**
THE
ELEMENTS
8nglo=g>a)cott Grammar:
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
PRAXIS AND VOCABULARY;
BY THE
Rev. J. L. SISSON, M.A.
Of Clare-Hall, Cambridge.
LEEDS :
Printed by Benjamin Den-hirst, AND SOLD BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN,
PATERNOSTER-ROW; & BLAN CHARD, CITY-ROAD, LONDON; DEIGHTON, CAMBRIDGE ; AND PARKER, OXFORD.
MDCCCXIX.
THE following Pages have been compiled with a view of offering to the Public, in a compressed Form, the principal Parts of Dr. Hickes's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, a Book now seldom to be met with.
An increasing research into Works published during the infancy of English Literature, and the prevailing Taste for Antiquarian Studies, (neither of which can be successfully pursued without a Knowledge of Anglo-Saxon) have induced the Compiler to attempt what he has long looked for from abler Hands.
In the Arrangement of this Work, the Plan of Dr. "Valpy's excellent Latin Grammar has been adhered to, as closely as the peculiarities of the two Languages would permit ; and whilst brevity has been throughout consulted, obscurity has at the same Time been carefully avoided.
A short Praxis and Vocabulary are added for the Exercise of the Learner.
Wakefield, Nov. 1st, 1819.
ELEMENTS
or
ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR.
GRAMMAR is the art of speaking and writing with propriety.
The subject of Grammar is sentences ; sentences consist of words ; words of syllables ; and syllables of letters.
The Anglo-Saxon letters are twenty-five.
Name.
O o
£p,
R ji
Power. 0
P
Name. Power.
3i a a
B b b
EC c
D b d
See 5 f
F p / T t:
E s £ £>&
J> fi 1 U
I i z or j UU
K k & X
LI/ Y
GO m m Z
N n n
Other characters are, *} fl«d; ^ ?A0f; j1 or ; a period or full stop is marked thus, '. • or thus, 7. ; other pauses in a sentence thus, .
Note* K and Q are seldom used, but in their stead, c, cp, or cu.
r
s t
th* u or v
OP
0?
#
2
• Ai the Greek ©.
6
Of the twenty-five letters, a, e, i, o, u, are vowels, the rest are consonants.
A vowel can sound alone. A consonant cannot sound without a vowel, though the Anglo-Saxons often omit the vowels, particu- larly at the end of words, as in the following, Nempe, Een$, Rixl.
A syllable consists of one or more letters forming one sound.
A diphthong consists of two vowels form- ing one syllable.
The Anglo-Saxon dipthongs are ae, oe.
A word consists of one or more syllables,
Some letters particularly vowels and diph- thongs, are used indifferently for each other, thus,
j£ and a, as JEc or Ac, an oak : or Aceji, afield.
JE and ea, as IE or Ga, water : JEc or Gac, eternal.
JE and 03, as M jhpeji or oejhpep, every* where.
M and y, as JE\c or Ylc, each.
6, i, and y, as Gpel or Ypel, evil : Gmbe, imbe or ymbe, about.
Consonants are also sometimes used for each other.
B, p, and u, as Obeji, opep, or oueji, over: or luej, ivy.
and k, as Eyninj or kynmg, a king. and q, as Epen or quen, a queen. and i consonant, as Efeo or \to, formerly.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
The parts of speech are eight. 1. Article, 2. Noun, 3. Pronoun, 4. Verb, 5. Adverb, 6. Conjunction, 7. Preposition, and 8. Inter- jection.
Articles, Nouns, and Pronouns are de- clined with number, case, and gender.
There are two numbers, the singular and the plural.
The singular speaks of one, as Smi'S, a smith.
The plural speaks of more than one, as Smi'Saj*, smiths.
There are six cases, the nominative, the genitive, the dative, the accusative, the voca- tive, and the ablative.
The nominative comes before the verb.
The genitive has the sign, of.
The dative has the signs, to or for.
The accusative follows the verb.
The vocative calls or addresses.
The ablative has the signs, by, Jrom> in, with, and than.
There are three genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.
Articles are prefixed to nouns to denote their gender, and are thus declined :
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M. F. N. M. F. N.
N. 8e j-eo fat. N. Da.
G, faej- faerie fij~ or far*. G. faeria.
D. fam frejie fam. D. fain.
Ac. bone ba bat. Ac. fa.
V. V.
A. fam f eerie fam. A. fam.
8
The article is prefixed not only to appella- tives, but also to proper names, as, 8e Sibba mib ealle hrp polce. Sibba with all his people.
The neuter article J?at; is also frequently prefixed to masculine and feminine nouns for the sake of emphasis. Daene and ]?ene are often used for }?one; Done and j?aene are sometimes put for the dative ]?am, as in the following example : Ic Beba j*enbe Jpefcan Jjone leopeft:an Eymnje. 1 Bede send greet- ing to the most beloved king.
Dan is often written for ]ram : J^aefi and f 10 for f eo ; as also $aepe for fa the accu- sative feminine singular.
The feminine article is also sometimes used for the masculine, as, 8eo Bifcop, for 8e Brpcop, the bishop.
The pronoun is also often prefixed even to the article for the sake of greater emphasis, as, Epae8 he f e Bij-cop him to. The bishop said to him.
De is prefixed to nouns in all cases and both numbers, in the same manner as the English the, thus, De heojrenhca pebep.. anb ]?e j- unu. anb ]?e hal ja ^aj^c. The heavenly Father, and the Son, and the holy Ghost.
8eo is often changed into J?eo, and }>am into }>y.
The learner must remember that in Anglo- Saxon, the prepositive article often assumes the nature of a demonstrative or relative pro- noun.
9
OF NOUNS.
There are two kinds of nouns, substantives, and adjectives.
A substantive is the name of a thing.
Substantives are either simple, as puj~, a house : ^Eg, an egg : or compound, as, ftenne-aej, a herfs egg.
Declension is the change of a noun in its cases and numbers.
There are four declensions of substantives.
The first declension makes the genitive case singular to end in ej* ; the dative in e; the nominative plural in aj% the genitive in a; and the dative in urn, as in the following ex- ample.
SINGULAR.
N. Smi^, a smith. G. j-mr$ej\ D. fmi'&e. Ac. pru^. V. eala Ipu ymtfS. A. pm8e,
PLURAL.
N. 8mi'$aj% smiths.
G.
D.
Ac.
V. eala je
A. pm'Sum,
Some nouns of this declension make the nominative plural to end in u.
SINGULAR. N. Snbjit:, a sense. G. anbjicej\ D. anbjrce. Ac. anbjic. V. eala J?u anbjit:. A. anbgite.
PLURAL.
N, Snbgiru, senses. G. anbgrca. D. anbjiturn. Ac. anbjiru. V. eala ge angitu. A. anbjitu,
10
The plural termination u is often changed into o and a, as jemrepo and jemagpa, for jemaepu, boundaries.
Other nouns of this declension make the nominative case plural the same as the no- minative singular, thus,
SINGULAR.
N. UUopb, a word. G. popbep. D, popbe. Ac. popb. V. eala J?u popb. A. popbe.
PLURAL. N. UJopb, words. G. popba. D. popbum, Ac. popb, V. eala je popb, A. popbum.
The second declension makes the nomina- tive and vocative singular in a: the other cases singular in an : the nominative, accusa- tive, and vocative plural in an, and the other cases as in the first declension.
SINGULAR.
N. IDrceja, aprophet.
G. prcejan.
D. pit e Jan.
Ac. prcejan.
V. eala J?u prcega.
A, prtejan.
PLURAL.
N. prcejan, prophets
G. pitegena.
D. prcejum.
Ac. prcejan.
V. eala ge prcegan.
A. prcegum.
Proper names ending in a are declined in the same manner, also adjectives, pronouns, and participles, having a added to their regular terminations, as Se ylca for 8e ylc, &c.
11
SINGULAR.
N. GOapia, Mary.
G. GOajiian.
D. GDajuan.
Ac. GOajiian.
V. eala Jm GOajiia.
A. CDajiian.
The third declension makes the genitive singular to end in e, and the nominative plu- ral in a : in all other cases it is like the first declension.
SINGULAR. N. IDiln, a maid. G. pilne. D. pilne. Ac. piln. V. eala }>u piln. A. pilne.
PLURAL.
N. IDilna, maids. G. pilna. D. pilnum, Ac. pilna. V, eala je pilna. A. pilna.
In this manner also is declined ppuprop, a sister, which makes in the nominative plu- ral ppuprojia, sisters.
The fourth declension makes the nomina- tive case singular in u ; the genitive in a \ the dative, accusative, and vocative in u ; and all cases plural as those of the third declension.
SINGULAR. N. Sunu, a son. G. puna. D. punu. Ac. punu. V. eala Ipu punu. A.
PLURAL.
N. Suna, sons.
G. puna.
D. punum.
Ac. puna,
V. eala je puna,
A. punum'.-
Many Anglo-Saxon nouns are irregular in their mode of declining : thus Fssbeji, a father, is a monoptot in the singular, but declined in the plural as nouns of the first declension : so also iijio'Soji, a brother, and CDoboji, a mother, these make in the cases singular Bjio&jp and Bpefteji ; GOobop and CDebeji : in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural Bp.o$op makes Bp.o&pu ; to tiiese may be added Fot, a joot ; GDan, a man ; ^Eg, an egg ; Eealp, a calf ; which in the plural make Fee, GOen, ^Ejpu, Lealppu.
Latin proper names are used by the Anglo- Saxons, with their own terminations in all cases, except the genitive, which must end in ep, as Eaiuj- pe Eaj~epe ojrpe naman Iuhuj\ Cams C&sar, whose other name is Julius: Latin appellations are also written in the same manner, as, Dy tpelptirti baeje kalen- bajium Xuguj-trajium. Bede. On the twelfth day of the kalends of August. But to this rule one exception occurs in the sacred name, Eprpr, Christ, which is never met with under the Latin form Eprpcop.
