaeTe jih bh Teneph Jl eni,e o^enB Majro hohh-

no pyccKH? Maro no pyecKH.

Hto ji,tji2LJi3i nTHu,a? Ona jieTajia no Bi,TBAui>

;;epeBa. %o ji,iTH ^i.'fejiajiH? Ohh mhofo ;i,yMajiH, ho

BCCTaKH He 3HajIH, HTO

ji.'fejiaTL.

ELEVENTH LESSON.

HINTS ON THE REGULAR CONJUGATION.

(Continued.) To the second regular conjugation belong those verbs having the second person singular of the indica- tive present in nmL, and the third person plural in aTt

or ATI..

I This is mostly the case with verbs having in the infinitive present the terminations htb^ sKaTL^ naxL, maxL^ m,aTL and 'fexL.

40 Lesson 11.

Example of the second conjugation. roBopHTL to speak, to say.

Present.

a roBopibl speak, I say. mh roBopiiMi we speak.

TH roBoprimB thou speakest. bh roBopHxe you speak.

OHi roBopHTi. he speaks. ohh roBopaTii they speak.

OHa roBopHT'B she speaks. OH-fe roBopaT-B they speak.

OHO roBopHTt it speaks. ohh roBopaTi they speak.

Past.

K roBopHJii., -Jia, -Jio I spoke. mh roBoprijiH we spoke.

THroBopHJiij-Jia, -Jiothouspokest. bh roBopH.iH you spoke.

OHt roBopHJix he spoke. ohh roBopHJiH they spoke.

OHd roBopHJia she spoke. oni roBopHJH they spoke.

OHO roBopHJio it spoke. ohh roBopn.iH they spoke.

Future.

a 6yjy roBopHTB I shall speak. mh 6yjteM'L roeopHTb we sh. sp.

TH 6y;teini> roBopHTb thou w. sp. bh 6yJ^eTe roBopHib you w. sp.

oHi hjAGTb roBopHTB ho w. sp. OHH Cy^yTi roBopHTB they w. sp.

ona 6ffl,^Tb roBopHTB she w. sp. oni 6ffl,yTh roBopHTL they w. sp.

OHO 6JAeT% roBopHTL it w. sp. OHH 6y;iyTt roBopHTB they w. sp.

Imperative. roBopH speak (thou)! roBopHxe speak (you)!

Thus are conjugated:

xyjiHTB to blame. KypHXB to smoke.

XBajiHTB to praise. 6jiarojtapHTB to thank.

roT6BHTB to prepare.^ jiobhtb to catch. ^

xpaHHTB to preserve, to protect. cipoHTB to build.

Tpemaib to rattle, to crack. CHAixB to sit (a cnaty, th CHjtHmB

ropiiB to burn. and so on).

CMOTp^TB to look, to gazo.

WORDS.

Pii^a fish. ;^eHB day gen. ]i,usi.

noBap-b cook. noHCMy? why?

BpeiHo prejudicial, noxious. »HTb to live.

npeaiAe formerly. noTOMy ito because.

pH^aK-B fisherman. ropa3ji;o much, very much. HH ojtHoro no, none, not a single. KypeHbe the smoking.

CKaaaTb to say, to tell. Ky^a where (motion).

1 Verbs in BHTb insert jt in the first person of the present: a roTOBJK), n jobjik). See Lesson 27.

Hints on the regui.ar conjugation. 41

EXERCISE 21.

Bor'B XpaHHT'B CHpOTI). OTen.'B H MRTB XpaHHJIH CHHa H Ji;O^B. Oh'B He B-fepHTl) BX TO, ^TO OHl* TBHepB rOBOpiIT'B.

IIoBapi. roTOBiiTi) 06'feA'B, a pH6aK'B jiobht'b pH6y. Th

CTpOHJI'B AOMl), B^ KOTOpOMTb TH HG 6y;i;einB aCHTB HH OJI,-

Horo ji^BK (not even one day). Ep^eMy th He KypnniB? noTOMy ^To MHi po;i;iiTejra roBopion: KypenBe Ta6aKy^ Bpe;i,H0. 3to npaB;i;a, oho o^ent Bpe;i,HO.

TRANSLATION 22.

God, save the Tsar! The parents protect [their] sons and daughters (cHHOBeft h Aonepefl). Thou doest not believe what thou sayst. The teacher blames the pupil. The cook- woman prepared the dinner. We catch fish in the river. There is too much tobacco, do you not smoke to-day? I thank you, my friend; formerly I smoked frequently, but now I do not smoke. They will smoke.

CONTERSATION.

Kor;i,a ropt jii) j^OMt cociijiia ? ^omi> coc'fe;i,a ropijii. Tpn

r6;i,a TOMy Ha3aji,'B.

CxpOHT'B JIM OH'B TGH^pB BtOFO fl HC 3HaK); OHt MHt

HOBHH AOM'B? o6i> dTOWh HH^ero He

CKaaa.i'B.

^TO th BHJI.'fejI'B BT. piK^? il BHJI.t.l'B pH6y BT, p^K^.

noHeMyoT6n,Tb xyjiHJi'LCHHa? OTeu,!. xyjin.ji'B cnna, no-

TOMV HTO OH'B Hc 6jraro- ji.apHji'B yHHTejwi.

Ho^eMy BH He KypHTe ce- KypenBe Ta6aKy mh^ ne r6;i,HH? HpaBHTca; a HHKor;i;a ne

itypib.

Ky^a TH CMOTpHHIB? K CMOTpK) Ha 6aniHH).

Koro XBajiHJia y^HTejiBHHD;a? Ona XBajiHjia cecTpy a xy-

2

1

jiHJia 6paTa^.

* Certain masculine nouns which are often taken in a par- titive sense such as laif, caxapi., la^aKi and a few more have in their genitive singular the ending y or 10.

* Learners assisted by an efficient teacher, may after each lesson, study one of the reading exercises which will be found at the end of this book.

42 Lesson 12.

TWELFTH LESSON.

INTERROGATIYE AND NEGATIYE FORM.

a) Interrogative form.

Present.

HHxaK) JH a? do I read? etc. ^HxaewB jih mh? do we read? etc.

^HxaeniB jih th? HHraexe jih bh?

^HxaeiT) JIH OHX? qnxaiox'b jih ouh?

^Hxaexi JIH oHa? iHxaroxx. jih oh^^?

^Hxaext JIH OHO? nnxaiox^L jih ohh?

Past. mnikAi, JIH a? did I read? etc.^ nnxajiH jih mh? did we read? etc.

HHXaJH jih XH? HHXaJIH JIH BH?

Hnxajn JIH ohx.? nnxajin jih ohh?

^Hxajia JIH OHa? HHxajiH jh oH'fe?

HHXajIO JIH OHO? HHXaJIH JiH OHH?

Future.

6yAy JIH a MHxaxt? Shall I read? 6yjieMi, jih mh nnxaxi,? Shall we

read? (5yaeinL jih xh ^nxaxt? 6yji;exe jih bh ^nxaxL?

fiyACxt jih ohi. HHxdxB? 6y;^yxl jih ohh iHxaxb?

6y;^ex'b jih oHa HHxaxL? ^y^yxT. jih oni qnxaxL?

6yAext JIH oho HHxaxL? 6yJ^yI'B jih ohh HHxaxb?

This is the usual structure of an interrogative sen- tence in Russian. But, when there is at the beginning an interrogative pronoun or adverb, such as: kto who, HTO what, Korj^a when, rji.'fe where, and others, the inter- rogative particle jih must be suppressed, and the verb may indiflPerentty be placed before or after the subject:

Hxo roBopHJia ona? What did she say?

KorM xH Cy^eniL j;6Ma? When wilt thou be at home?

b) Negative form.

a He HHxaio. I do not read.

XH He ^HxaeniL. thou doest not read.

oHi. He HExaexi. he does not read.

MH He HExaeMX. we do not read.

He HHxaK) JIH a? do I not read?

He ^HxaemL jih xh? doest thou not read?

^ The usual distinction of genders (see pag. 35) takes place also in the interrogative, negative and conditional forms: HHxajia JIH H (woman)? iHxajio jih h (thing)?

Interrogative and negative form. 43

He ^HiaeTi. jih gh-b? does he not read?

He MHiaeMi jh mh? do we not read?

a He MHiajii. I did not read.

He ^Hxajii, JIH H? did I not read?

H He 6j,iiy HHTaTb. I shall not read.

He 6yAy JH a HHiaTB? shall I not read?

The negative form of the verb is always expressed as in English by means of the negative particle ue, but in Russian this particle is not even suppressed when the verb is accompanied by a negative pronoun or adverb :

a HHiero ue HHxaK). I read nothing,

ero GAicL HHKorAa ne 6h.io. He never was here.

As it has already been stated (page 36), the accu- sative case following a transitive verb is rendered into Russian by the genitive, whenever the sentence has a negative form:

a He BHA'feji'B KHun. I did not see any books.

OHi He npoAaeTi Aouiadeu. He does not sell horses.

WORDS.

IlHCtMd letter. ate then.

ypoKi lesson. ^A^vna, flute, flageolet.

laK'B thus. CBofi his.

ndrpefii cellar. uhkot^s. never.

EXERCISE 23.

He BUJif^JlTy JIH TH KOpOJIfl Bt TOpOA't? HiT'B, H He

BHji.tji'b KopojiH, HO a Bux^jiiy KopojieBy H rpa4>HHK). SHaeniB JIH TH rji.'fe TenepB moh y^HTejiB? k ne SHaro r;i.'fe gh-b TenepB; ero s^'fecB ne 6ijjio. XBajiiaH jih bh MajLHHKa? Mh He XBajiHjiH MajiB^HKa, ho mh ero xyjiiiJiH. UoqeMy bh ero xyjiHJiH? IIoTOMy hto oh^ ne HHxajii) cBoero ypoKa. KoMy npHHa;i;jie^HT'B (f)jieHTa?

TRANSLATION 24.

Did you not speak with the warriors? No, Sir (cpapB), we did not speak with the warriors. Doest thou speak of (about) the table or of the hatchet? I do not speak of the tables, and you see the tables. Does the teacher praise the pupils? No, the teafcher does not praise the pupils ; he blames them. Didst thou already read the letter of the father? No, I do not read the letters of the father.

44 Lesson 13,

CONTERSATION.

Uojiymijiw. Jill BH jme hhcl- K emjd ne nojiy^HJii> nncB-

m6 OTTb MaiepH? Ma ott. MaTepn.

Kor;i,a oieu.'h roBopM-L, ^to OTeii,!, HHKorji,a ne roBO- 6fyeTiy Ha nojri? pHJii>, ^to ohi> 6y;iieT'&

Ha noji-fe. Tji^li pa66TajiH hjiothhkh IIjiothhkh ne xotht-l pa66- cerojiiHfl? TaTfc, ho B^epa ohh pa-

66TajiH CO CTOJiapaMH bI) capai h bi, n6rpe6i. A rji.'fe 3Ke OHH 6y;i;yT'B pa- Ohh 6yji,yT'L pa^oxaTt na 66TaTL saBTpa? ;i,Bopi.

IIOHHMaJIH JIH BH BCe, ^TO HliTl., MH He MOFJIH HOHH-

y^TejTL BaMTb pascKasH- naxL Bcero ; ohi. roBopHjit

B2iJi%? CJimnKOM-L CKopo.

READING EXERCISE. £ij],H£[u HejiOBtKt. — The poor man.

O^iiiiH-L 64ahhh HejiopibEt, HaH;i,a paai. BopoB'B b-l CBoeMt ji.6m4, CKasajri) hm-b 6e3'B Hcnyra: «a ne SHaio, hto BH HO^K) Hni.eTe bi. MoeMi. jifiwh, Kor;i;a a bx neMi. h ji.HeM'L HH^ero ne Mory HaHTH».

HaftA^ finding. Hcnyii fear.

HCKaxB to look for. Ha^;^TH to find.

THIRTEENTH LESSON.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

First Person.

Singular. Plural.

N. a I. HH we.

G. ueuk of me. Haci. of us.

D. MHi to me. naM^ to us.

A. MGHa me, nacL us,

1. MHOK) by me. HaMH by us.

P. (65o) MHi (about) me. (o) Hac-b (about) us.

Second Person.

N. TH thou. BH you.

G. Te6k of thee. eaci of you.

D. Te6i to thee. BaMi to you.

A. Te6k thee, Bact you.

I. to66k) by thee. BaMH by you.

P. (o) Te6'k (about) thee. (o) sacb (about) you.

Personal pronouns. 45

Third Person (masculine). Singular. Plural.

N. OHT. he. OHM they.

G. ero of him. hxi of them.

D. emy to him. hmi. to them.

A. ero him. hxi. them.

I. HMi by him. hmh by them.

P. (o) newb (about) him. (o) khx-l (about) them.

Third Person (feminine).

N. oHa she. oh^ they.

G. ek of her. nxt of them.

D. eft to her. hmx to them.

A. ee her. Hxt them.

I. CK) by her. hmu by them.

P. (o) HCH (about) her. (o) hhxx (about) them.

Third person (neuter).

N. OHO it. OHH they.

G. ero of it. nxt of them.

D. eay to it. hmi. to them.

A. ero it. nxt them.

I. HMi> by it, with it. hmh by them, with them.

P. (o) HCM-L (about) it. (o) hhx^ (about) them.

When preceded by a preposition, the personal pronoun of the third person takes an initial h, to soften the pronunciation:

n Cujii, y ueio. I was at his house,

y ueA MHoro ^enevh. She has much money,

aio AJis Hujyh. This is for them.

TH roBopHiDB 0 HeM^. Thou speakest of him.

Observe, that the accusative is always like the genitive, except in the third person feminine singular.

WORDS.

Si nporay I pray. Hcxdpia history, story.

Teaxp-L theatre. J^Bi HCAi-iH two weeks, a fortnight.

npHKasHBaTB to order, to com- Moaeexi 6hxb (it) may be.

mand. o^HKHOBeHHO usually.

KycoKi (gen. KycKd) bit, piece. oqent xopomo very well.

CHpt cheese. HHiepecHHH interesting.

EXERCISE 25.

npomy BacL, CKaatHTe mh^, noatajiyncTa, ckojilko Micai^eBi* BH 6ujiH y khxt,. Si 6hji'l y nero h'^ckojibko M'fecaii.eB'B, a y nea a 6hjix tojibko ji.B'fe He;i;'fejiH. Ona

46 Lesson 13.

Hrpajia ex hhm'b. il npHKasHBaio gmv pa66TaTL, ho oh^b eme He xopomo padoTaeTi,. Th mhofo AyMaemL o neMx, HO OHX HHKor;i;a He lyMaeTi. o Te6i. 3to MoaceT'b 6ht&, a ero o^ohl xopomo snaio.

TRAlSSLATIOIir 26.

What did the teacher tell thee about me? The boy works with me. Dine to-day with us, I pray you! The mother knows me, thee, him and her. Thou wilt have many books. Where wert thou with [thy] sister? I was with her at the theatre. What are the children doing [transl. do the children)? They [are] in the garden, we play with them. Give to him and to her a bit of bread. Do you still know me? Yes, I know you still.

CONVERSlTIOl!^.

Bnjii'feji'L jiH TH yate ee? JI eui;e ne mA^jvh ee, ho

OHa MeHii BHA-fejia, Kor;i,a a. 6ujn> Bi> TeaTp-fe.

KtO 3T0 rOBOpHJTX, TH HJTH Ofla 9T0 roBopiijia.

OHa? ^TO y BacB 6hji'b, a hto y J nacx 6hji'l jis^wh, a y nHXi. HHXT. 6hjiI) cajiii..

Ot'B KOrO 3T0 HHCLMO? He 3HaK), HO a JliyMaK) ^to

oho otx Hero. CTb k4mt> bh ryjrHJiH cer6;i;- Mh ryjiajH cb hhmi.; a Hfl yTpoMx ? saBTpa ohh 6y^yT'B ryjiiTB

Ct BaMH.

0 HeMt OHX BaMt TaKi> ;i,ojr- Owh naMx pascKasHBajii. ro pascKasHBaJt'B ? HHTepecnyH) HCTopiio.

READING EXERCISE.

Cx^pHft (|)njioc6())x. — The old philosopher.

OjiiHHx CTapHH (j)HJioc6(})i), yBH;i;aB'L o;i,Hor6 Majr6;i;aro MejroB:feKa, kotophh 6ujn> otchb roBopjiHBX, CKa3a.IT> CMy : «3aM'feTBTe, MOH ;i;pyrT>, ito npHp6;i,a ^a^a nanx ji;Ba yxa H TOJiBKO o;!,™^ poTT>, ]i,jisi Toro ^t66h mh cji^^niajiH MHoro a roBopiijiH Majio».

yBHji;aB'B having seen. roBopjiHBHfi talkative.

saM-fexHTb remark. npnpoM nature,

yxo ear. poT-b mouth.

Possessive pronouns. 47

FOURTEENTH LESSON.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

First Person. Singular.

Masc. and neut. sing.^ Feminine singular. '

N. MOft, Moe my, mine. mok my, mine.

G. Moero of my. Moeii of my.

D. MOGMy to my. Moefl to my.

A. Moero, moh, Moe my. mok) my.

I. MOHMi. by my, with my. Moeio by my, with my.

P. (o) MoeMi (about) my. (o) MoeS (about) my.

Plural for the three genders. ^

N. MOH my, mine.

G. MOHXT> of my.

D. MOHMi to my.

A. MOHXt, MOH my.

I. MOHMH by my, with my.

P. (o) MOHXT. (about) my.

In the same manner are modified and declined XBOft, thy, CBOH his own, her own, its own etc.

The pronoun CBOft often corresponds also to my, thy, our, your, their, because it is the possessive pronoun referred to the subject of the sentence without any regard to the gender, person and number of the possessor:

y MeHfl ceoH KHHra. I have my book.

y Te6« ceou jigmi. thou hast thy house.

y nero ceoe nepo. he has his pen.

y Hea ceou HyjOKi,. she has her stocking.

y Hac'L ceou Ji6ma.fl.n. we have our horses.

y Baci ceou nnctMa. you have your letters.

y HHX-L ceoe sepKajio. they have their mirror.*

When not referred to the subject of the sentence, the same possessive pronoun as in English is employed also in Russian:

y Te6k moh KHHra. Thou hast my book,

y Meei meou J^oM'L. I have thy house, etc.

First Person. Plural. Masc. and neut. sing.^ Feminine singular.'

N. Hani'b, Haine our, ours. Hauia our, ours.

G. Hainero of our. Hauieu of our.

D. HaraeMy to our. Hameii to our.

1 Of the possessed object.

* Compare the Greek: Ouxio tzix'Mozk; too? kaoxoo cptXou?.

48 Lesson 14.

Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

A. Hamero, Harat, name our. Haray our.

I. HamHMX by our, with our. Hameio by our, with our,

P. (o) HameMt (about) our. (o) Hamefi (about) our.

Plural of the three genders.^

N. HaniH our, ours.

G. Haninxi, of our.

D. HaraHMt to our.

A. Hamnx-B, naniH our.

I. naniHMH by our, with our.

P. (o) HaiuHxt (about) our.

According to the above paradigm is modified and declined also the possessive pronoun of the second per- son plural: Bani-L, sdine, Bama, BaniH, your, yours.

The possessive pronouns of the third person are in the singular:

ero his, its, for masculine and neuter possessors, ea her, for feminine possessors.

In the plural:

Hxt their, without any distinction of gender.

Examples.

a BHjtijt eio KOHfl. I saw his horse.

TH BHAiJii. eio KHHrn. thou sawst his books.

OHt KynHJi'L en aomx. he bought her house.

BH npo^ajiH wars KopsHHH. you sold their baskets.

As it is seen, the pronouns ero, e^, hx'b, are not declined at all. They remain always unchanged whatever may be the gender, number and case in which the possessed object is employed ^. But the greatest care is required in their choice, because they must at any rate strictly agree in gender and number with the possessor, unless serious misunderstandings may arise:

Orx Bsajix ero KHHry. He took his book (of a man).

OH-B B3flji'L ea KHHry. He took her book (of a woman).

Remark also: Ohi Bsajix TBoib KHHry. He took his own book.

1 Of the possessed object.

2 It must be borne in mind that, properly speaking, the words ero, ea, hxi are but the genitive (possessive) case of ohi, OHa, OHH, just as in Greek ahxoh is the genitive of auto?.

Possessive pronouns.

49

WORDS.

^acH Cplur.J watch. iioatajryfiCTa please, pray.

npojiaTb to sell. bi Mai Micflni in the month

Kpati country. of May.

iny6a fur, pelisse, 3;i;op6BLe health.

;^'fejio business; thing. KaK't noiKHBaeie? how do you do?

EXERCISE 27.

Mh BHji,ijrH CBOK) KHiiry. Bh MHi noKasHBajiH CBoe KOjimo. Moe 3;i;op6BLe xenepB o^eHL xopoino. Mh tobo- piiJiH 0 ero 6paTi, a oh^ roBopnji^ o naineMi 6paT'fe. Bh Tenept ^HTaexe co cbohm'l y^iiTejieMi> ncTopiio naniero ropo^a. B-L Ma-fe Micjmt b-l nanjeM^ ropoj^t MHoro nTHii,^. Ohi, yKpaniaeTi. moh ji.om'b, a th yKpamaeniL ero ;i,omi. y Hea Moe nepo, a y Te6a CBoe nepo.

TRANSLATION 28. Here is my hat, where is thine? My sisters are now at (b-l j;/*c;^.) school. Children, do not play with my watch ! I play with my sister. I sold my fur. We now read with our mother your book. In the month of May, it is very pleasant (npiflTHo) in our country. Thou embeUishest thy house. Doest thou know my teacher? I saw his house and her garden.

CONVERSATION.

KaK^ Bame 3;i,op6BLe?

CKaacHTe MH-fe, noatajyHCTa,

r;!,^ MOH injHna? SHaexe jih bh kto Kjuiijub

ea jj,owh? H no^eMy bh xaKi. ;i,yMaeTe?

KaK^ 3;i.op6BBe Baniero co-

0 KOMI. OHa roBopiLia co CBoeio cecTpoK)?

Bjiaro;i,apK) Baci), TenepB

OHCHL xopoino. R He Biij^ijii Bameft mjiAnu ;

a. He 3Haio r;i,t ona. H jiiyMaio, HTO Bani'B 6paT^

KynHJiTb eA ji^o^'h.

R TaK-L JI,YM2i¥), nOTOMy HTO

Bam^ 6paTT. cer6ji,HJi npo-

jj.ajn. CBOH ;i;oMT.. Ero sjiiopoBLe Tenept o^chl

xopomo. Ona roBopHjra o cBoeMt

^pait.

READING EXERCISE. O^pasOBamuift nejiOBtKi,. — The educated man. CnparnHBajH ApHCTiinna KaKaa pa3Hiiij;a Meac;i,y o6pa-

SOBaHHHMI, H HeodpaSOBaHHHM'L HeJI0BiK0Ml>. Owh OTB^- Elementary Russian Grammar. 4

50 Lesson 15.

THjn>: «noinjiH hxI) odoHxi. ki> Jiv)]i,iiwb, KOTopne hxi, ne

3HaH)TI), H OHH 3T0 y3HaH)T'B».

p43HHi],a difference. nomjiH; hxi lead them.

FIFTEENTH LESSON.

REFLEXIVE AND DEMONSTRATIYE PRONOUNS.

a) Reflexive pronouns.

(Reflexive verbs.)

The reflective pronoun for all genders and numbers is ceda, which, according to circumstances, corresponds to myself, thyself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, etc.

It naturally has no nominative form; its declension is as follows:

N.

G. ce6fl of himself, of herself, etc.

D. ce6i to himself, etc.

A. ce6k himself, etc.

I. co66k) by himself, etc,

N. (o) ce6'fe (about) himself.

Combined with verbs, it is contracted into ca after a consonant or semi- vowel, and CB after a vowel, and forms the so-called reflexive conjugation.

Conjugation of a reflexive verb.

oji;'feBaTBca to dress oneself.

Present.

a oAiBaiocB I dress myself, etc. mh ojt.iBaeMca we dress ourselves. TH oAiB^efflBCfl. BH oAiBaeiecL.

OH-B, OHa, OHO GAiBaeTCa. OHH, Oni OJI.'feBaBOTCa.

Past. a GjiiBajicfl I dressed myself, etc. mh oj^iBajiHeB we dressed oursel-

TH O^I.iBa.lCa. BH OJI.'kBSLRTiCh. [VCS.

OHi. GjiiBajica. ohh oittBa-iHCB.

oh4 Gji;iBajiacB. oHi ojtiBajiHeB.

GHO OA'feBaJIGCB. OHH GAtB^-IHCB.

Future.

a 6yjty G;i;'lBaTBCfl. I shall dress myself, etc.

TH 6yAefflB G^^iBaxBCfl, etc.

Reflexive and demonstrative pronouns.

51

Imperative.

oAiBafica dress thyself. o;i;iBafiTecB dress yourselves.

Thus are conjugated amongst others:

pa3ji;iBaTBCa to undress oneself. KynaxLCfl to bathe, to take a bath. y^HTBca to learn, to instruct oneself. My^HTBca to torment oneself.

b) Demonstrative pronouns.

BTOT'B this.^

N.

Masc. and neut. sing. 91011, 9T0 this.

G. 3-Toro of this.

D. 9T0My to this.

A. 9Toro, gTOT-B, 9T0 this.

I. 9THM1 by this, with this.

P. (061) 9T0Mi> (about) this.

Feminine singular. 9Ta this. 9T0M of this. 9T0H to this. 9Ty this.

9T0K) by this, with this. (061,) 9T0H (about) this.

Plural for the three genders.

N. 9TH these.

G. gxEx-B of these.

D. gTHM-B to these.

A. giEx-B, 9TH these.

I. 9THMH by these, with these.

P. (o6i) gTHx-B (about) these.

TOTh

Masc. and neut. sing.

N. TOT-B, TO that.

G. Toro of that.

D. TOMy to that.

A. Toro TOTi,, TO that.

1. TtM^B by that, with that.

P. (0) TOM-B (about) tbat.

that.i

Feminine singular.

Ta that.

TOM of that.

Tofi to that.

Ty that.

TOR) by that, with that. .

(0) TOM (about) that.

Plural for the three genders.

N. T-fe those.

G. T-fexi, of those.

D. T-feMi) to those.

A. T-fexi T-fe those.

I. T^MH by those, with those.

P. (0) Tixi (about) those.

1 In the same way are declined gTOTi ate and toti ae, both corresponding to the same; but the appended particle ae is of course indeclinable.

4*

52 Lesson 15.

xaKOu such.

Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

N. xaKOM, laKoe such. xaKaa such.

G. laKoro of such. laKoii of such.

D. xaKOMy to such. laKofi to such.

A. TaKoro, laKOH, xaKoe such, laKyK) such.

I. laKHMi. by such, with such. xaKOK) by such, with such.

P. (o) xaKOMx. (about) such. (o) xaKoii (about) such.

Plural for the tree genders.

N. xaKie (m.), xaKia (f. and n.) such.

G. xaKHxi of such.

D. xaKHMt to such.

A. xaKHxi), xaKle, xaKia such,

I. xaKHMH by such, with such.

P. (o) xaKHxi. (about) such.

WORDS.

Mni Kaatexca it seems, it ap- spyr^w another.

pears to me. BanHMaxBca to occupy oneself,

cxpana country, region. ;i,ocxaBjiAxb to procure.

xoproBJia trade^ commerce. rocnoAHHi) gentleman.

necxL honour. rocnoata lady. BoiiHa war.

EXERCISE 29.

B'B 3THX1. CTpanaxi. miTejin saHHMaioTca ToproBjieio. Bi. Tofi KHiirii MHoro KapxiiE'L. %o BH ji.'fejiajrH bi> toh KOMHaii? Mil He 6hjih b-b toh KOMHaxi, cyji,apL; mh oji.'fe-

BaJIHCL B'B 9T0MI. HOKOt. OhT. Ce6A HG SHaeT'B, HO OHB

MHoro jiiynaeT^ o ce6i>. Bnj^'fejiH jih bh y^e TaKyio KHiiry? ii eni,e ne Biiiijii. TaKoft Kmirn. Korji;a bh KynajiHCB bb TOH ptK'fe? 3Toro a. He anaio. SaHHMaeTca jih eHi,e rocno- j^HHTb N. N. TaKOK) pa^OTOK)? JtyMan o ceoi, ApyrB moh !

TRANSLATION 30.

In this country, the inhabitants occupy themselves with commerce and industry (Nom. HpoMiimjieHHOCTB). Trade procures to these inhabitants riches and honour. In those books [there are] many tales. These pictures belong to that youug lady. The glasses of these win- dows do not please me, but the glass of that window pleases me much. Didst thou not already bathe in this river? No, I did not yet bathe here, but I shall soon bathe in that river. We do not know ourselves.

Relative and interrogative pronouns. 53

COJfVERSATION.

m,wh saHHMaioTCji atHTejiH 3hm6k) ohiI saHHMajoTCii Ta-

3hm6k)? kiimh pa66TaMH.

A wkwh OHn 6yji,jT'h saHH- JI^tomi. ohh 6y;i;yT'B saHii-

MaiLca jr^TOMi)? MaTLca ;i;pyrHMH pa66-

TaMH.

SnaeTe jih bh 3Ty rocnoajy? H^ti., a eA ne SHaio, ho

Mni KaaceTCfl, ^to a ee BHAijii> BT. TOMi) ro-

Hto 3T0 TaKoe? ' 3x0 pyccKiS atypnd.i'B.

CkOJIBKO KOMHaTX B'B STOM-B Bl. 3T0MX JliOM-fe MHOrO KOM- JHOM-fe? ^ HaTl».

r^'fe HrpajiH 3TH ;i,iTH ce- Bth ji,'feTH HrpajiH na towl

TO AUK YTpOM'B? JliBOp-fe.

Korjta TH BOSBpaTfiJiacB hsi. «fl; BOSBpaTHJiacB hs'b Poccih PocciH? B'B TOTt ate roji;!., Korji;a

6HJia BOHHa.

READING EXERCISE.

Xopomaa penyTdn,ia. — Good reputation.

CoKpaT-B, KOToparo ojiiiiH'B H3I) Apyseft cnpafflHBaji'B, KaKoe ecTB cpeji,CTB0 ;i,ocTaBHTB ce6'fe xopomyio penyTdii,iH), OTB'feTHji'B: <BH 66 iipio6p'feTeT6, ecjiH BH nocTapa6T6CB 6htb

TtMI., ^iMI. BH at6Jia6T6 HpejIiCTaBHTBCfl.

cp6^CTB0 way, means. ^oct4bhtb ce6i to gain.

npio6picTH to acquire. nocTapaTBca to endeavour.

rtMi), qiMi, such as. npeACTdBHTBCH to appear.

SIXTEENTH LESSON.

RELATIVE AND INTERROGATITE PRONOUNS.

a) Relative pronouns.

KTO who, HTO which, what.

N. KTO who. HTO which.

G. Koro of whom. ^ero of which.

D. KOMy to whom. ^ejiy to which.

A. Koro whom. hto which.

I. K-feMi by whom. ^iMt with what.

P. (o) KOMI (about) whom. (o) iCMt (about) what.

54 Lesson 16.

Heft whose.

Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

N. Heft, HBe whose. hls whose.

G. HLsro of whose. hlgh of whose.

D. ^LGMy to whose. hbch to whose.

A. ^Ber6, ^eft, hlc whose. hbk) whose.

I. HBHM'B by whose. hbck) by whose.

P. (o) HBeM-B (about) whose, (o) ^bgh (about) whose.

Plural for the three genders.

N. HBH whose.

G. HBHX-B of whose.

D. ^BHW-B to whose.

A. HBHxx, HBH whose.

I. ^BHMH by whose.

P. (o) ^Bflx-B (about) whose.

Examples.

rocnoj;HHi., Hhw cecipy bh bh- The gentlemen whose sister you

ji;HTe .... see ....

04)Hu,ep'B, ^hux^ jroniaA^H bh Ky- The officer whose horses you

majiH .... bought ....

Kopoji^Ba, lo , HbCMi ;tBopn,^ a ro- The queen of whose palace I

Boplb .... speak ....

KOTOpuft who, which, that.

Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

N. K0T6pHH, KOT6poe who, which. KOiopaa who, which.

G. KOToparo of whom, of which. Koxopofi of whom, of which.

D. KOTopoMy to whom, etc. Koiopofi to whom, to which.

A. KOToparo KoxopHH, KOTopoe KOTopyio whom, etc.

whom, etc.

I. KOTopHM-B by .whom, etc. Koiopoio by whom, etc.

P. (o)KOT6poM'B(about)whom,etc. (o) Koxopofi (about) whom, etc.

Plural for the three genders. N. KOTopHe (m.), KoidpHa (f. and m.) who, which, etc. G. KOTopux'B of whom, etc. D. KOTopHM'B to whom, etc. A. KOTopBie, KOTopHxi, K0T6pHa whom, etc. I. KOTopHMH by whom, etc. P. (o) KOTOpHxi (about) whom, etc.

Examples.

KojiBUO, KOT6poe BH KynHJiH. The ring which you bought.

BoTt caAOBHHKi, KOTOparo BH Here is the gardener whom you BHepd bh;i,4jih. saw yesterday.

b) Interrogative pronouns.

KaKOu? which, w^hat? Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

N. KaKOM? KaKoe? which? what? KaKaa? which? what? G. KaKoro? of which? etc. KaKofi? of which, etc.

Relative and interrogative pronouns. 55

D. KaKOMy? to which? etc. [etc. KaKoS? to which? etc.

A. KaK6ro?KaK6H?KaK6e? which? KaKyio? which? etc.

I. KaKHMt? by which? etc. KaKOio? by which? etc.

P. (o)KaK6M'i.? (about) which? etc. (o) KaKofi? (about) which? etc.

Plural for the three genders.

N. KaKie, KaKia? which? what?

G. KaKHxt? of which? etc.

D. KaKHMi? to which? etc.

A. KaKie? KaKHxi? KaKia? which? etc.

I. KaKHMH? by which? etc.

P. (o) KaKHXx? (about) which?

Examples. 0 KaKHxi KHHraxi bu ;^yMaeTe? Of what books do you think? KaKHMi o^pasoMi)? In what manner?

The other Russian interrogative pronouns are but the relative pronouns kto, hto, qeft, KOTopHE, when em- ployed in interrogative sentences:

^Bero 6p4Ty ^pHHa;^JIeat6T'L stoti To whose brother belongs this

JIOM-B? house?

0 HBeMi AOTA^ BH roBopHie ? Of whose house do you speak?

KoTOpHH TenepL ^acB? What o'clock is it now?

Hlk) cecTpHuy th BBjiijii? Whose sister didst thou see?

WORDS.

no3a6i4TB to forget. hsbhhhtb to pardon, to forgive.

;taMa lady. ciapHK-B old man.

He3;^op6Ba (she is) unwell. kohi;6pti. concert.

BaMi Haj(o6HO you want. nacT. hour, o'clock.

cnacTwiHB'B (he is) happy. ohh atHByii. they live.

sohthk'b umbrella; parasol. npHRjiroi^Hie adventure.

coaajiiTB to pity. noTepaxB to lose.

BSfljii. (he took). o6'femaTB to promise.

EXERCISE 31.

UojLK, 0 KOTopEixt K roBopK), npHHaj^jreJKaTt nameMy cocijiiy. IIoHHMaeTe jih bh, ^to a BaM-B roBopio? Toti>, KTO AOBOJieH'B, CHacTjiHBi). 0 ^eMi> TH TcnepL ;i,yMaeinL? ^ero npocHJi'L 6paTi> Baini>? Owb npocHJi'B KHHry, KOTopyro BH eny B^epa o6tm,ajrH. BoHHa, o kot6pomi> bh roBopHTe, H^Ti. BA^CL. Ohh npocHJiH Mena pascKasaTb hm-l (to tell them) MOH npHKjiioHeHia, ^to a h c.n'fejiaji'B cb y;i;oB6jiL- CTBieMl.. BOT-L UBiTH, KOTOpHe BaMi> oqeHB HpaB^Tca. CTapiiK'b, B^ m>eMi>A6wh mh ji.6j[ro, atnjiH TenepL b'b AMepHK-fe.

TRANSLATION 32.

To whom did you give (oTjtajiH bh) your ring? Which woman spoke with you? The ladies who were

56 Lesson 16.

yesterday at my aunt's, [are] the daughters of this gent- leman. Do you know the lady who was to-day at the concert? The letter which I received from my friend, [is] very beautiful. Who is there? Whose dog is this? To whom did you write a letter? With whom did your mother speak? About what did she speak? Which of (h3^) your sisters is unwell? Louisa (Jlyiisa). Which of your friends returned to America?

CONVERSATION.

IIoqeMy TH He ji,yMaeniL o HsBHHHTe Mena, a. no3a6H.i'i>.

TOMi, ^TO TH 06^m,eiJUb

HaMi. ? Hbero coci^;i,a 9to nojie? 9to nojie npHHaji;jieH£HTi,

MoeMv cocijiiy. Bn^'fe^'B JiH TH yme ji,omT), HtTi., moh ji,pyri., a. ero hb

KOTopHH MH npo;i;ajiH? BII^'fejI'B.

KoMy BH ^ajEH CBoe HHCBMO? BoT^B cjiyra, KOTopoMV a.

]I,2Ljn> CBOe HHCLMO.

9to He Ta 3Ke KHHra, o kg- . ^ejiOB'feK'L, kotophh 6hji'l

T6poH a roBopiiJi'L ; a dxhch, B^ajrh ee. rji;^ Ta?

KaKyio KapTimy kvuhji'b K ne 3Haio, KyniLi-B jth ohT)

Baint OTei]iT>? KapTHny iijin H-feTt.

KaKOH 0(i)Hi^ep'L 6hji'b na 0(j)Hii,epT>, KOToparo co6aKy

. yjiHii,'^? BH B^epa KymiJiH, 6hji'b

Ha yjiHi];^.

READING EXERCISE.

Ca<J)Hpx Ha o6iji,*.

0;i;Ha ;i;aMa bi Bepjifini npnrjiacHjra ojiiHam;iiHfi sna- MeHHTaro Ca({)iipa kt. o6'kjsj. J nen ctojit* 6HjnE. o6cTa- BjreH'B cjiHinKOML CKyno. Hocji'fe o6^;i,a cnpauiHBaeTi* xosflHKa Ca4)Hpa: «Kor;iia hsbojihtb onaTt y Menii o6'fe- ji,aTL, jiK)6e3HHH Ca(j)Hpi>?» «Ox6tho ceHqac'B!» otb^-

TVlJUh rOCTL.

Ha oC-^A^ at dinner. npnr.iacHTL, to invite.

o6cTaBJieH'i. served, laid. cKyno, avariciously.

onaTL again. ioctl guest.

Definite and indefinite pronouns. 57

SEVENTEENTH LESSON.

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

a) Definite pronouns. caM^B self.

Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

N. caMi., caMO self. caMa self.

G. caMoro of . . . self. caMofi of . . . self.

D. caMOMy to . . . self. caMoii to . . . self.

A. caMoro, caMi, caMO self. caMoe self.

I. caMBM-b by . . . self. caMoio by . . . self.

P. (o) caMOM-B (about) . . . self. (o) caiioft (about) . . . self.

Plural for the three genders.

N. caMH selves.

G. caMuxi. of . . . selves. , - D. caMHMt to . . . selves.

A. caMnxi selves.-

I. caMHMH by . . . selves.

P. (o) caMaxi (about) . . . selves.

edMLift the same. Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

N. caMHH, caMoe the same. cdMaa the same.

G. caMaro of the same. caMoft of the same.

D. caMOMy to the same. caMOH to the same.

A. caMaro, caMHfi,caMoe the same. caMyio the same. I. caMMMt by the same. caMoio by the same.

P. (o) caMOMi) (about) the same. (o) caMofi (about) the same. Plural for the three genders. , N. cdMHe (m.), canHa (f. and n.) the same. G, cdMuxi of the same. D. caMHMt to the same. A. cawHe, caMBXi, csosuh the same. I. caMHMH by the same. P. (o) caMBXT. (about) the same.

BecB all, whole. Masc. and neut. N. Becb (m.), Bce (n.) G. Bcero of all. D. BCBM^ to all. A. Bcer6, bgcb, see all. I. BC^M-L by all. P. (o) BceM-B (about) all.

Plural for the three genders.

N. Bci all.

G. Bcfext of all.

D. Bcfeffl-B to all.

A. Bcixi., Bci all.

I. BcfeMH by all.

P. (o) Bcix-B (about) all.

sing.

Feminine singular.

all.

BCfl all.

Bcefi of all.

Bcefi to all.

1.

BCK) all.

BceK) by all.

ill.

(o) Bceii (about) all.

58 Lesson 17.

KdsK;i,L[]ft each, every.

Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

N. KaaKJ^H^^, KajK;iioe -each, every. Kaat;iaa each, every.

G. Ka2eji;aro of each. Kaat^oH of each.

D. KaaejioMy to each. Kaatjafi to each.

A. Kaat;i;aro,KaatjtHH, KasKjtoeeach. Kaaeiyio each.

I. KaatAHMt by each. kslmaoK) by each.

P. (o) KaatjtoMt (about) each. (o) KaatAofi (about) each.

Plural for the three genders. N. Kdac;tHe (m.), Kaat^Ha (f. and n.) each, every. G. Kaacj;HXT, of each. D. KaalJ^HM'B to each. A. KSiX.fl.ux'b, Kaac^iue, EaK;i,KA each. I. KaatjuHMH by each. P. (o) KaatAHx-L (about) each.

b) Indefinite pronouns. H^KTO a certain (used only in the nominative). HtHTO something (used only in the nominative and

accusative). H^KOTOpHift some one (declined like KOTopiiH, page 54). HUKTO nobody (declined like kto, page 53). HiriTO nothing (declined like ^to, page 53). Koe-KTO, KTO-TO somcbody (declined like kto, page 53). Koe-HTO, HTO-TO Something (declined like hto, page 53). KTO-JEodo, KT0-HH6y;i,B whoever. HTO-Jiii6o, hto-hh63';i,l whatever.

The words jin6o and HH6y;i,L are indeclinable, where- as KTO and HTO combined with them are declined as if they w^ere alone.

o/i.HH'B one, some one, a certain, alone.

Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.

N. OAHH'B, o^iio one. Oitna one.

G. OAHoro of one. 0J^H6M of one.

D. OAHOMy to one. oahoh to one.

A. oj;eor6, oahh-l, oaho one. o;^Hy one.

I. ojtHHMT> by one. oahofo by one.

P. {o6'h) OAHOMi. (about) one. (o6i,) o^Hoft (about) one.

Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine plural.

N. o;i;hh ones. ojiHt ones.

G. o;iHHX'i. of ones. CAH-fext of ones.

D. ojHHM'L to ones. OAHiM-L to ones.

A. OAHHxi, OAUH ones. OJ^H•l>x^, oah4 ones.

I. OAHHMH by ones. OAH'feMH by ones.

P. (ooi,) oAHHxi. (about) ones. (061.) oAHixi. (about) ones.

Definite and indefinite pronouns. 59

j^pyr'B-ji.pyra each other, one another.

N.

G. ;i;pyr'L .npyra of each other. D. jipyr^-jipyry to each other. A. ;i;pyri-;tpyra each other. I. jipyrx-jipyroM'B by each other. P. Apyrt-o-Apyri about each other.

To the indefinite pronouns belong also many others, such as BCHKifl every one, H'fecKOJiLKO^ some, any, HHOt^ many a, hukrkoh^ hh ojifiwb none; but their use does not present any difficulty at all.

Hhkto and hhhto must always be accompanied by a negative adverb ne, HiT-B: y MCHa HHiero nmm. I have nothing.

Hhkto Baci. ne BHAiJit. Nobody saw you.

When HHKTO, hh^to, HHKaKOft, HHKOTopBiH and HH oji.HH'B are used with a preposition, the preposition is placed between the hh and the pronoun -proper:

HH Bi* OAHOMi AOMi. In no house.

HH y Koro. To nobody.

9T0 HH Ki MBMy HC roAHTca. That serves to nothing.

WORDS.

Okcio around. BpamaTLOi to turn.

noKpuBaTB, naKpHTL to cover. npejiMCTt object, thing.

CMepTCHi (he is) mortal. ouiH^aTLca to err.

xeieHie course. snaMeHHTo (it is) celebrated.

CB'feT'E world. , no3HaBaTb to know.

EXERCISE 33.

.vS caM-L noKpHBaji'B ctojii> 6yMaraMH. Bor'E. OTeH'B Bcfexi jiJOAefi. CKajKUTe 3to, nojKajiyHCTa, K0My-HH6yji,L. Hs'B HHHero ne c;i,ijiaenib HH^ero. Bi> Kaacji.OM'L ceji'fe ecTB H,epKOBL. Bi) Te^enie nicKOJiLKHXTb Micai^eBTE. gh^ He TiojiymiJii> hh o;i,Hor6 HHCtMa. AnrjiH^aHe h (j)paH- ii,y3H JiK>6nTT> ;;pyr'B-;i,pyra. Hmji IlyniKHHa SHaMeHiiTO HO BceMY cB'feTy. }I HH 0 ^CM-L 66jiie (more) ne 6y;i,y BaM'B pascKasHBaTL.

TRANSLATION 34.

I shall soon have the occasion to thank him for some books, which he gave me. Cover the books and

1 It can be declined in the plural only: HicKOJiLKie, H-fe-

CKOJIBKHXI), a. 8. O.

60 Lesson 17.

papers with something! Some one spoke about that affair, but nobody beheved him. I myself was in the city. The most difficult of all things (Tpyji,Hte Bcero) is to know oneself. Do you know the weight of our earth? These objects belong to herself. I never again (HHKor;i;a eme) spoke with himself. I shall show that to nobody. Every man is mortal. Nobody can say, that he never erred.

CONVERSATION.

KoMY npHHaAJiejKiiT'L aTOTi) BiOTt ji.om'b npHHaji;jie3KiiT'B

JI,OM^? MH-fe caMOMy.

^TO roBoprijiH rpenecKie Ohh roBopHjiH: TpyjiiH'fee

(|)HJi6co(|)H? Bcero nosnaBaTL caMoro

ce6H.

C-B K-feM-B TH 6yjiieinb ryji^TB R 6y;i,y ryjiiTB cb neio ca-

cer6;i,Hfl Be^epoMTb? moh).

(3kojio ^ero' spaiiiiaeTca 3eMJiji BpaiiiiaeTca okojio

seMJifl? cojiHi^a.

^.^Wb BH HaKpiijIH CTOJI'B? Mh HaKpiIJIH 610 H-feCKOJIB-

KHMH JiHCxaMH 6yMarH. roBopiijiH jiH BM yate cte> hh- H^t^, a. em,e hb roBopHJi'B

MH CaMliMH? HH CI KOM'B.

Kto MomeTT* CKasaTB, ^to oh'b Hhkto ne mojebtij CKasaTB, HHKor;i,a hb onindajica? ^to ohI) HHKorji,a hb ohih-

KaKia CipaHH BIIJI.'fejIH BH? il BH;i,'fejI'B HO^TH BCK) Eb-

pony.

READING EXERCISE. OxoTa Ha THrpa. I.

Bi cp6;i,HBH AsiH cyn];BCTByeT'B oc66BHHaji oxoTa na

THrpOBI). OXOTHHKH HaMaSHBaiOTT. ;i,pBBecHMB jiiiciha. HTII^BHMI. KJIBBM-B H pa36paCHBaK)T'B HO Jl.Opor'fe, TJI,^

Ji¥)6w£i> xo;i;htb THrpi.. Kor;i,a THrpi. npox6;i,HTTb no Jiiin-

KHMTE. mCTbSiWh, TO OHH HpHJIHHaiOTi KI. BIO JliuSiWh H

MimaiOT'B BMy xo;i,htb.

(TIpodoAOfcenie 6ydenn.)

cymecTBOBan. to exist. oc66eHHaa particular.

HaiiasHBaTL to grease. pas^pacHBaTL to strew.

Men glue, lime. jinnKia gluey.

jidna paw. MimdiL to prevent.

Adjectives with full terminations. 61

EIGHTEENTH LESSON.

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES WITH FULL TERMINATIONS.

Adjectives in Russian maybe divided into two classes : I. Qualifying adjectives, such as: ;i;66pHH good, xpa6pHB[ brave.

II. Possessive adjectives, such as: EeTpoB^ Peter's* 0111,681. of the father.^

Both agree in gender, number and case with the noun with which they are coupled.

Qualifying adjectives have a twofold termination: the full and the apocopated.^

The foil termination is used when the adjective is employed attributively, i. e. when it qualifies a substan- tive which generally follows it: xpa6pHH b6hhi> the brave warrior.

The apocoimted or abridged termination is used when the adjective is employed predicatively i. e. after a verb expressed or understood : bohh^ xpa6pt the warrior is brave.

Example of hard full terminations.

Masculine: xpa6pHH bohh-l the brave warrior.

N. xpaGpMtt BOHHt. xpd6pLie bohhh.

G. xpa6paro BOHHa. xp46pMXT. bohhobi.

D. xpa5poMy BOHHy. xpa^puM-B BOHHaMt.

A. xpa6paro BOHoa. xpa6pHX'L bohhob'b.

I. XpaSpHMl. BOHHOM'B. Xpa6pHMH BOHHaMH.

p. (o) xpa6poM'B BOHHi. (o) xpaCpuxTb BOHHaXl.

Feminine: A<^6paa atena the good woman.

N. ;t66paa atena. AO^piia ateHH.

G. ;t66poft avGHH. A66pHX'i. ateni..

D. A66poii aceH-fe. s66ptiM'L atenaMi..

A. ;t66pyH) ateHy. jl66pHX'B aieH-B.^

I. jt66poio atenoK). jl66pHMH aceHaim.

P. (o) ;t66pott aceni. (o) /toSpuxt aeenaxT,.

1 This kind of adjectives is discussed in the next lesson.

- See page 18, footnote 1.-

3 When accompanied by nouns denoting inanimate objects, the accusative form of the adjective does not differ from the nominative, as it has been seen.

62 Lesson 18.

Neuter: npiaiHoe MicTO the agreeable place.

N. npiaxHOe siicTO. npiaTHua Micia.

G. npiaiHaro wicxa. iipiaTHtix'B Micit.

D. npiflTHOMy Miciy. iipiaTHtiMt MiciaMi.

A. npiflTHoe iiicTO. npiAxnaa Micia.

I. npiaxHUMi. MicxoMi. npiAxHtiMH MicxaMH.

P. (o) npiflXHOMi> Micxi. (o) npiAxHBixi. Micxax-L.

In the same manner may be declined:

HOBHH r6po;i;i> the new town. orpoMHafl cxpaHa the immense region. HHCxoe nojie the clean field (level ground).

Adjectives having the accent on the last syllable take in the nominative singular of the masculine gender the termination 6ft; in other respects, they are dechned according to the models given above.

Such are:

CojiBfflOH AOM'L the great house, 6ojLra6ro jnoua, 6ojii>ra6My ji,6v[y etc. . . 6ojiLinaa piKa the great river . . . 6oJBffl6e cejio the great village.

Example of soft full terminations.

Masculine: HCKpeHHifi npiaxejiL the sincere friend.

N. HCKpcHHift npiaxejiB. HCKpcHHie npijixejiH.

G. HCKpeHHaro npiaxcia. HCKpeHHHXt npiAxejieH.

D. HCKpeHHeaiy npiaxejiro. HCKpeHHHM'b npiaxejiaMi.

A. HCKpeHHaro iipiaxejifl. HCKpeHHax-B npiaxejiefi.

I. HCKpeHHHMi. npiaxejieMi. HCKpeHHHMH npiaxeii^iMH.

P. (061,) HCKpeHHeMi npiaxejii. (o6i) HCKpeHHHXt npiaxejiaxi..

Feminine: nrp^Haa jomaab the sorrel horse.

N. nrpeeaa jroraaAB. nrpenia ;i6raa;i,H.

G. Hrpeneft jioinaAH. nrpenHxi. joraa^eff.

D. Hrpenett .lomaAH. HrpenHMi. .loma^flM'B.

A. HrpenioH) jioraajiB. nrp^HHX'B jiomajeH.

I. HrpeHCH) jioinajiBK). nrpenHMH jioraa^BMH.

P. {06'b) Hrpenett Jioma^nH. (ooi) HrpeHHX'L jromaAaxx.

Neuter: npeaiHee oa^Ajio the former coverlet.

N. npejKHce ojifkLio. npesHia ojiM-ia.

G. npeacHaro ojifkAm. npeatHMxi. o;!;^^^^.

D. npeaiHeMy OAi^Jiy. npeatHHMi. o^M.iavL'b.

A. npeatnee ojiiajio. iipeaiHia ojtMjia.

I. npea^HHM'L oAiajroM-B. npeatHHMH o^iajiaMH.

P. (0) npeatHeM'B oAi^ji'fe. (0) iipeiKHHX'b OA'feajiax'B.

Such are:

jiixHin jteHB the summer day. 3HMHfla H01B the winter night.

CHHce He6o the blue sky (plur. of He6o = He6eca).

Adjectives with full terminations. 63

It must be noted, that not all qualifying adjectives having the nominative singular of the mascuHne gender terminating in ift, belong to the soft form.

A considerable number of hard adjectives have an apparent mixed declension for the simple reason that the law of permutation (page 16) does not permit the use of H after a guttural or hissing consonant (page 5). Such is e. g. JierKift, light, which has in the feminine jierKaa and in the neuter jierKoe (and not jierKaa, jierKee).

WORDS.

PojiOBa head. yKpacHTL to adorn.

TyjioBHiue body, rump. KpacHBuft beautiful.

HaKasHBaTB to punish. Ajihhhhh long.

ocBimdTL to light, to enlighten. BHCOKiti high,

ciauie light, splendour. TOHKiii narrow, slender.

HOBHft new. KopoTKia short.

MOJio^OH young. CTporiii rigorous.

6oraTHH rich. cfeBepHHii northern.

6'feAHHH poor. npcKpacnHH handsome.

;^peBHi^^ ancient, former. pijiKin rare.

He^aBHo recently. CTapHfi old.

noHHTaTL to adore. HHSKifi low.

CHJia force, strength. He^o;^BHatHH^i immobile.

npojiojiHcaTb to continue. npH^aeacHufi diligent.

xHatHHa hut. chhIh blue.

4)iajKa violet. M^jieHtKifi small, little. iDHpdKifi large, broad.

EXERCISE 85.

Ckojilko Ji'feT'B npoAOJi3KajracL BoiiHa? Bij^HHe jih);i;h atHByTi. wh HH3K0H xiiHtHHli. Ha ;;Bop'fe 6hjih npeKpacHtia mmdiAi/L. 3B'fe3;iiH 66jifcmeK) nacTHo Heno;i;BHatHHJi x'fejia. MaiB pa66Tae'rB cl npHjiejKHHMH jiioqepBMH. ^o^epn yKpa- niajOT'L CBOH CTOJiH CHHHMH (j)iajiKaMH. IIpHJieatHHe y^e- HHKH ;i,ocTaBjiaH)T'B po;i,HTejiHM'L MHoro y;i,0B6jrBCTBiii. OrpoM- Hoe Mope OT;i;'feji;ieT'B EBpony ot^ Amcphkh. ^66pHa j^-^th HppajiH CB HflHero. HacTyxt BOSBpaTHJica ^OMofi co cbohm'b

MaJieHLKHMl, CTa^liOMI..

TRANSLATION 36.

The widow of the good Peter gave (ji,a.ia) the poor man a bit of bread. What is the good child doing in the large yard? The horse has a beautiful head, a long body, and high and slender legs. Bad actions are punished [transl, punish themselves, instr.) with rigorous

64 Lesson 18.

laws. Winter nights [are] often enlightened (ocB^maiOTca) by the aurora borealis [transl. northern light). In the handsome rooms of the uncle [there are] many rare things. I know perfectly well your old ffiend. He shewed the high room to us with great pleasure.

CONVERSATION.

m,wh BH yKpacHjiH 60JIL- R. yKpacHJii. 6ojiLinyK) kom-

niyio KOMHRTy? HaTy chhhmh 060mm.

^TO TH nojiyHHJii. B^epa? K nojryqHJi'L TBOe KopoTKoe

EHCLMO.

Kto atHBeT-B wh btgm'b 60JIL- Msoro exapHXTb h ^^^^msyny

moM-B ]iS)wi> Ha niHpoKOH jiio;i;eH atHBeTTt bi> RQWh.

yjiHii.'fe?

^TO BH mj^kjm Ha 6eperax'B il Bi^-fejii, trm^ BHCOKie h

(j)paHi],y3CKHX'B p-feKi*? npcKpacHHe saMKH.

KaKiix^ HOBHxi, KHHr'B Ha- yneHHK'B KynitiTb HOByro

KyniiJT'B yqeHHKi)? rpaMMaiHEy h HOByio

HCTOpiO.

A HTO OH-B ^HTajT-B cero^Ha Owh ^.wikjn> 0 xpa6pHxt

B-B HOBUx-B CBOiixi> KHH- Hap6;i,ax^, aCHBniHX^ Bt

raxi.? ;i,peBHHxi, BpeMenax-B.'

Kto ;i;ajii> Te6'fe stot'l 6ojrB- ^ena 6ojiBH6ro padoTHHKa

niOH KycoK'B xopoinaro ;i,ajra mh^ 3toti» KycoKt

xji^6a? xjii6a.

READING EXERCISE. 0 X 6 T a Ha t h r p a. II.

SB-fepB CTapdeTCa BCiqeCKH OT^ HHX'L H36aBHTBCfl H

A^jidi&i'h CMBHHa ;i,BHaceHia. JIiicTBa npncTaiOTi k'b neMy

B^B 66jIBnieM'B KO.in^eCTB'fe. PaSifLpeHHHH SBtpB Ha-

^HHaeTi HaKOHeii,'B BaMTLca no seMji'fe, h wh KopoTKoe BpeMa coBepnieHHO noKpuBaeTC^ jrncTBaMH. Ohii saKjieH- BaioT'B BMy rjiasa h yinn. Tor^a Tnrpi. Ha^nnaeT^ CTpdni-

HO peB^TB. OXOTHHKH y3HaK)TI>, BTb HeMI, ;i,ijIO, BEIXO-

]^ii'h H3Ti 3aca;i;H h y6HBaK)T'B 3B:fepa.

ciapaiBca to endeavour. H36aBHTBCfl to deliver oneself.

BcanecKH in every way. ji,BH2KeHie motion.

npHCTaiBca to attach oneself. pasiapeHHufi enraged.

BajiaTLca to wallow. pesiTi, to roar, to howl,

saca^a ambush. ySHBaxB to kill.

Adjectives avith apocopated terminations.

65

NINETEENTH LESSON.

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES WITH APO- COPATED TERMINATIONS.

The apocopated terminations are, what the name plainly indicates, shortened or mutilated terminations which the adjectives take in certain cases alone. ^

As it has already been stated (page 53), the apo- copated terminations are employed whenever a qualifying adjective acts as a predicate of a verb.

Their declension would therefore seem quite un- necessary. ^ But they sometimes occur in poetry in- stead of the full terminations. Besides this, their termi- nations are adopted by possessive adjectives. See page 66.

Example of hard apocopated terminations: xpa6pL, xp^6pa, xpa6po brave.

Masc. N. xpa^pTb. G. (xpa6pa). D. (xpafJpy). A. (xpa6pa, xpa6p'B). I. (xpa6pHMT>). P. (o xpaSpoMt).

Singular.

Fern. xp46pa. (xpaopoft). (xpaCpow). (xpa6py). (xpa6poio). (o xp^CpoH).

Plural.

N. xpa6pM. xpaCpu.

G. (xpaGpHxi). (xpa6pHX'L).

D. (xpaopHMt). (xpa6pnMi>).

A. (xpa6pux'B,xpa6pH). (xpa6pux'B, xpd6pH).

I. (xpa6pHMH). (xpa6puMH)..

P. (o xpa6pHX'B). (o xpaSpaxi,).

Neut.

xpa6po.

(xpd6pa).

(xpa6py).

(xpa6pa).

(xpa^pHM'fc).

(o xpa6poMi>).

xpa6pij.

(xpd6pHX'L). (xpaSpuM-L). (xpa6pi>r). (xpaCpHMn). (o xpa6pbixi).

Thus may be dechned, for the sake of practice; ;to6pi), ;io6pa, jio6p6 good (a66phh).

IIOBI,, HOBa, HOBO DCW (hOBHH).

HHCTi>, iiicia, MHCTO cleaii (ihcthm).

1 It i8 derived from the Greek (Sctco away, and xotctw I cut. ^ In prose, only the nominative forms of each gender and number are used.

Elementary Russian Grammar. 5

66

Lesson 19,

Example o

f soft apocopated

terminations

CHHL, CHHa, CHHe

blue

Singular.

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

N.

CHHB.

CHHfl.

CHHC.

G.

(CHHa).

(cHHeii).

(chhh).

D.

(CHHIO).

(CHHefi).

(chhh)).

A.

(CHHH, CHHL).

(CHHH)).

(CHHe).

I.

(CHHHMt).

(cHHeio).

(CHHHMT)),

P.

(O CHHeMt).

(0 CHHeH).

Plural.

(O CHHeMI)).

N.

C^HH.

CHHH.

CHHH

G.

(CHHHXX).

(CHHHXl).

(CHHHX'b).

P.

(CHHHMl).

(CHHHM1>).

(CHHHMl).

A.

(CHHHXi, CHHH).

(CHHHXt, CHHH).

(CHHH).

I.

(chhhmh).

(chhhmh).

(chhhmh).

P.

(O CHHHXl.).

(O CHHHXl).

(O CHHHXl).

In forming the apocopated termination of the mas- culine gender, the vowels e and o are often inserted for euphony's sake. Also l and fi become e:

full: CM-feiuHoii ridiculous. CB^TJiHH brilliant. ^ojLHofi sick, ill. Kpinitin strong. ■ciioKOMHHii tranquil. .;^peBHiH ancient.

apocopated :

CMiuieHT., -rana, -raHO. CBiiejii., -Tja, -T.io. 66jieH'B, -.nbHa, -.ibHO. KpinoKi, -HKa, -nKO. cnoKoeH-B, -HHa, -mho. ;;peBeHL -bhh, bhb.

The name of possessive adjectives is given by Russian Grammarians to those adjectives which point out to whom an object belongs.

They are deserving of particular attention, both with -regard to their use and to their declension : as to their nsCy we must state that they do not correspond to any English adjective, but to an English substantive em- ployed in the genitive (possessive) case; as to their de- clension, it must be noted that, even when used attri- butively (page 65), they always take the apocopated ter- minations.

Examples of possessive adjectives: JlexpoBi ;i;oM'L Peter's house. ^ N. neipoBi AOMi. nexpoBu jiiOMa.

G. neipoBa ;i;6Ma. neTpoBHxi aomobi.

D. neipoBy A^My. iieTpoBUMi fl.oMaM'L.

1 It is quite as good to say aomx IleTpa, B^OBa 6paTa, etc.

Adjectives with apocopated terminations. . 67

A. neTpoBL AOMT.. neipoBH ;i,0Ma.

1. neTp6BUM1> JIOMOMT). nexpOBHMH JI,OMdMH.

p. (o) neTpoBOMi. jioM-fe. (o) neTpoBHx-B jtoMax-L.

6paTnHHa bj^obsl the brother's widow. N. 6paTHHHa BjioBa. 6paTHHHBi bji;6bh[.

G. 6paTHHH0fl BAOBli. dpaTHHHHXI. BIOBl).'

D. SpaTHHHOH Bi^OB'fe. CpdlHHHHMT. B^OBaMl..

A. 6paTHHHy BJ^OBy. OpaTHHHH BAOBBI.

I. 6paTHHH0K) BJ;0b6K). 6paTHHHHMH B;t6BaMH.

p. (o) 6paTHHH0H B^^OB-fe. (o) 6paTHHHHXb BJtOBaX'L.

lJ,apHa,HHo ce.TO the Empress'' village.

^. li;apHi;HHO cejo. I^apnuHHa ce.ia.

0. I],apHu,HHa cejiL HapiiuHUHxt ce^TB. D. IJ.apKmHHy cejiy. II,apHii,HHHMi cejiaMi.. A. U.apHu.LiHO cejio. UapHinuHa cejia.

1. HapHHUUHM-L CejOMt. Il,apHII,HHHMH CCJiaMH.

p. (o) lI,apMu,HHOM'L cejii. (o) n^apHUHHHXi. ce.iaxi.

Thus in like manner: HBdHOBT. cajt'B John's garden. cecxpHHa jioniaAL the sister's horse. ;tiBHii,wHO K0Jibii,6 the girl's ring.

A great number of propor names having the form of possessive adjectives are dechned in the same way. Such are:

UaBJioB^ Pavlov. HymKHHi Pushkin.

raxiHHa Gatchina. CK66e.ieB'L Skobelev.

BopoAHHO Borodino. KopcaiiOB-B Korsakov.

It must however be remarked that, besides having no plural inflections, in the prepositional singular they take the substantival inflection t, instead of omi. or oft.

WORDS.

jKHBonHCHHii picturesque. mnara sword.

TpvAHHH difficult. npoH3Hoiii6Hie pronunciation.

rjiyCoKifi deep. OKeaH-b Ocean.

^oporoH dear, costly. BceiaKH nevertheless.

jiioHBHw idle, lazy. canorT. shoe.

y3Kift narrow. ^epeB6;^'B translation.

JUHHIIHH long. (JijtHHH pOOr.

EXERCISE 37.

Si He^OBOJieH'B MOHM'B HOBKM'B Ka(j)TaHOM'B, OHTj CJIHUI-

KOM'B y.30K'L. Mh TcncpB rjjiHeM'L, noTOMy HTO nor6;i,a npeKpacHa. Baini. nepeBo;!,!) 6ujrh Tpyji.eH'L. MicTono- .loateHie neTep6ypraHe mHBonHCHO. y^eHHK'B jr-feHiiBi.. Btoti»

5*

68 Lesson 19.

xji'^6'h oHeHB xopoini., a to bhho o^eHL ;i;ypHo. Chhi» IleTpoB'B 6hji'l B^epa ci. npijiTejiaMH HBaHOBHMH bi. Bacii- jieBOMt ca;i;y. Fopoji.'L MocKBa ji,peBeHi,, ho axa CTOJiHii,a He TSLKTi ji,peBHa, KaKt r6poji;i. llapnjKT). Bh,t;'l cb 3thx'b 6anieH'L npejiecTeni).

TRANSLATION 38.

The teacher was satisfied with the pupil, because he was dihgent. In summer [instr.) the days are very long. This pen is bad. This castle is picturesque. The warrior whom you saw on the bridge is very brave. Have you seen the brother's sword? The pronunciation of the EngUsh language is very difficult. The Ocean is very deep. The feathers (IlepLa) which you bought at your neighbour's the merchant are very dear, and nevertheless they are not good. Thy brother is very idle. The shoes of the teacher are too narrow.

CONVERSATION.

JI^jiHHHa jiH 3Ta jiiopora? 3Ta ;i,op6ra oneHb ;iiJiHHHa.

KaKaa Bania Ji6maji,L? Moa Jiomsijijb npeKpacna.

BoraTH JIH BaniH yqeHHKH? HtT-L, omi o^chb 6i;i,HH.

3;i,op6BT» JIH Banii. 6paT'L Moii 6paTi, xenepL s^opoBi,,

Tenept? ho oh^b ;i,6jiro 6hjii»

66jieH'B.

KaKi> Aoporo ctoati. saniH Mow Hacii ne hobh; ohh

HOBBie qacM? o^enB CTapn.

JtiiHHB'B JiH TenepB stoti. Oh^ TenepB npHJieajeni. ;

MajiB^HKi. iijiH npHjie- ho Hpeac;^e oh-b 6hji'b

atent? ^ o^chb ji^hAbI).

KaKOBa 3Ta yqeHHUia? 9Ta yHeHiiu,a npnjiejKHa.

KaKOBo HHCBMO, KOTopoe BH IIhcbmo, KOTopoe a nojiy-

BHepa nojiyqHJiH ot-b Ba- ihji^, oqeHB npiaTHO.

inero 6aTK)mKH?

READING EXERCISE.

Hacii.

0;i.HHT> HSTE. KanpajiOBi> rBapji.iH $pH;i,pHxa BejHKaro HOCHJiT) HacoByH) H.'fenoqKy, a BMicTO ^acoB'B iipHBji3BiBajnE» nyjiBK). Korji,a ^pnji.pHX'B BejiHKin, yBH^a Kanpajia, ho- camaro n.inoqKy, ero npocnjiT. noKasaiB CMy, tot^b OTBi- qajii>, HTO y Hero BMicTO ^acoB'B nyjia, ;i,jia HaHOMKHania

it.

Degrees of comparison. 69

Toro, ^TO OHX ji.ojrateH'B Ka3Kji,yio MimyTy 6htb roTOB'B jMepeTB 3a cBoero rocyji,apH. — «Bto noxBajBHO», cKa- 3ajii> Kopojis H Aajii eny CBon qacH ocMnaHHue 6pHjiiaH- TaMH. «TenepL th MOJKeraL BiU-tTB tot^l nacB Kor;i,a th yMpemL 3a MeHa.»

Bt cpajKeniH npn P6c6ax'fe nyjia yji;apHJia bi. ^acH cojiji,aTa H ynajia na sgmjik), ^'JiMi> h cnacjia ero jkhshb.

Kanpa.ii) corporal. roTOBHH ready.

HOCHJii (he) wore. noxBajiLHuft praiseworthy.

utuo^Ka Avatch-chain. ocHnaHEiuH studded, ornamented.

npHB;i3HBaTb to attach, to fix. epaajenie battle.

Hocamiii wearing. yj,apHTB to blow, to strike.

nanoMHHaHie remembrance. ynajia, (it) fell, cnacjid (it) saved.

TWENTIETH LESSON.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON.

The comparative is formed in three different ways:

1. By changing the termination of the positive preceded by any consonant except a guttural into iBinifl for the full, and into "he for the apocopated termination :

CHJiLHHil strong. CHJibnibttuiitt, CH.iBH'fee stronger.

c.ia6hiH weak. cjiao'j^umitt, cjiaote weaker.

Some adjectives form the apocopated comparative simply in e changing the preceding consonant:

6oraTHH rich. 6oraTiHmiH, ooraie richer.

;i;eineBUH cheap. jieuieBMaiiii, ;ieiueBJie cheaper.

rycTOH thick, dark. rycTMuiifl, rycrfee (rym,e) thicker. ^

npocTOH simple. npocx'tHuiifi, iipome simpler.

TBepAHfi hard, firm. xBepitiiiniu, TBepme harder.

MHCTHH pure, clean. HHCT-feHuiiH, iiHiue purer.

2. By changing the termination of the positive pre- ceded by a guttural consonant (r, k, x) into aftuiiH for the full, and e for the apocopated termination, with a consonantal change:

rjiy66Kiri deep. rjiySo^dttiuiii, rjiy6ace deeper.

ciporiH rigorous. CTpo:Kattuiitt, cxpoaie more rigorous.

Kp-fenKifi strong. KpinqAfimifl, Kp-fenMe stronger.

A great number of adjectives in rift, kIh, xifi do not have the full termination of the comparative; whilst

* The form ryme is properly speaking the comparative of the corresponding advert) rycTO thickly.

n

Lesson 20.

others of very frequent different ways:

;^aJIeKiH distant, flairift long, joporofi dear. 6jiH3KiH near. KopoTKift short. pijlKiii rare. niHpoKiM broad. BejiHKifi (5ojiBm6fi) great. BHcoKift high. HHSKifl low.

Observe also:

MajiHH (MeHBUioft) small. mo.toji,6h young. cxaptiH old. xopomifi good. xy^OH bad.

3. By placing the positive:

paA'b pleased. jOBKift clever.

use form their comparatives in

jtajiLH-feRmiH, j^ajibme more distant. AOJiffiaiimiH, jiojihme longer. ApajKaHmiii, lopoate dearer. 6jiHataHinifi, ojiHaee nearer. KpaTqafimiii, Kopone shorter. ptiqaHmiii, p-feate rarer. iiiHpoiaHuiiH, iimpe broader. Be.iH-iaHuiiH, 66.ibrae greater. BHCo'iaHuiiri, Bbiiue higher. HiiacafiuiiH, imate lower.

MeHbuiin, MCHbuie smaller, less. MJia;imiM, MO.ioiKe younger. ciapiuiH, cxapine older, jiyimm, .lyinie better, xpuiifi, xyatc worse.

adverb 66jiie, more, before the

06.The pa^i. more pleased. Oojite .lOBKifi more clever.

The superlative of the attributive adjective (full termination) is also formed in three different ways:

1. By placing caMHH, the same, before the positive:

cdMLift CHJiLHHH MCJiOB'feK'B. the Strongest man.

caMRH CHJbHaH atena. the strongest woman.

C^Moe CHJLHoe j[inA. the strongest child.

2. By using the comparative form in Mmift and afifflin; but in this case the words h3'l Bcfexi*, of all, must be understood, as in English:

PocciJi (ecTt) cu.ibHMmee rocy- Kussia is the most powerful AapcTBO Bi CBtxi.j monarchy in the world.

3. By prefixing see- or npe- to the positive and Han- to the comparative:

npeAoCpHH. very good, best,

BcenoKopHHii. very humble, humblest.

HaHJiyHuiiH. the very best.

The predicative (apocopated) adjective forms its super- lative by adding Bcero or sci^x'L to the comparative:

^foTb jiowh Jiyqrae Bcitxt. This house is the best of all.

MecTB Aopoifce Bcero. Honour is dearest of all.

Degrees of comparison. 71

WORDS.

aeatejiH, ^^m-l than. ji'feTo summer.

sojioTO good. nojieauHH useful.

cepe6p6 silver. BipnuH faithful,

atejiiao iron. ji;paron,iHHH[H costly.

cpeACTBO means. caxapHHH tpocthhk'b sugar-cane.

KaMeHL stone. Meiaoi metal.

TiOJihukn-b tulip. ajiMaai diamond.

CKpoMHHH modest. o^HKHOBeHHo usually.

yHHTe.ibHHii,a school-mistress. HecpaeHeHHo incomparably.

TeM3a the Thames. oceHB autumn.

3HMa winter. ceMeHCTBo family. BecHa spring.

EXERCISf: 39.

T^Msa caMaa 66:iBinaa p-feKa b-b AnrjiiH. Oh^b c^acT- jiHBMniiH ^ejiOBiKi. b'b cBiTt. Ji ropasAO c^acTJiHB'fee, HtMi> BH ;i,yMaeTe. Moh nepesoji.'B ji,jrHHeHi>, Bannt ;i,jihh- nie, a nepeBo^'B Bamero 6paTa caMtifi ;i.jihhhuh (nepeBO^i.). Tbok cecTpa npnjieatHie Moeft. Becna npiaTHie oceHH h 3HMM, HO npiiiTHie Bcfexi, — ji-fexo ^ Posa HecpaBHeHHO Kpa-

CHBie JUpyrHX-B U.BiTOB'L. BijI,HHe Jl¥)Ji,K ^aCTO CHaCTJIHBte

6QraTHX'L. 9Ta ;i.aMa CTapnie Bamefi cecTpu. Moft cxap- min CHH-L oqeHL npHJieateH'B.

TRANSLATION 40.

Your house is liigh, the house of your neighbour is higher, but the house of your friend is the highest house in the whole street. To-day the weather is more pleasant than yesterday. Gold and silver are costlier than iron, but iron is more useful than gold and silver. This wine is worse than water. The morning was beau- tiful, but the evening was more beautiful. The richest people are (use the com2)arative here) not always the happiest. Simple means are the best [means]. The dog is more faithful than the cat. Stone is harder than metal. I am more diligent than thou and he. The cow is more useful than the sheep, the horse is more useful than the cow, but the most useful of all is the elephant.

CONVERSATION.

KaKOBHH ropO^^'B BepJHHl>? BepjIHH'B CaMHli KpaCHBHH

ropoAi* B'B TepMaHiH. Hto TB^pate CTajiH? AjiMaai. TBepate cxajiH.

^ Instead of cctb a dash (— ) is sometimes employed.

72

Lesson, 20.

Kto h3i> BacB CTapine, bh HJiH Baiui. 6paTT.V

Jly^mee jih 3to bhho?

HpiiiTHOe JIH 61JJIO BpeMJI

Bainero npe6HBaHm b-b

neTep65^pri? KoTopHH HSi ropo;i;6Bi. Be-

jrnKCiinHte , JIohaoh'b

iijiR napiimt? Kto 6lli'b BejiHgaflrnHMi.

repoeM^ ji.peBHHXi. Bpe-

MBHl.?

H M0.i6ate ero; a caMHH MJia;i,iniH h31. Bcero na- inero ceMeftcTBa.

3to bhho xyaje ;i,pyr6ro.

To BpeMH 6uji6 caMoe upi-

JiTHOe Bt MOeft 3KH3HH.

napfiatT, ropa3;i,o BejiHKO- jiinHlie JI6H;i,0Ha.

IIo MoeMy MHiniEO, II,e3apB 6hjii> BejiHqaamHM'L re- poeMT) JI.peBHHX'L BpeMeHi.

READING EXERCISE. BnujiaHie h cxporocTL Khash IIoTeMKHHa.

IIpH oca;i,i OnaKOBa KHa3b TpHropiH AjieKcaH;i.poBHH'&

nOTeMKHHI), OCMaTpHBaa BCfe HOCTH CB0HX1> KapajJIOBI, BI.

