aad -
se nn Din fn Pit tein in Hat
ahha Del
Rotten:
oheg i
pointe
tenth that Pmal hetaeth hat
le a(S lin a Ment
aie
7265
frol/,
LEC.
“~~ HARVARD UNIVERSITY
4 o}
C
rama ogc
(7)
ESE
LIBRARY
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS
IN THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Gift of:
Richard W. Foster |
ee
= —-:
» « ‘ hd ) ’ .7 %
a6 “tats %
i .
‘ ** 8s Le © . TEA
ate © e Qi fh
« ‘ if Lae
if , ¥ 3 ‘aft
‘ Pu | i
’
th
ie ay the
4 . ’ Ig ! ’ ’
7.9 7 | y Ade. A
' f PUA Reon e. Alea: coe.
i eee, Pe Rs gPAS ? GAL
1 pew ¥ ae f, : es gt .
ny P ; ms ,
Paden yd ry
’ | A . J , 1g
he : 9 au H
’ 6 yee. mega | ' ' ‘
; hae ae Wine |
i ¥ :
y oe" s 4s :
: 4 P ¥ «4 ‘
‘ 1 9
“TI i} ‘ . y
‘ ‘ ,
i | a § ‘ ;
\ vita ] ty oN,
>
' a) '
Py yy my a te r’,
‘ea j a ‘
. | ; A
he | i
fae
Leopold Epstein
Bibl. Nr. 2% si
ye d) ee
Mee a ct ae
ax ie pt av @ (Po. of |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
TT .ibd te
| Jel? RH
thee iy Se ES |
LIBRARY
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUS
IN THE
Museum of Comparative. Fowlathe:.
| Gift of:
, Richard ‘W. Foster
i
7 2
ed
7h ’ yo j te P
- | > y =
t * aa wd y os
Gis deer “
; re = ‘on
“ 1 - d > eatin
Ps é oS a 5 {5)~-
tbl
act?
Bint:
os
9 Vika
-
f
¥
FAO.
;
age
[7
A
tig See p13
5
A
ate
p
“1:
\
:
*
~ ¥
\
7
fi
bach
eo)
*
Bis
ai Be
J -34
20d AW OBS
wie
fr
16
}
e
:
ee ee ee
.
A
.
¥
€)
i>?)
i k ' 9 , ’ Ne . r D en ‘ “y ay NS
j am : = | bs s
} : 4 » S ! Gy. fay) a
‘ a 9 Me ES te x Pa ares ~~ : >
me ier ks ae ‘
+ “
Si ote bs m
i “ eee «oS trey:
~ : « ao - > pee es —
- < i a ~ “ Oe) te ~. =
. —" ‘ ae 8 SE > Ye oe I eat Seng Sh ee a
a Vale r :
wrt EM EN P45
| OF oo
CONCHOLOGY:
oO R,
AN ee N TT R- GD B.C FN
TO
The KNowLepGe of SHELLS.
By EMANUEL MENDES DA COSTA,
Member of the Academia Czfar, Imper. Nat. Curiof. Plinius 1V,
And of the Boranic Society of Frorence.
WITH SEVEN PLATES,
Containing Figures of every Genus of Shells.
Concharum genera, in quibus mira ludentis nature varietas, tot
eolorum differentiz, tot figure. ©
Pinu Hist, Natur. LIB. Ix. CAP. XxxIIf.
LONDON,
Printed for BENJAMIN W Hp E;
at Horace’s Head, in Fleet-Street.
MDCCLXXVI.
amy” oN
a a
SE coe .
Si We Pe bee .
eae to Pre ed oH x ia age : nt
fe be tag “it , Be
RR Sey Buck we dee
S Inever profefled myfelf a Concho-
logift, I think it incumbent on me
to give fotne account of the caufe for at=
tempting the elements of the ftudy.
The bent of my refearchés is the foil
kingdom. In purfuing that fcietice, the patt
of it emphatically called the extraneous foffils,
‘as fubftances not the real productions of
the earth, but inconteftably the exuvie
or remains of animals and vegetables, L-
found fhould be methodized only by the
fyftems of Zoology and Botany.
The moft numerous remains of animals
found foffil, are of the Teftaceous order.
They are not only very frequent, but
generally near entire or perfef&t: whereas
the foffil remains of other animals, as alfo
vegetables, are moftly found in detached
parts or fragments.
ee a % I was
J
© fay
iv PREFACE.
I was therefore induced to dedicate an
attention to the ftudy of this particular
branch : of Zoology; which produced a
work, at firft formed into’ a Gourfe of
public le&tures on Conchology: but, not
meeting with the defired encouragement,
I have now modelled it into the prefent
treatife. |
In regard to the merit of it, inthe devia
tions from other fyftems, I entirely fubmit
tothe candid judgement of the learned in
this branch of natural hiftory, either to
confirm or reje&t. :
One fubjeét however I thall infift upon ;
that is, to explode the Linnzan obfeenity in
his characters of the Bivalves; not only for
their licentiouf{nefs, but alfo that they are
in no ways the parts exprefled. Science
fhould be chafte anddelicate. Ribaldry at
times has been paffed for wit; but Linneus
alone pafles it for terms of fcience. His
merit in this part-of natural hiftory is, in
my opinion, much debafed thereby ; and I
ean
Ps Rp gj ArG: Ey ¥
can compare thefe his terms only to Spin-
trie *, ina valuable colleCtiorof Roman
coins.
I therefore with due fubmiffion recom
mend to that otherways great naturalift,
to change them, and expunge, this re=
proachable: obfeenity + from his works.
In the printing off the fheets, fome very
effential errors have inadvertently efcaped
me. Thefe errors, as eflential ones, and
relative to my method, I beg leave to note
here, rather than in a common table of
errata; that they may appear more con-
{picuous, or open to the corre&tion of the
candid reader: however, I muft obferve
that they remain only in the text, as the
Tabulz Synoptice are right.
* Very obfcene coins ftruck by the Emperor Tibe-
tius in his retreat with his favourite Sejanus to the
land of Caprea ; not reearded by ee on ac-
count of their obfcenity. “
¢ One inftance will more than fuffice, and let it be
his Venus Dione, Syft. Nat. XII. p. 1128, N° 1123 2
defcription, fit only for the perufalof a profligate Aretin,
er Rochefter,
Page
vi PREFACE,
. Page 154, third paragraph, r+. This
fecond part, which is the fifth family,
contains fix Genera, one Genus whereof,
viz. the Orthoceratites; 1s of a finiple
figure; four Genera, as the Lituite or —
Croziers, Turbines Polythalami, Ammonia
and Ammonoidz,. are all turbinated;
and the other Genus, or Nautilus, is re-
volved.
P. 173, third paragraph, r. This third
part, which is the fixth family, contains
three Genera; to wit, 1. Nuces feu Bulla,
the Pewits eggs or Dippers; 2.Semiporcel-
lane; and, 3. Cyprez five Poreellane, the
Cowries.
The firft Genus is the Nuces feu Bulla,
&c.
P. 174, 1]. 2,12, and 74, and p. 175, laft
line, for family and families, 7. Genus and
Genera. |
P. 176, 1.1, 7, and 14, for families and
family, r. Genera and Genus.
7
P. 1773
PR EF ACE. vi,
PR. r7g7ede 1s family, r. Genus; and 1, 6,
for eighth family, r. third Genus,
P.178, 1.1, and 4, family, read Genus, |
P. 182, |. 2, ninth family, r. feventh
family,
P. 187, 1.1, tenth family, r. eighth fa-
amily.
'P. 189, 1. 3, eleventh family, 7. ninth
family. |
P. 191, 1..10, twelfth family, r. tenth
family,
P. 193, 1. 19, thirtecenth family, r. ele-
venth family.
_ P.195, 1. 19, fourteenth family, r.
twelfth family.
P. 197, 1. 6, fifteenth family, +, thir-
teenth family.
rag 198, 1, 12, fixteenth family, r, four-
teenth family.
P. 207, 1.11, feventeenth family, r. fif-
' teenth family.
All which errors the reader will: per-
ceive originate from the Bara one,
F735
Another
viii PRE FMC E.
' Another very capital error, which is ty-
pographical, occurs, p. 128, 1.8, viz. “thefe
animals are abfolutely loofe from their.
fhells;” whereas it fhould be, « thefe ani-
mals are not abfolutely loofe from their
fhells.” |
jeedae, in the lit of Univalves, after
Aures Marine, add Vermiculi and Dentalia;
and ‘after Cochlez, dele Turbines. °
I repeat hy fubmiffion ‘to the candid
judgement of the learned; and fhall con-
clude my preface with the motto ufed by
the celebrated Dr. Lifter, in fome of his
ornamental plates to the firft edition of hig
Hiftoria Conchyliorum: |
~ Joculare tibi videtur ;
et fané bené:
dum nihil habemus majus,
Calamo ludimus.
EMANUEL MENDES DA CosTA,
London, 4th September, 1776.
pean =
EXE YM
CONTENTS.
SECTION I.
F the Study of Conchology. The
definition of Teftacea and Cruftacea.
Of the Fifh inhabiting Shells; and whe-
ther the Syftem fhould be formed from
the Fifth, or from the Shells, &c. Pager
Sei ot EO Woah
An account of the Writers on Shells, p. 24
SEC: TE OLN Tm
Of the Ufes of Shells; and Inftructions
for collecting, cleaning, and preferving
them, Regs =) ) BS,
Clafification of the Revolved Univalves,
P- 173
9S APRS NOR
Claffification of the Turbinated or Spiral
Univalves, - - - = = = p. 180
$B.C.T.1,.0,N XL.
Of Bivalves, and their charaéters, and
parts, with the Syftems of Authors,
ps 23a
eh Al 7 2 ON 2.
Claffification of Bivalves, - - p. 244
SEC TL ON: SOE
Claffification of the Bivalves that never
thut clofe, or the Conche Hiantes, p.274
b 2 SECTION
w €@tn fT Be eS &
SECTION XIV.
Of Multivalves and their arrangement,
p. 278
Explanations of Plates, - - - p. 281
Tabule Synoptice Teftaceorum ; or,
{chemes of Shells, p- 297 & 298
Index, 2 ~ “ - 209
CON-
®.O-N .C HH: On bs: 0: Gx,
Se OT Orn ok
HE ftudy of Shells, or teftaceous
animals, is a branch of Natural
Hiftory, though not greatly ufeful in
human ceconomy, yet perhaps, by the
infinite beauties of the fubjects it treats
of, is adapted to recreate the fenfes, and
infenfibly to lead the amazed admirer into
the contemplation of the glory of the
Divinity, in their creation.
Shells feem to form a part of the
Creation, not fo immediate to the ufe of
B mankind ;
,' CONCH Gap: ¥.
mankind; they rather appear to be a link
of that wife and provident chain of na-
ture, by which each part is conneéted
with the whole, and the feeming voids
or breaks between the ranks of animals
is with infinite wifdom filled up.
This peculiar branch of the Hiftory of
Nature, I fhall call Conchology*. It
“comprehends the ftudy of all animals
that are teftaceous, or have fhell co-
verings; not only thofe of the Sea, but.
alfo thofe of the Rivers and Land.
The definition of a Shell I make as
follows. A kind of ftone-like calcareous
covering or habitation, in which the
whole animal, otherwife quite naked or
flefhy, (for each part or limb is not par-
ticularly covered with this ftoney cruft,) _
‘lives included as ina houfe: whereas. the
cruf{taceous animals, as lobfters, crabs, &c.