For the numerous terminations of Anglo- Saxon nouns no certain rules can be assigned, a few of them however are here noticed.
1. Some end in a, as, Depepa, a reeve ; Eempa, a soldier ; Oxa, an o.v ; Narna, a name : of these some become English nouns, by casting off a, or changing it into e.
2. Many end in anj, ing, orij, un£, as,
13
Bigan g, worship ; Qn-bpypbinj, instinct ; Dotopung, a complaint.
3. Some in $, or $e, as GDiji'S, wzr^A ; Irepih'S, sight ; CDae j$e, power.
4. Several feminines in ejye, yffe, neppe, nyjTe> asDpmnepp e, Trinity; So'Spaeptnyp f e,
5. Others in elf, as, Raebelp , a riddle.
6. Some in elb, as, Faejielb, a road,
7. Masculines in ep, or ejie, denoting the employment, whose feminines end in eftpe, ij-rpe, or yftrpe, as, Sasbejie, a sower; Saebyf cpe, a Jemale sower ; Baecepe, a baker ; Bascej^cpe, a female baker ; 8yn jepe, a singer ; 8yn jej-trpe, a female singer.
8. Patronymics end in ing, as, 61epng, the son of Eliza; Eenpupnj, the son of Cenfusus.
9. Those substantives which denote want, privation, or deficiency end in leaj-te or lej-te, as, Beapn-leajt:e, want of children ; (Dete-leajtre, want of meat.
10. Diminutives in mcle, as, Rapmcle, a small rope ; 8cipmcle, a little ship.
11. Many others, of which several are diminutives, end in hnj, as, Deoplmj, a darling ; Lychnj, or Lytel-lm j, a little one^ fyc. This termination is adopted at present, as hireling, suckling, nestling.
12. Some end in fceapc, as pyje-pceapt:, the soul.
The following appear more properly tQ
14
come under the head of compounds, than of simple substantives.
1. In bom denoting office, dignity, state, or quality, as, Eyn-bom, or Eynnmj-bom, a kingdom ; Gataop-bom, earldom ; Fpeo-bom, freedom; Deop-bom, servitude.
2. In pice also signifying dominion, as, Eyn-pice, a kingdom ; Brp ceop-pice, a bishoprick.
3. In hab, denoting state, condition, or quality, as, Eilb-hab, childhood ; CDaeben-hab, maidenhood ; Emht-hab, knighthood.
4. In j~cip, j~cipe, fcyji, or j~cype, denot- ing care, office, business, or occupation, as, Brpceop-fcipe, the province of a bishop, diocese ; Tun-j*crpe, the office of mayor.
5. In fcipe, denoting dignity, office, or state, as Djiiht-j-cipe, lordship; 6albop- fcipe, eldership ; Fjieonb-pcipe, friendship.
6 In pzebenne, denoting the state or condition of persons and things, as, Irepeji- paebenne, a society; GOrej-pzebenne, con- sanguinity ; f)ip-pa3benne, a household.
The participle of the present tense being put absolutely and having the final e cut off, becomes a substantive, as from Demenbe, judging ; comes Demenb, a judge ; from Fpeonbe, Jreeing, Fpeonb, a friend ; Lu- pianbe, loving, makes Lupianb, a lover.
15
OF ADJECTIVES.
Ah adjective expresses the quality of a thing.
Every word to which thing may be added is an adjective, thus good, bad, are adjectives, because we may say, a good thing, a bad thing.
There are twb sorts of adjectives, 1. Sim- ple, as, eabi j, rich ; aepen, even : and 2. Compound, as, epen-ece, co-eternal ; tnji- eabi g, excelling in wealth or power.
All adjectives are declined after the follow- ing example.
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N, Cob. gobe. job, good. G. jober-. gobjie. gobej* . D. gobum. jobjie. gobum. Ac. gobne. jobe. 'gob. V. joba. jobe. Job. A. Jobum.gobpe. Jobumi
PLURAL. M. F,
N. Eobe.
G.
D. jobum
V. jobe jobari A, jobum
The accusative singular masculine of all adjectives is formed from the nominative, by adding ne : the genitive, dative, and abla- tive singular feminine end in pe : the dative and ablative singular masculine and neuter, and the dative and ablative plural> end in um ; and the genitive in pa.
Adjectives, participles, and pronouns of every kind often add a to their termination, or change their final vowel into a, and then
16
are declined like substantives of the second declension, excepting however their genitives plural, which must always end in pia : thus from popeppjiecen, comes pojiepppecena, in the following 8e pojiepppiecen * Eymnj, the before named king : From Gobcunbe, comes Cobcunba, divine : so also 8e ylca Jepi8, the same companion : This rule is most used for adjectives placed emphatically and demon- stratively, as Oppalb pe Ejiiptenepra cynin j, Oswald the most Christian king.
The following are the terminations of Anglo-Saxon adjectives.
1. Some end in ig, as, Djieojuj, sad: CDyjiij, joyful: ^Enij, any: from this is derived the English termination y, in such words as dreary, merry, any, fyc.
2. Others end in pum, denoting habit or disposition, as, Lanj-pum tedious ; this ter- mination is still retained, as in tiresome, wholesome, fyc.
3. In ol and ul, also denoting habit or disposition, as, Fjiettol, greedy : Diccul, fat ; Dmnul, lean.
4. In baeji and try me, denoting fertility ; as, IDaepcum-bseji, fruitful; ttepj-tyme, troublesome, 8$c.
5. In pull, signifying plenty, as IDoh-pull, having much trouble, fyc. and hence our woeful.
6. In leap, denoting want, as, 8ceam-leap> void of shame; Blob-leap, without blood;
17
Name-leaf, without name', hence our shame- less, nameless, fyc.
7. Denominatives expressing likeness, in lie or lice, as, Cob-he, like a God; peopon- hc, heavenly ; 6oji8-hc, earthy ; tUen-hc, manly ; Eilb-hc, childish ; Hence also the English, godlike, fyc.
8. Denominatives when they relate to sub- stances, end in en, thus from yEf c, an ash, is formed aer-cen, ashen, made of ash; of Stasn, a stone, comes j* taenan, stony.
9. In cunb, denoting the nature of a person or thing, as, Cob- cunb, divine, of the nature of a God ; IDorilb-cunb, worldly.
10. In rpc denoting the nation, as, Juberpc, a Jewish man ; Romanise, a Roman by na- tion ; 6n jhf c. an English man ; this termi- nation is also still retained.
Adjectives have three degrees of com- parison the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.
The positive declares a thing absolutely.
The comparative is used when one thing exceeds another.
The superlative when a thing exceeds more than one.
Adjectives of the positive degree form their comparatives in aji, aeji, en., erie, in, oji, un, and yn : and their superlatives in aft:, aeft, ej-t, ir-t, ojt, up:, and yr-t, as,
Ritrcpir-e, just ; Rihtrpir-epe, more just ; Rihtpij-ej-t:, most just :
18
To this rule there are however some ex* ceptions, as,
Irob, good; Befcepe, better; Betft;, best.
Tiobtgoodj Selpe, better; Seloft:, best.
Ypel, bad; IDypr1, worse; UUyppefr, Utyppc, worst.
GPicel, great, much; tOvdjiz, greater, more; GOaej- c, greatest, most.
Lytel, //#fe; Lejy, to; Lasffc, te^.
The words tip and gin prefixed to adjec- tives increase their signification to the super- lative degree, as Faejt, constant ; Tiji-paeft:, most constant ; GOeahtnj, powerful; Ein- meahrrj, most powerful; Gabij, happy; Tiji-eabij, most happy.
The adjective Faepr affixed to a substan- tive changes it into an adjective, and increases its signification, as, So'S-paejt:, most true; :, most glorious.
OF PRONOUNS.
A pronoun is used instead of a noun. The pronouns Ic and Du, are declined with singular, dual, and plural numbers.
|
SING. |
DUAL. |
PLURAL. |
|
N.Ic,J. |
N. lite, we two. |
N. lJUe, we. |
|
G. CDm. |
G. Uncep. |
G. Upe. |
|
D.CDe. Ac.Cfle. |
Ac. lite. |
D. Ur. Ac. Ur. |
|
A.CPe. |
A. Unc,unje,uncjium |
A. Ur- |
19
For GOe the Dano-Saxons use GDec, mek, meh ; for IDe ; poe, upih ; for Up ; upic, upich, upig, uph.
SINGULAR.
N. Du, thou. G. Jnn. D. J?e. Ac.J?e, )?ec. V. eala bu. A. J?e.
DUAL.
N. Cytr, j/e
G. mceji.
D. me, incjium.
Ac. inc.
V. eala inc.
A. Inc, incjium.
PLURAL. N. De, ye, G. eopeji. D. eop, Ac. eop, V. eala ge. A. eop.
For gyt: in the dual number mcit (me yt) is often used ; for eop ; geop : The >ano-Saxons for eop use luch, luh, iph, luich,
luih, eopic, lopih, jeiop : and for eopeji;
ipep, luepjie, luoji.
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N. pe. heo. hit, he, she, it. G. hip. hijie. hip. D, him. hipe. him. Ac.hine.hi. hit. A. him. hipe. hit:.
PLURAL.
M. F.
N. pi, they.
G. hma. heona,
D. him.
Ac. hi.
A. him.
For hi the accusative feminine singular hi £ is often used ; for hi in the nominative and accusative plural hig, heo, and hio \ for hijia and heojia; hiojia, hep, hejie; heom for him, and sometimes for hi.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. Daj~, these. G. }nppepa. D. jnpum. Ac. }?ap. A,
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N. Dip. J?eop.
G. Jnfep. Jnppejie.
D. Jnpum. Jnppepe. Jupum.
Ac. Jnp ne. fay. Jnp.
A, Jnpum. Juppepe. Jnpum.
