SNA Reape hah ahalend shamuhabubbhehababilicmehsbnlaraladelemmre lnbphelntalalsteintateivpleis lebelstebaiptalaleheiotal telstra set noe Pettenan bmna te Spam enc ene aeee noe ce meme Enea: aeimewannnmmacnnneseeneee iessbebeteeeerertaters fo oon tn mone ee iin arenemkpinmwcaaawe caer: isin mnronnnen rn mm ie Sm sp meneame, AN mame mmr orrssrrree rama narnia newer ares wen enrane nome: Met SY CepeE NSH wows: tn a amie SILC WTA papain coe Oa RESALE TAMA) OPUS eT ieoveant retake a ied coh tctorncores hehe ers ‘on Se orale en E Sate ro cme arora eee oe ees Pern eoem, Te eh LOO ie ene eb ars arm, LT mim 9 re a wre evar eae eee Semen tee See ge on ee ee tenuate snsbiomrvecbanytin eee rrecmenes PPPOE ee EE NAAR A ANN Nem cet cok oor teh tabs ih eS ake Portree rerecnnnes Siete career SSLOEIES ERO EL te coetpercerccrereerae See eeeee renee Peatnere LIER EL ELE CELLED mere n bes ewe ren, nw ewww wren, nranwnneenewannwnneenn ernnenrrrenwnperennre cionrgeceme nner nccansnmene ner rene wrimen: LILLIA PP LAD Tone nae LLL LLL LLL SOMA te ate ane ree, een me nwa ag wna ne es, fee rnne renew, APOE OPP OOS PORE AD OP COE (lass eS) ia 25 ——s Gonyreht Noe eae COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING. Goode sek 3° <0 2 So Sp ose <0 Go Go Ge Ge ho i G0 Gr Sor <> oye Gs Published by The Chemical Publishing Co. Easton, Penna. Engineering Chemistry Portland Cement Agricultural Chemistry Qualitative Analysis Household Chemistry Chemists’ Pocket Manual Metallurgy, Etc. : GAS GSE ee : ha Publishers of Scientific Books : : Elementary Treatise on Stock Feeds and Feeding By JAMES EDWARD HALLIGAN CHEMIST IN CHARGE, LOUISIANA STATE EXPERIMENT STATION EASTON, PA. THE CHEMICAL PUBLISHING CO. 1911 LONDON, ENGLAND: WILLIAMS & NORGATE 14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W. C. COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY EDWARD HART. e ° ° * * ¢ O32 ae Nn ~ ©c.a295634 PREFACE. This book has been written to furnish the readers with a knowledge of stock feeds, the principles of feeding and the care of farm animals. It is so arranged that it may be used as a text-book, or for farmers, or for those interested in commercial feeds. Many of the American feeders waste a great deal of money through unwise selection of feeds; many do not properly supply the needs of their live stock; and many could improve their systems of feeding. ‘This little book should acquaint the readers with suggestions along these lines, serve to solve many problems which confront the farmer and perhaps be a means of increas- ing his profits. The subject matter has been written in as simple and practical a way as possible so as to be within reach of all interested in the subject. It is to be hoped that this little volume will fill a useful place in the libraries of farmers and students of animal feeding. Acknowledgments, The writer is indebted to Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Department @f Veterinary Science and to Prof. BE. L. Jordan, Department of Animal Husbandry, of the Louisiana State University, for their many valuable suggestions. Prof. G. L. Tiebout, of the Louisiana State University very kindly helped in printing some of the photographs. The illustrations have been secured from the Louisiana Ex- periment Station and credit is given in the text for illustrations secured from other sources. Baton Rouge, La. February 15, I9Qtt. }, Halligan: INTRODUCTION. According to the Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture, in the Yearbook of 1908: ‘The farmer who has averaged hardly twenty cents a pound for the butter that he has sold, between three and four cents a quart for his milk, and about one and a half cents for each egg, and even to the consumer who has paid prices much above these, it is a striking fact that the value of the farm products of the dairy cow are getting closer and closer to $800,000,000. Poultry and eggs produced on the farms of the United States are worth as much as the cotton crop, seed included, or the hay crop or the wheat crop.” Armsby says: “It is estimated by competent authority that over 45 per cent. of the food consumption of the better classes in the United States consists of animal products. Taking into account the relatively higher prices of these materials it seems safe to estimate that fully half the amount spent for food by the average well-to-do family goes for the purchase of meat, eggs and dairy products.” The following table gives statistics on farm animals in the United States.? indict stock lin eheatted States ee penmenan Farm Value January 1, 1909 January 1, 1909 January 1, 1909 TROTSES\scietevevorstee:« 20,640,000 $ 95.64 $1,974,052,000 Miles (iio sctecteie s 4,053,000 107.84 437,082,000 Milch cows ..... 21,720,000 32.36 702,945,000 Other cattle..... 49,379,000 17.49 863,754,000 Sheep ......---- 56,084,000 3.43 192,632,000 Swine -----..--- 54,147,000 6.55 354,794,000 These figures impress us with the vast expenditures and out- lay of money in animals and animal products in the United States. It is interesting to note that the animal manufactures foods such as fodders, hays, straws, grains, and wastes, many of which are not fit food for man, into products which are used for human consumption. 3 1908 Yearbook, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION Vv It is also important on account of these facts that we learn the principles of feeds and feeding in order to more intelligent- ly increase production with the least expenditure of time, labor and money. The time has come when only those who understand feeding are in a position to realize the maximum profits from live-stock. The population of this country is rapidly increasing so that the human race is consuming more and more of the grain every year. The feeder of the future will perhaps find grain un- profitable for feeding live-stock and he will be forced to utilize the coarser foods, the by-products and the wastes. In order to do this profitably, the principles of feeds and feeding must be understood. Prehacecmme neue IGaho oe hbkeiqtoyatsia-me ore Section I. Section II. Section III. Section IV. Section V. Section VI. Section VII. Section VIII. Section IX. Section X. Section NI. Section XII. Section XIII. Section XIV. Section XV. Section XVI. Section XVII. Section XVIII. Section XIX. Section XX. Section XXI. Section XXII. Section XNIII. Section XXIV. Section XXV. Section XX VI. Section XXVII. Section XXVIII. Section XXIX. Section XXX. Section XX XI. Section XXXII. Section X XXIII. Section XXXIV. Section XXXV. Section XXXVI. Section XX XVII. Section XX XVIII. Contents. ya a PE eR I DER eal SETS ory REMMI Ss et iil A ee OIRO A ICA t ny Ch Oi ca EERO Coen co iv Relation of Plant to Animal Life and Chemical Elements Needed by Plants........---.+---+2 00. I Composition of the Dry Matter of Plants and IA TUTITVAIS cisre re eteuetetetecececcees bo menete cet ometetnemter obo fuciececanstagerses ‘ 6 Water and Dry Matter in Plants and Animals....-. 9 Aishiant Plan tisthicattaue aoe theeis een eee eeieeuete tered) anetenanners 13 Ash at Act tral Sin ccetecacd cos poteeci ct si ovoves obekebelepetes irons avenue elste 18 Protein in Plants and Animals.............-.----- DD Nitrogen Free Compounds......-++.+++--.+- eayanrs 26 Composition of Farm Animals....-..... eee. esses 31 Physiology of Digestion..-. +--+ ++. sees eee ee eee 36 The Circulation of Digested Food.............-+-- 45 Conditions Governing Digestibility............... 51 The Nutrients anc: delete Et Cli OmSiecsrctetele tie = teratetae 56 Feed Stuffs as a Source of Energy-----------+-0--- 60 INatumaleStOCk Heed Sicic eters 2 chess ateteteedevemetonenem=te «eee r 65 Commercial seed Sites: scvctew aie siciie asc ecttetebetots (exe overnite 74 Commercial Feeds, Continued..-.......---...-.- 83 @lasses of Commencialsb Cedi aie: cn ore oreuersls oye wrclelsarets go Classes of Commercial Feeds, Continued.-.....-.-. 98 Feed Stuff Laws and Feed Adulterants.......-..... 105 A Few Remarks about Feed Stuffs..........---.-. 113 Composition and Digestible Nutrients of Feed Stuffs ATG utHe WN UCLUtVeMR atl O) aleve ieiote + epelslajede eherehafanersl ere 121 Feeding Siebiteidolsiogen anni od oo nUn odor ae au bic wAad G 136 How to Balance a Ration and Terms of a Nutritive Amounts of Roughage and Concentrates to Feed--- 147 How to Improve and Reduce the Cost of Rations.. 152 Table of Amounts of Dry Matter and Digestible Niiltrien tsam eed Stufis. -rcr sete esl clellesbayeue eerepratatare 157 Standardsutor WViilieh 1 @owSir ete ne cacti tetcbene eters chs teceterete 173 Computation of Rations According to Energy Values 179 Feed and Care of Dairy Cows.-++ +++ -eese+ ee ee ees 188 Feed and Care of Fattening Cattle................ 207 Feed land: Caremohir Orses tia: cneensdetsie ote Men iereeeeeepe rege 215 Feed and Care of Sheep x eh adeteye persis eters iledouete ete ashe heart 22 Feed aid CanevotuS wittlerrerereite ecssrseze eke ek snersren aeRenetoies 235 Feed and Care of Young Farm Animals..-.------.- 246 Feed and Care of Poultry.++- esse e cece cee cee eee 255 Standards and Rations for Poultry - aes 261 The Importance of Raising Live- Stock and ‘the Fertilizing Constituents in Feeds PopRnU OU oditboloacs 269 Cropping Sy stems for Stock Farms. The State Agricultural Experiment Stations.. c - 278 SECTION I. RELATION OF PLANT TO ANIMAL LIFE AND CHEMICAL ELEMENTS NEEDED BY PLANTS. How Plants Feed.—Every seed is made up of a germ (em- bryo plant) surrounded by stored up food. When a seed is dropped into the warm soil it germinates and feeds on this stored up food materia! until it has put forth a root, stem and leaves. It is now able to gather its food from the air, water ani soil. On the roots of plants are minute root hairs, composed of single cells, which absorb food materials from the soil water, by means of osmosis or diffusion. The leaves, on the under sides, have minute openings which permit the breathing of air which contains carbonic acid gas. The carbon is used in build- ing up the plant and the excess of oxygen is given back to the atmosphere. ‘This process requires the presence of light as does chlorophyll (green coloring matter of plants). Plants will grow without light as long as the food supply in the seed lasts, but they will be white and will not produce seed. By the aid of sunlight the materials gathered by the root hairs and leaves are manufactured into compounds and retained by the plants. The Food of the Plant—The plant keeps growing until it produces seed. It may continue its growth for years as is the case with trees. In this continual growing process we cannot see the plant feeding but we know its nourishment is obtained from the soil, water and air. The food of the plant, then, con- sists of the mineral substances, water and gases taken from the soil and air. The Food of the Animal.—The plant takes its food from mineral substances, water and gases and changes these materials into many compounds. These compounds are stored in the plant and are in a form suitable for animals and constitute their food. The animal feeds on the plant and changes plant sub- stances into bone, flesh and blood. If the animal is deprived of the plant it dies. Therefore we know that the plant is necessary for the existence of the animal and constitutes its food. 2 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Action of the Plant on the Animal.—The plant is the animals’ food. The plant builds them up, it keeps them warm and it furnishes substances which are changed into energy and motive power. No matter how cold it may be, we find that the plant enables the animal to maintain a constant body temperature. This temperature, in cold weather, is much warmer than the surrounding air, and in hot weather, it is cooler than the out- side air. Take any young animal and feed it plant substances, such as grain and hay, and it continues to take on bone and flesh until it becomes large and heavy. As the animal re- quires for its existence, those substances which the plant stores up, we may properly call plant substances animals’ food or feed stuffs. | Chemical Elements Needed by Plants.—All forms of matter in this world are made up of chemical elements in various com- binations. There are about 81 chemical eiements known to us, but only 15 of these are required for plant life so far as we know. In order to thoroughly understand this subject of feeds and feeding let us become acquainted with these fifteen elements. The Fifteen Elements.—Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulphur, silicon, iron, chlorine, magnesium, sodium, fluorine, and manganese are the elements used by plants. Some of these elements are used in much larger amounts than others. Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine, in the pure state, generally occur as gases, while the other elements are solids. Small amounts of oxygen are sometimes used by plants in the elementary state. Certain plants also use nitrogen in the free state. All the other elements, and generally oxygen and nitrogen, must be combined with other of these elements to be favorable for the support of plant life. Hydrogen.— This element is generally found in combination with other elements. In the free state it occurs only in small quantities upon the earth. It is present in the gases of petroleum wells, around volcanic eruptions, and it is evolved by the fer- mentation and decomposition of some organic substances. It is abundantly found in combination with other elements. Water, RELATION OF PLANT TO ANIMAL LIFE 3 hydrochloric acid, marsh gas, sulphuretted hydrogen, all acids and most organic (animal and vegetable) compounds contain this element. It is necessary for plant and animal life and it is used by animals in the form of water and as a constituent of feeds. Oxygen.—About one-fifth of the atmosphere is made up of this element, in the free state, mechanically mixed with nitrogen. It is found in enormous quantities in combination with other elements. It constitutes about eight-ninths by weight of water and nearly one-half of the earth’s crust. All combustion and decay require oxygen. ‘The plant stores up oxygen in combina- tion with other elements and it enters into many of the com- pounds of the animal body. Without oxygen plants and animals would die. The plant takes in oxygen in combination with car- bon as carbonic acid gas, through the openings on the under sides of the leaves; the carbon is absorbed and the excess of oxygen given off. The animal inhales air which contains oxygen, which serves to purify the blood, and exhales carbonic acid which is thrown off by the blood through the lungs. So the supply of oxygen and carbon is continually being used and formed. Nitrogen.—About four-fifths of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen in the free state. In combination this element is found in many substances such as ammonia, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and many organic compounds. Certain plants namely the legumes, of which the pea, bean, alfalfa, clovers, cowpea, soy bean, etc. are members, have the power of gather- ing nitrogen from the air, by means of certain growths (tuber- cles) on their roots. Our other plants are not capable of obtain- ing nitrogen in the free state. This element is one of the most important for us to consider. When in combination with other elements in plants, it is one of our most valuable compounds for animals’ food. In fertilizers it is the most expensive and fugitive of essential elements. It tends to produce vigorous growth of plants. Carbon is found in the free state in charcoal, graphite and diamonds. In combination with oxygen we find carbon as car- bon dioxide (carbonic acid gas) in the air. It is given off by 4 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING combustion and by respiration of animals. All carbonates (lime- stone, chalk, etc.) and all organic substances contain carbon. It is present in greater quantities in plant and animal life than any other element. Henry? says: “t1o,ooo volumes of air contain about 3 volumes of carbonic acid gas; 32 cubic yards of air hold one pound of this gas. An acre of growing wheat will gather during four months, 2,000 pounds of carbonic acid gas, or an amount equal to all the air contains over the same area of land to a height of three miles.” All of our farm crops use a great amount of carbon in the form of carbonic acid gas. Potassium in combination is very common. It is mined in large quantities in the Stassfiirt mines of Germany. The pres- ence of this element in wood ashes is taken advantage of in mak- ing soft soap. Potassium is found in most rocks and in the soil. In plants it is associated with organic acids. This element is essential to plant growth and is found in the stems, leaves and fruits of plants. It is also present in the animal, mainly in the flesh, liver, blood corpuscles and also in bones, milk and other parts of the animal body. Phosphorus is found in combination with oxygen and metals, as phosphates. Vast deposits of phosphates are found in Tenn- essee, South Carolina, Florida and some of the western states. It is present in many rocks and most soils and is an important element for plant food. It tends to produce early maturity in plants and helps to form the seed. It is also very important to the animal, where it is found in the hair, urine, muscles, nerve tissues, gland cells, milk, and bones. Bones contain about 60 to 65 per cent. of calcium phosphate which serves to strengthen them. Calcium is an element which occurs in combination in many substances as in lime, marble, coral, and gypsum. Plants and animals require this element, sometimes in larger amounts than one would imagine. In animals it is found in the blood, milk, egg shells and bones. Out ilo: 88 ) 1. Hien feed. 2: Chick) feed or scratching grains. 3. Pigeon feed. 4. Mash. Hen feed is usually composed of cracked corn, some of the coarser parts or whole seeds and may contain shells, grit and charcoal. Chick feeds are similar to hen feeds except the prod- uct 1s in a finer mechanical condition. Pigeon feed is generally not so coarse as chick feed and may contain the same materials. Mash is a variable product depending upon the materials of which it is composed. It usually contains alfalfa or clover meal, corn product, oat product, meat scraps or other animal by-product, weed seeds, etc. It may contain some of other materials as linseed meal, flax feed, wheat products, etc. ‘The mash is characterized by carrying more protein than the other mentioned feeds. APPROXIMATE AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF POULTRY FEEDS Composition in per cent. Fat Nitrogen Protein | (ether | free ex-| Fiber Water Ash extract) | tract JEIGM 6 doesn mocoEoouDOnCoD II 3 67 4 aCe) 5 @inicls! waGaamceoser ene enae II 3 67 4 10 5 Pigeon As elladeelclenravelieie: aisherators II 3 67 4 fe) 5 IWAGIN cocoon sc00 Gb0n000005 15 4.5 52.5 8 10 Io The animal by-products mentioned previously are used a great deal in poultry feeding. Alfalfa and Clover Meal.—The cured hays of alfalfa and clover are ground and put upon the market as alfalfa and clover meal. They may be very finely ground but generally the hay is cut in % to % inch lengths. The manufacturers usually buy these hays baled and grind them at their mills. A great deal of alfalfa is consumed as chopped alfalfa and alfalfa meal in mixed com- mercial feeds. Alfalfa seems to be very popular with the Ameri- 104 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING can feeders and they often demand that it be present in the feeds they purchase. COMPOSITION OF ALFALFA AND CLOVER MEAL Composition in per cent. Fat Nitrogen Protein | (ether | free ex- | Fiber Water Ash extract) | tract iNbtbel@anaon ode Uco oH poce 14 2 36 29 10 9 Clover -+se sees cece ee eee 12 2 40.5 27 10 8.5 SECTION XIX. FEED STUFF LAWS AND FEED ADULTERANTS Importance of State Feed Laws.—On account of the adultera- tion of commercial feed stuffs many of our states have passed laws to protect the consumers of these commodities. The en- forcement of these laws is generally controlled by the Experi- ment Stations or the State Boards of Agriculture, through a staff of chemists and inspectors. The inspectors draw samples of the various feeds and the chemists analyze them to find out if they are as represented. The results of the chemists’ findings are published in bulletins which are sent out to the farmers, manu- facturers and other interested parties. These laws require the manufacturers and dealers in these materials “to state what they sell and sell what they state.” In other words they are forced to guarantee their products. Ex- ample, John Doe is manufacturing and selling cotton seed meal. Before he is allowed to sell his cotton seed meal he must have printed on the sacks, or on tags attached to the sacks, the com- position of the cotton seed meal, the weight of the package, the name, brand, or trade mark, and the manufacturer’s or dealer’s name and address. Let us suppose that John Doe has printed on his sacks the following; protein 40 per cent., fat g per cent., carbohydrates 24 per cent. and fiber 10 per cent.; weight 100 Ibs.; cotton seed meal; manufactured by John Doe, Memphis, Tenn. Such a statement is the guarantee. The weight of the package is a good requirement in such laws because the pur- chaser is enabled to tell just the amount contained in the pack- age. Some feeds are put up in 90 pound sacks, for most pur- chasers will take it for granted that all feeds are sold in lots of 75 or 100 pounds or more. Feeds put up in irregular weights are generally sold per sack and not by weight. The guarantee then protects the consumer. Comparison of Some of the Requirements of Feed Laws.—Har- ris in a discussion of feed stuff laws says: “Suppose we take, for instance, the main feature of every feed law—the guaranteed chemical analysis—and see if any uniformity exists here. Cer- 8 106 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING tainly not. One state requires a guarantee of protein and fat; a sister state, the minimum per cent. of protein and fat, and adds the maximum per cent. of crude fiber; another state will add to this carbohydrates; another starch and sugar, and Michigan adds nitrogen free extract. “So it seems that there is not even an attempt at uniformity in the main feature of these laws. Some states require a license tax (4.e. a stipulated amount per brand per year). One state requires a license and a tonnage tax (1. ec. a brand tax and a tax on every ton or part of a ton sold in the state). Some states exempt certain feeds from a license fee or tonnage tax; others do not. Some states require standard weight bags; others do not. Where standard weight bags are required, they differ in different states (a 75 pound bag of feed can be sold in Tennessee, but not in North Carolina). Some states require the ingredients to be registered with the state authorities enforcing the law. Some states have a standard analysis for different feeds; others do not. The state of Mississippi, for example, requires that a feed must contain at least 13.5 per cent. of crude fat and protein together ; no feed carrying less than 3.5 per cent. fat can be sold; all ordinary feeds must not contain over 12 per cent. crude fiber except when branded “Cow & Ox Feed,” if such feeds contain cotton seed or its by-products. Some states have a provision in the law that where a feed is found misbranded or adulterated it can be siezed, pending an investigation; other states have no provision of this kind. There are a number of states that im- pose a fine of from $200 to $500 on a manufacturer whose feed fails to come up to the guarantee claimed for it, and fine him $25 to $100 for adulterating.”’ Some states prohibit the sale of feeds containing oat hulls, rice hulls, peanut hulls, corn cobs, and similar materials. Many states do not eliminate these sub- stances. Uniform Feed Stuff Law.—On account of the lack of uni- formity of the several state feed stuff laws there has been a great deal of agitation among those interested in feed stuff trade, and a movement has been started to pass a standard feed stuff law. The American Feed Manufacturers’ Association and state con- FEED STUFF LAWS AND FEED ADULTERANTS 107 trol officials met in Washington, D. C., in Sept. 1909 to discuss and if possible draw up a uniform feed stuff law satisfactory to all parties concerned in this business. The results of this meet- ing brought out the following, that the purchaser should know :— 1. The name, brand or trade mark. 2. The weight of the package. 3. The principal address and name of the manufacturer or jobber responsible for placing the feed on the market. 4. The chemical analysis as, Minimum per cent. of crude protein. Minimum per cent. of crude fat. Maximum per cent. of crude fiber. 5. If a compounded or mixed feed, the specific name of each ingredient of which it is made up. Tentative Definitions of Feed Stuffs Recommended by the Feed Control Officials Meal is the clean, sound, ground product of the entire grain, cereal or seed which it purports to represent. Provided, that the following meals, qualified by their descriptive names are to be known as, viz: Corn germ meal is a product in the manu- facture of starch, glucose and other corn products and is the germ layer from which a part of the corn oil has been extracted. Cotton-seed meal is the meal obtained from the cotton-seed kernel after exttaction of part of the oil and contains not less than 38.50 per cent. of crude protein. Linseed meal is the ground residue after extraction of part of the oil from ground flaxseed. Bolted corn meal is the entire ground product of corn, bolted. Grits are the hard, flinty portions of Indian corn. Hominy meal, feed or chop is the bran coating and germ of the corn kernel and may contain a part of the starchy portion of the kernel. Corn feed meal is the sifting obtained in the manufacture of cracked corn and table meal made from the whole grain. Gluten meal is a product obtained in the manufacture of starch and glucose from corn and is the flinty portion of the kernel which 108 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING lies in its outer circumference just beneath the hull. If the meal is derived from any other cereal, the source must be designated. Corn bran is the outer coating of the corn kernel. Gluten feed is a product obtained in the manufacture of starch and glucose from corn and is a mixture of gluten meal and corn bran to which may be added the residue resulting from the evaporation of the so-called ‘‘steep-water.” If derived from any other cereal, the source must be designated. Wheat bran is the coarse outer coating of the wheat berry. Shorts or standard middlings are the fine particles of the outer bran as well as the inner or “bee-wing” bran separated from the bran and white middlings. Shipstuff or wheat mixed feed is a mixture of the by-products from the milling of the wheat berry. White wheat middlings are that part of the offal from wheat left after separating it from the bran and the shorts or standard middlings. Red dog is a low-grade wheat flour containing the finer parti- cles of bran. Oat Groats are the kernels of the oat berry with the hulls re- moved. Oat shorts or oat middlings are the starchy portion of the oat groats obtained in the milling of rolled oats. Oat hulls are the outer covering of the oat grain. Oat clippings are the small hairs, dust and ends of oats separated from the oats in the clipping process and may con- tain light oats and oat hulls. Rice bran is the inner cuticle of the rice hull. Rice polish is the flour secured from the surface of the rice kernels in polishing. Rice meal or flour is the clean ground rice. Rice hulls are the outer covering of the rice grain. Flaxseed meal is the entire flaxseed ground. Flax plant refuse is the flax shives, flax pods, inferior flax seeds and the woody portion of the flax plant or any of the above materials. FEED STUFF LAWS AND FEED ADULTERANTS 10g Buckwheat shorts or middlings are that portion of the buck- wheat grain immediately inside of the hull after separation from the flour. Blood meal is finely ground dried blood. Meat meal is finely ground beef scraps. If it bears a name descriptive of its kind, composition or origin, it must correspond thereto. Cracklings are the residue after extracting the fats and oils from the animal tissue. If it bears a name descriptive of its kind, composition or origin, it must correspond thereto. Digester tankage is meat scraps from edible carcasses which have been inspected and passed as satisfactory for human con- sumption, especially prepared for feeding purposes through tanking under live steam, drying under high heat and suitable grinding. Distillers’ dried grains are the dried residue from cereals ob- tained in the manufacture of alcohol and distilled liquors. The product shall bear a designation indicating the cereal predominat- ing. Brewers’ dried grains are the dried residue from cereals ob- tained after “mashing and sparging” the malt. Malt sprouts are the sprouts of the barley grain. If the sprouts are derived from any other malted cereal, the source must be designated. Cotton-seed feed shall be a mixture of cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls containing less than 38.50 per cent. of crude protein and shall be plainly marked “mixture of cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls.” Alfalfa meal is the entire alfalfa hay ground and does not con- tain an admixture of ground alfalfa straw or other foreign materials. Chop is a ground or chop feed composed of one or more different cereals or by-products thereof. Screenings are the smaller imperfect grains, weed seeds and other foreign materials having feeding value, separated in clean- IIQ ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND. FEEDING ing the grain. They shall be designated by the name of the seed from which they are derived. Barley bran is a misnomer. Cotton-seed bran is a misnomer. Elevator feed is a misnomer. Cotton-seed meal feed is a misnomer. Cotton-seed feed meal is a misnomer. Oat feed is a misnomer unless applied to whole ground cats. Flax feed is a misnomer unless applied to whole ground flax- seed. Flax bran is a misnomer. Oat nubbins is a misnomer. Buckwheat feed, consisting of buckwheat middlings and hulls, is a misnomer. Gluten feed as applied to distillers’ grains is a misnomer. The Federal Law.