(whofe cruft can bear no other definition
* Many authors call it Canchyliology.. -
9
2 than
SE CEL O-nN: : 1, 3
than this given for Shells,) are not naked,
but have every particular limb or part
feparately covered with the cruit, which
confequently is formed into many joints,
infomuch that the whole animal feems
as it were loricated, or in a coat of mail®,
All Petaceous animals are formed of
two diftiné parts: the one, which is the
animal, is foft or flefhy ; the other, which
is the Shell or habitation, is hard, of a
ftoney confiftence, and covers the animal ;
to which it is connected or attached by
mufcles,
All Shell animals are exanguious, that
is, have no blood fimilar to that of qua-
’ Some Authors have flrove to give definitions of
a Teftaceous and a Cruftaceous animal, but in vain,
or without any fixed or folid charafters. See Klein,
Nat. Difp. Echinodermatum, Sect. 1. Shells and
crufts of fifh have the fame nature and qualities, and
therefore, I think, no other definition can be made,
B2 drupeds,
£¢ Gonc'hH OFOCy
drupeds, birds, fifhes, or reptiles ; and
therefore properly appertain to the fifth
clafs of animals, or infects. They are alfo
deftitute of any bones; thofe fulcra or
props to the mufcles of the animal ftruc-
‘ture, being exterior in thefe creatures, in
their Shells; and not interior, as all
‘bones of other animals are placed. How-
eyer, they are endowed with the principal
“parts, as the mouth, lungs, heart, &c.
befides other parts fuitable to their na-.
ture of life. The full defcriptions of
the animals themfelves, or any anatomical
difquifitions, are not the fcope of my
prefent work. It is rather too abftrufe
and unentertaining: but for thofe curious
particulars I fhall refer my readers to the
‘principal authors who have inveftigated
them {cientifically ; efpecially Lifter ‘,
; Adanfon
‘
¢ The Oyfter, common Land Snail, &c. in his
Hiftoria Conchyliorum—Exercitatio Anatomica, in
qua de Cochleis maxime terreftribus et Limacibus
vagitur. Lond. 1694, 8vo. Exerc. Anat. altera, in
qua maxime agitur de Buccinis Fluviatilibus et
Marinis.
Sabet weed O NL 5
Adanfon in his Hiftory of the Senegal
Shells; and Argenville, in his Zodmor-
phofe, added to the fecond edition of his
Conchyliologie.
Befides the above, we meet with many’
defcriptions of Shell fifth difperfed in the
works of the curious ; fuch as Columna’s’
account of the Purpura‘; Rumphius, of
the animals of the chambered and paper
Nautili; Reaumur of Solenes* and Pho-
lades; Sellius of the Teredo or Ship-
worm; and feveral others®; and laftly,
| the
Marinis. Lond. 1695, 8vo. et Exerc. Anat. tertia,
Conchyliorum Bivalvium utriufque Aque. Lond.
1692, 4to. all with figures.
4 Fabii Columne Lyncei Purpura, feu de Pur-
pura ab animali teftaceo fufa, aliifque rarioribus
teftaceis quibufdam. Rome, 1616, cum fig. Ato.
® In the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of
Sciences at Paris.
£ Godofredi Sellii Hiftoria Naturalis Teredinis feu
Xylophagi Marini. Trajeéti ad Rhenum, 1733, 4° .fig.
& Joh. Jacobi Harderi M. D. Bafil. &c. Examen
Anatomicum Cochlez terreftris domiporte, Bafil.1679,
42°. fig. | :
B 3 | Ant,
6 conevoL oc ¥.
the juftly celebrated Linnzeus, who places
at the head of the definition of each genus
of Shell the genus of animal, which, ac-
cording to his fyftem, inhabits them:
however, all thefe defcriptions of the ani-
mals have never yet been collected to-
eether, and methodically digefted.
This naturally leads me to the difcuf-
fion of a fubject of great debate among
Naturalifts, which is, whether the metho-
dical fyftem or arrangement of teftaceous
Animals fhould be formed from the Ani-
mals themfelyes, or from their habitations
or Shells. The former method feems
moft {cientifical ; but the latter, from the
Shells, is univerfally followed, for many
reafons.
Ant. de Heyde M.D, A:ft. Anatome Mytuli.
Amftelod. 1684, 12™°. fig.
Rouffet, Observations fity les Vers de Mer qui per-
gent les Vaiffeaux, &c. La Haye, 1733, 8v0. fig.
Swammerdam, Biblia Nature, Leydz, folio. 2 vols.
hg.
The
SCT OW oT. -
The vaft number of {pecies hitherto
difcovered, and the numerous collections
made, exhibit only the fhells or habita-
tions, the Animals themfelves being {carce-
ly known or defcribed. Of the fhells
we daily difcover, few are fifhed up living;
the greater number are found on fhores,
dead and empty. Accurate defcriptions
of Animals, whofe parts are not eafily
feen or obvious, and anatomical refearches,
are not in the capacity of every one to
make; nor are the particular parts and,
their refpective functions fo eafily cog-
nizable to any, but expert, affiduous, and
philofophical enquirers. How is it -pof-
fible then to arrange a numerous fet of
Animals by characters or parts, we can
with difficulty, if ever, get acquainted
with, in the far greater number of the
{pecies we colleét or difcover?
‘The indefatigable and accurate Fabius
Columna was furprized at the omiffion ;
he even complains of it. It is aftonifhing,
B 4 fays
$ , CONCH Oey,
fays he, that of all the writers on this —
fubje&t, not one has confidered the Ani-
mals that inhabit the ¢hells, or given
figures.of them, He owns, however, that
many are feldom feen by us, and that
the refearches on their manner of life
are extremely difficult. The great dif-
ficulty of thefe refearches -fhould have
been his anfwer: and it muft always re-
main fo; for of the great number of fpe-
cies difcovered fince his time, (an era
in which natural hiftory has flourifhed
more than at any other period) we {carcely
know the inhabitant Animals of fome
{cores; and even thofe are very few of
diftant regions, but chiefly of the coafts
of Europe, countries in which affiduous
and expert naturalifts have refided.,
The moft eafy and obvious characters
are certainly the beft on which to found
all fyftems of natural hiftory. I have
treated this point fully in my lectures on
foffils. Scientifical refearches in regard
to
Se LON - I tg
to the arrangement of Animals are to be
held in the fame light, as chemical ones
in regard to foflils: they are the extreme
difquifitions to afcertain the fpecies, when
the more obvious and eafy characters are
vague or wanting.
Thus all ranks of animals are arranged
into fyftems by obvious and external, not by
fcientifical charaéters; even the animals of
bulk, and that are our conf{tant companions.
Quadrupeds are methodized by their teeth,
horns, hoofs, and hides or coverings ;
birds, by their plumage, beaks, and claws;
reptiles and infects, by like particulars ;
the very fifhes, though of a different ele-
ment, undergo arrangements by their fins;
and the vegetables are diftinguithed by
their flowers and fruits. All thefe arrange-
ments are on the principles of external and
obvious characters. Why then is it re-
quired to arrange by {cientifical or difficult
charaéters a fett of animals who chiefly
live in the depths of the fea, have hardly
a pra-
%:' C OWN @ EO tk Gy.
a prdgreffive motion, and are for the greater
part difficultly, if ever, in our reach?°I
répeat, why fhould naturalifts demand of
fuch animals only, a fyftem, or arrange=
ment, the moft difficult to attain? while
all the other orders of animals, whofe ar-
rangements by fuch methods are more
éafily attainable, aré methodized only, and.
with univerfal confent, by the obvious
characters, of teeth, plumage, and fins:
characters that cannot be held in any other
light, than as analogous to the external
characters, or the Shells of teftaceous
animals? |
Tam well aware of the arguments al-
ledged againft it, v/z. that, as long as we
ftudy only the very Shells, thofe empty
habitations, thofe fpoils or remains only
of the animals, the prefent fole objects of
our refearches and colle€tions, we confider
thefe beings but partially, or with a fide
view. There is more to be required. The
animals that inhabit them fhould certainly
ouid
guide
Se te a Aes IN? 1 Ir
guide us in our methodical arrangements ;
they alone are the principal parts, the very
fabricators of the habitations, and give
them their forms, bulk, hardnefs, colours,
and all the other particulars of elegance,
we admire. If we were to examine at-
tentively thefe new or almoft unknown
beings, we fhall difcover, in their a€tions
and ways of life, an infinity of admirable
curious and interefting particulars, capable
of exciting the attention of the mofit in-
quifitive and expert naturalifts. We fhall
alfo difcover, in their ftru€ture, a number
of parts as remarkable for their forms as
for their functions: this part of the ftudy,
therefore, fhould be ferioufly contem-
plated; and not the fuperficial pa or the
Shells only.
Neither is this fuperficial arrangement,
or by the Shells, exempt from many and
great difficulties; for Shells, in their dif-
ferent ftages of growth, are of very dif-
ferent colours and forms. It is therefore
indif-
2m CONCHD LOGY.
indifpenfably neceflary to define and know
_ the animal itfelf, to fix the fpecies. ‘This
objection, however, I do not confider as a
folid one; fince the naturalift muft know,
that different colours and forms or appear-
ances, in the different flages of growth,
run equally with teftaceous animals,
through all the orders of nature. Thus
for example: the horned quadrupeds have
their horns only at ftated growths; the
birds, a {tated colouring of plumage. fome
‘infects, yet more remarkable, crawl one
part of their lives on the terreftial, or cut
the watery, before they {port in the airy,
element. ‘Thefe are far greater changes
than any we know of teftaceous animals:
and therefore the abfolute neceflity to feru-
- tinize or define the creature by the differ-
ent {tages of its growth, can never, I
think, be demanded for them, more than
for any other order of animals,
I fhall elucidate this point by the follow-
ing account: Mr, Adanfon, in his Natural
Hultory
SPOR ION TS" yy
Hiftory of Senegal, 4.27, an accurate Au-
thor, who would methodize teftaceous
animals by the Fifh and not the Shells,
defcribes the Libot or Black Limpet found
on that coaft. In his defcription, he fays,
that fuch a vaft variety of differences is to
be obferved in this fpecies, that it is diffi-
cult to meet with two Shells alike; and
any perfon would be led to conclude that
they were abfolutely diftin& fpecies, did
not the fifh, or animal, prove the con-
trary, by being the fame in all. The
Shells differed in colour and form; fome
were white, others grey, afhen, or
black; very flat, or very raifed, or copped,
the number of furrows unequal, from
twenty-five to fifty, and are at times fet
with fmall prickles. The jaggings or
toothings of the contour alfo differed
widely; fome being f{mall, or meéerly
notches, while others were fo flafht, or
deep, that they gave the whole Shell the
form of a ftar with five or feven rays.
After
42 CONGHOLOG Y.
After having made my obfervations,
continues Mr. Adanfon, on great quan-
tities of this fpecies, I find that all thefe
Varieties proceed not only from their dif;
ferent ages, but alfo from the difference
of places they are found in: however, in
all the Shells, whether young or old, |
found a conftant or fixed character in the
eye, or beak, which is always pretty ob-
tufe, and fituate at about two thirds of the
length of the Shell.
I fhall obferve, in anfwer to the above,
that the different ages of Shells certainly
make them wear different appearances, in
colour, fhape, work, Gc.; and I am con-
vinced, that fome are even fo greatly
changed from one age to another, that
they appear abfolutely different fpecies.
The want of opportunities to trace the dif-
ferent progreflions, growth, or changes
thefe animals of the deep undergo, is a de-
fideratum which human powers can never
attain; and confequently, we muft always
be
SE CGCZLO.N I. 15
be open to fome confufion and error in this
branch of natura! knowledge.
Mr. Adanfon obferves, with great pre-
cifion, that the ditference of the Shells of
this kind was fo extremely great, that he
fhould not have hefitated to pronounce
them diftinct fpecies, had he not found
the fame animal in them all. Indeed a
‘{crutiny into the different Shells he quotes
to be of this one fame kind is amazing,
for hardly one of them agrees with the
others: for, befides this Lidot or Black
Limpet*, he alfo joins with it the Thorny
Limpeti, the Beauty*, and the Afrolepas
_ Limpets!, all as of the very fame fpecies;
which Shells have not the leaft refem-
blance to each other,
h Patella nigra, Anonymous New. Conchology,
P}. 1. fig. 8. p. 5. N°8.
i Patella echinata, Id. Pl. 3. fig. 12. p. 18. N° 13.
*. Patella pulchra, Id. Pl. 2. fig. 8. p. 22. Ne.
1 Aftrolepas, Id. Pl. 3. fig. 2. p. 14, N? 2.
Obfer
‘£6 CONCHOLOGY.