For Jnp in the nominative case, the Anglo- Saxons frequently use ftaep, "Sep, 8eop, "Sat:, or 'Saet; ; for ftiyey in the genitive $ippep, for $ipum in the dative singular n, •oappum : for 'Sipr-epe, in the geni- tive and dative feminine "Sippe, $aepe, ; for $ap in the accusative feminine 8aep, for $irrena in the genitive plural
The article 8e, peo, "Sat:, signifies the same as the demonstrative pronoun Sip, $eop, $atr. In the ablative singular feminine, the prepo- sition on, is frequently put after the word it governs, as, I$a3jion, for on 'Saepe, in that.
De affixed to pronouns of all persons becomes a relative, as, Ic $e, / who : %u $e, thou who: pe *Se, he who.
De prefixed to he in all cases, signifies relatively, as, 8e hipa naman, whose names.
SINGULAR. I PLURAL.
M. F. N. M. F. N.
N. Sylp. fylpe. y yip, himself. N. Sylpe, them- G.pylpep. pylppe. pylpep D. pylpum. j-ylppe. pylpum. Ac.pylpne.pylpe. pylp. A . pylpum . pylppe. pylpum .
D. Y ylpum. Ac. fylpe. A. pylpum.
8ylp or felp is compounded with other pronouns, as Ic rylp, / myself; %u j~ylp, thou thyself ; be fylp, he himself: and sometimes with nouns, as Perpup pylp, Peter himself.
The pronoun relative who is generally ex- pressed by the article fe, peo, 'Sat:, as, ^Eneaf j*e opep/ppij?be Turmum. JEmas who overcame Turnus. 8e if, w^o z',9. 8e
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N. ppilc. hpilce. hpilc, who?
G. hpilcej-. hpilcepe, hpilcpe. hpilcer*.
D. hpilcum. hpilcepe, hpilqie. hpilcum.
Ac. hpilcne. hpilce. hpilc.
A. hpilcum. hpilcepe, hpilcpe. hpilcum. PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. ppilce.
G. hpilcepa, hpilcjia. D. hpilcum. Ac. hpilce. A, hpilcum.
In the same manner is declined fpa hpilc j*pa, whosoever. And "Sylhc or $ylc, such. ppa, who ? is thus declined.
M. F. N.
N. ppa. hpast:.
G. hpa3j*. D. hpam.
Ac. hpaene. hpone. hpast:. A. hpam.
In the same manner are declined JE J-hpa, any one; je-hpa, some one; and also ellef-hpa, another ; hpaefc-hugu, some little. - Ylc, (when used emphatically ylca) the same is thus declined :
SINGULAR. M F.
N. Ylc. ylce. G. ylcer*. ylcjie. D. ylcum. ylcpe. Ac.ylcne. ylce. A. ylcum. ylcjie.
SINGULAR.
N. Ylca.
G. ylcan.
D. ylcan.
Ac. ylcan.
A. ylcan.
N.
ylc.
ylcef.
ylcum.
ylc.
ylcum.
PLURAL.
M. F. N,
N. Ylce. G. ylcpa. D. ylcum. Ac. ylce. A. ylcum.
PLURAL.
N. Ylcan. G. ylcpa. D. ylcan. Ac. ylcan. A. ylcan.
After the same form is declined, r-e ylca, he himself.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
F. N. M. F. N.
a3mge. agnrg, any. N. /Enrge.
M.
N.
G. aenijer-. aemjpe. aemgej-. ;G. aenijpa, D. aenijum. aemgjie. aenigum. ; D. Ac. aeni gne. aenrje. semg. Ac. asmje.
A, aenigum. aenijpe.aemjum. 'A. aemgum, For aemg is sometimes used scni; of ne and semj is formed naemg, wo owe, which is declined like aemg.
SINGULAR.
F. N.
N. ^Enhpij. senlipvje. ambpij, each
G. aenhpijer*. aenhpijpe. aenhpijep.
D. aenhpijum. aenhpijpe. asnhpijum.
Ac. aenhpijne. aenhp)je. asnhpi^.
A. asnhpijum. aenhpijjie. aenhpijum.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. ^Enhpije. G. eenlipijpa. D. senhpijum. Ac. senhpije. A. senhpijum.
PLURAL. M. F. N-
N. 8ume. G. j-umjia. D. j-umum, Ac.p A.
ume.
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N. Sum. j-ume. j*um, some G. j-umef. pimpe. punier-. D. pumum. pumjie. pumum. Ac.pumne. fume. pun. A. j-umum. pumpe. j-umum.
Some one is also expressed indefinitely by GOan, as, Irip cyninj set: mannef ham bjimcae'S, if the king should drink at some ones house. Spelmans Con.
Something, some tittle, and others of the same kind are expressed by hpeechugu, hpaefchpuju, hpsechpega; hpsethpiju, aech- pseg.
SINGULAR.
|
M. |
F. |
N. |
|
N. 5En, sen. |
ane. |
an, sen, one. |
|
G. anej*. |
anpe. |
anej". |
|
D. anum. |
anjie. |
anum. |
|
Ac. anne. |
ane |
an, sen. |
|
A. anum. |
anjie. |
anum. |
After this form is declined nan or noan, none ; and ana, the only one.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M, F. N.
N. Sgene. G. ajenjia D. a jenum, Ac. agene. A. ajenum, PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. ealle.
M. F. N.
N. !Sjen. agene. ap^er G. ajenef. agenjie. D. agenum. ajenjie. ajenum. Ac. ajenne. ajene. agen. A. agenum. ajenp.e. ajenum.
SINGULAR.
F N.
ealle. eal, «//, the whole
M.
N. Gal.
G. eallej-. ealjie. eallef . G. ealpa. D. eallum. ealjie.eallum. D. eallum. Ac. ealne. ealle. eal. Ac. ealle. A. eallum. ealpe. eallum. A. eallum. 6al, eall, sell, or all, in composition signi- fies excellence, perfection, or plenitude, as, aellmihtrig, almighty.
SINGULAR. j PLURAL.
M. F. N. | M. F. N.
N. JElc. selce. &\c,each,all N. ^Elce.
G. selcef. selcjie. selcef . G. eelcjia.
D, selcum. selcpe. selcum. D. selcum.
Ac. selcne. selce. selc. Ac. selce.
A. selcum. selcjie. aelcum. A, selcum.
25
The possessive pronouns are declined in the following manner.
SINGULAR,
M, F. N.
N, GDm. mine. mm, mine*
G. mmej*. mmpe. minej*.
D. minum. minjie. mmum.
Ac. minne. mine. mm.
V. mm. mine. mm.
A. minum. minjie. minum. PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. GQme, mine. G. minpa. D. minum. Ac. mine. V. mine. A. minum. SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N. Uncep. uncepe. uncep, of us two.
G. uncejief. uncejipef . uncepef.
D. uncejium, uncepjie. uncepum.
Ac. uncepne. uncepe. uncep,
V. uncep. uncepe. uncep.
A. uncepum. unceppe. uncepuin. PLURAL.
i\r
F.
M. |f.
N. Uncpe, of us two.
G. unceppa.
D. uncepum.
Ac. uncpe.
V. uncpe.
A. uncepum.
%0
Uncper- and uncpum are generally for uncepej- and uncepum.
used
|
SINGULAR. |
PLURAL. |
||
|
M. |
F. |
N. |
M. F. N |
|
N. Upe. |
upe. |
upe, our. |
N. Uj\e,our |
|
G. upep. |
uppe. |
uper. |
G. uppa. |
|
D. upum. |
uppe. |
upum. |
D.%upum. |
|
Ac. upne. |
upe. |
upe. |
Ac. upe. |
|
V. upe. |
upe. |
upe. |
V. upe. |
|
A. upum. |
uppe. |
upum. |
A. upum. |
and ujy ep are used for upe ; up f ej~ for uper- ; u jyum for upum ; and u jy e for upne.
M.
N. Dm. G. Sinef. D. Binum. Ac. Sinne. V. «m. A. 'Sinum.
M.
SINGULAR.
F, N.
•Sine. "Sin, thine.
$mpe« "Sinej". $mpe. "Sinum.
Sine. Sinpe.
PLURAL.
F. N.
N, Dine, thine. G. "Sinpa. D. 'Sinum. Ac. "Sine. V. Sine. A.
SINGULAR.
M.
N. Inceji. G. incejief. D. mcejium. Ac. mcejine. V. inceji. A. mcejium.
F. N.
incepe, mceji, of you two*
mcejijief. mcejief.
mcejijie. mcejium.
incejie, inceji.
incejie. inceji.
mcejijie. incejmm. PLURAL,
M.
F. Si.
N. Incpe, of you two. G. mcejipa. D. mcejium. Ac. incjie. V. incjie. A. incepum SINGULAR.
|
M. N. Gopeji. G. eopejief. D. eopepum. Ac. eopepne. V. eopeja. A. eopejium. |
F. eopejie. eopejijie. eopepjie. eopejie. eopejie. eopejijie. PLURAL. |
N. eopep, your. eopejiej-. eopejium. eopeji. eopeji. eopejium. |
M. F. N.
N. Gopejie, or eoppe, your.
G. eopejijia.
D. eopepum, or eopjium.
Ac. eopejie.
V. eopejie.
A. eopejium, or eopjium.
28
The primitive pronoun pe has no decli- nable possessive, and therefore the possessive is represented by the genitives of the primi- tive in all genders and both numbers hij-, hipa, hijie, heojia, which also are used as reciprocals ; yet the reciprocal is sometimes expressed by pn, pne, pn, his, hers, <fyc. as in the following example, Bjiego enjla bej*eah eagum pnum, the chief of the angels beheld with his own eyes. Cadm. 23.
£9 NOUNS OF NUMBER.
Cardinals from three to a hundred are undeclined. CARDINALS.
1. An, ane, an.
2. Tpejen, tpa, rpejen
3. Djiy,
4. Feopeji.
5. Fir.
6. Six.
7. Seoron.
8. 6ahta.