—The tational pure food law also protects the purchaser of feeds. All feeds that enter into interstate trade are subject to the requirements of this law. The manufacturers of feeds are required to seil goods as represented to satisfy this law. Example, a manufacturer cannot sell a feed manufactured in Texas, in Arkansas, labelled pure wheat bran that contains any thing other than wheat bran, nor can he sell a feed of a stated chemical analysis and have it fall materially below it. Low Grade By-Product Feeds.—Some states, as heretofore stated, do not permit the sale of feeds below certain standards. There is considerable difference of opinion as to the advisability of such prohibition. Some claim such feeds should be elimina- ted so as to furnish all purchasers with feeds of a so-called high or standard grade. Others claim that a manufacturer should be permitted to sell low grade feeds provided the ingredients that make up the feed are stated and there are no injurious or poison+ ous materials present. We all know that oat hulls, corn cobs, screenings, cotton seed hulls, etc., contain some nutritious mate- rial and many claim that should the consumer wish to buy feeds containing any of these substances it is his own privilege and legitimate, when they are stated as being present. Other points FEED STUFF LAWS AND FEED ADULTERANTS II! that are worth considering are, that the prices of grains are getting higher and the population of this country is increasing so that the feeder may be forced in the future to utilize the wastes and low grade by-products to a certain extent. Adulteration of Feeds—If it were not for the protection our feed laws give us, we would find it hard to purchase good standard products. A manufacturer could easily adulterate his feed and sell it for the genuine article if he knew it would not — be subject to inspection and analysis. For instance, a manu- facturer could easily introduce ground cotton seed hulls into his cotton seed meal and sell the product with any guarantee he pleased. He could sell this mixed product under the name of cotton seed meal, when in reality it is cotton seed meal and ground cotton seed hulls (cotton seed feed). Of course the manufacturer could afford to sell the mixed product at a lower price than pure cotton seed meal, but for the nutrients received the purchaser would perhaps pay much more than for cotton seed meal. Many of the laws permit manufacturers to sell low grade products provided they are not injurious, but require that the true name or a trade name be employed. Perhaps the manu- facturer would not care to put out a mixture of cotton seed meal and cotton seed hulls and label it so, but he would rather give it a trade or brand name, as Cracker Feed. Values of Low Grade Feeds.—The purchasers of low grade feeds should know their values. The Experiment Stations or the State Boards of Agriculture are continually sending out bulletins which comment and set forth the values of commercial feeds so there is no excuse for a feeder, in states having feed laws, allowing a spurious article to be sold to him. In all feeds the principles as cited are true. It is unfortunate but possible, for manufacturers to put out feeds that resemble standara products, which are badly adulterated. These adulterated feeds are generally ground so fine that the casual observer would not notice the adulteration. Feed Adulterants—In some of our molasses feeds, wheat ad- mixtures, corn and oat feeds, feed mixtures, cotton seed feeds, mixed oats and barley, and similar mixtures, materials are often II2 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING added which are inferior. These inferior materials are called adulterants. As a general rule adulterants are added to feeds that command high prices and so are disposed of for more than they would bring if sold unmixed. COMPOSITION OF FEED ADULTERANTS Composition in per cent. Name of adulterant Fat Nitrogen | Protein | (ether | free ex-| Fiber Water | Ash extract)| tract | Ground corn cobs ......-- 2.40 | 0.50 54.90 | 30.10 | 10.70 1.40 (Qeyaolopeswitsoneonannoeoudnc 9.00 | 5.80 62.20 | 12.70 9.00 t.30 Oath lSiiciece sles cteroeeersiersy- 3.30 | 1.00 52.10 | 29.70 7230 6.70 lDNkb-< lehehit ConoA Game oocET 5.63 | 3.58 teres 41.86 SGa0 Hond Wheat screenings...-..... 12.50 | 3.00 65.10 4.90 | I1.60 2.90 Cotton seed hulls......... 6.10 | 2.06 32:91 | (45.10 _|| 11,06 TT Rice MuUliss. cscs .1945 or 2.92 per cent. ammonia and 15 .16 or 2.40 per cent. nitrogen. Condimental Feeds.—There are a great many of these feeds sold in this country. They are made up of mixtures of sulphur, salt, saltpeter, Epsom salts, Glauber’s salts, sodium bicarbonate, fenugreek seeds, fennel seeds, ginger, turmeric, gentian pow-ler, charcoal, red and black peppers, ground bone, venetian red, anise, oyster shells and similar products, generally with some feed as a basis, in varying proportions. These feeds generally carry A FEW REMARKS ABOUT FEED STUFFS II9Q attractive names and the manufacturers make great claims re- garding their curative properties. The following is taken from Bul. 106, Mass. Exp. Station. “Cost and Selling Price Compared.—None of the mineral drugs used in these feeds except nitre, cost much over a cent a pound, and the vegetable drugs vary in price from 3 to 12 cents a pound. The cost of condimental feeds rarely exceeds 2 to 3 cents a pound. The retail prices vary from 6 to 25 cents a pound, depending on the {brand and quantity purchased. Condition powders are much higher priced, from 30 cents to $1 a pound. Value.—‘“The food value of these feeds has been shown by experiments to be no greater than that of ordinary grains of which they are largely composed. Their medicinal value de- pends largely upon the aromatic seeds and roots used as a tonic for the stomach, on charcoal as an absorbent, and on the purga- tive effect of the Epsom or Glauber’s salts. The quantity re- commended to be fed daily is usually so small (one ounce or less) that very little effect can be expected unless the material is fed for a considerable length of time. While it is probably true that some of these stock foods may prove beneficial under certain con- ditions, it is also true that most of them are heterogeneous mix- tures and evidently put together by parties quite ignorant of the principles of animal physiology, pathology and veterinary medi- cine. “Dr. Paige, very pointedly expresses the most advanced views of the veterinary profession when he says, animals in a state of health do not need condition powders or tonic foods. There is in the body of a healthy animal a condition of equilibrium of all body functions. The processes of digestion and assimilation are at their best. All that is required to maintain this condition of balance, is that the animal be kept under sanitary conditions and receive a sufficient supply of healthful nutritive food and pure water. While tonics may improve the appetite so that the animal will temporarily consume and digest more food, should this in- creased quantity of nutrients consumed not be appropriated by the tissues of the body, harm may result from thus over-loading I20 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING the lymphatic system, or from an increased action of the excret- ing organs.” Treatment.—Bartlett of the Maine Experiment Station rec- ommends the following when a tonic is required. “Pulverized gentian, one pound; pulverized ginger, 1% pound; pulverized saltpeter, 4% pound; pulverized iron sulphate, % pound. Mix and give one tablespoonful in the feed once a day for ten days, omit for three days, then give ten days more. The cost of this tonic is 20 cents a pound.” If animals are sick it is cheaper to consult a veterinarian than to take any chances with tonics. Experiments conducted at other Experiment Stations on con- dimental feeds and condition powders have demonstrated that the economical feeder cannot afford to purchase them. Suggestion: Take the class to a feed store or feed stores, and have the students examine the commercial feeds on sale. Re- quire them to copy the guarantees, selling prices, names of the feeds and addresses of the manufacturers or jobbers. Have them compare the data obtained with the standards as set forth in the state bulletin or in this book. Let them figure the cost of the feeds per ton and classify them. Take the class around to the feed and drug stores and see what condimental feeds are for sale. Make a list of them and ascertain their prices. Have them figure the ton prices of these feeds. Require the students to make a physical examination of all the feeds stating their ingredients. SHC IMICOING OIG, COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS OF FEED STUFFS AND THE NUTRITIVE RATIO. Composition of Feeds.—We have already stated the meaning and functions of the nutritive elements contained in plants and animals. The next thing is to become more familiar with the composition and digestibility of feeds. The chemist has already worked out these for us and he expresses the composition as follows: COMPOSITION OF CORN (GRAIN) IN PER CENT. : Fat (ether | Nitrogen free P r. Protein extract) Coa erayet Fiber Water Ash 10.3 5.0 70.4 2.2 10.6 1.5 The above analysis is very simply translated. It means that in every 100 pounds of corn grain, there are 10.3 lbs. of protein, 5 lbs. of fat, 70.4 lbs. of nitrogen free extract, 2.2 lbs. of fiber, 10.6 lbs. of water and 1.5 lbs. of ash. Or there are 10.6 lbs. of water and 80.4 lbs. of dry matter. Digestibility of Feeds—Knowing the composition of feeds, it is now necessary to become acquainted with the actual amounts of the nutrients (protein, fat, nitrogen free extract and fiber), that the animal can assimilate. The digestibility of any food is determined by analyzing and finding its chemical composition, namely the per cent. of protein, ether extract, nitrogen free ex- tract, fiber, water and ash, and feeding weighed portions of this food to animals for a given period and at regular intervals. The feces or manure is collected, weighed and analyzed. The differ- ence between the dry matter fed and the dry matter cast off as manure, is taken as digestible. This procedure seems very simple but it requires a great deal of work, and the results received are not always satisfactorily accurate. Digestibility not Always Accurate——The true digestibility of the protein and fats is the most difficult to ascertain. We know 9 I22 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING that nitrogenous compounds present in wastes that are passed off in the processes of digestion, such as the wastes from mucus, bile, digestive juices, etc., have no connection with the protein of the food in the experiment. It seems that the smaller the per cent. of protein in the food, as in hay or straw for example, the greater are the amounts of these waste products in the manure. The writer conducted some digestion experiments on Bermuda and lespedeza (Japan clover) hays of low quality, and found in some cases when other feeds as cotton-seed meal, corn chops and molasses were fed with these hays, a negative digestibility for the protein of these hays. It is reasonable to suppose that some of the protein in these hays was digested. The digestibility of fat is difficult to arrive at because the wastes from the bile, which are present in the feces, are soluble in ether, which extracts matter that is calculated as fat. The digestibility of the same kind of feed is perhaps influenced by several factors such as season, climate, fertilizer, curing, handling, etc., so that the digestibility of a feed may vary with these conditions. From the foregoing we can readily understand that the di- gestibilities as given in Table I are perhaps not always accurate, yet they serve in giving us an approximate value of feed stuffs. The Per Cent. Digestible is often spoken of as the coefficient of digestibility. In order to acquaint the student with a full understanding of digestibility let us take the digestibility of corn for example. COEFFICIENT OF DIGESTIBILITY OR DIGESTIBILITY OF CORN IN PER CENT. : Ether extract Nitrogen free : Protein (fat) ee Fiber 76 86 93 58 That is, in 100 lbs. of the grain of corn, 76 per cent. of the 10.3 lbs. of protein is digestible, 86 per cent. of the 5 Ibs. of fat is digestible, 93 per cent. of the 70.4 Ibs. of nitrogen free extract is digestible and 58 per cent. of the 2.2 lbs. of fiber is digestible. We can represent this in another way by stating the total pounds of digestible nutrients in 100 lbs. of corn grain. Fig. 10.—Lespedeza (Japan clover). 124. ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TOTAL POUNDS DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN 100 LBS. of CORN GRAIN : Ether extract Nitrogen free ¥ Protein (fat) ere Fiber 7.8 | 4.3 | 65.5 13 The digestible fiber is generally added to the digestible nitro- gen free extract and called digestible carbohydrates. In this case then the digestible carbohydrates of corn grain would be 65.5 -+- 1.3 = 66.8 lbs. As mentioned previously the water is not considered a nutrient as it can be supplied so much cheaper by itself. The ash is also omitted because most of our feeds contain enough of this subsiance for the needs of the animal. Necessity of Composition and Digestibility—vThere are several feeds which have practically the same chemical composition but different percentages of digestibility. Therefore to ascertain the real feeding value of a feed the composition and digestibility should be known. Nutritive Ratio— The ratio between the digestible protein and the digestible carbohydrates + the digestible fats, is called the nutritive ratio. This ratio is obtained in the following manner. The per cent. of digestible fat is multiplied by 2.25, to reduce it to terms of carbohydrates. It was previously ex- plained that the fuel value of fat is 2.25 times that of carbo- hydrates. This product is then added to the per cent. of digesti- ble carbohydrates which gives us the total carbohydrates. This sum is divided by the per cent. of digestible protein, (digestible fat X 2.25) + digestible carbohydrates digestible protein Example : = nutritive ratio. To explain this more clearly let us take the digestibility of corn grain, as just cited in this section. Wigestible fat (4.3) << fuel value (2.25) =\Carbohydrate equivalent (9.675). 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Oln.dee 209 Cor sie Ivy | gi os 5 ber | z'6z | giol | 26g Se a £229. eGSez . Oc CRVOE eH Vere SAQeleaG a6 gt ic, orLr | ore a Le ort Sir 9 VL | b'Sz Gave Oavenling:e Lise o 6 1-978" ).9°0? j- 2:28!) Saet Vow | ove | 71 bo Cay 6'¢ acs vr C-06 | $°6 eT ob | 6¢ Cl . ov | oF | -L£:0 1'06 | 6°6 Ler Vive | ie 61 Vive | 2QuvVc lieSez Ter esc | Lbb 4 (o) — my a8 iv a8 a 128038) ty 4 5 BAUR Worse eee al mee sete lime || oy [aad n nt a 4 o| syuoTIynu FIQYSeasip Jo'yWID 19g uolpisoduio) asejus019g paay Jo auEN (panuijuo) )—'SATOLS GHH NVOIMANY AO SINHIMLON WIGILSHOIG GNV NOMLISOdNOD ADVIAAV—'] AAV COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS 135 Total digestible carbohydrates (76.475) ~ digestible protein Nutritive ratio in this case is I : 9.8. Table of Composition and Digestible Nutrients——The composi- tion and digestible nutrients of feed stuffs are given in Table’ I. The results in this table are the work of Foreign and American investigators. Suggestion: Make the students determine the coefficients of digestibility of several feeds. Assume some percentages of digestibility for protein, fat and carbohydrates and have the students work out the nutritive ratios. If a cow is fed 6 lbs. of corn and cob meal a day what per cent. of protein, fat, and carbo- hydrates does it digest? SECTION XXII. FEEDING STANDARDS. The amount of digestible protein, digestible fat and digestible carbohydrates required per day for animals of 1,000 lbs, live weight, for different purposes, is called the “Feeding Standard.” The table of feeding standards is based on the work of foreign investigators and is arranged after Armsby. American investi- gators think that these standards call for more protein than is required for our conditions and hence a reduction is sometimes recommended to secure the best results. However, the prices of protein and carbohydrates, which will be taken up later, have a great deal to do with the make up of a ration. Henry in his valuable book on “Feeds and Feeding,” says: “Standards are arranged to meet. the requirements of farm animals under normal conditions. The student should not accept the statements in the standards as absolute, but rather as data of a helpful nature, to be varied in practice as circumstances suggest. “The statements in the column headed “Dry Matter” should be regarded as approximate only, since the digestive tract of the animal readily adapts itself to variations of Io per cent. or more from the standard of volume. “The standards are for animals of normal size. Those of small breeds will require somewhat more nutrients, amounting in some cases to 0.3 of a pound of nitrogenous and 1.5 pounds of non-nitrogenous digestible nutrients daily for 1,000 pounds of live weight of animals. “Narrowing the nutritive ratio in feeding full grown animals is for the purpose of lessening the depression of digestibility, to enliven the temperament, or to increase the production of milk at the expense of laying on fat. “The different standards given for the same class of animals according to performance illustrate the manner and direction in which desirable changes should be made. “In considering the fattening standards the student should bear in mind that the most rapid fattening is usually the most FEEDING STANDARDS 137 economical, so that the standard given may often be profitably increased. “Standards for milch cows are given for the middle of the lactation period with animals yielding milk of average com- position. “The standards for growing animals contemplate only a moderate amount of exercise; if much is taken, add 15 per cent.,—(mostly non-nitrogenous nutrients )—to the ration. If no exercise is taken, deduct 15 per cent. from the standard.” Explanation of Table II—The table on feeding standards is divided into two parts, A and B. Table A gives the amounts of dry matter and digestible nutrients required per day for farm animals under all conditions of work and rest. ‘This table is based on 1,000 lbs. live weight. Table B is similar to Table A, except that the standards are based on the weights of the animals as mentioned. ‘To make this clearer, the first standard in Table A is for “oxen at rest in stall.” The standard reads 17.5 lbs. dry matter, 0.7 lbs protein, 8.3 lbs. carbohydrates and fat, 9.0 lbs. total, with a nutritive ratio of 1: 11.9. This stand- ard is for oxen, weighing 1,000 lbs., at rest in the stall. The first standard in table B is for growing cattle 2-3 months old weighing 150 Ibs. The standard reads 3.3 lbs. dry matter, 0.6 lbs. protein, 2.8 lbs. carbohydrates and fat, 3.4 lbs. total, with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 4.6. This standard is figured on growing cattle weighing 150 lbs. The digestible carbohydrates, fiber and fat are included in the column, carbohydrates and fat. The fat is reduced to terms of carbohydrates and the digestible fiber is added to the carbohy- drates because it is considered of equal value. A study of the table reveals a difference in the standards for the same class of animal according to the purpose for which the animal is fed. These standards therefore may be called feed requirements. The feed requirements may be considered for maintenance, growth, work, milk production and fattening. Maintenance Requirements——We learned that no matter how still an animal might be, a supply of food is necessary to keep the animal alive. The amount of dry matter and digestible nutrients 10 138 TABLE II.—FEEDING STANDARDS ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING A—Per day and 1,000 pounds live weight.! Digestible ° ne 2 : ae = y ba | oe |So| 22 | oF | aus Ons = SO BEARER) PR |g 5 @Reteat Lestattrst alge steverertevete rere ete: eciesaveve 1:2.9 The protein in the above ration is high as compared to the carbohydrates. Nitrogenous ration is another name sometimes applied to a narrow ration because of the predominance of nitrogenous substances (protein). Wide Ration.—A wide nutritive ratio is one where the pro- portion of carbohydrates is large as compared to the protein. Such a ration has a nutritive ratio of more than 1: 8.0 A wide ration. | Beene Digestible] |. : Dry matter eee en carbohy- Digesuble pounds pounds ee, pounds § oS CAS ococgooosuss0cgone0ven0| ALALGO) 0.465 2.380 0.175 10 lbs. corn and cob meal...--.---_| 8.490 0.440 6.000 0.290 15 lbs. timothy hay .-............ 13.020 0.420 6.510 0.210 26) NOS, WOW oscosdcs06 sonGcood conc 25.960 1.325 14.890 | 0.675 IN bral lv, Sera tel Ole aaa areaekov cies oe rarcoveccuoterens se scraters cieuseest stteusrecwnake 1:12.4 This style of ration is sometimes called carbonaceous on ac- count of the high proportion of carbohydrates, but the term is incorrect because protein as well as carbohydrates contains carbonaceous compounds. 140 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Medium Ration.—A ration with a nutritive ratio between 1:5.5 and 1: 80 is called a medium ration. A medium ration. Dry matter ently meesEes: piece Dic | pounds DEO SA drates ai al | pounds pounds pounds i | 3 lbs. dried brewers’ grains ------. | 2.754 0.471 1.089 0.153 6 lbs. wheat middlings...-...-....- |. 5.274 0.768 3.180 0.204 15 Ibs. corn stover «+--+ +eeeeeeeee | I1.580 0.420 6.345 0.105 5 lbs. alfalfa hay . -+++'..-.-.---- 4.580 0.530 1.945 0.045 29 Ibs: total. «cs jim aictstiies ste crete 24.188 2.189 12.559 | 0.057 INisohahys celalomn 5 soa nado adams | odoadcdeoomeanseUbOAe SECTION XXIV. AMOUNTS OF ROUGHAGE AND CONCENTRATES TO FEED. Amounts of Roughage and Cencentrates to Feed.—In compound- ing rations for live stock it is necessary that the proper amounts of roughage and concentrates accompany each other. It is prac- tically impossible to state just the amounts of roughage and grain to furnish animals for different purposes, as available feeds and prices influence the make up of the ration. The following considerations therefore are only approximate. Milch Cows.—In rations for milch cows we should aim to sup- ply 12-14 lbs. of dry matter from roughage and the balance with 8-12 lbs. of grain. Sometimes as high as 50 lbs. of silage are fed to milch cows but usually 30 to 4o lbs. are sufficient. Fattening Cattle do well on 2 lbs. of grain to 1 lb. of roughage. 8 to 10 lbs. of roughage and 15 to 18 lbs. of grain per 1,000 Ibs. live weight are perhaps sufficient for this class of animal. Horses or Mules.—For horses or mules 10 to 12 lbs. of hay are usually enough. 1 lb. of roughage to 100 lbs. live weight is a crude method of estimating the quantity of roughage for a horse or mule. A horse or mule weighing 1,200 Ibs. would therefore receive, according to this method, 12 lbs. of hay. When the concentrates of a ration are carbohydrate in char- acter, the roughage should be nitrogenous (legumes for example) and should the concentrates be nitrogenous the roughage should be relatively high in carbohydrates (grass hay for example). In other words the roughage and concentrates should be com- plements of each other. t. A few illustrations perhaps will make these points clearer. The standard for a horse weighing 1,000 lbs., doing hard work, is according to Table IT: ¢ : F Digestible Dry. Sane Disciple prcrein carbohydrates Nutritive ratio pounds pou mounds 23 Zee} | 14.3 1:6.2 148 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING A ration to meet the protein standard using red top hay alone would take 48 Ibs, Digestible Digestible DEY ee protein carbohydrates Pp pounds pounds 48 lbs. red top hay ----.-.--s+5-ee- 43.728 2.304 23.592 Stan clairdliceysracucketers 2:52 keleleressleteanssieraiere Bae Baa 14.3 There is an excess of 20.7 lbs. of dry matter and a waste of 9.29 lbs. of carbohydrates in such a ration. A horse could not perform hard work with this ration as it would be impossible for this class of animal to consume such a large quantity of hay. 2. Using 15 lbs. of corn (grain), it will take 4o lbs. of tim- othy hay to approximate the protein requirement. Digestible Digestible Dy eae protein carbohydrates A pounds pounds 15 IDS. COTN +e eee ee eee eee ee eee 13.410 i.L70 11.471 4o lbs. timothy hay.-.-.--.-..- eee: 34.720 1.120 18 620 55 Ibs, totallisns cle tac veces cites ete elciaie 48.130 2.290 30.091 This combination is unsatisfactory because it exceeds the dry matter standard by 25 lbs. and there is a waste of 15.7 lbs. of carbohydrates. Both of these feeds are proportionately high in carbohydrates. 3. Substituting alfalfa hay (which is nitrogenous) for the timothy it will take 10 lbs. of the former to satisfy the protein standard with 15 lbs, of corn. 5 Digestible Digestible sues, protein carbohydrates 2 pounds pounds 5 loancdonnakamcer oc coon Oo mone 13.410 1.170 11.471 10 lbs. alfalfa hay «--+-- sees e sees 9.160 mOGO Hoge Pela hloged MUD EOoRN A OOn Coun Utena 22.570 2.230 15.564 Seniktweloracas comocurodubcese scnac 23. 2.3 14.3 This combination practically balances the ration although the carbohydrates are slightly in excess. In this ration the corn ROUGHAGE AND CONCENTRATES TO FEED I49 is proportionately high in carbohydrates and the alfalfa is rela- tively high in protein. These feeds are then complements of each other. This ration should prove satisfactory as the total feed is not too large in amount and the roughage is within the limit of the requirements for a horse. 4. Using oats alone would require 25 lbs. to approximate the standard. Digestible Digestible Deets protein carbohydrates P pounds pounds AR MoS, OHS cooocs 500000 abound D6u050 22.25 2.325 13.869 Salt GleanGlinterereierensticusicvcieneloterel e evevenenencveren 23. 252 14-3 A ration of oats alone is not suitable because of the excess of concentrate. Roughage is required for the best results. Such a ration would prove too expensive for the economical feeder. 5. If we reduce the amount of oats to 15 lbs. and add enough red top hay to meet the protein requirement, 18 Ibs. will be needed. Digestible Digestible D tt 5 5 pends Ee ea (ares 15 lbs. oats. Wecvabs cetyl 13.350 1.395 8.321 18 lbs. red top Ths « od000 06000 Gba000 16.398 0.864 8.847 28 Ills, Wdoiell oc odaoo0 bond onGo.GK0G obec 29.748 2.259 17.168 This ration contains 6.7 lbs, too much of dry matter and 2.8 Ibs. excess of carbohydrates. 6. It is evident that a nitrogenous roughage must be added and the amount of red top hay reduced. Dry matter Paerciene | ene tes pounds pounds pounds 1S MWS CHES coo0d cd000 cao g000 0000 | 13.350 1.395 8.321 7) Woes, iRNGL (K0j0) JHERY sogoub cosa ocoo Ha 6.377 0.336 3.441 6 IbsWalfalfavhay! <1). 1... oi 5.496 0.636 2.456 JREVNOMDooo0000 SOd0d0 000aCd DGDO OODKKD [AEB 2.367 14.218 StawGlavilossoo6000060 000060 6000 0000 pis = stale, 2.3 14.3 I50 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING The ration as it now stands is properly balanced. It is not enough too high in dry matter to affect its usefulness and the protein and carbohydrates are sufficiently close. 7. Generally a variation from the standard shows a predomi- nance of carbohydrates and dry matter but sometimes an excess of protein is employed. The following ration illustrates a pre- dominance of protein: , Digestible Digestible pera protein carbohydrates pounds pounds TODS HOAUS weratera: slaheretoterepeh shecsenoueuenetotepe 10.680 I.116 6.657 2 lbs. cotton-seed meal ........... 11.836 0.744 0.887 15 lbs. alsike clover hay -.......---- 13.545 naa 6 881 Riati Ore tesserae oe ieuehtitecant Mnewit erere 26.061 3.120 14.425 Stain Gard iactcc.onsss tet oysves ma.aaysavansearsiers erates 23% 2.3 14.3 This ration shows a waste of 0.8 of a pound of protein which is generally the most expensive nutrient in feed stuffs. The roughage in this ration is also a little high. The carbohydrates agree with the standard. Feeding Standards are Guides.