Obfervations ‘made by refpeétable and
learned naturalifts deferve particular at-
tention. I therefore allow with Mr. Adan-
fon, that the fame fort of fith being found
in all the above Shells is a very pre-
fumptive proof of their being of one
fame fpecies, though I cannot allow it
to be a pofitive or decifive one. I will
allow him, that the whole external ap-
pearance of the fifh and the particular
parts were nearly the fame; yet I think
even that is not a pofitive proof. For I
imagine, the very fame kind of animal
inhabits different covers or Shells. As
for example, the Snails may be the fame
kind of fifth, and form the genus, yet
vary fo much in their habitations or Shells,
as to form different fpecies of that fame
genus, from only the differences of the
Shells or coverings: for the Shell, or
covering, may be held for as great a @ha-
racter of the fpecies, as the very fith.
% Thus the Volutes called Admirals, Bro-
cades, Purple Tips or Onyxes, Tigers, &c.
though
eh crTrron Te, 17
though fuch different Shells may be in-
habited by the fame kind of fith, to wit,
a Limax or Snail. And therefore, though
the Limax or Fifh is of the very fame
kind, and forms or fixes the genus, yet
the Shells, always conftant, will fix or
define the fpecies of that fame genus.
An analogy to this bears ftrong through
all the Animal kingdom ; for fpecies of
Quadrupeds are diftinguithed and defined.
in their genera, from the different colours
of their hides; Birds by their various
plumage; and Infects by their different
colourings. ‘Therefore, why fhould not
Shells, which wear fuch {trong characters,
by the fame parity of reafon, form fpecies
of the fame genus? or, in other words,
why fhould not the fame fifth, or genus,
yield many different fpecies, according to
the feveral charaéteriftical differences of
its Shells or habitations?
I have allowed that Shells in their ‘dif-
ferent growths vary exceedingly, even
| C fo
8: CONIC Hrepigoe ¥v.
fo much in fome, as to appear different
fpecies, All orders of Animals vary in
like manner in their different fexes, as
well as in their different ftages of life.
Thus for example, the Tadpole feems a
different {pecies from the Frog; the Cater-
pillar from the Butterfly ; the Flamingo
bird when young is quite white, but when
-of a certain age of a beautiful fcarlet;
the cornigerous quadrupeds that fhed their
horns alfo run through feveral ftages,
before their horns are complete. Thefe
changes we are acquainted with, becaufe
they are always obvious to us, and are
wrought on animals that are our com-
_ panions, and breathe in the fame ele-
“ment. It is otherwife with the animals
of the deep, the knowledge of which
we acquire only by accident; and it is
even impoflible for us to follow them
in their various growths and changes,
by the moft affiduous obfervations.
I there-
SECTION I 1g
I therefore hold, that the arrangement
of ‘Teftaceous animals fhould be made
only from their Shells, as the moft ob-
vious and ftrong characters, and not from
the fifh: for the efpecial colours and
forms of the Shells do not the lefs sive
a diftribution or order, and proper cha-
-racters to go by, than does the mecha-
nifm of the very fith themfelves. How-
ever, I do not by this deny all affift.
ance from the fifhes to aid the fyftem;
the knowledge of them will undoubt-
edly be of help, but then they are
meer fecondary and not primary charac
ters. I do not adhere to this opinion,
from the fole difficulty of human powers
ever attaining compleat obfervations on
thefe animals of the’ deep, but alfo for
the ele: reafons.
Though Shells are of fuch different
appearances in their different growths,
I will venture to eftablifh an axiom as
inconteftable ; by which the accurate and
Cre judicious
20 -C ONC H OPOGy.
judicious Naturalift fhall always be ca-
pable of diftinguifhing the fpecies by the
Shells alone, though he has many of the
fame kind, of very different appearances,
before him: for every f{pecies has one ~
or more particular {pecific character, either
in work, colour, or fubftance, &c. which
it retains through all its various ftages
and forms, and therefore is always to be
diflinguifhed and known <& it.
Mr. Adanfon drew a conclufion of the
different Shells he propofes for the {pecies
of the Black Limpet, from the fituation
of its eye or beak being at two thirds ~
of the length of the Shell. This fitu-
ation of the eyé, he, for want of accu-
racy, thought to be a particular character
of the Black Limpet: but he overlooked,
or did not know, that the eyes or beaks
of many other fpecies of Limpets.are
placed in ike manner, or at two-thirds of
the length of the Shell. He therefore erred
as much in making that particular the
criterion»
Sno TON 21
criterion of the Shell, as in making the
fith only, the criterion of the whole ani-
mal, or fifh and fhell. ;
But to produce fome inftances of what
I advance, the Goat’s Eye Limpet! wears
perhaps as many different appearances as
any {pecies of Shell, and even often greatly
refembles others; but look only on its
ridges, the character of which is to be
three-edged like a triple-edged {pear or
{word, and it is immediately recog nized
through its different appearances.
The Garnet Limpet ™ has in like
manner many different appearances; ne-
verthelefs its elegant garnet-like femi-
tranfparent eye or top always charaéte-
rifes it through all its colours and forms.
1 Anonymous New Conchology, Plate 2. fig. #.
m Id. Carbunculi oculus, Pl. 2. fig. 4. p. 10.
N° 4.
a ‘}
2 CONCH ODOC Y.
The {mall Blue-rayed Limpet" of our
coafts is, when young, thin, horny, and
very conical; when old, thick, fattith,
and miffhapen; yet its few blue ftreaks
always characterife it,
The Bloody-tooth Nerit is known
through all appearances, by the bloods
like fpots on its teeth,
Each volute has fome particular ftreak,
band, fpot, or colour, which it preferves
through all its ftages,
Even the Rocks or Murices, the
Spiders, and the Winged Shells, whole
appearances in their feveral growths,
above all other Shells, are fo extremely
different, that when young they have
narrow, fharp, thin, fmooth and even
lips, and the opening is pretty clear or
free; when old, this lip is greatly ex-
* Id. Patella integra exigua, levis, cornea, coeruleis
lineis infignita. Plate 4, fig. 4. p, 20. N®4.
tended
SECTION I. 23
tended, very thick, pronged or fet with
large fpikes, and almoft clofes their mouth
or opening. Yet even all thefe Shells,
either in the turban, body, tip, work,
or colour, have conftant and fixed cha-
racters, which diftinguifh them through-
out all thefe extremely different appear-
ances.
It is needlefs to enumerate anh in-
ftances; they will occur in the feveral
claffes, as we proceed. I .will therefore
clofe this fubje& with the following
reafoning ; vix. Granted that the various
growths or ftages of the inhabitant ani-
mals change the forms and colours of
the Shells fo very greatly; it evidently
enfues, that the animals themfelves mutt
undergo as material changes in their
forms. It cannot be otherwife; for the
shell muft always anfwer to the animal,
and its ways of life; therefore, if great
ia s happen to the animal as well
the Shell, we remain in equal un--
4 certainty
24 CONCHOLOGY.
certainty as to an arrangement by the
fith, as by the fhells: but as the Shells
have the moft obvious and eligible
characters, and are more eafily attainable,
the methodical arrangement from them
is certainly to be preferred.
The term of Conchology, applied to this
branch of Natural Hiftory by all authors,
is quite applicable to its arrangement by
the Shells, and not by the fifh.
ME OM OR si: OA © lok, OM 4
I fhall now proceed on another general
part of the fubje& 3 that 1s, to give fome
account of the works, written folely or
profeffedly on Shells, in order to enable
celle&ors to make a proper choice of
authors. |
Buonanni, Ricreazione dell’ Occhio, e
della Mente, nell’ Offervazione delle —
Chiocciole, printed in Italian, in 4to, at
Rome, in i681, is the firft profefled work
on
SEOTTON ©. ag
on. the fubject. It was afterwards tranf-
lated into Latin by the Author, and was
republifhed with additions, alfo in 4to,
and at Rome in 1684, but this Latin
edition israre.
Buonanni’s work gives us a feries of
- figures of the feyeral fpecies of Shells,
to the number of 450 in the Italian edi-
tion, and of 550 in the Latin edition;
they are moft of them tolerably well
engraved, but faulty in that the Shells are
reverted by the inaccuracy of the engraver.
He accompanies each with its particular
defcription ; but the defcriptions are not
good, being too concife and uninftructive;
he betides gives feveral philofophical chaps
ters on the origin, nature, forms, co-
lours, properties, and other curious par-
ticulars of Teftaceous animals. |
The next is Lifteri Hiftoria Conchy-
liorum, publifhed in folio, at different
times, from 1685 to 1692. It is an exe
| cellent
3
276 CONGHOLOGYY.
cellent work, and I do not hefitate to .
pronounce it the very beft, though the
fecond on the fubjedt, that ever was
printed.
This work, which confifts entirely of
engravings, has the following faults, that
render the copies more or lefs perfect.
Firft, no two copies are found to be ex-
adtly alike, it is fubje& to fo many va-
riatios. The plates about 1067 (in the
moft perfect copies) are augmented or
diminifhed, mifplaced, or corrected, at
different times, according to the fancy
or fubfequent difcoveries made by the
author; it is therefore very difficult to
quote the work in fuch a manner as to
be quite anfwerable to other copies. The
engravings are very elegant and accurate,
and were done by his two_ daughters,
Sufanna and Anne. In regard to de-
fcriptions there are none, but what the
fynonyms infer, which are generally very
‘good. The native countries of a few
; are
SECTION IL ay
are alfo added, but the greater part are mere
engravings without any name: and though
the many divifions of the hiftory into
books, parts, fections, and chapters, feem
very puzzling and confufed, yet an ac-
curate obferver will find, that they are
proper and neceflary to the methodical
arrangement, and the minute and nice
difpofition of Shells Dr. Lifter propofed.
This difference in the feveral copies
has induced a French author, Mr. Davila,
in his Cabinet, vol. ii. p, 231, to give a
collation of his copy with that in the
king of France’s library, from M. de Bure,
who in the fecond volume of his Biblio-
graphie Inftructive, has alfo many per-
tinent obfervations of the different times
of taking off the plates: by the account
M. de Bure gives, it appears that the
French king’s copy is a very perfect one,
and was prefented to that Royal Library
by Dr, Lifter himfelf,
I have
& CONC HOT OGY.
I have alfo collated fome copies of this
work, and found them all to difigree:
the moft perfect copy in London is faid
to be in the library of the College of
Phyficians.
Some foreign Naturalifts have been
pleated to call Lifter’s Hiftory a dry and
fterile work, alluding to its having no
defcriptions, but only fynonyms, though
in-all other refpe&s they extol it greatly.
But Mr. d’Argenville has carried his
cenfures on it beyond prudence or fenfe:
therefore it behoves me to take fome par-
ticular notice of that author.
For example, he infinuates, that of the
frtt book of terreftrial Shells, three parts
af them are known to be marine ones.
Later difcoveries, without any accufation
of Lifter, may have illuftrated this point
fince his time, were it really fo; but, on
the contrary, it appears to me an erro-
neous aflertion.
His
SRC ya ON Yi. 29
His next criticifm fhews him divefted
of common grammatical knowledge: his
words are, the third book of Lifter is
of Bivalves; he mixes the families with
the Murex or Rock, and calls fome
Peéten Muricatus, Spondylus Muricatus,
&c. Argenville certainly might have
{pared the prefs from groaning under fuch
trivialities, had he known common ex-
prefhon: for the word muricatus has no
dependence on murex at all; it is an ‘ad¢
jective, of itfelf grammatically fignifying
any fubject rugged, or full of fharp points.
Yet this poor critick would ftrive te
prove, that Lifter, by his Pe&ten or Spon-
dylus Muricatus, joins, as he expreffes ~~
himfelf, two different families of Shells
together, and means a Rock Turbinite
Efcallop, or Rock Turbinite Spondyle:
whereas he means no more than a-Muri-
cated or Thorny Eicallop or Spondyle,
without any relation or tendency to: the
Mutices or Rock Turbens. He alfo cri-
_ticifes Lifter’s adjetives of wargaritiferas
+ and
jo CONCHOLOGY.
and echinatus, in a like ignorant manner ¢
for the former term fignifies only a pearly-
coated Shell, or, as the French even now
anfwerably exprefs it, une Coquille Nacre¢;
and the latter, or echinatus, only a Shell
fet with thorns or fpines, like the —
or Sea. Pees:
Another very detrimental and pres
fumptive criticifm | mutt alfo take notice
of ; a few lines further, he tells you,
that Lifter in his fourth book makes all
univalve Shells Buccina; for example,
the Limpet he calls Buccinum leve Dif-
fcoideum, or flat Buccinum, the Sea Ear |
Buccinum perforatum or perforated Buc-
cinum. It is a falfe aflertion, grounded
on his ignorance of language: Lifter
indeed intitles his fourth book de Buc-
cinis Marinis; but there the term Buc-
cinum is ufed by metonymy or tranfpo-
fition of names, for Univalves in general ;
for the term of Univalve is of modern
date, and was never ufed by Lifter, nor
aby
SECTION I.» 31
any other author before him, or in his time.