CTpaHHO TeMiiyio ho^b, npn xojioahoh nor6;i.t h CH'IbHfHOH MflTejiH, npHHieji^ k'b nocTy oj;Hor6 HHffienepHaro Kann- Tana, h, ne Haxoji,a ero tjt^, yji^amjiai.

Me^ji,y T'feM'B KanHTan^ ne 03KH;i;aBniiH nocim.eHm HoTGHKHHa, Bumeji'B Kyji,a-TO, npenopy^a hocti, cbohmi» T0BapHni,aM'B. Ha o6paTHOM'B nyxH oh-b BCTpi^aeTca cb

KHjiseMl, Il0TeMKHHHMl>, KOTO HOCJI'fe^^HiH OKOH^HJIl. BeCB OCMOTpi. HOCTOB-B y O^aKOBa.

«KtO TH TaKOfi?* CnpOCHJI'B KHJI3B.

«H HHJKeHepHHfl KanHTaH'B H. . . .»

«A! 3T0 TH, CKaSaJIT. IIOTeMKHHT., ^pCSt HaCT» TH HM'B

He 6yji,eniB».

CKa3aB'B 3TH cjiOBa, noTeMKHHi) y;i;ajiHJica. H ;i,iH- CTBHTejiBHO HpesT. HacB KanHTaH'B Oh;it> y;i,ajieH'B otb 3T0H ;i,6jia:H0CTH.

ocMaxpHBaTfc to inspect. CTpaHHO TCMHUH exceptionally

dark. cui^KHaa M«TeJL snow-storm. Haxoj^fl finding. ^^ificTBHTe.iBHo indeed, really.

Kapayji. sentry. He oaLHAaBniifi not expecting, iipeiiopyia confiding, entrusting. yAajiHTLCfl to go away. ji,6jiJKH0CTL charge.

Cardinal numbers. 73

TWENTY FIRST LESSON.

CARDINAL NUMBERS.

oaHH-B, ojtHa, o^HO (page 58) one. copoKi forty.

flBa, jiBi (page 71) two. niiTbji.ecOT'L fifty.

TpH three. mecTt^ieciiT'E, sixty.

Mexiipe four. cenbuecHT'h seventy.

naiL five. BOceMbjiecflT'L eighty.

mecTL six. ;i;eB>iH6cro ninety.

ceMb seven. cto hundred.

BoceML eight. cto gjiuhl hundred and one.

;^eBaTi> nine. cto absl hundred and two.

^lecflTb ten. ^B-fecTH two hundred.

ojiHHHajiuaTB eleven. Tpncxa three hundred.

ABinamaTb twelve. HeriipecTa four hundred.

TpHHaAuaxb thirteen. nHibCOTi five hundred.

HeTiipnajmaTb fourteen. uiecTbCOTi six hundred.

naTHajiuaTb fifteen. ccmbcot^ seven hundred.

niecTHa;iuaTb sixteen. boccmicoti eight hundred.

ceMHajinaxb seventeen. Aes^iTbCOTi nine hundred.

BoccMnawaTb eighteen. xticflHa thousand.

AeBBTHa;iu,aTb nineteen. AB't tucaih two thousand.

flBaAuaxb twenty. jiecflXb mcuH'b ten thousand.

flBamarb o;^HH'b twenty one. cto Tucam, hundred thousand.

;^BaJ^^aTl. jlbsl twenty two. Mn.i.iiom. a million.

xpHAUaTb thirty. ny.ib nought.

In forming numbers the copula is suppressed:

TiicflMa BoceMbcoT'b BOcewbAecflTb One thousand eight hundred and BOceMb. eighty eight.

All cardinal numbers, with the exception of oji,hhi., ABa, TpH, ^eTijpe, copoKt, ;i,eB«H6cT0, cto, Tuamsi and MHJiJii6H'B, are declined like the singular of feminine nouns in h, such as ji6inaji,L (lesson 6), without any regard to the gender of the noun that follows them.

Examples of the declension of numbers.

N. nflXb five. BoceMb eight.

G. naxH of five. BocbMH of eight.

D. nflTH to five. BocbMii to eight,

A. DflXb five. BoceMb eight.

I. nflxbH) by five. BocbMbib by eight.

P. (o) naxH (about) five. (o) bocbmh (about) eight.

N. ojtHHHaAU,axb eleven.

G. oAHHHaauiaTH of eleven.

D. 0AHHHa;^^axH to eleven.

A. 0AHHHaii.naTb eleven.

I. oji,HHHajiiu,aTbJO by eleven.

P. (061.) OAHHHaj^naxH (about) eleven.

74^" Lesson 21.

Declension of ;i,Ba, xpn, ^exiipe.

N. jtBa (m. and n.) ab^ (f.) two. TpH three.

G. ;^Byx'L of two. ipext of three.

D. ^ByMi> to two. TpeMT) to three.

A. ;i;Ba, jiBi, jtByx-B two. xpn, ipext three.

I. ABymk by two. Tpena by three.

P. (o) ^Byx'L (about) two. (o) xpext (about) three.

N. HeTHpe four.

G. iGTHpext of four.

D. HGTHpeMi) to four.

A. qsTHpe, ^OTHpext four.

I. HexBipLMa by four.

P. (o) geiapexi. (about) four.

Declension of copoK'b, ;i;eBflH6cT0, cto, ji,BicTH, etc.

N. copoKt 40. jieBflHOCTo 90.

G. copoKa of 40. j^eBaHOCia of 90.

D. copoKa to 40. AeBjiHOCTa to 90.

A. copoK'B 40. jieBaHocTo 90.

I. copoKa by 40. jteBflHocia by 90.

P. (o) copoKa (about) 40. (o) jteBanocia (about) 90.

N. CTO 100. McTH 200.

G. cia of 100. AByx'L coT'b of 200.

D. cxa to 100. ABVM'i. cxaMi, to 200.

A. CTO 100. ^iBicTHi 200.

I. cxa by 100. ji,ByMH cxaMii by 200.

P. (o) cxa (about) 100. (o) J^Byx•L cxaxx (about) 200.

Declension of THca^a, jifi'k imspm, MMJurioHi).

K. xHCflHa 1000. jtBi iiicaqn 2000.

G. xucflHH of 1000. jtByxT, xbicaii, of 2000.

D. xHcani to 1000. JlByMi xHCflyasiT. to 2000.

A. xHCfliy 1000. ABt xucflini 2000.

I. iHca^LK) (-GBo) by 1000. ^ByMa xacaiaMH by 2000.

P. (o) xHCflq-fc (about) 1000. (o) ;^Byx'L xMcaiaxx, (about) 2000.

N. Mu.i.iioH'fe a million.

G. MHJ.iioHa of a million.

D. MH.Liiony to a million.

A. Mn.iJiioHt a million,

I. MH.iJiioHOMt by a million.

P. (o) MHJi.iioH'fe (about) a million.

Declension of aggregate numbers. N. xHCfl^a BoceMT.cox'b BoceMfc^xecflxi. BOceMh 1888. G. xuciiMa BoceMbCoxi. B6cLMH;^ecax^ boclmm of 1888.

D. XMCflqa BOCeMLCOXt B6CbMHJ^eCflXH BOCbMU to 1888.

A. xticflia BoceMbcoxi. BOceMb^iecflxx. Boceaib 1888.

I. xMcana BoceMbcoxt Boci.MbK);i,ec«xbK) BocbMbib by 1888.

P. (o) xHcaia BocGMbcoxB BoceMHJ^ecflXH BocbMH (about) 1888.

1 In the case of animate beings, the genitive form is em- ployed according to the general rule.

Cardinal numbers. 75

\_^

The cardinal numbers ;i;Ba, Tpn, ^eTiipe, when used

in the nominative or accusative, require the noun or

adjective following to be put in the genitive singular^

whereas the subsequent numbers require the genitive

plural :

Jtea ^aca. Two hours (two o'clock).

TpH JiomajiH. Three horses.

HeiHpe BOJia. Four oxen.

IlflTi. nacoBi. Five hours.

lUecTL Shkobi. Six oxen.

CeMb ;^66pHX'i. MaJLiHROBi.. Seven good boys. '

BoceMB iipHJieaiHHX'B ^'fexeH. Eight dihgent children.

The qualifying adjective which is placed between ;i,Ba, TpH, ^exupe and the noun may however indifferently' stand in the nominative or genitive plural, as:

Jb* KpacHBHH cecTpti. Two pretty sisters.

TpH orpoMHHX'B KopaCja. Three immense vessels.

Examples of the declension of cardinal numbers combined with substantives.

N. ABa CTOJia 2 tables. xpn KopoBw 3 cows.

G. AByxi CTOJiOB-b of 2 tables. xpext KopoBi of 3 cows.

D. AByM'L CTOJiaMt to 2 tables. ipeMi KoposaMi. to 3 cows.

A. ABa CTOJia 2 tables. xpext KopoBi 3 cows.

I. AByMfl cxojiaMH with 2 tables. xpeMa KopoiiaMH by 3 cows.

P. (o);iiByxi cxojiax-B (ab.) 2 tabl. (o)xpex'i.Kop6Bax7> (about) 3 cows.

N. nflxb co6dK'B 5 dogs. mecxs qejioB^Ki. 6 men.

G. naxH co6aK'b of 5 dogs. mecxH lejoB-feKt of 6 men.

D. nflXH coCaKaMi. to 5 dogs. mecxu lejioB-feKaML to 6 men.

A. naxL co6aK't 5 dogs. luecxb HcioB'ticB 6 men.

1. naxbK) co6aKaMH by 5 dogs. mecxLK) ^ejoB^KaMn by 6 men.

P. (o) n«XH co6aKax'L (ab.) 5 dogs. (o) meciii lejioB-feKaxi, (ab.) 6 men.

In compound numbers, the noun and adjective agree with the last numeral, as:

JI^Bajiuaxb oAHHt py6.ih. Twenty one roubles.

rTflXLAecaxi, ^oa pj6ah. Fifty two roubles. .

CeMMGcax'L BOceML py6jieu. Seventy eight roubles.

A cardinal number used after a noun signifies about .... Ex. : Si ;i;aji'B CMy niHJi.iHHroB'b ;^Ba;^^axi). I gave him a6ou^ twenty shillings.

N. B. After oaHHi, wa, xpn, nexiipe, the substantive ijears is translated by ^0J^1., ro^a; but after naxb and the higher numbers by .I'txT. (gen. plur. of Jiixo summer), as: Ohi. ^hjii. bi> IlexepCyprij ABa roAa, a bx, MoCKB-fe iiaxi. jitxi,. — In the genitive case the word •itxi. is always used: Asyxi. Ji-fexx., ccmh .lixi,; whereas in the dative, instr. or prep. rojt&Mi, ro^win, ro;ii,x'b are exclusively in use: npn- 6aBLxe Ki CCMH roAaM-L ein.e ;iBa ro^a.

76 . Lesson 21.

When the age is stated, the Russians use: Either the dative of the person, and the nominative of the num- ber of years, in which case OTb-poAy, since birth, is most frequently understood, as:

Miii TenepL TpHjiuaTB xpH ro^a. I am now thirty three years old. MoeMy Gpaiy CKopo dpei-B ji;B'fe- My brother will soon be twelve HaAii,aTb .if.Ti. years old.

Or the nominative of the person and the genitive of the number of years, as: Ona ;^Baj^^aTH ji^tl. She is twenty years old.

WORDS.

CocTaBJi/iTt to compose, to make. 3a rpaHHueio abroad. jiBCT-h a leaf, a sheet of paper. (|)yHT'L pound. M^cjio oil ; butter. ny^'B pood {40 Russian pounds).

nxo CTOHTt? what costs? apun'nii arsheen (Russian mea-

cyKHO cloth, woolen-cloth. sure =■ 0,77 yard).

(t)paHK'L frank. bhcokochhu toxl leap year.

npoiaaiaTb to drive, to travel. caHTHMt centime, paai time (with nmnhers). Boodme in general, altogether.

npHCJaTL to send. 6yji,eTh make (icith numhers).

TOHHHH exact, punctual.

EXERCISE 41.

riaTL;i.ecflT^ ;i,B'li He;i,^jrH,^ mh Tpncia mecTLji.ecHT'B naiL ;i,HeH cocTaBJi^iioT'B TOji,io. 3th ^el'upecTa KoneeKi co- CTaBjiiiioT'B TOjiLKo HeTiipe py6jiji. B^ btomI) ropo^'t oti. copoKa ji,o naTH;i,ecJiTH tucji^'b mHTejien. . Bt oahhT) nacL Mil npoliajKajiH dojiie jisliHaOTaTH BepcTi.. Ckojibko 9to cocTaBji;ieTi> BOo6iii,e? 3to cocTaBJiiieTi> TpficTa nyioB-B ;i,Ba (|)yHTa. ^aHxe MH'fe apmiiH'B xopomaro cyKHa. Hto CTOHTi, (j)yHTi) Macia B'B IlapHiKi? ^yHTT. Macjia ctohtx Bi> Bapiim'fe TpH HJiH ^eTiipe (j)paHKa. Cto caHTHMOBi.

COCTaBJjilOT'B (|)paHK'B. Kl> 3THM1> ;i,BajI,Ii;aTIl TpeMI) JIHCTaM'B

npHHaji.jieataT'B eiii,e okojio naTHa;i,i;aTH jihctobi,.

TRANSLATION 42.

Twelve months make a year. Four weeks make a month. Three chickens were in the yard. In our school [there are] five diligent pupils. We lived (6ujih) ten years in Paris. Twenty four pupils were to-day in the school. In the month of June (Bi. IiOHi M'fecjiii.'fe) [there are] thirty days. How many years w^ere you abroad? My aunt has two dogs and five cats, and thy mother has two cats and five dogs. In your copy-book [there

Cardinal numbers. 77

are] still thirty two clean sheets. How many pounds [are there] in three poods? In three poods [there are] a hundred and twenty pounds. How old is your bro- ther? He is forty years old.

CONVERSATION.

Ckojibko rpyffl'B h op'fexoBi* Ha CTOJi'fe jieataTt ;i;ecaTOKT> jieacaTt Ha CTOji? rpynit h nojiTopa {i)yHTa

opixoB'L. CkOwIlko y xe^H j^-feTeH? Y meEK Tpn ;i;6^epH h ji^bb,

CLlHa.

Ckojibko KopoB'B, 6uk6bt>, Y nacL na ;i;Bop:fe TpHHaji.- joniaji,eH^ h OBei^t y Bac-L ii,aTB Kop6Bi,, hjitb 6h- Ha ^i.Bop'fe? KOBi., ceMHa;i,u,aTB jioma-

;i,eH H qeTijpe obu,h.

Ckojibko ii,epKBeH Bt Moc- B^ MocKS'fe okojio ;i,eBJiTH-

KB'fe? COT-B U,epKBeH.

A CTOJiBKO jiH HXTB Bi. He- Bi. neTep5ypr'ii necpaBHen- Tep6yprfe? ho Menie n,epKBeH, ho

3a-T0 ropasAO 66ji'fee ABopnoB-B. Mnoro jih bh nojiy^HJiH R ^eHeri. nojiyqiiji'B ne jiieHer'B? mhofo, mwk npHCJiajiH

TOJiBKO AGCflTB py6jieH.

READING EXERCISE.

TpH Bonpocd. — The three questions.

tppiUpHxt BejiHKiii HM'feji'B o6HKHOBeHie, BCflKin pas'B

KaKX cojiji.aT'B HOCTynajii. b^ ero rBap;i,iH), a'^jisltl eny

c.iijiyioni.ie TpH Bonpoca: « Ckojibko BaMi. jj^t^b? Ckojibko

^fBpcMeHH, EaK-B BH Ha MOCH cjiyat6'fe? JI,ob6jibhbi jih bh

BauiKM-B acajiOBaHBeM'B h BauiKMi. coji;epataHieMi,?» —

^^^ CjiyHHJIOCB, HTO 0;i,UH'B M0JI0JI.6H COJIAaT'B, p03K;i.eHHHfi BO

' <I>paHH,iH noatejajii) nocTyniiTB na npyccKyio cjiyat6y. Bha'b ero 3acTaBHJii» npHHiiTB ero HeMe;i,jieHH0, ho oh'b coBep- ineHHO He snaji-B H'feMeu.Karo ^SHKa, h ero KaHHTan-B, npe,TiynpeAHB^ ero, hto KopojiB CTanex^B 3a;i;aBaTB emj BonpocH na stom'b aauKi bi> nepBHfi paa-B, Kor^a ohtb ero yBHjiHT'B, nocoB'^TOBaji'B eMy b-b to me BpeMa bfj- yiHTB HaH3ycTB TpH OTB^^Ta, KOTopHc 0HT> ji,6jiateH'B 6hji^ cji,ijiaTB. Bcji:feACTBie Toro ohi» BiiyMHji'B hx-b na cji'^aj-

lOmift JlieHB, H KaK-B TOJIBKO OHT. HOflBHJICa BT, CTpOK), <]^pH-

;^pHXl> npH6jiH3HJicii, ht66h ;i,onpocHTB ero; ho na stot'e

78

Lesson 22.

pas-B OHt cjiygaHHO na^aji'L co BToporo Bonpoca h cnpo- CHJix: «CK6jibK0 BpeMeHH KaKi. BH Haxo^HxecL Ha Moen cj!yat6i?» — J{BSijijs,2LHh o;i;hhi, rojii'b» ote'^thjii. cojrjiiaT^. Kopojfc, nopameHHHH ero m6jio;i,octlio, KOTopaa jicho noKa- BHBajia, ^TO He laKi, AaBHO owh hoch.iii> MyniKeTi, CKasajii. eMv o^eHL y;i,HBjieHHHH : «Ck6jilko BaM-B jiiTi>?» — «Oahhi> roA'B, CM-feio ji,ojiomiiTL BanieMy BejiH^ecTBy. » ^pHji.pHX'L, eni,e 66ji'fee yji,HBJieHHHH, BOCKJiHKHyji'L : «Bh mh a, mh HaB^pHO noTepiijiH pa3cyji,6K'&». Coji^slt^l, kotophh npn-

BSiJlTy aTO 3a TpeTifi BOnpOCt, OTBiTHJIl. CB yB^peHHOCTBH) :

«H TO H ;i,pyr6e B-fepno, cm^^h) ji;ojioajHTB BameMy Bejiii^ecTBy. »

CJi^at6a service. coAepatanie treatment. po/KAeHHMH born. saciaBHTb to cause. HCMejt.ieHHo immediately, nocoBiTOBaxh to advise. nopaaieHHHH struck. cm4k) AOJioiKHTL please.

acajiOBaHLe pay. cjyqHJiocL it happened. BHji,'L figure, appearance. iipiiH^iTL to accept. "npejiyripeAHTb having informed. cxpoH rank.

TAWB-ieHHHH astonished. pa3ryA6Ki> reason.

TWENTY SECOND LESSON.

ORDINAL NUMBERS.

IlepBHH first. BTopoii second. Tpexift third. ^eTBepxbm fourth. I1HXH1I fifth.

luecxofi sixth. cej^LM6M seventh. BOCLMOH eighth. jteBaxHM ninth. ;iecaxHH tenth. ojiHHHajiiuaxHii eleventh. ABiuajiuaxHii twelfth. xpHHaAU,axHH thirteenth. yexBipnawaxHri fourteenth. naiHaAuaxHii fifteenth. mecxHa;i,u,axHM[ sixteenth. ceMHaAuaxHii seventeenth. BOceMnaAHaxHH eighteenth. j;eBflxHajiii,axHH nineteenth. ABa;^ii,axHfi twentieth.

Ordinal numbers do from qualifying adjectives

;i;Ba;i,u,axL nepBBifi twenty first. ABaAuaxb Bxopoii twenty second. xpH;;u,axHH thirtieth. copoKOBoid fortieth. iiiixHAec^ixHH fiftieth. mecxHAeciixuH sixtieth. ceMHAecAxuii seventieth. BocLMHAec/ixHil eightieth. ji,eB«H6cxHH ninetieth. 1 coxHH hundredth, cxo nepBHii 101st. ;i.ByxT>-c6xHH 200th. xpex'B-coxHH 300th. ^exupex'L-coxHH 400th. naxHcoxbiii 500th. mecxHcoxHH 600th.

XHCilHHHfl 1000th.

AByxt-xticjiHHHfi 2000th. CXOXaCflHHHH 100000th. MH.T.li6HHHri 1000000th.

not differ in their declension having the same terminations.

^I,eBflXH;iiecaTK[fi is also frequently employed.

Ordinal numbers.

79

They agree therefore in gender, number and case with the noun with which they are used: HepBiiH ypoK-b. First lesson.

Biopaa iiacTB. Second part.

Observe also the following adverbial expressions formed with the help of numerals:

.0AHa3K;^H once. bo nepBUxt firstly.

;^BaKAH twice. bo BTopuxi. secondly.

TpnaijtH thrice. Bt xpeTWixi. thirdly.

rpn paaa three times. bl jieckTuxb tenthly, etc. CTO pa3i> hundred times.

In expressing dates and years the last number only receives the ordinal form and inflections:

Bi Tiicaqa jteBflTHCOTOMi. rojty. Mapia j^BaAuaiaro ahu.

The honrs of the day

KoTOpHH H&Ch?

Ckojilko np66H.io ^acoBi? Bbex-L HeiBepTHM Maci.. \ BbCTi HeTfcipe laca. / Ha MOHxi. nacaxi cejtLMoii naci.

or ceub ^acoBi. TI^Bajiuaib MHHyrL TpexLflro. Eme He np66HJio leiMpexi laedsT.. Tenepb Tpii HeTeepxH TpextHro. CKopo npo6b6x'L u«xb nacoBi.. Ohi> npi'fejtex'b bi Mexiipe 66.31.

MexBepxH. H iipitxajii. Bx. jieBflXb Cb no.io-

BHHOK).

In the year 1900. March, the twentieth.

or night are expressed thus :

What o'clock is it?

What o'clock did it strike?

It is striking four o'clock.

According to my watch it is

seven o'clock. It is twenty minutes past two. It has not yet struck four. It is now a quarter to three. It is going to strike five. He comes at a quarter to four.

I came at half past nine.

HHBapb January.

$eBpajib February.

Mapx-b March.

Anpijb April.

Mall May.

lioHb June.

Iio-Tb July.

ABrycxL August.

CeHXiifipb September.

0Kx;i6pb October.

Hoa6pb November.

JI,eKa,6pb December.

BocKpeceHbe Sunday.

noHejii-ibDHK-b Monday.

BxopiiHK'b Tuesday.

Cpeja, CepeAa Wednesday.

"^exBepri, (HexBepxoKTb) Thursday

WORDS.

naxHHua Friday. Cy666xa Saturday. KJiSLCCb class. naMHXHHK-b monument. naAiiHCL inscription, cuijiyroinifi following. poji,HjiCfl (he) was born, yinep-b, CKOH^a.ica (he) died. n npHjy I come. H npiixajit I came, I arrived, xor;ta then. BceMipHHH universal. 6e3CMepxHHM immortal. noSiAHXb to vanquish, iioatapi conflagration, llacxa Easter. paspyniHXb to destroy.

80 Lesson 22.

EXERCISE 43.

Ha naMiiTHHK'fe Ileipa BejiHKaro H3o6pameHa (is en- graved) cjiijiyjouxaa. Ha;i,nHCi>: IleTpy nepBOMV EKaTepima BTopt4ji. HMena IleTpa nepsaro, 4»po,TipHxa BToporo h FeHpHxa ^eTBepiaro OescMepxHEj bi, HCTopin. IlepBHH ^ghb Heji;'fejiH — BocKpecPHLe, BTopon — IIoHe;i;;fejiLHHKT>, TpeTift Bt6phhki>, ^exBepTHil — CepeAa, naTtin — ^eTBepri,, mecTOH — naTHHi];a, ce;i,bMdH — Cy666Ta. IleTpTE. BejitiKift no6'feAHJi'B (vanquished) Kapjia jriBiHajiii^aTaro, Kopojii IllBeji,- CKaro, npH HojiTaBli bi> TLica^a ceMbcoTt ;i;eB}iTOMT. vojif- Ilacxa BOCTO^HOH (eastern) ii,epKBH 6y;i;eTi, Hmni (this year) nepBaro Anp^fejia no HOBOMy cthjih), hjih jiieBaTHaji,ii,aTaro MapTa no ciapoMy.

TRANSLATION 44.

The first month in the year is January, the second February, the third March, the fourth April, the fifth May, the sixth June, the seventh July, the eighth August, the ninth September, the tenth October, the eleventh November, the twelfth December. John is now the twenty third pupil in the class, and Gregory (FpHropift) the thirty first. To-day [it is] the fifteenth of May. Schiller (UliiJiJiepi) w^as born the tenth of November in the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty nine. Peter the Great was born the eleventh of July in the year one thousand six hundred and seventy two, and died at St. Petersburg the eighth of February in the year one thousand seven hundred and twenty five in the fifty third year of his life.

CONVERSATION.

Kor;i,a poji;HjiCJi Banit 6paT'i> Moii dpaTi, BacHiifi po- BaciLiifl? mjica. HeTupHaji.uiaTaro

Mia. THCfl^a BoceMLCOTi* n)iTii;i,ecaTaro r6;i,a.

KaK6eyHaci.cer6;i,HJiHHCJi6? Y nacL ;i,eBjiToe ;i;eKa6pfl:

THca^a jteBaTLCOT-B nep- Baro r6;i;a.

Korji;a yMep^ HMoepaTopi) Ohi, yMep'B mecTL jitTt A.ieKcaHAP'B Tpexitt? tomv Ha3a;i,x.; oh'l yMep'B

;!i,Baji,u,aTaro 0KTJi6pi th- caqa BOceMBcoT^L jiiesa- HOCTO ^eTBepxaro r6;i,a.

Ordinal numbers. 81

B'B KaKOM'B CTOJI'feTiH SKH- Mh JKHBeMl) BT) 7^Ba;I,^aT0M'B BeMt MH? CTOjriTiH.

SnaeTe jih bh, b-l KOTopoM^ ^Ba^aTL ce;i,fcM6ro ceHTJi-

ro;i,y ^ojiliuoh noacapi. 6pii 1720 ro^a, noatapi.

paapyrnHJit btb KoHCTan- paspymnjiT) bi» KoHCTan-

THHonoji'fe MHoro j^oMOB-B? THHOHOJii 12000 ;i;om6b1).

READING EXERCISE.

ydmcTBO II,ap^BBraa ^HMHTpia.

Ilocjit TpeBoatnaro BpeMCHH HBana TposHaro nacTy- nujio THXoe i^apcTBOBame ero cHHa 0e6ji,opa (1584 — 1598). HoBHn i^apL nopy^HJi'L ;i.'fejia npaBjieHia BoiipcKoft AyMi,; a Bi> 3T0H ;^yM'fe nojiHOBJiacTHMMi. jiHij.OM'B CA^Jrajica Bo- pnc^ Foj^yHOB'B, 6paT'& ii,apcKOH cynpyrn Hpimu. yMHufi H oneHL ocTopoatHHH TojiiyHOB'B npaBHji'B rocy;i,apcTBOMT> TaEt HCKycHO, qxo Poccm hohth Bce HeTHpHaji,ij;aTHji'feTHee BeoAopoBO ii,apcTBOBaHie nojiLSOBajiacB cnoK6HCTBieMi> BHy-

TpH H MHpOMl. C^ COClb^IHMH.

Ho Bi> 3T0 MiipHoe i];apcTBOBaHie cjiy^HJocB co6uTie, KOTopoe nocjiymiJio noTOMt HCTO^fflHKOM'L 6ojihmiix'h CMyTi* H 6'fe;i,CTBiH ^Jia. Poccm. Oeoji.op'B loaHHOBH^t 6tiJi'& 6e's- ji.iTeH'L; cjii;i,OBaTejiBHO npecTOJiTE. nocxli Hero ji,6jimeHi> 6uAi> nepefiTH k^ MJia^meMy 6paTy, I],apeBHqy /I^HMHTpiio. nocjiiAHiHH acHjii) ^ ct CBO^K) MaxeptK) Bi> yji;ajieHiH ot^b II,apif, Bi> ropoji,^ yrjiHH'fe. I^apesHHy 6ujio ;i,ecjiTB xJ^ti,, Kor;i,a ero nocTHrjia BHesannaji CMepTB. OAHam;i,H bi» npa3;i,HHHHHii aghb OHi) BLiuieji^ Ha ji,Bop'B noHrpaTB cb CBOHMH CBepcTHHKaMH. TyTi,, KaK'B pascKasHBaioT'B, B;i;pyr^ no^onijiH TpH ^ejiOB-feixa hbi. m^jikhx'b npnjiiBopHHX'B ^h-

HOBHHKOB'B (BHT^rOBCKift, KaqajIOBl. H BOJIOXOBl)). OjI.HH'B

H3i> HHX'B cnpociijit I^apcBH^a! «y Te6A, rocyji,apB, HOBoe oatep6jiBe?» — «H'feT'B CTapoe», OTBiTHJii> IJ^apeBH^^, noAHiiB'B rojiOBy. Bi. axy MnnyTy 3Jioji,'feH yj^apnii. ero HoatOMt BT. ropjo H 6p6cHjic)i 6imaTB; j^Boe jiipy- THXt ;tOK6H^HJiH y6mcTB0, H TaKace cniiniHJiH ckphtbcji. IIpoHSomjio CTpauiHoe CMaTenie, sasBoniijiH Bt na- 6aTT>; c6teajiHCB SKHTejiH YrjiH^a, h pacTepaajiH y6ifi]X'h. II,apB nocjiajii> h^ckojibko 6ojipi. HSCJi'feAOBaTB 3to a'I^jio; oh6 ;i,0HecjiH, ^to Jl,HMHTpiH caM'B ce6fl saKOJioji'B B-B npHna;i,K'fe na;i,yHefi 6ojii3HH, h ^to jtioj^h o6bh- HeHHHe Bi. y6iHCTB'fe, norH6jiH HeBHHHO. Torjiia atniejieil YrjiHHa HaKa3ajiH KaKi> MiiTeatHMKOBi,, h mhophx^ cocjiajiH

Elementary Russian Grammar. 6

82 Lesson 23.

BTy Ch6hpb. OjiiHaKO napoji,!, ne noB'fepHJi'L 6oflpaM'B; pas- Hecjiacb MOJiBa, hto y6iHi;H ^HMHTpin 6lijih no^ocjiaHH ro;;yH6BHM'L, KOTopHH caMi* cxpeMHJicfl Kx npecTOJiy.

TpeBoatHHil agitated. co6iiTie event.

HaciynHTB to corae. 6e3A'feTeii'L childless.

nojihdOBSLThCh to profit. CBepcTHHKi, contemporary.

TWENTY THIRD LESSON.

ADTERBS.

Russian adverbs are, like those of other languages, divided into different classes according to their meaning ; there are:

1. Adverbs of quality or manner, as:

TaKX so, thus. Hap6^Ho intentionally.

xopomo well. Hayra^t at random.

xpo ill, badly. saoAHO by agreement, jointly.

CKopo quick, rapidly. no-CBoeMy in one's own way,

HanpacHO in vain. niniKOMi on foot.

jaHaie otherwise. BepxoMi, on horseback.

2. Adverbs of time, as:

cer6;^Ha to-day. HHHi, leiiepb at present, now.

B'lepa yesterday. noa^Ho late.

xpeTLflro AHfl the day before yipoMt in the morning.

yesterday. BeiepoM'L in the evening.

saBipa to-morrow. Toiqaci., cefi^acB directly, nocji'fe 3aBTpa the day after to- npeaijie before, formerly.

morrow. nocji afterwards.

3. Adverbs of place, as:

^A^CL here. jioaia at home.

laM-L there. ;^0M6H home.

HHr^i nowhere. hsbh^ from without.

863^^ everywhere. 0T0BCH);i;y from all sides.

CBO^a hither. 0TCH)ji;a from here.

Ty^a thither. oiipa from there.

4. Adverbs of quantity, as:

vikjio little. TaKKe also.

MHoro much. to.ilko only.

H-fecKOJibKo some. hoith nearly.

.HOBOJitHo enough. BecLJia, oqent very, much.

cjiHrnKOMi. too, too much. ^peaHHaSHo excessively.

BOBce entirely. ht6-to somewhat.

Adverbs. 83

5. Adverbs of affirmation, interrogation etc., as:

;^a yes. hhckojibko ,not at all.

Hix't no. 6e3i> coMHiaia undoubtedly.

Bi. caMOM-L A^Ji-fe indeed. KorjiaV when?

KOHe'iHo of course. ^^OKOJii? how long?

iipaBj^a in truth. rjt, Ky;i.a? where?

Momeii 6uTh perhaps. oxKpa? whence?

There are also a great many more adverbs that can easily be learnt by practice and reading.

As will be seen, adverbs are for the most part nouns in the instrumental, and adjectives in the apocopated terminations of the neuter singular.

Such adverbs in o which are derived from adjec- tives, have degrees of comparison:

Becejo joyously. Becejtemore joyously. BcfcxfcBeceji'fee most joyously, xoporao well. .lyinie better jyquie BC^ftx'B best.

Certain adverbs, too, which denote quantity, place, and time, have likewise degrees of comparison, such as:

MHoro much, Cojite more. 66ji'fee Bctxt most

6jih3ko near. 6jiHate nearer. Bcixi, 6.mme nearest,

pano early. p^Hte earher. Bcfext panLine earliest.

j^ajieKo far. Aajite farther.. Bcfexi, lajibuie farthest,

najo little. MCH-fee less. Bctxi. MeHtme least.

Corresponding to the possessive adjectives are cer- tain adverbs of manner formed by means of the pre- position no, as:

no pyccKH in Kussian. no qejioB^HbH like a man.

no jipyatecKH as a friend. no BBtpHHOMv like a beast.

WORDS.

Bhihcthtb to clean. Bapmaea Warsaw.

9JieKTpHqecKiM electric. Te.ierpacj)^ telegraph.

npoH3omji6 (it) took place. CTpamHHH terrible.

npHK.iK)HeHie event. KorAa-HH6yAb somewhere.

TOJCTHH big, fat. o^HKHoeeHie habit, custom.

joatHTbCfl cnaib to go to bed. mhofojiioactbo populousness.

n yixaji-b I started. KHxaii China.

npH3BaKT, mark, token. jierKOMLicjiie lightmindednese.

EXERCISE 45.

SnaMeHHTHH ^paHKjrHHi) hm^jit. o6HKHOBeHie roBopiiTL, nio TOTi, KTO pano jiommcA cnaTL h pano BCTaeTi>, 6yAeTi 6oraTiJM'L, aji.opoBHM'L H yMHHMt. a no^TH BOBCe He BH- jl'kji'b r6po;i;a H. ; Kor;i,a e Tyja^k npi'fexaji'B 6HJia ho^l, a yfexajri. a pdno yTpoMi,. Ilocji'fe ate a. HHKor;i;a Tan^ ne 6ujrb. Hn^;^'fe H-feTi. TaKoro MHorojFioACTBa, KaKi, b-l KHTat. Mnoro

6*

84 Lesson 23.

roBopHTL H Majio jivMaTL ecTL npH3HaKi. jrerKOMHCjim. Ho^eMy He buj^ejir bh CBoero ypoKa? J sacB ji^ja. aioro 6Krjio ;i;ob6jibho BpeneHH.

TRANSLATIOJf 46.

Your servant cleaned my boots early in the morn- ing, thinking (;i.yMaii) that I might start for (a OTnpa- BJifliocB Bi, ace.) Warsaw. Formerly they knew neither railways nor electric telegraphs; the latter were invented only towards the first quarter of our century; the in- vention of the former took place at about (b^ to ate) the same time. The Winter Palace (ShmhIh Jl,Bopeii,^) is extraordinarily large. You speak too rapidly for me. In vain you related to her such terrible events. Did you [ever] see anywhere such a man? Indeed, he is very fat! Dress yourself sooner, my children; now it is late!

CONYERSATIOJf.

KaKi> HHinyT'b MHorie Jimjiji? Mnorie jL¥)m nnniyTi. jiy^rae

^'i>M'h roBopflTt, a ;i,pyrie HanpoTHB'L roBopiiT'B Jiy^- me ^'hmiy nnuiyT's.

Xopofflo JTH n.B'fejiH 4>PyK- ^a, ohii ufi'h.m jiymne whwh •TOBHa ji;ep6BBa? bte. nponiJiOM'B ro;i;y.

KaKt TBOH 6paT'E> roBopHT'B TenepB ohi. roBopiiT'B wk- TenepB no pyccKH? ckojibko .ly^ine ^'fein^ ro;i;'B

TOMy Hasaji.'B.

EcTB JH KT0-HH6y;i;B ;i;6Ma? Jta, nocTyHHTe tojibko jie-

rOHBKO B-L ABepB.

KaKi> ;i,6jiro ii.apcTBOBaji'B Oh-b ii.apcTBOBaji'B TpHji.u.aTt

HMnepaTopT> HnKOjiaH L? jr-fexT.. Kor;i,a oh^ BCTyiiiiJi'B na Ohtb BCTyniuiTb Ha npecTOJi'B npecTOJi'B? B-B ;i,eKa6p'fe MiciJii.'fe 1825

r6;i.a. H Kor;i;a oh'b yMep-B? Oh-b ynep^B bi, ({jCBpajit

1856 r6;i;a, bo Bpema

KpiIMCKOH BOHHH.

READING EXERCISE. BopHCTt TojI.yHOB'B.

C^ KOHqHHOK) 9e6;i;opa loaHHOBH^a npeKpaTMacb ;i;HHacTia Bjia^HMipa CBSToro na Mockobckom'b npecTOjrfe.

Adverbs. 85

Meat;i,y 6oipaMH 6ujir MHorie h3i, po^a yji.ib.ifcHHX'B pyc- CKHXi. KHflseft, cji'feji.OBaTejiLHO, np^MHe noTOMKH B.ia;i,HMipa CBflToro, H niKOTopHe h3i> ehx-b Ha^ajH Me^TaTt o ii,ap- CKOMT. Btni^i. Ho Hapo^'L ysKe npHBUKi. k-b ynpaBjremK) Fo^iiyHOBa; BoeHHoe cocjiOBie j^BopiiHt h ji.'feTeH doapcKHxt 611J10 eMy npeji,aHO ; hhhobhhkh nocTaBjeHHEie hmtj ycep;i,HO xjionoTajiH Bx ero nojissy. MHxponojrHT'B Iobi>, cb ero n6Moiii,Bio B03BeAeHHHH B'B caHi, nepBaro pyccKaro nax- piapxa, npiMO yKa3HBajii> Hap6;i;y na ro;i,yH6Ba. Tor;i;a h 6oflpe, xoTii Bt jiiymi HeHaBH;i,'fejiH TojiiyHOBa, He ocM'fejiH-

JIHCL npOTHBOpi^HTL, H BM-fecit Ch MOCKOBCKHMH rpaat-

AanaMH npe;i,JiOHtHjiH eMv Kopony. XhtphiI Fo^iiyHOB'B CHaqajia c^'fejiajii. bh;i,'b, ^to 0TKa3HBaeTCfl. Me3K;i,y Ti>wb B'L MocKB'fe co6pajiHCL Bu6opHHe Jii)jm viSTy jiipyriix-B ropo- ji,6bi> h cocTdBH.TH TaK^ Ha3HBaeMyK) SeMCKyro /tyMy hjih Co66pTE», KOTopHH co3HBajica o6hkhob(^hho B'L cmux% BaatHHxt cjiyqa^xt. 3eMCKafl JI,yMa no coB^Ty naxpiapxa TaKace Bu6pajra Toj^yHOBa. Ohi> eiii;e nicKOJiBKO pasi* 0TKa3HBajicfl, H HaKOHei];^ corjacHjrca, KaK-L 6h ycTynaa M0JiB6aM'L ii,ijiaro Hap6;i,a. BnpoqeMTb y cTapHX-L Pycc-

KHX-B 6iijI0 B'L 06u^3L'h HG B^pyr'L npHHHMaTL KaKoe HH-

6y;iiL BHCOKoe M-fecTO hjih no^ecTH; npHJiHqiji Tp66oBajiH ;i;oacH;i;aTLCfl no66jiie hokjiohob'l h npocL6'L.