—It must be iideretood that the feeding standards are only guides and the intelligent feeder will often find it necessary to change the standard to suit his con- ditions. In other words the feeder must use the feeding stand- ards to approximate the requirements of his live-stock from the feeds that are available and cheapest. The following table is given to enable the feeder to compound rations easily. In making rations for animals, large amounts of the grain portion can be mixed at one time. ‘This saves the trou- ble of mixing and calculating at every feeding. The measure of roots, molasses, hay, fodder and ensilage can be determined once and fed accordingly without any inconvenience. Suggestion :—Compute a ration for a moderately worked horse weighing 1,000 Ibs. from cotton-seed meal, wheat bran and molasses (cane). Criticize this ration. How much hay are the horses or mules receiving per day in your community? Is this too much? Are not some feeders allowing thei ROUGHAGE AND CONCENTRATES TO FEED 151 r horses all the roughage they wish? Is this good practice? WEIGHT AND MEASURE OF FEED STUFFS! One quart One pound , weighs | measures pounds quarts EXIRRTB: TRAST SIS ire IES es IS Bo PR EE UR NE I.o 1.0 Barley TINS lWrerestisnren ss feteveticrss dene voveeie) ehedavewas score) voll sncte cleveueveesversts I.1 0.9 Barllesy (HR@lE)) cosved bdegdenoacoe opondeGoqanad econ auod Ts 0.7 BEES: Chal eagbs) oo6G0n cod0cd suDG Goo uD bODoo boondC 0.6 17) Wo rrmmarr eco bo larrle all eee sca oie: orstasties ofatiace arate vecaie sive: wsoneciavoneldne wiiclncavaltete 1.4 0.7 Worntieanidyo ataike clistecia vere iomevete. sac eccve tans vas sleactonateteuchedtusrete soe 0.7 1.4 (Rover Tormeha a So Soo eC RIE IC CLC RCN ES ars Pate REE asa a 0.5 2.0 (Woterawtrle allicreteree ret reneratersivocccars avamcisre-cleiereaneke ai staiels suave tauer aaa re canis 1.5 On Coma (win@lle))csoo 696 S00 0850 0500 ba00 0405 coogn Dace udun 7) 0.6 COtEOMESeS Pte al aera eia eee eye deisel eveilote sin) st cceientubells aia elute keene 4 Te 0.7 WottoOnese ce Gitar Sicce’stersatencua ecelavereversuellaltaveiatetesoietet sau neler er stoweree 0.26 3.8 Distillers dried Grams -\cl- << -ler-)ne\e) «,¢)s1s) + #11 afeiel\'> eleisje' + e\ ele 0.5-0.7 Wools (GUS reader oiler alegre dae colevevs ve vou atore ree lareveiucrsrel siratlevetakecer as coaete es ote 1.4 0.7 GE Titnbembehe e Gliiseatc teresa oe ratecossyararautre rar ae eke tee cesarean eee iaeaeh corso caeuene 1.3 0.8 (Gwen erry Sails tera hs tevays) ctfciavecaureyevavesetetena cotguacs vet ecciey «wie oeiie, ele caycoceilaliers Mev 0.6 Hominy TTS albedo tevetentene ren cncmeva tata t acon enicicaio Neuen tsiien ahreteneney catia atialab ey waste te eal 0.9 Winseed meal (mew process) ---------.---...--sseeeeese 0.9 Si Ipliaigsel soarsaNl (ON Gl erwerSss}) cobodo do eooNdoduodo0ddoudo OE [.I 0.9 Malt SPTOUtLS +e eee reece eee ee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 0.6 Te Molasses (cane, blackstrap) ------++--+++- ese ee eee eees 3.0 O23 Oats (gieotsnGl)) cocopg ccs soocccobocononvooucduuDddobO De On7 1.4 Oats (GOS) sooossdsoc Opes uslopscocccseaobHen cobgaonEs I.0 tO PRE Sab TATA C cieacrah ates etnies wee ai reveeheh clone cone ee Hare eRe SN Ss ade 0.8 153) Rice polish PPT Nctoteienetevoue ters nevere Lclicerat isl ate fol Comtianeranm ran atete Sar ese ee a2 0.8 Rye HL Teeatilecttewotal svenoroea mate levie evens toneucie coNoeweVovekede fotouenaremiels Sh idesnate tabs 0.6 1.8 Rye TTT alll Ory terre rren Nene rened rere repcdetor ea tred ever ert cubes Mura ie nate Mure i iN da i TS 0.7 Rye (whole) mY aoe Be reaeas ney stetisiel shrehehoraetetel cc vaca asta ie eee Sid canenavaretalinte Ma 7 0.6 AWA yal eeaiteaa lip trea tatoitey stchrettel on onct reise takeover ten clear exehla couevereuetoveeveresuPeuennevenom nates 0.5 2.0 Winnett (erOwUNGl)) sooo odbc oconoetabbaodn nuboodoc bo oudK Od ney 0.6 WIGAN soaliccla) hisovers (G6l@\bbe)) aponononubooGoGn 0000 Unm@O CO DOoO I.2 08 Wheat middlings (standard) ..........-...-.-seeeeeees 0.8 Tn Wheat mixed feed (bran and shorts)...-...-...-..-..-. 0.6 Te Wheat (whole) EF ETE PPE ce OIE CET RE CECE AERIS RED rn cree cay 2.0 0.5 i The data on wheat mixed feed was taken from Bul. 112, Massachusetts Experiment Station ; the data on alfalfa meal, cotton-seed hulls, molasses and rice products were worked out by the writer; the remaining data came from Farmers’ Bul. 222. SECTION XXV. HOW TO IMPROVE AND REDUCE THE COST OF RATIONS.! A Common Ration.—A herd of milch cows is receiving the following ration per day of 24 hours, per 1,000 lbs. live weight ; 5 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 3 lbs. of wheat bran, 10 lbs. of red clover hay (medium) and 15 lbs. of corn stover. Let us figure this ration and find out if it is properly balanced for the herd of dairy cows. Turn to Table I and find that the following amounts of digestible nutrients are present in 100 lbs. of each feed stuff. Dry matter) Protein Carbohy- Fat ounds ounds drates ounds P 5 18 pounds P Cotton-seed meal -.-.--+- ++ ee eee g1-8 8782 16.9 [2:2 Wheat bran. ++ esse ee cece ee eee eens 88.1 id 39.2 2.7 Red clover hay..+++-seseeeeeee cee 84.7 6.8 35.8 1.7 GOLMISTO VET clerete tate: eker aot yelionetions aretevencters WIE 2.8 42.3) On7 Then as 5 lbs. of cotton-seed meal are in the ration, we mul- tiply the amounts of dry matter, digestible protein, digestible carbohydrates and digestible fat as given above for cotton-seed meal, by 5. Or 5 X 0.918 = 4.590 lbs. of dry matter in 5 lbs. of cotton-seed meal. 5 X 0.372 = 1.860 lbs. of digestible protein in 5 lbs. of cotton- seed meal. 5 & 0.169 = 0.845 Ibs. of digestible carbohydrates in 5 Ibs. of cotton-seed meal. 5 & 0.122 = 0.610 lbs. of digestible fat in 5 lbs. of cotton- seed meal. In the same way we compute the digestible nutrients in the wheat bran, red clover hay and corn stover. 1 Adapted from Halligan’s Fundamentals of Agriculture. COST OF RATIONS 153 . Carbohy- D tter| Prot > Fat rae | ean a ag ee pounds 5 lbs. cotton-seed meal...-........ 4.590 1.860 0.845 0.610 3 lbs. wheat bran ...-+.---.-+--e. 2.643 0.363 1.176 0.081 10 lbs. red clover hay..........-.-. 8.470 0.680 2.580 0.170 15 lbs. corn stover.-.----+-+-+--+-+.-- 11.580 0.420 6.345 0.105 33 Ibs. total. ---.-. se ee eee eee ee eee 27.283 3.323 | 11.946 0.966 With the fat reduced to carbohydrates the ration reads: Nutritive ratio Rate @lltener Coriclene chelelslevsletevelaleelesicllerele 27.283 BeR22 14.1195 124.2 Stizngleidloocacdb0cGbG00bb00e00 BodDDd 24. 25 13.4 155.4 The ration is too high in dry matter, digestible protein and digestible carbohydrates. The ration is also too narrow. Improving the Ration—Let us try to improve this ration by supplying less of the nutrients and particularly less protein. By consulting Table I we learn that cotton-seed meal has more di- gestible protein than any of the other feeds in this ration. Sup- pose then we reduce the amount of cotton-seed meal to 3 Ibs. Then the ration will be as follows: : Carbohy- : Dry matter| Protein Fat pounds pounds ae pounds 3 lbs. cotton-seed meal........-..+- 2.754 1.116 0.507 0.366 3 lbs. wheat bran.....-.-.-.------ 2.643 0.363 1.176 0.081 10 lbs, red clover hay..--.--++.-++-- 8.470 0.680 3.580 0.170 15 lbs. corn stover.-...-.---.+.-.-- 11.580 0.420 6.345 0.105 31 Il; Wettloooo coGnob000 000000 b0K4C 25.447 2.579 11.608 0.722 Nutritive ratio Improved ration..........+.---..+- 25.447 2.579 13.232 I:5.1 S\earnlenrslooocddondoo000dc coundodonD 24. 2.5 13.4 115.4 The ration as it now stands approximates the standard. It is close enough to the standard for all practical purposes. Il 154. ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING How to Reduce the Cost of a Ration—John Smith has a large farm and he is feeding his 15 horses which weigh 1,000 lbs., that are doing hard work, the following ration. Dry matter Digestible rans Digcrtible pounds PES. oA drates a Al pounds pounds pounds Ballo seated) torrom cca hom quire aoa otoo dc 72120 0.736 3.784 0.336 4 Ibs: shelled corti «:. oc ccussstss ete eretetiecs 3.576 0.312 2.672 0.172 @ libSewiheat realness epeparnerenorenars rene 5.286 0.726 2.352 0.162 10 lbs. timothy hay .............-. 8.680 0.280 4.340 0.140 23: Ibs: totallietecnsadia- svessiete(e elec clonere arate 24.662 2.054 Te .148 0.810 3 Nutritive ratio Ration ee 24.662 2.054 14.9705 I Blea Stara ardissersss 0731s + ceaieueroceselere seeuele carers De 2.3 14.3 1:6.2 Cost of the Ration.—Let us learn what it is costing John Smith to feed his horses. The following are the market prices of some of the feeds which are available to John Smith. Per ton of 2,000 pounds COURS esi sis: enererorte caves ceue love cetareravevellone “susine,cohove Kane a talyel.overeuera eters re selesses $35 oo Shell eal Se Ories co wisrccene ore crebiewienoua svecbllei ove teveuavecaionoleleterenekcienene 28.00 WV eaitalo rartersosustcustetetsisccuewecetelercleuctere, cmekorelavete cole susie restere neta rells 25.00 Timothy Hay 2 cfs tse ait alas wiaiese ojereraccco:t,¢ ote oM/ajisie cots sae 18,00 Creal stra sy ey tea ea eee ice ae eer erage 15.00 Cotton=seedimealliecs-c.trcestsve stare ccrerele) atone fonortsrshaelcrotever tenis seye 26.00 Cor andeeo butt Gallige acVerercccanetenetel oceuecatss sates x ceuepevens siierstane 282 22.00 Oats cost $35 per ton of 2,000 lbs. One pound of oats costs $0.0175. Then 8 lbs. will cost 8 X 0.0175 = $0.14. In a simi- lar way the cost of the shelled corn, wheat bran and timothy hay are calculated. Cost 8 MSs OEE S: Geile nck cited aren gare Spree: Leen ron ena at gue see aey el eugene $ 0.14 4 lbs. shelled corn. ....2.-00-s ce ceeccscceseccsnees 0.056 Glibss wheat Dram scctsretsercerstetcrenere Sieheietecst se mrreteGepe teieke 0.075 TOwlbs, timothy lay ccc. cccssete syste cee eenmegietereie oes eett 0.090 COST OF RATIONS 155 It is costing John Smith $0.361 per day per horse. Or it is costing him 15 X $0.361 = $5.415 for his 15 horses per day. We will now substitute some other feeds and see if we cannot reduce John Smith’s feed bill. A Cheaper Ration.—Oats, shelled corn and timothy hay are the expensive feeds in this ration, considering the nutrients they furnish. By perusing Table I we find that cotton-seed meal contains a high per cent. of digestible protein. We can substi- tute this feed for oats. Shelled corn and corn and cob meal contain about the same amounts of dry matter and digestible carbohydrates, so we may substitute corn and cob meal for shelled corn. The shelled corn is richer in digestible protein than the corn and cob meal but we can get this nutrient cheaper from our wheat bran. The crab grass hay is of about the same nutritive value as timothy hay. It is also cheaper so we will use crab grass hay in place of timothy hay. A balanced ration from these feeds would be as stated. Dry matter Digestitle ees DiS pounds Ee d drates Scnds Ppoune.. pounds P 2 lbs. cotton-seed meal........-.6. 1.836 0.744 0.338 0.244 7 lbs. corn and cob meal....-..---- 5-943 0.308 4.200 0.203 8 lbs. wheat bran.....-......-+-+-- 7.048 0.968 3.136 0.216 12 lbs. crab grass hay..-.---.----+- 10.764 0.264 5.136 0.072 Ae) NS, Wels soceoccocbDGDoGGEbouE 25.591 2.284 | 12.810 0.735 Nutritive ratio Ration eC eee ee ee er ee D 25.591 2.284 14.464 1:6.3 Stwamclartdles coco} 0n0 nee0cs00n DDG doll Ae a3 14.3 1°6.2 Compared to the Standard.—This ration is better than the one John Smith is feeding. It comes nearer the standard. The dry matter and carbohydrates in John Smith’s ration approximate the standard but the protein is too low and his ration is too wide. The dry matter in this second ration is a little high, but animals can take care of an excess of dry matter within certain limits as previously explained. The protein and carbohydrates in the 156 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING balanced ration are very close to the standard. The nutritive ratio very closely approximates the standard nutritive ratio. The Saving.—At the market prices the new ration will cost, 2 lbs. cotton-seed meal ....-. ee ee cere cere ee ee cr eeee $0.026 7 lbs. corn and cob meal..-.+-+eeee eee re cece recess 0.077 8 lbs. wheat brat 02... cc cee ce ces ween tie ee tanec 0.100 12 lbs. crab grass hay De LMM ALU Senta nn pore eaeel aude tema oteroMereh et oe 0.090 Total cost per TATLOU Sk scorer eta. Brnataye ronctaeusi eh olenenaras hey slousiohave $0.293 In other words this ration will cost John Smith $0.293 per day per horse. The ration of John Smith’s costs $0.361 per day per horse. This new ration will save John Smith $0.361 — $0.293 — $0.068 per day per horse. On 15 horses the sav- ing will be 15 $0.068 = $1.02 per day. Ina year the saving will amount to 365 X $1.02 = $372.30. This example just cited is not exceptional. There are many farmers, livery men and other feeders who throw away money every year because of a poor selection of feeds and still they do not always get the best returns. This second ration, as it more closely approximates the standard, is indeed a better one, besides being cheaper than John Smith’s ration. Suggestion :—Select a few rations fed in the county and have the students ascertain the market values of the feeds and re- duce the cost and improve these rations as much as possible. SECMON TOG aAe TABLE OF AMOUNTS OF DRY MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN FEED STUFFS. Table III which follows, is given to save the student consid- erable work in figuring rations. It gives the dry matter and the digestible nutrients in I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10 pounds of several feed stuffs commonly used. In Table I the composition and digestible nutrients of feed stuffs are given but in figuring rations from Table I a great deal of work is necessary. The figures in Table I are based on 100 lbs. of material so in obtaining data for any amount less than 100 lbs. involves a chance for error. Use of Table I1l—Let us suppose we wish to feed a ration composed of 5 lbs. of oats, 10 lbs. of alfalfa hay and 4 lbs. of corn (grain) per day. By referring to Table III we find that these quantities of the stated feeds carry the following amounts of dry matter and digestible nutrients. Dry Eee Digestible eee Digestible pounds reer drates ee Le ini pounds OUNCES 5 Ibs. Oats .----- cece ee ee cece scene 4.450 0.465 2.380 0.175 Aiplips AC OTM stl veleleelerene = eiedsieielalels: <1 ie 3.576 0.312 2.672 0.172 10 lbs. alfalfa hay -...-.-.+.-+++--- 9.160 1.060 3.890 0.090 Total ecco cee ee ee es co esr eros eee ee ee 17.186 1.837 8.942 0.437 Ration sHollalisis/ojleleliclie) li ele efer ele cele! ele) pe e/elsle 17.186 1.837 9.925 The digestible fat as given in the table must be reduced to carbohydrates to get the total carbohydrates. It is only neces- sary to do this once, however, after the amounts for the ration have been added, as was done above. If amounts other than those given in the table are desired it is only necessary to multiply, divide or add some of those given. For example, if the amounts of dry matter and digestible nu- trients for 6 lbs, are wished we would multiply the amounts given for 3 lbs., by 2. If 9 lbs. are wanted, add the amounts 158 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE III.—DrRyY MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 55 7 AND I0 POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS. Carbohy- Weight |Dry matter rotein Feed ae Date idee! ee See Barley (grain) «eee. esses I 0.891 0.087 0.656 0.016 2 1.782 0.174 1.312 0.032 3 2.673 0.261 1.968 0.048 4 3.564 0.348 2.624 0.064 5 4.455 0.435 3.280 0.080 a 6.237 0 609 4.592 OnulLt2 fe) 8.910 0.870 6.560 0.160 Beet pulp (dried) -.---.---- I 0.920 0.061 OVlssty | eyo oc 2 1.840 0.122 To 377A | ere cecehe 3 2.760 0.183 ByOlee |) ao or 4 3.680 0.244 oe lpatey | ly eo Sec 5 4 600 0.305 BoA) all mecisce 7. 6.440 0.427 ASO! -4|) exeserers 10 9.200 0.610 6:870) || “secu Brewers’ grains (dried).---- I 0.918 0.157 0.363 0.051 2 1.836 0.314 0.726 0,102 3 2.754 0.471 1.089 0.153 4 3.672 0.628 1.452 0.204 5 4.590 0.785 1.815 0.255 5 6.426 1.099 2.541 0.357 10 9.180 1.570 3.630 0.510 Buckwheat (grain).--++-+-- I 0.874 0.077 0.492 0.018 2 1.748 0.154 0.984 0.036 3 2.622 0.231 1.476 0.054 4 3.496 0.308 1.968 0.072 5 4.370 0.385 2.460 0.090 7 6.118 0.539 3.444 0.126 10 8.740 0.770 4.920 0.180 Corn (grain) +--+ esse ee ee ees I 0.894 0.078 0.668 0.043 2 1.788 0.156 1.336 0.086 3 2.682 0.234 2.004 0.129 4 3.576 0.312 2.672 0.1172 5 4.470 0.390 3.340 0.215 7 6.258 0.546 4.676 0.301 10 8.940 0.780 6.680 0.430 @ornemealee «+s. ceteiees ee I 0.850 0.055 0.645 0.035 2 1.700 0.110 1.290 0.070 2 2.550 0.165 1.935 0.105 4 3.400 0.220 2.580 0.140 5 4.250 0.275 3.225 0.175 7 5.950 0.385 4.515 0.245 10 8.500 0.550 6.450 0.350 Corn and cob meal......... I 0.849 0.044 0.600 0.029 2 1.698 0.088 1.200 0.058 2 2.547 0.132 1.800 0.087 — TABLE OF AMOUNTS OF DRY MATTER 159 TABLE III. —Dry MaTTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND 10 POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS.--( Continued ) Carbohy- Weight |Dry m i ; Heed en aanael oanae as Bande Corn and cob meal(cont’d)-| 4 3.396 0.176 2.400 0.116 5 4.245 0.220 3.000 0.145 7] 5-943 0.308 4.200 0.203 10 8.490 0.440 6.000 0.290 Cotton-seed (raw)..-.----.. I 0.897 0.125 0.300 0.173 2 1.794 0.250 0.600 0.346 3 2.691 0.375 0.900 0.519 4 3.588 0.500 1.200 0.692 5 4.485 0.625 1.500 0.865 7 6.279 0.875 2.100 1.211 Io 8.970 1.250 3.000 1.730 Cotton-seed hulls ..-....--- I 0.889 0.003 0.331 0.017 2 1.778 0.006 0.662 0.034 3 2.667 0.009 0.993 0.051 4 3.556 0.012 1.324 0.068 5 4.445 0.015 1.655 0.085 7 6.223 0.021 Py BitG) 0.119 10 8.890 0.030 3.310 0.170 Cotton-seed meal..------... I 0.918 0.372 0.169 0.122 2 1.836 0.744 0.338 0.244 3 2.754 1.116 0.507 0.366 4 3.672 1.488 0.676 0.488 5 4.590 1.860 0.845 0.610 7 6.426 2.604 1.183 0.854 10 9.180 3.720 1.690 1.220 Distillers’ dried grains ...-- I 0.920 0.231 0.394 0.115 2 1.840 0.462 0.788 0.230 3 2.760 0.693 1.182 0.345 4 3.680 0.924 1.576 0.460 5 4.600 1.165 1.970 0.575 7 6.440 1.627 2.758 0.805 10 9.200 2.310 3.940 1.150 Flour (dark feeding).-.--.--- I 0.903 0.135 0.513 0.020 2 1.806 0.270 1.026 0.040 3 2.709 0.405 1.539 0.060 4 3.612 0.540 2.052 0.080 5 4.515 0.675 2.565 0.100 7 6.321 0.945 3.591 0.140 10 9.030 1.350 5.130 0.200 Gluten feed ee|lo6 ee) .ce 0.6) « «cle ele I 0.915 0.223 0.529 0.026 2 1.830 0.446 1.058 0.052 g 2.745 0.669 1.587 0.078 4 3.660 0.892 2.116 0.104 5 4.575 I.115 2.645 0.130 Wl 6.405 1.561 3.703 0.182 100 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE III.—DrRvY MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN IT, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND Io POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS.—( Continued) Carbohy- Weight |Dry matter otein Feed Ronee Pane Ge Sanas canis panne Gluten feed (continued).-.--| 10 9.150 2.'230 | 5.290 0,260 Gluitenwmieale eters scree I 0.918 0.258 0.433 0.110 2 1.836 0.516 0.866 0,220 3 2.754 0.774 1.299 0.330 4 3-672 1.032 Tee 0.440 5 4.590 1.290 2.165 0.550 7 6.426 1.806 3.031 0.770 10 g.180 2.580 4.330 I.110 Hominy chops= ¢-. <2...) .. I 0.889 0.075 0.552 0.068 2 | yiie) 0.150 I.104 0.136 3 2.667 0.225 1.656 0.204 4 3.556 0. 300 2.208 0.272 5 4.445 0.375 2.760 0.340 7 6.223 0.525 3.864 0.476 10 8.890 0.750 5.520 0.680 Hominy mieal-............. I 0.890 0.068 0.598 0.072 2 1.780 0.136 1.196 0.144 3 2.670 0. 204 1.794 0.216 4 3.560 0.272 2.392 0. 288 5 4.450 0.340 2.990 0.360 err 6.230 0.476 4.186 0.504 if) 8.900 0.680 5.980 0.720 Kear COTM Were arpetses eel eieicis I 0.907 0.078 0.571 0.021 2 1.814 0.156 1.142 0.C42 3 2.721 0.234 1413 0.063 4 3.628 0.312 2.284 0.084 5 4.535 0.390 2.855 0.105 7 6.349 0.546 3-997 0.147 10 9.070 0.780 5.710 0.210 Linseed meal (old process) - I 0.908 0.293 0.327 0.070 2 1.816 0.586 0.654 0.140 3 2.724 0.879 0.981 0.210 4 3.632 1.172 1.308 0.280 5 4.540 1.465 1.635 0.350 7 6.356 2.051 2.289 0.490 10 9.050 2.930 3.270 0,700 Linseed meal (new process) - I 0.899 0.282 0.401 0.028 2 1.798 0.564 0.802 0.056 3 2.697 0.846 1.203 0.084 4 3.596 1.128 1.604 0.112 5 4.495 1.410 2.005 0.140 7 6.293 1.974 2.807 0.196 10 8.990 2.820 4.010 0.280 Malt sprouts ..-...-++++e2-e- I 0.898 0.186 0.371 0.017 TABLE OF AMOUNTS OF DRY MATTER 1601 TABLE III.—Dry MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3) 4, 5, 7 AND Io POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS.—( Continued) Carbohy- Feed See hae orlecouempesten | tt, Malt sprouts (continued)...| 2 1.796 0.372 0.742 0.034 3 2.694 0.558 I.113 0.051 4 3.592 0.744 1.484 0.068 5 4.490 0.930 1.855 0.085 7 6.286 1.302 2.597 0.119 Io 8.980 1.860 3.710 0.170 Molasses (beet ) sue sd avieneciershavens I 0.792 | -««--- 0.595) | eee 2 To Gevl ||| “oowos 1.190 3 ABA) os ooo iCo7ts || aovlac 4 3.168 2.380 5 3.960 Siencteen 2.975 De o6c6 7 Buoy Il Goes Mot ||) os oac fe) 7/5 20). Malioleieare): 5.950. || =. -.- Molasses (cane, blackstrap) . I Os77O. || S0000 0.659 | ----- 2 e552. || Badoc 1.318 3 Myers || Goad OWA || aendo 4 SoG Ps Boban 2636) |e oer) 5 3.880 ODO Zeta) |! aooos 7 Gill) |) oa ean A |) oocae 10 PRT OO allt seve stens (BCI). ||) Gases Oatsmeracmioisnideaiacn oilenes I 0.890 0.093 0.476 0.035 2 1.780 0.186 0.952 0.070 3 2.670 0.279 1.428 0.105 4 3.560 0.372 1.904 0.140 5 4.450 0.465 2.380 0.175 7 6.230 0.651 3.332 9.245 10) 8.900 0.930 4.760 0.350 lPevyonbtesaatexvl gogouaosodo5oUG I 0.893 0.429 0.228 0.069 2 1.786 0.858 0.456 0.138 g 2.679 1.287 0.684 0.207 4 3.572 1.716 0.912 0.276 5 4.465 2.145 I.140 0.345 7 6.251 3.003 1.596 0.483 10 8.930 4.290 2.280 0.690 Rucel (cleat) Peerless «1 I 0.872 0.048 0.722 0.003 2 1.744 - 0.096 1.444 0.006 3 2.616 0.144 2.166 0.009 4 3.488 0.192 2.888 0.012 5 4.360 0.240 3.610 0.015 7 6.104 0.336 5.054 0.021 ae) 8.720 0.480 7.220 0.030 Rice bran (15 percent. hulls)) 1 0.9O1 0.064 0.367 0.054 2 1.802 0.128 0.734 0.108 a 2.703 0.192 I.101 0.162 4 3.604 0.256 1.468 0.216 162 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE III.—Drv MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND Io POUNDS (F FEED STUFFS.—( Continued ) Weight Dry matter} Protein CAE ONY Feed Winds Sunde pounds en alae Rice bran (15 percent. hulls) (continued) .---++++eeee 5 4.505 0.320 1.835 0.270 | 6.307 0.448 2.569 0.378 fe) 9.010 0.640 3-670 0.540 Rice meal (pure bran) ----- I 0.914 0.086 0.400 0.059 2 1.828 O72 0.800 0.118 a QETAD 0.258 1.200 Onl 77; 4 3.656 0.344 1.600 0.236 5 4.570 0.430 2.000 0.295 7 6.398 0.602 2.800 0.413 10 9.140 o 860 4,000 0.590 Rice polish -----+++eeeree es I 0.885 0.073 0.604 0.043 2 1.770 0.146 1.208 0.086 3 2.655 0.219 1.812 0.129 4 3.540 0.292 2.416 0.172 5 4.425 0.365 3.020 0.215 a 6.195 0.511 4.228 0.301 10 8.850 0.730 6.040 0.430 Rye (grain) -.++eee seer eres I 0.884 0.099 0.676 O.OII 2 1.768 0.198 1.352 0.022 3 2.652 0.297 2.028 0.033 4 3.536 0.396 2.704 0.044 5 4.420 0.495 3.380 0.055 7 6.188 0.693 4.732 0.077 10 8.840 0.990 6.760 0.110 Wheat (grain)-------. +++: I 0.895 0.102 0.692 0.017 2 1.790 0. 204 1iGeeyil 0.034 3 2.685 0.306 2.076 0.051 4 3.580 0.408 2.768 0.068 5 4.475 0.510 3.460 0.085 7 6.265 0.714 4.844 O.119 10 8.950 1.020 6.920 0.170 Wiheat bratiweke ere ueeesne I 0.881 0.121 0.392 0.027 2 1.762 0.242 0.784 0.054 g 2.643 0. 363 1.176 0.081 4 3.524 0.484 1.568 0.108 5 4.405 0.605 1.960 0.135 7 6.167 0.847 2.744 0.189 10 8.810 1.210 3.920 0.270 Wheat middlings .........- I 0.879 0.125 0.530 0.034 2 1.758 0.256 1.060 0.068 3 2.637 0.384 1.590 0.102 4 | 3.516 0.512 21120 0.136 5 | 4-395 0.640 2.650 0.170 Gf | O2t53 0.896 3.710 0.238 a ee TABLE OF AMOUNTS OF DRY MATTER 163 TABLE III.—Drvy MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND 10 POUNDS OF FEED STuFFS.—( Continued) | igh r rotein | Carbohy- FE Feed Reade Pennines Pounds ee aah Wheat middlings (cont’d) --| Io 8.790 1.280 5-300 0.340 Corn fodder (whole plant) --. I 0.678 0.026 0.375 0.009 2 1.356 0.052 0.750 0.018 3 2.034 0.078 1.125 0.027 4 2e7 M2 ©. 104 1.5CO 0.036 5 3.390 0.130 1.875 0.045 Gy] 4.746 0.182 2.625 0.063 10 6.780 0.260 3.750 0.090 Corn fodder (leaves) Dou DOOG I O.OIL 0.053 0.433 0.020 2 1.822 0.106 0.866 0.040 3 Po 7/ ee 0.159 1.299 0.060 4 3.644 0.212 Weise 0.080 5 4.555 0.265 2.165 0.100 7 6.377 0.371 3.031 0.140 10 g.110 0.530 4.330 0.200 Corn husks (shucks)--...-- I 0.919 0.010 0.647 0.003 2 1.838 0.020 1.294 0.006 B 2.757 0.030 1.941 0.009 4 3.676 0.040 2.588 0.012 5 4.595 0.050 3.235 0.015 7 6.433 0.070 4.529 0.021 10 9.190 0.100 6.470 0.030 Corn stover (whole plantex-| 1 0.772 0.028 0.423 0.007 cept ears)-.---.---------- 2 1.544 0.056 0.846 0.014 3 2.316 0.084 1.269 0.021 4 3.088 0.112 1.692 0.028 5 3.860 0.140 2.115 0.035 7 5.404 0.196 2.961 0.049 10 7.720 0.280 4.230 0.070 Corn fodder (green).-..----- I 0. 207 0.009 0.120 0.003 2 0.414 0.018 0.240 0.006 3 0.621 0.027 0.360 0.009 4 0.828 0.036 0.480 0.012 5 1.035 0.045 0.600 0.015 a 1.449 0.063 0.840 0.021 10 2.070 0.090 1.200 0.030 Sorghum (green) -.-.---++-- I 0.206 0.006 0.122 0.004 2 O 412 0.012 0.244 0.008 3 0.618 0.018 0.366 0.012 4 0.824 0.024 0.488 0.016 5 1.030 0.030 0.610 0.020 7 1.442 0.042 0.854 0.028 10 2.060 0.060 1.220 0.040 Barley (green)----+-+--..--. I 0.210 0.019 0.102 0.004 1604 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE III.—Dry MaTrerR AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND Io POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS. —( Continued) Carbohy- Weigh ry ma in Feed Sande - Odes Bata ee eee Barley (green) (continued).| 2 0.420 0.038 0.204 0.008 3 0.630 0.057 0.306 0.012 4 0.840 0.076 0.408 0.016 5 1.050 0.095 0.510 0.020 7 1.470 (114353 0.714 0.028 10 2.100 0.190 1.020 0.040 Oats in bloom (green)-.---- I 0.378 0.025 0.188 0.010 2 0.756 0.050 0.376 0.020 B 1.134 0.075 0.564 0.030 4 1.512 0.100 0.752 0.040 5 1.890 0.125 0.940 0.050 ar 2.646 0.175 1.316 0.070 10 3.780 0.250 1.880 0.100 Rye (green) -.---+-+.-..ee-- I 0.234 0.020 O.I4I 0.004 2 0.468 0.040 0.282 0.008 2 0.702 0.060 0.423 0.012 4 0.936 0.080 0.564 0.016 5 1.170 0.100 0.705 0.020 7 | 1.638 0.140 0.987 0.028 ie) 2.340 0, 200 1.410 0.040 Bermuda hay ------++. ss-ee- I 0.894 0.046 0.391 0.009 2 1.788 0.092 0.782 0.018 3 2.682 0.138 1.173 0.027 4 B50 0.184 1.564 0.036 5 4.470 0.230 1.955 0.045 of 6.258 0.322 273i. 0.063 10 8.940 0.460 3.910 0.090 Crab grass hay-......-..... I 0.897 0.022 0.428 0.006 2 1.794 0.044 0.856 0.012 3 2.691 0.066 1.284 0.018 4 3.588 0.088 1.712 0.024 5 4.485 O.110 2.140 0.030 Bi 6.279 0.154 2.996 0,042 10 8.970 0.220 4.280 0.060 Johnson grass hay -.....-..-. I 0.898 0.032 0.413 0.008 2 1.796 0.064 0.826 0.016 3 2.694 0.096 1.239 0.024 4 3.592 0.128 1.652 0.032 5 4.490 0.160 2.065 0.040 7 6,286 0.224 2.891 0.056 10 8.980 0.320 4.130 0.080 Kentucky blue grass hay ... I 0.788 0.048 0.373 0.020 2 1.576 0.096 0.746 0.040 3 2.364 0.144 1.119 0.060 4 3.152 0.192 1.492 0.080 TABLE OF AMOUNTS OF DRY MATTER 1605 TABLE III.—Drvy MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND I0 POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS.—( Continued) a Weigh ry m in, || SON F Feed sae peter | pease oe Prana Kentucky blue grass hay (continued) ............. 5 3.940 0.240 1.865 0.100 Wl 5.516 0.336 2.611 0.140 10 7.880 0.480 3.730 0.200 Marsh or swamp hay ....... I 0.884 0.024 0.299 0.009 2 1.768 0.048 0.598 0.018 3 2.652 0.072 0.897 0.027 4 3.536 0.096 1.196 0.036 5 4.420 0.120 1.495 0.045 Wl 6.185 0.168 2.093 0.063 10 8.840 0.240 2.990 0.090 Meadow fescue hay .-....... I 0.860 0.030 0.448 0.009 2 1.720 0.060 0.896 0.018 3 2.580 0.090 1.344 0.027 4 3.440 0.120 1.792 0.036 5 4.300 0.150 2.240 0.045 of 6.020 0.210 3.136 0.063 Io 8.600 0. 300 4.480 0.090 Millet hay (cat tail)........ I 0.895 0.062 0.421 0.009 2 1.790 0.124 0.842 0.018 3 2.685 0.186 1.263 0.027 4 3.580 0.248 1.684 0.036 5 4.475 0.310 2.105 0.045 oi 6.265 0.434 2.947 0.063 ae) 8.950 0.620 4.210 0.090 Mixed grass and clover hay. I 0.871 0.059 0.409 0.012 2 1.742 0.118 0.818 0.024 3 2.613 0.177 e227 0.036 4 3.484 0.236 1.636 0.048 5 4.355 0.295 2.045 0.060 7 6.097 0.413 2.863 0.084 10 8.710 0.590 4.090 0.120 Oat hay (cut in milk stage). I 0.850 0.050 0.330 0.014 2 1.700 0.100 0.660 0.028 3 2.550 0.150 0.990 0.042 4 3.400 0.200 1.320 0.056 5 4.250 0.250 1.650 0.070 a 5.950 0.350 2.310 0.098 10 8.500 0.500 3.300 0.140 Orchard grass hay -........ I 0.901 0.049 0.423 0.014 2 1.802 0.098 0.846 0.028 3 2.703 0.147 1.269 0.042 4 3.604 0.196 1.692 0.056 5 4.505 0.245 2.115 0.070 7 6.307 0.343 2.961 0.098 166 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE III. —DRY MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND Io POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS.—( Continued ) Carbohy- Weight |Dry matter rotein Feed Seen aa ona cae neue Orchard grass hay (cont’d)-| Io 9.010 0.490 4.230 0.140 Red top hay ---+++++++-+e: I 0.911 0.048 0.469 0.010 2 O22 0.096 0.935 0.020 3 2723 0.144 1.407 0.030 4 3.644 0.192 1.876 0 040 5 4.555 0.240 2.345 0.050 7 6.377 0.336 2.283 0.070 10 9.110 0.480 4.690 0.100 Rowen hay (mixed).--.------ I 0.834 0.079 0.401 0.015 B 1.668 0.158 0.802 0.030 2 2.502 0.237 1,203 0.045 4 3.336 0.316 1.604 0.060 5 4.170 0.395 2.005 0.075 7 5.838 0.553 2.807 0.105 10 8.340 0.790 4.010 0.150 Timothy hay....--++--ee+e- I 0.868 0.028 0.434 0.014 2 1.736 0.056 0.868 0.028 3 2.604 0.084 1.302 0.042 4 3.472 O.112 T.730 0.056 5 4.340 0.140 2.170 0.070 7 6.076 0.196 3.038 0,098 10 8.680 0. 280 4.340 0.140 Oat Straw--coesssceerecceee I 0.908 0.012 0.386 0.008 2 1.816 0.024 0.772 0.016 3 2.724 0.036 1.158 0.024 4 3.632 0.048 1.544 0.032 5 4.540 0.060 1.930 0.040 7 6.356 0.084 2.702 0.056 10 9.080 0.120 3.860 0.080 Rice straw---. esses eee eee I 0.880 0.027 0.328 0,010 2 1.760 0.054 0.656 0.020 3 2.640 0.081 0.984 0.030 4 3.520 0.108 ee 2 0.040 5 4.400 0.135 1.640 0.050 7 6.160 0.189 2 296 0.070 To 8.800 0,270 3.280 0.100 Rye Straw ---+-ee- eee eee I 0.929 0.006 0.406 0.004 2 1.858 0.012 0.812 0.008 3 2.787 0.018 1.218 0.012 4 3.716 0.024 1.624 0.016 5 4.645 0.030 2.030 0.020 7 6.503 0.042 2.842 0.028 10 9.290 0.060 4.060 0.040 Wheat straw..---.- «-..- . I 0.904 0.004 0.363 0.004 TABLE OF AMOUNTS OF DRY MATTER 167 TABLE III. —Dry MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5) 7 AND 10 POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS.—( Continued) Wei Fog, || Came Fat Feed ace Teooundes! ner cet pounds Wheat straw (continued)---;| 2 1.808 0.008 0.726 0.008 3 2.712 0.012 1.089 0.012 4 3.616 0.016 1.452 0.016 5 4.529 0.020 1.815 0.020 7 6.328 0.028 2.541 0.028 Ce) 9.040 0.040 3.630 0.040 Alfalfa (green) .----.---... I 0.282 0.039 0.126 0.005 2 0.564 0.078 0.252 0.010 3 0.846 0.117 0.378 0.015 4 1.128 0.156 0.504. 0.020 5 1.410 0.195 0.630 0.025 7 1.974 0.273 0.882 0.035 10 2.820 0.390 1.260 0.050 Canada field pea (green) -- I 0.130 0.023 0.053 0.002 2 0.260 0.046 0.106 0.004 3 0.390 0.069 0.159 0.006 4 0.520 0.092 0.212 0.008 5 0.650 0.115 0.265 0.010 7, 0.910 0.161 0.371 0.014 10 1.300 0.230 0.530 0.020 Cowpea\ (green) ..--..-.-... I 0.164 0.018 0.087 0.002 2 0.328 0.036 0.174 0.004 3 C.492 0.054 0.261 0.006 4 0.656 0.072 0.348 0.008 5 0.820 0.090 0.435 0.010 7 1.148 0.126 0.609 0.014 10 1.640 0.180 0.870 0.020 Avhiaihta, Wey 0 'o8ise pocudocecs I 0.916 0.106 0.389 0.009 : 2 1.832 0.212 0.778 0.018 3 2.748 0.318 1.167 0.027 4 3.664 0.424 1.556 0.036 5 4.580 0.530 1.945 0.045 7 6.412 0.742 D723 0.063 fe) 9 160 1.060 3.890 0.090 NSIS Olonysse Nas? cocaeoccHe ea 0.903 0.084 0.425 0.015 2 1.806 0.168 0.850 0.030 3 2.709 0.252 1.275 0.045 4 3.612 0.336 1.700 0.060 5 4.515 0.420 2.125 0.075 7 6.321 0.588 2.975 0.105 IO 9.030 0.840 4.250 0.150 Cowpea vine hay....... ites 1 0.881 0.093 0.384 0.012 2 1.762 0.186 0.768 0.024 . 3 2.643 0.279 1.152 0.036 4 3.524 0.372 1.536 0.048 168 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE III..—Drvy MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND 10 POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS.—( Continued) Carbohy- Weight |Dry matter) Protein + Feed mands eoands pounds Seas nes Cowpea vine hay(cont’d) --| 5 4.405 0.465 1.920 0.060 al 6.167 0.651 2.685 0.084 10 8.810 0.930 3.840 0.120 Crimson clover hay ---.---- I 0.904 0.105 0.349 0.012 2 1.808 0.210 0.698 0.024 3 De72 0.315 1.047 0.036 4 3.616 0.420 1.396 0.048 5 4.520 0.525 1.745 0.060 7 6.328 0.735 2.443 0.084 10 9.040 1.050 3.490 0,120 Lespedeza (Japan clover)hay| 1 0.897 0.076 0.422 0.018 2) 1.794 0.152 0.844 0.036 3 2.691 0.228 1.266 0.054 4 3.588 0.304 1.688 0.072 5 4.485 0.380 2°11O 0.090 7 6.279 0.532 2.954 0.126 10 8.970 0.760 4.220 0.180 Peanut vine hay (without TIULESH) es racial tern eee : I 0.924 0.067 0.422 0.030 2 1.848 0.134 0.844 0.060 3 Deyi2 0.201 1.266 0.090 4 3.696 0.268 1.688 0.120 5 4.620 0.335 2.110 0.150 7 6.468 0.469 2.954 0.210 10 9.240 0.670 4.220 0.300 Soja (soy) bean hay. -..-.- I 0.887 0.109 0.402 0.015 2 1.774 0.218 0.804 0.030 3 2.661 0.327 1.206 0.045 4 3.548 0.436 1.608 0.060 5 4.435 0.545 2.010 0.075 7 6,209 0.763 2.814 0.105 10 8.870 1.090 4.020 0.150 Vetch hay -.....---...-.... I 0.887 0.129 0.375 0.014 2 ei: 0.258 0.750 0.028 3 2.661 0.387 1.125 0.042 4 3.548 0.516 1.500 0.056 5 4.435 0.645 1.875 0.070 7 6.209 0.903 2.625 0.098 10 8.870 1.29C 3.750 0.140 Vetch and oats (1-1) hay... I 0.850 0.083 O 342 0.014 2 1.700 0.166 0.684 0.028 @ 2.550 0.249 1.026 0,042 4 3.400 0.332 1.368 0.056 5 4.250 0.4'5 1.710 0.070 7 5.950 0.581 2.304 0.098 TABLE OF AMOUNTS OF DRY MATTER 169 TABLE III.—DRY MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND I0 POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS. —( Continued) Weigh ry mat i Cameras Feed Bereae oh aed Bnae hounae eas Vetch and oats (1-1) hay (continued) .----........ Io 8.500 0.830 3.420 0.140 Corn silage -...-.--.----... I 0.209 0.009 0.113 0.007 2 0.418 0 018 0.226 0.014 3 0.627 0.027 0.339 0.021 4 0.836 0.036 0.452 0.028 5 1.045 0.045 0.565 0.035 77 1.463 0.063 0.791 0.049 10 2.090 0.090 1.130 0.070 Cowvea vine silage..-.....-. I 0.207 0.015 0.086 0.009 2 0.414 0.030 0.172 0.018 3 0.621 0.045 0.258 0.027 4 0.828 0.060 0.344 0.036 5 1.035 0.075 0.430 0.045 7 1.449 0.105 0.602 0.063, Io 2.070 0.150 0.860 0.090 Soja bean silage..-......... I 0.258 0.027 0.087 0.013 2 0.516 0.054 0.174 0.026 q 0.774 0.081 0.261 0.039 4 1.032 0.108 0.348 0.052 5 1.290 0.135 0.435 0.065 7 1.806 0.189 0.609 0.091 ae) 2.580 0.270 0.870 0.130 Sorghum silage. ..-....... I 0.239 0.006 0.149 0.002 2 0.478 0.012 0.298 0.004 2 0.717 0.018 0.447 0.006 4 0.956 0.024 0.596 0.008 5 1.195 0.030 0.745 0.010 7 1.673 0.042 1.043 0.014 10 2.390 0.060 1.490 0.020 Carrotsyoormio wim cicynms sateusiene I O.1I4 0.010 0.081 O 002 2 0.228 0.020 0.162 0.004 3 0.342 0.030 0.243 0.006 4 0.456 0.040 0.324 0.008 5 0.570 0.050 0.405 0.010 7 0.798 0.070 0.567 0 O14 Io 1.140 0.100 0.810 0,020 Beet (mangel wurzel)...... I 0.091 0.O1T 0.054 0.001 2 0.182 0.022 0. 108 0.002 3 0.273 0.033 0.162 0.003 4 0.364 0.044 0.216 0.004 5 0.455 0.055 0.270 0.005 vie 0.637 0.077 0.378 0.007 10 0.910 0.110 0.540 0.010 Potato (Irish) --.--......-. I 0.211 0.009 0.163 0.001 2 0.422 0.018 0.326 0.002 I2 170 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE III.—DRrRv MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND 10 POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS. —( Continued) Weight Dry matter rotein | Catbohy- F Eee Nouns Sas teas eee neds Potato (Irish) (continued)..| 3 0.633 0.027 0.489 0.003 4 0.844 0.036 0.652 0,004 5 1.055 0.045 0.815 0.005 7 1.477 0.063 1.141 0.007 10 210 0.090 1.630 0,010 Potato (sweet)-.-.+--..0--- I 0.289 0,009 0.222 0.003 2 0.578 0.018 0.444 0.006 2 0.867 0.027 0.666 0,009 4 1.156 0.036 0.888 0.012 5 1.445 0.045 Te 110 0.015 ik 2.023 0,063 1.554 0.021 10 2.890 0.090 2220 0.030 Rutabagas. ....-+....-+.e. I 0.114 0.010 0.081 0.002 2 0.228 0.020 0.162 0.004 3 0.342 0,030 0.243 0.006 4 0.456 0.040 0.324 0.008 5 0.570 0.050 0.405 0.010 7 0.798 0.070 0.567 0.014 10 1.140 0. 100 0.810 0.020 Buttermilk cparetecs sete ete cree it 0 099 0.039 0,040 0.0II 2 0.198 0.078 0.080 0.022 3 0.297 O.117 0.120 0.033 4 0.396 0.156 0.160 0.044 5 0.495 0.195 0,200 0.055 i 0.693 0.273 0.280 0.077 10 0.990 0.390 0.400 0.110 Skim milk (centrifugal) ....| 0.094 0.029 0.052 0.003 2 0.188 0.058 0.104 0.006 3 0.282 0.087 0.156 0.009 4 0.376 0. 116 0.208 0.012 5 0.470 0.145 0.260 0.015 7 0.658 0.203 0.364 0.021 se) 0.940 0.290 0.520 0.030 Skim milk (gravity) ....... I 0.096 0.031 0.047 0.008 2 0.192 0.062 0.094 0.016 3 0,288 0.093 0.141 0.024 4 0.384 0.124 0.188 0.032 5 0.480 0.155 0.235 0.040 7 0.672 0.217 0.329 0.056 10 0,960 0.310 0.470 0.080 Whey -eeeescerecsecceeeeee I 0,062 0.006 0.047 0.001 2 0.124 0.012 0,094 0.002 3 0. 186 0.018 0.141 0.003 4 0.248 0.024 0.188 0.004 5 0.310 0,030 0.235 0.005 TABLE OF AMOUNTS OF DRY MATTER 171 TABLE III.—Drvy MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND Io POUNDS OF FEED STUFFS.—( Continued) : : Carbohy- Fat Feed peta Pare Rae | es | cae Whey (continued) ......... Wf 0.434 0.042 0.329 0.007 10 0.620 0.060 0.470 0.010 @apbage-s--+-------------- I 0.095 0.018 0.042 0.004 2 0.190 0.036 0.084 0.008 3 0.285 0.054 0.126 0.012 4 0 380 0.072 0.168 0 O16 5 0.475 0.090 0.210 0.020 7 0.665 0.126 0.294 0,028 10 0.950 0.180 0.420 0.040 Rape...--.-.-.-...----s.-. I 0.155 0.015 0.081 0.002 2 0.310 0.030 0. 162 0.004 3 0.465 0.045 0.243 0.006 4 0.620 0.060 0.324 0.008 5 0.775 0.075 0.405 0.010 7 1.085 0.105 0.567 0.014 10 1.550 0.150 0.810 0.020 for 4 and 5 lbs. or multiply the amounts for 3 lbs., by 3. If ™% Ib. is needed, take 1/10 of 5 lbs. or divide the amounts for 1 lb., by 2. For 50, 100, 200, 300 lbs., etc., a simple multiplication will give the amounts required. A Ration Computed by Using Table III.—Let us figure a ration by using this table. Supposing we have some cattle we wish to fatten for the market. The standard, Table II, for the pre- liminary period for fattening cattle of 1,000 lbs. live weight is: Dry matter Protein Carbohydrates Nutritive pounds pounds pounds ratio | 27 2.5 | 16.1 1:6.4 If corn and cob meal, alfalfa hay and cotton-seed meal should be available, we could try the following amounts which are given in Table III. 172 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Dry matter] Protein Se ony, Fat pounds pounds pounds pounds 10 lbs. corn and cob meal.......... 8.490 0.440 6.000 0.290 15 Ibs alfalfa hay. sismictie sisc vara ofate'e 13.740 1.590 5.835 0.135 1 lb. cotten-seed neal ..-........ 0.918 0.372 0.169 0.122 26 Ibs. total..-... 2 cess cece ee ee eee 23.148 2.402 12.004 0.547 Nutritive ratio Rat ON tacos irene ohete enclave tessa 23.148 2.402 13.235 135.5 S far Gard pereyoretteretecectelerctcreisier eters else 2 fe 2.5 16.1 1:6.4 Our ration is too low in carbohydrates to be satisfactory. Corn and cob meal contains a larger percentage of carbohydrates than the other feeds included in this ration. Therefore we will use 15 lbs of corn and cob meal. The protein in our trial ration is almost equal to that of the standard and by using 15 Ibs. of corn and cob meal the protein will be too high. Let us try reducing the amount of alfalfa hay to 14 lbs. and compare our ration to the standard. ‘ : Carbohy- Dry matter; Protein Prat ee Fat pounds pounds Sonne pounds 15 lbs. corn and cob meal ........- 12.735 0.660 9.000 0.435 14 lbs. alfalfa hay ........---..+5 «- 12.824 1.484 5.446 0.126 1 lb. cotton-seed meal ........... 0.918 0.372 0. 169 0.122 30 ibs. total....... wee cere ee eee eee 26.477 2.516 14.615 0.683 Nutritive ; ratio RRA tO tiers tee ator ais) atetsrevescalshors tomnerefore sievee 26.477 2.516 16.15 1:6.4 SiehikhilnoscossuerooaudecuauobGboc 27. 2.5 16.1 1:6.4 This ration is very close to the standard. Suggestion :—Compute a ration for farm work horses aver- aging 1,200 lbs., doing heavy farm work, from oats, linseed meal, corn and cob meal and timothy hay. How much of each concentrate would be required to last 15 horses of this weight for a month? SECTION XXVII. STANDARDS FOR MILCH COWS. Wolff’s standard for milch cows, which has been generally used, has been found to be unsatisfactory for American feeders. Many investigations have been conducted to determine the re- quirements for milch cows in this country. Adjust the Ration to the Cow’s Needs.—Haecker in Minnesota Bul. 79, says: “It has long since been recognized that because of the difference in composition of the various kinds of feed stuffs no single standard of composition for all feeds would be practical, and yet, while there is as great a difference in the composition of milks as there is in feed stuffs, there has been no adjustment of the nutrients in the ration to the quantity and character of the solids contained in the milk yielded, though such an adjustment is simple and practicable. If in formulating a ration it is deemed necessary in economic milk production, to take note of the fact that one feed stuff contains 12 per cent. protein and another 20 per cent., is it not equally important in our attempt to adjust the ration to the needs of the cow in milk production to also take into account the fact that one cow may give milk containing 3 per cent. fat while that of another may contain twice as much? It would seem quite as consistent to feed an animal food regardless of its composition as to feed an assumed balanced ration regardless of the composition of the product which is to be elaborated from the nutrients in the food. “Great stress has been placed upon the fact that the nutrients in milk have a nutritive ratio of approximately one to five, and that therefore the ration for a milch cow should have a similar nutritive ratio; apparently overlooking the fact that only 50 per cent, of the ration is used in milk production and the balance for maintenance of body. If note is taken of the fact that about half the ration is used for maintenance and that the main- tenance ration has a nutritive ratio of one to ten, it becomes apparent that for the production of milk of average quality by an animal of average milk producing powers the nutritive ratio of the ration should be approximately 1: 7.5. But since animals 174. ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING vary in productive powers, and since this variation is not in proportion to weight of body, it follows that if rations are ad- justed to the actual requirements of animals the nutritive ratio of the rations will also vary.” A New World Record. “Tt remained for the Missouri College of Agriculture at Colum- bia, Missouri, to raise and develop the Champion Dairy Cow of all the world. Missouri Chief Josephine, a Holstein-Friesian cow Fig. 12.— Missouri Chief Josephine. (Courtesy Missouri Experiment Station.) finished her six months test on July 18th, producing 17,008.8 pounds, an average of 93.4 pounds of milk daily for 182 days. This is equivalent to 46.7 quarts, or 11.6 gallons every day. Her highest record for one day was 110.2 pounds. This record is the more remarkable because no special preparation had been made for this test and Josephine has done her full duty in the regular dairy herd of the University, having had five calves in five and one-half years. STANDARDS FOR MILCH COWS 175 Not only has this record smashed all previous worlds records for milk production, but the per cent. of butter fat is increasing daily, so that, barring accidents this cow will undoubtedly pro- duce more butter during a period of twelve months than any other cow that has ever been tested in the world. This cow is but one of a number of remarkable cows owned by the University of Missouri and maintained solely for the in- struction of its students in Agriculture and for investigational purposes. Only twenty Jersey cows in the history of the world have produced more than 700 pounds of butter in one year. Five of these cows, or 25 per cent. of the total number are owned and were bred by this Missouri institution. The College owns more than 300 pure bred and registered animals, belonging to 17 distinct breeds. Josephine’s record exceeds the present world’s record for six months by 1,458 pounds.” The table on page 176 of standards for milch cows has been compiled from Haecker’s work, giving the requirements for cows weighing 1,000 lbs. producing the stated quantities of milk of stated butter fat. Maintenance and Milk Production Requirements.—The stand- ards in the table include the requirements for maintenance and milk production and are based on 1,000 lbs. live weight. In- vestigations have demonstrated that the maintenance per 100 Ibs. live weight, namely, 0.07 of a pound of digestible protein, 0.7 of a pound of digestible carbohydrates and 0.01 of a pound of digestible fat, which is given at the head of the preceding table, are ample for maintaining the average cow. To compute the maintenance requirements for any live weight, say 600, 700 or 800 lbs., simply multiply the maintenance for 100 Ibs. by 6, 7 or 8 as the case may be. For milk production re- quirements, divide the production of milk by 10 and multiply: the standard for each additional 1o lbs. by this result. The standard required would be the sum of the maintenance and milk production requirements. 176 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Percent. Protein Carbohy- Fat Nutritive pee ade ince pounds ratio Maintenance per 100 lbs. LIVE WEIGHE «csc ccm oe selec 0.07 0.7 0.01 1o pounds of milk.......... 3 1.10 8.81 0.24 1:8.5 10 Sr Ated dp 8 Eb Buevereterszens corer 4 1.17 9.14 0.26 1:8.3 10 uo ge, Badoena.cour 5 1.24 9.48 0.28 T2822 Tee 0 She Gta ache te eet 3 1.30 0755 e031 1:8.0 15 ESOL ANOM. ShoooGouus 4 1.405 10,21 0.34 1:7.8 15 ge ee omnes 5 1.51 10.72 O87, 1:7.6 20 Reg ee? Vaecoce cone B 1.50 10.62 0.38 1:7.6 22 eae bl Rseerapcace 4 1.64 11.28 0.42 T2725 20 Ree eS Seon owen cic 5 1.78 11.96 0.46 E3723 25 Pe A Seincaese or 3 170 11.525 0.45 13724: 25 Siew fey tele chohevsuecenss 4 1.875 12.35 0.50 17.2 35 pial nO er ere 5 2.05 13.20 0.55 13780 30 Sy ee Soc cedmor cc 3 1.90 12.43 0.52 13722 30 iY adie pe i berte anetetensceyeeys 4 211 13.42 0.58 Ho) 30 OES Goa coCssc 5 2.32 14.44 0.64 1:6.8 35 Bo Ee PN sassheisavst tas ste 3 2.10 13.335 0.59 1:7. 35 BSS ronecne cacr 4 2.345 14.49 0.66 1:6.8 4o Oe er een ceocan ae 5 2.59 15.69 0.73 1037 40 Be OS Geen oseoce 3 2.30 14.24 0.66 1:6.8 4o Be ee Sh aenemc ae 4 2.58 15.56 0.74 T6577, 50 i tek cacao cc 5 2.86 16.92 0.82 1:6.6 For each additional 10 lbs...| 3 0.40 1.81 0.14 tees oe 66 66 66 66 4 0.47 2.14 0.16 - _ 66 66 66 66 G6 5 0.54 2.48 0.18 Use of the Table—Tet us make this clearer by computing the standard for a cow weighing 850 lbs. producing 23 lbs. of milk daily, testing 5 per cent. butter fat. Since 850 is 8.5 X 100, we must multiply our maintenance (0.07 Ib. protein; 0.7 lb. carbohydrates and 0.01 fat) by 8.5. 0.07 X 8.5 = 0.595 lb, of protein Maintenance require- 0.7 8.5 = 5.950 lbs. of carbohydrates } ment for a cow weigh- 0.01 & 8.5 = 0.085 lb. of fat ing 850 lbs. Since our cow is producing 23 Ibs, of milk, we divide 23 by 10 which gives us 2.3. Multiply the standard for each additional 10 Ibs. of 5 per cent. butter fat milk (0.54 Ib. protein, 2.48 lbs., carbohydrates and 0.18 Ib. fat) by 2.3 which gives us the milk production requirement. | Milk production requirement | for a cow producing 23 lbs. of { milk daily testing 5 percent. ) butter fat. 0.54 X 2.3 = 1.182 lbs. of protein 2.48 X 2.3 = 5.704 lbs. of carbohydrates O19 23)—=70,414 Ibs jot ifat STANDARDS FOR MILCH COWS U7 The sum of the maintenance and the milk production require- ments is the amount required. . Requirement Requirement or for milk Seomaand maintenance production required Pounds/of protein’-........-........-.. 0.595 -+ 1.182 = 1.777 Pounds of carbohydrates ..-........... 5.950 + 5.704 = 11.654 ROUNGSIOR fate «ie-isicicusie sieievar clove syste cians one O88 42 O/T = eres As previously stated the standards in the table are on the basis of 1,000 lbs. live weight. Therefore to compute the stand- ard for a cow of this weight (1,000 lbs.) it is not necessary to figure the maintenance and milk production requirements, as this work has already been done and is included in the table. A Ration—The following ration for a cow weighing 1,000 Ibs. producing 25 lbs. of milk daily, testing 4 per cent. butter fat, illustrates how feed stuffs may be compounded to meet the standards as laid down in this table. : Carbohy- D tter}| Prot Fat eundeel aaada ee Rend 2 lbs. linseed meal (new process)----; 1.80 0.56 0.80 0.06 6 lbs. corn and cob meal.....-..-.-- 5.09 0.26 3.60 0.17 2% lbs. dried brewers’ grains -....-. 2.30 0.40 0.90 0.13 4o lbs. corn silage-...------+-.+----- 8.40 0.36 4.40 0.28 6 lbs. red top hay -.-....-... Wejeleis ees 5 47 0.29 2.81 0.06 IRANI O¢60d000b006000Gg000D 005000000 23.06 1.87 12.51 0.70 Stemalerecl co to006 cabosaoocano00bu0d04 1.875 12.35 0.50 The carbohydrates and fat are a little high but the ration approximates the standard close enough for all practical pur- poses. A Narrow Nutritive Ratio is Sometimes Economical.—Dairy- men have léarned by practical experience that Haecker’s stand- ards are too wide (that is there is too high a proportion of carbohydrates and fat to protein) for the most economical pro- duction of milk where protein is cheap and carbohydrates rela- tively expensive. In all probability Haecker’s table is suitable for the Northwest and other sections where protein is expen- sive and carbohydrates comparatively cheap. Prof. E. L. Jor- 178 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING dan of the Louisiana State University and the writer adapted the following table from Haecker’s work to meet the demands of feeders who wish to employ narrow rations for milch cows. Per cent. mBrotein Carbohy- Fa Nutritiv Bute Bounds oe Seana ratio : Io pounds Of trill cesccgeretereners es 4 1.3 9.14 0.26 eyes 10 SUNSET a Ree ara Rona A 5 1.4 9.48 0.28 Tei is ME TR Cas Desa one ers 4 to) 10.21 0.34 1:6.9 5 CE ae ae a0 ae Smee 5 1.75 10.72 0.37 1:6.6 20 Goma) SOLS SAS techs Fetes 4 1.9 11.28 0.42 1:6.4 20 “ Ue css mei Racal ae eile 5 2a 11.96 0.46 T6022 25 OT i MU Lae Cale Brea 4 222 12.35 0.50 LOL 25 Se ape RIE LU etree Relay ce 5 2.45 13.20 0.55 Ey) 30 Oe ONT ete rotae cet sgeds 4 2.5 13.42 0.58 1:5.9 30 Gah” GSS, Nag CPB esc a 5 2.8 14.44 0.64 TES 27 25 CSE aS oes reese anes 4 2.8 14.49 0.66 TS 35 Oe AOS eet clear ene 5 205 15.68 0.73 1:5.5 40 TO I Tere vaceiuorsarts 4 uit 15.56 0.74 1:5.6 40 Bers ie Pa aN Pec 5 3.5 16.92 0.82 mE5eA For each additional to lbs...) = 4 0.60 2.14 0.16 sees (a3 (a3 oe (a3 66 5 0.70 2.48 0.18 PANS Woll of the Wisconsin Experiment Station says: ‘At the prices of feeding stuffs in the North Central States it will not, as a general rule, pay to feed a narrower ratio to dairy cows than 1: 6.0 and we find that the cows in our University herd fed according to our best judgment receive on the average rations with a nutritive ratio of about 1 :6.5 to 7.0. The heavier pro- ducers in the herd naturally receive more grain feed than the low producers and their rations, therefore, have a narrower nutritive ratio, but it is very rarely that we find it necessary to go below 1:6.0, The starchy feeds are cheaper than the protein feeds with us and unless the cow has an exceptional productive capaci- ty a medium or somewhat wide nutritive ratio is more economical than a narrow one.” Suggestion: A gallon of milk weighs 8.6 Ibs. Compute two rations for a cow weighing 825 lbs. producing 2% gallons of milk a day, testing 4 per cent. butter fat, according to the standards in the two tables in this section, from mixed hay, corn meal, linseed meal and wheat bran. SECTION XXVIII. COMPUTATION OF RATIONS ACCORDING TO ENERGY VALUES. The tables given in the foregoing pages on composition, di- gestible nutrients and standards are those commonly used in compounding rations. Armsby of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station and G. Kuhn and Kellner of the Mockern Experiment Station of Germany have been conducting investigations as to the protein and energy values of feeds, and the requirements of animals, by means of the respiration apparatus. The following table of digestible protein and energy values is taken from Farmers’ Bul. 346. The energy value represents the production value, or the value of the feed stuffs cited for the production of gain in fattening animals. The protein rep- resents what is available for repair material, TABLE IV.—DrRvy MATTER, DIGESTIBLE PROTEIN, AND ENERGY VALUES PER I00 PouNDs.! Total dry | Digestible| Energy Feeding stuff matter protein value pounds pounds therms GREEN FODDER AND SILAGE Aiktahig@ioooc cocceeopccbudoncuDUDD00UGDBGuDuD 28.2 2.50 12.45 (ClOWGe = CGabonFoynewos cudodd coce Db oU So cdoUnC 19.1 2.19 11.30 Clone —rasl Se whhacoocbecuosedOe er ooE aces 29.2 DP 16.17 Corn fodder--green..-...---.-++---+------ 20.7 0.41 12.44 Corn silage i COL EG CRO ATO OER ORR SEI ete en eae 25.6 1.21 16.56 IS (bineEbeeyel CARI © Soclcacedadaunasdesdusn ae 28.9 1.33 14.76 IREVDE coco vc eueecuudotcaus dos do DO UODN OOO" 14.3 2.16 11.43 IRV obopcooodooovadetodauoodsoandogoddo dd 23.4 1.44 11.63 Timothy DODO An DOOD OGOOOGOUHOUS OUD OOOO COO 38.4 T.04 19.08 HAY AND DRY COARSE FODDERS AMMA, OB 7coG000000000000b50us0cc0GCGCG000 91.6 6.93 34.41 Cloverphay—— re deetercrasyerrelaeraiel-l lovee cits over 84.7 5.41 34.74 Corn forage, field’ cured/---..--.---3-.-- «= 57.8 2.13 30.53 COrmestow Creereriieereeaneie cee ca renal eae eieloneteisueseu eto yers 59.5 1.80 26.53 Cowjoega lnaiyoso26 coonasoccccsncanudco D0 aT 89.3 8.57 42.76 Hungarian hay- BO ON ORCL OTE R CRE ER RPA ERE 92.3 3.00 44.03 Oat hay TidWey shel ensuinteriavevicushorsVersiis ia lelecelevetevoraisiar evetotocels 84.0 2.59 36.97 SOy, bean) Way! -clo-)-ie\ee elres oe) + * wellee ois aioe’ 88.7 7.68 38 65 Timothy hay See Reel Hic eet seotiattanbes ER eichan meee tatictreee ee 868 2.05 33.56 1 Farmers’ Bul. 346. 180 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE IV.—DRY MATTER, DIGESTIBLE PROTEIN, AND ENERGY VALUES PER 100 POUNDS. —( Continued) Totaldry | Digestible | Energy Feeding stuff matter protein value pounds pounds therms STRAWS OAS tra Weare oe ever erewers. o(eteleletolenaoleveseraloreseteretereiiere 90.8 1.09 21.21 Ry Straw-.-ceecc cess cece cece cc cccceeceee 92.9 0.63 20.87 WiheatiStraw: oc cerers erevanssis (ois cosetatele lieve keseasvelieustiays 90.4 0.37 16.56 Roots AND TUBERS GATTOES enor esevoteus osouanerenje:cuchsustencteloterers} seefetsireiets alors Tale: 0.37 7.82 Mangel wurzels ....-.-.-+.-0-- eee eeeeeees 9.1 0.14 4 62 PoOtatOES -- 2 eee cece cece rr cc ccs cececccccces ALAA 0.45 18.05 Rutabagas...s..-- eee e cece cece cece ence cees 11.4 0.88 8.00 TUrnips -. 0.6. sees cece cece cece eee oeee 94 0.22 5.74 GRAINS Barley LP Seen ce Teepe tele ate iecs Yel uasenere tele ei Rtne Ieee 89.1 8.37 80.75 COTES sess tors altos ota cS. b ete tue eiete: 0 sta uens us esinwe shel sreeaeeces 89.1 6.79 88.84 C@orn-and=cob teal rere srercievete o afele aie cre eaiadets 84.9 4.53 72.05 OD AES core othe ae vs tore a erties sueietalearatelSuslomera tevsnenshers cate 89.0 8.36 66.27 (POA TIE AD erevsce: oc\ancpevelereso crete besemere enn denedanedeneriensiiens 89.5 16.77 FTES RYE wscceececewe recs scccleeeeeewsewe nn oe 88.4 8.12 81.72 WEA s,s: bere Giese aie wie 414 oye) yeleletn« a:ahe vie ore 89.5 8.90 82.63 By-PRODUCTS Brewers’ grains—dried....-...----++-++eee- 92 0 19.04 60.01 Brewers’ grains—wet ------+--e+eseeeeeeee 24.3 3.81 14.82 Buckwheat middlings...........-.--++---- 88 2 22.34 75-92 Cotton-seed meal .........-.--. «---eseee: 91.8 35.15 84.20 Distillers’ grains—dried Principally corn..-.+.+ sees eeeeeeeees 93.0 21.93 79.23 Principally rye... -. ee ee ee eee e eee es 93124), | 110.388 60.93 Gluten feed—dry-.-.... ee eee eee eee eee eee 91.9 19.95 79.32 Gluten meal—Buffalo......--..-.-----e-- 91.8 21.56 88.80 Gluten meal—Chicago....-.---.-+ee eee ee 90.5 33.09 78.49 Linseed meal—old process .--...-++++----- 90.8 27.54 78.92 Linseed meal—new process ----- +--+ +2e.-- 90.1 29 26 74.67 Malt sprouts ..--.. 205 cece eees eee eeeeweee 89.8 12.36 46.33 Rye Dram occa 8 Fe sicpacie s disie, “ales #)wieinis s'sie m orer 88.2 1.35 56.65 Sugar-beet pulp—fresh.....-.--.-.see.eee- 10.1 0.63 TSI Sugar-beet pulp—dried silo tae ea etiele (eswilnyayate. exe si6 93.6 6.80 60.10 Wiltealsbratine + ctleerere serene ct slatecetelste sterrecia. 88 1 10.21 48.23 Wheat middlings........sse-ssccesesessces 84.0 12.79 77.65 The Feed Requirements given in Table V may not be abso- lutely accurate but they are perhaps as near to the true re- quirements as those we are accustomed to using. The intelli- gent feeder can compound rations from this table that will meet COMPUTATION OF RATIONS I8I the requirements of his animals. The requirements for swine have not been worked out. The per cent. of digestible protein, being true protein (crude protein minus the amides) will be smaller in amount than the digestible protein of the standards given in Table II. TABLE V.—FEED REQUIREMENTS! Ve | Ba (eee) See mouths Bends Peers puerav Cattle maintenance. ..........+..02-- — 150 0.15 1.70 —. 250 0.20 2.40 — 500 0.30 3.80 aaE 75° 0.40 4.95 — 1000 0.50 6.00 —— 1250 0.60 7.00 —_— 1500 0.65 7.90 Growmimecattles selec tlelelesreiitee tes cle: 3 275 1.10 5.0 6 425 1.30 6.0 12 650 1.65 7.0 18 850 1.70 7.5 24 1000 1.75 8.0 30 1100 1.65 8.0 Horse maintenance.......... +22 see: —. 150 0.30 2.0 — 250 0.40 2.8 — 500 0.60 4.4 — 750 0.80 5.8 — 1000 1.00 7.0 —. 1250 1.20 8.15 — 1500 1.30 9.2 Horse? for light work?..... 6090000000 — 1000 1.0 9.8 Horse’ for medium work?............ — 1000 1.4 12.4 Horse* for heavy work?............-- —- 1000 2.0 16.0 Sheep maintenance.................. — 20 0.03 0.30 — 40 0.05 0.54 ———— 60 0.07 0.71 = 80 0.09 0.87 — 100 0.10 1.00 —. 120 O.1I 1.13 -—— 140 0.13 1.25 CLOWN OMSHEE Peelerersinlolele/+1e1ele)apeferats o-sere 6 70 0.30 1.30 9 go 0.25 1.40 12 IIo 0.23 1.40 15 130 0.23 1.50 18 145 0.22 1.60 1 Farmers’ Bul. 346. 2 Including the maintenance requirements. 3 After Keliner. + True protein, amides not included. 182 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE V.—( Continued. ) ESTIMATED ENERGY VALUE OF I POUND OF GAIN IN WEIGHT Ane Live Digestible| Energy ances weight protein value pounds pounds therms Growing cattle and growing sheep - -- a a 1.50 6 — 1.75 12 -— ot 2.00 18 — — 2.50 24 oa —. 2.75 30 — a 3.00 Fattening cattle 1 lb. gain live weight} —— — — 3.5 One 1b. milk production requirement.|_ —— — 0.05 0.3 How to Compute the Requirement.—Let us compute a ration for a dairy cow weighing 875 lbs., producing 25 Ibs. of milk daily. Referring to Fable V we find the maintenance requirements for cows weighing 750 lbs. and 1,000 lbs. are: 750 lb. cow 1,000 1b. cow Digestible protein, pounds.......- 0.40 0.50 Energy, therms ......----+.-.+-- 4.95 6.00 The difference between 875 and 1,000 is the same as the dif- ference between 750 and 875. ‘Therefore the maintenance re- quirement for a cow weighing 875 Ibs. is: Digestible protein.......--.+-seeeee eee ee seeeee 0.45 pound Bnergy 0s 42 5 ose 6 ols once! ce eicieic: eceteeicig ton ocniwle’s 5.475 therms For the production of 25 lbs. of milk we would need accord- ing to Table V: Digestible protein --.....--- seeee- (25 >X 0.05) = 1.25 pounds Emergy .2 <2 52208 sian a's etree nsls vac'ne (25. xX 0.3) = 7.50 therms The total requirement then is: Digestible Energy protein value pounds therms IMPaIN tear Ge eaves, ecotsse eevee \aveitollerioverstene ele etets 0.45 5-475 Milk production ........ sees eeee eeeeee 1.25 7.500 Total requirement... +--+ s+. eee eee 70 12.975 COMPUTATION OF RATIONS 183 How to Compute the Ration.