Thus a later author, Gualtieri by a like me-
tonymy, calls his third part, which com-
prehends all the univalve turbinated Shells,
Cochlee Marine. Therefore you will
find that Lifter, in the fynonyms of each
feftion or family, never repeats the term
Buccinum again, but only the very ge-
nerical name of the refpective families,
as Patella or Limpets, Vermiculi, Nautili,
Cochlez or Snails, Cowries, Rhombi, &ce.
and ufes it only again in the very genus
of Buccina or Whelks, as the particular
name of that family: and in like manner
Gualtieri ufes the term Cochlea.
Thefe criticifms, to difparage Lifter’s
work, are clofed by an infinuation of a
yet more hurtful and envious nature, viz.
the very laft lines of his account are thus
worded: ‘* One may fay, that not any
‘¢ author has thrown fo much confufion
«« on the Hiftory of Shells as Lifter, other-
| ii? <<“ wife
32 CONCHOLOGY.
«¢ wife a good philofopher, and a great
s¢ phyfician.”
I fhould not have troubled my Readers
with fuch unentertaining criticifms, had
not Argenville’s Conchology been a work
fo greatly in vogue among the Colleétors,
and fo univerfal, as it is wrote in French,
the fafbionable language. Impreffions there-
fore to the difadvantage of Lifter, had
not thefe erroneous infinuations been
hinted at, mnft confequently have taken_
place in the minds of the curious in this
branch of Natural Hiftory, and have led
- them to reject a moft excellent work for
the trivialities of a writer of very inferior
merit.
I will moreover be bold enough to
affert, that Lifteri Hiftoria Conchyliorum
is a moft ufeful work, as perfect as any
ether fince publifhed, and of great cons
fequence to thofe who make the Natural
Hiftory of Shells their ftudy. ;
There
Sher voNn i fy
There was publifhed in 1770, ano-
ther’ edition of this excellent work, in |
large folio, by the Reverend William
Huddesford, of Trinity College, Oxford,
and Keeper of the Afhmolean Mufeum.
I with I could add more, than that the
public is indebted to the late learned
editor for the republication, as Lifter’s
work is become fo fearce ; but the indexes
and other additions are very trivial, and
there are alfo errors and inaccuracies in it
which do no honour to Lifter’s memory.
I do not think it unentertaining to re-
late fome circumftances relative to this
ufeful and coftly work which have oc-
curred to me on the collation of many
copies of the old editions of Lifter, and on
a collation of numbers of his proof prints
difperfed among the curious by Dr. Lifter
himfelf, before the names or numbers on
the plates were added to complete the
work : thefe proof prints, which are what
the print colleétors ftile variations, will
D lead
34 CONCHOLOGY.
lead us into fome curious particulars that.
otherwife would have been unknown.
Dr. Lifter, in 1678, publifhed his Hift.
Anim. Angliz, in which he treats of the
Englith Shells, and gives excellent figures
of them, and good defcriptions; he there-
fore defigned this work (his Hift. Con-
chyl.) only for exotic or foreign Shells,
as evidently appears from the proof head
plates of the firft book, N° 8, 25, 33, 40,
43, 63, 74, 83, 99, 108; 125, and 136,
which are entitled Cochlez, Buccina, &c.
Exotica, but the word Ewotica was erafed
when he changed his mind to make it a
general hiftory of Shells, which probably
was at the fecond book, and the erafement
of the word Ewotica is even now plainly
feen in all thofe quoted plates. —
Dr. Lifter, to complete his intended
work, carried home all the fhells fingly
to his daughters, to engrave on fingle or
detached copper plates (as 1s feen by the
work), referving their arrangement till he
had
SECT TON Nn. 35
had a fufficient number, fome not be-
ing done to his approbation, or getting
better fpecimens afterwards, he had them
re-engraved, and therefore many Shells ap-
pear twice in his work, and in fome copies
only the firft engraving, while in others
only the fecond engraving, is found; this
circumftance is alfo evident from the proof
plates or variations.
.Dr. Lifter undoubtedly publifhed the
firft.edition, in detached pieces, at different
periods from 1685 to 1692; and I imagine
a fecond edition was publifhed at one time,
which was foon after the completion of
the firft edition of 1692.
I therefore think it a miftaken -notion
that there was but one edition of this
work, for certainly there were two; but
as the title-page and heads of the chapters,
&c. are plates with the engravers (his
daughters) names, and bear the fame date,
they appear only as one and the fame
edition. 3
D2 However
36. CON CROLL O GY.
However, there’ are marks by which
thefe editions may be diftinguifhed by an
accurate critick, wiz. 1. The fecond edition,
has 75 Shells more than the firft. 2, In the
preface plate, p. 4, the third paragraph,
begins Septuaginta autem, &c. the fecond
edition has Centum autem, &c. 3. In, plate
a which fpecifies the places where they.
are found, the firft edition has only one co--
lumn of names, whereas the fecond edi-
tion has a name, viz. Fret. Magel. ina
Second column. 4. The title: and all the
head plates, as 1, 2, 3, 100, 106, 139,
140, &c. are printed; partly in black, and!
partly in red letters; whereas.in the fecond’ |
edition, only the title, plate 1, is printed:
in red and black letters, all the others
being printed only in black letters.
In regard to the differences in the
copies, it fhould be obferved, that as the
work is entirely iconical, or confifts only
of figures without any letter prefs, catch
word, alphabet, or number to the pages,
it was new and uncommon to the book-
binders :
ii GS a A 9 a ab 37
binders: they therefore committed nume-
‘yous miftakes, and I attribute thefe dif-
ferences to them and not to the work it-
felf, which circumftance thofe who re-
ject Lifter’s work have not refleéted on.
The third publication, in date of time,
‘is Rumphius’s Rarity Chamber of Am-
boina, in folio, printed firft in Dutch at
Amfterdam in 1705, another edition in
4711, and another in 1745. The little cur-
rency of the Low Dutch language, and
its having only been tranflated into Ger-
man, and printed at Vienna, in folio, in
1766, has partly flung a mift on this
work; and the figures, in general very
good and correct, have only been con-
fulted. However, Rumphius in his ac-
counts of the Shells is very accurate, and
is well worthy the perufal of the ftudent.
It is indeed furprizing to me, that this
work has never yet been tranflated into a
more current language, fince it would be
of great advantage to the knowledge of
Shells, efpecially thofe of that part of the
Fatt Indies. tae Petiver
38: CAO N- CHB O Gir.
Petiver, in his Gazophylacium, has
copied, in twenty-two plates, Rum-
phius’s figures, both Cruftacea and Tef-
‘tacea, with a meer nominal index; he |
{tiles it Aquatilium Animalium Amboine,
&c. Icones & Nomina, containing near
four hundred figures; but never mentions
Rumphius’s name in particular, or as bor-
rowed from him;
the figures are very
indifferent, the fubjects are confufedly
mixt, and the index is very trifling or unin-
{tructive, and often erroneous.
The Mufeum Kircherianum, by Buo-
nanni, in folio, in Latin, Rome 1709 3
this work is rather the defcription of the
natural and artificial rarities of the col-
le&tion of the famous and learned father
Kircher, and not profeffedly wrote on
Shells; but as the twelfth clafs, or latter
part, is intirely on Shells, with their
figures and defcriptions, to the number of
about five hundred and eighty-fix, this
book has generally been efteemed as a
Conchology, or work on Shells.
It
See Tuo Nf. 39
It is, indeed, if I may fo exprefs my-
felf, another edition of Buonanni’s for-
mer work, with additions ; and the figures
are in general good, but reverfed.
Janus Plancus de Conchis Ariminenfi-
bus minus notis, in Latin, Venice, 1739,
in 4to, with figures. Another edition in
1748, and another alfo in ato. but with
great additions, at Rome, in 1760. The
plates are extremely good, and his ac-
counts very learned. It is a natural hifto-
ry of fome teftaceous animals of Rimini,
in the Adriatic fea, more particularly of
minute recent Cornua Ammonia and Or-
thoceratitz, now firft difcovered in the fea-
fands of that place.
La Conchyliologie of Mr. d’Argen-
ville, in French, Paris, 1742, in 4to,
with thirty-three plates : and a new edi-
tion in 1757, alfo at Paris, and in 4to,
appears the next onthe litt.
D4 This
40, C QIN MiQU,aiG yY,
This author has, in the firft part of the
work, not only treated his fubject philo-
fophically, but alfo ceconomically, in ten
chapters, anda preliminary difcou:fe on
the formation of Shells, the different me-
thods of arrangement, the manner of clean-
ing them, their ufes, on foflil Shells, and
their origin, and an account of the prin;
cipal Mutea of Natural Hiftory now in
being.
The other part is the hiftory of the
Shells, ranged in their refpe&tive clafles, .
with proper tables and characters, Indexes,
and remarks to each. The plates are
twenty-nine in number, for the moft
part elegantly and correctly engraved from
the author’s own defigns. Twenty-eight
of them amount to near five hundred
feures of recent fhells; the laft, or twen-
ty-ninth plate, is of foflil Shells. The
defcriptions of the Shells which. accom-
pany the plates are generally too concife
or rather imperfect. |
This
SB: BON) Bs
This work in the whole is excellent,
though not perfe&t, as it does not com-
prehend the whole feries or fpecies of
Shells difcovered : but, as the author him-
~ felf obferves, it is only a number of the
fineft and rareft fea, river, and land Shells,
many of which have never been engrav-
ed before. The expence, fays he, would
have been too great to have engraved all
that are methodized in the work; be-
fides that the greater part are to be found
already figured in. Buonanni, Lifter,
-Rumphius, and other Corichologifts.
The fecond edition is augmented by
three elegant plates, containing thirty-
three univalves and eight bivalves, with
their defcriptions, and the Zoomorphofe
er reprefentation of the animals which in-
habit the Shells.
This curious addition, or account of
the animals, is illuftrated by nine elegant
copper-plates of them and their Shells, of
the different families, as well natives of
the Indies as of Europe, — Gual-
go © CONCHOLOG Y.
Gualtieri Index teftarum Conchylio-
rum, &c. in large folio, in Latin, Flo-
‘rence, 1742. This work contains one
hundred and ten plates of Shells, befides
feveral large tail-plates of Corals. ‘The
figures in general are extremely good and
accurate, but are oddly placed on their
tips or points, as if fpinning. ‘The read-
ing or explanation of the Shells, not Co-
rals, confilts meerly of his own fynonyms,
fometimes fomewhat defcriptive, without
any fynonyms or references to other au-
thors : fo that it 1s a meer Index, or very
fterile and imperfect. Befides the dedica-
tion to the Emperor Francis III. alfo
great Duke of Tufcany, fome account of
the work is given in feven other pages,
and a Syftem of Tournefort, never before
publifhed, and his own arrangement, in ~
fix other pages.
Jacobi Theodori Klein Tentamen Me- °
thodi Oftracologice, five Difpofitio Natura
lisCochlidum & Concharum, in fuas clafles,
genera, & fpecies, Iconibus fingulorum
generum
SECTION: th. 4s
generum én incifis iluftrata, &c. in La-
tin, at Leyden, 1753, in 4to. This work
exhibits Klein’s Syftem of Shells, with
the fynonyms of authors, and Indexes of
all Lifter’s Shells difpofed according to his
method. It has twelve plates, which are
but indifferent ; and to it are added two
diflertations, viz. on the form, growth,
and colours of Shells, and a critical one
on Pliny Hift. Nat. lib. ix. c. 33. of the
differences of Shells.