9. Nijoh.
10. Tyn.
11. Bnblupin, senbleran.
12. Tpelp.
13. Djieotyne.
14. Feopeptryne.
15. Fiptyne.
16. Sixtyne.
17. Seponcyne,
18. Bahracyne. 19^ Nijontryne.
20. Tpenri j.
21. Xn -3 rpentrig. 30. Dicri.
40.
50. Fiprij. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. punbteoncig.
ORDINALS.
8e pojima, the first.
8e o)?eji, the second.
8e Jrjiibba, the third.
8e peoji)?a, the fourth.
8e piptra, the fifth.
8e pixta, Me M>M.
8e peopo)>a, the seventh.
8e eahreo]?a, Me eighth.
8e nijoj?a, Me ^w?/A.
8e treo]?a, if/ze /ewM.
8e enblupfea, the eleventh.
8e tpelpt:a, the twelfth.
8e J?peut:eJ?a, ^^e thirteenth.
8e peopepreoj^a, the fourteenth.
8e piptreojm, the fifteenth.
8e fixt:eo]?a, Me sixteenth.
8e peoponteoj^a, Me seventeenth.
8e eahcat:eo]?a, zr/?e eighteenth.
8e mjont:eo£a, Me nineteenth.'
8e tpentreogoj^a, Me twentieth.
!Sn ^ tpenteojo^a, Me owe 07M/ twentieth.
8e ]?j\it:t:ijo]?a? Me thirtieth.
8e peopepceojoj?a, the fortieth.
8e pipt:eogoj?a, the fiftieth'.
8e pixteogoj'a, Me sixtieth.
8e hunbpeoponnjo^a, Me seventieth.
8e hunbeaht:at:ijo)7a, M/e- eightieth.
8e hunbnijonreojoj)a, Me ninetieth.
8e hunbt:eont:eogo]m, Me hundredth.
sa
The reason why punb is prefixed to all numbers from seventy to a hundred, has never been satisfactorily ascertained, the most probable one is this : In the Maeso- Gothic, (from whence the Anglo-Saxon derives many of its words) <^kikfiHKl3ikow2L ten times ten, denoted the number 100 ; the length of this term however rendering it inconvenient for the purposes of conversation, the former part was rejected in discourse, though still retained in writing. Negligence of transcribers might easily remove the hyphen, so as to make the last syllable, -hlUbliL appear an affix to the former syllables; repeated transcriptions would again alter the situation of this affix, so as to make it at last a prefix to the succeeding word, under which form it has been adopted by the Anglo-Saxons, though evidently redundant.
Ba, be jen, batrpa, butu, butpu, both ; is thus declined.
N. Ba, bejen, batrpa, butrpu, both.
G. Bejpa.
D. Bam.
Ac. as the nominative.
A. Bam.
To these may be added Xnpealb, single ; Tpypealb, two-fold ; Dpypealb, three- fold, 8$c* expressions still retained in our tongue.
The Anglo-Saxons frequently prefix or affix to nouns of number the numeral healpe,
32
half ; which instead of adding to the number joined with it, signifies that the half of unity is to be taken from that number ; thus J>peo healp, does not signify that half is to be added to three, but that half of unity is to be taken from it ; the meaning therefore of Jrjaeo healjr, is not three and a half but two and a hatj ; in the same manner people healpe, is not Jour and a halt, but three and a half.
pu micel, how great; Spa micel, so great ; hu pela, how many ; Spa pela, so many.
OF VERBS.
•A verb is the chief word in every sentence, and expresses the action or being of a thing.
Verbs have two voices :
1. The active, as Ic luprje, I love.
2. The passive, as Ic eom jelupob, / am loved.
Conjugation is the change of a verb in its moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.
A mood is the change of a verb to signify the various intentions of the mind. i
Verbs have six mood? ; the indicative ; the imperative; the optative; the potential; the subjunctive, and the infinitive.
33
The indicative asserts, as Ic lupine, / love.
The imperative commands, as lupa J?u, love thou.
The optative desires, as eala gip ic nu lupi je, / wish I may love ; or Ok that I may love.
The potential declares a power or ability ; as Ic ma3 j lupian, / may or can love.
The subjunctive has always a conjunction or some indefinite word going before it in the same sentence, as Jxmne ic nu lupije, when I love ; or, when 1 may love.
The infinitive is used as a substantive, and known also by the sign to, as lupian, to love.
There are three tenses or times, the pre- sent, the imperfect and the future.
The present denotes an action now doing, as Ic lupije, / love ; or, am loving.
The imperfect, which also is used as the preter perfect, and preter pluperfect, ex- presses an action whether it be done in part, and not completed ; lately done ; or done some time back, as Ic lupobe, / was loving , I loved ; or, / had loved.
The future denotes an action that is to be hereafter, as Ic pille lupian, / will love.
Verbs have two numbers singular and plural ; and three persons in each number.
The first singular, /; the second, thou; the third, he> she, it, and all singular nouns.
34
The first plural, we ; the second, ye; the third, they ; and all plural nouns.
Gerunds and supines have the nature of substantives.
Instead of gerunds and supines the Anglo- Saxon verbs have what is called a derivative infinitive, which also sometimes assumes the nature of a future participle, as To lup lenne, or, To lupigenne, of loving; in loving; to love ; about to love ; to be loved.
Participles have tenses like verbs, and number, gender, and case like adjectives.
Each voice has a participle of the present tense, as,
Active. Lupianbe, or, lupi^enbe, loving.
Passive. Lupob, or, jelupob, loved.
The passive has also one of the future, as, To luprjenne, to be loved.
Before other verbs are declined it will be necessary to learn the verb substantive.
Beon, to be. Indicative mood. — Present tense.
SINGULAR. II PLURAL.
Com, I am. I Synb, we are.
eajit:, thou art. I f ynb, ye are.
carve, jy, he is. \ f ynb, they are.
6am, and am are often used for eom ; j-ynt:, rynbon, and j-yn, for rynb. Preter imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses*
SINGULAR.
IDeef, / was, have, or, had been. paejie, thou wast, hast, or, hadst been. par-, he was, hath, or, had been.
35
PLURAL.
IDaejion, we were, have, or, had been. psepon, ye were, fyc. paepon, they were, fyc. IDsepum is frequently used for paepon; peap8, pupbe, and pupbon, (from the verb popj?an or peop)?an) are also used for pap and paepon.
Future tense,
SINGULAR.
Beo, / shall or will be.
bypr, thou shalt or wilt be.
by$ and pyp*$, he shall or will be.
PLURAL.
Beo^, we shall or will be. beo8, ye shall or will be. beo^, they shall or will be. Sometimes the future tense is expressed by j*ceal, and the infinitive beon, as Ic fceal beon, / shall be.
Imperative mood. — Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Si J?u, or, pj )?u, be thou. p he, let him be.
PLURAL.
Beon pe, let m be.
beon je, be ye.
beon hi, let them be. Beo $u, and pep $u, are sometimes put for pi J?u, as also byft he, for pi he in the singular : in the plural for beon in all persons
36
are used beo, beo^, fin, pen, pepe, paj- aj) ; also per-a}? je, for beon je.
Optative, potential and subjunctive moods. Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Beo, / may be, 8$c. bypr, thou mayest be, fyc. by'S, or, pyjV$e, he may be, fyc.
.PLURAL.
Beo"8, we may be, 8$c. beo$, ye may be, tyc. beo"$ and peopj?an, they may be, fyc. Instead of by^ and beo^, are often used beo, j- ynb, and beon : for beo and bypc ; py.
Imperfect, perfect and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
IDaspe, / might be, fyc. paepe, thou mightest be* paejie, he might be.
PLURAL,
IDaep-on, we might be, fyc* paejion, ye might be. psepon, they might be. In the optative mood eala £ip, / wish ; is prefixed to each person, in both numbers of each tense, as eala jip ic beo, / wish I may be; and in the subjunctive mood, j?onne, when ; is in like manner prefixed to all per- sons in each number and tense, as J?onne ic beo, when I may be*
37
Infinitive mood. — Present tense.
Beon or pej-an, to be. Gerund, or derivative infinitive. To beoniie, of being ; in being ; to be,
UJeop'San or pyjvSan, to be made, or to become.
Indicative mood. — Present tense. IDeop'Se, / am made, 8$c. peop$ejt:, thou art made. people}?, he is made.
PLURAL.
IDeojvSaJ?, we are made. peopfta]?, ye are made. peop'Sd)?, they are made. The singular number is often written 1. UUupJ?e, pyp]?e, puyibe. 2. pupj?ej*t:, pypbejt. 3. peoji)?e, pup)?e, pyp^e. The plural I, 2, & 3, people)?, peoji)x>n, peajibon,
na?. Ime
mperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
IDeap)?, / have been made9 8$c. peapj?epc, thou hast, tyc. peapj?, he has, §c.
PLURAL.
IDeopbon, we have been made, <§Y\ peopbori, ye have been, 8$c. peopbon, they have been, tyc. UUeopban, peopben, peopbon, are used for peopbon. In this verb the future tense is the same as the present.
38
Imperative mood. — Present tense. SINGULAR.
IDeopjm J?u, be thou made, fyc. people he, let him be made.
PLURAL.
UUeop]?on pe, let us be made, $c. people je, be ye, fyc. people hi, let them, $c.
Infinitive mood. — Present tense. UUeop)?an, or pyp]?an, to be made, to become.
Gerund, or derivative infinitive. To peopftan, or pyp'San, of being made, in being made, to be made, fyc.
Participle. IDopben, made9 become.
REGULAR VERBS.
Verbs active are declined after the follow- ing example :
The regular active verb lupan, to love.
Indicative mood. — Present tense.
SINGULAR. Ic Inpge, 7 love. •8u lupaj-r, eft;, ft, thou he lupa}?, ef>, \, he loves.
PLURAL.
UUe lupa'S, we love. ge lupia"S, ye love. hi lupia'S, they love.
39
When the infinitive mood ends in an pure, the persons of the 'plural end ia"S : but if it end in eon, then the plurals will end in eo8 : when a consonant precedes an, the plurals end in a$ : £ before an, in the for- mation of the tenses becomes h, as paeh]?, from paegan.