I],apcTBOBaHie Bopnca Foj^ynoBa 6ujio necHacTJiHBO. Oh'l BHji.tjJi'L HenaBHCTL K'L HeMy 3HaTHMX'L 6oiip'L, ona- cijicn TaHHHX'L KasHeft, pa3CJ»iJiajii> ninioHOB'L, h no hx^ ji.OHocaM'L MHomx'L jiioAen OTnpaBHJi'L bi. 3aT0^6Hie. Ta- Kia ji.'feHCTBia HaBo;i,rLiH CTpax'L h CMyni;eHie. IlpHTOM'L PocciK) nociiTHjiH cTpauiHHH TOJioji,!* H MopoBoe noB'^Tpio. Hapojii'L cTaHOBHJicji 66jTie h 66A^e neji.OBOjrLHHM'L, h chh- Taji'L 3TH 6'fe;^cTBia naKasdnieM'L BoajinM-L 3a y6ieHie lJ,apeBHHa /I,HMHTpia.

npeKpaiHTLCfl to cease, to finish. ocsiiiiHTLca to dare.

jAiJitHHH apanaged prince. SeMCKa/i JI,yMa Country Councel.

noTOMOKi. successor. Codopt Assembly.

vojih6sL supplication. ycxyndTL to yield.

noKJiOHi. reverence. noHBCxt distinction.

saTOHCHie banishment. jtoHoct denunciation.

CMymeHie insurrection.

86 Lesson 24.

TWENTY FOURTH LESSON.

PREPOSITIONS. »

Prepositions are divided into separable and in- separable.

The separable prepositions govern the oblique cases noted below:

1. the Genitive: 5e3i., 6e30 without, ;i,jia for, pa;i,H for the sake of, jiio up to, h3i» out of, oti. away from, y at, H3'B-3a from behind, H3i>-no;i,'L from under;

2. the Dative: K'B, kg to, towards;

3. the Accusative: npo concerning, ^pe3'B, nepest through, across, ckbo3l through;

4. the Instrumental: naji,!), Ha;i,o over;

5. the Prepositional: npn near, in the presence of;

6. the Genitive or Instrumental: ueTKjij, Meat's bet- ween, among;

7. the Accusative or Instrumental: 3a behind, for, no^i.'B under, at, npeAT>, nepe^t before;

8. the Accusative or Prepositional: bx, bo, in, into, Ha on, upon, against, o, 06^, 660 about;

9. the Genitive^ Accusative or Instrumental: cb, co from, with, together with;

10. the Dative, Accusative or Prepositional: no by, up to, after.

To the class of separable prepositions belong also certain adverbs of place which govern the genitive case. Such are: 6jrH3'& near to, B63J'fe beside, n6;i,Ji't along, OKOJio about, npoTHB'L opposite to, mhmo by, near, cpe;i;B[ in the midst of, Bnepe;i;H in front of, no3a;i,ii behind, etc.

The inseparable prepositions (prefixes) are: bo3, B30 or B3 up, BH out, HH3 dowu, Hcpe ovcr, pas asunder. They are used only in compound words and require no particular case after them; but they alter the meaning of the word to which they are prefixed:

rojuHHu suitable. eurojiuuu profitable.

Mtna exchange. nepen-kusi alteration.

CTpoHTL to build. jjajcxpoHTL to disarrange.

^ Here only a general view of Russian prepositions is ex- hibited. The most necessary rules concerning their use have al- ready been given in the 8^11 lesson.

Prepositions. 87

WORDS.

OxsHxaTB to rest. t^hb shade, shadow.

noKasaiBca to show oneself. nyieraecTBOBaTB to travel.

HHCio number. npejlJomnxB to offer.

no3BOJieHie permission. pascTOflnie distance.

n6rpe6i. cellar. npocHiB to beg, to pray.

noAOffi;i;HTe wait (you)! SiraiB to run.

EXERCISE 47.

no;iioat;i;nTe tojibko o;i;Hy MHHVTy! Stoti. Tocno;i;ira'L MHoro nyTeniecTBOBajit : OHt 6i>iji'l b'l repManin h IlTajrin ; TenepL owb BOSBpamaeTca U3% Bepjinna. Hepes^ h^cko- JTLKO ;i,Hefi OH-L OTnpaBHTca ouAtl b-b MocKBy h HhhhIh- HoBropojii'B. Mh nyTeui^cTBOBajH no jKejisHOH ;i,op6r'fe. Mti no^TH Ka3K;i;Hii ji;eHL npoBo;iiHJH bh'£ ;i;6Ma. xoTii nor6;i;a 6ujii He oneHL xopoma. k cnji.iji'L MeHt;i,y mohm'l 6paT0M'B H mo6h cecTpoK). Ha ji.Bop'fe nrpajro MHoatecTBO y^eHHKOB'L, H MOil Ma.ieHtKin 6paT'B 6'feraji'L Me3K;i,y ;i;pyrHMH ;i,'liTfcMH.

TRANSLATION 48.

The general sat beside the king. We rested in the shade under the oak. The enemy showed itself from behind the mountain. From one town to another, across rivers and mountains, in many countries one can travel (nyTemecTByBOTB) on railways. The pea- cock belongs to the most beautiful species of birds. In this mo- ment he asks (y) me for a book in order to offer [it] to you. The boys went out (buhijih) without my permission. From the river up to the house [there are] five versts. [There] is a ship at some distance from the shore. The cellar is situated (Hax6ji;HTca) under the house.

CONVERSATION.

Txk Hax6;i;HTCH HSB-fecTHUH Oh-b Hax6;i,HTca 6jih3'b JUsl^- P^HHCKifi BOj^onaji,!, ? rayaena, MajieHBKaro ro-

po;i;a b'b IIlBevmapiH. ^ MtM'B cjiyajHT'B y^enie ^e- Y^^nie cjiysKHT-B qejioBtKy jroB-JbEy? B-B cqacTiH yKpanienieM'B,

a B'B Hec^acTiH npH6'fe-

SKHmeM-B.

KaKia ropii 0Tji,'i>jiA}OTTy cb- YpajiBCKiii ropn OTji.'fejiiiOT'B poneiicKyio Poccih) otI) eBponeficKyio Poccik) oti> Ch6hph? Ch6hph.

88 Lesson 24.

CxkjiB,JiR JivL BH ycnixH Jl^a, ho ji;o chxi, nopt a Bt pyccKOMt mun'h? nsyqaji^ ero desi* yqfiTejia

CB noMomLK) rpaMMaTHKH

H CJOBapH.

KaKi, BH npiixajiH: b'b Ka- R npiixajia na ji6;i,K'fe, a peTi lijiH Ha jio^Ki? Moi TexKa npi:fexajia bx

KapeT-fe.

READING EXERCISE.

IOhoctb nexpd BejiHKaro. I.

B'B uapcTBOBanie 0e6;i,opa AjieKcieBH^a, Kor;i;a roc-

n6;i;cTB0BaJia napxm MnjiocjiaBCKHX'B, HaTajLJi KHpiiJiJiOBHa

;iiOJimHa 6iJJia ho^th y^ajriiTBca oti. ;i,Bopa, h atHjia cb

CBOHM-B MajreHBEHMX CEJHOM'B Bl. HOJ^MOCKOBHOMI, 06.1^

IIpeodpameHCKOM'B. Ho axo y;i;ajieHie otb npH;i,B6pH0H JKH3HH npHHecjio EoTpy 6ojiLinyio nojrtsy. 06HKH0BeHH0 MOCKOBCKie i],apeBHHH nojy^ajiH .hobojibho HsniaceHHoe boc- HHTame. Ohh pocM na pynax^ MaMOKi) h ;i,ii;i,eK'B ; no^-

TH He BUXO,T,HJIH HSl. BHyTpeHHHX'B HOKOeB'B ;i,BOpil,a, H TaKHMl, 66pa30M'B npHBHKajIH Kl. THXOfl 0;iiH006pa3HOH 3KH3HH, M^ J^'kTCKUX'b HPp-B K-L HHMI. HpHCTaBJIIIJIHCfc CBepCTHHKH HSl. COCJIOBm 60iip'L H npH;i,B6pHHXl» ^HHOBl. ;

rpaMOTt Hxi, y^HjiH MonaxH hjih ji^hiiKR. Hexp'B Hanp6THBi> poci> Ha cBo66;i,'fe, na ^ihctom'b cejiLCKOM-B B63;i;yxt. Emv Ha6pajiH TOBapHni;eH 231. ji.'feTeH npHji.BopHUX'B cjiysKiiTejieH, H OHi jiK)6Hjr'B HrpaTB ci. HHMH B'B cojr;i,aTii. Ha;iio6HO

3aM'feTHTB, HTO JI,'i>Al> H OTeWh eVO He MajIO 3a60THJIHCB o6i»

vjiyqinemH pyccKaro BOHCKa, h HaHHMiiJiH b-b cbok) cjiyat-

6y HHOCTpaHHHXI. 0(j)HII,epOB'B, KOTOpne ;i,OJIJKHU 6hlJlK

o6y^aTB PyccKHX'B eBponeficKOMy BoennoMy HCKjxcTBy ; na- 6paHHRe jiJisi 3Toro hojekh nojiyqa.iH nasBaHie cojiddmcKuxh. Ilo HXT> o6pa3n,y lleTpi. h3'b cbohx'b T0BapHni,e2 ycTp6Hjri> MajieHBKoe bohcko, KOTopoe Ha3HBajiocB nonmmnuM^'^ b'b nocji'fe;i;cTBiH h3^ nero o6pa30Ba.iHCB ;i,Ba nepBiie rBap- jiieficKie noJiKa: npeo6paateHCKift h CeMeHOBCKin. KpoMi Toro Ha IlepeacjraBCKOM'B 63ep'fe Hexp'B nocTpoHJi'B H'fc-

CKOJIBKO MejIKHX'B Cy^OB'B, H COCTaBHJI'B H3'B HHX'B EOTilH- HHH (j)JIOT'B. (KoHeit^i 6ydeim.)

HSHiffieHHHH effeminated. waMKa nurse, child nurse.

BociiHTanie education. ;iaAi>Ka keeper, assistant.

iipHCxaBJiaTBca to be appointed. cocjoBie condition.

rpaMoia reading and writing. AtflKt deacon,

Ha6paTL to choose. saCoxHTBca to occupy oneself.

HanHMaib to hire. nojiKt regiment.

noTiniHHH for pleasure, amusing. Mejiiviii little, fine.

Conjunctions and interjections. 89

TWENTY FIFTH LESSON.

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.

The conjunctions most frequently used in Russian are the following:

a and, but. n^ma, truly.

6pT0, 6yAT0 6u as if. nycKdfi or nycTB let.

Bnpo^eMi. as for the rest. cuojih whatever.

jia and, but. cjii;ioBaTejiBHo consequently.

ASiisie even. xaKHie also.

Aa6H in order that. to then.

J^J^il Toro iTo 6a. because. Toro pa^n therefore.

eatejH, ecjH if. tojkc too.

eme again, still, yet. tOjIlko only, merely.

ate (azt) then, also. xoia (xotl) although.

H and, also. xoiA 6u even though.

h6o because. ^to that.

HJH (hjil) or. ht66h (qTo^i.) in order that.

HiaKt therefore. i^mt. than (compar.).

KaKL as, when. jinmb just, as soon as.

KaKi-To as, for instance. He tojibko ... ho h not only . . .

KorA^ when, whenever. but also.

jiH (.ib) if, whether (interrog.). HeaiejiH than.

jih6o either, or. H-feMi . . . liML the more . . . the

HH . . . HH neither . . . nor. more.

HO but. H . . . H both . . . and.

ojteaKo but, however. to ... to sometimes . . . some-

HoceMy then. times.

noTOMy 1T0 because.

The conjunction qT66H or ^Todx, when used de- pendently is followed by the infinitive, as:

HMiiepaTop-B Kapji-b V. 0TKa3a.ica The Emperor Charles V. abdi-

OT'B Bctx-B KopoHB, C'B T^ML cated all his crowns, in order

qTo^-B ORdH^iHTb jiHH Bi) MO- that he might end his days

HacxapcKOMB ye;^HHeHiH. in the sohtude of a cloister.

The principal interjections are: BOTt! boh'l! see there, look! ypa! ra! express joy. ax-L! 0X1.! yBii! axxii! express pain, an I yxi ! oft ! express fear. Tb(j)y! expresses aversion. y(j)i)! expresses fatigue. ctb! Tct! to impose silence, afi! reft! hi! Hyl Hyace! come on!

90 Lesson 25.

Ha! there you have. acajiL! what a pity! npoHL! away!

WORDS.

nociTHTB to visit, to see. n Mort I could.

HanncaTb to write. CKynofi avaricious.

xonex-B (he) -will, desires. xothtb you will, desire.

npHHHMaTB to accept. npejtJioaeeHie proposal.

6jiarop6jHHfi noble. r6p;;ocTb pride.

yAepatHBaiB to refrain, to stop. ^BaHCTBo vanity.

EXERCISE 49.

BjiaropojiiHaJi r6p;i,ocTL ^acio VKpaniaeT'B ^ejiOBiKa h ^acTO y;i;epaiHBaeT'B ero oti. MHornxi) nopoKOBi., ho ^Ban-

CTBO He TOJIBKO CM^IUHO, HO H HCpijIiKO BpejIiHTl. HaMt Ha

HameMi seMHOMi. nonpHni;^, h6o oho ocjiinjiiieT'L (it dazzles)

HaCl> TaKI>, ^TO MH He BBJ^HMT) CBOHXl. HOpOKOB^ H ,T,yp-

Huxt npHBH^eKt. FopAOCTL MoateTTb Bt HHrnxi, cjiy^aax'L 6hti> ;iio6po;i;'feTejiBK), Tor;i;a KaK^B ^BancTBO Bcer;i,a nopoKi.. lilcjiH CKynofi OTKasHBaeTi ce6i bx nojresnoM'B h HysKHOM-B, ^TO eMV jiiOCTvnHO (accessible) no ero cocTOiiHiH), to ero CKynocTB ;ii'fejiaeTca oynocTBio.

TRAJfSLATION 50.

Although he was in town, he did not visit us. I could not write the exercise, because I had no dictionary. He is rich, but he is very avaricious. [Either] thou or he must (ji,6jimewb) remain at home to-day. They speak sometimes in the (esl prep.) Russian, sometimes in the English, but never in the German language (plur. in Russ.). Let him do what he desires; that is not my affair. What does this boy desire? He desires some- times one [thing], sometimes another. If you have not them, then I shall give them to you (a BaMTb jiiaMi,). Do you desire [them]? I thank you; [it is] with pleasure [that] I accept j^our proposal.

CONVERSATIOiy.

Bh cer6;i;Hfl ne saBTpaKajiH, R npaB;i;a ne 3aBTpaKa.1T., pasBi BH He r6jio;i,HH? ho a. TaK-L ycTajii* ott»

CBoero nyTemecTBifl , ^to

BOBce He ^yBCTByio r6joji,a.

He xoTiiTe jlk bh bhhhtb BjiarojiiapK) Baci, a. 6oibcB

CTaKaHT. xoji6;i;Haro nnBa? npocTy;i;HTBca, ecjiH a

BHHBH) xoji6,T;Haro nuBa.

Conjunctions and interjections. 91

Oxqero TaKt x6jo;i;ho b-l il ne Bej'feji'L tohhtb.

Bameft KOMHaT-fe?

Bh HHHero He cjiHxajiH o^-b H h TaKme 061. 3tom^ hh-

aTOMi? ^ero ne cjiHxajn., xoTi a

6hJI'B B^ CaMOH KOMHaT'fe.

Ji^ojiTO jiK Mwi, emfi atjiiaTB H^ti*, BaMi* dojiie 5K;i;aTB Bamero 6paTa? ne hvjkho, a eny CKaacy,

^TO BH Jl,6jirO 6UJIVL SJI.'feCB

H 3K;i;ajiH ero. Btiji^'hjm Jiii BH cer6;i;Ha R ne BEji,'kjii> hh H^apn hh ItapH H Hamy ;i,66pyK), I],apHii;H; Kor^a -a npn- ;i,o6po;i,:feTejiBHyK)I],appmy? niejii., 6ijjio yace nosjiiHO.

READING EXERCISE. IOhoctb nexpd BejiHKaro. II.

ILsTy ^HCjra noT^niHHX'B cojr;i,aTT. HtKOTopHe jibhjthcb noTOM'B oaBHiiMH cno;i,BHacHHKaMH IleTpoBa uiapcTBOBaHia, HanpHM'fep'B MeHBniHKOB^. KHHSKHoe y^^Hie maro IleTpa mjio ;i;ob6jibho hjioxo. J[hiiiii> Sotob-b, npncTaBjieHHHH k^b HeMy ;i;h;i;bkok) h nacTaBHHKOM'B, caM-B anajiT. o^enB Hen- Horo, H npHTOM-B jik)6hji'b BiinHTB. Ho IleTp'B Hameji'B ce6i y^HTe.ien Me5K;i;y HHOCTpanuaMii.

HHOCTpaHii;H na^ajiH cejiiiTBca Bt MocKB'fe eme co BpeneH'B HBana III; to 6ujiw. Kyni^H, pasHHe MacTepa h peMecjreHHKH, npH,T;B6pHHe ;i;oKTopa h anxeKapH; a npn MnxaHJi'fe Geoj^opoBH^t h AjieKcfei MnxaiiJiOBHq'fe npiixa- JH MHorie HH03^>rHLie 0({)Hi;^pH h nocTynnjiH bi> pyccKyio cjiy3K6y. Bet 3th hho3^mi],h cte. hx'b ceMBHMH 611JIH no- cejieHFj B^ oc66oft HiMeii.KOH cjio6oA'fe na 6epery py^Bfl KoKya, noqeMy MocKBHT/iHe h Ha3BiBa.iiH H-feMei^KyK) cjio- 6o;i;y KomjpM7>. TyT^ HHoaeMu;!! hm^jih cboh c66cTBeHHHa U^pKBH (khpkh), coxpaHiiJTH CBOH o6HHaH H BOo6ni;e atnjiH M^jKjiiy co66k) ,T,pyjKHO h B^cejio. TleTpy ohghb nonpaBH- wiacB Becejian atHSHB wh HiMeuiKOH^ cjio^oji.'fe; oh-b nacTO nocfemajni ee h nosHaKOMHjica cb H'liKOTopHMH 0(|)HHepaMH H MacTepaMH; ohh-to homofjih OMy o6yHHTB noTimnoe

BOHCKO H yCTpOHTB MaJieHBKiH (1)10X1.. ^peSH^aHHO JIK)- (JoSHaTeJILHMH, 0,T.apeHHHH Heo6HKHOBeHHOK) naMaTBK), OH-B

ct aca;i;HOCTBio cjiyniaji'B hx-b pascKasH h o6%s{CR^msi, h BH;i;'feji'B, KaKi. ;i;ajieK6 EBpon6HH;H npeB0Cx6;i,flT'B PyccKHX'B CBO^MT. o6pa30BaHieM'B. 1131. HH03eMHH[xi> o({)Hu,epoBx me- Heseui. JIe(|)6pTT> CA^fe^ajica hotom-b hgpbhm'b jrH)6HMiiieM^ H ji.pyroM'B HeTpa.

92 Lesson 26.

TWENTY SIXTH LESSON.

ASPECTS OF THE YERB.

A feature peculiar to the Slavonic languages is the subdivision of verbs into various aspects. These aspects are different forms of one and the same verb with regard to the time required for the performance of an action.

The Russian verb has four aspects vis. four dif- ferent conjugations, which fact amply atones for the apparent poverty of moods and tenses it exhibits at first sight.

These four aspects are called : imperfective, perfective, semelfactive and iterative.

The imperfective aspect generally ends in tl pre- ceded by any of the vowels a, e, h, o, y, h, i, a. It denotes that the action has not altogether ceased, or that it will not finish; CTynaxL to knock, oh'b CTViaji'B he was knocking.

The perfective aspect shows that the action has been quite completed, or that it will definitely cease. The termination of this aspect is likewise tb preceded by one of the above vowels ; but it is easily recognized either by a prepositional prefix or a quite different (ir- regular) form: nocxyq^TL to knock; oh'b nocTyqajiT> he knocked; ohi. nocTy^HT'L he will have knocked.^

The semelfactive aspect which shows that the action has taken place, or will take place, once and rapidly, ends in nyTL: cxyKHyTt to knock, oh'b CTyEHyju. he knocked (for that time only, and then no more), oh^ CTyKHeTi> he will soon knock, he is going to knock.

The iterative aspect, denoting that the action has taken place several times, ends in HBaifc and hbetl: nocxyKHBaxL to knock ^; oh-b iiocTyKHBajn) he used to knock, he often knocked.

It must be observed that only a few verbs have all four aspects. In this respect they are nearly all defective. Nor does the distinction of the aspects em-

1 The present form of the perfective aspect corresponds to the 2"d future of English verbs.

2 Not all verbs ending thus are of the iterative aspect; their number is very small.

Aspects of the verb. 93

brace the whole conjugation: the past tense alone ex- hibits all four aspects, but the future has no iterative aspect, whereas the present admits of no distinction of aspects at all.

The wanting aspects are however easily expressed having recourse to a circumlocution, as in English whenever a necessity arises. Let us take for instance the verb ^HTaTL:

OHi, TOJbKo i^SL.i-b HHTajT'B. He read only once.

oHi MacTo 6yAeTi> ^HTaTt. He will often read.

Thus are expressed the ideas conveyed by the past tense of the semelfactive aspect and the future of the iterative aspect of HHTaTt, which are both wanting.

The proper use of the aspects can only be learnt by practice.

WORDS. Typu,iii Turkey. .ie)6htl to love.

CBHnima pork. opaMi medical man.

H3atapHTB to roast. BapHXL to prepare.

^KapKoe roast meat. rojtHUH good, suitable.

apMapKa fair, annual market. Benrpin Hungary.

naiiHcaTb to write. IllBeuia Sweden.

MaiepHKi. continent. HopBerifl Norway.

EXERCISE 51.

HanHiueTe-jiH bh hhcbmo bi. Poccijo? R yace na- nHcaji-B 3T0 nncLMO, Tenepb n HanHiuy nHCLMO CBoeMy 6paTy, KOTopuH BecBMa ;i,aBH6 atHBCT'L bi. CaHKTneTep6ypr'fe. OcTpoB'B jiR IIlBeii,ia cb HopB^rieio? H^t'l, 66^ 3th CTpaHH cocTaBjDiioT'B najryocTpoBi, h coe;i;HHeHu ci MaTepHKOMi.. rOBOpHJIH JIH BH CL HMnepaTopoM'L BcepocciHCKHM^ (of all the Russias)? H^t^, a ct hmm-b hc roBopnjr'B, a. ero HHKor;i,a He BHji.'feji'B. Fji.'fe KynHjiH bh cbgii ^acH? R nynfiJi'h HX^B B-B MocKB-fe, Korji,a 6ujii> TaMT> b^ nepBHH pasT). Hama KvxapKa otjimho BapHTi, cyn-B. CKaacHie cjiyr:fe, hto6'b gh-b MH-fe npHHeci. CBHHHHy, n o^ghb r6jio;i,eH'L.

TRANSLATION 52.

Were you already in Turkey? Does your father hke pork? Go (Cxoji,HTe), please to the medical man, and tell him that my sister is ill. Our cook under- stands better [how] to make soup than to roast the roast- meat. Did our children already take a walk? No, they

94

Lesson 26.

s

^

P=H

^

E^

^

w

eS

EH

O)

C^

s

b^

a?

s

QC

hJ5 <^

« 5

^73

P^ K^

-31

O >■

^ lit

CD

1^

H

e

s

1

OS

a;

O")

c3

m

c3

rii

m

s

M

«

s

w

l:^

S

fan

^t^

i£i

W

->-

H

"k»^

H

O

s

13

O

g

s

13

w

O

>^

«

o

iiiii

^ B w S a w

b^ H o S m o

02

bfl

,

. s

h^

fcP

t=5

c^

PQ

a

c3 m

c3

rg

B

n

« s

«

;^

W

^

s w

S

M

';;»^

^

fcS '>^

&:j

H

'k-^

^>^, e

H

H

H O

EH

O

«->

O

O

^

visa

a

w

5

S W

bS

H

O

a

pq O

. lip 5 a s §

f^ SC W W W &3

ta w ->;. w w -^

->, H O H fH «

g7 o. « «

^ a w a la w

Bj H O S pq O

. tP ^ S S §

-d

'^ F^ ^ ^ ^ ^

c!? cj o X '^ o

- P c g o g

o

o e

tP i-=i ''C3

a w g a S

H O S PP O

. tp ^ S 5 ^

>- g^ g g ^

^ a § a a M

S? H O S « O

Aspects of the verb.

95

So

S3 H

s 2

o S

w o

2

. s B a s K

_ a w 3 a 'w

b? Eh O S cq o

S 2 ^

G o q S

1^ o

o c

" a K g a

&5 H O S M

^cS

"- o g

>^ h5 ^ tq

g a g|

3 W 3

b3 H o S

U3

« o

I

.§>

' H

is" P

H H

O O

O O

« H

P-i

B §

pq H

» ^>-»

S

^

P-t

o

CO

s

p-

t 5^

CO

CS3

a

o

w w

otSS

S

PQ

I-

O

B

1^ H

pq pq

tr^ en

O «

O O

OS

'g

pq

93 pq

Ire-

96 Lesson 26.

did not yet take a walk, they played in the yard with the son of our good neighbour. I bought yesterday [soipe] paper; but it is not good; I must (a ji.ojiateH'B ce6i) buy to-day [some] better (genetive). Did these girls weep? Did you already see the fair of Nizhny-Novgorod (HHffieropdACKyK) ^pMapKy)? I often saw the fair of Frank- fort. Will you not buy an estate in Hungary? No, I shall not buy (Kynjno) an estate in Hungary, I bought a house in Vienna {b^l Bint).

READING EXERCISE.

IlyTemecTBie Ilexpa BejiHKaro aa rpaniiny.

IleTpx ssLXOT^JTh BiiyqHTLca HCKyccTsy cipoHTL 6ojr&inie Kopa6jiH H nocMOTpiTB MopcKia CHJiH eBponeHCKHX'b ;i,ep- jKaB'B. Ct& ^toh i],ijrLH) OHi> npejiinpHHiji^ ji^ixo, jiiOTOJi'fe HecjiMxaHHoe ^ja. pyccKHXT>; IJ^apL caM^ noixaji'B bi. qy- atm seMjiH h npHTOMi. 6e3i. BciKofi nriniHOCTH; iioji;'b HMeneMT* npocToro ji;BopiiHiiHa Ilexpa MnxafuoBa owh

npHCOe;i,HHHJrCH K:B HHOCTpaHHHM'B JI.BOpaM'L. FjiaBOK) 3Toro

nocojiLCTBa 6uji'h jiJo6nMeu,T> ero Jle(J^6pTh.

npoiaata^ no FepMaHin, UeTpT, ycep;i,HO ocMaTpHBajii ropo;i;a, KpinocTH, 3aB6ji,Lr, (j)a6pHKH h t. n. OcTaBHB'B MeAJieHHO nojiiBHraBmeecH hocojilctbo, oh^ cl niKOTopHMH MOJio;[i,HMH jiio;i,BMH Hcfexaji^ Bnepeji,!. bi> rojiJTaH;i,iK), KOTopaa cjiaBHjracB Torji,a CBOHM^b ^jiotomi* h odrnfipHOK) MopcKoio ToproBjieK). TmaTejiLHO cKpHBaa CBoe hmji, oh^ na.ji^'hjrh KOCTiOM'b rojiJiaH;i;cKaro njiOTHiiKa, t. e. (j)pH30Byi) KvpT- Ky, H nocejiHJicfl bi, ropoji;^ Cap;i.aMt b% ji.OMiiK'ii o;i,Hor6 Kysneua, h ci» TonopoM'L b-l pyKi npHHHJica pa66TaTi. na Kopa6ej[LHOH Bep({)H. Ho Kor;i;a Cap;iiaMi],H ysnajiH, hto

3T0T1> BHCOKin, KpaCilBHH HJIOTHHK^ HHKTO HHOH

KaKTb pyccKin U^apL, ohh na^ajiH co6HpaTBca TOJinaMH, qTo6'B Ha Hero nocMOTpixB. IleTpy nacKy^HJio xaKoe jtk)- 6onHTCTBO; OHTb yixaji^ bx, AMCTep;i,aM^, h npo;i;oji3Kaji'B s^icB y^HTBca Kopa6jrecTpoeHiK). Hotom-b owl no6BiBaj'B Bt JI6H;i;oH'fe; OTxpa no:fexajiT. b'b Biny; ho TjTb ycjH- xajii 0 HOBOM-B B03Myni;eHiH CTpijiBi];oBx. h nocniniHO BOpOTHjrCJI B'B MocKBy.

CTpijEbi^H 6HjrH ycMHpeHH ;i;o npi'fe3;i;a II,apfl h rjaBHHe saqHHmHKH KasHeHH; HO IleTpi) BH;i;iji'B ^to cxp-fejiBi^M Ch HenaBHCTBio CMOxpaT-B Ha ii npeo5pa30BaHiji, KOTopHa

Formation of the present, past and future. 97

OH'L HanaJI'L BBOJIIITL B'b POCCIH; HOaTOMJ OH'L npOH3-

Bejii* cxporoe c.iii;i,CTBie o ^vHTi , ' h KasHHjrt eni,e

MHOrHXl, CTpijILII.OBI, ; a nOTOMT. COBCiMt OTMisHJI^ CTp'fe-

jieii,Kie nojiKii.

TWENTY SEVENTH LESSON.

FORMATION OF THE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE.

With regard to their inflection, Russian regular verbs had been provisorily divided into two conjugations (10. lesson). But this division, which will no doubt have proved very advantageous from a practical point of view, must now be given up as unnecessary and unscientific.

Besides what has already been said concerning regular verbs, there are a few other rules and exceptions. But to assist learners without embarassing them, only those rules will be given here which are the most important and admit of the least number of exceptions. The rest easily learnt by practice and analogy.

Formation of the present.

Some verbs in axB preceded by a consonant, or in flTB preceded by a vowel, lose their a or a throughout their present:

TaHTh to thaw. a t4k), tbi lAeiuh . . . ohh TaiOTi.^

ciflTb to sow. a ciio, th cteuib . . .

Verbs in aTb preceded by a labial (6, b, m, n, ({)) I'nsert jl before the inflections of the present; whereas those in htl (and also a few in aTt) have the insertion of .1 in the first person alone:

;ipeMaTB to slumber. n jipemjiw, th ji^emjiemh . '. .

jk)6htl to love, to like. n jiboCjik), th jiibCHniL . . .

toiihtl to heat. n Tonaib, th toiihuil . . .

MCpTBHTL to kill. H MepiUBJIK), TH MepTBHUlL . . .

cnaTL to sleep. n ciijik), th cnnuii, . . .

Observe in MepiBiaTi. the m instead of t in the first person.

^ The third person plural has the same vowel £^s the in- flection of the first person singular; the other persons have the same vowel which is exhibited by the second person singular: OH'L TaeTi,, Mu TaeMTb, bh TaeTe.

Elementary Russian Grammar. 7

98 Lesson 27.

The consonants ;i;, 3, k, c, t, ct, ck, x which precede the termination aTL, are very frequently changed for jk, % ni. III,, throughout the present:

jiHsaTL to lick. fl jiHJKy, th JiHJKemL ...

KjHKaxL to call. a K-iniy, th KJiHieiiiL . . .

TonxaTB to tread. a Toni^, th Tonieuit ...

HHcaTL to write. a immy, th nHineinb . . .

HCKaTB to seek. a Hiii,y, th HmeuiL . . .

This change is restricted to the first person in those verbs which end in ^tl and htl :

BepiiiL to turn. n Bepiy, th BepTHiiiL . . .

CHjtixB to sit. a CHJKy, th chjihiub . . .

BHciiB to hang. a BHiuy, th bhchidb . . .

KpyTHTB to twist. a Kpy^y, th KpyTHoiB . . .

jibcthtb to flatter. a JiBmy, th jibcthuib . . .

Most verbs ending in esaTL and osaTL undergo the

following contraction:

ToproBaTB to trade. a TopryBO, th TopryeuiB . . ,

TopsBaTB to be afflicted. n ropibio, th ropibeiUB , . .

Verbs in epeTt are likewise liable to contraction: TepeTB to rub. a xpy, th TperaB . . .

MepeTB to die. a Mpy, th MpeuiB . . .

Formation of the past.

The form of the past is properly an ancient ^^ar- ticiple past with an active signification. K (ecMh) jik)6iiji'b = I (am he that has) loved, a. (ecMi>) Jiio6HJia = I (am she that has) loved. The distinction of the three genders becomes thus evident.

Those verbs which in the formation of the past depart from the general rule will be ranged among the irregular ones (29. and 30. lesson).

A few regular verbs in epeTL and hjtl undergo however a contraction in the masculine singular: yMepeTB to die. m. ywepi., f. ynepjia, n. yiwepjio.

coxHyTB to dry. » cox'l, » coxjia, » coxjio.

6yxHyTB to spring. » 6yxB, » 6yxjia, » 6yxjio.

ra^nyTB to perish. » raoi., » rH6jia, » rii6jio.

Formation of the future.

Instead of 6yji,y, 6yAeniL . . . the present of ctrtb, to become, is sometimes employed to express the future.

This is generally the case, when the Russian future corresponds to the English to he going:]

Formation of the present, past and future.

99

n cxdny saBTpaiiaTB. TH craiieuiL roBopHTB.

CjiajtKift sweet. KaKOBi. what sort of, how. AnrjinqaHMHt Englishman. necTb honour. cxpaHHUH extraordinary. ocTaBaiBca to remain.

I am going to breakfast. Thou art going to speak.

WORDS.

o6cToATeiBCTBo circumstance.

onHcauie description.

iiepBofi no^iTOH) by return of post.

iioHTenie respect.

CTe«ieHie concurrence.

iioKopHHH humble.

EXERCISE 63.

JlK)6Hmi, JTH TH cjiwia BHHa? R oneHB .ik)6jih) cjiwia BHHa. KaKOBO 3;i.op6BBe Bauiero 6paTa? Oh'b yMepi) yme ;i,aBH6. Bh cniiTe, KaK^ KaateTca, moh ;iipyr^. KaKVK) KHiiry bh Tenept KvnHTe? R Kynjrio onHcanie PocciH 3HaMeHHTaro aHrjiH^anHHaMaKeHSHyojiJieca (Macken- zie Wallace). K BaM^ CTany nncaTB nepBofl no^TOio. Ona jMepjia npH CTpannoMi. CTe^eniH o6cTOiiTejrBCTB'B. H xenepL CHaty, r^t B^epa cnj^'hjrh anrjiHqaHHH'B. HecTB hm^h) ocia- BaTBCH, c^ rjiy66KHMi> noMTenieM'B, Baui'B noKopHHH cjiyra.

TRANSLATION 64.

I buy a book, and thou buyest [some] paper. What is the peasant doing now? Where doest thou sit, my child? I sit on the table. Doest thou sleep? 1 do not sleep, I slumber. Who shakes the table? We shake it. They write [some] letters. His aunt died, when he was in Russia. I am going to write to him. I like black bread. The hunter kills the old wolf. Do you like sweet wines? No, I do not hke sweet wines.

CONVERSATION.

HrpaeTe jih bh b'l KapTH?

H saqiMi. ace, ecjTH saMT.

HrpaTB He npaBHTca? 'MuBeTTy JIH Bami Apyr'B

emfi J BacB?

Odiiji.ajrH jih bh yac^?

S{ He jik)6jir) nrpaiB b-b KapTH, HO HHor^a si H- rpaio.

^ Hrpaio ^To6^ ji.ijiaTB jipy-

THM'B yjI,0B6jIBCTBie.

Oh'b ^oji-fee He atHBCT^ y MeHii; OH-B acHBCTT. TenepB Ha yjiHi^'fe Mnpa.

Mbi BacB at;i,ajiH ;i;o ceMH

^aCOBX CB HeTBepTBK), H TaKT» KaKT. BH He , npH- xoji,HJiH , MH noo64;i,ajiH 6e3'b BacB.

7*

100 Lesson 27.

Mnoro jih Bami* 6paT'L 3a- Jta, ohi, ero MHoro sannMa- HHMaeTca MysHKOK)? eTca, ho ne ctojibko,

CKOJILKO 6hL 0HT» XOT^JIX.

Hto bh ^i.'fejiajiH cer6;i;Hfl bt. Mh jtojihcl h noTOMi, mh niKOjii? HrpajiH; mh ne HHTajiH,

noTOMv ^To y nacL ne 6u-

JIO BpeMGHH.

READING EXERCISE. Hanajio neTep6ypra.

Meat;i,y vctlumh HeBw jieajiiT'L nfecKOJiLKO octpobob'b.

OhH 6wJIH nOKpUTH JlicOM^ HJlH KyCTapHHKOMI) H npH CBOefi HM3MeHH0n nOBepXHOCTH Hep'fejI,K0 3aT0nJIiIJIHCb BO-

;i,6h), HaroHiieMOH) BixpoM-L cl Mopa. Torjiia bi. 3Toh

nyCTUHHOfi M^CTHOCTH BCTpiqajIHCB TOJILKO pLl6aHtH XH-

atHHU: a Heno;i;a.)ieKy Ha 6epery HeBEi naxojiiHjacB niBe;!,- Kaii KpinocTB HieHinaHU,!). IleTpi> jiuhho B3Jijn> ee h Bcxfe^i. 3ar]^M'B 3aj[oatHJii) c66cTBeHHyK) KpinocTu,y na oji;h6m^ H3I. ocTpoBOB-B HeBCKaro ycxBa (1703). Bi. Heft 6HJTa nocTpoena ii,epKOBB bo hm« anocTOJiOB'b IleTpa h IlaBJia, OT^ero cainaa Kp:fenocTi],a nassaHa lleTponaBjiOB-

CKOK). IISI. 6jII15KHHX'& pyCCKHXl. 06jiaCTeH BI»I3BaH0 CBO^a.