George Geve, a celebrated painter at
Hamburgh, publithed. a work cn Shells
in German and French, intitled, The
Monthly Pleafure of Shells and Sea Pro-
ductions, with illuminated plates, at Ham-
burgh, 1755, in large 4to. This work
~ only gave the Defcription of the firft five
families of Shells, and was well received
by the public, but, being pirated, was dif-
continued. It had a fy{tematical order
for a ground-work : there are only twen-
ty-four plates publithed, with 265 figures —
ef Nautili, Poft-horns, Dolphins, and other
Snails
44 CONCHOLOGY.
Snails and Nerits; but the defcriptions
reach no farther than the 175th figure,
and are comprifed in fifteen pages, co-
lumnwife.
*A Treatife on Shells and other ma-
rine bodies of Amboina, and the neigh-
bouring iflands, by Francis Valentyn, Cler-
gyman, at Amboina, Banda, &c. with fine
cuts ; as alfo Notices, ferving as a Conti=
nuation to Rumphius’s Rarity Chamber,
Amfterdam, 1754, 1n folio. ‘This work
is in Dutch. In the account of the Eaft
Indian Shells the author follows Rum-
phius chapter by chapter, makes additions
to their Indian names, their places where
found, their varieties, and the new fpecies
difcovered ; he further notices the Shells
* Verhandeling der Zee Horenkens en Zee gewaffen
ir en omtrent Amboina, en de Nabygelegene Eilan-
den Door Francois Valentyn,- in zyn leven bedianaar
des Goddelyken woords in Amboina, Banda, enz,
Met zeer Nette Prentverbeeldingen Verrykt. als
mede Het Afbeeldzel van den Schryver. Diende tot
een vervolg Van de Amboinfche Rariteitkamer befch-
reyen Door G. E, Rumphius,
of
“SBC T DON Il. 4.5
of any rare or valuable fpecies, as the
Ventletrap, Admirals, &c. in whofe col-
le€tions they are, and their original prices.
He gives like accounts of the Weft In-
dian and'European Shells; as alfo enume-
rates the collections made by the Dutch
in the Eaft Indies, from Rumphius’s g0-
ing there in 1655, and of the chief col-
lections in Holland, with lifts of the moft
capital Shells in each collection.
The whole is embellifhed with fixteen
copper-plates of Shells, well engraved, |
containing one hundred and four univalves_
and thirty bivalves. !
This is a curious but not a {cientifical
work. And in two large, or fheet plates,
wherein he has figured. fome fea: plants,,
and fome fifh, he has given a fine figure.
of a Mermaid as vulgarly. painted ;. this.
ridiculous circumftance alone has degraded
his work among the foo /:ve/y collectors.
Les
46 COBMCHOL OGY.
_ Les Delices des Yeux & de lEfprit, ou
collection generale de differentes Efpeces
de Coquillages que la Mer renferme, com=-
muniquée au Public, par George Wolff-
gang Knorr, a Nuremberg, Partie I. 1764.
Wi.1765. Wl. 1768. 1V. 1750. V. 1771. °
& VI. 1773. The five firft parts contain
each thirty plates, and the fixth part for-
ty plates, befides the letter prefs or their
defcriptions in French, the Indexes, &c.
This work treats of the Shells without.
any order or fyftem, and the figures are
for the greateft part extremely well done.
Adanfon, Hiftoire Naturelle du Senegal,
tom I. Les Coquillages, Paris, 1757, in
4to. in French, This author is a topo-
graphift, or defcriber of a particular coun-
try, viz. Senegal in Guinea. The firft
part of the book relates to his voyage and
refidence there from 1749 to 1753. In
this relation he only notices the particu-
lar cuftoms, &c. of the people, and the
occurrences which happened to him ;- and |
informs us, he defigns to treat of the na- .
tural
‘SECT BOWE. B
tural hiftory, fully, in other parts of the
work ; he therefore begins with the hif-
tory of the Teftaceous animals of Senegal,
which makes the fecond part of this vo-
lume, and is the only one, to my know-
ledge, he has yet publithed,
This Natural Hiftory of teftaceous ani-
mals is illuftrated with nineteen copper-
plates, not only of the Shells, but even of
the fith of each family, to the number, as
he tells us, of one hundred and eighty-five
fpecies, and above four hundred figures: |
they are moftly well engraved and correct.
Seba’s Mufeum, intitled, Thefauri Re-
rum Naturalium locupletiffimi Alb. Se-
be accurata Defcriptio, cum Iconibus,
&c. printed at Amfterdam in 1758, in
large folio, in Latin and French. This is
the third volume of the defcription of the
fine colle&tion of Natural Hiftory of Al-
bert Seba, an apothecary, at Amfterdam ;
which noble collection has fuffered the
fate of moft others, and is now difperfed.
This
48 CONCHOLOGY.
This third volume treats on marine fub:
jects, as fifh, cruftaceous and teftaceous
animals, and corals ; and the Shells alone
make a great part, for the whole volume
is illuftrated with one hundred and fix-
teen plates, of which from plate thirty-
five to ninety-four are all of fhells.
Seba’s'is a moft coftlyand noble work, »
but without any prejudice might have
been rendered lefs expenfive and more ufe-
ful, by numbering the Shells, which is
wanting in fome plates, and alfo by re-
trenching’ many of them, .and the repes
titions of the fame Shells to form com-
partments and Shell-works, as they were
placed in his colle&tion ; as for example,
plate 3%, 36, 37, and 85, which are
whole theets; fhewing compartments,
flower-works, and carvings on Nautili;
and the repetitions of the fame fhells
in other plates, efpecially 53, 58, 90, 92,
&¢. a prodigious expence, and of no uti-
lity whatever. The engravings in general
are correct, and'the deferiptions good.
Srp: Recueil
SRG TION-f - 46
Recueil de Coquillages, de Limacons
& de Cruftacés, peints d’apres nature,
eravés en taille douce, & illuminés de
Jeurs vrais couleurs, par Francois Michel
Regenfus, and publifhed by the order of
the king of Denmark at Copenhagen, in
1758, ona very large folio paper.
This royal work has twelve plates finely
illuminated; and the letter prefs, which is in
German and French, contains, befides the
dedication and preliminary epiftle, the Na-
tural Hiftory of Shells, in two parts. Part I.
confifts of twenty-eight pages; and part IT.
of fifty-four pages. A fecond volume of this
work has been begun, and a confiderable
progrefs is made in it; but as the ingenious
author colours every plate by his own hand,
the progrefs is confequently flow.
Martini on Shells, intitled, the New Syf-
tematical Cabinet of Shells, by Frederick
William Martini, printed at arog
1768, in 4to*,
* Neues Syftematifches Conchylien- Cabinet Geerd-
net und befchriben, Von Friedrich Heinrich Wil-
helm Martini, &c. Nurnburg,
apa This
te CONCHOROGY.
This publication is the firft number, or
part, of a Conchology, defigned to be given
at different periods, by the faid Mr. Mar-
-tini, a phyfician at Berlin; the reading is
German. ‘This firft part contains the fa-
milies of Worms, Limpets, Sea-Ears, Nau-
tili, and other chambered Shells; and has
twenty-two plates, befides head and taik
plates. of Shells and their fifth, and of Co-
rals.
‘Fhe twenty-two plates are coloured, the
head and tail pieces are only printed in red,
and are good; but many of the plate-fi-
sures are very incorrect, and the colouring
1s too glaring and unnatural. ‘This au-
thor, however, is more hiftorical and ac-
curate than any other, and his fynonyms
or references of authors are moftly very
correct, and his defcriptions good,
The fecond part, which compleats a firft
volume, was publifhed in 1769: this con-
tains from plate 23 to 31, and in all to
| 340.
§ B/G*T 1/O WN *) F or
340 figures, and their defcriptions; it ex-
hibits the families of the Bulle and
Cowries.
The third part was publifhed in 1771 :
it continues the hiftory to figure 415 and
to plate 4c, figure 481 ; and comprehends
the families of helmets, veneroide, cylin-
droidz and cylindars or olives.
- A new anonymous Conchology began
to be publifhed in this Metropolis in 1770,
in folio, illuftrated with copper-plates. It
was to be publifhed in monthly numbers,
and each number to contain two plates of
Shells, with their defcriptions in Englith
and French. It was alfo intended to be a
General Natural Hiftory of Shells, and
to include the figures of all the known
a fpecies, common as well as rare, beautiful,
or otherwife ; and fome copies were de-
figned to be accurately coloured for the
ufe of the curious. Six numbers of it
were publithed, comprehending the fami-
EB 2 hes
3 CONCHOLOGY.
lies of the Limpets, Sea-Ears, and Worms 3
~ but not meeting with fuitable encourage-
ment, the authors have laid it afide, at
leaft for the prefent.
Natural hiftories, without figures of the
objects, are at beft imperfect ; for at one
view figures imprefs the idea of the body
much ftronger than the moft finifhed or
accurate defcription. It is for that reafon,
in the above lift of authors, I have only
mentioned thofe with figures, as they of
courfe muft ftrike the mind, and aid the
knowledge of the ftudy.
However, it remains yet requifite to re-
cite fome few other writers, who, though’
they have not illuftrated their works with
proper figures, {till merit attention.
The firft of thefe is John Daniel Ma-
jor, a phyfician of Kiel, in Holftein, who
republifhed Columna’s excellent work De
Purpura,
SECTION It. 53
Purpura, with learned annotations, fo early
as 1675, at Kiel, in 4to™.
He therein gives a method or fyftem of
teftaceous animals, which he pretends
will immediately, on infpe@tion of any
one. fhell, capacitate a perfon to place it
in its proper rank, For this purpofe he
forms ten tables, which are too prolix to
{pecify here. It is proper to obferve that
his chief merit confifts in being the firft
~ who has formed a method of Shells ;
for it is more fpeculative than practical.
It is indeed only good to thew at one
view all the different forms of Shells, for
he does not properly diftinguifh their ge-
nera and {pecies. ) ‘
* Fab. Columne Opufculum de purpura, cym
Annotationibus Joh. Dan. Majoris, cui adjecit {peci-
‘men de teftaceis, ad prediétas annotationes illuftran-
dum, & infuper ad Conchylia & Teftacea reliqua in
Principum Conclavibus difponenda facile inferviendum,
cum Djittionario Oftracologico, Keil, 1675, 4to,
E 3 The
gs CONCHOLOGY.
The next in date is Langius*, a phyfi-
cian of Lucerne, in Switzerland, who, in
1722, publithed, in a thin quarto, in La-
tin, a New and Eafy Method of Shells,
difpofed in their due clafles, genera, and
fpecies, but without a fingle figure.
This author, in his title-page, which is
very prolix, gives us his reafon for not
having figures, as he refers to the icons,
and recites the fynonyms of the chief au-
thors on Conchology, and gives {ufficient
characters to his clafles and genera ; he
further notes, that his work was princi-
cipally defigned to elucidate the foffil tef-
taceous remains,
* Caroli Nicolai Langii, &c. Methodus Nova &
facilis Teftacea Marina, pleraque, que huc ufque
nobis nota funt, in fuas debitas & diftin€tas claffes,
genera, & fpecies diftribuendi, nominibufque fuis pro-
prus ftructure potifimum accommodatis nuncupandi,
von Bec, Lucerne, 1722, 4to,
\
Breynius
=
SECTION AI. $5.
, Breynius de Polythalamiis, Dantzick,
1732, in 4to. has given us, from p. 3 to
p. 5, his thoughts on Shells, and a fhort
fyftem : which {cheme he afterwards print-
ed ina loofe fheet, without date, place,
or author's name.
The fourth author is the celebrated
Linneus, who, in his feveral editions of
his Syftema Nature, has methodized the
teftaceous animals; but more fully in his
laft or twelfth edition, publifhed at Stock-
holm, in 1767, in 8vo. This learned
naturalift has given a few bad figures, in
fome of the former editions.
Mr. Davila, in his Catalogue Syftema-
tique & Raifonné des Curiofités de fon Ca-
binet, printed at Paris, in 1767, in French,
in three volumes in 8vo. This fine col-
_leGtion was fold at Paris the following
year. The firft volume only treats of
| Shells, and is illuftrated with twenty
plates of rare {pecies. Moft of the figures
are good: and this work, though a meer
Pgist E4 catalogue
5 CONCHOL OGY.
catalogue of the fale, contains many cu-
rious and interefting particulars.