Note. A syllable is called pure, when a vowel or diphthong immediately precedes it.
The present tense is sometimes formed by the auxiliary verb eom, and the participle of the present tense, as Ic eom lupienb, 1 am loving.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
Ic lupobe, / did love, loved, had loved. - ]?u lupobept;, thou didst love, fyc. he lupobe, he did love, loved fyc.
PLURAL.
UUe lupobon, zee did love, fyc. je lupobon, ye did love, 8$c. hi lupobon, they did love, 8gc. The perfect is sometimes formed by the auxiliary verb hasbbe, and the participle of the past tense, as Ic haebbe lupob, / have loved ; J?u hrebbept: lupob, thou hast loved; he haebba]? lupob, he hath loved ; pe h^ebbaj? lupobe, we have Iv&ed, 8$c.
The pluperfect is also formed by haepob, and the participle in a similar manner, as Ic hagpob lupob, 1 had loved.
40
The future tense is the same as the pre- sent, though sometimes the regular form is changed for that of the auxiliary verb j-ceai or pille, and the infinitive mood, as Ic fceai or pille lupian, I shall or will love, fyc.
Imperative mood.
SINGULAR. II PLURAL.
Lupion pe, let us love.
Lupa ]?u, love tkou. wupige ge, love ye. lupi je he, let him /0t?e|lupion hi, let them love. Lupiaj? ge, is frequently used for lupige
Optative mood. — Present tenset
SINGULAR.
Tic nu lupije"} •§ (I may love. Gala £ip\ Jm nu lupije > *§ \ thou may est love. (.he nu luprge ) O [he may love.
PLURAL.
fpenu lupion, an ^ •§ (we may love. Gala Jip\ 2^nu lupion, an ^ 'S \ye may love. (hi nu lupion, an) O [they may love Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
=h ( Ic nu lupobe ^ *§ r I might love. %?) J?u nu lupobept: > "S < Thou mightest love. ^ (he nu lupobe j O ( he might love.
PLURAL. y* c IDe nu lupobon \ ^ i zee might love.
* r e nu upoon i t we mig ove
53 ) Se nu luF°^on ( ^ \ye m'l9ht love. ~§ v hi nu lupobon 3 O ( they might lo
41
Future tense. SINGULAR.
Ic lupi je gyt j ^ r I shall have loved. ]?u lupije jyt >"Sx thou shalt have loved. 'g ( he lupi je jyt J O t fo shall have loved.
PLURAL.
^ r IDe lupion gyt ^ •§ r}we shall have lovtd. ^sV je lupion gyt 5 }ye shall have loved. 'g 'hi lupion gyt )O C they shall have loved.
The subjunctive mood is formed in all tenses as the optative, only changing, eala £ip or Jmtinto Jx>nne, as Jxmne ic nu lupije; ]?onne ic lupobe ; J»onne ic lupije jyt, &c.
The potential mood is declined by adding the infinitive of the verb, to the auxiliaries maej, mot, for the present, and to miht, polb, and pceolb, for the imperfect. Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Ic maej, or mot lupian, / may love. {?u mae jept, or motept lupian, thou mayest love. he maej, or mot lupian, he may love*
PLURAL.
IDe magon, or moton lupian, we may love. je majon, or moton lupian, ye may love. hi magon, or moton lupian, they may love. .
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
Ic miht, polb, nolb, ^ pceolb lupian, I might, fyc. ]?u mihtept, &c. lupian, thou might est^ fyc. he miht, &c. lupian, he might, fyc. E
PLURAL.
UUemihton, &c. lupian, we might, fyc. Je milrcon, £c, lupian, j/e might, &$c. hi mihton, &c. lupian, £/2ej/ might, 8$c.
The future tense is formed by adding to the present tense, as Ic mae£ jyt; lupian, / may love hereafter.
Though this method of forming the poten- tial be the most used, yet sometimes the verb has its tenses in this mood, without the aid of auxiliaries, as in the following, Dagt: ic curne, That I may come. — St. Matthew. Daer $u oncnape, That thou mayest know.— St. Luke.
Infinitive mood.
Lupian, or lupijean, to love.
Gerund, or derivative infinitive.
To lupienne, or t:o lupi jenne, Of loving ; in loving; to love; about to love; to be loved.
Participle of the present tense. Lupianbe, or lupijenbe, loving.
The final e being taken from this word, makes it a substantive. Joined with the auxiliary verb beon, it becomes the present tense, as Ic eom lupianbe, / am loving. It also is sometimes used for the future partici- ple of both voices, as well as a gerund.
The perfect tense infinitive, is formed by the conjunction J^at;, and the perfect indica- tive, as, Ic pipe J?at: ]m lupobeft: Dob, / know that thou lovedst God.
43
The participle future is formed by the infinitive of the verb and pceal, pille, or the verbs of motion, pajian and Jan, as Ic pceal lupian, / am about to love ; Ic pape huntrian, / am going to hunt.
The initial augments, or inseparable pre- positions a, be, pop, je, to, &c. are pre- fixed to verbs, verbal adjectives, and participles, and frequently words are to be found when compounded with these augments, which are not to be met with in a simple form. The augments a, be, are sometimes, but not often prefixed to participles of the preter- perfect tense.
Anglo-Saxon verbs are declined in the passive voice by the auxiliary verb beon, and the participle of the present tense, as in the following examples.
Indicative mood. — Present tense.
Ic eom jelupob, 1 am loved.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
Ic pa3f jelupob, 1 was loved.
Future tense. Ic beo, or j-ceal beon gelupob, I shall be loved.
Imperative mood. 81 J?u jelupob, be thou loved. Optative mood. — Present tense. 6ala jip ic eom jelupob, O that I may be loved.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. Gala jip ic paejie gelupob, O that I might be loved.
44
Future tense.
Gala grp ic beo jelupob, O that I shall be loved.
Subjunctive mood. — Present tense. £onne ic nu eom jelupob, when I am loved
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. £oune, or J?a J?a ic pa3f gelupob, when 1 was loved.
Future tense.
Sonne ic beo jelupob, when I shall be loved.
Potential mood. — Present tense. Ic rnaej beon jelupob, / may be loved.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. Ic miht, &c. beon jelupob, 1 mighty fyc. be loved.
Future tense.
Ic maej jyt beon jelupob, I shall have been loved.
Infinitive mood. — Present tense. Beon jelupob, to be loved.
Future tense. Beon jelupob gyt;, shall be loved.
Participles. — Present tense.
fielupob, loved.
Future tense.
To lupijenne, to be loved.
Note. The augment je is prefixed in general to the participle, to distinguish it from the perfect active.
45
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51
ADVERBS.
An adverb is joined to a verb or other word to explain or qualify its signification.
ADVERBS OF TIME.
?C. a&, always. aebjie, immediately. agppe, ever. aeptreji, after. asp,, ere, before. ahpenne, when. Ccehce, continually.
eapa, yore, of old. ^eipyjiu, formerly. jelome, often. Jena, as yet. Jeo, a go, formerly.
Laspt:, last. lanje, long. late, /tfte. lenje, longer. GOicelum, much. Naeppe, never.
nyhf ta, nipan, lately. nu, wore1. nti- gena, eve Opt:, o/^ew, Selbon, seldom. pemninja, suddenly.
Jet:, "gytj ust now, as yet f in jallice, always
soon.
ppaebm je, hpaeblice, hptj^e, 6'oow. hpasnne, when. hpile, whilst. hpilon, whilom. Inpt:appe, immediately. lu, Jormtrly. lu-jepa
pnub, directly. pona
pymle, Da, then.
Sahpile, meanwhile. , whilst.
OF WISHING.
Gala, oh. (Gala jip, oh that.
OF ORDER.
./Er-nextran, at length hynban, behind. anb jehu ellep, #;?d Op J?am, #
anb ppa pop)?,
Behmban, behind. Gpr, again. Fop^, afterwards. ppyp.pt:urn, f
like.
on baec, backwards.
o'S )?ip, M?^ /izr.
^an, afterwards. Daep-aeptep., «
•Sa^p pihc, immediately Upop, over,
Gacppilce, Samob, in
OF LIKENESS.
ppajelice, in the same [way.
same
[manner.
pameylca ppa, in
ppilce, as if. , thus.
ppa, so.
[way.fouy jejiab, in this
[sort.
OF PLACE.
Sbun, abune, down- Gllephpibep, else-
[wards. [where.
ee^hpanon, eachway. ellop, elsewhere. aejhpibep, every where Fopan, before. Bejeonban, beyond, popneah, near.
Efehenb, near.
jehpaejie, every where
paep, here.
heonon, from hence.
beheonon, on this side
V [beneath. beneopan, }
bmnan, within.
hibep, hither. hpasji, where. hpano n, from whence. hpibepi, whither. Innan, within. NeoJ?an, downwards -, [below.
nohpsep, no where. nopj?an, northern. nyj?ep, downwards. Onpej, away. 8u)?an, southern.
ppahpaejippa, whereso- [ever.
Tohpaeji, every where. Sanon, thence.
Sibep, thither. Upan, above. upp, wp. utan, out. IDi]?upan, above. pi^utan, without* pij?yj?an, beneath.
OF AFFIRMATION
, altogether. Butron cpeon, doubt - [less.
Irejnunja, surely. jepiphce,
gype,
ppset: J?onne, la, j/e^. So'Shce, ^rw/?/. IDitoblice, indeed.
OF QUALITY AND COMPARISON.
Bet, better. Gallep, entirely. eallep to ppifte, im- [moderately. eallep to jelanje,
a, suddenly. Eenoh, enough. jeapa, well. beapmselum, in heaps.
eallep to psept, too
[fast.
eallum jemetfcum, in
\every way. ma j^onne, more than. eallunje, altogether, mieclum, much.
, the more, ra- [ther. hjiaebhce, quickly. Lyteptne, almost^ GQa, more.