MHoro nji6THHK0Bi> H KaMeHLni,HKOBX ; awb noMorajiH coji- ;i,aTH; IleTpi) caMi) pacnopjiatajcji pa66TaMH h skhji-b TyT'B

B'B J^epeBaHHOMTb ^JiOMHEt COCTOflBnieMI> H31» Jl.ByX'B KOM-

HaTi) (oHi> coxpaHHeTCJi xenepL noji.'B KaMCHHEiM^ HaBfjCOMt H HasHBaeTCfl «^omhkx> IleTpa BejriiKaro»). BcKopli bok- pyrX) ;i,0MHKa BOSHnKt H.ijiHH ropoji^, IlemepOypih, Kyji,a noTOMi. II,apB nepenecB cbok) cxojrrmy. B'B to ate Bpena OHT. ocHOBaji-B Ha piK'fe CBiipH Bep(j)B ji,ja. nocTpoHKH cy- ji,6b^; OTCK);i,a Jla.iiomcKHM'B 63epoM'B h HiBOio onfi cny- CKajiHCB BT. ^HHCKift sajiHBT.. TaKHMT» 66pa30M'L neTpT> Ha^aji-B rpoMHTb IIlBej^OB'b h na Mopi.

HH3JioatHBi ABrycTa II, Kapjii* XII Kopojib IIlBeji;- CKift, B03Beji^ Ha nojibCKift npecTOJiT* CTanncJiaBa JIeni;HH- CKaro, H CHOBa o6paTHjrcfl npoTHBT, IleTpa; ho 6rjio yace n63;i;HO. CjiOBa CKa3aHHHJi IleTpoM^ nocjit HapBCKaro no- pajKeniji, HcnojTHHJiHCb na ji,'feji'fe: «inBeAi>i, roBopnji'b oht., MoateTT, 6HTb, no6bK)T'B nac^ h eni,e ne pa3T.! ho y hhxt» ate Hay^HMCJi mh no6i^at^aTb hx-b caMHX'b.))

Formation of the imperative, gerunds and participles. 101

TWENTY EIGHTH LESSON.

rORMATION OF THE IMPERATITE, GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES.

(Passive and impersonal verbs.)

Formation of the imperative.

This mood has onty the second person of both numbers. Their terminations, when accented, are A, HTe ; when unaccented they are h, htb if preceded by a vowel, l, ltb if preceded by a consonant.

The wanting third person of both numbers may be expressed by means of nycxt (let) followed by the present. The first person of the plural is supplied by the indicative present.

We have thus a Russian imperative just as com- plete as in EngHsh:

roBopH, CTy^H, Biipt. speak, knock, believe (thou)!

nycTB OHt roBopHTi, etc. let him speak, etc.

roBopHMi, cTy4HM'fc, fltpHMi.. let us speak, knock, believe.

roBopHie, cxyHHie, BipLie. speak, knock, believe (you)!

nycTB OHH roBopaii., etc. let them speak, etc.

Sometimes tc is added to the first person plural, and the particle ;i,a is employed before the third person of both numbers, to express the imperative: ciyqHMTe. let us knock.

Aa cxyiHTi. let him knock.

;^a CTyqaxi.. let them knock.

The infinitive is also sometimes employed instead of the imperative, both positive and negative:

CTyiaib! knock!

roBopMTh ! speak !

ne BipHTL ! do not believe !

Formation of gerunds.

In Russian, there is a gerund present and a gerund past. The termination of the former is a, a. or yqn, dhh preceded by the vowel which occurs before the inflection of the third person plural of the present of the same verb:

^HTa«, HHiaiOHH. in reading,

nnina, niiniyHH. in writing.

The terminations of the gerund past are btb or biuh: HHiaBT., HHTaBiiiH. liaviug read.

nHcaet, nHcaBuiH. having written.

102 LESso^^ 28.

It must be observed that the terminations a, a and Bi> are generally preferred in writing, whilst in collo- quial language y^H, iohh and bhih are most generally in use.

It need not be added that gerunds are invariable, whereas participles are declined like adjectives.

Formation of participles.

The active participle present ends in uuft (maa, mee) preceded by the same vowel which occurs before the termination ti> of the third person plural in the present of the same verb :

MHxaioffliH, -luafl, -mee. (he, she, it) that is reading.

iiHiuymifl, -maji, -mee. (he, she, it) that is writing.

The active participle past ends in Buiin (Buiaa,

Bfflee) :

qHTaBiuifi, -Biijaii, Buiee. (he, she, it) that has read.

iiHcaBinifi, -Binaa, -Braee. (he, she, it) that has written.

The passive participle present ends in mhh or Mi> preceded by the same vowel occurring in the first person plural of the present. The former is the full, the latter is the apocopated termination:

MHTaeMufi or MHiaeMi. that is being read.

XBajiHMHH or XBajiMMx. that is being praised.

The apocopated form of the passive participle pre- sent is sometimes combined with the verb 6htb (ex- pressed or understood) to form the jjassive conjugation:

a XBajiHMX. I am praised.

TH xBa.iHM't, etc. thou art praised, etc.

In the present this mode of forming the passive voice, is now rather obsolete. It is usual to convert the passive into an active form:

MeHH xBajiJiT'i,. They praise me.

Te6k xBajiflxi., etc. They praise thee, etc.

The passive participle past ends in hhhh or h-b preceded by the same vowel which occurs before the termination of the infinitive:

nHcaHHHH, iiHcaHT. written. HHxaHHHH, HHTaHB read.

Some verbs, for the most part irregular (29. and 30. lesson) have in their passive participle past the ter-

Formation of the imperative, gerunds and participles. 103

mination thh. A few others have chhhh, whilst their

infinitive ends in htb or etl. Such are:

xBajieHHHH praised. from xBajiHib.

HonieHHHH carried. » hochtl.

3a6BeHHHH forgotten. » 3a6HBaTi,.

np6iiJ.euHHM forgiven. » npomaTb.

Besides the impersonal verbs denoting meteorological facts and others common to other languages, such as MoposH'TB it freezes, TaeTi) it thaws, Kaacexca it appears, and so on, there are in Russian a great number of impersonal expressions formed by apocopated neuter ad- jectives preceded by the verb 6htl which in the present is nearly always understood, such as;

Hyffiiio it is necessary. ;iocTaToqno it suffices.

MoatHo it is possible. iipnjiHqHo it becomes.

HeBoaMoacHo it is impossible. acHO it is evident.

WORDS.

06HTdTfc to inhabit. njanera planet.

cojHeMHHH solar. CHCTCMa system.

Hapoa^ nation, people. yBaHtaTL to renpect.

paAOBaTB to rejoice. BHHMaiiie attention,

no onaiy by experience. h3b^ctho it is known.

acHBdTHHH animal. pacTenie plant.

Mflco meat. TosapH goods.

EXERCISE 55.

EcTb atHBOTHHii, nHTaK)iii,iacH TOJibKO pacTeniaMH, h atHBOTHHa nHTaK)iii,iflCii tojilko MiicoMi,. HejiOBiKy, roBopH- iu,eMy BcePAa npaB;i,y, Bcfe BipflTi*. y^ieHHKi>, jiyHine Bcixi. pa3CKa3HBaBmiH HCTopiro, 6h.ji'l Kapjit llBanoBH^'B. To- BapH, cA'fejiaHHHe wh AhoIh, caMHe jiyHmie. He roBopa HH cjiOBa, Haina Ao6pHe cji\th ji.i.JiaroT'b, qero mh mejiaeMi). HeMHoro OTji,oxHyBinH, mh npojiojiatajiH CBoe nyTeuiecTBie. OatHAaji OT'L Bact nHCLMa, a ne 3Hajii> hto ^'fe^axB.

TRANSLATION 56.

The earth inhabited by us is a planet belonging to the solar system. Men speaking one language (instr.) form one nation. A man that does not respect (not respecting) the laws does not even respect God. WindoAVS ornamented with flowers delight us. Pupils not listening with attention know little. It is difficult to believe people who chatter much. By experience it is known that

104

Lesson 28,

KiM^ o6HTaeMa

mero ji^hj^l. CKaatHTe MH'fe, nomajiyncTa,

Koro noctmaeTi* Bam^

;i;pyr^?

SaKpHTLi jiH TaKace OKHa?

cjii o6^j^;iia? KaKOB^ 6li.i'b

HCTOHHIIKX

Pima?

no-

rjiaBHMuiiH o6oraiii;eHm

people that have incessantly wished (to themselves) some- thing new, were unhappy.

COSTERSATIOX.

;i,a^a sa- Bi. nen TenepL sKHBeT-B Moa cecTpa. Ohx noc^maeTt tojilko ji^o- 6pHX'B jiH);iieH , noTOMy HTO OHi. smevh nocjio- BHi];y, KOTopaa rjiacHTt:

CKaaill MH'fe Cl> KtMI. TH

SHaKOMi,, H a. Te6'fe cKaacy,

KTO TH.

H^Tt OHH eni;e OTKpuTH, xoTii a Beji-Bji^ Hxi, 3a-

KpUTB.

MajiLHHKH noc.i'fe o6i;i;a 6i- rajiH no no.iaMi>.

IlepBOHa^ajiLHHH h oaBH M- iiiin HCTo^HHK'b o6ora- meniii PiiMa 6Bi.ia BOHHa, ;i,ocTaBji>iBinaa orpoMHHa K0HTpH6yi;iH cb saBoe- BaHHHxi. cxpaH-B.

KHpniSH 6oATCil KajMUKOB^, fiipn CKSi'SKSLWb, HTO KaJI-

MMKH 'fe;i,flT'E» ^ejiOBii^e-

CKOe Mil CO.

READING EXERCISE.

no6tji,a npH no.iTaB*.

Il3i» ITojiBniH Kapjit jiiBHHyjicii Bt Majiopocciio. Ma- 3ena, rmiaH'B MajiopoccincKiH, 6hjii, xhtphh qecT0JiH)6n- BHH CTapHK-L H yM'feji'L 3acjiyatHTL ^iOB^pie IleTpa; a Me3K;iy T^Mi. CHOciLica CI. ero BparaMH h xoTijii> oniixL BopoTfiTt Ma.iiop6cciH) bi, nojiBCKoe no;i;;i,aHCTBO. TmeiHO HfeKOTopHe ;ii0H0ciiJiH napio, hto reTMaHi. 3aMHinjiiiJi'B Hsniny. He- 3avii;6jiro ji,o naniecTBia Kapjia c;t'fejraHi, 6hj'b hobbih ;ii0H6ci. oj,HiiMi, H-s-L MajiopoccincKHx-B CTapmimi., KoHy6eeMi,; ho neTpi) He noB'fepHJii. Ko^y6eK) h ero TOBapnmy hojikob- HHKy HcKpi, H Bsiji;ajii» o66hx'b reTMany; a totb Beji'hjvb TiWh OTpy^HTB rojiOBH. B/tpyri. k'b BeJiiiKOMy CBoeMV ym- BJieHiK) i],apb y3HaeTi., hto Ma3ena coe^HHiLicji ci. Kap-

Ho^eMy KHprii3H 6o)iTca Kaji-

MHKOBI>?

Irregular verbs. 105

.lOM'B H npHSHBaeT-B K-L BoscTaniK) BCK) MajTopocciro. IleTp-B cefl^acE. Bejiijii. Bu6paTL ;i.pyr6ro reTMana, a Maseny, KaK-L HSM'^HHHKa, npe;i,aTL ii^epKOBHOMy npoKJiiiTiro. Majiopoccm ocxajiacL Bipnoio ii,apR). Kapjii. oca;i;HJit HojiTaBy; ho ciOAa ABUJiQH neipi. ci> CBoeft apMien, yate saKajieHHoft bi. nox6;i,axi. h 6nTBax'B, h ji,2lji% inBe^aMi. p-feuiHTejiLHoe cpa- atenie (27. Iidhji 1709 r.). Ilpeji,!. 6htboh) oh-b OT;i,ajii» npHKasTb BoftcKy, rji.'fe yKasuBajn. cojiji;aTaM'B na to, ^to npHniejii> Hact ptniHTL cy^tdy OTe^ecTsa. «A o IleTpi, roBopfiJiocB Bi) npuKaai, B'fe;i,aHTe ^to eMy atHSHt ne ;i,o- pora, ffiiija 6u tojibko Pocciji bo cjiaB'fe h 6jiaroji,eHCTBiM. » — Kapji-B XII HO^BK) noji.'Bixaji'b k^ pyccKOMV jrarepro, ht66h ocMOTp-feTB ero. JI,opor6H) ohi, bctp^thjh, h^cko^ib- KO KaaaKOBT., KOTopne cnoKonno CH;i,ijiH BOKpyrt ormi;

KOpOJIB HeyxepnijI'B, BUCTp'fe.lHJI'B H nOBaJHJI'B 0,T,H0r6 H3^

HHXi; ocTajiBHHe KaaaKH bcko^hjih h otb^thjih pyaten- HHMH BMCTp-fejiaMH; Kapji-B nojiyqajii. pany b-b Hory.

(Kouexifi' 6ydenn.)

TWENTY NINTH LESSON.

IRREGULAR YERBS WITH A REGULAR INFINITITE TERMINATION.

The so called irregular verbs are in Russian less numerous, and easier to be learnt than in many modern languages. They amount to 65 in all, and their ano- malies are generally restricted to the present, imperative and passive participle past.

To faciUtate their study they are exhibited here according to analogy and graduated difficulty, and a general alphabetical Hst of them is appended to the 30^^ lesson. They have also been divided into two groups according to their regular or irregular infinitive termination.

The seven following undergo vowel change in the present and imperative. Those of them, which are used in the participle past, form it in thh (instead of hhhh). Their past being regularly formed, it will not be given:

1. 6pHTb to shave

2. n'J^Tfc to sing

3. BMTb to howl

a 6piK), TBI ^pieuii. . ,

, . 6peM

6pHTHM.

R noK), TH noemi, . . .

noil

niTHM.

H b6]o, th BoeinB . . .

BOH

wanting.

106

Lesson 29.

4. KpwTL to cover

5. MMTL to wash

6. HHTL to ache

7. pMTfc to dig

n KpoK), TH KpoemL

H MOK), TH MOeUIL .

a HOK), TH HoemL .

H pOR), TH pOefflB .

KpOU KpHTHIl.

MOfi MHTHfi.

HOH wanting.

POH pHTHM.

The five following undergo both vowel and con- sonantal modifications in the present and imperative. Their past tense and participle past are regular, but the latter is also given to prevent the learner from being mislead by false analogy:

8. (3;i,aTL) to build

9. jraxB to tell lies

10. cjiaTB to send

11. CTJiBTb to spread

12. TKaTb to weave

{h 3Haf;i,y) th SHatAeniL . . . aaatAH 3;i,aHHHti.

n Jiry, th jiaieniL . . . jirn (jrraHHHfi).

n mjiK), TH niJieinL . . . iujih cjiairnHH.

H CTe.iK), TH CTejieuiB . . . CTejiH CTJiaeHHii.

a TKy, TH TKeniL . . . TKH TKaHHHM.

The four follow^ing undergo vowel insertion in the present and imperative:

13. 14. 15. 16.

Opaxfc to take rnaxL to drive ;i,paTb to tear SBaTL to call

H 6epy, a roHib,

a 30By,

TH fJepeuiL .

TH rOHeiDB .

TH jiepenib . ,

TH BOBeuIL . .

6epH 6paHHHH.

roim (rHaHHHH).

aepH ApaHHUH.

30BH 3BaHHHH.

The six foUowdng insert a consonant in the present and imperative:

17. acHTb to live a

18. njBiTB to swim a

1 9. c.iMTB to be reputed a

20. szaxB to press a

21. SKaxB to reap a

22. ;i,'fexB to put away a

aiHBy, njHBy,

ClHBy,

jKMy,

2vHy,

TH aiHBeiub .

TH IIJIHBefflL TH CJIHBemB

TH atMemi. . . TH ;KHemb . .

TH JiiHeUIL .

}KHBH (hJHTHh).

ii.iHBH wantincf. C.IHBH wanting. atMH acaTHH.

2iHH iKaTHH.

The four following exhibit several irregularities in their present:

23.

24.

xoxtxB to desire (will): a xo^y, th xoieiuB, oht. xohctt., mh

XOTHMl, BH XOTHTe, OHH XOTOTI).

Oi^xdxB to run: a 6'fery, th 5iaiHmB, ohi. 6'femHTx, mh SiacHMX,

BH 6'fejKMTe, OHH 6iryTT..

25. ;a,axB to give: a jtajit-, th ;^aI^B, oht. j^acTi., mh Aa^HMB, bh ^a- ji;HTe, OHH AajiyTT).

26. The verb "fexaxB to drive, to ride, to travel, to go, is quite irregular and defective. Its wanting tenses are supplied by some circumlocutions.

Present : a iijiy, th ^;^emB, oh-b -feiteTi., mh i^eMi,, bh i^^eTe, ohh ■fejiyTi..

Past: a ixajiB, etc.

Future: a (no)'feiiy, th (no)'fe;i;emB, etc.

Imperative: (no)i3KaH or i3;iH.

This present has a future signification.

'^ This present has a future signification. The present of to give is rendered by a ;naK), th ^aemB, etc. from ;i,aBaTB.

Irregular verbs. 107

WORDS.

IIopTHofi tailor. ayr^ meadow,

jiiMCHB barley. Hepe^H^a slate.

Kptioia roof. naii tea.

cciOMa straw. K6(()e coffee.

cepiyKt surtout, overcoat. .1110x1. plate, sheet.

EXERCISE 57.

HTOBHCTaHeTennTB: ^aft, KOi^e, niiBO hjih bhho? ^afiTe MH-fe cxaKaHi* xopoEiaro nnsa. Fji.'fe bh xenept atHBCxe? K HCHBV Bt ,T,epeBHi. ll'si> KaKoro cyKHa owh niLeTx» BaMi. cepTyKi>? Ohi> uibeTx. ero HSt .ivHinaro anrjiiHCKaro cyKHa. KaK'B Bact soByxx.? Mena 30Byxx» HexpoMx.. Kpiimii, HaiuHXX) ;i,om6bx> mh KpoeM-B xenepB ^lepeni'maMH H acejt3HHMH .iHCxaMH, a npejK;i;e mbi hxx> Kpujm cojio- MOK). .Iib;i,H, o6HKHOBeHHO nLioiii,ie bhho, ne Jii()6ax'B hhxb

TRANSLATION 58.

My tailor sews very badly. Where do you drive the horses? We drive them to the meadow. The peasants are nowso wing (now sow) the barley in the fields. Drink, if you wish. The nightingale sings and the wolf howls. Thy brother lives in St. Petersburg and is reputed [to be] a rich man {instr.). He desires to sleep and I desire to play. Children, never tell lies! Do you not know what they call this man? With what do we now cover our houses? We cover them sometimes with slates and sometimes with iron sheets.

CONVERSATION.

Ha CKOJiBKO BpeMeHH BH XA' ■ il ;i,ajix> hxx, saMi. xojibko

jiH MH'Ii axH KHiirH? Ha xpH He^ijiH.

\]isi Koro XH 3X0 c^tjajixj, H c;i,'Lia.ix> 3xo jiija Moero

Moe ;i,HXii? ^ .iK)6e.3Haro oxu,a.

Bo CKOJiBKO BpeMCHH Hpcfes- Bxo HpocxpaHCXBo HpcfessKa-

ataioxx. npocxpancxBO oxx» loxx xenepB bx> ceMHaji;-

Hexepuypra ,3,0 MocKBii? DiaxB HacoBX,.

r;i,t BH BCxptxH.iH cBoero H BcxptxHjii, ero y ;i;BepeH

npinxejia? K0(})enHH.

OxKy;i,a BuCiacaja co6aKa? Ona Bu6'featajia H3x>no;i,x.

Kycxa.

KaKi> BH nonajiH h3x> r6po;i,a H nepetxajiX) Mpe3'B piiKy

Ha 3Xy CXOpOHy JJ-feKH? B'B JIOUKt.

108 Lesson 30.

Ha KaKOH p^Kt jieatHT'B JI^pesji.eHi. jreJKHTi. na piEt

^pesAeni,? 9jii>6'fe.

jBnmy jih si sacL eme ;i,o HaB^pno ne Mor)^ saMT.

Baiuero OT'Lis^a? o6iiii,aTL axoro.

READING EXERCISE. IIo6i;i,a npn IIojiTdBik.

(Koneufb.) XIoaTOMV BO BpeMa nOJITaBCKOH 61ITBH KOpOJB He Mor-L

cicTL Ha KOHH H HpHHiiTB B'B HBH jiH^Hoe jHacTie; ero

B03HJIH BTb KOJTflCK'fe HO pflJ^aMt BOHCKa. BOH HpH IIOJI-

TaBii 6ujvh oqeHL yn6peHi>. IJeTp-L, b-b npdcTOM'B CBi- TJiosejieHOM'L MVHjiiHpi, Ha rH'fe;i,OMT> KOH-fe Bes;],^ pacnopa- atajica .ihmho no;i,i> nenpihTejiBCKHM'b orneMi). Ero xpey- rojiBHaa uiJiiina 6HJia npocTptjeHa nyjieio., Haivoneu.-B inBeji,H 6ujiH cjiOMJieHu h oCpaxiiJiHCB b-b 6'ircTBO. 116- cjii 611TBH i^apB nosBajii) k'b CBoeMy, ciojiy njiiHHHxi> niBe;i,CKHxi> renepajiOBi) h bo Bpesia o6iji,a npoB03rjiacHJii> TOCTi) 3a mBeji,OBi> KaKi> 3a cbohxI) yHiiTejien bt. BoennoMTb HCKyccTB'fe. Kapjii) ci. neMHorHMH jih)ai»mh y6ii5Kajn) b-b Typuiio H Bc^ apMk ero no.ioaiiiJia opysKie.

IIojicTaBCKOK) no6'fe;iiOK) Moryni,ecTBO UlBei^iH 6ujio ynHHTosKeHO, h pyccKie npo;i,o.iatajiH cboh 3aBoeBaHifl na Beperax-L BajiTiftcKaro Mopji. Ho Kapjiy y;i,aji6cL B036y- ;i,iiTB Typeu,Karo cyjixana kb BOHHt ci> Pocciefi; neTpT> nomeji'B na TypoKii ; rocnoAapH npaBOCJiaBHofi Moj/T,aBiH H Bajiaxin o6'feni,ajrH B03CTaTB np6THBi> Typeu,Karo iira h coe;i,HHnTB cboh BoficKa cl pyccKHMH. B'B najiiemxli na 3Ty n6Moni;B IleTpi. BCTynilii. wh Mo.iji^aBiio ci» 40000

BOHCKa. Ho K'B HeMV npHCOeAHHIlJICil TOJBKO MOji;i,aBCKifl

rocnonapB KaHTeMiip'B cb He3HaHHTejiBHHiMH ci'i.iaMH; a BajraxcKift rocno;i;apB BpaHKOBeaH'B, ycjnixaBi* 0 npH6jiH.ateHiH 6ojiBni6ro Typei^Karo BoflcKa, He piniHJica no;i,HflTB BOSCTanie.

THIRTIETH LESSON.

IRREGULAR TERES WITH AN IRREGULAR INFINITIVE TERMINATION.

Most verbs having the infinitive termination hb are liable to consonantal change in the present, imperative and participle past.

Irregular verbs. 109

All of them are contracted in the past; and the masculine form of this tense does not even take the characteristic inflection Jii>.

They are fourteen in number:

27. 6epeqi. to preserve. — Pres. h 6epery, th ^epeatemB . . . ohh oeperyTT,. Past n Geper-B, -rjia, -r.io. Imp. 5eperH. Part. 6e- pemeHHHH.

28. MO^b to be able (can, may). — Pres. n Mory, th Moaieini. . . . OHH Moryxi.. Past s\ Mon. -rja, -rjio. Imp. Mora (rarely used). The participle is wanting.

29. sanpa^B to put (the horses) to. — h sanpflry, th aanpn- leuib . . . OHH aaiipflryT'L. Past h aanpert, -rjia, -r.io. Imp. saiipiirH. Part. ;mnpii2ieHHHH.

30. CTepe«ifc to guard. — Pres. a CTepery, th cxepeaieuib . . . ohh creperyTT.. Past n cxepert, -r.ia, -rjio. Imp. cxeperH. Part. CTepejKeHHHii.

31. CTpnqb to shear. — Pres, a CTpnry, tu cTpnateuib . . . ohh CTpHryTt. Past a crpHn, -rja, -rjio. Imp. CTpnrH. Part. CTpii- ateHHHH.

32. .iCMb to lie. — Fut. h jary, th .ihTReuib . . . ohh .laryTi,. Past ii .lert, -rjia, -rjio. Imp. wiarx. The part, is wanting.

33. B.iBMb to draw. — Pres. n B.ieKy, th BjeneuiL . . . ohh BJCKyxT.. Past H BJieKt, -Kjd, -Kjio. Imp. b.ickh. Part. B-ieMeKHHil.

34. BOJio^b to train. — Pres. x bojok)^, th B0Ji6«ieuib . . . ohh bojo- KyTb. Past a bo-iokt., -K.ia, -kjo. Imp. bo.iokh. Part, bo.io-

leHHHfl.

35. neib to bake. — Pres. a neny, th neierab . . . ohh HeKyT^. Past a neK'b, -Kja, -kjo. Imp. neKH. Part. neHeHHHi'f.

36. n^vbCfl or neiu^Cb to be anxious, — Pres. a neKycb, th iie- leuiLca . . . OHH neKyTca. Past a ncKca, -KJiacb, -luocb. Imp. iiCKHCb. The part, is wanting.

37. cfeqb to whip, to hew. — Pres. a ciKy, th ciienib . . . ohh ci- KyT-b. Past a cfeKi, -Kjia, -k.io. Imp. ciKii. Part. ciieHHHH.

38. Teib to flow. — Pres. a TCKy, th Te'£emb . . . ohh TCKyTb. Past a TeKi, -KJia, -kjio. Imp. tckh. Part, wanting.

39. T0.i6»ib to pound. — Pres. a To-iKy, th To.i«ieuib . . . ohh toji- kj'tt.. Past a tojioki, -K.ia, -kjio. Imp. tojikh. Part. xojiieHHHM.

40. xe^b to burn. — Pres. a atry, th afacenib . . . ohh aeryT'b. Past a xerx, -rjia, -rjio. Imp. atr6. Part, iKaceuHHii.

The four following ending in stb or 3th are con- jugated as follows:

41. BesTb or BesTii to lead, to drive. — Pres. a Beay, th Beseinb . . . OHH BeayT'b, Past a Bea-b, -3Jia, -3Ji6. Imp. Bean. Part. BeaenHHw.

42. rpbi3Tb to gnaw. — Pres. a rpH3y, th rpHseuib . . . ohh rpn- 3yTt. Past a rpHSi., -;5Jia, -3jio. Imp. rpH3H. Part. rpHsenHHii.

110 Lesson 30.

43. JitsTB to climb. — Pres. a Jifey, tu Jii^einb . . . ohh Jii:5yTT.. Past, a jifoi,, -3jia, -3Jio. Imp. jiisL. Part wanting.

44. noJi3TH to creep. — Pres. a nojisy, th nciaeraB . . . oim noisyxi.. Past n noJ3i, -3Jia, -.16. Imp. no.i3H. Part, wanting.

Eighteen verbs endiDg in ctl or cth exhibit the following anomahes:

45. BecTL or Becxii to lead, to guide. — Pres. a Be^y, th BeieuiB . . . OHH BeAyTi. Past a Be.ii,, -jia, -.16. Imp. nem. Part. Be-

3,eHHHH.

46. 6JII0CTH to observe, to keep. — Pres. n 6jiK);ty, th 6jiJ0]i,emh . . .

OHH 6jIK);TyTT>. Past H 6.1K)JII., -.18,, -.10. Imp. 6.IK);^H. Part. 6.1E0- AeHFlHH.

47. OpecTb or 6pecTH to ramble, to train. — Pres. « Spe^y, th 6peji,emL . . . ohh 6^e^jrb. Past n 6pe.ii., -Jia, -;i6. Imp. 6pe;iu. The part, is wanting.

48. KJiacTb to lay. — Pres. a oajiy, th Kjia;ieinb, ohh K.ia;i,yTi. Past n KJiajit, -Jia, -Ji6. Imp. KJia^H. Part. K.iia;i;eHHHH.

49. npacTL to spin. — Pres. a np;i,'^y, th npaAeuib \ . . ohh npfljiyTL. Past n iipajii., -Jik, -Jio. Imp. npfljiH. Part. np^ji,eHHHM.

50. nacTfc to fall. — Put. a na^y, th naAenib . . . ohh na^tyTi. Past A najii., -Jia, -jig. Imp. na;iH. Part, wanting.

51. rnecTB or rnecTH to press. — Pres. n nieTj, th iHeTenii. . . . OHH FHeryTT.. The past is not in use. Imp. rneTH. Part, rne-

■ TenHHH.

52. MeCTH to sweep. Pres. a weTy, th MeTemi. . . . ohh MeTyxt. Past >i MCJii., -Jia, -JIO. Imp. jieTii. Part. MeTeHHHH,

53. njiecTL or njiecTH to plait, to chatter. — Pres. a njieTj', th n.ie- leiuL . . . OHH HJieTyxi. Past n nje.ii, -;ia, -.lo. Imp. n^exn. Part. HJieTeHHHH.

54. ];B']^CTb or i^B-fecTH to bloom, to flower. — Pres. a n,Bixy, xh UBi^xemt . . . OHH ii,BixyxT.. Past a i^Bijii, -Jia, -.10. Imp. nB-fexii. Part. ^BtxeHHHH.

55. lecTB to repute, to think. — Pres. n ht\, th ^TeuiL . . . ohh Mxyxt. Past a ^e.n, M.ia, ^jio. Imp. ^xfl. Part. HxennHH.

56. rpecTB or rpecTH (rpeCcxH) to row. — Pres. a rpe6y, th rpe- 6einb . . . OHH rpe6yxi.. Past n rpe6i., -6.ia, -ojio. Imp. rpe6H. Part. rpe6eHHHH.

57. CKpecTB or CKpeCTH to scrape. — Pres. a CKpe6y, th CKpe6emL . . . OHH CKpeCyTt. Past a CKpeGi., -6.ia, -6.10. Imp. CKpeSn. Part. CKpefieHHHH.

58. K.iacTB to curse. — Pres. a K.iflHy, th K.iflHenii, . . . ohh K-iJiHyxt. Past a KjiiiJi'L, -jia, -jio. Imp. kji;ihh. Part, kjiothh.

59. HecTH to carry. — Pres. a necy, th HeceniL . . . ohh Hecyxx.. Past a Eech, -cjia, -cjio. Imp. hcch. Part. HeceHHBH.

60. nacTn to pasture. — Pres. n nacy, th naceinB . . . ohh nac5'xx>. Past n nac-L, -cjia, -cjio. Imp. nacH. Part. nacenHHH.

62.

Irregular verbs. Ill

- Pres. x Tpacy, th ipjiceuiB . . . ohii xpfl- i;)ri.. xttot « xpfluto, -cjia, -cjo. Imp. xpacH. Part. xpaceHHHH. pacTH to grow. — Pres. a paciy, th pacieraB . . . ohh pacTj-i-L. Past a pocB, -Cjia, -cjio. Imp. paciH. Part. pameHHHil.

The three folloiving verbs are quite irregular:

63. HTTH to go. — Pres. h niy, tbi njteoib, oh-l HAei-L, mh HjteM-B, BH H;i,eTe, ohh Hji;yTi>. Past n mejit, uiJia, niJio. Fut. a 6yAy htth; HH 6yji;eniL htth, etc. but also n noRjiy, th noHjteiiib, etc. Imp. hah. The participle past HAennHH is seldom used.

64. 'fecTB to eat. — Pres. a ijiT., th ijinb, oh'l icTi., mh %]i,mi'h, bh tjiHTe, OHH •hAATb. Past H •hji'b, i.ia, ■fejio. Imp. iraB. Part.

iAOMHH.

65. (y)uiH(jHTB to hurt. — Pres. a (y)aiH6y, th (y)raH6emB . . . ohh (y)inH6yT^. Past n (y)mH6i>, -6jia, -6.io. The future is wanting. Imp. (y)niH6H. Part. ymH^jeHnnh.

The verbs ji-Stl, ji;aTfc, nacTB, and jiem,, are the per- fective aspects of the regular verbs ;i,'feBaTL, ;^aBaTb, na- ;i;aTB and JiomiiThcn. Thus the inflections ;i,iHy, ji,£iWb, na^y, and Jiiry, are future tenses, because the perfective aspect has not the present tense (page 74).

WORDS.

Ehmgcth to sweep (perf. asp.). na noKasi for show.

CTaAo herd. BHroHi. pasture, pasturage.

coo6maTB to inform. nasTpaKaTB to breakfast.

MH-fe Bce paBHO itis the same to me. oiiAtb again.

KyponaxKa partridge. wa oxoTy (to go) sporting.

EXERCISE 59.

Korjiia a SAopoB'L, a He Bcer;i,a 6epery CBoe 3;i,op6Bi>e. BpaTi> MH-fe coo6iii,aerL bi, cbohxi. nncLMax^, ^itg gh-b cjiMBeT-B BO BceM-L ropoji.'fe 3a o^eHL HCKycHaro nejioB'^Ka. Ji JiAry s^fccL, Apyrt i^h, a th jinmemh TaMi>, ho r^'fe jraaceTi, namt oTen.'b? BecHOio a. oxotho i;i,y ^epes'L a^cl, Kor^a npnpoAa nojina atiiSHH. OxHecHTe, nomajiyHCTa, 3to nHCLMO Ha noHTy. Hto bh xothtc cevojijin. saBTpaKaxL? Mni Bce paBHo, ;i,aHTe mh^, hto y Bact ecTB xopomaro. Y HacB OTJinqnaa MOJiOAaa KyponaTKa; a saBxpa a ohhtb noi^y Ha oxoxy.

TRANSLATION 60.

A healthy man often does not care [for] his health. What is the servant doing? He guards and shears the

112 Lesson 30.

sheep (pUir.). Didst thou sweep my room? I will sweep it immediately {perf. asp.). Where doest thou go? I go home. Where doest thou bring these books? Where doest thou drive thy horse? In the streets they drive an elephant for show. The shepherd feeds (pastures) the herd on the pasturage before the town. In the towns they often sweep the streets. To-morrow I shall go sporting with my friend. Give your friend a sheet of writing paper.

READING EXERCISE.

CeM^MCTBO IleTpa BejiiiKaro.

IIeTpi> BejiHKiH 6hji'b ateHaT-B ;iiBa pasa. IlepByH) CBOK) cynpyry, Ebj^gkik) JlynoxHHv, owh saEJiio^HJ'B Bt MOHacTHpB, H Buocji'hji.CTBm BCTynHJii, B-L 6paKi» CI. npe- KpacHOH nji:feHHMii,eH EKaTepimoK). PascKasHBaiOTT., hto EKaTepHHa pojiiiijacb bi, 6'hj^ioyi'h jrHT6BCK0Mi> ceMeficTB'fe CKaBpoHCKHxt H HasHBajiacL npem;i,e MapTOio. Bi> a'^t- CB'li CBoeMi. OHa nocTyniua b-l ;i,om'b jiioTepaHCKaro nacTopa, FjiiOKa, Bi. jiHTOBCKOMi. ropoji.'fe MapienCypr'fe. Bo BpeMa boiIhh IIcTpa CB inBe;i;aMH, MapieH6ypri> 6hji'i> ocaacji.eH'B

pyCCKHMH. FjIBOKT. CO BC'feMB CeMeHCTBOMB CBOIIMB H CB

MapTOK) BMfflejii. H31. ropo^a h OTAajrcii bb n.iin'L ({)ejibji,- Mapmajiy lIIepeMeTeBy. IleTpi, cjiyqafiHO ysHj^'fe.JiB mojio- AVK) njiiHHHi;y OTiHgaBniyioca KpacoToft h skhbwm'l xa- paKTepoM'L. I],apB uojiio6ujn> ee h BCTynfijiB cb Hero b'b 6paKi>. EKaTepima BJia^'fe^ia saMiiaTejiBHHM'B yM^HBeM'B yroat;i;aTB rocyji;apro, a ohi> jio KOHii,a mmRVL coxpaHHJi'B Ki. Heft HeHSMinnyro npHBflsaHHOCTB.

Chhi. ero otb nepBaro 6paKa, u.apeBHq'B AjreKcift hb jiJo6iiAi> HOBOBBeji,eHiH lleTpa, h Kor;i.a OTei^-B norposHjii, nocTpn^B ero b-b MonaxH, n.apeBHH'B y6'femajix sa rpaHHiJ,y. llo B03Bpani;eHiH b'b Pocciro ohi. 6hjib ocymji.eH'B na KasHB, HO vMepi. B'B TeMHHH.'fe, ocTaBHBi> Hocjii ce6A MajieHBKaro cuHa TleTpa AjreKcfeeBH^a. Ot-b BTopoft CBoeft cynpyra, EKaTepiiHH, Ilexp'B BejinKift HM'fej'B ji.bvx'b ;i;oqepeH: Anny H EjiHsaBCTy.

Irregular verbs.

113

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAE VERBS.

BepeiB 27.1 6jIH)cth 46. 6paTL 13. opecTH 47.

6pHTL 1.

6±ma,Tb 24.

B€3TH 41.

secTH 45. BJienh 33.

BOJIO^B 34. BHTB 3.

THaxb 14.

THeCTH 51. rpH3TB 42.

rpecTH 56. ;taTB 25. ;ipaTB 15.

^liTB 22. aiaiB 20. ataxB 21. ateiB 40. »HTB 17. sanpaqB 29. 3BaTB 16.

'dX&Th 8.

HTTH 63.

K.iacTB 48.

KJIflCTB 58. KpHTB 4.

jeHB 32. jraiB 9.

JltSTB 43.

MecTu 52.

MO^B 28. MHTB 5.

HecTH 59.

HHTB 6.

nacTH 60. nacTB 50. neiB 35. neiBCfl 36. njiecTH 53.

n.lHTB 18.

noji3TH 44. npacTB 49. nixB 2. pacTH 62.

PHTB 7.

CKpecTH 57.

cjiaiB 10.

CJIHTB 19.

cxepe^B 30. cxjiaxB 11. cxpHiB 31. ciHB 37.

TGHB 38. TKaXB 12. TOJIOIB 39. XpflCXH 61.

xoiixB 23. u,BicxH 54. lecTB 55.

yinH6HXB 65. icxB 64. ixaxB 26.

1 The figure indicates the number of each verb in the lessons 29 and 30.

Elementary Russian Grammar.

114

APPENDIX.