~ Another 8vo catalogue of a fale, intitled,
Catalogue Syftematique des Coquillages
de Arnold Leers de Rotterdam, fold in
May, 1767, at Amfterdam. This catalogue
was wrote by Mr. Fred. Chriftian Meuf-
chen, Envoy for fome German Princes
at the Hague. It contains a fheet fyftem
of Shells, befides many obfervations dif-
perfed in the catalogue,
The laft work I fhall particularly recite
is a fmall book, printed at Paris, 1767,
intitled, Conchyliologie Nouvelle et Porta-
‘tive, in which, like as in a Di&tionary, the
Shells are recited in an alphabetical. order.
It is avery inftructive book, and worthy
the perufal of every collector.
There are fome other treatifes on Con-
- chology, which are rare, or little known ;
~as, V. A. Walenbrocei Cochlearia Curiofa,
: | Leipf. »
Se Ts OW :11. 54
Leipf. 1674, 8vo. & Jo. Ern. Hebenftreit
de Ordinibus Conchyliorum Methodica ra-
tione inftituendis, Leipf. 1728, 4to, &c.
Befides which, moft of the naturalifts and
_mufeographifts have included Sheils in
their works, as Ariftotle, Pliny, Bellonius,
Rondeletius, Gefner, Aldrovand, Impe-
ratus, Wormius, Calceolarius, Mofcardo,
Grew, Vincent, Sloane, Petiver, and a
number of others.
SECTION
55 CONCH OLOGY.
Sh, Ca eee a Pl.
FAVING finifhed the: review of the
& authors on this branch of Natural
Hiftory, I fhall proceed on two other ge-
neral points, viz. of the ufes of Shells,
and inftructions for collecting, cleaning, |
and preferving them.
1 obferved on fetting out, that this part
of the creation feems more adapted as a
link or harmony of Nature, than as ceco-
nomical, or of immediate ufe to mankind.
Mott part of the animals are nourifhing
food, though not folely or for conftancy,
as beafts, birds, fifh, and vegetables are ;
not any nation, tomy knowledge, having
been mentioned to fubfift on them alone.
In medicine their fhells or habitations are
of fome ufe ; and, in agriculture, a manure
of recent fhells, fea-fand, or comminuted
- fhells, and the foffil hells of the craig-pits
. ae
SECTION HH.)
in Suffolk, and of the falunieres in France,
are in great efleem.
The beauty, politure, and hardnefs of
fhells, render them very fit for luxurious
ufes ; and toys and ornamental utenfils,
&c. are frequently made of them.
The morbid ftate of fome fpecies of bi-
valves yield, next to foflils, the moft pre-
cious and valuable luxurious article of any
other parts of Nature, I mean Pearls.
Before the ditcovery of filk and of co-
cheneal, this branch of Nature yielded
two other luxurious articles to civilized
nations, which, by thefe difcoveries, are
now rendered of no value and ufelefs.; to
wit, F
The Tyrian purple, made from the li-
quor of a fpecies of turbinated univalves
firft difcovered at Tyre, and for which that
city was famous, this dye was accounted fo
beautiful and fo precious, that it became a
» peculiar mark of royalty and grandeur.
Howevers
6 CONC HOLOG Y.
However, later difcoveries prove, that
it is not peculiar to one fpecies only, but
that feveral kinds, nay, different families,
afford and effund this purple juice : indeed
a whole family of Shells ftill retain the
name of Purpure, or purples, from this
property. | |
The fame and coftlinefs of the dye, the
manner of dying, the prodigious prices,
and all other particulars of it, which are
foreign to my prefent purpofe, may be feen
in the Grecian and Roman naturalifts Arif-
totle and Pliny, as alfo in Aldrovandus,
Columna, and other modern writers,
The coftlinefs of the dye proceeded from
the {mall quantity of the purple liquor
each fhell fith yielded ; and that it was
abfolutely neceflary to get it from the fith
when alive and frefh ; and alfo, that my-
'riads of animals fcarcely yielded liquor
enough to dye a mantle.
But
ee oad ig Ce ae a 6 aaa
But the cocheneal infect, an American
product, quite unknown to the antients,
which affords fo fine a fcarlet dye, being
now got in quantities, and to be ufed, pre-
ferved, or dried, and at all feafons, makes it
mot only cheaper, but more ufeful ; and
therefore has now intirely overthrown this
rich or royal dye of antient times.
However, authors fay that it is till in
fome ufe in the Spanifh America: we
have a fpecies of purple fhell-fith on the
coa{ts of Somerfetfhire, Cornwall, and other
parts of England, alfo on feveral coatts
of France, and other parts of Europe ;
but no other ufe is made of them than to
mark linen, and no lixivium or art car
efface the colour. Mr. Cole gives a very
curious account of the Somerfetthire:Shells
in the Philofophical TranfaGions * ; and
Mr.
* Phil, Tranf. Ne 178, table iii. fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
by Mr. William Cole of Briftol, It is a white vein,
lying tranfverfely in a little furrow or cleft, next to
the
62 CONCHOLOGY.
Mr. Du Hamel of thofe of France, in the
Hiftory and Memoirs of the Royal Acas
demy of Sciences of Paris.
The Byffus of the antients, which I
am convinced was made of the beards
of the Pinne Marine, or Sea Wings,
and fuch like bivalves. ‘The Pinne Ma-
the head of the fifh, which muft be digged out with
the ftiff point of a horfe-hair pencil.
The letters, figures, fpots, or what elfe fhall be fo
made, will prefently appear of a pleafant light green
colour 3 and, if placed in the fun, will change into the
following colours; Firft, @ deep green, then a full fea-
green, after into a watchet blue, then into a purpleifh red,
and laftly, into a very deep purple red, beyond which the
fen can do no more. But then the laft and moft beauti-
ful colour, after wafhing in fcalding water and foap, and
dried in the /um, will be of a fair bright crimfon, or
near the Prince’s colour, which will continue, though
_ ~ there is no ufe of any ftiptic to bind it.
The changes of colours are made fafter or flower,
according to the degrees of the /un’s heat.
While the cloth fo dyed lies in the fun, it will yield
a very ftrong foctid {mell, like garlick, or affofetida.
TINes,
SECTION IIL 63
“rine, by fome are called the Sik-Worms
of the Sea. They have beards, by which
they faften themfelves to the rocks, &c.
of fine, long, gloffy filk-like brown fibres,
which are eafily wove into a filken ftuff.
There are now manufactories of it at Na-
ples, Meffina, and Palermo.
Thofe bivalves, fays Mr. Adanfon, which
have fuch beards, (for only bivalves are
yet difcovered to have them) have them
fometimes in feparate fibres, as the Pinnz
and Mufcles, or united, as it were, into
one nerve, asthe Arks. ‘Thefe threads, or
fibres, proceed from the beginning of the
pedeftal of the fifth, and are analogous to
the hair of other animals, or the nerves
and fibres of Quadrupeds. The Shells
which have thefe beards remain fixed in
the fame place; and when the fibres, or
threads, are cut, or broken off, they, im-
mediately fpin, or form new ones, with
their pedeftals, which is the part that con-
ducts the work, and by this means refix
6 themfelves
64. CPOLN Coe O10 GY.
themfelves to the rocks, or other immove-
able places they meet with.
In regard to inftructions for colleCting,
cleaning, and preferving Shells, fit for ob-
fervations or cabinets, I fhall offer the fol-
lowing hints :
For collecting. It is always neceflary,
‘if poffible, to get them alive, or with
the animals in them. It not only inftructs
us in the natural hiftory of the very ani-
mals, a part extremely ufeful to a thorough
knowledge of Shells, (though as I have al-
ready advanced, it is not neceffary to form
the method or fyftem of them) but it alfo
preferves the Shell in its perfect nature
and beauty ; for only live Shells bear the
full glow of their colours.
When any Shells with their fifh are
collected, I would not have them imme-
diately killed, but kept for a few days in
their pat:ve fea water (not longer, for
| the
SHAN UON Wh 6
the fith wafting or dying in the Shells muft
neceflarily hurt them) to make obfervations,
if poflible, of their motions, ways of life,
&c. and fome defcriptions of them ; for
univalves, principally, if with or without
horns, their figure and fituation, and the
form of the pedeftals, &c. In regard to bi-
valves, I do not find any particular part is
eafily obfervable, that is, without anatomy ;
therefore the whole form, colour, and
other remarkable and very obvious parts,
are only neceflary to be defcribed.. Thefe
obfervations are pretty eafily made, and
without any great afliduity ; but, fhould
the perfon who collects them be of a cu-
tious and inguifitive nature, he may puth
his refearches to what extent he pleafes,
to the advantage of Natural Hiftory.
Live Shells may be fifhed up by drags
nets, the log-line in founding, the cable
in weighing anchor, or fuch-like workings.
F The
6 CONCHOL OG Y.
The collector muft likewife have fome
judgment in the picking of fuch Shells,
‘for fometimes they are found, though alive
or with the fifh in them, bad, or worn
through age, pierced with worms, or other
accidents, which makes them yellew, li-
vid, and imperfect.
All fpecies of Shell-fith, like other ani-
imals, have their particular or peculiar re-
forts ; fome are pelagian, or inhabit only ©
the deeps of the fea, others keep in lefs
depths; fome in fhallows and in bays; and
fome are even littoral, or inhabit thé very |
fhores.
However, Jet their refort be what it
will, get the Shells from the. deeper parts
of thote reforts ; for, if in too fhallow
Water, they are more expofed to the fun,
or other accidents, which hurt them much.
It has been obferved, that as fine fpecies
é§ any are met with in narrow {traits be=
bi tween
FCI ON MH. 67
tween iflands, andin bays; as alfo fhal-
lows of four or five fathom water.
After violent ftorms live Shells may be
picked up on the fea beaches or fhores, as
the great agitation of the water, during thofe
hurricanes, raifes, and brings them from ~
their native beds. But then they muft be
collected as foon after the ftorm as poffible,
the fun fading their colours, and {poiling
their beauty. As for Shells that have lain
fome time on the fhores, known by the
name of Dead Shells among colleéors,
they are feldom of good colour, by being
expofed to the fun, and are alfo often im-
perfect, from being bowled to and fro, and
by that means wofn and broken.
Of the Shells that adhere to rocks,
bottoms of fhips, &c. always chufe thofe
which le under water.
Land and River Shells are more eafily
obtainable; and the colleftor needs no
F 2 | other:
66 CON Ciao LL OGY.
other inftructions, but only to be jidi-
cious in his choice.
The River Shells in general are obferv-
ed not to be of a pleafing colour, or to
have any great variety of colour; there-
fore, in that point, they are lefs curious
'than the Land or Sea Shells,
River Shells are moft generally alfo ex-
tremely thin, fome have even imagined it
a character to diftinguifh them ; but they
ate miftaken, for though in general River
Shells are thin, yet we find Sea Shells as
thin; witnefs the Cymbia, or Paper Nau-
till, fome Pinne, and many other Sea
Shells, as alfo many Land Shells.
The above is fufficient for collecting
Shells. Now, to prefervethem. As Shells
are of a calcareous .nature, all acids fhould
be avoided as much as poflible ; and even
when you kill the fith, as continued boil
ing them may detriment the Shells, I
| would
Sec Tow .:10. 69
would advife only to give them a quick
dip in ftrong boiling water, which alone
will kill the fifh: and foon after, but
giving them time to difcharge the heat ac-
quired by dipping (that they may not im-
diately pafs from one extreme to another,
or from hot to cold, and by that fuffer
fome injury), fling them into pure cold
water, to lie till you intend to clean them,
or for fome little while.
As by being thus managed the fifth be-
comes condenfed, or fomewhat folid, it is
afterwards eafily picked out of its fhell by
pins, or fuch fharp inftruments,
The above is meant for turbinated uni-
valves only ; for as to Limpets, and fuch
open Shells that are not fpiral, and
all bivalves, the fifh are eafily got out
with a knife : however, care is to be ta-
ken not to cut, or otherwife hurt the H-
gaments or mufcles of them, nor to mif-
'-match the Shells, fhould you happen to
funder or feparate them, |
By ta
_—
ro CON €HIO'L)0'G y.