54
mib ealle, altogether. Recene, quickly. SprSe, much. ppiftop, more. De ma f>e, more than.
, greatly. uo^an, so much. Ittel, well. pyppe, worse. Ypel, badly.
Note. Adverbs of quality are frequently compared, as, pnot:ophce, prudently ; pno- trophcop, more prudently; pnotoplicopt:, most prudently.
OF SHEWING AND POINTING OUT.
Gflelen;re.) , z 7 , heonu, lo.
o x h behold. XT 7 7
epne, j Nu hep, /o /?ere.
peep if, here is. Dep ip, this is.
OF ENCOURAGING AND WARNING.
Utan, uton, c'OA/ze. jlDapna]7ar,
OF EXCEPTING AND DOUBTING.
, else, otherwise.
IDalb,
Butan, except. buton, without.. eilef, else. Fopan, only. Nalef , unless. nemne, except. noht ]?on laej*, neoer- [thele"ss.
OF DENYING
Na, ne, no. naepppe, tiever. iiaep, nepe, no. nellep , nalaep, no. narepbpon, by no [means.
nymftepen paepe, un~
[less, perhaps. nym'Se, unless. Dy Isep, lest. Tpimjenbiice, per- [haps.
[chance.
\no. •J
ne ne, no,
nocht:, noht, nohpaej?ep, no where. On nan pipum, in no [wise*
55
Note. Ne, by cutting off the e, is often made to coalesce with the following noun, or verb, and form with them one word, thus, ne aenijum are contracted into naemjum. Ne pille are also contracted into mile.
OF COLLECTING.
, together. Samob, together. peap-maelum, in heaps
OF REMITTING, RELAXING, &C.
./Enep pana, one less.
Fagjejie, gradually.
ppaet-hpeja, hpaet>hpugu, $$ little. hpon, a little. hpon-hcoji, somewhat [less
Lytlum, by degrees. 8opt:e, gently.
littleyticce-m&\um\gra-
ptrunb-mselum ) dually IDona, pana, less.
OF ASKING.
Epypt: ]?u, | what s0j/|pumet:a, how ?
Epyptula, )you? AowPhpy, why?
Fophpy, pojihpyj, for La hu opt, how often?
[why ? To hpan, how long? pojihpon, wherefore, to hyy,jor why?
OF NUMBER.
once. Tuua, twice.
, thrice.
56
CONJUNCTIONS.
A conjunction joins sentences and words together.
Copulative. Sinb, and ; eac, also ; epc, again.
Disjunctive.
Sc, but ; 8ej)>ep, either ; aj?oji oftSe, one of the two ; hpaej?eji, whether ; nana, nor ; ne, not ; nehpsej?ep, neither ; pam, whe- ther.
Conditional.
Diminutive. pujiu, hujvu )>in ga, hpae ja,
Completive.
Snb, but ; hpaet: ^a, i/e/ ; f o^hce; ilce, in as much as ; fpilce eac, moreover ; uton nu, besides ; prcoblice, ^w/.
Adversative.
FujvSon, also ; hpae^epe, yet ; nalef — ac, not only — but; "Seal), though; "Seah ]?e, although ; 'Seah hpae]?ejie, notwithstanding ; •Se lep, to.
Illative.
Gojmoj-tlice, therefore; pop'Sam, since; •&aej% because; "Sy, wherefore; pitrobhce, therefore.
57
PREPOSITIONS.
A preposition is placed before a substan- tive, which it governs and connects with a sentence, or else is joined in composition with another word.
Some prepositions are used only in com- position, and therefore are called inseparable prepositions.
The prepositions following govern an accu- sative case.
!S!but;an, about ajean, ajen, against.
On jean, Teh,
anblan, anblonj,fl/cwg\ 'Sujih, through.
Bejeonb, bejeonban, [beyond.
6mb, embutan, about. eonb, beyond.
against.
UUi'Sporian, before. piftaeptan, after. pi$jeonban, about. pi^utran, without.
The following govern an ablative case.
O o
Gehenb, near. Into, into. CDib, with. Neah, near. Op, of, from, out of. on-uppan, on high. Til, to, to.
[cording to. topojian, before. beheonan, on this ^V/eJtornibber* between.
/Epteji, after. 8e p, before. aet, at, by, from. retpojian, before. aman j, among. Be- septan, behind. be, bi, bij,
binnan, within.
bupan, above.
Fo]i,/o/\
pjia, maim, from, by.
topeajib, towards. Up, above. unpeop, near.
58
The following prepositions govern both cases.
Bepojian, before.
butan; butron, except, beyond, without. betpeox, betrpux, betpix, betpih, between. Foji, for, on account of. Iremanj, amongst. Innan, into, in. Opeji, over, beyond. on, to, amongst, in. 08, to, as Jar as. Tojeanep, against. Up pan, upon, above, unbep, under. utran, about, without. , with. '
Several of the above prepositions frequently occur in composition as well as alone ; the following are inseparables, and seldom used out of composition.
Xnb, as, anb-bibian, to wait for; anb- pen Jan, to assume ; anb-long, at length ; anb-ppupnan, to offend; anb-pt:anban, to resist ; anb-j-pajuan, to answer.
6b, as, eb-cenmu^regenerationj eb-cepp, return ; eb-mpian, to renew ;
Gpen, as, epen-ealb, co-eval ; epen-laecan, to compare; epen-blippian, ^o congratulate ; epen-$p aerie, concordant.
6pt:3 as, epr-ajypan, to give back; to restore ; epc-ampan, to renew.
59
6m, as em-bon, to surround, to encompass; em-leop, equally dear.
Fojie, as pojie-beori, to be before ; pojie- jan £an, to precede ; pojie- gepettran, to set before, to prefix.
GOrp , as mrp-lician, to displease ; mrp-baeb, a misdeed, a crime. GOrp-hyjian, to disobey j mrp- jiman, to neglect.
Oji, as op.-blaebe, without blood; on- jepopben, uncreated ; oji-pyt:e, w/V^ e'wzpw- ^^2/ ; op-maej-tre, immeasurable, immense.
Un, as un-boht:, unbought ; un-clean, unclean ; un-gijuan, ^o pw^ o^p Un-cu'S, unknown, uncouth ; un-pae jpe, deformed.
IDi'Sep, as pi^ep-j-ecjan, /o gainsay, to contradict ; pi^ep-j-acan, /o oppose.
Note. Anglo-Saxon prepositions, when set alone, become adverbs, as Ic jtranbe on Ipay healp, ^ Ipu onjean, / stand on this side, and thou on the opposite. They are also often put after the nouns they govern, as 8e angel hype pjiam jepat:, The angel departed from her. Luke 1. 38.
60
INTERJECTIONS.
An interjection is an exclamation, ex- pressing a sudden emotion, or passion of the mind.
OF GRIEF.
Gop, alas ! eop me, ah me ! pa if me, woe is me ! pa la pa, well away.
OF JOY. IDel, pel la, pel me, oh well ! well done.
OF DISGUST. On peg, jie ! away ! pala j-e, out on it.
OF CALLING.
6ala ]?u, hypjt ]?u, oh ! hist ! holloa.
OF WISHING.
Gala £ip, O that! pa la, 1 wish.
OF PRAISE AND ENCOURAGEMENT.
Do, come, come ! ircon, well done ! pel la pel, very well.
OF ADMIRATION.
Gala hu, oh how.
61
SYNTAX.
Syntax is the proper construction of words in a sentence.
A simple sentence consists of a nominative, a verb, and the case of a verb.
There are two parts of syntax : concord, when words agree together : and government, when a word requires another to be put in a particular case or mood.
CONCORD.
There are three concords ; the first, be- tween the nominative case and the verb : the second, between the substantive and the adjective : the third, between the antecedent and the relative.
The nominative case and the verb.
The verb agrees with its nominative case in number and person, as,
IDillelm cyng jeap. Chron. Sax.
William the king gave.
Two or more nominatives singular will have a verb plural, as,
62
papolb eopl ^ Leoppine popan to Bpyj- ptrope. *Skr. Chron.
Earl Harold and Leowin went to Bristol.
A noun of multitude singular may have a verb plural, as,
Daet: pole paep geanbibijenbe ^ punbpo- bon. St. Luke.
The people were waiting and wondered.
Deop memjeo hyj pynt;
apypjebe. St. John.
This people are cursed.
The substantive and the adjective* The adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case, as,
pep ip mm leopa puna. St. Matthew. Here is my beloved Son. pipi jenbe lanj jebeb. St. Luke. Pretending a long prayer.
Two or more substantives singular will have an adjective plural, as,
^Elppic 8cot: ^ -ZEjeljuc Scot: pynt gep- peobe. Tes. Manu.
JELJrlc Scott and JEgdric Scott are freed.
A noun of multitude singular will have an adjective plural, as,
QOycelnyp heoponlicep pepebep Cob he- pijenbpa, ~] ]?up cpe^enbpa. Luke.
A multitude of the. heavenly host, praising God, and thus saying.
63 ,
A substantive is often placed between two adjectives, agreeing with it in gender, num- ber, and case, as,
Oppio ye cyninj jjiimme hejijunje *j unapagpnenbhce fyiopabe. Bede.
King Oswio suffered grievous and intoler- able irruptions.
The antecedent and the relative. The relative agrees in gender, number, and case with a substantive understood after it \ and in gender, number, and person with the substantive going before, called its antece- dent, as,
Com Cabpajib t:o Gngla-lanb, ye peej- Gabpajibep bjioj?oji. Sax. Chron.
Edward, who was Edwards brother came to England*
GOVERNMENT.
Words put in the same case, &c.
Two substantives, signifying the same thing, are put in the same case by apposi- tion, as,
IDillelm cynj. Sctx. Chron.
William the king.
Anglo-Saxon verbs are sometimes put in the same tense, number, and person, by apposition, as,
64
Sranba'S hep ute, pylla'S $ Luke.
They stand here without, who wish to see thee.
Beon and several other verbs require the same case after, which they have before them, as,
Cob if mm jeprca. Test. Elfhel.