—Let us suppose cotton-seed meal, corn meal, wheat middlings, oat hay and rye straw are avail- able. Our previous study has taught us that we should en- deavor to supply 12 to 14 pounds of dry matter from roughage, as roughage generally is our cheapest source of feed. We have been taught that the amount of roughage should be limited be- cause an animal can only properly consume a certain amount of roughage. Rye straw and oat hay are the feeds which are available as roughage. In Table IV we find that 100 lbs. of rye straw and oat hay contain: Dry Digestible Energy matter protein value pounds pounds therms Rye straw.-.-.+s2.+---e- 92.9 0.63 20.87 Oat hay..----.-seee sees 84.0 2.59 36.97 Let us see what 8 lbs. of rye straw will furnish: 92.9 >< 0.08 = 7.432 pounds dry matter 0.63 0.08 = 0.0504 pound digestible protein 20.87 < 0.08 = 1.6696 thermis of energy value Eight pounds of rye straw furnish 7.432 lbs. of dry matter. By a simple calculation we find that 6 lbs. of oat hay will furnish the remaining dry matter required from roughage. The amounts for oat hay are arrived at in the same way as for rye straw. Digestible | Energy Dry matter : omc | Oe | ee. 8 pounds rye straw --- ++ --2--s eeer eee ee ees 7-432 0.0504 1.6696 6 pounds oat hay ----+--+22 + cee eee e rece caee 5.040 0.1554 2.2182 “Noll cass uddodoo008 Cobo OdUDUODb oo obOOUn 12.472 0.2058 3.8878 We must supply the difference between what we have figured for roughage and the requirement (1.7 lbs. digestible protein and 12.975 therms of energy value) with the available concen- trates (cotton-seed meal, corn meal and wheat middlings). i84 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Addition of Concentrates.—L et us try 3 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 3 Ibs. of corn meal and 2 Ibs. of wheat middlings and add these to our roughage. The amounts for the concentrates are cal- culated in a similar manner from Table IV as illustrated for rye straw. Digestible| Energy Dry matter : pounds, | Pte) reuse S POoundsS:rye Straw cecies sieteme Gs os Me utene see 7.432 0.0504 1.6696 GO poundsioat hay | 252 | ack | g* | BEE | eek | Be" | SER | cee ees | seh Se) Bee ea ee | ae S| ee Ea) | a BS 2% w oo lon} i I 18.7 18.7 13 BWR 28.3 25 51.7 36.5 2 20.4 | 19.6 14 38.7 29.1 26 52.7 Bye 3 22.1 20.6 15 40.0 29.8 27 53.6 37.8 4 2207, Qe 16 At 30.5 28 54.6 38.4 5 25.4 22.1 17 42.6 Bil, 29 55-5 39.0 6 27.0 22.9 18 43.8 31.9 30 56.4 39.6 7 28.5 23.8 19 45.0 32.6 31 57.2 40.1 8 30.1 24.5 20 46.2 Bana 32 58.0 40.7 9 31.6 25.3 21 47.4 33.9 33 58.8 41.2 10 Beer 2 Onley e222 48.5 34. 34 59.6 41.8 II 34.5 26.8 23 49.6 35.3 35 60.3 42.3 12 35-9 27.6 24 50.6 35.9 36 61.0 42.8 According to King:' “The weight of corn silage increases with the depth below the surface, with the amount of water in the silage, and with the diameter of the silo. In silos of small diameters the amount of surface in the wall is so much greater in proportion to the silage contained that the friction on the sides has more influence in preventing the settling of the silage. “Capacity of Silos—The capacities of silos increase more rap- idly than do their depths, so much that a silo 36 feet deep will contain nearly five times as much silage as one only one- third that depth; and when it is remembered that there is less necessary loss with deep silage the importance of depth will be appreciated. “Doubling the diameter of the silo increases its capacity a little more than four times, while trebling its diameter increases its capacity nine-fold. It is evident, therefore, that the cost of storage decreases rapidly with increase in the size of the silo.” The following tables give the approximate capacities of round silos in tons of corn silage. 1 Bul. 59, Wisconsin Exp. Station. FEEDS AND FEEDING X STOCI BON ELEMENTARY TREATIS 198 “MOIJRIS ‘dx uisuoostM ‘6S “[ng + L:Sve 9'61¢ 9g b6z Cole S-Ltz o'Szz g'voz | gsi L‘Sot gLb1 6°SCr 1°Sit ze ooee 1°So€ QS 1gz z'QSz CLOG eS1z csSOr |= c-OL1,| oOo) siete =O.Vorl| 9:00 I¢ CeSre g'16z L-39z ggbe g'Szz L'Soz 9981 P'ggol Tei Q'Vcr b6érr | o'Sor of z-00f g'Llz g'SSz 6 blz 6'bIz g S61 g LLI OO The OreV €°gz1 EAS tiis|| CAs) tehe) 6z b:Sgz 6°Cgz TLV €:Czz e yor z°981 6°891 v'cSt Q'gtI OCT! Igor | 66°6 Qt 6:0Lz CoSz g'0fz O71 o'b6r LOL £*Oo1 LUV | “Qi6ct | Q2Sn (on Ao) al a9 axel) LG L-9Sz V'Lez Q'gIz 6002 g'egl C-LoI 61ST IAC Tlie Oncol g‘6or | ¢z'l6 | Sh'Seg gz tthe 6°zz V-goz C61 VEL o'gSt Sy £°6z1 I‘QII gor | ¥g°6g | zg9'08 cz L’9zz Calnlic 6°b61 o'6L1 ZL Cgl z 6b asic 1: GCIs |e OLOOle |OLGL6, si MOFOQm aleoL ve Co Siz £661 g fet L391 €'bS1 gol SELor 1'S1t €:Cor | br°z6 opaien. || ere es Std 1'tO7 8981 Galen I'9St LVI QIcl 9611 | ~ 6*Zor | 7g*96 | gt:9g | zS:9Z | St:Lo zz o'6g1 Lvly O'1gI 6°LVI coScl Clea @:I11-| “6*00r-| 2S:06 |. 6270¢.| 9S:12 | 06°z9 1z gQLI b fg gOS €°ger 9°9zI €°S1t GWOT | 1-762 1e0L-79° 1 QS: Si S6"9925 | a Vg°eS oz suo} suo} suo} Suo} suo} suo} suo} suo} suo} suo} suo} Suo} gz Sz bz lz zz 1z oz 61 gi Li gl SB ya2J utr yidoa yoaj UL J9}QUIeIp apisul 1V¥ HIAVL FEED AND CARE OF DAIRY COWS 19%) TABLE B.? (The diameter is shown at the top of the columns and depth at the left. ) Inside diameter of silo in feet and the capacity in tons (2,000 lbs.). VOMt OL Pe.|/ rabit. taut. T4 hts |r5eitan 16 tte a7 tte |eroaten |) rotten || 20 ft. | feet | tons | tons tons | tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons 20 26 21 28 220 20n| 36 23 32 39 24 | 34 | 41 | 49 79 gI | 105 BE |) AQ) ERY We ky | i Naar) BA \\ Bit |) (op 74 86 | Ioo | 115 | 131 BSS Oo | 7 90 o|) 105.) |, 121 | 138 34 | 56 | 68 80 94 | Io9 | 126 | 143 | 162 Smee SO enn, 84: 98M iCE14) 132% e149" 169 36 | 61 | 73 87 | 102 | 118 | 136 | 155 | 176 | 196 37 | 63 76 g0 | 106 123 142 161 183 | 204 38 | 66 | 79 94 | I10 | 128 | 148 | 167 | I91 | 212 | 237 BOM OSe C2 He G7) ale LESe in E33n | L540 kas SoS) 221s 247, 4o | 7o | 85 | Ior 11g | 138 160 | 180 | 205 229 | 256 | 280 The Horizontal Feeding Area.—Silage must be removed from the top and not sliced or cut down vertically as is often practiced in feeding hay from the mow or stack, because the entrance of air will rapidly spoil it. It is considered that at least 1.2 inches should be removed per day from the top to prevent molding. Two inches of corn silage weigh 5 lbs. per square foot at the top and 10 lbs. at the bottom, or an average of 7.5 lbs. for the silo. The daily requirement for a cow, at this rate, would be about 5 square feet surface area. The feeding area should not be so large that enough cannot be fed per day to prevent deterioration. 1 Bul. 21, Concrete Review. 200 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING The table’ which follows gives the diameters and depths of silos of two types which hold enough silage for 180 days, feeding 2 or 3.2 inches a day, allowing each cow 40 ibs. Silo 24 ft. deep without partition Contents Mean Round} Square | depth , diam. | sides in fed in feet feet daily tons | cu. ft. ; inches Silo 30 ft. deep without partition No. of Mean cows Bone: Round |Square) gepth ey sides | fed in feet in i tons | cu. ft. |" feet oatly. 30 108 | 4091 | 15. I2xI4] 2 4o 144 | 6545 | 16.75 |14x16| 2 50 180 | 8182 | 18.75 |16x18| 2 60 216 | 9818 | 20.5 |18x18| 2 70 252 |II454 | 22. 20x20| 2 80 288 |13091 | 23.5 |20x22| 2 go 324 |14727 |25. |22x24| 2 100 360 |16364 | 26.5 |24x24| 2 108 | 5510 | 17. 16x16 | 3.2 144 | 7347 | 20. 18x18 | 3.2 180 | 9184 | 22. 20X20 | 3.2 216 11020 | 24. 22X22 lee ae 252 |12857 | 26. 222 Oa an 288 |1469r | 28. 2AK20 9932 324 |16531 | 29-75 | 26x28 | 3.2 360 |18367 | 31.25 | 28x28 | 3.2 This table* gives the number of cows in herd and tonnage of silage for both 180 and 240 days of feeding of 40 pounds of sil- age per cow, also acreage of corn estimated to fill the silo and the dimensions of the silo itself. The diameters given are such that at least 2 inches in depth of silage will be taken off daily. { Feed for 180 days Feed for 240 days EY | Sizeofsilo | = ,o | 8% | sizeof sito | 2 Number of cows fey yr | Sav ve in herd Za = = ee o va g 5 ge = aoe) ¢ | & |epli esa) £ | 2 | sz =z vs 5 iy wE2 | & vs 5B bo wre SECO ci eChm sees Pare) oI a: ma la) Bs} qe Q Oo tons | feet feet | acres | tons feet feet | acres LOS s cae ee sek es 36 10 25 2% | 48 10 31 3% TiDsraieie oysncvedoyo a euerei tasteless 43 10 28 3 57 10 35 4 TiS es ete recteassr nieve ssuaraceie ace 54 II 29 4 72 II 36 POP Ro re SOO OH E 72 12 32 5 96 12 39 6% Biss ehaie avers reke ett etenapenenevote go 13 33 6 120 13 40 8 BOs os us on bie evenraenmece rs 108 14 34 7% || 144 15 27. 16 iar atic tonice eet 126 15 34 8% || 168 16 29 tl a A Oiayeqere siege, ese alate et onet seats 144 16 35 10 192 17 39 13 Am uatea scales We seialdln ais 162 16 a7: ar 216 18 39 | 14% iS Oiteicra ausionecs Sees stchcrareqene 180 17 27 ee TD 240 19 39 | 16 Cococenaoncocoes codes 216 18 39 | 14% | 288 20 4o | 19 TOs seer cccecccnccece 252 19 4o 17 336 = — — 1 Bul. 59, Wisconsin Exp. Station. 2 Bul. 21, Concrete Review. FEED AND CARE OF DAIRY COWS 201 Roots and Tubers.—Carrots, beets, sweet potatoes, Irish pota- toes, turnips, rutabagas, etc., are feeds that exert a beneficial effect on dairy cows. Irish and sweet potatoes usually com- mand too high a price to warrant using them as feed. How- ever, when the market price is low it sometimes pays to feed them. Beet (mangel) sugar-beet, rutabagas, carrots, and tur- nips are often fed with profit. These feeds increase milk pro- Fig. 15.—Roots (mangels), a good succulent feed. duction far above what would be expected from their chemical composition. In northern sections where corn is easily grown it is perhaps more economical to make silage than to grow roots for feeding. The Nebraska Experiment Station found sugar beets to have about the same feeding value as corn silage. The Colorado Experiment Station found that one ton of beets is equivalent to two tons of beet pulp. A great deal more dry matter may be produced on the same area by growing corn, 14 202 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING than roots. In southern localities roots may be grown in the winter when land is often idle, and harvested in time to plant corn and other summer crops. Roots should be sliced before feeding. ‘They seem to exert a cooling effect on animals. The mangel is probably the most profitable root crop to feed. Pasturage—When dairy cows are receiving plenty of green pasture grass, the production of milk generally increases and under such conditions it is not necessary to feed any roughage. Sometimes a small amount of grain (2 lbs.) fed occasionally at the afternoon feeding is beneficial. If the pasturage is scant the cows will require sufficient feed to supplement it. Soiling—Some farms have not the acreage to support the number of cows the dairyman wishes to keep by pasturing. On other farms the pastures become poor at certain times. On such farms green crops are cut and fed fresh to the animals. There is a great deal of labor involved in handling green crops in this way and for this reason soiling is not popular in some sections. In furnishing green crops to cows, the dairyman must arrange so that green feed may be furnished continuously, Oats, rye, alfalfa, clovers, oats and peas, sorghum, corn, etc., are popular soiling crops. Salt.—This should be allowed the cows regularly. If the cows are on pasture a sheltered box containing rock salt or pulverized salt is helpful. Some feeders mix a little pulverized salt or common salt in the feed, but care must be taken not to add too much and make the feed unpalatable. About 34 to 1 ounce of salt a day should be given regularly. Water.—A good artesian well or other pure water should be supplied the animals at a place near or in the barn, so that the cows will not be forced to go a long distance in severe weather. They should be allowed all they wish as milk requires a great deal of water for a good production. If the water is not at the animals’ disposal it should be supplied regularly two or three times a day. If a trough or other vessel is used, the feeder should make sure that it is kept clean. Shelter.—In the summer, flies annoy the cows and effect milk production. Some dairymen keep their cows in dark, cool places FEED AND CARE OF DAIRY COWS 203 during the day and pasture them at night, feeding green crops during the day. All pastures should have some trees to furnish shade during the hot days. Exercise.—In the cold winters cows should get several hours of exercise daily, to keep up milk production. Often it is too dis- agreeable to exercise the cows outside, and a change to some roomy, well ventilated, covered enclosure, which is bedded with straw and horse manure and sprinkled with some material such as land plaster, makes a desirable place for the animals to rest and exercise. Kindness.—The dairy cow is generally a nervous animal and should always be treated gently for best results. Dairy cattle like people do not enjoy harsh and abusive treatment. To keep up a good flow of milk the cows should be quiet and contented and any treatment that tends to make them nervous, results in lessening milk production, Rations for Dairy Cows.—In the Wisconsin Experiment Sta- tion Bul. 38, Woll gives statistics on 100 American dairy ra- tions. Some of the data from this bulletin is given for the student because it represents actual practice of some of the leading American dairymen. In all, 2,921 cows in milk were represented as receiving these rations. A few of these rations may prove of interest. Colorado—zo lbs. alfalfa hay, 10 lbs. corn fodder, 3 lbs. cot- ton-seed meal, 4 lbs. corn meal, 13 lbs. bran, 35 lbs. mangolds. Connecticut—35 lbs. corn silage, 10 lbs. hay, 3 lbs. bran, 3 Ibs. corn and cob meal, 2 Ibs. Chicago gluten meal, 2 lbs. cotton- seed meal. Illinois—7™% lbs. clover hay, 7% lbs. timothy hay, 12 Ibs. corn and cob meal, 8 lbs. bran, 1% lbs. linseed meal, 114 lbs. cotton- seed meal. Indiana—3o lbs. corn silage, 5 Ibs. clover hay, 3 lbs. corn fod- der, I lb. oat straw, 1 lb. wheat straw, 5 lbs. bran, 2 lbs. oil meal, 2 lbs. cotton-seed meal, Towa—so lbs. corn silage, 5 lbs. hay, 5 lbs. corn fodder, 1 Ib. oat straw, I lb. barley straw, 5 lbs. ear corn, 2% lbs. ground oats and barley. 204. ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Kansas—so lbs. sorghum fodder, 71% lbs, hay, 3.2 lbs. bran, 3.2 lbs. corn meal, 134 lbs. oil meal. Kentucky—32.5 lbs. corn silage, 6 Ibs. clover hay, 3 lbs. corn fodder, 5 lbs. corn meal, 4 lbs. shipstuff, 2 Ibs. oil meal. Louisiana'—11 Ibs. lespedeza hay, 3.5 lbs. cotton-seed meal, 13.5 lbs. cotton-seed hulls, 4.5 lbs. corn meal. Massachusetts—4o lbs. corn silage, 5 Ibs. English hay, 5 Ibs. clover hay, 2 lbs. bran, 2 Ibs. gluten meal, 1 lb. cotton-seed meal, 1 lb. linseed meal. Michigan—27% lbs. corn silage, 3% lbs. clover hay, 3% Ibs. timothy hay, 3.6 Ibs. bran, 14 Ib. oats, 1 lb. rye, % Ib. linseed meal. Minnesota—8 Ibs. corn fodder, 7 Ibs. clover and timothy hay, 5 lbs. sheaf oats, 3 lbs. rutabagas, 2 lbs. bran, 3 lbs. oats, 3 lbs. corn meal, 2 lbs. oil cake. Nebraska—zo Ibs. prairie hay, 10 Ibs, corn fodder, 5.7 Ibs. corn meal, 2.9 lbs. bran, 1.4 Ibs. oil meal. New Hampshire—11.7 Ibs. clover and witch grass hay, 3.3 lbs. oat straw, 10 Ibs. meadow hay, 2 Ibs. shorts, 2 lbs, corn and cob meal, 1 lb. ground pease, 1 Ib. oats, 1 Ib. barley New Jersey—24 lbs. corn silage, 4 lbs, corn meal, 2 Ibs. bran, 6 Ibs. oats, 2: 1bs:* orl seal, New York—o lbs. clover hay, 9 lbs. timothy hay, 5 lbs. corn fodder, 5 Ibs. oat and pea straw, I Ib. oats, 1 Ib. buckwheat mid- dlings, 1 lb. corn, 1 Ib. rye bran, 1 lb. wheat bran, 1.6 Ibs. cotton- seed meal. North Carolina—3o lbs. corn silage, 8 lbs, fodder corn, 3 Ibs. corn meal, 3 lbs. bran, 1 tb. cotton-seed meal. Ohio—1o Ibs. clover hay, 20 Ibs. corn stalks, 8 lbs. corn meal, 3 Ibs. corn and cob meal, 1 Ib. bran, 8 Ibs. roots. Pennsylvania—1o lbs. clover hay, 5 lbs. timothy hay, 2% Ibs. corn fodder, 614 Ibs. corn meal, 2 Ibs. oats, 3.2 lbs, bran, 1% Ibs. oil meal, 15 Ibs. carrots. Texas—30 Ibs. corn silage, 1334 Ibs. sorghum hay, 1.3 lbs. corn meal, 2.6 Ibs. cotton-seed meal, 2.2 Ibs. cotton-seed, 1.3 Ibs. wheat bran. 1 Not included in average, supplied by the writer. FEED AND CARE OF DAIRY COWS 205 Utah—35 lbs. alfalfa hay, 6%4 lbs. wheat bran, 3% lbs, barley. - Vermont—35 lbs. corn silage, 10 Ibs. mixed hay, 2 lbs. bran, 3.2 lbs. corn meal, 1 lb. linseed meal, 0.8 lb. cotton-seed meal. West Virginia—48 Ibs. corn silage, 2% Ibs. corn and cob meal, 2% lbs. ground wheat, 2% Ibs. oats, 2% Ibs. barley meal. Washington—15 Ibs, alfalfa hay, 7 lbs. bran, 7 lbs. shorts, 2 Ibs. malt sprouts. Wisconsin—22 lbs. corn silage, 4 Ibs. clover hay, 4 lbs. timothy hay, 2 Ibs. oat straw, 2 lbs. corn stalks, 6 Ibs. wheat screenings, 2 lbs. malt sprouts, 2 Ibs. oil meal, 1 lb. wheat bran. Canada—3o Ibs. corn silage, 744 lbs. hay, 6% lbs. straw, 25 Ibs. turnips, 1.3 Ibs, pea meal, 2.5 lbs. oats, 1.3 lbs. barley. In the 100 rations were included 3 succulent feeds, 18 coarse dry fodders, 27 concentrates, 6 kinds of roots and tubers, and 1 miscellaneous (skim milk). Of these 55 feeds several were used in many rations. The list that follows shows the number of times the most popular feeds were employed. times times WVihteatubratiiciet cele ecteiciac ec 73 @atestrawie cc cesaee ere 16 Corn silage .---+-- sees 64 Corn and cob meal......... 14 Mixed AY eh eseeleie he a ~~ O00] 00 ago | Owe | n0n 20 sa | ga | 52 | 2.88] 228 | ges | o88 | 225 | 28 Pe lecene te) lee | tee | be ee ee eh ee +5) es i) OB b ES OBS iS Tan Be 8 Be nore ae hy Se syo, Aq suoney oN oN Sw pol UNQI[ [NG Opeloloy oe Eau 7211 UNjay[Ng UBSUpOIT I ‘SNVW’T MOA SNOILYY NOMVIS UINAWINHdX] 233 AND CARE OF SHEEP D 4 4 HE ry F ‘u0j Iod oo'b$ ‘tuny sacs “wo 19d oo b¢ ‘Avy a1s1e1g *m0} Jod o0o$ ‘ey eV “u0} Jad oo b$ ‘eyTeITV “ysnq tad ‘5 of !u0} 19d oLorg$ ‘4109 ¢ ‘ysnq tad ‘3 Sz !u0} tad og'g$ ‘10D 1 ‘uo Jod oo'zi¢ ‘Aey atiteig “03 19d oo:L$ ‘sSuluaeaids 100g "10} tod oo'11¢ ‘ez ejL Vv "10} Jad oo'11$ ‘ssutus919s pooy “ysnq aad ‘oO 'g !u04 tad o0'0f$ ‘10D 9 ‘ysnq tad ‘3 Sh ‘0; 13d o0'S1$ ‘Wea M ¢ SGUHy TO LSOD ‘SUIP22IT Y0IS FIqQeWOIg S.YpUIS ; o1b$ | zg tg | 16tg |ozzg™ | CL-zF || 6g°€ gbrg | Ze-tg | gS-e¢ | gopg |---++++++-+-+ures Jo spunod oo1 jo ysop Sz'S | gris gig fj rv be'b gb Cala | ESCO) zz'Q LS‘9 -++ mes Jo punod sad pawinsuos Avy czy | tev 119 gore ey vz oo'e || ze 96°¢ Sb |-+-ure8 yo punod sad paumsuos utesy Ler || Sort g9'I ger Ss'o Lv'1 Lovr Lol vr bz'1 seeeeeccee cess Kep rad pawinsuos Avy gor | Ler Cz'I 00°! 930 gl‘o gL‘o go'l 06'0 cg'0 teeeeceesees + Kep siod pominsuood Ureisy gz'O_ || z-o 1z'o plo 0z'0 zl'o Ccz‘0~— | ozo bz'o 61'0 teens cece eee cee cose eres HIBS ATE 1g'6L | €-6 age) mores Bo "QL “tL 89 "99 PQ [rece esss*+3SO[d JT} 1B JYSIOM OSPIOAY f6°gS ‘z9Q x4°) Sees) |) vecS “SY ‘ob “LV “LY ‘Ly |-+ ++ Surmn1seq on} ye WY SIEM s8eIVAYy Pl 62 | Se | Se | by i eee | Ces | eae | eae) dl ga | Se | da | GE | gE | o28 | oh | a8 | sak | BF 0 ye S 2 > a Ros Roe || ped peg ise 5 E z Po leeee onae [eee Wome les 2 ° e a wd ee oP op A. s}o] Sq su01eYy ee Pree By ee sl unating yeaa (panu1uo) )\—,SHWW’] AOA SNOILVY NOMVLS INAWINHd xy 16 234 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING average about % of a pound daily gain. According to Lawes and Gilbert: ‘Sheep on good fattening food, such as oil cake or corn, with chaff and roots, will consume weekly about 4.75 Ibs. oil cake, 4.75 Ibs. of hay, and about 70 lbs. of roots, for every 100 lbs. of their live weight. “When fed as above, they will consume every week about */; of their own weight of the dry substance of food; that is, after deducting the moisture it contains. “Sheep well fed and under cover will increase about 2 per cent. upon their weight; that is to say, 100 lbs. live weight will increase from 1.75 lbs. to 2 lbs. per week. “To increase 100 lbs. in live weight, sheep will consume about 225 lbs. of oil cake, or corn, 225 Ibs. of hay (chaff), and from 3,000 to 3,750 lbs. of roots. “The increase of a fattening sheep is at the rate of about one pound live weight to eight or nine pounds of the dry substance of the food consumed.” SE CLION Peo walr FEED AND CARE OF SWINE. Swine like horses have but one stomach, therefore they are not adapted to consuming as large quantities of roughage as the ruminants, cattle and sheep. Grain is very desirable for pigs and from equal weights of such feed pigs will gain more than Fig. 20._Grand champion Poland-China sow—after Dietrich. the ruminants. Swine generally are made to utilize the wastes from the kitchen and the dairy and because of the many wastes that would ordinarily be thrown away, the raising of pork is usually very profitable. Requirements.—The requirements for pork production include plenty of bone making material (ash) and a fair supply of pro- tein. It was formerly customary to feed very wide rations and market the animals very fat at the age of about 15 months, weighing 300 to 400 Ibs. Such hogs are suitable for the pack- ing houses. Local demand at present often calls for pigs of 236 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING 150 to 250 lbs. of rather lean pork, which may be produced in a few months, the age depending upon whether they are grain or pasture fed. For lean pork a narrower nutritive ratio is required than for fat pork. A nutritive ratio of 1:6.5 or 7 is suitable for the production of lean pork. As with other ani- mals the gain in live weight from feed is greater in the earlier stages of the fattening period and so it is more profitable to market pigs when 5 to 8 months old than when 15 months old. This early marketing also gives quicker returns. The follow- ing table from Henry‘s “Feeds and Feeding” illustrates this point: ey = sa tA & peaal eae eee eee) ea ee = eh S & a SI Eo au ‘Sh 8 or 5 3 oo ts oy o> ob ft ¥ § se gy | yes | = ys oa = bb ae ba pap} Dies vg ayy © bp of ‘ ° ° ° ‘ + oa Q Z Lv > fe) ) fe) pet fe) > 2 4 Z Z, Z <5 ae < fm pounds | pounds pounds } pounds | pounds | pounds 15- 50| 38 9 41 174 2.23 | 5.95 | 0.76 293 50-100 78 13 100 417 3.35 4.32 0.83 400 IO0-150 | 128 13 119 495 4.79 3.75 1.10 437 150-200 | 174 II 107 489 5.91 3.43 1.24 482 200-250 | 226 12 72 300 6.57 2.91 1.33 498 250-300 | 271 8 26 223 7.40 2.74 1.46 511 300-350 | 320 3 19 105 7-50 2.35 1.40 535 The average weight of 34,400,000 market hogs for the year ending March 1, 1908 was 220.58 Ibs., costing the packers $5.52 per too lbs.t This shows that 225-230 Ibs. is about the aver- age weight of the market hog of to-day. Corn is the most common feed for swine. It is high in car- bohydrates and low in protein and ash, and is suited for the quick production of fat. Shelled corn, corn meal and corn on the cob are about of equal feeding value for swine; corn meal being perhaps slightly superior. If shelled corn is very hard, causing sore mouths, it should either be soaked in water for a day or so or else ground to a meal. Sometimes grinding is too expensive but is prefer- able when practicable. Corn meal should always be soaked with 1 Coburn, ‘‘ Swine in America.’’ FEED AND CARE OF SWINE 227), water just before feeding to render it more palatable. Corn is often profitably fed without the addition of any other grain when pigs jare on good leguminous pasture or rape. The amount of corn to use in the ration depends upon the age of the pigs. Young pigs require more protein and ash, to supply nutrients to furnish growth, than mature animals. Corn alone does not contain enough protein and ash to supply the needs of young pigs, therefore it is necessary to supplement it with materials rich in protein and ash, and use it in smaller propor- tions for young pigs. Wood ashes, bone meal, etc., are often fed pigs that are kept in pens, to furnish sufficient ash to form strong bones, especially when corn is the only grain fed. Swine on pasture do not generally require to be supplied bone form- ing materials as they secure an ample supply from the pasture. Wheat should always be ground for pigs. It meets the re- quirements of young pigs better than corn because of its higher percentage of protein and mineral compounds. It is consid- ered of equal feeding value to corn and produces pork of fine flavor. When the price is low this feed is very profitable for pork production. A mixture of wheat and corn meal or wheat and barley, is better than when fed alone. A combination of wheat and skim milk makes an excellent food for young pigs. Sometimes wheat is soaked for a day before feeding but this is not as satisfactory as wheat meal. Experiments show an in- crease of one pound gain from about 5 lbs. of wheat. Wheat Middlings or Shorts is a suitable feed for all ages of swine. A mixture of shorts and corn, shorts and barley, or shorts and skim milk, produces firm pork. This feed should never compose the whole grain of the ration as when fed alone the pork is liable to be soft. This by-product seems to be es- pecially adapted for pork production and should be used with other feeds and when the market price will permit. For young pigs middlings gives fine results. Wheat Bran is not adapted to young pigs because it is too bulky and coarse and contains too much fiber. It is sometimes fed in small amounts to brood sows but it is not generally popular. Wheat Screenings when cheap may sometimes be profitably 238 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING utilized for pigs. The composition of this material is variable. It should be soaked before feeding. Barley is considered the best cereal for the production of firm, well flavored pork. ‘There are two varieties grown in this country, namely, the bald and common. The bald variety is preferable because of the smaller amount of hull. It should be ground or soaked and makes a good combination with legumin- ous hay and skim milk before fattening. A mixture of barley and corn makes a good fattening ration although sometimes the barley is used alone. Rye is considered of about equal feeding value to barley in the production of pork. It is best to feed rye ground and in the form of a slop. It should not constitute more than 1% of the ration as swine seem to tire of it. An addition of corn is of material value in furnishing a palatable ration with rye. Kaffir Corn.—This feed should be soaked or ground on account of its small hard seed. It is not the equal of corn meal for fattening. It also has the tendency of producing constipation. From experiments conducted at the Kansas Experiment Sta- tion, Georgeson concludes that: “Red Kaffir corn meal did not prove quite equal to corn meal as a fattening food. A mixture of 24 Kaffir corn meal and % soy bean meal produced excel- lent gains. The soy bean meal apparently corrected the defects of the Kaffir corn meal in such a way as to make the mixture a desirable feed. A mixture of 24 corn meal and 13 soy bean meal gave slightly better results than Kaffir corn meal and soy bean meal. The conclusion to be drawn from this is that red Kaffir corn meal is not as good a feed for hogs as corn meal, but that when either Kaffir corn meal or corn meal is © mixed with soy bean meal the results are highly satisfactory.” Millet Seed—Experiments conducted at the South Dakota Experiment Station with ground millet seed proved this feed to be less valuable as a feed for swine than wheat or barley. Twenty per cent. more millet seed was required to produce one pound of gain than barley and it seemed to produce a softer pork than barley or wheat. Millet seed is relished by swine and in certain localities it should prove a profitable feed. It FEED AND CARE OF SWINE 239 may be fed with corn but in such a mixture the corn should pre- dominate, Oats give better returns when fed ground or crushed. Some- times oats are soaked before feeding. As a general rule oats are too expensive to feed hogs. They are not satisfactory for young pigs on account of their bulk, but may be fed if the hulls are re- moved. A mixture of wheat and oats (when the hulls are sifted out) forms a good ration for growing pigs. Oats are inferior to corn for fattening and therefore should be cheaper than corn to feed profitably. Canada Field Peas are rich in protein and in sections where they are easily grown are a valuable hog feed. They should never be fed alone. They may be fed unground, ground or soaked. Mixed with corn, wheat, barley or rye they complete a good fat- tening ration. Before the fattening period they are considered better than corn. Linseed Meal should not form over 5 per cent. of the grain portion of the ration as large amounts of this feed seem objec- tionable. As a supplement in limited amounts, it proves bene- ficial in that it aids digestion and produces laxativeness. Cotton-Seed Meal is not considered entirely safe as a food for swine when continually fed or when supplied in large quantities. Bul. 85 of the Arkansas Experiment Station says: “According to our experience, any economic advantages to be derived from feeding this material will be secured by amounts well within the danger limit, and that independent of its effects on health. For the benefit of those who may wish to take the chances on feed- ing cotton-seed meal or cotton-seed to hogs continuously, the following allowances appear to be well within the danger limit: Pigs under 50 pounds «-----++ +--+ secs eeeeee 1/, pound per day Pigs from 50-75 pounds ..-.---..--- sees eee 1/, pound per day Pigs from 75-100 pounds .---+-- +++ sees seers ?/, pound per day Pigs from 100-150 pounds «..--.