In cleaning or preferving Shells for ca-
binets, take the following hints: Let them
not be touched much by aqua fortis, or by
any other acid, as oil of ‘vitriol, fpirit of
filt, or even vinegar ; nor be boiled, or
expofed to the heat of the fire, or fan, for
they greatly fpoil sis
Many Shells are fifhed up exttemely
beautiful and polifhed, fo perfedtly, that
art cannot better it. Thefe need only be
ranged in their refpective claffes : fuch
are the Cowries, Tuns, fome Buccina,
the Volutes, and the Olives.
Others, on the contrary, come out of
the fea flimy, and evén fometimes cover-
ed and encrufted with filth, coralline mat-_
ter, mofs, &c, and have a pellicle or epi-
dermis; fach are the Tellens, Mufeles,
Snails, &c. For’ thefe, firft {teep them
a day in hot water, to foften the filth
_gt ctuft, then brufh them very much
(but the bruthes thoutd I not be too hard);
if
rE
‘
SECTION It 71
if that does not compleat the cleaning, I
would advife to rub or bruth them again
with tripoli or emery, or a weak acid, or
with a ftronger one, much diluted with
water ; always taking care to dip them
every minute in clear cold water, Strong .
foap may alfo be ufed with a rag or piece
of woollen or linen, with whichrubthem;
and when fufficiently cleaned this way, a
fine bruh, with fine emery, will finith the
whole. But all thefe procefles muft be
judicioufly managed according to the at-
tendant circumftances, which it is impof
fible to regulate in writing. |
The {cientifical colle€tors, or naturalifts,
are always defirous of haying the Shells in
their rough ftate, or juft as they are fithed.
This method, though extremely ufeful, is
not to be abfolutely followed ; not only
becaufe their beauties would be loft, but
alfo on account that the fpecies differing
jn colours could never be truly defined.
However, as a medium, I would advife all
Fe. collectars
» CONCHOL OGY.
collectors to have fome Shells of each ge-
nus in their rough ftate, while the others
fhould difplay their beauties by all the ac-
complithments of art: and a more eafy
medium: may be kept in bivalves, by one
fhell or valve being rough, while the
other is polithed.
Numbers of Shells have an outer fkin,
or pellicle, different from the Shell itfelf,
called the Epidermis. {In regard to Na-
tural Hiftory, it is really of ufe to know
the nature, colour, &c. of this Epidermis,
as it often characterifes fome {pecies, as
much as any other part. I therefore would
recommend a due notice or obfervation on
it; and alfo to preferve fome fpecimens
covered with it: to enrich your cabinet
with fpecimens for know ledge, as well as.
for beauty. : ,
The Epidermis, by its thicknefs, hin-
ders a Shell fometimes of being polifh-
| ed. In that cafe, it muft be wholly taken
off with an acid diluted with water.
And
SECTION IIL. 73
And afterwards it is to be brufhed with
a brufh charged with emery, putty, or
tripoli, till it becomes polifhed, or glofly ;
but if, inftead of a thick Epidermis, it
is a meer pellicle, it is fufficient to fteep
it in hot water, and then pick it, or
flightly file it off. Vinegar, or a weak
acid, is alfo good, and, indeed, much
better than aqua fortis.
When the Epidermis is fo very crafs,
or grofs, that acids diluted, and even pure
aqua fortis, does not do; ftrong emery,
with ftrong bruthes, feals fkin, or pumice-
ftone, is fometimes employed: if that
does not do, the only way left, is to fteep
it in a cup of pure aqua fortis, in the |
following manner. Firft ftop or cover the |
mouth or opening of the Shell with wax,
that the acid may not penetrate to, or
touch, the infide of it. And care muit be
taken, from mimute to minute, or from
time to time, to plunge it in clean cold
water, and every time to examine what
effects
“5 CONCHOLOGY,.
effe&ts the acid has had. It is alfo ne-
ceffary to cover with wax all the fine points
or delicate parts of the Shell, to hinder the
acid from any-wife corroding or hurting
them: after which the whole Shell is
polifhed with fine emery, and patfed over
with gum-water, or whites of ‘eggs.
A Shell of a {mooth furface, or that
is not very rugged, warted, or fet with
fpikes, proceffes, &c. and which naturally
has fome flight politure, though dull or
deadith, fhould only be rubbed with
chamois leather by the hand. Jt will
then become bright or glofly, efpecially if
a little very fine tripoli is ufed. Indeed,
‘powder of emery fhould not be often ufed,
for it works rather too rudely. How-
ever, all thefe operations muft be ufed and
adapted to the circumftances, otherwife
they deftroy or hurt the colours, and the
fine workings on the Shell.
Wher
SECTION I 95
When the Shells are polifhed enough,
and quite dry, pafs them over by a fine pen-
cil with gum. arabic water; which glows
the colours without hurting them, or even
giving any {mell, as varnith does. Whites .
of eggs is alfo good ; 5; it is more glaring,
but, however, it is fubjec to turn yellow
in time.
The laft and leaft work to be ufed for
Shells, is working or rubbing them quite
down, fo as to take off evar their true
and native coat. This is done by working
them like agates, or other {tones, on wheels
fmeared with emery. This work often
quite fpoils them, and very great care
muft be taken: however, they may be
polithed by hard brufhes of boars briftles,
with 2 turning machine.
Patience and judgment can only over-
come working of Shells that are warped,
rugged, bumped, thorny, &c. A bruth or
a feather can only be ufed to convey the
bin wie aqua
6 CONCHOLOGY.
aqua fortis on the parts required to be
wrought on, and then it muft be from
minute to minute, fteeped in clean water,
to hinder the acid from corroding it too
much 3; afterwards, like other Shells, they
are to be polifhed, or paffed over with tri-
poly or emery: even then, all parts cannot
be clean alike, and gum-water or whites of
“eggs muft be ufed to thofe lefs cleaned
parts, to render them vivid; elfe they
would fhew but dull.
The rubbing down of Shells re-pro-
duces new ones, as they are called. Thus
the Volute, called by us the Purple or
Violet Tip, and by the French the Onyx,
has a brown epidermis, which being taken
off ditcovers the ground colour to be a dull
yellow. When this is worked down to
beneath the cruft, or furface, it is of a
pure white, with the tip of a fine violet
colour. |
The
6 CO T-1O NH. vi
The common Cowry, in like manner,
is worked down fo a fine violet.
The Nautilus, like many trochi, fnails,
and other Shells, works down to a fine
mother of pearl; but, if only cleaned,
it is fullied white, with large fallow or
yellowifh rays.
The Sea-Ears alfo work down to mo-
ther of pearl, whereas, when only po-
lifhed, they are finely clouded brown,
white, green, &c.
Many of the Limpets, when worked
down, wear a very different appearance to
what they do when only polifhed.
Several other fuch examples may be
brought: but I neither applaud this, nor
many other proceffes and frauds, that are
daily
% CONCHOLOGY.
daily practifed on Shells, which deftroy
their true or natural appearance,
~The Dutch are very much famed for
thefe practices; they even colour and file
Shells to fuch a degree, as to alter them
quite : all thefe particulars are to be avoid-
ed by the judicious colleétor. |
SECTION
SECTION... 4g
BRERBS
SECTION iv.
y WITHERTO I have only treated
of Conchology in géneral: | fhall
therefore now. proceed to the particular
parts, and begin with the feveral fy{tems
or methods of Shells eftablifhed by differ-
ent authors ; and alfo lay before my
readers the arrangement I propofe, that
they may be able to judge how far any .
deviations I make from thofe now efta-
blithed are judicious or.approveable. .
The moft general manner of the old
-authors has been, to divide all Shells into
fimple, turbinated; and bivalve. | It is
evident that this divifion is very erro-
neous, as it.entirely excludes the mul-
tivalves,
Succeeding
3% COUNERTOL 0G'Y.
Succeeding writers, inftead of this fub-
ftituted three other divifions, viz. uni-
valves, in which they comprehend both
the non-turbinated and turbinated ; the
bivalves and the multivalves.
To'this laft, which is the generally-
received divifion, I adhere: and I fhall
adopt the term Univalve now ufed, though
it is not very proper. My only reafon
for fo doing is, that cuftom has ftampt
an authority on it; and Iam unwilling to
change a term now univerfally received,
to avoid confufion.
I proceed to the firft divifion, or wti-
valves; but fhall only take notice here,
of thofe authors who have treated Shells
in a methodical or fyftematical manner.
Atid
Firft, Lifter, who begins with the land
and frefh water univalves, in which,
in regard to method; not any thing res .
matkable |
ee
SsBC T LO: N) wavs a
markable occurs; but in his fourth book
he divides his fea univalves into eleven fa-
milies, viz.1. Limpets. 2. Dentalia. 3. Ver-
miculi. 4. Nautili. 5. Snails. 6. Nerits.
7. Sea-Hars. 8. Trochi. 9. Cowries. 10.
Rhombi, or Strombi; by which he means
olives or cylindars, figs, and fome other
wide-mouth Shells, and alfo Volutes ;
and, tr. Buccina, which he fubdivides into
five fets, viz. 1. Thofe with a toothed co-
lumella or pillar. 2. Bilingues. 3. Ampulla-
ceous, or bellied. 4. The Turban or Clavi-
cle, and the top-lengthened or produced:
and 5. The top or mouth no ways pro-
duced. |
Lifter’s above method is indeed very
confufed, and no wife to be followed. His
‘I, 2, 354, 8, and gth families are good. I
think him right in making the Dentalia a
diftin& family from the Vermiculi: the
former being always of a regular determi-
nate figure; the latter, or Vermiculi,. of
a figure irregular and uncertain. His 7th
family of Sea-Ears feems outrageoufly
mufplaced between the Nerits and Trochi;
G it
Pa
$6 CONCHOLOGY.
it fhould be the 2d, or following the
Limpets, to which they are nearly allied;
and his 5th and 6th families, Snails and
Nerits, are really only one: but the greateft
ccnfulion is his roth and 11th families of
Rhombi and Buecina : they are indeed fo
inextricable, that it is impoffible to reduce
them to any order, or render them ufeful
to the ftudent.
However, had Lifter but added an in-
dex of the numerous feétions, parts, and
chapters, to his work, his Shells would
be very eafily traced, though they feem
more confufedly placed than in any other
author. His arrangement, though not
good i the whole, 1s fo critically metho-
dical, that a perfon the leaft converfant in
Conchology ¢an immediately find if a.
Shell is figured by him or not. For
example, his chapters of the Cowries are
regulated as follows, viz. Cowries of one
colour, 2d. Streaked. 3. waved. 4. Simply
ringed or banded, and banded and fpotted.
5. and 6. '{potted or painted in a nett-
work.
SECTION IV. $3
work, 7. Striated. 8. Pimpled, or with
prominent knobs. g. Smooth-mouthed, or
not toothed, as the Weaver’s Shuttle,
and the Poached Egg; and roth. Um-
bilicated, as the Pewit’s Eggs; which two
laft he places in the Cowry family. By
this expofition it is plainly feen, that, had
he made an anfwerable index, a perfon
might immediately find, without turn-
ing pages over or wafting time, whether
Lifter figured the Cowry fought for, fooner
than‘in any other author. However, I con-
fefs, I think it rather’ too much clogged,
or circumftantial.
An author, whom I did not mention -
in my lift of writers on Shells, as being
only a defcriber of a mufeum, I mean
Dr. Grew, in his account of the Royal.
Society’s collection, has given us feven
{chemes, or fyftems of Shells. He di-
vides all Shells in his firft fcheme into
fingle, not whirled and whirled; into
_ doubles, or bivalves, andinto multiple, or
multivalves.
G2 His
CON Ge & OG ¥
His fecond {cheme takes in the fingle
Shells not whirled: he conftitutes three
families of them, the Echini, the Patellz,
And the Aures Marine. His third fcheme
takes 1m the conic whirled Shells, as
Murices and Olives. ‘The fourth the oval
whirled Shells. The fifth, Shells more
ereatly whirled or produced, as the Trochi,
Strombi, Purpure, &c. The Sixth, Shells
whofe whirles or windings are latent or
hid within their body, as the Cowries.
But, however, all thefe his fchemes are
fo puzzling, and without proper definitions
or figures, that they are rather to be reckon-
ed ingenious than ufeful.
Rumphius has the three divifions of
fimple and turbinated Univalves, and the
Bivalves: as for the divifion of Multi-
valves, he has it not, but blends them with
the other divifions. His families are, 1.