God is my witness.
Words which govern a genitive.
When two substantives come together, sig- nifying different things, the latter is put in the genitive case, as,
Eynnmj heoponep . Alfredi. Test.
The king of heaven.
This genitive is sometimes changed into a dative, as,
pym to purcume. Bede.
For a help to him, (his help.)
An adjective in the neuter gender without a substantive; is followed by a genitive, as,
GDicel hepijep. Bede.
A great army.
Gal pincep. Fr. Jud.
All the treasure.
Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge, or ignorance, are followed by a genitive, as,
UUeop'&myn'Sa jeojm. Boca jleap. Boet.
Desirous of honour. Skilled in books.
65
Unjnj* jobcunban naman "j geleapan. Bede.
Ignorant of the divinz name and faith.
The part of time, answering to the ques- tion when, is put in the genitive, as,
Daep bajep . Jos.
That day. .
By day and night.
Praise, blame, or quality of a thing, are put in the genitive, as,
Irobpe jleaunejye cniht:. Bede. A boy of good disposition. Folc heayibej- mobej~. Exodus. People oj a hard mind.
The interrogative hpa, requires a genitiv fter it, as,
]3pa pij-jia monn. Boet. Which of the wise men. fpaet: ypelep . St. Mark. What evil.
The substantive verb boon, followed in English by o/, governs a genitive, as,
Da 'Sin j 8e pynb Erobep. St. Matthew
Tht things which are God's.
6ajio Jni upef gepeper-. Jos.
Art thou of our company. \
Verbs of tempting, asking, helping, tasting, pitying, &c. govern a genitive case, as,
Ne pmba ]TU 'Siner* Eobep. Dent.
Tempt not thy God.
66
dp hip punu hine bic hlapep. St. Mat. If his son ask of him a piece of bread. Gob yEhnihrij helpe upe. M.S. Sax. God Almighty help us. Dasp pmep onbypjbe. St. John. Tasted the wine. Upe gemilcpob. St. Mark. Pity us.
Partitives, numerals, and superlatives, go- vern a genitive, as,
Siinie "Sapa bocepa. St. Luke.
Some oj the scribes.
Tpejen "Saepa leojepa. St. Mat.
Two false witnesses.
Balpa paeba Isept:. St. Mark.
The least of all seeds.
Calpa pjfpta miept:. St. Mark.
Greatest oj all herbs.
DATIVE.
Words compounded of epen, epn, emu, as also nouns ending in pull and lice, have a dative after them, as,
Gpen-lascan }?am apoptolum. Wan. Cat.
To imitate the apostles.
Grnn-papig heom. Oros.
Pilymg them.
IDupftpull J?am cynmnjum. 2EIJ.
To be honoured by kings.
Unapecgenbhce aenigum. Chron. Sat.
Not to be told to any one.
67
The verb pylian or jr^ligean, to follow, governs a dative case, as,
Da pceap hym pylrgeaft. St. John.
The shetp follow him.
Day tracnu pyhaft }?am J?e
signs shall follow them that believe.
Verbs used acquisitively govern a dative, as,
Cip hpa him pihtej* bibbe. Leges Ince. Jj any one demand justice of him. Do^ pel J?am Ipe eop ypel bo^. St. Mat.- Do well to them that do evil to you.
Verbs of commanding and obeying govern a dative, as,
Uncleanum jajt.urn bebyt: ^ hi hyjij-u- mia"S him. St. 'Mark.
He commandeth the unclean spirits and they obey him.
Verbs of giving, administering, restoring, serving, rebuking, and forbidding govern a dative case, as,
Nellan ge pylian J?at halije hunbum. St. Mat.
Give not that which is holy to the dcgs< ' peo J)enobe him. *SV. Mark. She ministered to them. Snb bpohtre }?a J?pitnj j-cyliinjap t:o pacejiba ^ ealbjium. St. Mat.
68
And brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders.
Ne maej man J?eop rpam hlapojibum £eopian. St. Luke.
No man can serve two masters.
Da cibbon hrp leojininj-cnitrcaf f>am J>e hi bpohcon. St. Mark.
His disciples rebuked those that brought them.
TCnb ne pojibeobe je him. St. Mark.
And forbid them not.
Verbs of judging and thanking govern a dative, as,
Denial him be eoppe se. 6V. John. Judge him according to your law. pym "Sancobe. St. Luke. He thanked him.
Verbs of favouring, telling, answering, profiting, and believing, govern a dative, as,
Pilatuj* polbe )>a Jrnrn poke gecpeman. St. Mark.
Pilate wished to favour the people.
Spa psebep me j-aebe. St. John.
What the Father hath told me.
TCnppajiapt; ]?u ppa Jmm bij'ceope. St. John.
Answerest thou the high-priest [bishop'} so.
ppaet pperna'S men. St. Mark.
What shall it pro/it a man.
Fojiftam J?u minum popbum ne St. Luke.
Because thou believest not my word.
69 ACCUSATIVE.
All transitive verbs require an accusative after them, as,
Laebbon hyne to Taiphan. St. Mat.
They led him to Caiphas. *Ge-ebalfabon hyne. St. Mark.
They reviled him.
Verbs of asking, teaching, and some others, govern a double accusative, as,
pine axobon ^ brgppel. St. Mark.
They asked him the parable.
De-bo hine jiihtej- pyjV$e. Leges Ince.
Let him do him justice.
ABLATIVE.
A substantive with a participle, or two substantives with the word being, understood between them, governed by no other woi\i in the sentence a"re~put in the ablative absolute, as,
Irebijebuin cneopum. St. Mark.
With bended kneex, (i.e. knees being bent.)
pym £yt: r-pjiecenbum. St. Mark.
He yet speaking.
The excess or deficiency of measure, are put in the ablative, as,
Dpym mundum hierijia. Men.
Higher by three palms.
70
GOVERNMENT OF DIFFERENT CASES.
Adjectives which signify plenty, want, likeness, desert, guilt, and the substantive pana, are followed sometimes by a genitive, and sometimes by an ablative, as,
Fulle beabjia bana. St. Mat.
Full of dead men's bones.
Feoj- pana. JElf*
Want of money.
Dm gelica. Boet.
Like thee.
COebep pyjiSe. St. Luke.
Worthy of reward.
Deader rc7lblS* *• Mat.
Guilty of death.
When the words J?e or J?onne, are omitted after a comparative, the word following is put in the genitive or ablative, as,
GOajie eallum onpejbnyjyum. St. Mark.
Mo ft than all sacrifices.
Space, distance, and measure, are put in the genitive, or accusative, as,
Yncej* Ian 5. Leges 2Elf.
An inch long.
Cahtra hunb mila lang. Bede.
Eight hundred miles long.
The duration of time, answering to the question how long, is put in the accusative, or ablative, as,
Dpy bajap, or )rpim bajum.
Three days.
71
The instrument, cause, or manner of an action is put in the genitive, dative, or accu- sative, as,
Erobej- cubjief ^ hahjep jepsehj. Bede.
Happy in a good and holy offspring.
6ajim $ayp ]?e he naepj?. Boet.
Wretched for that which he hath not.
tUepan unjehmpep. Chron. Sax.
To bewail misfortune*
f>e heopobe micclum J?asp polcep pynna. fflf.
He much lamented the people's sins.
Verbs of accusing and depriving, govern a genitive, a dative, or an ablative of the thing, as,
Dyjinum jepmjum betrojen. Leges Ince.
Accused oj secret crimes.
Bejiiap<in bohtrjia Gen.
To deprive o) his daughters.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
When two verbs come together, the latter is put in the infinitive mood, as,
Ne polbe him laetran palban hip eojilbo- inep. Chron. &aa\
Would not allow him to act upon his earl- dom*
Instead of a nominative case, verbs in the infinitive mood have an accusative before
72
them, the conjunction that being understood, as,
Ee £epeo$ me habban. St. Luke.
You see that / have.
Secjaj? hyne libban. St. Luke.
They say that he lives.
The derivative infinitive is used for gerunds and supines, as,
Eom J?u up to pojippillanne. Si. Mark.
Art thou come to destroy us.
f)yt ip eaj^elic to cpe]?anne.
It i* easy to be said.
)3yc if tima to lupijenne.
It is time for loving.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Verbs impersonal are of three kinds.
1st. Those expressed by man and the verb, as, man bjiohte, one brought.
2nd. By the pronoun singular hyt and the verb, as, hyt ]?unpobe, it thundered.
3rd. By the verb alone, as, me Jnnc}?, me- thinks.
Some Anglo-Saxon impersonals require an accusative of the person, and a dative of the thing, as,
Done pelejan lypt anpealbep. Boet.
The rich man wishes for power.
73
Others have a dative of the person, ancPa genitive of the thing, as,
ppspt: belimpj? J>rp ro J?e. £0<tf.
What does this concern you.
1 he impersonal Irebyjia'S, signifying care, governs a double dative, as,
J3ym ne gebypa]? to J?am pceapum. St. John.
He careth not for the sheep.
MISCELLANEOUS.
A denial in Anglo-Saxon is often expressed by two or more negatives, as,
Ne om ic na Ejiir-c. St. John.
I am not the Christ.
Reciprocals are often used by the Anglo- Saxons, as,
Ic me gepert:. JElf* Gr.
1 rest myself.
Onbpagb ]?e Jnnne Cob. Lev.
Fear thou thy God.
Prepositions in composition govern the cases, which they govern when alone, as,
-5£t;peolan pagccum ^ jebebum. Bede.
To be constant in tcatchuigs and prayers.
Daet: lanb eall "Suph-pop. Chron. ticw.
He past thro' all that land.
The Anglo-Saxons often take the preposi- tion from before the noun to which it should
74
be prefixed, and affix it to a word at the, end of the sentence, thus for,
Opeja ealle J?a pcijie OND6 he p cjupe. Is read,
Opeji ealie. J?a pcijie D6 he ON p cpipe.