+--+++ sees. 1/, pound per day “Tf fed a full grain allowance, the dosage may be obtained by properly proportioning the cotton-seed meal to the other com- ponents of the ration, namely: one to five, six, seven, or eight, according to the stage of growth. A meal ration containing 240 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING cotton-seed meal should also contain at least an equal amount of wheat bran to supply bulk. For the remainder, corn appears to be the only choice.” Bul. 78 of the Texas Experiment Station says: “For animals on heavy feed, that not more than one-fourth the weight of the grain ration consists of cotton-seed meal. “That this feeding continue not more than 50 days, or that the proportion of meal be reduced if feeding is to be continued longer. “That the meal be mixed with the other feed and all soured to- gether.” “That as much green feed as possible be supplied to the hogs.” “That a close watch be kept and the meal taken from any animals not eating or not gaining well. “One pound of cotton-seed meal to five of corn furnishes the nutrients in the most desirable proportions for fattening, while one or two of corn are more nearly correct for young stock.” It is understood that the United States Department of Agri- culture have been endeavoring to eliminate the toxic or poisonous principle in cotton-seed meal and if they successfully accomplish this, it will render this material much safer and more valuable for a feed for animals of all kinds. Rice Polish is especially adapted for fattening hogs. It con- tains more protein than corn and sufficient carbohydrates to make it a good fattening food. The Alabama Experiment Station found that 373 Ibs. of rice polish produced 100 lbs. of gain as compared with 474 lbs. of corn meal. Or 78.6 lbs. of rice polish were equal to 100 lbs. of corn meal. This feed is not generally in the American markets except in a few sections and where it can be purchased at a reasonable price it may be used to good advantage in fattening hogs. The Louisiana rice polish is usual- ly of good quality. Rice Meal.—This product is pure rice bran. The South Caro- lina Experiment Station found that rice meal was superior to corn meal as a fattening food for swine. The Massachusetts I-xperiment Station found that equal weights of corn meal and rice meal when fed with skim milk were of equal feeding value. FEED AND CARE OF SWINE 241 This by-product, like rice polish, is hard to purchase at a reason- able price, outside of certain localities. The experienced feeder of rice by-products should have no difficulty in securing rice meal instead of rice bran adulterated with hulls. Packing House By-Products.—Digester tankage and dried blood are fed to furnish protein to supplement corn in rations for hogs. These by-products should be fed in limited quantities because they are very concentrated. T’ankage should not make up more than 10 per cent. of a ration and dried blood in quantities of a tablespoonful is sufficient. These concentrates should be thoroughly mixed with the grain portion of the ration so that each pig will not secure any more than its share. For young pigs these amounts should be reduced. The use of these feeds seems to shorten the fattening period and keep up the appetite. It must be understood that the value of these by-products de- ‘pends upon their composition and quality which is sometimes - variable. Dairy By-Products——Skim milk, buttermilk and whey are the dairy by-products fed to swine. 1. Skim milk may be fed to swine of all ages. Experiments show that 3 lbs. of skim milk to 1 lb. of meal give the best returns. Skim milk develops strong bones and produces good body tissue. 2. Buttermilk, when not diluted, has about equal value to skim milk. It is perhaps not so valuable as skim milk for feeding young pigs. Skim milk and buttermilk are rich in protein and ash, and as corn meal is rather deficient in these constituents, they are complementary feeds. 3. Whey. The value of this by-product for feeding depends upon its source. Experiments gave best results when whey was fed with ground corn, barley, rye, or wheat. Whey is a bulky food and can be utilized to better advantage by old than young animals. According to Henry in averages of results of the Wis- consin and Ontario Experiment Stations, 785 lbs. of whey will equal 100 lbs. of grain. Molasses—The results of experiments in feeding hogs with beet molasses have not been favorable for using this by-product 242 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING for swine feed. The large amount of potash salts in the ash of beet molasses is liable to produce scouring when fed in other than limited quantities. In Louisiana cane molasses is fed to hogs. Hogs are extremely fond /of ‘it and‘seém to thrive on ut. Phe writer believes a limited quantity, when the market price is low, will prove a profitable fattening food. Cane molasses is high in digestible carbohydrates and when corn is fed, the roughage should be nitrogenous. Cane molasses is in such demand by manufacturers of mixed feeds, syrup mixers, and as a feed for mules and horses, that it is questionable whether it can be used by the economical feeder. Leguminous Hays.—Clover and alfalfa are excellent roughage to feed with concentrates as corn, barley, rye, wheat, rice polish, etc. It should be the aim of every feeder to harvest these crops when the stems are small and tender, and prevent the loss of the ‘leaves and finer parts, to furnish them in the best condition for hogs. These hays should be ground, scalded and added to the grain and fed about once a day. These nitrogenous hays are not satisfactory to feed during the finishing period but supply protein in a cheap form for the early periods of fattening. Peanuts are used a great deal in the Gulf States to fatten hogs. The vines are first harvested or grazed with cattle or sheep and then the swine are turned on to harvest the peanuts. It has been found profitable to allow the swine either a field of corn or to supply corn to them while they are on peanuts, as peanuts alone do not make firm pork. It is estimated that an acre of Spanish peanuts will furnish sufficient food for 8-10 hogs depending upon the grain supplied and the length of time they are kept on the pasture. Peanuts are considered more profitable than corn for pigs, as 3 lbs. of peanuts make 1 lb. of pork, while it takes 5 Ibs. of corn to produce a pound of gain. Roots are too bulky and contain too much water to be con- sidered favorably as fattening feed. They may be used for brood sows’ suckling pigs as they tend to increase milk production. The local conditions will determine whether to raise roots for swine feeding. FEED AND CARE OF SWINE 243 Corn Silage may be fed to brood sows’ suckling pigs as this feed exerts the same influence on milk production as roots. On farms where this feed is available it may be utilized. Following the Cattle—In those sections where corn is exten- sively grown and fed to cattle, it is common to have shotes weigh- ing 90-150 lbs. follow the cattle and glean the droppings. About Fig. 21.—Chester white sow—after Plumb. 15 shotes are allowed to 10 steers. Sometimes the number of shotes is increased when a large amount of grain is fed or scat- tered. Two feeding lots are often provided and the hogs are turned into the lot that the steers occupied the previous day. In the fall and early winter the shocked or snapped corn is scattered about the pasture and the steers eat all they wish. Considerable 244 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING grain is left about and this and whatever is undigested is eaten by the hogs. By keeping the steers and hogs separated, the corn is not trampled so badly, and the animals are more contented, The more shotes put on the pasture the more grain must be fed. As soon as a hog becomes fat another should replace it. This method of feeding hogs is considered the cheapest in the corn sections. All the gain from hogs so fattened is usually profit because what the steers waste and void would ordinarily be lost. Again the land is made richer by fattening cattle and hogs in this way. Should more hogs be used than there is feed for, it is necessary that some feed be supplied the hogs. Pasturing.—Pigs do well when pastured on clover, alfalfa, cowpeas, rape, field peas, barley, rye, wheat, ete. When pigs root they should be rung to prevent them from injuring the plants. Experiments have shown that alfalfa is the best pasture crop for pigs. Feeding corn on pasture is profitable when corn is cheap and the crop is nitrogenous. On barley, rye, etc., a supple- ment of tankage, dried blood, oil meal, or skim milk is desira- ble. In the absence of corn, other grains as wheat, barley, rye, etc., may be substituted. The Wisconsin Experiment Sta- tion found rape superior to clover as a pasture crop for swine. Wet Meal Better Than Dry Meal.—The experiments generally show that larger gains were made by feeding wet instead of dry meal and that larger quantities were consumed of wet meal. Exercise.—Of course the young pigs require more exercise than those that are mature. Exercise tends to keep away disease. Pigs on pasture or in lots do better than those in pens. Ex- ercise seems beneficial and experiments have been conducted to prove this point. Water.—Fresh water should be supplied to pigs in convenient and clean troughs or fountains. In winter the warming of it is beneficial. Cleanliness.—In order to keep swine in good health the feeding troughs should be kept clean. If dairy by-products, slop, or refuse such as swill are fed, it is not long before the feeding pen becomes filthy unless proper care is given to it. In pens the pigs should be allowed fresh clean bedding and the pens should FEED AND CARE OF SWINE 245 ‘be disinfected once in a while with a weak solution of carbolic acid, zenoleum or other disinfectant. A dipping tank is ad- visable on every farm to wash off those pigs that become infected with lice and so prevent the spread of disease. Many farmers think that pigs ought to do well when the food becomes mixed with manure and filth, as is the case in filthy pens, but for the greatest profits filth should be avoided and cleanliness is necessary. In clean pens pigs fatten more rapidly and are generally free from disease. When kept in a feed lot dry situations should be selected and bedding provided to make them comfortable. RATIONS FOR FATTENING SWINE Per 1,000 pounds, live weight! g pounds cowpeas 8 pounds cowpeas Io pounds corn meal 12 pounds middlings 30 pounds sweet potatoes 21 pounds corn 12 pounds rice meal 20 pounds corn 22 pounds corn 40 pounds middlings 37 pounds skim milk (gravity) RATIONS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES—EXPERIMENT STATIONS Ground peas 2 parts corn meal Ground barley } equal parts I part shorts Ground rye Corn meal Shorts Bran Chopped wheat Gluten meal Oats Skim milk or buttermilk Bran 2 parts corn meal Corn meal I part chopped wheat 2 parts shorts Gluten meal I part shorts 2 parts oil meal Skim milk I part ground oats 4 partswhole wheat Wheat meal Corn meal 2 parts corn meal I part bran Buttermilk Wheat meal I part ground oats I pound corn meal 2 parts Kaffir corn meal 3 pounds skim milk or buttermilk I part soy bean Suggestion: Why is it that the gains made by the young pig during the first months of life, are more profitable than later gains? Have the student make suitable rations for hogs for the different periods of fattening. What differences should be made in feeding, breeding and fattening stock? Why? 1 Bul. 115, Louisiana Experiment Station. SECTION XXXIV. FEED AND CARE OF YOUNG FARM ANIMALS. Requirements.—In supplying the needs of young animals the nutrients should be furnished in such proportions as to produce a strong healthy growth. The ration must furnish nutrients to build up and strengthen the bones; it must supply digesti- ble nutrients so necessary for the rapid formation of body tis- sue. The feeding of the young animal influences to a great ex- tent the efficiency of the animal for its purpose in future life. Many animals are ruined by improper feeding when young. Composition of Animal Bodies.—In order to understand the re- quirements of young animals let us find out the composition of the bodies of the young and more mature animals. The analyses of the whole body of a calf made by Lawes and Gilbert, and of a steer made by the Maine Experiment Station, show the following composition : Protein Fat Ash Water (|Dry matter per cent. | percent. | percent. | percent. | percent. Galiiiys sis ohetoterarsteceistneiepetrave 16.5 14.1 4.8 64.6 35.4 Steer, 17 months.......... 17.5 20.2 5.2 7a 42.9 These analyses correspond to those of young and mature ani- mals of other species. A study of these analyses shows that the young animal body contains more water and a greater pro- portion of protein to fat than that of the more mature animal. Therefore we should aim to furnish nutrients in such propor- tions that will have a narrow nutritive ratio. Nature has fortunately provided, in mothers’ milk, the food requirements of young animals. We cannot improve upon this food, but it is often profitable and sometimes necessary to wean the animal as early as possible. To accomplish this, substitutes for mothers’ milk must be provided to satisfy the nutrients es- sential to good healthy growth. 1. Feeding the Beef Calf—If the most rapid gain is desired in raising the calf it should be allowed all the mother’s milk FEED AND CARE OF YOUNG FARM ANIMALS 247 it can consume, but sometimes the calf gets too much in this way, which brings about indigestion. In such cases the calf should only receive a limited amount and the excess in the cow's udder should be stripped twice a day. Sometimes a cow giving a generous supply of milk may feed two calves in which case stripping will not be necessary. Experiments show that a calf on mother’s milk will gain faster during the first month than for the following months. A gain of about 2% to 3 lbs. a day for the first month and about 2 Ibs. for the following days may be expected, Hunt found that calves fed whole milk from a pail gained 1.77 lbs. daily from 8.7 lbs. of whole milk and one pound of grain and one pound of hay per pound of growth. About 6 to 1o lbs. of whole milk produces one pound of gain. Generally calves are allowed milk for four to six months, the latter period being preferable when possible, because whole milk puts on good flesh. After Weaning, the calf should be allowed pasture or green crops in the summer, and roots or silage in the winter, to fur- nish the succulence so necessary to keep the calf in a healthy growing condition. At this stage grain should be furnished in addition to whole milk. Oats, shelled corn, oil meal, gluten feed and bran are adapted for feeding calves. Calves be- come very fond of corn, but this grain should never be fed alone because it contains too high a content of carbohydrates to be a growing food. It may be amended with whole oats and oil meal, or gluten feed, or with oats and wheat bran. Either of these combinations furnish sufficient protein to balance the ration. Bran and oil meal serve to regulate the digestive organs. After the calf is weaned the feeder must try to prevent the loss of weight and endeavor to produce gain. The feeding of grain while the calf is on mother’s milk tends to lessen shrink- age when the calf is weaned. Protein from some roughage should supplement the grain. This may be furnished in winter by clover, alfalfa, cowpea or other nitrogenous hay and in the summer by good pasturage. 248 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING 2. Feeding the Dairy Calf—The practice of allowing the calf practically all the milk it desires is not profitable in dairying. Hence the calf must be weaned as soon as possible and substi- tutes furnished to take the place of the whole milk. The calf should stay with the mother for two or three days as the colostrum (first milk) fits the digestive tract for later reception of food. On the third or fourth day the calf may be separated from the mother and fed to lbs. of whole warm milk daily, from a pail. This amount should be gradually increased until 15 lbs. are fed. The old fashioned way of placing the fingers in the pail is the best way to teach the calf to drink. There are many arrangements on our market to serve this purpose but they are not satisfactory as they are hard to keep clean, and there- fore harbor germs. The calf should receive the whole warmed milk at least three times a day and it should always be warmed. At the expiration of two and one-half to three weeks, warm skim milk may be partially substituted for some of the whole milk. Just a little skim milk should be used at first and the amount gradually increased. The changing from whole to skim milk should take one and one-half to two weeks. When the calf is on skim milk entirely, 18 Ibs. should suffice, although sometimes a larger amount is beneficial. Often feeders give calves too much skim milk and the result is sickness. It should be understood that calves fed on skim milk are not so fleshy as those fed on whole milk, because skim milk is deficient in fat, but skim milk produces growth for about 1% of what it costs with whole milk. Grain and Skim Milk.—Some feeders utilize skim milk entirely but an addition of cooked flaxseed meal or cooked oil meal is more satisfactory. Cooked flaxseed meal is especially to be rec- ommended. It contains high percentages of protein and fat, a low percentage of carbohydrates, and is easily digestible. It is laxative and tends to keep the young animal in good condition. At the beginning, about a spoonful of cooked flaxseed meal or oil meal may be placed in the warm skim milk. This amount should be gradually increased until the calf is consuming % to 1 |b. a day. Feeds as corn meal, ‘shorts, bran, gluten’ feed, FEED AND CARE OF YOUNG FARM ANIMALS 249 oats, etc., may be used. Frequent feeding is essential for the welfare of the calf and care should be taken not to overfeed. The calf may be taught to eat grain by placing a little in the mouth after it has finished drinking the milk. When grain is fed there should not be any left over after a meal. If so reduce the amount and never let grain remain in the feeding trough after ameal. A little nitrogenous hay as alfalfa, clover, etc., or when this is not available, corn stover or well cured grass hay, should be continually supplied. According to Henry a dairy calf should not gain over one and one-half pounds a day during the first four months and less thereafter. All feeding utensils should be kept thoroughly clean and it is important that the feeding pails be frequently scalded. Care of Calves.—Calves are not so rugged as cows and should be well protected from the cold of winter and the extreme heat and flies of summer. When flies are troublesome the calf may be pastured at night. On favorable winter days the calf may be turned into a sunny enclosure for exercise. In the summer, when it is very hot, the calf may be pastured early in the morn- ing and late in the afternoon, which will allow of sufficient exercise and sunshine. A few minutes spent each day in brush- ing the calf will be found beneficial. 3. Feeding the Colt—When the colt is born, the dam and foal should be kept in the barn for a few days. Easily digested food, in small amounts, is desirable at this time. A bran mash is relished once a day. The mare with a colt should be regarded as a milch animal and foods that tend to produce a good flow of milk should be supplied. To bring this about in summer the dam and foal may be turned on pasture, and in winter, succulent feeds as roots or silage should be fed. If the dam and foal are turned on pasture they should be looked after every day to be sure they are in good health. As with cows, some mares give too much milk and this must be regu- lated by drawing the last of the milk and changing the food so as to reduce the milk production. In case the mare is on pasture the time of pasturing may be limited and a little dry feed fed. Should the mare not furnish enough milk, succulent 17 250 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING feeds that tend to increase milk giving are helpful. Should this fail, the colt may be fed whole cows’ milk which may be gradually supplanted with skim milk. Intelligent feeders are very successful with this manner of feeding colts when such is necessary. A colt may be reared on cows’ milk. Sometimes a mare must be worked. If so the colt should be allowed to run with its mother for two or three weeks so as to receive a sufficient supply of nourishment. At the end of this time the colt may be kept in the barn and put with the mother three times a day. Grain for the Colt.—In order to produce flesh that will not shrink greatly after weaning, grain is essential. A feed box in the stall or feed lot should be placed low enough so that the colt can conveniently reach it.and ground oats, whole oats, shelled or cracked corn, bran, shorts and oil meal may be placed in it. The colt will soon learn to relish the grain. If the colt is on pasture a separate enclosure may be built that will permit of the colt’s entrance but not of the mare’s, where oats and other grain food may be supplied. Food After Weaning.—At the end of five months the colt may be weaned. Easily digested foods in limited quantities such as ground oats, cracked corn, bran, shorts and oil meal are good. Oats is the best grain for the colt, but a mixture of other grains is desirable. Sometimes soft foods as mashes, crushed oats, corn meal, etc., are relished and necessary when the teeth are being cut. Roughage, as well cured hay, straw, corn stover, etc., helps to increase the efficiency of the digestive organs and accustoms the animal to eating such feed as will be supplied when it is more mature. Colts are apt to eat more roughage than is good for them unless the supply is limited. Plenty of exercise is about as important as furnishing the proper amount of food. Many colts are ruined by overfeeding and lack of exercise. 4. Feeding the Lamb.—When the lamb is born it is often nec- essary to help it secure its first food. Sometimes the ewe must be held for the first day or so. In some cases it becomes nec- essary to place the ewe and lamb in a pen away from the rest FEED AND CARE OF YOUNG FARM ANIMALS 251 of the sheep, when the mother refuses to own her lamb, and in a few days the mother will claim it. In case the mother dies, the lamb may be reared on cows’ milk by feeding with a bottle. At first the lamb must be fed about I5 times a day and when two weeks old, feeding may be cut down to three times a day. Feed for Ewes’ Suckling Lambs.—The lamb is most always fed through its mother; therefore a milk producing ration is nec- essary. In the summer the ewes’ suckling lambs will get along nicely on good pasturage, without grain. In the winter, roots or silage, clover or alfalfa hay, and some grains as oats, corn, shorts, bran, peas, oil meal and gluten feed are adapted for producing a good milk supply. In the absence of nitrogenous hay, well cured grass hay, straw or corn stover may be utilized. Timothy hay is not desirable for sheep. Many good rations may be fed depending upon the feeds available and their market prices. ‘The ration should always be such as to produce a liberal flow of milk. A mixture of 34 to 1 pound of the following feeds are satisfactory for the grain portion of a day’s ration: Oyul mE soso seooodoos I part CODntenionicoeo sora 2 parts (Goran snvanilacaces oooooo 2 parts Oats riereteveletercvetevotove 2 parts IB raltiieecnevscsnie oo neces Stacie - 2 parts Shivordicnaccs GoasanoGoU I part Grass hay-----+++--+- 2 pounds Clover or alfalfa hay. 2 pounds Roots or silage -.....- 2 pounds Roots or silage ....-- 2 pounds (Cerna Ss ceo Goo cee 2 parts IB tratlverevew meter creicreielolictsvere 3 parts BRS dds Mo oe CHUM aeOE 2 parts @ilimeall se \eii «+1 -1- I part Gluten feed .---...... I part Sliced roots or silage. 2 pounds Grass hay..-.--+++:.. 2 pounds Nitrogenous hay ---- 2 pounds Roots or silage......- 2 pounds If the ewe gives too much milk the feed should be changed. If on pasture the ewe may be taken off for a certain length of time each day and supplied a little dry feed. If in the barn the succulent feeds may be reduced. Grain for Lambs.—Lambs should be supplied with a little grain to produce the best growth. Experiments show that lambs fed grain in addition to mothers’ milk, gain faster than those that do not receive grain. Sometimes it may not prove profitable to feed grain to lambs on pasture unless they are to be sold in 252 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING the fall. If kept for winter or spring markets they may be fed grain for marketing at that time. When grain is fed to lambs a separate feeding trough not accessible to the mothers should be in every pen or pasture to provide the grain. No feed should be left over from time to time. Fig. 22.—Mutton type. The Wisconsin Experiment Station found that one pound of ewe’s milk produced 0.15 lb. gain; a daily gain of 0.4 to 0.6 of a pound per lamb was made; lambs before weaning required 4 lbs. of grain for a gain of 1 lb. The Maine Experiment Sta- tion found that 534 lbs. of grain produced 1 Ib. gain. FEED AND CARE OF YOUNG FARM ANIMALS 253 5. Feeding the Pig.—In rearing pigs it is desirable to produce rapid gain and a strong bony structure to support the body. When they are born they may be kept away from the sow except at feeding time, because they are liable to be killed or injured by the sow laying on them. When they become lively this separation will be unnecessary. At the age of two weeks the pig may be supplied with a mixture of skim milk and middlings in feeding troughs not accessible to the sow. At four weeks a little corn meal may be substituted for part of the middlings, which may be gradually increased until equal parts of corn meal and middlings are fed. Ground oats, barley, and peas are suit- able and may be used instead of corn meal and middlings. Soaking or wetting feed for young pigs seems to be beneficial ; hence it is good practice to add the dry feed to the skim milk. The pig is generally weaned at the age of 7 to 12 weeks. The Wisconsin Experiment Station found that late weaning at the age of 10 to 12 weeks is profitable. Just as rapid gains were made by feeding through the mother as to the pigs. The ad- vantage of late weaning is that it affords the utilization of cheaper feeds than can be fed to the young pig. The practice of gradually drying off a sow by weaning the strongest pigs first is a good one. The following table from Henry’s “Feed and Feeding,” is the work of the Wisconsin Experiment Station and was conducted to determine the gain of young pigs: Weight Gain in Age of pigs of pigs 7 days pounds per cent. PAC Titi keen oa oreo oes Share dalens eseisval naorer nlelaie feieiana stata Das et SIS tase Clcietevevansretevcnrpeccieverveberieten cs isyecicnerspciatens cv'siish eilstons ehe 4.4 76. Second week..-...--- ERED OTIS ETO G0 CEN MIEEGERT 7.0 59. Asha te lesw, CO le rater acces ha eave acs elev nied attehar So vialoueten a lerecniars 9.8 4o. TRO OAU SIA HAS) Roos SOO oO CO CEO. Da SE Sara Oe Onocere 12.5 28. DEGihtilaav.e @lkaacvetscuarstoteterstovombarcreaicncicyeteMevstetreierer ceil cpei/eyecsvare 15.6 25. Sisednm@ek coocodocacécoas boac ooKddD GD 000 Pe aa 18.6 19. SS VetitMUEWiee Keclencreterencnenorametelicieiarecaveustshisveniel sietcperavellstatensiers 22.6 22. Eighth MACS hee ers aValins Sreheu a a sifede enayor et ober eva aie. Sie oneheoUbr oseiene 27.8 23. ING aT Ghee COLO ora oe ea oie reee ectene Smarts lara Seas obsnlclaietan atone Beer 19. Meri thicw.ee lerarete.cs cistalamersuete Havetinvenioiehepoia (ninievcnsucnaten sraveiee cneers 38.5 16. 254. ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Exercise.— Young pigs should be forced to exercise as they are liable to become very fat. Feed may be scattered about the litter which will give the young pigs some work, or they may be driven about a yard for a few times every day. Suggestion :—What are the bone producing elements and what feeds contain these in the most suitable proportions? Why should young stock be fed narrower nutritive ratios than mature animals ? SECTION XXXV. FEED AND CARE OF POULTRY. The Importance of feeding poultry properly may be realized when we become acquainted with the extent of this industry in the United States. For the year 1908' the value of poultry and eggs in this country was as much as the cotton crop, seed in- cluded, or the hay crop, or the wheat crop. ‘The hay crop for 1908' was valued at $635,423,000. Requirements.—The requirements of poultry are somewhat different than for horses, cattle and sheep in that poultry re- quire both animal and vegetable food. The vegetable food may be low in ash in which case animal food as bone should be sup- plied to furnish phosphate of lime. When the vegetable por- tion of the ration is deficient in protein the animal food should make up for this deficiency. In fattening mature fowls vegeta- ble food may predominate and animal food may be added to increase the palatability of the ration. A variety of foods seems to give the best results, because of the increase in palatability and beneficial influence in keeping the fowls in good condition. Foods should make up the ration to supply the nutrients in the right proportions. A different ration is required for fattening fowls than for those producing eggs or breeding. Some breeds used for egg production take on fat more readily than others and the feed should be administered so that they will have to exercise to keep them laying. Other breeds like the Leghorns, may be fed differently because they are not prone to fatten rap- idly. Composition of Fowls and Eggs.