I. A SELECTION OP USEFUL WORDS.

1. 0 BCeJICHHOft.

Bori, God.

TBopent the Creator.

C03ji;aHie, xsapL creature.

He6o heaven.

He^ocKJioH'B the sky.

a^i* hell.

paff paradise.

HHCTMHme purgatory.

aHrejii. angel.

ji.hiiBOJi'b, lopTi the devil.

— The Universe.

CBiii, Mipt the world. seMJia the earth. c6iiHii;e the sun. jiyna, M^Cflu.'B the moon. njiaHCTH the planets. SBisjtN the stars. BOCTOKi. East. 3ana;i,'L West. ¥)T'b South. ciBep-B North.

2. 0 BpeMCHH. — Time.

Bi^HocTb eternity.

BiKi*, CTOJiirie a century.

TO?,!, a year.

BHCOKOCHHii roji,'& a leap-year.

wkca^'b a month.

Heji;^jia a week.

ji^enh a day.

npa3ji;HHK'L a holiday.

no^B a night.

yxpo the morning.

jie^epi. the evening.

u6Ji]i,eEh noon.

nacB an hour.

noiqacd half an hour.

MHHyia a minute.

ceTOAEn to-day.

BMepa yesterday.

3aBTpa to-morrow.

TpexLaro AHfl, iiosaBHCpa the day, before yesterday.

n6cjii saBipa the day after to- morrow.

cjiiflyromiHjteHt the following day.

Haiajio the beginning.

KOHeux. the end. 3. 0 CTHxiaxi H np. — The Elements etc.

Or6Hb fire. Bo^a water. seMJia earth. BOsjtyx'B air. csixx. light. TCMHoxa darkness. TCnjoxd, 3H0H heat. x6jio;ii'B, cxyata cold. B^iepx. the wind. 66jiaKO, xyqa a cloud. xymaHTb fog. js,om.fl,h rain. ipaA^ hail.

CHirt snow. Mop63'B frost. jieji^i, ice.

nor6ji;a the weather. 6ypa, rposa a storm, yparanx. a hurricane. rpoMX. thunder. MOJiHia lightning. 3jieKxpHqecxBo electricity. MarHexHSMx. magnetism, pd^yra the rainbow. ByjiKaH-L a volcano. seMJiexpaceHie an earthquake.

Useful words.

115

MaTepHRX a continent. oCTpoBi. an island. nojiyocipoBi, a peninsula. noHsa the ground. necoKi. sand. rpflSB, THHa mud. HGiHCTOxa dirt. iiHJiL dust. CKaja, yiecB a rock.

ropa a mountain.

;i;ojiHHa a valley.

piKa a river.

pyiefi a brook.

oaepo a lake.

xojiMt a hill.

paBHHHa a plain.

AHMi. smoke.

KaMeHHHii vroJiB charcoals.

4. 0 npa3;i,HHKax'B h np. — Holidays etc.

H6bhh ro,ii'L New year's day.

Kpeinenie Twelfth-day.

MaciAHHua Carnival.

nocTT. Lent.

Bep^Hoe BocKpeceHbe Palm-Sun- day.

CipacTHaa naTHHi;a Good-Friday.

ITacxa Easter.

;i;eHb iiOKaaHi;! Expiation-day.

TIflTHAec;iTHHu,a Whitsuntide.

AeHt Bo3HeceHia Yocnoj^uH Ascen- sion-day.

MnxaiijioBt ^enb Michaelmas. Hb^hob-b ji;eHt Midsummer-day.

npdSAHHXt BCfex-B CfiflTliX'b All

Saints' day. ;i;eHb Bcix'b yconraHxi. All Souls'

day. Po2:;i;ecTB6 Christmas. BCCHa spring, jiiio summer. oceHb autumn. 3HMa winter.!

5. 0 po;i,CTBib. — Relationship.

CeM^fiCTBO the family.

Myacb, cynpyri, the man, husband.

atBHa, cynpyra the woman, wife.

HeBtcTa the bride.

ateHiix-b the bridegroom.

po;^HTe.^H the parents.

iipapoAuiejiH the forefathers.

01611,1 the father.

A'feA'B the grand-father.

OTiHM'b the step-father.

Maib the mother.

6a6ymKa the grand-mother.

MaiHxa the step-mother.

Opai-b the brother.

cecTpa the sister.

CHH'b the son.

AOHb the daughter.

BHyKb the grand-son.

BHyHKa the grand-daughter.

nacHHOK'b the step-son.

iiaAiepHita the step-daughter.

lecTb, CBeKop-b the father-in-law.

xema, CBBKpoBb the mother-in-law. 3flTb the son-in-law. HeB^CTKa the daughter-in-law. mypHH'b,;i;eBepb the brother-in-law. sojioBKa the sister-in-law. poACTBeHHHKt a relative. mn the uncle. TBTKa the aunt. ABoiopoAHHii 6^a.Th the cousin. AB0K)p6ji;HaH cecTpa the cousin. njieMaHRHKi. the nephew. iijieaLflHHHua the niece. KpecTHHM OTei;!. the god-father. KpecTHa^i Maib the god-mother. KpecTHHKi. the god-son. KpecTHHii,a the god-daughter. BAOBeu.'b the widower. BjtoBa the widow. CBaji;b6a a wedding, cnpora an orphan. oneKyH'b the guardian. npieMHuib the ward.

! The names of the months and days are given in the 22nd lesson.

116

Useful words.

6. 0 ^1,631* H np. — The house etc.

JI,BepL the door. kjhoi-b the key. KOjioKOJibiHKi the bell. OKHO the window. KOMHaxa the room. KyxHfl the kitchen. nepe^tHaa the antechamber. KJiajtoBaa the store-room. CTOJiOBaa the dining-room. cnajLH(a)a the sleeping-room. rocTHHaa the drawing-room. noKOH the chamber. CTind the wall. KaMHHt the chimney.

ncML the stove.

jiicTHHua the staircase.

BiaaKi the storey.

HHHtHifi STSLTR'b the ground-floor.

nojiTy the floor.

noTOJi6KT> the ceiling.

norpeSi. the cellar.

HepjtaKi. the garret.

KOJI6;^e3L the well.

KOHibmHJi the stable.

^Bopi. the yard,

ca^t the garden.

(J)pyKT6BH8 caji,!. the orchard.

napKt the park.

7. 0 Me6e*iax'B h np. — Furniture etc.

Cxojit the table.

CTyjii. the chair.

sepKajio the mirror.

KOMOAi. the chest of drawers.

iiiaHji.aji'L the candlestick.

JiojKKa the spoon.

BHJiKa the fork.

HOHCB the knife.

KapiHHa the picture.

nocxejib the bed.

KpoBaxb the bedstead,

Maipant, TRxttHKi. the mattress.

nojtyuiKa the pillow.

HaBOJioKa the pillow-slip. uojioT'h the curtain. HOHHoff CTOJiHK't the night-table. ox^kjio the coverlet. npocTHHa the sheets. pyKOMOHHHKi. the washstand. iBKacJ)!. the cupboard. CKaiepTB the table-cloth. no.ioTeHi;e the napkin. Tape.iKa the plate. ciaKaHT, the glass. 6yTHjiKa the bottle. caji4)eTKa the towel.

8. 0 HejiOB'feHecKoarB p6;i,'fc. — Mankind.

^ejioBiKi. a man {Lat homo). jiioAH men, people. MyatHHHa a man {Lat. vir). aieHmnna a woman. CTapMKt an old man. ciapyxa an old woman. jlviTA a child. MajiLHHK:L a boy.

A^BOHKa, A'feBHu.a a girl, cjiiieu,!. a blind man. xpoMoii a lame man. rjryxoH a deaf man. HiMOu a dumb man. BejiHKaHt a giant. KapjHK'L a dwarf. npeKpacHHH nojit the fair

9. 0 HacTflxx Ti^jia. — The parts of the body.

FojioBa the head. .iHuo the face, rjiasa the eyes. 6p6BH the eyebrows. ptcHHu.H the eyelids. j[o6'b the forehead. BOJiocH the hair. mcKH the cheeks.

HOCB the nose. yfflH the ears. M03r:B the brain, port the mouth. ry6hi the lips. ji,ecHH the gums. 3y6H the teeth. 6opo;i.4 the beard.

Useful words.

117

asHK'B the tongue. noji;6op6ji,OK'B the chin, ropjo the throat, men the neck. iiJie^H the shoulders. pyKa the arm, hand. jiOKOTL the elbow. najBUH the fingers. HOFTH the nails. KOJiino the knee. Hora the foot, leg.

naiKa the heel. criHHa the back. rpy^L the breast. JIOHO the bosom. CoKi. the side. jerKia the lungs. HJieHH the members. KOCTH the bones. Koata the skin. Maco the flesh. KpoBb the blood.

10. 0 ;i,0CT6HHCTBax'B. — Titles.

HMnepaiop'B the Emperor. Il,apL the Emperor of Russia. HMnepaTpiiua the Empress. HapHii;a the Empress of Russia. U.ecapeBHq'L the Russian Crown

Prince. nacjiijtHHK'L npeCTQJia the heir to

the throne. HMnepia the empire. KopojTb the king. Kopo.ieBa. the queen. RopojeecTBo the kingdom. KHa3b, npHHi;^ the prince. BejiHKia KHflSb the grand-duke. KHflrHHfl, npHHuecca the princess, repnori, the duke. lepitorHHa the duchess. Mapmi-L the marquis. MapKH3a the marchioness.

rpa^L the earl, count. rpa(J)HHa the countess. ABopaHMHi. the nobleman, nana the Pope. ;i;yxoB6HCTBO the clergy. Kap^tHHaji-B the cardinal. enHCKori'L the bishop. CBaiii,enHHK'L the clergyman. Monax'L the friar. MOHaxHHH the nun. HacTo^ixejii) the prior. HryMCHt the abbot. HryMentfl the abbess. nacTopi. the parish priest npejiaii. the prelate, naxpiapxi, the patriarch. apxHMaHApHTT. the archiman- drite, noni. the Russian priest.

11. 0 nHm,e h nuTLt. — Eatables and Beverages.

SiBxpaKi. breakfast. o6tAi» dinner, qafi tea. yiKHH-b supper, ^^eccepit dessert, cym. soup. UHBO bear. B6jtKa brandy. poMi. rum. nyerai, punch. BHHO wine. BOA^ water. CHApt cider. jao^e coffee. fflOKOJiajn chocolate. caHBKH cream, caxapi sugar.

BBTiHHd bacon.

roBaAHHa beef.

6m\imTeRC'h beef-steak.

xjii6i> bread. .

Macvio butter, oil.

6yTep6p6A'b bread and butter.

CHpi. cheese.

Bapenoe mjico boiled meat.

jKapKoe roast-meat.

6apaHHHa mutton.

CBHHHiia pork.

xejiaTHHa veal.

KoxjiexKa a cutlet.

OKopoKt a ham.

K0Ji6aca sausage.

nxHqLe Maco fowl.

yiKa a duck.

118

Useful words.

r6jy6H pigeons. ycxpHitH oysters. aMu.a eggs. aniHHua an omelet. pH6a fish. seJCHL vegetables. Kanycia cabbage, cnapata asparagus, ropoxt peas. KapT6(f)ejiL potatoes. cajiaTi. salad.

innHHaT-B spinage. cejiB^tepeft celery. orypuLi cucumbers. xpiHi horse-redish. .lyK-L, jyKOBHUH onions. ^ecHOKi. garlik. neipyuiKa parsley, pina turnip, nepeui pepper, cojt salt. yKCycb vinegar.

12. 0 mHBOTHUX'B.

Animals.

KofliKa a cat.

jioiiiajtb a horse.

006.11. an ass.

KopoBa a coAv.

TejieHOKt a calf.

BOJit an ox.

6hki. a bull.

OBu,a a sheep.

arHenoKt a lamb.

CBHHb;i a pig.

nopoceHOKi. a sucking pig.

K03a a goat.

KOG.icHOK'b a kid.

•co6aKa a dog.

cyKa a bitch.

mcHOKi. a young dog.

roHiaa co6aKa a hunting dog.

^kan'b a hare.

ojieHB a stag.

cepHa a chamois.

ciBepuHii ojicHB a rein- deer.

jieei a lion.

JieonapAi. a leopard.

THrpt a tiger.

riena a hyena.

6apc'L a panther.

CJioHt an elephant.

o6e.3baHa an ape.

MejtBtAb a bear.

BOJiKi. a wolf.

jiHCHua a fox.

6ijiKa a squirrel.

godp-b a beaver.

MHUib a mouse.

Kpiica a rat

nxHua a bird.

jieiyia;! Muinb a bat.

kvLCTb a stork.

cipay Cb an ostrich.

K0.iH6pH a humming bird. je6eji;b a swan, rycb a goOse. yiKa a duck. naBjiHHT. a pea-cock, niiyx-b a cock. KypHua a hen. UHnjieHOKi. a pullet, ro.iy^b a pigeon, a dove. KyKyiuKa a cuckoo. KyponaxKa a partridge. KyjiHRi. a snipe. nepenejKa a quail. .lacToiKa a swallow, opeji-b an eagle. BopoHT, a raven. CKBopeut a starling. nonyraM a parrot. BopofieH a sparrow. ccioBefi a nightingale. KanapeHKa a canary bird. aiaBopoHOKi. a lark. pH6a a fish. KHTi a whale. aKy.ia a shark. paKi. a crab. GMifl a snake. amepHU,a a lizard, nepenaxa a tortoise. yjiHTKa a snail. jflryniKa a frog. ata6a a toad. HepBflK'b a worm. niflBKa a leech. nayK'b a spider. MypaBeii an ant. ryceHima a caterpillar. 6a6o«iKa a butterfly. Myxa a fly.

Useful words.

119

KOMapt a gnat. HaciKOMoe an insect,

nneja a bee. CBepHOKi a cricket.

Bomh a louse. iipycaKt a cockroach.

6.ioxa a flee. .lafi barking.

oon'L a bug. boh iiowling.

MOJL a moth. MavKaHLe mewling.

aiyKT. a beetle. pacanie neighing. xyacataHie buzzing.

13. 0 pacTeniflxx

>a6jiOKo an apple. a6pHK6ci> an apricot. BHfflHfl a cherry. KamiaHi. a chestnut. aaMaccKifl cthbh a damson. CMopoAHHa currants. KpHHcoBHHicL gooseberries. MajiHHa raspberries. iay6HHKa strawberries. BHHorpaji'L grapes. optxH nuts. jiHMOHi a lemon. noMep^Hcm, an orange. nepcHK-b a peach, rpyina a pear. CJHBH plums. H3ibMt raisins. BOJOincKie optxH walnuts. 6yKeTt a nosegay. 6apxaTHHKt an amaranthus. CKopocni.iKa the cowslip. MaprapiiTKa the daisy.

H np. — Plants etc.

HapuHCi. the daffodil. jICbkoh the gilly-flower. acejxafl 4^iajiKa the wall-flower. noKOJiHCiHHK'L the sunflower. riauHHTi, the hyacinth. atacMiiHi. jasmine, jiijiifl the lily.

jiaFijtHui'L the lily of the valley. HoroTKii the marigold, peaeja the mignionette. nioHifl the piony. MaK-L the poppy. 6ijiaa 6yKBHii,a the primrose. paiiyHKyjii, the ranunculus, poaa the rose. reoa^tHKa the pink. xypeuKaa reoiJAHKa sweet-wil- liam. TEMhkwb thyme. TiojibnaHi. the tulip. ^)iajiKa the violet. Heaady^Ka forget-me-not.

14. 0 Mexdjwax'B h np. — Metals etc.

36joto gold. cepe6p6 silver. njaxHua platina. .laiym. brass. M'fc;^b copper. 6p6H3a bronze, atejiiio iron. CBHHei;^ lead. ojioBo tin. UHHR-B zinc.

MepKypiff, pxyxb, jRunoe cepe6p6

quick-silver, mercury. ajieOacxpi. alabaster. MpaMopx marble. ajiMaai., 6pHjrjiidHX'b diamond. CMaparA^, HayMpy^i,!. emerald. py6HH'b ruby, xonasx topaz. ateMiyri, nepjit pearl. Kopajjii, coral.

15. 0 iiHCLM'k H np. — WritiDg etc.

ByMdra paper.

nepo a pen.

cxajibHoe nepo a steel pen.

Hepaiba ink.

HepHHJibHHu,a the inkstand. neco^FiHua the sandbox. nncbMO a letter, cypryii. sealing wax.

120

Useful words.

KapaH^amia pencil.

neiaxL a seal.

HoatHKi a penknife.

jiHHeijKa a line.

6yKBH the letters (of the alphabet).

aaniiCKa, 6ajieTh a note.

oTKpHToe nacLMO a post-card.

KOHBepi^ a cover.

^HCJio the date.

ajtpecB the direction.

noHTOBaa Mapna a stamp.

r.iajtHjiKa the paper folder.

necoKt sand.

pncoBaeie drawing.

ffiiiBonHCB painting.

oSjaxKH wafers.

KHHra a book..

cipaHHiiia a page.

5yMaffiHHK'b a pocket-book.

sanHCHaa KHHatKa a note- book.

jHCTi, 6yMarn a sheet of paper.

B'fejiiOMOCTH a newspaper.

rasexa a gazette.

KajieHAapb a calendar.

c^eT't a bill.

ynCHie teaching.

u,HpKyjiL a compass.

nmK'h the language.

CJioBapb a dictionary.

Cjiobo a word.

rpaMMaiMKa a grammar.

^ixenie reading.

HHcaHie writing.

HayKa science.

16. 0 ropoji,* H np. — The town etc.

npeiM^CTie a suburb. Kp^inocTL a fortress. ji;Bopei;'b a palace. Micie^KO a borough. 6HpKa the exchange. i],epKOBi> a church. co66pb the cathedral church. Teaipt the theatre. rociiHTajii, the hospital, paxyuia the town hall. xaMOiKHJi the custom house. noiiHu,i« the police, noixa the post. iioixaMxi. the post-office. [ijlime a building. aAMnpajixeftcxBo the admiralty.

TpaKXHpx. the eating room. Ko4)eMHa the coflee-house. Ka^aKt a tavern. Mocxi> a bridge. rocxHHHH ji,Bop'L the bazar. Bopoxa Cplur.J the gate-way. 6ainHfl the tower. rasaHb, nopxt the harbour, aadopt a wooden wall. yjiHi],a the street. xpoxyap'B the foot-path. nepeyjiOKi. the cross-street. pHuoK'B the market. Ha6epemHaH the quay, ryjibdnme the promenade. TiopLMd the prison.

17. 0 HJiaTL*

CanorH the boots.

6auiMaKH the shoes.

iy(|)jiH the slippers.

My.ioKi. the stockings.

in-iana a hat.

mjianKa a bonnet.

inxaHH trowsers.

iiyroBHu,a a button.

cepxyKt a coat.

<|)paK'B a dress-coat.

njiam't a great-coat.

KaMsojiTb, aiHjexL a waist-coat.

BopoxHHKt the collar.

pyKaBi the sleeve.

H np. — Dress etc.

nojiu the skirts. inHHejib the cloak. (|)ypa3KKa a cap. rajrcxyK-b a cravat. noifflxaHHHKH drawers, njaxbe a gown. fflJia4)p6Ki. a night-gown. K)6Ka a petticoat. no;i,x^aiKH braces. py6auiKa a shirt. HoiHOH KOJiiiaK'L a night-cap. Kopc^xx. a pair of stays. majiL a shawl. Byajb a veil.

Useful words.

121

no^BaiKH the garters. KapMant the pocket. KoracieKi. a purse. Ta6aKepKa a snuff-box. mnopH the spurs. TpocTb a (walking) stick. BOHTHKi) a parasol, umbrella. nepejHHK'B an apron. CpacjieTH bracelets. cepLFH earrings. Biep^ a fan. nepnaTKH gloves. KajiofflH galoches.

HocoBoii njiaTOK-B a handkerchief.

My(|)Ta a muff.

oacepejiBe a necklace.

HacH a watch.

6yjiaBKa a pin.

HPOJiKa a needle.

meiKa a brush.

rpe6eHKa a comb.

6pHTBa a razor.

HOJKHUHH scissors.

Mii.io soap.

ji;yxH i^erlumes.

HHTKa thread.

18. 0 BOHH* H np. — War etc.

renepaJi'L a general.

aAi»K)T4uT'i. an aid-de-camp.

nojKOBHHKt a colonel.

IIo;^^oJIK6BHHK'L a lieutenant co- lonel.

Maiopi. a major.

KaiiHxaH'B a captain.

niTa^c'L-KanHTaH'b a second cap- tain.

poTMHCTp-L a captain in a horse regiment.

KOMeH;taHTi> the commander,

nopyHHKt a lieutenant.

nojiiiiopyqHKi a second lieutenant.

npaiiopmuKT. an ensign.

opyatie a weapon.

luiiara a sword. 3HaMfl a flag. uiTaBjtapTx a standard. pyxLe a gun. ca6jifl a broad sword. nyji« a bullet, ball. nyiDKa a cannon. . fl;i,p6 a canon ball. apxHJijiepifl the artillery. ntxOTa the infantry. KOHHHua the cavalry. nacoBOH the sentinel. ;i;o36pi. the patrol. MHpt peace, pana the wound. nopox'L the gun-powder.

19. 0 peMecjiax-L

JIopTHOH a tailor. nopiHHxa a dressmaker. Kyneu't a merchant. KHHroiipojiaBeu'b a bookseller. THnorpa^mHKi. a printer. odoHmnKi. an upholsterer. UHpyjbHHKi, a barber. CTOJiapt a joiner. njoTHHKi. a carpenter. CJiecapt a locksmith. canoatHHK'L a shoemaker. iDJiano'iHHK'B a hatter. TOKapb a turner. KOHAHTopi, a confectioner.

Trades.

uiBcA a seamstress. fflBciiKa an embroiderer. np^HKa a laundress. cieKOjibmHK'B a glazier. M-feHji-ibiuHKi a money-changer. KpacHJibiuHK'b a dyer. CKopHflK'b a furrier. H3B6niHKi a hackney-coachman, cjiyra a servant, a guide, no^iajibout a postman. ABopHHKt a porter. Bpaii. a medical man. ajtBOKaii an attorney. anieKapb an apothecary.

1 An extensive military terminology and phraseology are given in the author's larger Bnssiau Conversation-Grammar with an Appendix for Tradesmen, Travellers, Army and Navy Officers.

122

Conversational exercises.

20. Od'E opy;i,iaxi.

UjijT'h a plough. naxaiB, opaih to plough.

cijlTL to 80W.

ckiAn the seed. HiaxB to reap. ataxBa the harvest. CHont a sheaf. MOJioTHTB to thrash, uiiit a flail.

ryMHO a thrashing floor. MOJioTB to grind. MeJiLHHi].a a mill.

H np. — Tools etc.

ne^b Xjiidi. to bake. xjiik^Haa neqL an oven, nnjia a saw. TonopB a hatchet. M6.10TI a hammer. 3y6apL a toothed plane. rB03;i;b a nail, oemii the pincers. KOJieco a wheel. no;i;K6Ba a horse-shoe. niTonopi. the cork-screw. npyatHHa the spring.

II. EASY CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES.

1.

Hto y Bacb? y Mena KHHra. J Bacb jiH TeTpa;i,L? Jl^a, GHa y mchA.

KyilHJIH JlH BH HTO HH^yjIib?

Jlsi, a KynHjii) Koe-Hio.

Hto bh KynHJiH?

vfl KynMi, najiKy.

EcTL JH y BacL H-fecKOJiLKo jtpys^H?

il,a, y mchA h'^ckojilko jiipyaeif.

Ilpiixajii .iH Bami. jipyrt P.?

Oh-l npiixajii ceroj^EH yipoMi..

EcTx JIH y BacB cap^?

M, y MGHa ecTL cupL.

Hill, y MeuA Hixi ciipy.

What have you?

I have a book.

Have you a writing-book?

Yes, I have.

Did you buy something?

Yes, I have bought something.

What have you bought?

I have bought a cane.

Have you any friends?

Yes, I have some friends.

Has your friend R. arrived?

He arrived this morning.

Have you any cheese?

Yes, I have some cheese?

No, I have not any cheese.

2.

EcTL JIH y Bact xopoinee bhho? JI,a, y MCHfl xopoinee bhho. ^OBOJIBHO JIH bh BMiexe ;i,eHerx? a Hxx, ;i;ob6jibho hc HMiio.

^XO BH XOXHXe KynHXB?

K xony KynHXB Haw?

CkOJIBKO CXOHX-B 4>yHTI,? $yHXI> CXOHX-B XpH BIHJIHHra.

«fl naxoaty, qxo 9xo jiioporo. 3x0 ^emeBO.

IIpOAaJH JIH BH CBOK) JIOUiaflB?

jl,a, a ee npoji,ajiB? SaniMi, BH ee npo^tdJiH? JL Hyat;i;4jicfl bi. ;i;eHBrax'B.

Have you any good wine?

Yes, I have some good wine.

Have you money enough?

I have not enough.

What do you wish to buy?

I wish to buy some tea.

How much (costs) a pound?

Three shillings a pound.

I find this very dear.

This is cheap.

Have j'ou sold your horse?

Yes, I have sold it?

Why have you sold it?

Because I wanted some money.

Conversational exercises.

123

3.

IIpaB'I. JIR a HJIH Hixt?

Bu npaBH, MOM Apynb- Hto bh jiojiatHH ;i,i.iaTL? fl HH^ero He ^o.iateHL jt-fejiaiL. «S AOJiateni. cji;ijiaTi> ceoib 3a;i;aMy. A BaiuT, 6paT'L hto AOJateni. jii- jiaib?

Owh ^tOJUKeH-B HHCaTL nncLMo.

HainjiH JH BH CBoe kojii>u,6?

H ero iiamgjit.

Tfl.-k MOH canoFH?

Ohh y canoatHHKa.

O leM-L BH cnpaumBaeie?

Hero BH aie-iaeTe?

fl BH 0 HeH'b He cnpaniHBaK).

Am I right or wrong?

You are right, my friend.

What have you to do?

I have nothing to do.

I have to write my exercise.

And your brother, what has he

to do? He has to write a letter. Did you find your ring? I did (I found it). Where are my boots? They are at the shoemaker's. What do you ask for? What do you wish? I require nothing.

4.

Hto BH Amexe?

a amy CBOK) (J»ypaatKy.

HtO BH XOTHie JliijiaTL?

Ito BH xaMT. A'fejiaere?

fl y«iy CBOH ypoKt.

SHaere m bh 3to?

jl.a, H 3T0 yHaK).

SHaeie jih bh 3Toro qejioB'feKa?

fl er6 oqcHb xopoiuo .inaio.

il ero MacTo BHJKy.

Kto BaMTj 9T0 CKaaaji'b?

KaKi BH 9T0 HaauBaeie?

9x0 aoByxi. . . .

BipHXe JH BH 3X0My.

Jl,a, a BipK) 3X0My.

HtxX, H 3T0My He BipK).

9x0 npaBAa.

What are you looking for? I am looking for my cap. What are you about to do? What are you doing there? I am learning my lesson. Do you know it? Yes, I know it. Do you know this man? I know him very well. I see him frequently. Who told you so? What do you call this? This is called . . . Do you believe this? Yes, I do (I believe it). No, I do not believe it. That is true.

Kyjta BH i;texe? >fl i^y Bi MocKBy. He in^Hxe! OxKyjta XH H^eiuL?

Ji VlHy H3T. IDKOJIH.

OxKy^a BH H;texe? Mh hacm-l n^'h KOHu;epxa. Kt. ce6i JIH BH Hjtexe? JU, a H^y Ki ce6ib. He xo;i.Hxe xaKi. CKopo. He CtrHxe xaK'B. BocBpamaHxecb CKopo. ^o;^uMaHxecL !

Where are you going?

I am going to Moscow.

Do not go there!

Where art thou coming from?

I am coming from school.

Where are you coming from?

We are coming from the concert.

Are you going home?

Yes, I am.

Do not go so fast.

Do not run thus.

Come back soon.

Go up (stairs)!

124

Conversational exercises.

CnycKafiTecB !

H;i,HTe Baineft ;i;op6roH!

Yxoah! yxo;i;HTe!

& O'lGHb AOBOJieHl.

Mfli cKyiHo. Mni o^eHB msijih.

3;i,paBCTByfiTeI

]l66pu& Beiep'h!

CaAHxecb. IlpHcajtbTe.

KaK-b Bame a^topoube!

6yeHb xopouio, ^.laroAapib bslcl.

A Bame KaK-b?

Moe ;i,0B6jihH0 xopomo.

KaKb Bu iioacHBaeTe?

He oieHb xopomo.

JI.oBO.ibHo xopomo.

Chocho.

CKajKHie MH-fe, noaia:iyHCTa.

CKajKHie mhIj, h bslcb npomy.

Cjiiijianxe MHi y;^0B6.ibCTBie.

Bjraro;i;apK) Baci>.

Jl 6»ieHb oCmsin'h BaMi.

iioBia jiH rocno;i,HiJ^ N.?

J[a,, cy^apb, ohl AOMa.

KoTopHH nacb? UoajiHo, ceM'jb lacoB-b, Kor^a BH BUHjieTe ?

,9 BHHAy Bl. BOCGMb MaCOBt.

B'b nojioBiiiiij BocbMoro. Beai. yeiBepiH ceMb. HexBepib mecxoro.

POBHO B'b (lewh iiaCOBB.

B'B ^i.Biuajmaib yacoB-b.

II 0 nojiyjinn.

B'b jtBtHa^^uaxb nacoBi. hoih.

IIo nojyHOHH.

Biepa yxpoMB.

Biepa Be'iepoMt.

Tpexbflro ji^mi, noaaeiepa.

CeroAHJi, aaBxpa.

Ilocjii saBxpa.

He^ijifl TOMy uaaa^^b.

JI,B'fe He;i;'fejiH xoMy Haaiji,!,.

Hpeat mecxb He^^Jb.

H-fecKOJibKo j^Hefi TOMy HasaAB.

Byji;ym.eH He^tJieH.

B'B iipom.ioM'b roAy.

Co Jiflii Ha ^liGHB.

Go down (stairs) I Go your way! Go away! Be off! I am very glad. I am annoyed. I am very sorry.

6.

Good morning!

Good evening!

Be seated. Take a seat.

How is your health.

Very well, thank you.

And yourself?

I am tolerably well.

How do you do?

I am not quite well.

Pretty well.

Not so well.

Tell me, please.

Tell me, pray.

Do me the pleasure.

I thank you.

Much ol)liged to you.

Is Mr. N. at home?

Yes, Sir, he is at home.

7.

What o'clock is it?

It is late, it is seven o'clock.

When do you go out?

I go out at eight o'clock.

At half past seven.

At a quarter to seven.

At a quarter past five.

At seven precisely.

At twelve o'clock.

At noon.

At twelve o clock in the night.

At midnight.

Yesterday morning.

Yesterday evening.

The day before yesterday.

To-day. To-morrow,

The day after to-morrow.

A week ago.

A fortnight ago.

In six weeks.

Some days ago.

Next week.

Last year.

From one day to another.

Beading exercises.

125

8.

KaKOA cer6]i,En norojiia? Cero^H^ xopoina;! iior6ji,a. KaKaa npenpacHa;! nor6;i.a? Ten.io. X6jo;i,ho.

IlpOJIHBHOH ;t02x,1,L H;i,eT'i..

JKapito .iH BaMi.?

X6jo;;ho .ih BaMB?

Fpoaa 6y;i;eT'b. TpoML rpeMiiTi.

KaKdfl iipeKpacHaii pa;^yra !

MojihIh cBepKaR)!!.. Biiep-b ;iiyeT'&.

3HMa iipHO.iHHtaeTOJ. MopoanT-B.

Cfl'fer'L H^text. Cutrt naAaeit.

C6.1HU,e CBixHT'L. C6.1HU,e BOCXOJtHXl,

CojiHi^e aaxoAHxt.

How is the weather to-day?

The weather is fine.

What splendid weather!

It is hot. It is cold.

It rains.

We have a shower.

Are you hot?

Are you cold?

We have a storm. It thunders.

What a beautiful rainbow!

It is lightning. The wind blows.

Winter approaches. It freezes.

It snows. The snow falls.

The sun shines.

The sun rises. ;

The sun sets.

ni. SUPPLEMENTARY READING EXERCISES.

1. SB'feaji.OHeTt. — The Astrologue.

B-L TO BpeMa, KaKt 3B'fe3A0HeT'B xBajiiiJicii Ha nydjHHHOH njiomaAH, HTO OHi». sHaeTt 6y;i;yiii;H0CTi>, Bopi. yKpa;i,KOH) npoKpajicfl B-L ero ji;omi>. 0;i,iiHi> aat apHTdeft, KOTopHfi Buji.^ji'h, ^TO cjiy^HJiocB, cKaaaji'B MHHMOMy raAaTejK): «JlBo6e3HHft, KaKi) Mory a noBipHTt, hto th npe;iiBH;i;HiuB 6y;i,yiu,H0CTB, KorM si c66cTBeHHLiMH oaaaMH Biiacy, ^to th He 3Haemb ;i.aa£e HacTOiini,aro ; noTOiny nio, ecjiu6u. th snajiT. ero, to nocn'feuiHJi'B 6li Bt cboh ;i,omi., hto6h npo- rnaTb Bopa, KOTopufi npoKpajca Ty;i,a».

XBajiHXbCfl to boast. 6pymHocxb future. npoKpacxbCii to steal oneself

through. MHHMHii imaginary. nocniniHXb to hasten.

njoma^B place. yKpajtKOK) stealthily, opiixejib spectator. ra^axejiL prophet. Hacxoamee present. iiporHaxB to drive.

2. Xp^6piiu MysKHK^.

Kor;i.a (j)paHi];y3H npii6jiH3HJiHCL ki» Btnt.^, ji^ojimewh 6uj[T> oji,aK'b KpecTBiiHHHT, npoBccTH HXT. Ho^bH) ^epe3'b

HMt HeSHaKOMyK) MicTHOCTb. KpeCTb^HHH^ ' "

EMy rposHJTH, ho oht, He ycTpam^jicji

0TKa3ajica. Tor;i,a npe;[i,JioatHjiH

1 In the year 1809.

126 Poems.

GMy xoponiyH) Harpa;i,y, jiiyMaa, ^to KOinejieK'L cl nepBOH- ii,aMH jiyqine no;i,'feHCTByeT'i> na MyatHiKa. Ho MyjEH^eKi. He yejieKca .lieHLraMH. Me3K;i,y t^mi, noji.ocn'fejiH rjiaBHHa ^acTii BOHCKi,, KOTopHxi. HamjifcHHKX o^eHL pa3cep;i,Hjica Ha TO, HTO aBanrapjii'L eni,e ne jijEHHyjic^ Bnepeji;!,. EMy ji;o- JI03KHJIH npH^HHy, H OHt BeA'kji'h HpHBecTH MyatHKa: «B[jrH TH Haci. noBe^eniB Ky;i;a naMi. hj^skho, hjih r Te6K npn- Kaacy pascTpiijiaTL ! » CKa3ajri> eMy KOManji.Hp'B. «Xopoin6», OTB'feTHJi'& MyatHK'B, «T0r;i,a a. ynpy ^ecTHHMt n6;i,ji,aHHM'B H He 6yjiiy HSMiHHHKOMi.. renepaji'L no^aji'L KpecTLanHny pyKy H cKasaji'B. «CTynaH, ^ecTHHii Myatx, mh nm^Q^'h ;i,op6ry 6e3'b Te6H».

npoBecTH to lead, to guide. oTKaaaTtca to take refuge.

rpo3HTL to threaten. ycTpaiuHTLca to be afraid.

KomejieKt purse. HepBOHeii,!. ducat.

noAocniiL to arrive. na^ajiBUHKi. commander.

pa3cepji,HTbca to grow angry. npHiHHa cause, reason.

pascTpijiATL to shoot. n6ji,;taHHft subject.

HBM'feHHHK'L traitor. CTyiiaft go, begone.

POEMS.

Anreji^.

Ho He6y nojiyno^H Anreji^ jreiiji'L, H THxyio nicHK) oh-l whjub;

H M^Cai^'B H 3Bi3AH, H Ty^H TOJIHOH BHHMaJIH TOH niCH-fe CBflTOH.

Ohi> w^jTh 0 6.iameHCTB'fe 6e3rpiinHHXT, ji.yxoB'B

Jloji,^ Kyni,aMH pancKHXi, ca,T,6BTj, 0 Bor-fe BejiHKOMi. oh-b nijii), h xsajia

Ero nenpHTBopna 6H.ia.

Owb jiiymy MJia;i,yK) bi. o6i>mT5ix.'h nech

Jl^jia. Mipa ne^ajiH h cjie3'b, H 3ByKi> ero nicHH b-b Ajm'h mojio;i,6h

OcTajica 6e3'h cjiobi., ho jkmboh.

H ;i;6jiro na cb^t^ TOMHJiact ona

HejiameM-L ^yjiinHMi. nojina, H 3ByK0Bi) HedecL saM^HiiTB He mooh

Eh CKy^HHa n-fecHH 3eMJiH.

MpMonmoei.

Poems. 127

HpopoKt.

Ct Tixt nopi), KRK'B B:feHHHH Cyjiiii Mni ji,2ijn> BceB^jiieHbe npopoKa, Bt oasaxt jiio^iiefi hhtrk) a Ctprhhi^h 3j66h h nopoKa.

IIpoBOsrjrainaTB a CTaji's jik)6bii H npaBjiiii HHCTHfl yqeHBH; Bt MeHH Bcfe 6jinacHie moii BpocajiH 6'fenieHO KaMeHBa.

EocMnaji'B nen.iOMi) a rjiasy, H3T. ropo^OBi) 6'fe3Kaj'B a. mimin,

H BOTTb, B'B nyCTUHt a. JKHBV,

KaKi> HTHUH — ^^apoM-L BoacLefi nniii;H.

SaBixTb npe,T;BiHHaro xpana, Mn-fe TBapB noKopna TaM-B seMHaa, H 3Bi3JI,H ciyiiiaiOTi. MeHH, JlynaMH pa;i,ocTHO nrpaa.

Kor,T,a-a£e nepesi. inyMHHH rpajii'B ^ npo6HpaK)CB ToponjiiBO,

To CTapi^H JI^'hTHWh rOBOpilTt

C'B yjiu6K0H) caMo;iio6nBon : «CMOTpHTe: B0T1> npHM'fep'B M^ Baci>!

Oh-b ropA'B 6uji'h, He yjKiiJica ci> naMH; Tjiynei^'B — xoT'fejn. yB^pHTB nacB, ^TO Borh rjiaciiTi. ero ycTaMH!

CMOTpHTe-acB, ji.'feTH, Ha Hero. KaKi. OHi. yrpiOM-B, h xyj^'B, h 6ji'feAeH'B, Cmotphto, KaK-B OHi> Hari) h 6'fe;iieH'B! KaK'B npe3HpaioT'B Bci er6!»