Conjunctions couple like cases, moods, and tenses, as,
pejieman 3 Calbjieb popon co Rome. Chron. Sax.
Hereman and Ealdred went to Rome.
Da pepbon ^ pumne man opplo jon. Chr. Sax.
Then they went and slew a certain man.
Interjections govern an accusative or voca- tive, as,
6op me.
Ah me!
6ala J?u.
Holloa you !
75
PKAXIS.
Ic lupje.
Du nerrrpc.
pe cpae]?.
tUe j-itraj>.
Sece ge.
pi nyj*t:on.
8e cynninj byimcae'S.
Speon hme ealne baej,
Bpeotene pbbe haepbe.
Cob anj~ pajiebe.
pepobef f eca'S ]?at: cilb.
Ic Y aebe j-o^.
GQcxp ef uj- ppat.
Ne paebbe je ]?if Jeppit:
Ic jtanbe on f>ap healpe.
Papmenibej- pe f ceop
pi bohton pypt:- jemang.
Se J?e J?eop opj-hh]?
Ejiipt: paep t:o bea^ pojibemeb.
Ne com into ]?am temple.
Ic eom on hypa miblene.
IDylt J?u ha'l beon.
Da pejibe he J^uph hyp a mjblen,
pe ajiap -3 pepbe to hip hup e.
76
Du hyt pegpt:.
Pilat;! p punojiube,
ELj c if Gob.
Ireopnpull J?u eapt.
Ic ^ Faebep pynt an.
pe imhte gip he polbe.
Ire ne onjyta)?.
Opep fpa maneja )?eoba.
!Scfa hine hij* pifena,
Spenban op hiepe prebe.
pi plujon opep. Tamepe.
Ic penb gpet:an.
lohannep popbaeb him.
Daet: ealbe ip betejie.
Ne tryn ]?u ]nne neah-jebujiap.
Du jepilpt: Eobep haepe.
8e niona peax}? ^ panaj>.
Epipt: ge-pett: ^ip jebeb.
Gajit: }?u lubea cynmc.
Jjobep Jypu pagp on him.
GOni jepitnep ip po"S.
ppaet: pmeage Je becpeox eop.
Sceal ic hon eopepne cyninje.
Da paebe he hym ept: o):ep higppell,
I/ip ic ine penb t:o fipep polcep borne. pep pinbon J?aepa manna nan mn appirene. 8e hata piniiop bpyn j}? ^ jeappd)1 paeb. pep pput :.ela]? on j?ippe tpiptep bee. Ne je ;--e puppen eoppe rnepejpocu tropopan eopjian ppynon.
77
Spa ppa ealle ptreoppan peopfta)? onhhte ^ Jebiphtre op $aepe punnan.
Donne ic ymbe ppelc pmealicopt: )?ence.
Nan puht: naepe pyppe J?onne unjepceab- pipnep.
Jjejabepobon ]?a J^ejenap hi ealle on Copojipic-pcijie.
BibbaJ) bpiihren ^ hip Jmnojipaba jep- picon.
torn pe cynj epr onjean co Gnjle- lanbe.
Ppy bo je -J? eop alypeb nyp on pepr- bajum.
Efob hypbe pyl]? hyp lip pop. hip pceapon.
8yj?J?an pop pe pselenb to Efahlea.
Du eapt: rnm Irob anb mm Dpihten.
Cob lupobe mibban-eapb ppa ^ he pealbe hyp ancenneban Sunnu.
Ire pylpe me pynb to jepitneppe *Sac ic paebe.
Ne eom ic Ejupt:. ac ic eom apenb bepo- jian hyne.
CDm jeoc yp pynpum 'j mm byp^en yp leoht.
ppaep ip J?eop anhcnyp ^ J?ip geppir.
Ne mse j ic nan finj bon ppam me pyi- pum.
Ne nan man tie pent: nipe pin on ealbe bytrtra.
8e paelenb Jra apenbe hyp pcepne ~] p pepbe.
H
78
Lupa )?mne nehj-tan j* pa J?e fylpne.
Duma's to me ealle )?e j^pmca'S anb mebe j'ynt:. anb ic eop jeblrpf eje.
Dif yp ppam Dpihtne jepojiben ^ hit yj* punbojilic on ujium eajurn.
79
VOCABULAKY.
TCc, con. but. acpan, verb, to ask. alypan, verb, to allow. an, noun of number, one. ancenneba, adject, only-begotten. anb, con. and. anhcnej* , sub. likeness. anj- pajiian, verb, to answer. ajiif an, verb, to arise. apenban, verb, to send. apenban, verb, to depart. apjutan, verb, to write. Bee, sub, a book. bepojian, prep, before. beon, sub. verb, to be. befcejie, comp. adj. better. betrpeox, prep, between, among. bibban, verb, to ask, pray. bigf pell, sub. a parable. Bpeotene, sub. Britain. byjan, verb, to buy. byjvSen sub. a burden, IjCrtrt, sub. a bottle. Eilb, sub. a child.
80
cuman, verb, to come.
cpae'San, verb, to say.
cynmje, sub. a king.
Dsej, sub. a day.
bea$, sub. death.
borne, sub. doom, opinion, decree.
bon, verb, to do.
bruhten, sub. a lord.
bjimcan, verb, to drink.
bjiynjan, verb, to dry, to ripen.
6aj, sub. an eye.
eal, adj. all.
ealb, adj. old.
ept, adv. often, again.
Bopojipic, sub. York.
Faebeji, sub. a father.
pejijan, verb, to go.
pepe, sub. a feast.
plejan, verb, to flee.
pole, sub. folk.
pop, prep.>r.
poribeoban, verb, to forbid.
poribeman, verb, to condemn.
pori^, adv. forth.
pop'Spejian, verb, to go forth.
pjiam, prep, from, of.
trapt:, sub. a ghost, a spirit.
jeajipian, ver. to ripen.
jebeb, sub. a command.
£eblrppan, ver. to make light, or joyful.
Jebjuhtan, ver. to illuminate.
gebon, ver. to make, or do.
81
gepillan, ver, to Jill
jejabejiian, ver. to collect.
geoc, sub. a yoke.
jeojinpnll, adj. careful.
jepettan, ver. to set, or appoint.
jeppican, ver. to cease.
gepyman, ver. to load.
Jepitrnepp, sub. a witness, testimony.
Jepopban, ver. to be done.
jepp.it;an, ver. to write.
Jepjiit;, sub. scripture, inscription.
Jip, con. if.
Irob, sub. God.
gob, adj. good.
Jpetran, ver. to greet.
3ypu, sub. a gift.
pabban, ver. to have.
haslenbe, sub. a heater, a saviour.
hoepe, sub. a house.
hal, adj. whole, healed.
hat, adj. hot.
he, pron. he.
healp, sub. side, half.
heji, adv. here.
honan, ver. to hang.
hupe, sub. a house.
hpa, inter, pron. who.
hpy, adv. why.
hypbe, sub. a shepherd.
Ic, pron. /.
into, prep. into.
Leoht, adj. light.
m
lip, sub. a life.
lupian, ver. to love.
CD^jan, ver. to be able.
man, sub. a man.
manej, adj. many.
mepegpot:, sub. a pearl.
rmbban-eapb, sub. the world.
rmblen, sub. middle, midst.
mm, pron. poss. mine.
mona, sub. mas. the moon.
Naspe, for ne paepe, ver. see beon.
nama, sub. a name.
nan, for ne an, adj. none, no one.
ne, adv. not.
neah-gebup, sub. a neighbour.
nehpta, sub. a neighbour.
nemnan, ver. to name.
nip, adj. new.
nyp? for ne yp, ver. see beon.
nypcan, nytan, ver. to be ignorant of.
Op, prep, of, from.
opep, prep. over.
opplean, ver. to slay.
on, prep, on, in.
ongean, adv. again.
onjytan, ver. to know.
onlihtran, ver. to enlighten.
o'Sep, adj. another.
Raeban, ver. to read.
Sseb, sub. a seed.
pceap, sub. a sheep.
pceop, sub. a poet, an artist.
83
pcijve, sub. a shire.
j-e, f eo, )?at:, article, the.
j-ealban, ver. to give.
pecan, ver. to seek.
j-ejan, ver. to say, speak.
penban, ver. to send.
pibbe, ,sub. peace.
prctan, ver. to sit.
pmeajan, ver. to enquire.
pmeahcopr, adv. very intently.
po8, adj. true.
ppeonan, ver. to urge, persuade.
ptanban, ver. to stand.
ptreb, sub. a place, stead.
ptepne, sub. an institution.
fteopjia, sub. a star.
r*umoji, sub. summer.
j-unna, sub. fern, the sun.
j- unnu, sub. a son.
j~pa, adv. so.
y pa j-pa, adv. like as.
j~pelc, adj. such.
j-pincan, ver. to labour.
fputelian, ver. to be manifest.
j-pyn, sub. a swine,
j'ylan, ver. to give.
rylp, adj. self.
j-y$$an, adv. afterwards.
Temple, sub. a temple.
to, prep. to.
topopan, prep, before.
trynan, ver. to be angry with.
84
Da, adv. then. J^encan, ver. to think. J>egen, sub. a thane, a baron.
?eob, sub. a nation.
•eop, sub. a thief.
in, pron. poss. thine.
mg, sub. a thing. ]>ir, pron. dem. this. ]?onne, adv. than, that. ]?onne; con. then. J?u, pron. thou. J?unojiaba, sub. thunder. £urih, prep, through. Ungepceabpipnep, sub. imprudence. IDanian, ver. to wane. pexan, ver. to wax, to increase. penban, ver. to go, to wend. peoji'San, ver. to be. pin, sub. wine. prpan, sub. morals. pprcan, ver. to write. puht:, sub. a thing. punboplic, adj. wonderful. punbpian, ver. to wonder. puppan, ver. to cast, to throw. pynpurn, adj. easy, pleasant. pyppe, adj. worse. pyrvr-geman, sub. aromatics. Ymbe, prep, about.
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