—Before taking up the feeds and amounts of nutrients needed for fowls, let us study the composition of the body and the egg. The New York Experi- ment Station made several analyses of fowls and some of the results of this work are given in the following table, which was compiled from Jordan’s “The Feeding of Animals :” 1 1g08 Yearbook, United States Dept. of Agriculture. 256 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Protein Fat Water Ash | péticent:)| percent. | sper cents) “per cent: Mature Leghorn hen!.............. le 2c Oa aL 70 55.8 Shige! Leghorn pullet (laying) ---........ liga i) “SECS Oa eas at 3.4 Mature capon (Plymouth Rock) .-- 19.4 ZarOu AO rAdeOue ||.) wa3e7 Egg (dry matter, minus shell) ..... 49.8 38.6 se 3.5 Hleny (dry matter)e. irre serie ora os «ro | 48.9 38.5 == 3.6 Egg (total dry matter)............. 38.5 2559 Gl Pe 35.6 Fresh egg (11.4 % shell)..-........ 13.2 3.9 6507 0.8 Discussion of the Table-—The analyses of the fowls include the whole body (bones, feathers, blood, etc.) and not the clean fowl of the market. Of the ash of eggs, 53.7 per cent. is phosphoric acid and 0.2 per cent. of that portion which is eaten, is phos- phoric acid. As in animals, a great deal of water is present in the body. Eggs are also made up largely of water. This fact indicates the necessity for furnishing fowls with a continual and fresh supply of pure water. The large amount of ash in eggs shows us that laying fowls require comparatively large amounts of this material for the construction of good eggs. Poultry kept in houses closely confined must be supplied with mineral con- stituents in some form, The table also shows that fowls contain considerable protein in their bodies and that eggs are largely composed of this com- pound. Often the food of poultry consists of the wastes from the kitchen and dairy and may sometimes be deficient in this nutrient for the welfare of laying and breeding fowls. Some of the principal feeds suitable for poultry will now be discussed. Corn.—This feed is found in many poultry rations and hens relish this grain. It is a fattening food and should not be fed alone. For laying hens it should be fed in limited quantities and some fowls like the general purpose and Asiatics, which easily fatten, will get so fat on this grain that they will not lay. The Mediterraneans (Leghorns and other egg breeds) are not 1 Female more than one year old is called a hen. Female less than one year old is calleda pullet. Male more than one year old is called a cock. Male less than one year old is called a cockerel. A castrated male chicken is called a capon. FERED AND CARE OF POULTRY 257 prone to get fat and may consume more of it than the Asiatics without injuring their egg production. Corn may be fed in larger amounts in cold weather because of its heat producing power. Corn tends to give the yolk of eggs a yellow color. Corn is fed whole, cracked and as corn meal. Kaffir Corn is somewhat similar to corn in composition and should make up only a part of a laying hen’s ration. ‘This feed is very popular in certain sections and is found in many com- mercial poultry feeds. Oats contain sufficient protein to be of value for young fowls. Poultrymen favor heavy oats for feeding and declare that it is one of the best grains to feed alone when other feed is scarce. Rye is sometimes fed, but poultry do not seem to relish this grain. Wheat is especially desirable for poultry because it is rich in protein and ash and is valuable in grain mixtures. Barley is fed whole or ground and it is often used for fatten- ing. For laying hens barley, like corn, should only form a part of the ration. Buckwheat contains considerable carbohydrates and is a fav- orable fattening food when the price is reasonable. It forms fine white skin which is a good factor for market fowls, Millet Seed is often fed in poultry rations. It is somewhat similar in composition to oats and may be used in furnishing variety to the ration. It is not so fattening as barley or corn. Rice.—Broken rice is often fed and on account of its high con- tent of carbohydrates it is very fattening. Peas are good for furnishing protein to the ration. When the market value will permit, the feeding of this grain as a part of the ration is profitable. Sunflower Seeds are rich in protein and fat, but their nutritive ratio is narrow enough to consider them a protein feed. ‘These seeds are found in most commercial hen feeds and should be desirable in furnishing variety. Flax Seeds are very rich in oil and a small amount in a ration ‘may be fed during the molting season when the oil tends to help in the shedding of feathers. It is perhaps more economical to 258 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING eliminate this feed unless it can be purchased cheap. Unground it is not a satisfactory feed for poultry. Linseed Meal is high in protein and is very desirable in the molting season on account of the presence of oil which tends to loosen the feathers. It may be used to furnish protein to a ration. Cotton-Seed Meal is a dangerous poultry feed when fed in large quantities. It seems to produce sickness and if fed must be used in very limited amounts. It is perhaps safer to supply protein from some other source. It is understood that the United States Dept. of Agriculture have been endeavoring to eliminate the toxic or poisonous principle in cotton-seed meal and if they successfully accomplish this it will render this feed much safer and more valuable for a feed for poultry and farm animals generally, Gluten Feed and dried brewers’ grains are used in some sec- tions to bring up the protein content of poultry rations and are very suitable. Wheat Screenings of good quality is sometimes an economical poultry feed. The quality of this material is variable and the poultryman should use his judgment in purchasing this by- product. Wheat Bran.—Bran is used in mashes and it gives bulk to a ration. It is rich in protein and mineral compounds which make it a valuable feed. Wheat Shorts and low grade flour are sometimes used in a dry mash and when the price is reasonable may be profitably utilized. Meat Scrap sometimes called beef scrap, is either fed alone or mixed with other feeds to form a dry mash. This animal food varies in protein but is always rich in this constituent. It also contains considerable fat and ash. Poultry are very fond of animal food and especially of meat scrap. Fresh Cut Bone.—Fresh or green cut bone is perhaps the best animal food for poultry. It is rich in protein, fat and ash. The elements that make up the ash are principally in the form of calcium phosphate which is used in building up a strong body and in producing eggs of good quality. It is sometimes FEED AND CARE OF POULTRY 259 difficult to grind fresh bone on the farm. ‘This material should never be fed when in a spoiled condition as it causes sickness. Dry Cracked Bone is easier to keep in good condition than fresh cut bone and for this reason may be purchased at feed stores. It is not as valuable as fresh cut bone but nevertheless it is an exceedingly desirable poultry food. Bone in some form should be kept before poultry at all times to furnish the nutrients for making firm and fine flavored eggs, Meat and Bone Meal.—As the name implies this feed is com- posed of meat and very fine ground bone. This is a very desir- able poultry food as it furnishes a great deal of protein, fat and ash. Skim Milk is a splendid food for fattening or growing chick- ens, whether sweet or sour. It may be fed alone or with a mash. When utilized care must be taken to keep the feeding vessels thoroughly clean. Green Food.—Like animals, poultry do well when supplied green food. In the spring when tender grass is furnished, an increase in egg production is noticeable. Therefore it should be the aim of every poultryman to supply pasture or green grass or legumes to the poultry in summer and in the winter cut clover, alfalfa, and immature cured grasses are beneficial. Clover and alfalfa meal are found on our markets but the farmer should raise enough of these hays so that he will not be forced to buy them. Alfalfa and clover are better than grass hays because they run higher in protein and ash and are excellent for the needs of laying hens. The finer parts that are found about the barn may be saved for the poultry. The coarse stems are not generally consumed but so little of this material is required that what is left will not amount to much. Lettuce, cabbage and onions are also sometimes fed and poultry are very fond of these vegetables. Cabbage twice a week is sufficient and onions once in a while. If these feeds are fed continually they are liable to spoil the flavor of the eggs. Other Succulent Feed.—Roots such as potatoes, beets, etc., are excellent. They may be hand fed or stuck on nails about the yard or house. Silage is also beneficial and may be furnished two or three times a week. Apples when plentiful are splendid. 260 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING The fresh vegetable wastes from the kitchen are relished by poultry and may be utilized advantageously in this way. Suc- culent food is laxative and too much therefore should not be supplied. Grit—The hen grinds its food in the gizzard. In order that hens may grind food, grit in some form must be furnished them. When grit is lacking digestive troubles take place. Ground broken glass or mica crystal grit are needed even if sand is sup- plied. Shells do not take the place of grit. As soon as the stones in the gizzard become round they are passed off. Lime.— meallic ciate nieie 2 COrnstie al! 5 o/sicieke ctierecete sey oo, cieystete sa clsnetede suslsile)¢ enehe ese eie(eis 2 Limseediaealll sc ui eiors citing wears stacy sreitee ext arecas site osaceitotevegs % Screened beef scrap ------ ee eeee cece ee cee eee ee ceees I The same order of feeding as in the first method is followed. The Kansas Experiment Station, Bul. 164, uses the following method : “When a chick is newly hatched, it is allowed to dry off in the incubator and then put into the brooder which has been heated to 100 degrees. When 48-60 hours old the chicks are fed some boiled, tested-out eggs. Following this, they have placed before them in a shallow pan a dry mash made as fol- lows: STANDARDS AND RATIONS FOR POULTRY 265 2 pounds corn meal 2 pounds shorts 2 pounds bran 2 pounds beef scrap ¥ pound charcoal “This is kept before them practically all the time, from the time they are large enough to eat it until they have obtained a good growth. “Scattered in the litter, five times daily thereafter, is a grain mixture as follows: 2 pounds corn chop (sifted) 2 pounds cracked Kaffir corn 2 pounds cracked wheat I pound millet “Before them at all times are pans of fresh water and clean grit. Absolute cleanliness and sanitation are ever present. “When the chicks are large enough to eat whole grain, the cracked is taken away. If the chicks are early hatched and have attained a good growth early in the summer the beef scrap and possibly all the mash should be cut out of the ration. This pre- vents premature development with early chicks and consequent fall molting. The ration above mentioned produced 3 lb. White Plymouth Rock cockerels in 10 weeks from date of hatch.” Fattening Rations.—Experiments at the Maine Experiment Station, given in Farmers’ Bul. 357, state that the following grain mixture was used in fattening cockerels and was fed wet with good success: Ioo pounds corn meal 100 pounds wheat middlings 40 pounds meat meal The wetting of the above mixture with skim milk improved its efficiency for fattening. The following fattening ration has been successfully used in preparing cockerels for market by the Kansas Experiment Sta- tion: 2 pounds ground oats 2 pounds shorts 2 pounds corn meal 1 pound beef scrap 18 206 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Pearl in Farmers’ Bul. 357, says: “An experiment with 150 birds when they were four months old showed that they re- quired 4.9 lbs. of grain to produce 1 pound of gain, while birds from the same stock, when they were six months old, required 7.4 lbs. of grain to produce 1 pound of gain.” He further con- cludes that: 1. “As great gains are made just as cheaply and more easily when the chickens are put into small houses and yards as when they are fed in small lots in lattice coops just large enough to hold them. 2. “Four weeks is about the limit of profitable feeding, both individually and in flocks. 3. “Chickens gain faster while young. Birds that are from 150-175 days old have uniformly given comparatively small gains. 4. “The practice of successful poultrymen selling chickens at the earliest marketable age is well founded. “The experiments clearly indicate that it is profitable to fatten chickens in cheaply constructed sheds or in large coops with small runs for about four weeks and then send them to market dressed. In quality the well covered, soft fleshed chickens are so much superior to the same birds not specially prepared that the former will be sought for at a higher price. The dairy farmer is particularly well prepared to carry on this work, as he has the skim milk which these experiments show to be of so great importance in obtaining cheap rapid growth and superior quality of flesh.” Laying Rations.—According to Farmers’ Bul. 357, the meth- od followed at the Maine Experiment Station in feeding laying hens is as follows: “Early in the morning for each 100 hens (Plymouth Rocks), 4 quarts of whole corn are scattered on the litter, which is 6 to 8 inches deep on the floor. This is not mixed into the litter, for the straw is dry and light, and enough of the grain is hidden so the birds commence scratching for it almost immediately. At 10 o’clock they are fed in the same way, 2 quarts of wheat and 2 quarts of oats. This is all the regular feeding that is done. STANDARDS AND RATIONS FOR POULTRY 267 “Besides the dry whole grain a dry mash is kept always be- fore the birds. Along one side of the room is the feed trough with its slatted front, and in it is kept a supply of dry meals mixed together. This dry meal mixture or mash has the fol- lowing composition: Parts by weight WAST cates Pyrat ies rice sce coeea aay sete kd one Sea NN) Te ae nT Ae. sytenarerelenene 2 Orr eal ieee creak ces, sictes oelbey ena aa) atte remeuanomitare Wer cau. cataiienen lay strained ohana I Middlings ....-. 2.2222. cece ec cece ee eee eee ee teens I Gluten meal or dried brewers’ grains ....-..--...----- I NeinSeedsmealeuseias velcreteehccnes creat ie eee tae ociecreneternereuevals I Beef SCrap ------ 222s eee eee eee ee eee treet eee eens I “The dry meal mixture is constantly within reach of all the birds and they help themselves at will. “Oyster shell, dry cracked bone, grit, and charcoal are kept in slatted troughs, and are accessible at all times. A moderate supply of mangolds and plenty of clean water are furnished. About 5 lbs. of clover hay cut into % inch lengths is fed dry daily to each roo birds in winter, “The average amounts of the materials eaten by each hen dur- ing the year are about as follows: Pounds Grain and the meal mixture ..................----0-- 90.0 Oyster Sle iercsevorcwee cere veuaveoucbevetenetiore nevorecal sieteleneratcistave/ sreeverets 4.0 Dry cracked bone ..---- +--+. se eee e ee eee ee eee ee ees 2.4 (Griteenaseiss cas aens UA ts EN Sa ae am ne tte ara ae em cS 2.0 (CinerreORl oodacs ootoas ouocooaDoOdD DO bUKd ODD OOnabadODD 2.4 (UGK oO oodnSs GoodooabpoooD Cobobe cubp co coMbom pogo a eOLO The following ration has been used by the Kansas Experiment Station, Bul. 164, in feeding White Leghorns and White Ply- mouth Rocks: GRAIN MASH 1o pounds wheat 6 pounds shorts Io pounds corn 3 pounds bran 5 pounds oats 6 pounds corn meal 5 pounds beef scrap 1 pound alfalfa meal “Between February 1, 1909, and November 1, 1909, one White Plymouth Rock produced 201 eggs and another 196 eggs, at a 268 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING cost for feed of go cents each. The Leghorns averaged 166.1 eggs for the same nine months at a slightly less cost. “The above ration is best suited to fowls which are confined and have no chance to obtain food on the range. A very prac- tical way to feed it, is to put 25 lbs. of the grain in a bucket and 21 Ibs. of the mash in a hopper. The feed in these two ves- sels should disappear at the same time. Fowls will naturally eat more grain than they will the dry mash, so it is sometimes necessary to cut down on the grain in order to make them con- sume the mash. The grain should be fed scattered in the litter.” SIC IMOIN, POOR WAOE THE IMPORTANCE OF RAISING LIVE-STOCK AND THE FERTI- LIZER CONSTITUENTS IN FEEDS. Farm Crops Have a Double Value.—Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the elements which are generally present in small amounts in the soil and often become deficient when farm crops are sold. The other elements used by plants are usually found in sufficient quantities so that we need not consider them, ex- cept occasionally calcium. The fertility that is taken away from the soil in the form of crops may best be restored by feeding these crops to live-stock and applying the manure to the soil. It should be understood that when farm crops are sold the fertilizing value is lost and the price received represents only the feeding value. Effects of Farm Manure.—The chemical composition of farm manure is not a true indication of its value. It serves to im- prove the texture and condition of the soil. It makes the plant food that is stored in the soil available. When manure is put upon the land it decomposes very rapidly on account of its al- ready partially decayed condition and fermentation sets in and acids are formed which act upon unavailable plant food and renders it available. During the process of decay humus is formed which has a tendency of making heavy soils (like clay soils) loose, and light sandy soils more binding. It increases soil warmth and it renders the moisture conditions of the soil more satisfactory. The Fertilizing Value of manure depends upon the species of animal, age of animal, kind of feed, bedding employed, and care in husbanding. Highly nitrogenous feeds as cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, etc. produce a more valuable manure than coarser needs Lasting Qualities of Farm Manure.—Manure is one of the most efficient fertilizers for the farmer to use. It has wonderful last- ing qualities; one good application will last for many years. The Rothamstead Experiment Station of England has made valuable experiments with manure as a fertilizer on grass and 270 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING barley to show its almost permanent effect. A plot of grass land received 14 tons of farm manure per acre for 8 years and was then left unmanured. For the two years following the dis-_ continuance of manure the crop was double that of the un- manured plot; yet the yield has slowly declined from year to year but has averaged 15 per cent. more than the unmanured plot. The barley experiment is as follows: The first plot re- ceived an application of 14 tons of farm manure per acre for 20 years (1852-71) and since that time has been left unmanured. Another plot has been left unmanured during the entire period since 1852. The yield on the first plot for twenty years after the application of manure was discontinued, was 30 bushels per acre per year, while the unmanured plot where nothing was applied gave an average yield of 13 bushels per acre per year. Amount of Manure Voided by Animals.—It is estimated by Heiden that for every 100 lbs. of dry matter fed there are, 210 pounds of fresh manure voided by the horse, 380 pounds of fresh manure voided by the cow, and 180 pounds of fresh manure voided by the sheep. Snyder’ estimates that a well fed horse will produce about 50 Ibs. of manure per day of which one quarter will be urine. A horse will produce about 6 tons of manure per year in the stable. A milch cow will produce from: 60-70 lbs. of total manure of which 20-30 lbs. are liquid. He estimates that a well fed cow will produce about 80 lbs. of manure per day including absorbents. Composition of Manure.—The following table gives the compo- sition of solid and liquid manure from some farm animals: Water Nitrogen Phosphoric acid | Potash | Lime? Solids | Liquids | Solids | Liquids | Solids | Liquids | Solids Total percent. | per cent.) per cent.| per cent.| per cent.| per cent.| per cent.| per cent. Cows.... icy 89. 0.50 1.20 0.35 —- 0.30 0.31 Horses --| 84. 92. 0.30 0.86 0.25 —- 0.10 0.21 Pigs..... 80. 97. 0.60 0.80 0.45 Onl) 0.50 0.08 Sheep .--) 58. 86.5 0.75 1.40 0.60 0.05 0 30 0.33 The above table shows that the liquid portion is richest in 1 ‘*Soils and Fertilizers.’ 2 Approximate. IMPORTANCE OF RAISING LIVE-STOCK 271 nitrogen and this fact should impress one with the necessity of absorbing and saving the urine. The phosphoric acid is only present in traces in the urine of horses and cattle but is quite considerable in the liquid portions from sheep and swine. Value of Manure——The following are average values of farm manures when nitrogen is valued at 15 cents a pound, phosphoric acid at 7 cents and potash at 4% cents:? Value per ton IHOIES" Giabsa 6 boDutiG oo ohio oO OO USN amo oO Coen oboe cahow $ 2.49 SO ee PN ce perpen Ri eM E iE at RR Ac tacytiale ee Unt 2.43 Sheep Rare N Vem red atts ra hae tot cweren min ee bertaeNne Seve eos ee) AOR: Taleban one ene ea 4.25 JONG o.00000909000000000 00000 00050 DGb0dn SHDdKOUUO0N0 0D 3.20 Continued Cropping Exhausts the Soil—In the New England States the continual selling of farm crops has exhausted the soil on many of the farms of a great deal of its fertility. In some localities, 150-200 Ibs. of commercial fertilizer formerly pro- duced as good returns as 1000-1200 lbs. do now. Because of the continual selling of farm crops without maintaining soil fertility, we have many abandoned farms in the older sections of this country. Now in order to get this valuable fertilizer, farm manure, to keep up the fertility of the soil, we must raise live-stock or pur- chase manure. If live-stock are kept on the farm and fed the farm products, 80-90 per cent. of the fertilizer value of the crops may be saved and put back on the land and the full feed value may be realized. Idle Lands may be Made Profitable——The feeding of live-stock makes it profitable to pasture lands that are too poor for the growing of the ordinary cultivated crops. In this way the land that is ordinarily idle may be utilized. Reducing Freight Charges.—Live-stock create a market for selling farm crops in a more condensed form. It takes about 7-12 lbs. of farm products to produce a pound of gain and by feeding the farm products to live-stock the weight of these prod- ucts is reduced 1/7 to 1/12, which is a great saving in the freight charges of marketing. 1 Roberts, ‘‘ The Fertility of the Land.” 272 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING A Market for Cheap and Coarse Feed Stuffs—Around every farm there are many coarse farm products and other materials which would ordinarily be wasted if live-stock are not kept. Corn stover, straw, damaged and shrunken grain, and other similar farm products do not bring much on the market but may be utilized to good advantage in feeding stock. Often certain Fig, 23.—Hay should be raised at home, hays hardly pay the cost of marketing and may be profitably used in such cases for feeding live-stock. Growing of Legumes.—When live-stock are kept on the farm the growing of legumes is very profitable as they increase the soil fertility and serve as cheap feed for furnishing the protein so necessary in animal production. Many of the leguminous crops will not bring their real value when sold but when utilized for feeding live-stock become very profitable crops for the farmer to raise. IMPORTANCE OF RAISING LIVE-STOCK 273 Roots and Tubers.—In the South roots as mangels and turnips may often be profitably raised during the winter when the land is ordinarily idle. These crops do not interfere with the raising of cotton, corn, etc., because they may be harvested in time to plant the summer crops. When the market prices for Irish and sweet potatoes are low these crops may be fed to live-stock. Labor.—The raising of live-stock furnishes employment for the hands throughout the year. By being able to keep labor the year round is usually more satisfactory and cheaper than to employ hands for a part of the year. Mixed Husbandry the Most Profitable—Because of the main- taining and often increasing of soil fertility, and the utilization of cheap feeds that would ordinarily be thrown away, it is readily seen that the raising of live-stock in conjunction with general farm crops is perhaps the most profitable. We have only to look to the older farming sections to learn that mixed hus- bandry has proved to be the most profitable. Of course on new lands the farmer often realizes a good profit by raising single crops, but such lands invariably deteriorate and it is only a ques- tion of time when such single crop farming will have to be abandoned. Raise Products at Home.—The farmer of to-day should realize the economy of raising animal products and feed stuffs for home consumption. It seems strange to know that in some sections, where single crop farming is practiced, that farmers purchase a great deal of food from the merchant, often at exorbitant prices, that could be easily and cheaply raised at home. Some of these products that are purchased are, butter, milk, cheese, eggs, meat, vegetables, fruits, feed stuffs for live-stock, and similar products. The farmer should always aim to have something to sell and not be forced to continually buy if he wishes to be prosperous and happy. Some products of course must be purchased but any- thing that the farm will produce should be grown at home. The following table, the work of American and foreign in- vestigators will acquaint the student with the fertilizer constit- uents in feed stuffs: 274. ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS IN AMERICAN FEED STUFFS Water Ash _ |Nitrogen|Phosphoric Name of feed per Hee per cent | per Bent oe CONCENTRATES Barley ....0. eee eee eee coee 14.30 2.48 Iv51 0.979 Beet pulp (dried) -.....----. 8.00 5.40 1.60 0.16 Brewers’ grains (dried)...... 6.95 6.15 3.05 1.26 Brewers’ grains (wet) +------ 75.01 1,00 0.89 0.31 Broom corn seed ..--..+-+-.-- 14.10 3.40 1.63 se Buckwheat .....---...------ 14.10 2.00 1.44 0.44 Buckwheat middlings ....... 14.70 1.40 Mya 0.68 Corn (grain) ..-.----.e ee eee 10.88 1.53 1.82 0.70 Corn bran. -.--+.--ee eee eee 9.10 1.30 1.63 1.21 Corn and cob meal ..--.....- 8.96 1.50 1.41 0.57 Cotton-seed (raw)...-.-+.--- 10.30 3.50 ante) te 27 Cotton-seed meal........--.- 9.90 6.82 6.64 2.68 Cowpea seed--.- + +e. reese 14.80 3.20 3.33 oe Distillers’ dried grains ...... 8.00 1.70 4.50 0.61 Flax-seed-.+-..eeeeeee ce eeee 9.20 4.20 3.61 1.39 Flour (dark feeding).......- 9.70 4.30 3.18 2.14 Flour (high grade) ..--.---. 12.20 0.60 1.89 0,22 Flour (low grade).......--.. 12.00 2.00 2.89 0.56 Germ ameal mee scree ero spereeee 8.10 1.30 2.65 0.80 Giluitenmtmleal ta. cee eter cuenta 8.59 0.73 5.03 0.33 Gltenti ee dictercts crlers cp ore ore acucne 8.50 TAKS 3.84 O AI Grano-gluten ...-.-.--....6. 5.80 2.80 4.98 0.51 Hominy chops ....-.-+---+--. II.10 2.50 1.63 0.98 Hominy meal...-.-......--. IT.00 2.50 1.66 Tie2'5 FM OPSEAD Caracol (eronerctenetel a) ctieiererctel inieeie) 3.80 4.07 1.20 Linseed meal (old process) --| 8.88 6.08 5-43 1.66 Linseed meal (new process)--| 7.77 5-37 5.78 1.83 Malt sprouts ..-.----++-e--e. 10.38 5.72 3.55 1.43 aN GN NKereYe(ellG dawesiomooon De aoo 14.00 2230 2.04 0.85 Molasses (beet)...---.-+---- 20.80 | 10.60 1.46 0.05 Molasses (cane, blackstrap) -| 22.40 g. 30 0.47 0.14 OATS losers thervagers el esnsvonsh senate ae II.00 3.00 2.06 0.82 Orhan ae oma ccc nee 6.50 6.90 2.16 —. Oat feed (shorts)......-..-.. 7.70 7 AO) a7 0.91 ORNS Shi oohumoocou Gouden 7.90 2.00 2.35 aa Peat m1Gallteyeicctsncrelsies ene efers« 10.70 4.90 7.56 MfGhit ID emen as GopeneoEpaod ac ose 10.50 2.60 3.08 0.82 Rape-seed meal..........-.. 10.00 7.90 4.96 2.00 Rice: (clean) yeepere elon. stele fenerereyere 12.80 0.70 1.08 0.18 Rice bran (impure) .-...-.-. 9.90 | 13.00 0.71 0.29 Rice polish ~~. 2+ -i¢.cjstsis- 21 10.30 3.50 1.97 0.30 RY CS eee elerste ies ores oils sieisie eile jeyerece 11.60 1.90 1.76 0.82 Rye bran ........-....55508. 11.60 4.60 2.32 2.28 Rye shorts.-...--.+-.. sees 9.30 5.90 1.84 1.26 Soja (soy) bean ..........-.- 10.80 4.70 5.30 1.87 Sorghum seed ..........-... 12.80 2.10 1.48 0.81 Sunflower Seeds. c ener sary 8.60 2.60 2.28 1.22 Sunflower seed cake ........ 10.80 6.70 5-55 2.15 Potassium oxide per cent. 0.48 1.47 IMPORTANCE OF RAISING LIVE-STOCK 275 FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS IN AMERICAN FEED STUFFS. —(Coztinued ) 2 Water NG hiee Niitrocen Phosphoric Potassium Namie of feed per cent.) per cent.| per cone pee meats CONCENTRATES—(Continued ) Wheat (grain) -.--..---.---. 10.50 1.80 P3624 0.79 0.50 Wheat bran ..............-.. II.go 6.30 2.67 2.89 1.61 Wheat middlings.......-.... 12.10 3.30 2.63 0.95 0.63 Wheat screenings ..--.-.---- II.60 2.90 2.44 1.17 0.84 \W/INGEME SlavosHS 960005004 Do bone 11.80 4.60 2.82 Tes5 0.59 WASTE PRODUCTS (low grade) Buckwheat hulls............ 13.20 2.20 0.49 0.07 0.52 Corin GOI) ocoooosos0cc0000000 10.70 1.40 0.50 0.06 0.60 Cotton-seed hulls .......-.-.. II.10 2.80 0.69 0.25 1.02 Oat hulls ....-..-..05.. 5220. 7.30 6.60 0.52 0.24 0.52 RUGS InmlGsccioeosgockeuuscGer g.00 | 18.30 0.58 Ouly 0.14 GREEN FODDERS PAU Rallifayarnatennienr: ss eis ial. soe ieee 75.30 2.25 0.72 0.13 0.56 Apple pomace silage .