J[e]0MOHmoe^.

128

VOCABULARY,

I. ENGLISH-RUSSIAN.

Abandon (to) 0CTaB.TjiTL. about oKOJio. above HaAi. abroad 3a rpaHHuero. absence oicyTCTBie. abundance H3o6HJiie. accept (to) npHHHMaTL. accident necHacTie. accidentally cjiyianHO. accompany (to) conpoBOjKji;aTL. accomplish (to) HcnojiHaTL. [hum. accomplished (polite) o6pa36Bau- according to corjacHO ex. accordingly cji'feji.oBaTejiLeo. account c^eri.. account (to) ciHTaxL. account (to — for) OTB-feqaTB 3a. accuse (to) o6BHHaTb. accustom (to — one's self) npn-

BUKaTL.

ache 6ojiL.

achievement coBepnieHie. acknowledge (to) rrpHsnaBaiL. acquaintance 3HaK6MCTB0. acquainted 3HaK6MHfl. across ckbos-b ; iioiiepeKt.

act (to) JtiftCTBOBaTt.

action ;i,iHCTBie. active jtiaTejiLHHH.

actual ^I.tftCTBHTejIbHtlH.

actually bi, caMOMi ji.iji'k.

acute ocxpHH.

add (to) npH6aBJiaTL.

address (direction) ajtpeci., ukji,-

nHCb. address (to) ajtpecoBaTL; o6pa-

maxLCfl. adieu npomafi; npoiuafiie. administration ynpaBjienie. admirable y;i,HBHTejii>Hh[H. admire (to) y;i;HBjraTLca. adorn (to) yKpaiuaxB. adventure npHKiJOHenie. advice coB-fexi..

advise (to) coBixoBaxL.

affair ;i;ijio.

affliction oropHeeie, ne^ajiL.

afford (to) jnocxaBJiAxb.

afraid (to be — of) 6oaxBca.

after noc.Tfe, cnycxa.

afterwards iioxoMb, BnocjiteiBiH.

again onaxb, CHOBa.

against iipoxHBb.

age Bospacxi..

ago (since) xoMy Hasa^x.

agree (to) corjiamaxbcfl.

agreeable iipiaxHHH.

ague jiHxopaAKa, ropa^Ka.

aid iioMomb.

aid (to) noMoraxb.

air B63;tyx'b.

alas! yBu.

ale nHBO.

all BCCb, BCfl, Bce.

allow (to) no3BOJiaxb.

almost noHXH.

already yaie.

also xaKHtC, xojKe.

although xoxfl.

altitude BHCoxa, BMinHHd.

altogether coBciM'b.

always Bcerji,a.

ambassador iiocoji'b, nocjiaHHHKi>.

ambition HecxojiK)6ie.

ambitious iecxojiH)6HBHii.

America AaiepHKa.

amiable jiK)6e3HLift, mmhii.

amid, amidst cpejtH, Meat^y-

among, amongst MejK^iiy.

amount (to) cocxaBjaxb.

ample odmHpHHH, nojuiHH.

amuse (to) 3a5aBJiflXb.

anchor aKopb.

ancient ji,peBHiH.

angle (corner) yrojii.

angle (hook) y;i;oiKa.

animal hihboxhhh.

answer oxBtxt.

Vocabulary.

129

answer (to) OTBi^aTB.

ant MypaBeft.

anvil HaKOBajiLHfl.

anybody kto-hhopl.

anything HTO-HHGy;i,L.

anywhere r;i.i-HH6YAi).

apartment KOMHaia; Keaprapa.

apologize (to) onpaBAHBaxb.

appear (to) HB.ikThca, KaaaxtCfl.

appearance HapyaiHOCTL.

apple aGjioKo.

apply (to ~ for) ;i;oMoraTBca.

apprehend (to) onacaiLca.

apprehension onaceme.

apprentice yyeimK-B.

approach (to) oiiacdTLca.

April anpijib.

apron nepe^HHRt.

Arabia ApaBin.

Arabian ApaBHiaHBHt.

archbishop apxieniicKoni..

arise (to) BCiaBaTt.

arm pyna.

army apuia, bomcko.

around BOKpyrt.

arrival iipHSiiTie, npiia^'b.

arrive (to) iipn6HBaTb; npi-tsaKaTB.

art ncKyccTBo.

artist xy^oaiHHKi.

as KaKi,, xaKi., laK't KaKL.

as if KaKT> 6yAT0.

as to HTO Kacaexca ao.

Asia Asia.

ashes nenejix..

aside bi. cxopony.

ask (to) cnpaiDHBaxb.

ass ocejit.

assistance noMomt.

association xoBapHmecTBo.

astonishing yjtHBHxejiLHufi.

astonishment HsyMJicHie.

astrologer sntsAOHexL.

atrocity aiecxoKocxL.

attention BHHManie.

attract (to) ripHBJieKaxt.

augment (to) yBe.iHiHBaxL.

August aBrycxt.

aunt xexKa.

Austria ABcxpifl.

author aBxop'i,.

autumn 6ceHb.

avail (to — oneself) Bocn6jb3o-

avaricious CKynofi. [BaxbCfl.

await (to) atJ^axb.

awake (to) pasOy^flxb.

awake (to be) He cnaxb.

away! npo^b! bohi.!

axe xonopt.

azure CHuiM.

Back (backwards) Haaajti.

bad xy^OM; lypHofi.

badly Aypno, njoxo.

bag KomejieK'b, MiraoK-b.

baggage fiaraati., noKjrawa.

bake (to) ncHb.

baker 6yjroqHnKi.

barber i;HpK)JibHHKi.

bargain noKynKa.

barley aiMCHb.

barrack KaaapMa.

basket KopsHna, KopsiinKa.

bathe (to) Kyiiaxbca.

battle cpaaieHie.

bear (to) HocHXb.

beard 6opoAa.

bearer (of a letter, etc.) iio-

;naxejib. beast sB-fepb, anBoxHoe. beat (to) 6uxb, yjtapaxb. beautiful KpacHBufi, npeKpacHHH. beauty Kpacoxa. because iioxoMy 4x0. become (to) CAiJiaxbca. bed (bedstead) iiocxejib, KpoB^xb. bed (flower-) u.B'fexHMK'b. bedroom cnajibiia. bee niejia. beech 6yK'b. beef Boji-b.

beefsteak 6H^cxeKCt. beer nHBO. before n^en%, npeac^e.

beg (to) IipOCHXb, MOJIHXb.

beggar HHmifi. begin (to) Ha^HHaxb. beginning naiajio. behave (to) Becxii ce6a. behaviour noBejtenie. behind 3a, ^03a;^H. belief B-fepa. believe (to) BipHxb.

bell KOJIOKOJIb: KOJIOKO.lbqHK'b.

Elementary Russian Grammar.

130

Vocabulary.

belong (to) npHHa;i;jieiKaTb.

beloved AK)6mm\i.

bend (to) rnyTb, crn^axB.

beside noiJii, Bosj-fe.

besides CBepxi, KpOMi.

besiege (to) ocajKji,aTL.

best jry^miff, HaH.iyimi&.

better jrygme.

between MeatAy-

big 6ojihm6ik; tojicthm.

bill (of a bird) hoct..

bill (account) cieii..

bind (to) BflBaib, coejtHHHTb.

bird nxHua.

birth poHtii;eHie.

bit KycoKt, KyconeK'L.

bite (to) KycaiL, KycaiBca.

bitter ropBKili; ^eciOKifl.

black HepHHM.

blacksmith KysHeuii.

blame (to) xyjiHTb, nopHii;aTB.

bless (to) 6jiarocjioBjiaTB.

blessing ^JiarocjioB^Hie.

blind cjiinoff.

blindness ocjiinjieHie.

blossom D.B'feT'B.

blossom (to) u;BicTH. blow yjiapi.

blow (to) JtyTB, B-feflTB.

blue cHHifi.

body T^Jio; TyjioBHn;e.

bone KOCTB.

bonnet (aceHCKaa) mjiana.

book KHHra.

bookbinder iiepenjieTq:HK'B.

bookseller KHnronpo;i;aBeu,'B.

boot canori,; 6oTHHKa.

bootmaker canoatHHK'b.

booty Ao6u^B..

born poffiAeHHHii.

born (to be) poAHTBca.

both 66a, 66i, 66a.

both . . . and h . . . h.

boy Ma.iB^HK'B.

bracelet 6pacjieTX.

branch cyK-B, BiiBB.

brave xpa6pHH.

bread x.i'fe6'B.

breadth mnpHiia.

breakfast saBipaK'B.

breakfast (to) saBipaKaiB.

breath ^Hxaeie, ^yxx.

breathe (to) AHinaxB. i '

bridge moct-b.

bright CBi^TJiHif, ApKiii.

brilliant 6jiecTamiri.

brim Kpaii.

bring (to) npHHOCHiB.

broad inHp6Kiri.

broom MeT.ia.

brother 6paT'B.

bruise (to) ymH6aTB.

brush meiKa.

brush (to) BH^HCTHTB (meiKOK)) build (to) CTp6HTB.

building CTpoenie.

bull 6nk'b.

bullet nyjifl, ifji;p6.

burden 6peM;i.

burdock peneii, .leHia.

burn (to) 3Ke>iB.

business a-^jio.

busy saHflTKM, ^tiflrejiBHHM.

but a, HO, o,i;HaKO.

butcher mhchhkx.

butter Macjio (KopoBBc).

buy (to) noKynaiB, KyuHiB.

Cabbage Kanycia.

cabman h3b6ii].hk'B.

calf xejieHOKi.

call (to) 3BaTB; HasHBaxB.

camel Bep6jiH)ji;'B.

can (I) a Mory.

candlestick noji;cB4^HHK'B.

cane xpocxB; najKa.

cannon nyinKa.

capable cnoc66HHrf.

care (to take — ) 6epeiB.

carpenter njioximKt.

carry (to) hochxb, hccxh.

cart-shed capa&.

castle saMOK'B.

cat KOfflKa.

cattle CKOxi.

cause npHiHHa.

celebrated 3HaMeHHXHif.

cellar n6rpe6'B.

century cxojiixie.

ceremony u;epeM6Hifl.

certain BipHHii; HaBicxHuii.

certainly KOHe^Ho.

chain ii,inB; itinoHKa.

chair cxyjiX).

chamber KOMHaxa.

Vocabulary.

131

change (to) nepeMinaTt. charming iipejecTHHil. chat (to) 6ojiTaTL. cheap ;iemeBHff. cheat (to) o6MaHHBaTi). cheerful Bece.iHfi, pajtocTHHH. cheese cup'b. cherry BHiuna. chicken ii.HnjieHOKi>. child fljnk. chimney KasiHH'L. China KHTafi. choice Bii6op'L, H:i6p4Hie. choose (to) BH6HpaTi>. church uepKOBL. church -yard KJiaA^Hme. circumstance o6cToaTeji.CTBO. citizen rpaat^taHHHi.. city ropo;^!.. clean ^HCTufi. clean (to) MHCTHib. clear acHHH, ^ihctum. clergy J^yxoB^HCTBo. clergyman CB^in.eHHHK'L. clever yMHufi, HCKyciiHii. climate K.iHMaTi. clock (what o' — is it?) KOidpHii HacB?

cloth CyKHO, nOJOTHO.

clothe (to) oAieaTB.

clothing oAeajAa, njiaiLe.

cloud oGjiaKO.

coachman Kyqept.

coal yroJiL.

coast (MopcKoii) Oeperi.

coat KSaJj^mivb; ciopryKB.

cock niiyxL.

cold xoji6ji,nHH.

colour ii.B'feT'L, KpacKa.

come (to) iipHxoAHTB, npiisata-TB.

come (to — in) bxoahtb.

comfortable yji66Huvi.

commerce ToproBJia.

common 66miH. Bce66miH.

commonly o6fciKHOBeHHO.

communicate (to) coo^m^TB.

communication coo6meHie.

community 66m,ecTB0.

companion TOBapHmB.

compel (to) npHHyffiAaxB.

compensate (to) BoaHarpaKAaTB.

complete nojHHfi.

comply (to) corjiamaiBca. compose (to) cocTaBjaTb. composition cocTaBjieHie. concert KOHii;epT'L. conclusion saKJUoqenie. concurrence cie^eHie. conflagration iioacapi. conquer (to) saBoeBHBaTB. conquest aaBoeBanie. conscience coBicTt. consentment corjiauieHie. consequence cjiijiiCTBie.

consist (to) COCTOJITB.

constant noCToaHHuri. construct (to) CTp6nTb. contain (to) coAPpjKaTB. content (to — one self) aobojib-

CTBOBaTBCa.

contentment y;^oB.^eTBopeHie. continent MarepHKB. continual nocxoaHHHW. continually iiocToaHno. continue (to) npojiojiaiaTb(cfl). convenience y;^66cTBo ; npHjinqie. convince (to) yCiKA^iB. cook-maid KyxapKa. cook-man nooapB. copeck KoiiefiKa. copy (to) nepeimcuBaTB. cord BepeBKa.

cost (to) CTOHTB.

cottage xHJKHHa, couch jioate; Kyra^iKa. cough Kamejib.

count (to) CHHXaTB.

countess rpa(j[)HHa.

country cipana.

country (native) oieqecTBO.

country-house j^dqa.

course (of) paayMiexca.

court (courtyard) ;nBop'b.

cousin ;^B0K)p6ji;HHfl 6paT'B.

cover (to) iipuTb, noKpuBaib.

cow KopoBa.

Creator TBopeu.B.

crime npecTynjenie.

cross KpecTB.

crow Bopona.

crucifix paciiaxie.

cruel atecTOKifi, CBapinHii.

cry KpHKB.

cry (to) KpH^aib, njaKaxb.

132

Vocabulary.

I>aily eaieAHeBHHM. danger onacHocxL. dangerous onacHtiw. darkness xeMHoia. daughter ao^il. day jteHL. dead MepTBmi. deaf rjiyxoH. death CMepxt. debt fl.ojiT'h. December JI,eKa()pB. decision pimeme. deep rjiydoKift. depart (to) oinpaejiaTBCH. departure oi'b'h^A'L. depth rjiy6BHa. describe (to) onHCUBaTB. description oimcaHie. desert nycxuHn. deserve (to) aacjiyacHsaxB. design HaM-fepenie. desire (to) ^ejFaxB. destiny cyj^B^a. destruction paapymeme. detest (to) ueusLmj^'kib. dialogue paaroBop'B. diamond ajiMaat. dictionary cioBapB. die (to) yMHpaxB. difference pa30Hn,a; pasjiHiie. different paaHufi, pasjiH^HHii. difficult xpy,T;HUi1[. diligent npHJieaiHHii. dine (to) o6'feAaxB. dinner o6'kA'h. direction HaiipaBJienie. directly xoxMaci., cefiqacB. dirty rpaiHHM. discovery oxKptixie. diseased Cojibhoh. displease (to) He HpaBHXBC«. disposition pacnop^JKeme. dissuade (to) oxroBapHeaxB. distance pa3Cxoanie. distant ;tajieKiii, oxjiajieHHHij. distinguish (to) pasjinyaxB. distracted ipSLAckmmuH. distraction pasBjeyeHie. disturb (to) 6e3noK6HTB. ditch Kanasa. do (to) A't-iaxB. doctor Bpa^'B, ji,6Kxop^.

dog co6aKa.

door ji,BepB.

double ;i,bohh6h.

doubt coMHinie.

dozen jiibatHHa.

dreadful cxpauiHHil.

dress iiJiaxBe.

dress (to) 0ji,'feBaxB(cfl).

drink (to) nnxB.

dry cyxoH.

duck yxKa.

dwell (to) ooHxaxB; acnxb.

dwelling atHJinme.

Each KajKjtHM, BcAKifi.

eagle ope.n>.

ear yxo.

early paHo.

earth semjik.

easily yji,66ao, enoKOHHO.

east BoexoK-B.

eastern BocxoHHHii.

easy jierKiH, Yfl,66umi.

eat (to) tcxB, KymaxB.

egg nmo-

either hjih xox-b h-ih ;^py^6fi.

either ... or hjih . . . mh.

electric 9JieKxpHiecKiii.

electricity BJieKxpniecxBo.

elephant cjiohi>.

else linaie; hhoh.

elsewhere b^ ^tpyroMi M^cx-fc.

embellish (to) yKpauiaxB.

emperor HMnepaxopB ; u,apb.

empire HMnepia.

empress HMiiepaxpHu,a; i;apHu,a.

enclose (to) BKJiioiaxB.

end KOHeii;!.; KOHiHua.

end (to) KOHiaxB(ca).

enemy Bpan, HeiipiaxejiB.

England Anrjiia.

English aHMiMCKifi.

Englishman AHrjHHaHHH'b.

enlighten (to) ocB-bmaxB.

enormous orpoMUHH.

enough ;i;ob6.ibho.

enter (to) bxo;i;hxb, BCxynaiB. -i-i

enthusiasm Bocxopr'B. ' '

envy (to) 3aBH;i;oBaxB.

err (to) omH^axBCii, 6jiyffi;taxB.

error omH6Ka, 3a6jy:KjieHie.

especially oc66eHHo.

essay oiihxb.

Vocabulary.

133

essential cymecTBeHHHH.

estate HMinie, HMymecxBO.

esteem (to) vBaacaxB.

eternally B-feMHO, BBiKi.

Europe Espona.

European eBponeficKift.

European EBponeeu.'L.

evening Beiep-b.

ever BcerAa.

every BcaKin, KaatjtuM.

everybody, -one Ka2c;iHM.

everything Bce.

everywhere BesA^.

example npHM'fep'L.

excellent npeBocxoAHHM.

excursion nporyjiKa, SKCKypcia.

excuse H3BHHeHie.

exercise ynpaHtHenie.

exhibition BUCxaBKa.

exist (to) 5hxl, cymeexBOBaxb.

existence cymecxBOBaHie.

expect (to) atjtaxL, oatH^axb.

ex press- train KypbepcKiii noisA^.

expression BLipa;KeHie.

exterior, external napyatuHH.

extraordinary npesBHiaiiHHH.

eye rjias'b, 6ko,

eyebow 6poBL.

eyelash picHHua.

Fable 6acii;i.

face JIHU.6.

fact j^ijio.

fair (market) ApMapKa.

fair (beautiful) iipeKpacHuft.

faith B-fepa.

faithful BipHHH.

fall (to) n^aaxb.

family ceMeMCXBo.

famous 3HaMeuMXHH, cjiaBHuif.

far AajieKiH, ^kjibiimi ; jiajieno.

farther ^ajibrae.

farthest Akjihme Bcero.

fashionable mojhhh.

fasten (to) iipHKptnjiflXb.

fat XOJICXHH.

fate cyflb6a.

father oxeni.

fault omH6Ka.

favour MHJiocxb, ycjiyra.

fear (to) 6o«xbc«.

feast npaa^tHHKT..

February ^espdjib.

feeble cja6Hu.

feed (to) KopMiixb, nnxaxb, nacxH.

feel (to) ^yBCXBOBaxb.

fellow xoBapHmx..

fetch (to) npHHocHXb.

fever jiHxopajtKa, ropwiKa.

few HeMH6rie, wajo.

field nojie.

fight (to) cpamaxbCfl, ^paxbca.

find (to) Haxo;tHXb.

fine iipeKpacHHH, KpacHBHw.

finger najieut.

finish (to) OKaHHHBaxb.

Finland $HH;iflHjiia.

fire oroHb.

first (at) cnepea.

fish pii6a.

fish (to) .lOBHXb pbi5y.

fist KyjiaKi.

fit (adapted) cnoc66HUH.

flag 3HdMfl.

flesh mAco.

floor nojix, 9xAatx.

flour MVKa.

flower Ji,BixT., uBtxoKi..

fly Myxa.

fly (to) Jiexdxb.

follow (to) cji-feAOBaxb.

following cjiiAyromi".

food iiHiua.

fool ;iypaK'b, rjiyneu.'b.

foot (limb) Hora.

footman cjyra.

force CHjia.

forehead J1061..

foreigner Hnocxpaeeii,!..

forget (to) 3a6HBaxb.

fork BHjiKa.

formerly npe^Kie, h^kotab..

fortress Kpinocxb.

fowl KypHua.

fox jiHCHn,a.

France $paHuia.

Francis ^panu-b.

French ^JpaHuy'scKiR.

Frenchman ^paHuyst.

frequently lacxo.

Friday naxHHita.

friend iipiaxejib, ;^py^•b.

friendship ttpyK6a.

frighten (to) ncnyraxb.

frontier rpaHHita.

134

Vocabulary.

fruit njioji;!..

fulfil (to) HCnOJHaTB.

full nOJIHHM.

funeral noxopoiiH. fur my6a, Mixi.. furniture Me6ejL. fasil pyatLe. future 6yAyiu,iw,

G-allant xpa6puH.

garden ca;!,^.

gardener cajtOBUHK^.

gate Bopoia (plurj.

general oomifi.

gentleman rociio;i;HHT..

German H-feMeux; HijieuKiM.

Germany PepMaHiJi.

get (to) AocTauaxb, cji.'fejiaTbCfl.

girl ;i,iBO^Ka.

give (to) jtaBaxi, ;iaTL.

glad paAt, J^0B6JIL1IHH.

glass (pane of) creiuo.

glass (drinking) ciaKaut.

glory cjiasa.

glove nep'iaiKa.

go (to) HTTH, XOAHTS, ixaTB.

God Bori., goddess 6orHHa.

gold SOjIGTO.

good ji.66pmi; xopomiw. good-natured ;^o6poj];y^IHH^^. goose rycb. gospel esaHrejiie. government npaBHie^bCTBO. grammar rpaMMaiHKa. grandfather ^iA't, A'^AyiiKa. grandmother 6a6yinKa. grapes BHuorpa^ii.. grave (tomb) Mornjia. great BeJiHKin, 6ojiLm6H. Greece rpeii.iii. green uejieHHu. grind (to) mojIOtb, toihtb. grow (to) pacTi'i.

Habitual o6HKiioBeHHHi1,

hail rpa^i.

hails (it) rpaAt HAen.

hair bojiocu (plur.J.

half nojiOBHHa, no.iy . . .

hand pyKa.

handkerchiefs (hocob6h) njaiOKi..

handsome KpacHBHW, H3aiii,HHif.

happiness ciacTie, yji,a'ia.

happy ciacTjHBHif.

hardly cb xpyAOM'B, CABa.

hare yaaii.'B.

haste cn'fex'B, nocniraHocTB.

hat lujiflna, maiiKa.

haughty ropAHii, HaAMeHHHli.

have (to) hm^tb.

hazel-nut opixB.^

head rojioBa; rjiaBa.

health SAopoBBC.

healthy SAopoBHii.

hear (to) c.iHuiaTB, cjyraaTB.

heart cepAU,e.

heaven neOo.

height BHcora, BBiiuHHa.

heir HacitAHHKX.

hell aA'B.

help noMoiuB.

help (to) iioMoraiB.

hen KypHu,a.

herd cxaAo.

here SAicB.

hero repoM.

high BHCOKiff, BejHKiH.

hill XCIM-B.

hire Haeui..

hire (to) HaimjiaxB.

historical HCxopHieCKift.

history ncxopia.

hold (to) AepataxB.

holy CBflxoii.

Holy Virgin BoroMaxepB.

home AOMi, HtHJinme.

honest HecxHHil, npaBAHBHH.

honey MeA^.

honour ^ecxB; noHxeme.

hook KpH)K'B, KpiO'ieKi..

hope HaAe»;Aa.

horn por-B pi. pora.

horrible cxpauiHuu, yaiacHBiii.

horse kohb, jiomaAB.

horseback (on) BepxoMB.

hospital rocoHxaAB.

hot aiapKiii, ropaqin.

hour ^ac'B.

house AOMT., jKHJHine.

how KaKi,.

how much cko.xbko.

humble IlOKOpHBIlI, CKpOMHHH.

Hungary Benrpia. hunger tojioa'b.

Vocabulary.

135

hungry tojio^hhu. hunter oxoTHnKt. husband Myati, cynpyrt. husbandrj' seMjeAi^ie. hymn thmhi..

Idle JliHHBHH.

idleness jiiHt, npaa^iHOCTi,. illness 6ojii3Hb. image (sacred) HK6Ha. imagine (to) Boo^paatart. imitate (to) no^ipaiKarb. immediately HCMeweHPio. immense oCJniHpHUH, orpoMKHH. immortal 6e3CMepTHHH. important BaatHHH. impossible HeBo^MoavHuri. improvement ycn-fexx. incessantly 6e3npecTaHH0. indeed nt caMOMi jitjit. indicate (to) yKa-iMBaxb. indiflferently paBHojiyinHO. industry iipoMtimjeHHocTb. infancy a^^tctbo. inferior HHamiff. inform (to) yB'fe;iiOMjraTB. inhabitant atHiejib. ink qepHHJia. inkstand HepHH.ibHHua. inn rocTHHFiHua. innumerable 6e:j«mcjieHHHfi. inscription Hdjtimci,. insect HacijKOMoe. insensible GesqyBCTBenHHii. insist (to) HacTaHBaxL. instance npHMtp-b. instant (moment) Mnioeeuie. instant (this month) cero

Micflua. instantly neMeA.ienHo. instead BM-fecxo. instruction iipoCBiiu^Hie. intelligent yMHHH. intercourse coo^meiiie. interesting nanHMaxejibHUM. internal BHyxpemiiii. interview CBHjiaHie. introduction BBeAenie. inundation HaBo^iFienie. invention H3o6ptreHie. iron atejitso. island ocxpoBi, Italy Hxa.u«.

Jacket KypiKa.

January AHBapb.

jealousy peBHOcxb.

join (to) coeAHHaxb.

joiner cxojiflp'b.

journal aKypHaj-b.

journey nyxemecxBie.

joy pa;^ocxb.

judgment cYJ^'h, pascpoK-b.

July Imb.

jump (to) npuraxb.

June IiOHb.

just now xo'iHo xeiiepb.

Keep (to) jtepaidxb.

key KJiH)?!..

kill (to) y^HBaxb.

kind (sort) poAii, copxi..

kind (good) A66pHff, JiacKOBHri.

king Kopojb.

kitchen KyxHa.

knee Kojino.

knife HOiK'b.

knock (to) cxyiaxb.

knot ysejii..

know (to) 3naxb.

knowledge SHanie.

known HSB-fecXHHH.

riad MajibiHK'b; lOHOuia.

lady rociioaca.

lake 63epo.

land seM.M, expand.

landlady xo3yieBa.

landlord xo3aHH'b.

language ASUKb.

lantern ({)OHapb.

large Co.ibiuoM.

last nocji-feAHiM.

last (at) iiaKOHeu'b.

late (dead) iioKofiHHii.

late (not soon) n63,HHo.

latter iiocjitoiH.

laugh (to) CMijiXbCfl.

laundress iipa^Ka.

law saKOHi..

lawyer lopHCxi.

lay (to) KJiacxb, iio;roHCHXb.

lazy .liHHBHfi.

lead (to) BecxH.

leaf jTHCxi).

lean xy;t6H, cyxoR,

leap (to) CKaKaxfc, irpiiraxb.

learn (to) yyHXb(c«).

136

Vocabulary.

learned ytreHnfi.

least (at) no KpaHHeii Mipi.

least (not in the) hhckojilko.

leather Koaca.

leave oiiiycK-B.

leave (to) noKiiAaTt; oafiimaTL.

leech niaBKa.

leg Hora.

less Menie.

lesson ypoKt, jieKuin.

let (to) nycKETb, nosBOJiAiB.

letter nncbMO.

liar BpajB, jiryni,, .laceui,

library 6H6jiioTeKa.

lie joatB, HeiipaBjta. [avHiBca.

lie (to — down) JieataiB, .10-

life 21H3HB.

light CB-feTi, ciAHie. lighten (to) ocB-femarb. lightning MOJiHi;!. like (I) MHi iipaBHTCJi. likely B-fepoaTHo. limit (to) orpaHHMHBaiL. linen CijiLe, hojiotho. lion jieB'B. lip ry6a.

listen (to) cjiyraaxB. literature jiHTepaiypa. little MajiHH, Heoo.ibmoH. little (a) Ma.io, neMu6ro.

live (to) HlHTb.

loan saeM-b, ccy^a.

lock aaMOK'b.

log opeBHO.

long ;iJiHHiibiM, AOJiriH.

longtime ^o-iro, ^aBHO.

look bh;;^, Barja^i..

look (to) OflJ^^Tb, CMOXpiTb.

Lord (our) TocnoAb, Bori..

lose (to) TepaTb.

love jk)66b^.

luck ciacTie, c^ynaft.

luggage 6ara3Ki.

lunch rmKyCKa.

Madam rociioaca, cy;iapHHa.

magnificient BejiHKOjmuHHH.

magpie copoKa.

maid jiiBymKa.

maid-servant cjiyiKaHKa.

majesty BejiHiecxBo.

make (to) A^jiaib.

man HejoB^Kb: men jik)ah.

mankind HejoB^iecTBo.

manner cn6co6'b.

mantle njiami,, inHHejb.

many MHorie.

March MapT-b.

mare KoSujia.

market ptiHOKi..

marriage 6paKT., CBa;ib6a.

mason KaMCHbinHKi).

master xo3aHH'b,6apHU'b. [Be^eHie.

master-piece o6pa3ii,6Boe npons-

matches cnnqKH.

matter (no) Bce paBHO.

May Mail.

may be 6uTh Moatexx.

meadow jiyri.

mean (to) AyMaxb; 3HaiHXb.

means cpe;i;cxBO.

meat Maco.

meet (to) Bcxp'feqaxb(cji).

meeting Bcxpiia, CBH^aHie.

merchant Kyneu.'b.

metal Mexa.wb.

midnight uojinom,.

might MorymecxBo.

mild KpoxKifi, MarKiH.

military BoenHbifi.

milk Mo.ioKO.

mill MejbHHua.

miller MCJibHHK^.

mind yMi,-, Jiyma; Ayxi.

mind (to) sadoxHXbca.

mingle (to) Miniaxb.

minister MHHHCxpb.

minute MHHyia.

mirror 3epKa.Tu.

miserable neciacxHHfi.

misfortune Hec»iacxie.

mistake oinH6Ka.

mistress (school) yqHxejibneu,a.

modest ckpomhhh.

moment MrHOBeuie, JinHyxa.

Monday nonejtijibHHK'b.

money ;;eHbrH.

monkey o6e3baHa.

month M-fecimt.

monument na.MflXHHK'b.

moon Jiyna, Micaii,!).

morning yxpo.

morrow (to) 3aBxpa.

mortal CMepxHHw.

Moscow MocKBa.

Vocabulary.

137

most 66ji-he Bcero, BectMa. mostly no 66.iBineH ^acin. mother jiaxb. mother-in-law CBeKpoBB. mountain ropa. mouse MHuiB. mouth poT-B.

much MHoro, oibhb, ropda^o. multitude MHO^eciBo. murderer y6iHii,a. must (1) H jto-iffien-B. mystery TaiiHa. Wail (finger-) hofotb. nail (iron-) rB03ji;B. name hha; 4)aMH.iiii. napkin caji^^eTKa. narrative pascKaij-B. narrow pKifi, TtcHUM. natural ecTecTneHHLiri. necessary Heo6xoji;HMHft. neck mefl. necklace oacepejBe. needle nrojiKa. neighbour cock^i,. neither . . . nor hh . . , hh. nephew njeM«HHHKi. nest rnfojto. Neva HeBa. never HHKO^;^a.

new HOBHH.

news HOBOCTB, H3BiCTie.

newspaper Bi;toMocTB, raseia.

nice xopoiuiM, KpacHBHM.

niece njiCMJiHHHua.

night HOHB.

nightingale cojioeeM.

no Hixi.

noble 6.iarop6AHHM.

nobleman ^BopjiHHHB.

nobody hhkto.

noise uiyMB.

none HHitaKOH, hh o;i;hhl.

noon iiojiAeuB.

north CBBep-B, Hop;!;^.

northern ciBepHHM.

nose Hoc'B.

not He.

nothing HHHero.

notwithstanding necMOTpa na.

November Ho;i6pB.

now xen^pb, uunh.

number ihcjo.

numerous MHoroiHCjieHHUM.

nut opixB.

Oak Ay^-B.

oblige (to) npHHyaiAaTB.

occasion cjyiafi.

occupy (to) 3aHHM&TB(cfl).

October 0KT;i6pB. officer o4)Hu,ep'B.

official HUHOBHHK'B.

oft, often >iacTo.

oil Mac.io (pacTHiejiBHoe).

old CTapuTi; jtpeBHifi.

once (one day) o;i;Ha3K;i;bi, niKorjta.

once (at) pa30MT>,

order (to) npHKa^HBaiF..

order (in — to) »it65h.

ordinary o6uKHOBenHhiH.

ornament (to) yKpamaxB.

orphan cHpoxa.

other ApyroM, HHoii.

ought (I) H ;i;6jia:eHx, CuJi-h 6h.

overcoat na.ibx6.

overshoe ra.i6uia.

overwhelm o6peMeHi[XB.

own c66cxBeHHHH.

owner co6cxBenHHKX.

ox BOJIB.

Packet iiaKex-B.

painter atHBOiiHcenTi.

painting KapxHiia.

pair napa, yexa.

palace ABopen-B.

pane cxeKJio.

paper 6yMara.

paradise paii.

parasol napacojiB, sohxhrb.

parcel (packet) yaejiB.

pardon (to) iipomaxB, H3BHinixB.

parents poAHxejiH.

part lacxB.

particularly oc66eHHO.

party cxopona, napxi«.

pass (to) npoxoAHXB, npoisataxB.

passenger naccaaiHpi>.

passion cxpacxB.

passport iiaciiopx'B.

pastime yBecejienie.

patience xepn-fenie.

patient xepiitJiHBHM.

peace MHpB.

peacock naBjiHHi.

pear rp^raa.

138

Vocabulary,

peasant KpecTBflHHHi..

peculiar CBOHCTBeHHHH.

pelisse iny6a.

pen nepd.

pencil KapaHAaniT).

penknife (nepoiHHHKfi) Eoxmm'b.

people HapoA'B, jkah.

pepper ne^eujb.

perceive (to) ycMaipHBaTB.

perfect coBepmeHHHU.

perhaps MoaieTi 6eTi>.

permission iiosBOjeHie.

permit (to) no3BOJiaTb.

Persia IIepci;f.

Persian Hepci^HHiii.

Persian nepcw^CKiM.

persuasion yfy'haaji.eme.

petticoat K)6Ka.

philosopher (J)hji6co(|)'l.

philosophy ())HJioc6(})ia.

physic jiCKapcTBO.

physician Bpa'i'L, JieKapt.

physics (|)ii3HKa. '

pick (to — up) iioji;HHMaTL.

picture KapxHHa, aiHBoimcb.

picturesque iKHBoiiHCHHu.

piece KycoKi, Hacib,

pin 6yjiaBKa.

pipe Tpy6Ka.

pity coatajitnie; atajib.

place Micro.

plain (level ground) pasHHea.

plain (clear) acHufi, npocxoH.

plane (toothed) ayoapb.

play (to) nrpaib.

pleasant iipiaxHuff.

please (to) upaBHTbca.

please (if you — ) noffiajiyficTa.

pleasure y^oBOJibCTBie.

plum cjiHBa.

pocket KapMaH-b.

poem no3Ma.

poet no9T'b.

poetical no3TH?ecKiri.

poetry noaaia.

point TO^Ka; nyHKii,.

poison aji^'b.

poor 6'kAEUvi.

pope nana.

populous MHOrOJlbjlHHff.

populousness MHorojiibj^CTBO. portrait nopxpeii..

Portugal Hopxyrajiia. position nojiojKenie.

possess (to) HM^Xb.

possession HMinie.

possibility BosMoatHocxb.

possible BosMOatHHil.

post-office noixaMxx., uo'ixa.

potato Kapx6(|)ejib.

praise (to) xBajiHXb.

pray (to) npocHXb; MOJiiixbCfl.

prayer MOJiHXBa.

precisely xoyno.

prefer (to) npeAiioHHxaxb.

prepare (to) roxoBnxi,.

prescription npeAnneaHie.

present (not absent) npncyxCT-

Byromiii. presently xoT^acb, ceniacb. presume (to) npe^nojiaraxb. pretty mhjihm, KpacHBiin. previous npeatHifi. previously npeat^e. price u'tna. pride ropjiocxb. priest CBflui.eHHHK'b; noni.. prince Kun^b] npHHUb. princess KHflrHiia; nponnecca. principal rjiaBHHii. procure (to) ;iocxaBjiaxb. production npon:jBeji,eBie. professor npoijjeccop'b. profit (to) BocnojibsoBaxbCii. progress ycnixt. promise oSimaHie. promise (to) odimaxb. pronoun MicxonMenie. pronunciation npoHUHomeHie. properly c66cxBeHHO. proposal npe;iJio»teHie. propose (to) npe^-iaraxx,. prove (to) ;i,0Ka3HBaxb. proverb nocjroBHua. publisher H:^ji;axe.ib. punctual xoiHHfi. pupil (scholar) yMCHHK'b. purchase (to) noKynaxb, Kynaxb. purchaser noKynaxejib. pure iiHCXHfi ; neBHnHHfi. purse KomejieK'b; MimoKi.. put (to) KJiacxb; cxaBiixb. 4^uadruped MexBepoHorin. quality KaiecxBo.

V^OCABULARY.

139

quantity KOiHiiecTBO. quarrel ccopa. quarrel (to) ccopniBca. quarter qeiBepib. queen Kopcieea. question Boiipoci.. question (to) cnpainHBaTL. quick CKopHii, aciiBofi.

quiet (to) OCTaB.lHTL.