-...... 75.00 1.05 0.32 0.15 0.40 €anada field’ pea --1-- -3-))---- 85.00 1.20 0.50 0.12 0.38 Clowvaxe ((AWISTKS)) oocccce cusudc 81.80 1.47 0.44 O.11 0.20 Clover (red)).--------.-..... 80.00 1.45 0.53 0.13 0.46 Clover (scarlet)...-.....-... 82.50 1.42 0.43 0.13 0.49 Clover (white).-...--....... 81.00 0.56 0.20 0.24 Corn silage .....---.---...-- 79.10 1.40 0.28 Onur 0.37 Corn and soy bean silage ----| 76.00 2.40 0.79 0.42 0.44 COWPed 2+ +e eee cece eee eee 78.81 1.47 0.27 0.10 0.31 Flat pea-..-..-----.------e- 71.60 1.93 Teele 0.18 0.55 Horse bean -.--..---...--..- 84.20 | —— 0.68 0.33 G7 Italian rye grass -..:....-... 74.85 2.84 0.54 0.29 sid Lupine (white) ............. 85.35 oe 0.44 0.35 1.73 Lupine (yellow) ..--..-..-... 83.15 0.96 0.51 Ooln 0.15 Millet (common) .-..--...-.--- 62.58 1.20 0.61 0.19 0.41 Millet (Hungarian grass)--.--) 71.10 1.70 0.39 0.16 0.55 Millet (Japanese) .-......... 80.00 1.10 0.53 0.20 0.34 Millet (silage).....---..---- 74.00 —— 0.26 0.14 0,62 Millet and soy bean silage. --| 79.00 2.80 0.42 O.IL 0.44 @ateod der. cee eiieels = 33.36 1a Silt 0.49 0.13 0.38 Oats and vetch (I-I)..--.---- 80.00 1.80 0.43 0.14 0.30 Orchard grass .....------.-- 73.14 2.09 0.43 0.16 0.76 Pasture grasses (mixed)..-.-. 63.12 Bei, 0.91 0.23 0.75 Perennial rye grass...-....--.. 75.20 2.60 0.47 0.28 I.10 Brick liyscomilreys re\cr-leleeret- =). 84.36 2.45 0.42 0.11 0.75 DRAPE elec fe cle ee ce eisiciy= eile e'« 85.00 —— 0.34 0.10 0.78 Rye fodder .........-...---- 76.60 | 2.10 0.33 0.15 0.73 Saoradala coceasoccococaneda 82.59 1.82 0.41 0.14 0.42 Soja (soy) bean...--....-..- 75.10 2.60 0.29 0.15 0.53 Sorghum fodder ............ 79.40 1.10 0.23 0.09 0.23 Timothy..-.....-....+.-.---. 66.90 2.15 0.48 0.26 0.76 Vetch (common) ........... 84.50 1.94 0.59 1.19 0.70 Hay AND DRY COARSK FOD- DERS INbEbR 6 cope boSa DO doco Gb OndE 8.40 7.40 2.19 0.51 1.68 276 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS IN AMERICAN FEED STUFFS.— (Continued ) : Water Ash_ |Nitrogen Phosphoric Potassium Name of feed per cent.| per cent. ae cent Boerne ee Hay AND DRy COARSE FOpD- DERS—( Continued) Branch grass..---+.---+-++- eee 1610074) ===) TOG 0.19 0.87 Broom corn stalks (waste). -.| 10.00 0.87 0.47 1.87 Bltiemmeliloti-sisis custo erect S22 e13865 1.92 0.54 2.80 Carrot tops (dry) .---...-.-- OnfOndi le e52e i318 0.61 4.88 Clover (alsike)..-... 2206-02 9.94 | 11.11 2.34 0.67 2.23, Clover (Bokhara) ....-...--- fete a feTkovall mi exe ye) 0.56 1.83 Clover (crimson)............ 9.60 8.60 | 2.05 0.40 TeQk Clover (mammoth red)...... 15.00 Orson lines 0.52 1.80 Clover (red) .---.-.-2...-... 15.00 6.20 2.07 0.48 2.20 Clover (white) --..--.----.-- — —— | 2.75 0.52 1.81 Corn fodder (with ears) -.--.. 7.85 4.91 1.76 0.54 0.89 Corn fodder (without ears) --| 9.12 3.74 1.04 0.29 1.40 English hay (mixed grasses) -| 14.00 esOu lead: 0.32 1.61 FOX QTaSS-- eee e eee eee ee eee 16.00 — 1.18 0.18 0.95 Italian rye grass ..---....... Sar 6.40 1.19 0.56 1.27 Japanese buckwheat......--- 5.72 —. 1.63 0.85 3.32 Kentucky blue grass ........ 10.35 4.16 1.19 0.40 1.57 Meadow fescue grass -...---- 8.89 8.08 | 099 0.40 2.10 Miead ow: fOxtalll e wieree = se ever 15.35 5.24 1.54 0.44 1.99 Millet (common) .........-- 9.75 —— | 1.28 0.49 1.69 Millet (Hungarian grass).---| 7.69 6.18 1.20 0.35 1220 Millet (Japanese) -.----..... 10.45 5.80 AAG) f 0.40 1.22 Mixed grasses ......-------- 11.99 6.34 1.41 127, 1.55 OattOd Merwe stators sys otoiatalens 15.00 5.20 1.90 0.65 1.g0 Orchard grass......----..+-- 8.84 6.42 Toy 0.41 1.88 Oxeye daisy i-- cae eee 9.65 6.37 0 28 0.44 1225 Perennial rye grass.......---. 9.13 6.79 1323 0.56 1.55 Red top ..-ess ee eeee cere eee ei 4.59 Teale; 0.36 1,02 Rowen (mixed)...---.-.---- 16.60 6.80 | 1.61 0.43 1.49 Saintoinirs ote ciemeeee esse 12:17 7255) a 2203 0.76 2.02 Serradella ..-...-.--.------- Fe2Qe | MOSGOM 2270 0.78 0.65 Spanish mosses a seieetise ces 15.00 1.40 | 0.61 0.07 0.56 Soy bean (whole plant ) 1T.30 7a 20iM e200 2 0.67 1.08 Sulla ieee ocr 9.39 S| all 0.45 2.09 Tall meadow oat grass......- 15.35 4.92 1.16 O 32 Weg 72 Teosinte svc caries 6.06 6.53 1.46 0.55 3.70 Tad othiy gee eee 113.20 4.40 | 1.26 0.53 0.90 Vetch and oats (I-I) -------- 15-00 7.40 1.80 0.60 Tae 7, White daisy..-..........--.- 10.30 6.60 | 0.26 0.41 1.18 STRAW Barley straw ..-...+-+eee eee 14.20 5180) Miata T 0.30 2.09 Barley Chattw- mec senso ernie 13.08 — 1.01 0.27 0.99 IN GUD eS Sethu cmnicoc mace ood 15.00 — | 0.68 0.18 1.73 Oac straw..---- sesso eee eeee g. 20 5.10 | 0.62 0.20 1.24 Rye straw -----. sees ee eee Hore 2520Ml iO: 0.28 0.79 Soja bean..-....--2.---+42.- 10.10 5 Som ele 5 0.40 rece IMPORTANCE OF RAISING LIVE-STOCK 2777, FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS IN AMERICAN FEED STUFFS.—( Continued) e Water INGTON EroaeT: Phosphoric} Potassium Name of feed per cent.| per cent Ae rene Beene: wore STRAW—(Continued ) Wheat straw..-...........-. 9.60 4.20 0.59 0.12 0.51 WiaeeKe Eblett oooocs bo0Gco boda 14.30 9.20 0.79 0.70 0.42 Roots, TUBERS, Erc. ASIC NOYES g 59508 b000Gqa0000C 78.00 1.00 0.26 0.14 0.47 Beet (mangel) --.....--.-.-- 90.9 I.10 0.19 0.09 0.38 Best (meCl)) Gscococccccp0sagac 88.50 1.00 0.24 0.09 0.44 Tlacis (Giteehe)) oeodeo doeooagod. 86.50 0.90 0.22 0.10 0.48 Beet (yellow fodder) ......-.. 89.00 — 0.23 O.1I 0.56 (QiiiRciEn aioe oe erie eRe 88.60 1.20 0.15 0.09 0.51 Manno Sondougsodncaupevac 88.00 — 0.15 0.14 0.34 PRIN cooocogoos sueoa0C BCC 86.30 0.70 0.18 0.20 0.44 Rotaton (irish) i. eel ier 78.90 1.00 0.21 0.07 0.29 Radish (Japanese) -.--.-..-. 93.00 0.08 0.05 0.40 Rutahbaga..--....------..--- 88.60 1.20 0.19 0.12 0.49 Turnip (flat) .......-...---. 90.50 0.80 0.18 0.10 0.39 DAIRY PRODUCTS ; JAMUUSP oo cada cbonDoWODDIND DOD 12.50 0.19 —=— — Bb ee rradl ky veins elepersfereraieleelsiele 90.10 0.70 0.48 0.17 0.16 Colostrum (cows’ milk) ...-. 74.60 1.50 2.82 0.66 O.1I Skim milk (centrifugal)..... 90.60 0.70 0.56 0.20 0.19 Skim milk (gravity) -....... go.40 0.70 0.56 0.20 0.19 WINGS? ooneonedoecd odode oude 93.80 0.40 0.15 0.14 0.18 \WADONE ten) KG ceccobbdd0od GooN 87.20 0.60 0.53 0.19 0.18 MISCELLANEOUS Apples .----------+-----.--- 78.00 = 0.12 0.01 0.17 Cabbage ...-...----..------- 90.50 1.40 0.38 0.11 0.43 IDyaieé) nlOocl osocssaccdscudcso0 8.50 4.70 | 13.50 1.35 ONT IDIGGl IN cocooe cpo000 cag06C 10.80 | 29.20 7.75 12.00 0.20 Meat scrap ----.----+--.+---- 10.70 Alo ||) ita 8X) 0.70 0.10 Pumpkin (garden).......... 86.80 0.90 O.11 0.16 0.09 Spurry ---+----+--..-------- 75.60 4.00 0.38 0.25 0.59 Sugar beet leaves..-...-.-.-- 88.00 2.40 0.41 0.15 0.62 Suggestion: Have the students figure the values of the fertilizer constituents in one ton of several feed stuffs, valuing nitrogen at 17 cents a pound, and phosphoric acid and potash at 5 cents a pound. Have them observe the amount of fertility removed from an acre of land by some of the popular crops grown in the locality. Assume a few common rations fed to different classes of live-stock in the locality and let the students calculate the yearly values of the manure obtained. SECTION XXXVIII. CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR STOCK FARMS. All over this country there are certain farmers who manage their lands better than others and thus make greater profits. These farmers are not plentiful but are scattered about and give us practical examples of farming systems best adapted to their localities. The cropping systems for stock farms vary of course with the nature of stock, nature of the crops grown, locality of the farm, nature of the land, size of the farm, price of labor, results desired, etc. Cropping systems are well illustrated by Spillman in the 1907 Year-book of the United States Dept. of Agriculture, from which the following is taken: “Rotation Defined.—A rotation of crops is a succession of crops, one following another on the same land. If these crops continually recur in a fixed order, the rotation is a definite one. If they recur at regular intervals, the rotation is said to be a fixed rotation. A definite rotation may not be a fixed rotation; for example, in many parts of the country it is customary to leave grass lands down from three to six or more years, the length of time depending on the condition of the sod, the supply of labor, feed requirements of stock, etc. When the sod is plowed up, the land is planted in corn, then wheat is sown, and grass fol- lows. This rotation is perfectly definite as to the crops grown and the order in which these crops follow each other, but it is not fixed as to the number of years it occupies. “Fixed rotations are not objectionable on farms that grow crops for sale, provided, of course, the crops are such as bring a satisfactory profit and proper measures are taken to conserve the fertility of the soil, We shall later see also that fixed rotations are practically necessary on certain types of stock farms where one or more of the crops in the rotation are used for pasture, and where, consequently, the fields must be separate- ly fenced. But a single fixed rotation practically never produces crops in the needed proportions on the stock farm. Hence, the stockman who runs a single fixed rotation covering his whole CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR STOCK FARMS 279 farm practically always has a surplus of some kinds of feed or a shortage of others. For this reason he is compelled to keep less stock than his farm would support with a properly planned cropping system unless he is in a position to buy feed that may be lacking. “Examples of Simple and Complex Rotations.—While a single fixed rotation produces crops in fixed proportions, except for variations in yield, and is thus inflexible, two rotations can nearly always be so arranged as to produce any given crops in any desired proportion. Suppose, for instance, that a dairy farmer desires to produce annually 15 acres of corn for silage, 20 acres of corn for grain, 25 acres of oats for grain, and 60 acres of hay. He can do this by arranging two three-year rotations as follows: A SYSTEM OF TWO SIMPLE ROTATIONS ON A DAIRY FARM First series Second series First year-.-.. 35 acres corn First year-. 5 acres peaand oat hay 25 acres oats Second year. 5 acres timothy and Second year { Io acres peaandoathay — clover hay Third year -. 35 acres timothy and Third year... 5 acres timothy and clover clover hay “This gives the exact acreage of each crop desired. If, in the above cropping system, the area of oats exceeds that of corn, the requirements being, say, 20 acres of corn, 25 acres of oats, and 60 acres of hay, we can arrange the rotations as follows: A SECOND SYSTEM OF TWO SIMPLE ROTATIONS ON A DAIRY FARM. First series Second series 20 acres in corn for First year---- grain 5 acres in a hay crop First year-....-- IO acres in peas and oats for hay Second year.... 25 acres in oats for Second year-.-.. Io acres in timothy grain and clover for hay Third year..... 25 acres in timothy Third year..... Io acres in timothy and clover for hay and clover for hay “The general plan in the foregoing scheme of two rotations is to fill in the vacancies of the first and more usual rotation by putting in some other crop which is grown mainly in the second rotation. The scheme is therefore an elastic one, well suited 280 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING especially to dairy farms on which the pasture is provided out- side of the regular rotations. “There is always a way of planning a single complex rotation which has the same elasticity as the two-rotation systems before outlined and which is even better than the two-rotation system on most farms. The two systems given before may be arranged as follows: COMBINATION OF THE FOREGOING TWO-ROTATION SYSTEMS INTO SINGLE COMPLEX ROTATIONS First system Second system f 35 acres in corn for grain 5 acres in peas and : 20 acres in corn lt oats for hay 15 acres in peas and First year -- oats for hay First year--- 25 acres in oats for grain Io acres in peas and oats for hay 5 SN Grea aN 25 acres in oats Second year { 10 acres in timothy 5 acres in timothy and | andiclove nora) | L clover for hay L Second year j Third year-- 40 acres in timothy and Third year-.35 acres in timothy and clover for hay clover for hay “The first of these complex rotations gives the same acreage of each crop as the first set of two rotations previously given, and the second the same as the second set of two rotations. While these last two rotations are technically called complex rotations, they form systems which are really simpler than the two-rotation scheme, and we generally use rotations of this type in planning cropping systems for dairy farms. “This type of rotation is exceedingly elastic. It not only per- mits each crop to be grown in exactly the proportion needed, but it can be varied in many ways by substituting other crops for those shown in the outlines above. For instance, in the first of these complex rotations, instead of plowing up the whole 40 acres of timothy and clover, we may leave 5 acres to take the place of the peas and oats in the first year. This 5 acres may remain down indefinitely, as long as the yield is satisfactory, and when necessary it may be plowed up and sown to peas and oats, to be followed by timothy and clover again without losing a crop of hay. CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR STOCK FARMS 281 “Again, we may sow 10 acres of timothy and clover in the corn-field of year 1 to take the place of the 10 acres of peas and oats in year 2. Similar modifications may be made in the second complex rotation. This is exactly the type of cropping system that has been developed by the shrewd New England dairy farmer whose small holdings will not permit him to grow a fixed, inelastic rotation that does not produce the crops in the proportion in which he wants them. Such a system enables the farmer to keep a maximum herd on his farm. “It is, of course, recognized that variations in yield from year to year will cause considerable variation in the quantity of each crop produced. This variation is especially likely to occur on poor soils; it is much less on farms that have exceedingly rich soil. Nevertheless, the farmer is compelled to lay some kind of plan for meeting such variations in yield. Any scheme has value if it enables the farmer to approach more nearly to the ideal of his plans, and cropping systems like the complex rota- tions outlined will do this.” How to Plan a Cropping System.—The following is taken from Spillman’s article in the 1907 Year-book United States Dept. of Agriculture: “The method of managing hogs assumed in the following is adapted to the latitude of Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Southern Missouri, and Northern Arkansas. It as- sumes that winter grain can be made available for pasture prac- tically throughout the winter. When pasture is not available, some clover hay cut from the summer pasture is fed. A small area of soy-bean hay may also be grown for winter feed for the hogs. Fixed rotations are necessary in this type of farming, because each field must be permanently fenced. Experience has shown that with good pasture 10 bushels of corn will, on the average, make a fall pig weigh about 170 pounds by July. The same quan- tity of corn, with good clover or alfalfa pasture, will carry a spring pig to 190 or 200 pounds by December or January. The pigs are supposed to be fed about all the corn they will eat up clean once a day—late in the afternoon. It will require about 25 bushels of corn to feed a sow on pasture for a year. The sows are 19 282 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING supposed to run on pasture with the pigs until the pigs are about ten weeks old. The sows are then removed to their own special pasture, where they are bred, and remain till the next litter of pigs is farrowed. Good winter wheat pasture will carry about 6 pigs to the acre. Good clover pasture will carry 12 pigs to the acre till July, after which it will carry half as many. By sow- ing wheat and clover in corn in August we get our winter and summer pasture on the same land, so that 1 acre of pasture suffices for 6 fall and 6 spring pigs. “Estimating corn at 60 bushels per acre, 3 horses will re- quire 434 acres of corn. If hay yields 114 tons per acre, the horses will require 5% acres of hay. If a sow produces on the average 14 pigs a year in two litters, then for each sow kept the requirements are as follows: AMOUNT AND ACREAGE OF CORN AND ACREAGE OF PASTURE NEEDED TO SUPPORT ONE SOW WITH PIGS FOR A YEAR. Acres FEED FOR I SOW Corn) 25ibushels cece. toe Genshee es tego tiem eies 0.42 Special OES lbRID ocHe inured Gn odda on dooddutpoos osdodedouc 0.20 FEED FOR 14 PIGS Corn: TAO USHEl Ss: asic ox sole oe Spenecteens oaetee crsceR eRe a renee 2.33 WPASEUT OH eters teare re tapatareie ie toto cyatehinte ce naiers cstenctees, SeCReWeIoN rom enercue mrenenetenetens Lely, TO tia resea asecie sau dnc bare: dado re schaySnn ae escorts Te wa Le ns artes eee Ie Aleit “Deducting 10 acres required to raise feed for the horses, we have on a 60-acre farm 50 acres to be devoted to hog raising. This divided by 4.12 gives 12.11; 1. ¢., we can keep 12 sows and raise 168 pigs. The approximate acreage of each crop would be as follows: Torar ACREAGE OF EACH CROP NEEDED ON A HOG FARM IN A REGION A LITTLE SOUTH OF MIDDLE LATITUDE For 3 For 12 For 168 Crop horses sows pigs Total acres acres acres acres Gorey circ. actos te orca ere ere aer 4.5 4.85 28.24 37-50 WAV aotevesetatay -svicgayseistole os fsitoiesssefese ie leieleyere a5} = === 1 Sp So IBAIS ELIT Cleteral= tee atsieushs! > teieyensyieteyere cnet — 2.40 14.13 16.53 CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR STOCK FARMS 283 SCHEME OF ROTATION FOR A HOG FARM IN A REGION A LITTLE SOUTH OF MIDDLE LATITUDE First rotation Second rotation First year... I4 acres incornandcow- First year-- 6 acres of corn peas Second year- 14 acres in corn, wheat and clover { 3.6 acres of corn Second year .- \ 2.4 acres of hay 3.6 acres of hay 2.4 acres of sow pasture Third year-.- I4 acres in wheat and ‘ Hover 4 Third year... | “By feeding a good deal of corn stover to horses, there ought to be hay enough to feed a cow on this farm. A fair crop of hay may be cut from the pig pasture about the first of July. This hay will contain a good deal of wheat straw, but will answer very well for pig feed in winter. The sow pasture will have to be fenced off each year with a temporary fence. “On account of the variation in yields, in some years there will be more corn than can be utilized, while in other years there will be less than is needed. ‘This is true in all forms of live-stock farming. Some men meet this difficulty by keeping fewer ani- mals than the farm would support with average yields, and thus in good years have some crops for sale. Others meet it by changing the number of animals from year to year to suit condi- tions. Still others keep a maximum number of animals and buy feed when needed. As before stated, everyone must be his own judge in matters of this kind. “In the system of hog management outlined it is clear that in a section where corn can be bought at a price that permits it to be fed to hogs with a profit, the limit to the number of hogs that can be kept on the farm is the area of pasture that can be pro- vided. With a winter cereal and clover furnishing this pasture, it would be possible to keep half the land in pasture by growing a two-year rotation of corn followed by wheat and clover, these being sown together in August in the corn. “To ascertain the number of hogs 60 acres may be made to support under this last rotation, we deduct the 10 acres required to raise feed for the horses and divide the remaining 50 acres by a divisor obtained as follows: 284 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING ACREAGE FOR ONE SOW AND PIGS Acres Special pasture for I SOW----+- ++ eee eee cee eee ee ee eens 0.20 Regular pasture for 14 pigs ------ esse cece ee cere ee eens Tey Corn in rotation with pasture ...-..-.eeee eee e ee ee ee eee Wel) TO ta] sicvetepsteietoseta ienere © Sicjencset orem Tomeretcienensieta susie cate ckenetemstete ravers 2.54 “For each sow and her two litters of pigs there is therefore required 2.54 acres. Dividing 50 by this we get 19.7. Retain- ing the fraction of this number as a factor of safety, the area of the special pasture for the sows is 4 acres. The area of wheat and clover pasture is 23, and the area of corn 23 acres. “If increasing the area of pasture and buying corn to feed the hogs on this pasture is more profitable than raising the corn, it would also be more profitable to buy feed for the horses. If this is done, to find the number of sows that can be kept we divide 60 acres by 2.54, the result being 23.6. This gives the area of special pasture for the sows as 4.72 acres, leaving 55.28 acres to divide into two fields of 27.64 acres each for the rotation. “Twenty-three sows would produce 322 pigs annually. The amount of corn and hay that must be bought under this system, assuming that the corn raised yields 60 bushels per acre, would be: Hay for 3 horses, 8% tons; corn for three horses, 270 bushels; for 23 sows and 322 pigs, in addition to corn raised, 2,138 bushels. “In the system of hog farming just outlined difficulty some- times arises from the fact that when wheat begins to shoot up in the spring it has a deleterious effect on the intestinal canal of the hog. If trouble of this kind is experienced, rye may be substituted for wheat. Along the extreme southern edge of the belt to which this type of farming is adapted winter oats may be used, and these are better than either wheat or rye for hog pasture.” Cropping System for Illinois Hog Farm.—According to Farm- ers’ Bul. 272, the following cropping system has been used on a hog farm in Illinois with good success for 10 years: CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR STOCK FARMS 285 First year, corn, 4/5 and soy bean 1/5 Second year, corn Third year, oats Fourth year, clover Four equal fields of 20 acres each were used in this rotation. The soy beans were harvested and used as hay for winter feed- ing; the clover was pastured; the oats were used for feed- ing the hogs and work horses; and the corn stover, sheaf oats or oat straw were also used for feeding. A little hay was pur- chased. Besides the 80 acres used in the rotation, 10 acres were in blue grass, 31 acres in timber and Io acres were used for the orchard, garden, barn lot and yards, making a total for the farm Gilgit acres- Five horses, two cows, fifteen Duroc-Jersey brood sows which averaged eight pigs to the litter, and 120 yearling hogs were kept. The yearling hogs were pastured on 12 acres of the clover and grain fed, at the rate of 2% to 4 lbs. a day depending upon the pasture, during the summer and were sent to market about August 1-10 weighing 325-350 lbs. The sows and young pigs were put on 8 acres of clover and turned on the remaining 12 acres when the yearling hogs were marketed. ‘he sows and pigs were grain fed and by fall the pigs weighed about 100-125 Ibs. In the winter the pigs were fed 5 lbs. of the following mix- ture: 3% pounds corn 34 pound shorts 3¢ pound oil meal Soy bean hay was also fed. By spring these pigs weighed 200-225 lbs. The sows were fed clover hay, enough of which was cut from the pasture for this purpose, and 4 lbs. of grain, consisting of ground rye or bran, oil meal, shorts, and corn. The owner of this hog farm says: “We think now we shall ’ change our rotation and have one division in alfalfa, running a rotation of corn, corn, clover on three fields; or we may use soy beans and omit the clover.” 286 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING Cropping Systems for New England Dairy Farms.—According to Dodge in Farmers’ Bul. 337. “New England is preeminently a section of small farms, due largely to the generally broken character of the country, the farming land being located in small areas scattered among the hills. Since the farms are small, some type of intensive farm- ing must be followed to make them profitable. Since the land has already been tilled longer than good land will bear an ex- ploitive system of farming, some type of live-stock farming is a necessity on most farms. As the most intensive form of stock farming is dairying, this latter industry is naturally the leading one on New England farms. Dairying, in the main, has been a profitable business in New England, but in recent years condi- . tions have changed, and the outlook is not so satisfactory as it has been at various times in the past. “Some of the difficulties which are at present most evident are the high prices of concentrated feeds and of labor. Some sections of New England, furthermore, feel the pressure of unsatisfactory market conditions, especially those sections which ship milk to the large cities, where the farmers are offered a price for their milk on which they can hardly make a profit. “Outside of the milk-shipping sections the difficulties men- tioned do not appear, on careful observation, to be the most fundamental, although they are the most obvious. ‘Taking the Northeastern States of the Union as a whole, owing to climate and topography the land is in general adapted to the growth of grass and trees. ‘The fact that grass is so much at home in those States has led to a serious fault in New England dairy farming, namely, the mismanagement of grass lands. This consists in the main of a lack of proper treatment for permanent grass lands and of suitable rotations for other land, as well as the use for grass growing of land which does not give profitable returns from grass and which should rightfully be devoted to tree growth, either as woodland or orchards. Another frequent and wide-spread fault is the habit of cutting the hay crop entirely too late in the season, which of itself shortens the life of the meadow and results in an inferior quality of hay for dairy feed- ing. CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR STOCK FARMS 287 “Closely associated with poor management of grass lands is the failure to utilize other crops available for this section, es- pecially corn. In southern New England there is little difficulty in growing good silage corn, but as one travels northward there is evidence of a lack of suitable varieties of corn for silage. This difficulty is not insuperable. There are varieties of corn that can be grown for silage in all but the most northern counties in New England. What is most needed is that sufficient attention be given to the selection of seed in order to develop strains of corn fitted to the requirements of the different sections. “Some of the best dairy farms of the country are to be found in New England. ‘They are scattered:-here and there all over the New England States. A careful study has been made of the cropping systems on a large number of these farms.” ‘The re- sults of this study are tabulated in the following table. The following table shows the acreage, live-stock and seed required on several New England dairy farms :1 TABLE I.—ACREAGE OF NEW ENGLAND FARMS, AND NUMBER OF LIVE-STOCK ON EACH Num pe! of : cattle Tillable®|Pasture Tilled | Pas- . Bee ce taal || turel | ey lee ae eens eae Cows} stock acres acres acres acres Jones ..-.- Silage |Grainpur’d| 4o 40 | 25 MS) |) Miele) I] Oo) Sanborn --| Silage |Grain pur’d| 4200 | 225 | 140] 100 1.05 | 0.9 Noyes ----| Silage | Grain pur’d TOM LSOn aaa 2 OLOGy «|| () Smith ...-| Silage | Grain pur’d 75 7B || BG 25 1.10 | 0.935 Chittenlen| Silage |Grain pur’d| 175 | I00 | I1o 2 Pitt || OL5/ IDEN 6 ee ce Silage |Grain pur’d 28 a8) || AS 15 || | Ose || ©.02 EVOlteeaore Silage |Grain pur’d 74 40 | 70 25 0.89 | 0.4 SaGlélocoses Silage |Grain pur’d 80°} -—] 45| —- arf || (2) Wilson..--| Silage | Grain rais’d 65 60} 35 12 1.56 | 1.28 Ames..---- No silage | Grain pur’d 16 Aon att 3 Te 2o yen OS Avery ----| No silage | Grain pur’d 18 | ——| 20| --—| o90 | —- 1 Farmers’ Bul. 337. 2 On most of these farms 2 horses are kept for each 18 or 20 cattle. The horses do not use any pasture, but must be counted in connection with the crops raised. In reckoning tillable land or pasture per animal, 2 young cattle or 5 sheep are considered the equivalent of I cow. 3 In reckoning tillable land per cow only that used for raising feed is counted. 4 Figures on the Sanborn farm refer only to the part used to supply dairy feeds. ®>On the Noyes farm 32 sheep are kept in addition to the cattle, and so the surplus pasture is partly utilized. 6 Considerable hay is sold annually from the Chittenden farm. 7 There is no pasture on the Sadd farm. Cows are stall fed the year around. 288 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON STOCK FEEDS AND FEEDING TABLE II.—ACREAGE OF THE SEVERAL CROPS ON NEW ENGLAND FARMS, AND PERCENTAGE OF LAND IN EACH CROP Approximate number of Ree Tilled acres: in— an : Other | Grass Corn | cereals? | and clover acres Jones avis walcaljovehonowepene sie 40 12 ie) I4 Sanbortiis «ete oeiaete 200 50 100 4150 NOyeS «...2.00005 18 4.5 4.5 9 Srtithy eas ces te cterats 75 22 22 Qi Chittenden ....... 175 58 17 100 DERM chocd a oudedd 28 6 2D 20 Holt siaacis se eee 74 25 20 29 Sadd Se 8o 30 oe 50 WalSonises) eeerspeiere 65 16 516 32 SATIVES |. rsnstens chopetsus one 16 mies 4 II AVELY + 0-202 s00- 18 65 pee 16 Tillable land | In corn eee Buitele: ver hay per cent. per cent.|per cent. | 30. 25. 335, [ee 50. 25. | =22'5. 25. 50. 30. 30. 40. 32; 10. 58. 21.5 75 ale | 34. 25. oie | 37-5