JRace (tribe) n.iejifl, noKOjiHie. railroad,railwayaie.ii3Haa Aopora. railway-station B0K3aji:L. rain ;i;oaf;i;b.

rains (it) ;i;o/Kib niei'L. rainy ;ioa?;i;.iHBbi». rapid 6hctphm, rare pi;i,KiH.

rate (at any) hslr-l 6u to hh 6hjo. raven Bopoui. ' raw CHpoH.

read (to) HHTaxL. ready roxoBHH. recently neAaBno. recite (to) cKasHBaib. red KpacHuff.

refrain (to) y;tep/KHBaTbCH. refresh (to) ocBtataTb. refuge y6iHiHuie. regard yBaac^Hic, iioixeHie. regard (to) yBasaTb; CMOTpiib. regiment nojiKB. • region cipaHa.

registered (letter) saKasHoe. regret (to) acajifeTB. regular npaBJUbHuri. reign ii,apcTBOBanie. reign (to) uapcTBOBaxb. rejoice (to) paAOBaxbCfl. relate (to) paacKasaBaxb. relationship po/^cxBO. relatively oxHOCHxejiLiio. reliance Aosipie. relinquish (to) ocxaBJJHXL. remain (to) ocxaBaxbc;i. remark saMiqanie. remark (to) saMi'iaxb. remember (to) iioMUHxt. remind (to) nanoMHuaxb. remove (to) yaa.i>ixb. renowned cjiaBHHM. repeat (to) noBxopHXb. reply (to) oxBtiaxb.

represent (to) iipejicxaBji^xb.

reputation penyxau,i«.

request np6cb6a.

require (to) xpeOosaxb.

residence npeSHBanie.

resolute piioHxejbHLifi.

resource cpejtcxBO.

respect ysaaieHie.

respect (to) yBaataxb.

respectable iioixeHHHM.

respectively oxHocHxejibHo.

respiration ;i,HxaHie.

return BOSBpaiuenie.

return (to) BorjBpamaxb.

revenge (to) mcxiixb, oxoMmaxb.

reward narpaAa, HarpaiKAeHie.

reward (to) narpaa^^axb.

rich 6oraxuH.

riches 6oraxcxBo.

ride (to) i.'UHXb (BcpxoMi).

right (justice) iipaBo.

right (just) BipHHM.

rigorous cxporifl, cypOBati.

ring Kojbuo.

ring (to) sBoiiHXb, rjByuaxb.

ripe apijiHM.

rise (to) Bcxafidxb, lJOCxo;^HXb.

river ptna.

road ,T^op6^a.

roast acapKoe.

roast (to) mapHXb, BapHTb.

roof KpHuia, KpoB-b.

room KOMuaxa, iiokoh.

rose po.ia,

round KpyrJiHTi.

royal KopojeBcitifi.

rude rpyoHH.

run (to) fiiataxb; xe^t.

rush (to) 6pocaxbCH.

Russia Pocci;f.

Russian PocciaHHyi., i)yccKirL

sad nenajibHbiH.

sailor Maxpocb.

sale npoAaata.

salt cojib.

same caMiiti.

sand iiecoKB.

satisfied ji,od6jilhbim.

Saturday cy666xa.

save (to) cnacaxb, coxpaHflXb.

say (to) CKaaaxb, roBopHXb.

scholar (school-boy) yienHKB.

140

Vocabulary.

scholar (learned man) yqeHHH. school yiHJHme. school-fellow coyMeHHK'B. school-master ymxejB. school-mistress yiHTejbHHii.a. science nayKa. scissors h6h;uhii.h.

screw BHHTl..

sea Mope. seal ncHaib. sealing-wax cypryq-B. seaman sjopAK^. seamstress inBea. season BpeM« r6ji;a. seat (country) noM-fecTbe. seated (to be) cajtHTLCfl, CHAiib. second BiopoM, ji,pyr6H.

see (to) BHAtTb, CMOTp'feTb.

seem (to) KaaaibCfl. seldom pij^Ko. sell (to) npoj^aBaib. send (to) nocHJiaTb. sentiment qyecTBo. September ceHTa6pb. servant cjiyra. servant-maid ciywdHKa. serve (to) cjiyaiHTb. service cjiyacSa; ycjiyra. several pa^HHe, MHorie. severe CTporiR, atecTOKiii.

sew (to) flIHTb.

shade, shadow T^Hb. shall (I) a jtojiateni). sharp 6cTpKH, pisKifi shave (to) 6pHTb. shear (to) crpHib. shed capavi. sheep OBU,a. shelter noKpriiuKa. shepherd naciyx'B. shift py6aiiiKa (ateHCKafl). shine (to) ciaxB, SjiecTiiB. ship Kopa6jiB, cyAHO, shipwreck KopaojieKpyineHie. shirt py6aniKa (MyaccKafl). shoe 6aaiMaK'B. shoemaker 6aniMaiHHK'B. shop jiaBKa. shore Ceperi.. short KopoTKiR. shortly BCKopi.

shot BHCTpijII..

should (I) H jiojiTRewh 6uji-h 6u.

shoulder nieno.

show (to) noKasHBaTb.

shut (to) saiBopaTb, sanapaib.

sick CojibHOH.

sickness 6ojib, 6oji'fe3Hb.

side 6oKT,, ciopoHa.

siege oca;i;a.

sigh Bsji^ox-b.

sigh (to) B3jlOXHyTb, CTOHaib.

sign sHaKx, npH3HaKi.

signification SHa^eaie.

silk mejiKi.

silver cepe6p6.

simple npocToR.

simplicity npocTOia.

since Cb rijxt iiopi.

sincere HCKpeHHifi.

sing (to) iiiib.

Sir cpapb.

sister cecTpa.

sit (to — down) ca^HTbCfl, cnjiiTb.

situated (to be) Haxo;tHTbCii,

situation MicToiicioffieHie.

skate KoneKi.

skin KOJKa.

slave paSi..

sleep (to) ciiaTb.

slender tohkIh, FH^Kifi.

slowly MCAJieHHo.

small Ma;iuH, MejiKifi.

smile (to) yjiH5aTbCfl.

smith KyaneuT,.

smoke ji^uwh.

smoke (to — cigars) KvpHib.

snake swhk.

snow cuirT..

snows (it) CH'fer'b hjct'b.

so xaKx, xaKHM-b oCpa^oMi..

soap Mtijio.

society 66mecTBo.

sojourn npe6HBaHie.

soldier cojijiaT'b.

some IliKOTOpHH ; HiCKOJbKO.

somebody h^kto. something HtiTO, HT0-HH6yji,L. sometimes imorAa. somewhat iii'iTO, Koe-iio. somewhere ijajk-to, r^tt-HDoyAb. soon CKopo, paHo. sorrow neMa.iib, rope, sorry cepjiHTHfi ; iieiajbHHfi.

Vocabulary.

141

sorry (to be — ) avajiiiB.

Boul lyina.

source hctoihhk-l, kjiioil.

south lort.

southern mcHHH.

space npocxpaHCTBo.

spacious o6mHpHHft.

Spain Hcrianiii.

sparrow Bopooefi.

speak (to) roBopHib.

speech ptii>.

spin (to) npflCTh.

spiritual ;iyx6BHuii.

spoil (to) nopiHTb ; rpa6HTL.

spoon jiOKKa.

sportsman oxothhk'b.

spot (place) M.'fecTO.

spread (to) pacTArHeaxb.

spring (season) BecHa.

spring (to) iipiiraTb.

square (place) njiomaAb.

squeeze (to) ataib (atMy).

stable KOHibiouA.

staff (stick) iiajKa.

standard (banner) snaMa.

star 3B'fe3;^a.

start (to) oTnpaB.iaibca.

stay npe6HBaHie.

stay (to) ocxaBaTbCii.

steamboat, steamer napoxojtt.

steam-engine napoBa« ManiHHa.

steel ciajib.

step mar-b, xoit,.

step (to — in) BxoAHib.

stick najKa, Ay^HHa.

still (yet) eme; OAHano.

stir (to) ji;BHraTb(cfl), Mimaxb.

stirrup cxpeMa.

stocking HyjoKi, HocdK'b.

stomach Kejiy;i;oK'b.

stone KaMCHb.

store 3anacT), H3o6HJiie.

storm 6ypn.

straight iipaMO.

street yjiHua.

strength ciijia.

strike (to) 6HXb, yjiapaxb.

string BcpeBKa, iimypoK'b.

strive (to) cxapaxbca.

strong KpinKiii, CH.ibiiUH.

student cxy^eHxx.

study (to) yiMXbca.

stupid rjiynufi. subject (to) nojtBepraib. success yciiix-b, y^a'ia. successive iiocjiiAOBaTejibHNH. successor uacjinjmuK'b. such xaKoii. suddenly siiesanHo. suffer (to) cxpajiaxb. sufficient ;iocxaxoiuHH. sufficiently jiocxaxoiHO. sugar caxap'b. sum cyMMa, nxor-b. summer ji-fexo. sun co.iHue. Sunday BocKpeceHbe. sunrise BocxoaiAeHie cojiHua. sunset 3axoHcjteHie cojiHua. sunshine co.iiieiHoe ciade. sup (to) yatvmaxb. superb BejiHKOjiiiiHHH. superior BMcmiH, npeBocx6ji;Hiiii. supper yaeHHt.

supply (to) AocxaBjraxb, CHa6mdxb, support no;i;;i;epaiKa. sure BipuHH, 6e3onacHHM. surely HaBipno. surface noB^pxHocxb. surrender (to) c;taBaxb(ca). surround (to) OKpyacaxb. suspect (to) noAODpiiBaxb. suspicion noAoap'^Hie. swallow jiacxoqKa. sweep (to) MecxH. sweet cjiaAKiH.

swift 6HCXpHH.

swim (to) iiJiaBaxb.

Switzerland UlBeHiiapia.

sword Mei'b.

Table cxojii).

tablecloth CKaxepxb.

tail xBocxi.

tailor rropxHOH.

take (to) 6paTb, esaxb, noilMaxb.

take (to — care) 6epeibCfl.

tale CKa3Ka, pascKasx; noBicxb.

tapestry o66h (plur.).

tavern Ka6aKb.

tea ^Siv^.

teach (to) yqiixb.

teacher yiHxejib.

tear cjieaa.

tell (to) cftasaxb; pa3CKa3MBaxb.

142

Vocabulary.

tempest 6ypji.

temple xpaMi..

temporary BpeMGHHtiH.

terminate (to) okoh^ihtb.

terrible yatacHHH, ciparanHH.

terror yaiaci>, cipaxt.

Thames TeM3a.

than HiiML, HG/KejiH.

thank (to) 6jaroTi;apHTL.

that TOTt; HTO.

theatre Teaxpt.

then TorAa; iiotom'B.

thence 0TTy;i;a.

there Taji-L.

there is boti..

therefore ciiioBaTejiBno.

thick (big) TOjiCTHii.

thief Bopx.

thing j[,^Jio, Bemt.

think (to) jiyHaTB.

thirst atajKjta,

thoroughly coBciM'L, coBepineHHO.

though xoT/i, o^HaKO.

thought MHCJIL.

thousand iKCflia.

thread (to sew) HHiKa.

threat yrpoaa.

threaten (to) yrpoaiarb.

throat pop JO.

throne iipecxojx.

through Hepest, ckbosb.

throughout noBCiOAy, bo bbcb.

thunder rpoMi.

Thursday 'leiBepr-B.

thus TaKHMt 66pa30Mi.

ticket 6HJieT'B.

tiger THrp'B.

till Ao, noKa.

time (duration) speMfl.

time (repetition) pas-B.

times (at) HHor^d.

tobacco Ta6aKi.

tobacco-pipe Tpy6Ka.

to-day cero^Ha.

together BMicii.

told (to be) cjiymaTB.

to-morrow aaBipa.

tongue ^31^111..

too xaKate, x6;Ke.

too much CJHIIIKOMl. tooth 3j6'L.

tower 6amHfl.

town ropoj^-B.

train noiajn.

translate (to) ^epeBOJ^HXB.

translation iiepeBOAi..

travel nyxeniecxBOBaxB.

traveller nyxeuiecxBeHHHKT..

treasurer KasnaMeft.

tree ;tepeBO.

tremble (to) jtpoaiaxB.

true BipHHH, iipaBji,iiBHri.

trumpet xpy6a.

trunk (of a tree) cxbo.I'b.

trunk (coffer) cyiuvKi..

Tuesday BxopHHKi.

Turk TypoK-b.

Turkey Typui«.

Turkish Iype^KiM.

turn oiepe^B; nepeMina.

turn (to) BepxixB(cii).

twice ABa^c;^H.

ugly rdAKiw, Aypnoii.

umbrella bohxhkx.

unable Heciioc65HHi1.

uncle ?,iiji.ii.

undergo (to) iipexepnisaxB.

understand (to) noHHMaxB.

understanding yji-B, paayiii..

undertake (to) iipe;inpHHHMaxB.

undertaking npe;inpi^Tie.

unfortunate HecMacxntiH.

unhappy HecqacxHHil.

uninterrupted 6e3npepHBHHii.

unite (to) coej^miinh.

unity ejiHHCXBo; corjiacie.

universal BceMipHHu; Bce66mi&.

universe BcejreHHa«.

university yHHBepcnxex'b.

unknown HeH3B'icxebiH.

unless ec.iH He; pdaB-fe.

unpleasant nenpiflTHHii.

unwell He3;top6B'B.

unwilling HeoxoxHHfi.

upholsterer o66h]u,iiK'h.

use ynoxpe6jieHie.

use (to) npHBHKaxB; ynoxne6jiaTB.

useful no.iesHHu.

usual oSHKHOBeHimff.

utterly coBepmeHHo, pimnxejiBHO.

Valley ji;ojinHa.

vanquish (to) iioStrnj^axB.

vary (to) HSMip^xB.

veal xejDixHua.

Vocabulary.

143

vegetables OBomn.

Venice BeHenifl.

venture (to) ocMi-inBaiLca.

verst Bepcia.

very oqeHb, sectMa, ropda^o.

vice nopOK'i..

vicious iiopoiHHff, 3jroM.

victim acepTBa.

victory iio6'tia.

Vienna BiHa.

vigour cii.ia.

village (with a church) ceji6.

village (without a church)AepeBHfl.

virtue Ao6pon'feTejiL.

virtuous AoCpoA'feTejn.HHii.

visit (to) nocfemaxL.

vocabulary cjoBapb.

voice rojioci.

Volga Bojra.

volume (book) KHHra.

voyage nyiemecTBie (MopCMi).

IfVaistcoat atHjei'b.

wait (to) H^taxb, jtosHAaTB.

waiter cjiyaiHTejib, HejioB^Kt.

walk (to) ryjiflxb, xo;iHXb.

wall-paper o66h (jplur.).

walnut op-fexi.

war BOHHa.

ware xoB^pb.

warm xeii.iHH.

warmth xen.ioxa, atapi.

wash (to) MHXb, O^MHBaXb.

watch (clock) hslcu.

water boa^.

way iiyxb, Aopora.

weak cjia6HH.

wealth 6oraxcxBo. iiMymecxBo.

weather iioroAa.

Wednesday cepejia.

week neA'fejia.

weekly esKeueAiAhuwi.

weep (to) iiJiaKaxb,

well (suitably) xopomo.

west nana^'b.

what ^xo; KaKofi; xo ^xo.

whatever ixo 6h hh.

when KOXAa.

whence oxKyjia.

where rji'fe.

wherever rA'fe-HH5yAb.

whether jih ; KOxopHu HSt ^Byxb.

which KOXOpHH, KEKOH, HXO.

white 64jiuii.

who KXO.

whole nijiHii, Becb. wholly coBepmeHiio. why iioqeMy, nai^MX. wicked sjioh, 6e366mHHM. wide inHpoKifi. widow BAOBa. widower baobcu'b. wife atena, cynpyra.. will (1) a xony (xoxixb). willingly oxoxho. willow HBa. wind Bixepx. window OKHO. wine BHHO. winter 3HMa. wise MyApHH, yMHHM. wish atejanie. wish (to) atejiaxb. wit yMi, ocxpoyMie. without 5e3i; Bwk.

wolf BO^K-b.

woman atena, ^eaiUHHa. wood (forest) Jiicb. wood (fuel) ApoBa. wool mepcxb. word cjiOBO.

work pa66xa; eoinHeme. work (to) pa66xaxb. workman paCoxHHEi. world Mip-b, CBtxi. worse xy;Ke. wound pana. write (to) imcaxb. writer nncaxejib. wrong (unjust) Henp^BHw. Yard (courtyard) ^Bop'b. year ro^'b. yes aa.

yesterday B^ep4. yet eme, oAHaKo. young MOJioAOH, hobhh. Zero Hy.ib.

144

II. RUSSIAN-ENGLISH.

A and; but.

aBrycT'B August.

aJiMa3i diamond.

aHrejii angel.

AnrjiHiaHHH'L Englishman.

anrjiiMCKiH English.

Abtmr England.

aiipijib April.

apuiHH'L yard, arsheen.

BacHfl fable, tale.

OafflMaKi. shoe.

6afflMa^HHK'L shoemaker.

6ainHfl tower.

6e3npecTaHH0 inconstantly.

6e^'b without.

depert shore, coast.

6htl to beat.

Cjiaro^apHTb to thank.

6jiarop6j,HLiH noble.

6jiarocjioBjaTb to bless.

6jH3Ki« near.

6A'kji,HUvi pale.

6oraTHM rich.

Bort God.

6ojibh6h sick, ill.

66jibffle more.

6ojiBiu6id great, large.

6oji43Hb illness.

6opoAa beard.

6o»TbCii to fear.

Spax-B brother.

6paTb to take.

6peMfl burden.

6pHTb to shave.

6pocaTb to throw.

6yAyiii.ifi future.

6yjtoqHHK'b baker.

6yMara paper.

6yp« storm, tempest.

6HK'b bull.

6HTb to be.

6'k;i,Huvi poor.

6'kiRSLTb to run.

6ijiHH white.

BasHbifi important.

BB'ljK'b for ever and ever.

BAOBa widow.

BjioBeu'B widower.

Be3jt'l; everywhere.

BejiHKiM great.

BCJiHKOJiiriHhiM magnificent

BepeBKa rope.

BecejiHH joyful.

BecHa spring (season).

secb all, whole.

BecbMa much, very.

Be^ep-b evening.

BeiAb thing.

BHAB face, air, shape.

BHji;'i^Tb to see.

BHjiKa fork.

BHHO wine.

BHDiHa cherry.

BM-fecTo instead of,

BMicxi together.

BHe3aiiH0 suddenly.

BHHxMaHie attention.

Bo^a water,

BojiiHTb (BecTH) to lead.

BoaBpamaTbCfl to return.

Boajtyx-b air.

BosMoatHUH possible.

BOMHa war.

BOHH'b warrior.

BofiCKO army.

B0K3ajiT. station, terminus.

BOJKT. wolf.

BOJiHa w'ave.

B6.1I0CH hair.

BOJiT. ox.

BOJiii will, desire.

Bonp6c'b question.

BopoH-b raven.

Bopoia gate.

Bop-b thief.

BocKpecenbe Sunday,

BociiHTaHie education.

BOCTOKB east.

B^epeJ^'b forward.

span, enemy.

Bpajib liar.

Bpaib to lie, to tell falsehoods.

BpaiT. physician, doctor.

BpejiiHKH hurtful.

Vocabulary.

145

BpejiTi damage. BpeMii time. Bcer;i;a always. Bcero on the whole; of all. BceMipHHM universal. Bce-iaKH notwithstanding. BCTaBaTB to get up, to rise. BCTpiqaTB to meet. BTopHHK'b Tuesday. Biepa yesterday. Bi. in, into. BMKyn'B ransom. BHCOKift high. BHCOTa height. BHCxaBKa exhibition. BMHHCTHTL to clean. BBitxaxL to ride out; to start. Bineu,!. crown. BiiioKX garland. B-fepa faith. fiipHTB to believe. BipHHii faithful. BiiBb branch. B-tTepi) wind. BiHHHH eternal, r^i where, repoii hero. FJiaai, eye. TJiyCoKm deep. rjiynHii stupid. rjiyxoH deaf. roBopHTb to speak, roil year. rojioBa head. TOAOM, hunger, rojioct voice, rojiy^i. pigeon, ropa mountain. ropjtocTb pride. r6p;tHH proud. ropoAt town. lopbKiii bitter. roptTL to burn, ropaiiii hot. rocnoAHHi gentleman, rociioata lady. ^ocTHHHH^a inn, hotel. rocTL guest. rocyAapcTBo empire. roTOBHH ready. rpaatjtaHHH'L citizen. rpaeHi;a frontier, border. Elementary Russian Grammar.

rpa(j)HQa countess, rpa^)^ count, earl. rp6ii,ia Greece. rpeyecKifi Greek. rpoML thunder, rpyina pear, rptxt sin. ryji^iTi. to walk, rycb goose. Aa yes.

AaBaiB to give. ;tajKe even, also. ;^aH, Aaflxe give! ;i;aJieKiii distant. jjBepb door. ABop'b court, yard. ACKaSpb December. ACHb day. ACHbrH money. AepCBHa village. A^pcBo tree. AepjKaxb to keep. AemeBHH cheap. fl:HKiH savage, wild. jlHXfl child. jWHHHHH long. jlJia for.

;^o6po;^'tTeJ[L virtue. ;t66pHH good. Ao6hma, prey. ;^0B6JIbH0 enough. fliOBo.ibHHH satisfied. AOXAb rain. lOKasdxejibcxBo proof. ji,6jiTitt long. ;toji0[Ha valley. ^lo^r-B debt. ;i;6jateH'b, n I must. j[,0JA'b house. ;^op6^a way. aoporoH dear. J^ocx6HHHH worthy. AOHb daughter. jipcBHiM ancient. ;tpOBa wood. ApyroH other. Apyr-b friend, ^ny^i oak. AJKSiTb to believe. ^lypHoii bad. ;jyma soul. AHM-L smoke.

10

146

Vocabulary.

ji^ASiTh to do, to make.

;i,'fejio business; thing.

AW uncle.

ero of him; his; him.

ej^Ba scarcely, hardly.

ecjiH if, whether.

eme still, yet.

mkmM thirst.

aiaji^TB to pity, to regret.

atapHTL to roast, to fry.

HtapKoe roast meat.

TKQjikTh to wish.

aiejiTHH yellow.

atejiisHaa Aopora railway.

atejiiso iron.

aceea wife.

ateHiuHHa woman.

acHBOTHoe animal.

mHAOBKa Jewess.

san^'h jew.

XHiejiL inhabitant.

atHTb to live.

8a for; behind.

aa^HBaih to forget.

saBTpaKaiL to breakfast.

saBipa to-morrow.

sajKHraiB to light.

saKOHi. law.

saMOK'L castle.

saMOK^ lock.

saHHMaiBCii to occupy oneself.

aanaji.'b west.

sacjiyjKHBaTB to deserve.

saait'B hare.

sBisjia star.

3BipB beast.

SAopoBBe health.

sjtopOBHii healthy.

3;ticB here.

sejieHHH green.

seMJia earth.

sepKajio looking-glass.

3HMa winter.

ajiojiiii rascal.

3Mia snake.

SHaK-B sign, mark.

3HaMa flag.

3HaTB to know.

36J10T0 gold.

36hthk'b parasol; umbrella.

spijiaii ripe.

3y6i tooth.

H and.

Hro.iKa needle.

HrpaxB to play.

H3t out, from.

HJiH or.

HMiiepaxopi, emperor.

HMnepaTpHii,a empress.

HM-feTB to have, to possess.

HMfl name.

HHorj^a sometimes.

HHOCTpaHHHM foreign.

HCKaiB to look for.

HCKpeHHift sincere.

HCKyccTBO art.

HCTopiii history.

HCTO'iHHK'B source.

ifojih July.

ijOHB June.

KaatjiHH each, every.

KasaTBCfl to seem.

Ka3HaHeM treasurer.

KaKofi which.

KaK'L how, as, like.

KaMCHB stone.

KapaH.'taui'B lead-pencil.

KapMam pocket.

KapiHHa picture.

KaiecTBo quality.

KainejiB cough.

KJHO'i-B key.

Kimra book.

KHHronpoji.aBen.'B bookseller.

KHflruHfl princess.

KHfl3B prince.

KOJieco wheel.

KOJioAesB well, pit.

KOJiBuo ring.

KOMHaia room.

KOHeK'B skate. /

KOHeu,!. end. 4aK«rfC(4

KOHB horse. A^U^

KOHioiuHa stable.

Kopa6jiB ship.

KopenB root.

Kop3HHKa basket,

KopoJCBa queen.

KopoJiB king.

KopoTKia short.

KOCTB bone.

KOTopHii which, that.

Ko^e coffee.

KouiKa cat.

Vocabulary.

147

KpacHopinie eloquence. KpacHHH red. KpacTb to Bteal. Kpaii border; region. KpecTt cross. KpecTBflHHH'L peasant. KpHiaxB to cry. KpoBaiL bedstead. KpoBi. roof, shelter. KpoBb blood. KpoMi besides. KpyrjiHil round. Kpiiraa roof, cover. KpinKiii strong. KpinocTb fortress. KTO who.

KT0-HH6yjiL somebody. KVSHeii.'B blacksmith. KynaxLC^i to bathe. Kyneii,i> merchant. KycoKT) piece. KyxH^ kitchen. JiCBT. lion. jiaBKa shop. jerKiii easy. .lerKO easily. jieKapcTBo medicine. .leiaxL to fly. JHCHna fox. JiHCTi. leaf. JiHU,6 face. JioatKa spoon. JouiaAb horse. Jiyna moon. JiioCHTb to love. JiioCoBb love. Jij8o6onHTHHH curious. JiiHHBHii lazy, idle. Jiiub idleness, Jiicb forest, wood. Jiiio summer. Mafi may. Ma.io little fadv.J MajieHbKiw small. vikAun little (adj.J MajibHHKi boy. Ma pit march. Macjio oil; butter. MaiepHKi, continent. Maib mother. lAeJi.h'k^,h bear. .Meffi;iy between.

MHpi, peace. Mipi. world. MHoro much ; many. MHorojiK)ACTBO popuiousnesg. MHoacecTBo multitude. MHinie opinion. Moriija tomb. MorymecTBO power. MoateTt 6HTb perhaps. MoasHo (it is) possible. MOKpHH wet, damp. MOjiHTBa prayer. MOJiHifl lightning. MOjio^OM young. MojiHaxL to be silent. M6pe sea. Mocxi bridge. Moqb to be able. Mppuii wise. MyjKHKi> peasant. MyatiHHa man. Myacb husband. Myxa fly. MHCJib thought. MHXb to wash. mlijih copper. Mipa measure. Mtcflm. month; moon. M-fecxo place, spot. M-fecxoiiojioHteHie situation. Miuiaxb to prevent, mix. MiuioKt purse. MarKia soft, tender. Mflco meat. Ha on, upon. HaetpHO certainly. HarpaaiAaxb to reward. H^^nHCL inscription. Haio6Ho it is necessary. Haji;e/KAa hope. Haji,T> above. Ha;^iflXbC/^ to hope. Ha3aAT> back; ago. HasHBaxb to call. HaKa3HBaxb to punish. HaM-fepenie intention. HaiipacHO in vain. HapoA'b people, nation. HaxojtHXb to find, naqdjio beginning. HaHHHaxb to begin. He not, no.

10*

148

Vocabulary.

HeBosMoatHLiB impossible.

nejiiin week.

HenojtBHJKHHii immovable.

iienpiarejib enemy.

HeiipiiiTHHti disagreeable.

HecpaBHeHHHii incomparable.

HH3Kiii low, inferior.

HHKor;ta never.

HHKTO nobody.

HH^ero nothing.

HHnuM beggar.

HO no. {r r r

HOBwfi new.

Hora foot; leg.

BOTR.'b knife.

HOCL nose.

H01L night.

HOCHTB to bring, to carry, to

wear. H0fl6pL November. HpaBHTbca to please; to like. HyacjiaTLCfl to want. HyiKHHvi necessary. Bkun nurse. H^MeuKiH German. HiMeuB German. HiMOM mute, dumb. Hix-L not; it is not. 66a both.

o6e3baHa monkey, ape. 66.iaKO cloud.

o66h tapestry.

o66hiii,hk'b upholsterer.

66iii.ecTB0 society, company.

66miR common.

o5HKHOBeHie habit.

o6HKHOBeHH0 usually.

odHKHOBeHHHM Ordinary.

o6i3,aTB dine.

od^'b dinner.

o6'fein,aTB to promise.

o6a3aHHocTB obligation, duty.

0Bi;a sheep.

oroHB fire.

oiisaTB to dress.

osepo lake.

OKanqHBaTB to finish.

OKHO window.

OKOJio round, about; nearly.

OKpecTHocTB cuvirons.

0KT^6pb October.

ojieHB stag.

onaCHOCTB danger.

oiiacHHH dangerous.

onaiB again.

opeJiB eagle.

opyatie weapon.

opixB nut, walnut.

0CBo6o:Kji,aTb to deliver.

oCBimaTB to promise.

ocejiB ass, donkey.

oceHB autumn.

ocM'tjiHBaTBCfl to dare.

oc66eHHO particularly.

ocTaBjiaTB to abandon, to leave.

ocTaBHTB to abandon, to quit.

ocTopoaiHHrf careful.

ocipoBB island.

ocxpHH sharp.

OTB from, out.

oieuB father.

OTeHecTBo native country.

OTKpKBaxB to open, to discover.

oxoTHHKB sportsman.

oxoTHO willingly.

o^eHB very much, greatly.

oqepejiB turn.

omH6Ka mistake.

najieuB finger.

naM«THHKB monument.

naMhTB memory.

napoxoAB steamer.

nap'B steam.

nacTyxB shepherd.

nenejiB ashes.

nepBHri first.

nepeBOAHTB to translate.

nepeji,B before.

nepo pen; feather.

neiajiB sorrow.

iieiB to bake.

DHBO beer, ale.

DHcaTB to write.

iiHCBMO letter.

BHTB to drink.

njiasaiB to swim.

iiJiaKaiB to weep, to cry.

nJiaMfl flame.

nJiaxHTB to pay.

njiaxBe dress.

njiGMii tribe.

njieMflHHHKB nephew.

iiJieMflHHHua niece.

iiioxo hardly; badly.

Vocabulary.

149

nJomajiL place, square.

no after; by; out of; about.

noBapt cook.

noBTopaiL to repeat.

nor6;ia weather.

noeAiiHOKi. duel.

noacajyucTa if you please.

nosBOjaTb to allow.

noajuio late.

iiOKa3HBaTB to show.

noKpHB^Tt to cover.

noKynaiL to buy.

noje field.

nojie3HHft useful.

nojioBHua half.

iiojiyq^TL to receive.

noMoraiL to help, to assist.

noMoiub assistance.

noHejijiLHHKT. Monday.

noHHMaib to understand.

110-iio.iyjHH afternoon.

nonpaBJiiTL to correct^ to mend.

nont priest.

iiopHu.aTb to blame.

iiopoKt vice.

iiopTHOii tailor.

iiopajtoKx order.

nocjii;i;HiH last.

nocj'fe after.

nocii-saBxpa the day after to- morrow.

nocojiBCTBo embassy.

noc6.Tb ambassador.

nocxejii. bedstead.

nocfemait to visit.

iioctmeHie visit.

iiocH.iaTb to send.

iioiepflTL to lose.

iioTOMy HTO why; because.

iioTOMi. then, afterwards.

iio^TH nearly.

noiiast train.

iipaBHJBHHii regular.

iipa3;iHHK'b festival.

iipeA-iaraiL to offer.

iipesKAe before, sooner.

npennpaTL to despise, to re- gard with contempt.

npeHMvmecTBO advantage.

npeKpacHHM beautiful.

npeni[TCTBie obstacle.

iipecTO-TL throne.

iipii at, near, on, by. npH6.iHaeaTLca to approach. npHOtiTL to arrive. npuBiiuKa custom, liabit. npHroTOB.iaTL to prepare. npHJieaiHbiH diligent. iipHM-fepi. example. npHHocHTL to bring. npHxojtHTL to come. npn^HHa cause, reason. npiixaiL to arrive. npi;iTe.ib friend. iipi^THHH agreeable. npoSoBaxb to try. npojtaBaTb to sell. npocHTb to beg. npoCTOM simple. npoTHBTj against, npomaxb to pardon. nxHua bird.

iiycKaxb to let, to let go. nycxoft empty. nycxHiifl desert. nyxemecxBenHHK'L traveller. iiyxeuiecxBOBaxb to travel, niejia bee. ntxyx-b cock, nixb to sing, iiaxHHHa Friday. pa66xa work. po66xaxb to work. paooxHHK'b workman. paBHHHa plain, level ground. pajtoBaxbCfl to rejoice, to be glad. paAocxb joy. paJ^•b glad.

p^aei perhaps, then. paaroBapHBaxb to dissuade. pasroBopi. dialogue. paajiHiHHH different, distinct. pasHHua difference. pasHHH different, paacKas-b tale, narrative. pa3CKa3HBaxb to tell, to relate. pa3CMaxpHBaxb to view, to con- template. pascMoxpinie examination, past time; once, pana wound. paHo soon.

pacKaaxbca to repent. pacnpocxpaHflXb to entend.

150

Vocabulary.

pacxeHie plant.

pBaxL to tear, to rend.

pen horn.

pojtHHa native country.

poAHxejiH parents.

pojicxBenHHK'B relation, relative.

poAX gender.

poiKjtaxbCfl to be born.

PoatAecxBO Christmas.

poatAeiiie birth.

pojKb rye.

posa rose.

poca dew.

port mouth.

py6araKa shirt.

pyjKbe gun, rifle.

pyKa hand; arm.

pynefi brook; rivulet.

pii6a fish.

puSaKt fisherman.

pijtKiw rare, seldom.

pfeaxL to cut.

piKa river.

pimaxL to decide.

piiuenie decision.

pflAt row, tier.

caji,HXLCfl to sit down.

caji.OBimK'L gardener.

caji't gardener.

caMi,, caMUH self, same.

canort boot.

canomHHKt shoemaker.

caxapt sugar.

CBHji,4xejiL witness.

CBHHLfl swine, pig.

CBo66ji,a freedom, liberty.

cbo66ji;hhh free.

CfiixMjibHHK'L candlestick.

CB-fex-L light; world.

cfiiq^ candle.

CBa3Ka tie.

CBflxoii holy, saint.

c^ijiaxbca to become, to get.

ceroj^Hfl to-day.

ceiiMacb directly.

cejio village.

ceMeficxBo family.

ceHXH6pb September.

cepAue heart.

cepe6p6 silver.

cepe^a Wednesday.

cecxpa sister.

CHA^xL to sit.

CHJia strength.

CHJibHHH strong.

CHiiiM blue.

CKasaxb to tell, to say.

CKaMefiKa bench.

CKopo soon, quickly.

CKopHH quick.

CKoxi, beast; cattle.

CKpoMHHH modest.

CKpuBaxb to hide.

Cjia6HH weak.

ciaBa glory, renown.

CJiajtKiH sweet.

CJOBapb dictionary.

CJOBO word.

cjyra servant, footuian.

CJiyataHKa maid-servant.

CJiyatHXb to serve.

CJiyHaii accident, case.

CJiyiaxbca to happen.

CJiHraaxb to hear.

c.ii'fejtoBaxb to follow.

CJiijtyiomiH following.

CHomeHie intercourse.

CHir'b snow.

co6aKa dog.

codnpaxb to collect.

cofiop'b cathedral.

co6paHie collection, assembly.

coBixHHK'b counsellor.

coBix-b advice.

cciAax-b soldier.

cojib salt.

cojiHue sun.

coMuinie doubt.

coH'b sleep.

conpoB03Kji,axb to accompany.

conpoxHB.iaxbCfl to oppose, to

resist, cocfe^'b neighbour, cnaxb to sleep. ciioKOHHHH quite. ciiocoOhhh able.

cnpaiuHBaxb to ask, to inquire. cpejtHHa middle. cpejiiCXBo means. cxaKaiii, drinking-glass. cxapaxLCfl to endeavour. cxapHKi old man. cxapocxa headman, exapyxa old woman.

Vocabulary.

151

ciapHH old, ancient.

CTeoo glass (pane of).

CTOJi'L table.

CTOjapt joiner.

CTopoHa side.

cxpaHa country, region.

cipauiHHH terrible, awful.

CTporifi rigorous.

cipoHTb to build.

CTyjit chair.

CTyiaxb to knock.

CTUAHTLca to be ashamed.

CTtna wall.

cy666Ta Saturday.

cy;tifl judge.

cyxoil dry.

cqacTJiHBufi happy, lucky.

ciacTbe happiness, luck.

CHHxaTb to count.

CHH'b son.

CT. with; from.

ciBepi. north.

ciMH seed.

cino hay.

TaKJKe also, too.

xaKofi such.

xaKx, thus.

xaM-b there.

XBepAUM hard.

xeaxpi theatre.

xejieuoK-b calf.

xeMHHii dark.

lenepb now.

xeiuHH warm, lukewarm.

Tepii-feme patience.

TexKa aunt.

tOjICxuh fat; big, thick, stout.

x6.ibK0 only.

TOHKifi thin.

xoiiopi, hatchet.

xoprOBjiw trade.

xoxb that.

xoHKa point.

xo'iHo exactly.

xpana herb, grass.

xpexiK third.

xpexbflro AHa the day before

yesterday. xpyj^HHii difficult, xpyj^-b work, pains. xyjioBHme body, rump, xijio body.

xiHb shadow.

Taaiejiuu heavy.

y6HXb to kill.

ySiixoKT. advantage.

yStacaxb to run away.

ystioMJiaxb to inform.

yBtpjixb to assure.

yrpoataxb to threaten.

yroeapHBaxb to persuade.

yrcTb corner.

yrojb charcoal.

yjiajiaxb to remove.

y^HB.ieHie astonishment.

yjiHB.TaxbCJi to wonder.

yjtoBOjiLCXBie pleasure.

yaee already.

yjKHHaxb to sup.

yjKHH^ supper.

ysKift narrow.

yjiHua street.

yMHpaxi) to die.

yiToxpe6jiAxb to want.

ypoK-b lesson.

ycjioBie condition.

ycirtx'b improvement; success.

yxKa duck.

yxpo morning.

yximaxb to console.

yxo ear.

yieHHKx, pupil, scholar.

yMeHHH scholar, learned man.

y^Hjinme school.

yiHxejb teacher, master.

y^HxCjibBHiiia school-mistress.

yiHxb to teach.

yiiixbCfl to learn.

(J)aMHjiia family.

(^eepajib February.

$paHu,ia France.

{|)paHii,y3CKiM French.

({•paHuya-b Frenchman.

XBajHXb to praise.

xHxpuii sly.

xjiiC-b bread.

xo;i;HXb to go.

xo3;iHKa mistress, landlady.

xosAhhi. master, landlord.

XDJIMl) hill.

xDJioiHUM cold.

xox-fexb to be willing, to wish.

xoxa although.

xpoMOM lame.

152

Vocabulary.

xyate worse. il,BicTH to flourish, HBtTOK'L flower. UB'iiT'B colour. ii,epKOBL church. u.'feHa price, qan tea. HacTo often. nacTB part. MacH watch. Hact hour. HBaecTBo vanity. ^ejOB^Ki. man. HejiOBiiecTBO mankind, repeat through. HepHHJia ink. HepHHJiLHH]j,a inkstand. MepHHii black. ^ecTL honour. ^eiBepPL Thursday. ^HHOBHHKt official, officcr. HHCJO number; date. HHCTHH clean.

HHiaiL to read.

"iTo that; which; what.

mt66h in order that.

^T0-HH6yji;B something.

lyBCTBOBaiL to feel.

Hpo wonder.

h4m'l than.

men neck.

fflHpoKiii broad.

iDJiana hat.

myiHTL to joke.

meiKa brush.

a6jioKo apple.

jiBjieHie phenomenon.

asHKi. language.

flHBapb January.

acHHH clear.

iim\6 egg.

lor-B south.

fc^a drive.

isiiHTL to drive, to go.

icTL to eat.

ixaiB to ride, to go.

Printed by C. F. Winter, Darmstadt.

lO^'iiii I'pooc:^

n uMboepri*.