The Chambered Nautilus. 2. The Paper
Nautilus. 3. The Cornua Ammonia, or
Helix Snails, called Poft-Horns. 4. The
Cochlea Lunares. 5. Trochi. 6. Cochlea
Valvate,
Me IN AV 85
Valvate, Nerits, or operculated Snails.
~. Helmets, 8. Murices. 9g. Cochlee
Globofe. 10. Buccina, 11. Strombi. 12.
Volutes. 13. Alata, as Spiders, Devil’s
Claws, &c. 14. Olives, or Cylindars, and
15. Univalve Shells, as Limpets, Vermi-
culi, &c. but every one of his families
are fo confufed, that little aid to an arrange-
ment can be gained from his work.
Langius difcufles the general fubje& in
fix fe&ions, of which the fourth gives
his characteriftical notes from the whole
ftructure and figure of the Shell, or from
the principal parts, viz. the aperture in
the turbinated Shells, and. the beaks
(Umbones) in the bivalves. Other minor
characters are their being fulcated, {mooth,
&c. or from the different fituations of the
parts: And alfo negative characters that
are common to other Shells, as, e. g. the
character of the firft clafs of Univalves is,
that they are not turbinated, or turnedin a
fpiral manner; and adds, that all characters
laid down fhould be fuch as are {trong and
G 3 vifible s
86 CONCHOLOGY.
vifible ; and thefe charaters fhould al-
ways be kept in view by the writers who
fet them forth. He divides all fhells into,
1. Simple Univalves, or thofe that are _
not turbinated. 2. Turbinated Univalves,
by which he only underftands thofe whofe
whole form is fpiral, and not partly fo,
as-is the Cyprea or Cowrie; and, 5. Bi-
valves.
His firft Part, Simple Univalve Shells,
or not turbinated, contains clafs 1. The
Limpets and Vermiculi. Clafs 2. The
Nautili, Nuces or Dippers, vere or Cow-
ries, and Amnionia.
“Part I, Turbinated Univalves. Clafs 1,
Of a lengthened aperture, or the mouth
open on the upper part; as the Volutes,
Cylindars, &c. Clafs 2. Canaliculated, or
whofe aperture on the upper part ftretches
out into along pipe or beak, as the Murices
Purpure, Helmets, &c. Clafs 3. Whofe
aperture and tip are both lengthened, and
whofe firft, or body fpiie, is remarkably
6 ‘ian fwelled,
SECTION iy, Sy
{welled, as the Buceina, &c. Clafs 4,
Whofe firft, or body fpire, is narrow,
or tapers with the reft of the fhell, as
the Strombi, Mitre, Crane, &c. Clafs
5. Whofe turban or clavicle is very pro-
duced or fharp, as Strombi, Trochi, &c.
| Clafs 6. Thofe Shells whofe aperture and
clavicle are little produced, as the Snails,
Nerits, and Sea Ears,
Part III. the Bivalves, Clafs 1, Equal or
fimilar-fided Bivalyes, or whofe cardo is
central, as Cockles, Chamz, Tellens, &c.
Clafs 2. Diffimilar or unequal fided Bivalves,
er whofe carda is not central, as Mufcles,
Pholades, and many others ; and Clafs 3.
Conche anomale@, or of unequal valves,
as Efcallops, Spondyles, Oyfters, é&c.
It is evident, this arrangement of Lan-
gius is confufed, and wants great cor-
rection. |
Argenville divides all Shells inta the
three general claffes, of Univalves, Bi-
G4 valves,
8 CONCHOLOGY.
valves, and Multivalves. The Univalves
he arranges into fifteen families, viz. 1.
Limpets. 2. SeaEars. 3. Vermiculi. 4.
Nautili. 5. Cochlez Lunares, or round
mouthed Snails. 6. Semilunares, or half
mouthed Snails. 7, Flat mouthed Snails.
8. Buccina. Gs TUPUINeS. pe. V OMILeS, eae
_ Rhombi, Cylindars, or Olives. 12. Mu-
rices, 13. Purpure. 14. Tuns: and 15.
Cowries.
This author’s method is very good ; but,
however, there is fome confufion in it
‘efpecially in the following families, viz.
7. The fat mouthed Snails. 8. The Buc-
cina. 12. The Murices ; ; and 3. The Pur-
pure. Befides, a proper place is wanting
for the Paper Nautili, which he very erro-
neoufly ranges with the chambered or com-
mon pearly Nautilus ; but I fhall refer to
further particulars, when I treat of each
| family pee anpnge
Gualtieri arranges Shells into five parts,
VIZ. +’ Part I, Land and River Shells, both
amply
SECTION Jy. 89
fimple and bivalves. Part II. Sea Shells,
that are fimple or not turbinated, in two
clafles. 1. Simple, as the Limpets, Vermi-
culi, and Dentalia ; and 2. whofe fabric
or ftructure is latent, or hid within the
body of the Shell, as the Paper Nautili,
Pewit’s eges, and Cowries; or that are of
a chambered firucture, as the Nautili,
Cornua Ammonia, and Orthoceratite.,
Part III. which he by metonymy calls
Cochleze Marine, as Lifter calls them
Buccina, comprehenads all the turbinated
Univalves. He ranges them into the fix
following clafles, viz. 1. Cochlez Longe,
or the Volutes and Cylindars. 2. Cochlez
Canaliculatze, as the Purpure, Murices,
Winged Shells, Spiders, Helmets, &c. 3.
Buccina. 4. Strombi, as he calls them ;
but are not the Strombi or Needles, pro-
perly fo named, but Murices and Buccina.
5. Snails very lengthened or produced, as
the Strombi or Needles, and Trochi: and
6. The thort Snails, or not much pro-
duced
go CONCHOLOGY.
duced or lengthened, as the Snails of all
kinds, Nerits, fimilunar, round mouthed,
Helices, &c. and with thefe he ranks the
Sea Ears.
Part IV. Bivalves : and Part V. Multi-
valves, among which he places the Echini, |
I fhall comment very little on his fyf-
tem, and only obferve, that, in all his
claffes, there occurs an inextricable con-
fufion; and that he feems to borrow his
arrangement chiefly from Langius,
Gualtieri has likewife favoured the
learned with a publication of a manufcript
fyftem or arrangement of Shells by the
celebrated Mr. Tournefort. This method
has the three ufual and general divifions of
Univalves, Bivalves, and Multivalves. The
firft is fimple Univalves, as the Limpets,
The fecond, the turbinated of all kinds ;
as Buccina, Cochler, Cowries, &c. and
the
$.E,CiTM:ON <1V.> or’
the third family 1s the tubular Univalves ;
as Vermiculi, Dentalia, &c.
Though Mr. Adanfon only treats of the
teftaceous animals of Senegal, and confe-
quently is a partial writer, or one that
does not give an intire fyftem or Method
of Shells, I cannot withhold mentioning
him, as he is very remarkable, He ranges
all thofe he exhibits by the animals them-
felves, and not by the {hells or fpoils:
however, he gives ten tables of affinities
of Univalves; that is to fay, of the very
Shells, founded on the fix following parts ;
the {pires ; the top; the opening, aperture,
or mouth of the Shell; the operculum or
‘cover ; the pearlinefs of the fubftance of
the’ Shell; and its periofte or epidermis,
He likewife gives feven tables of affinities
taken from the parts of the animals ; as
the horns, eyes, mouth, &c. and from thefe
ce. ofa Hinitics be parse his arrangement.
The hau a. are exceeding’ ingeni-
pus, but onan in Lanes they are very
om petplke
92 CONCHOLOGY..
perplexed, and require an intenfe ftudy to
unravel them: befides, he has clogged the
whole with fuch unmeaning and ridicu-
Yous new names to his Shells, rejecting all
former and received ones, that he makes
himfelf very fingular.
The vaft and coftly work of Seba offers
next. It has no general fyftem or method;
but the editor, in the index of the plates,
(Plate 84,) exhibits an arrangement of the -
Univalves : and fays, he hopes to publifh
his whole fyftem foon, which will come
prehend the Univalves, the Bivalves, and
the Multivalves, with their characters and
divifions. |
The fyftem or method of Univalves
he exhibits, contains fifteen families, to
wit, 1. Cowries. 2. Tuns. 3, Nautili. 4.
Semilunar mouthed Snails. 5. Round
mouthed Snails. 6. Trochi or tops. 7.
Strombi or Needles. 8. Olives. 9. Vo-
Jutes. 10, Helmets. 11. Winged Shells,
ie : 12, Mus
SECTION ‘Iv. 93
12. Murices, 13. Purpura. 14. Buccina,
and 15. Sea Ears. All thefe families, fays
he, proceed from a fpiral, which extends
or widens more or lefs.
In the above work, as he mentions the
{piral form only, he has neither placed
the Vermiculi or the Limpets. How-
ever, in his fy{tem he has given fome fi-
gures of the former ; but of the latter, or
Limpets, he has neither figured or men-
tioned a fingle {pecies, in his whole work ;
which is very remarkable.
Breynius divides all Shells into two ge-
neral divifions of tubular or vafcular: that.
is, into Shells that are hollow, or like
tubes, and into thofe that are like cups
or veflels. The firft divifion he fubdi-
vides into Monothalamias, or of one ca-
vity ; and into Polythalamias, cham-
bered, or with many cavities. The fe-
cond into fimple, as the Limpets; or com-
pofit, as the Bivalves and Multivalves.
On this {cheme he forms eight principal
clafles
o¢ CONCHOLOGY.,
claffes or families. viz. 1. Tubulus, or
Vermiculus. 2. Cochlidium, or all turbi="
nated Shells. 3. Polythalamia, or chambered:
Shells. 4, Limpets. 5. Conchz, or’ Bi=
valves. 6. Conchoides, or Multivalves. 7.
Balanus, and 8. Echinus.
- Je is evident this method is neither’ cor=
re& or clear, and therefore rather imagi-
nary than ufeful.
Linnzus’s fyftem places the teftaceous
animals in his fixth clafs of Vermes, and
begins with the Multivalves, follows with
the Bivalves, and ends with the Univalves.
_ He has fourteen families of the turbinated
Univalves, and five of the fimple, or non-
turbinated.
His fourteen families of turbinated Uni-
valves.are;: 1. The Paper Nautili. 2. The
common or chambered Nautili. 3. The
Conus or Volutes. 4. The Cyprea’ or
Cowries. 5. The: Bulla, in which are the
Poached: Egg, the Weaver's Shuttle, the
Pewit’s
SECTION Iv. . 95
Pewit’s Egg, the hump-backed Cowry, vul-
garly fo called, the Figs, the Turnip, &c,
The fixth family is the Voluta, in which
not one Volute, commonly and properly
fo called 2 volvendo is inferted ; but confifts
of Midas’s Ear, Cylindars, Olives, and
their congenera, Tower of Babel, Bifhops
Mitre, Tiaras, Mufics, and Devils.
Seventh family Buccinum, in which are
the Helmets, Harps, Perfian Conques, and
Strombi,
Eighth family Strombi, as Spindles,
Spiders, and Winged Shells. |
Ninth family the. Murices.
Tenth family the Trochi of all kinds,
Eleventh family the Turbo; in this he
comprehends all fuch Shells that run be-
tween the Buccinum and Cochlea, as the
Periwinkle,
96 CONCHOLOGY.
winkle, the Ribband Snail, the Serpent’s
Skin, the Gold and Silver Mouths, the
Dolphin, the Wintle Aap» the Grub, and
fome Strombi.
The Helix, M4 twelfth family, in which
he includes all the horny or femipellucid
Univalves that are very thin and brittle ;
as the common River Buccina, Pomatia,
&c.
The thirteenth family is Nerita: and
he places therein only the true Neritz, as
Green Peas, Painted Nerits, Magpies, &c.
The fourteenth family is the Haliotis,
or Sea Ears.
The next are the fimple, or not tur-
binated Univalves: as fifteenth, the Pa-
tell or Limpets, Sixteenth, the Denta-
lia. Seventeenth, Serpula, or Vermiculli.
Eighteenth, Teredo, or Ship Worms, And
Nineteenth, Sabella, or fuch whofe tubes
are made of grains of fand like the
caddos worms. — » I fhall
SECTION iv. 97
I fhall take more particular notice of
thefe families, when I treat refpectively of
them in my fy{tem or method: and at pre-
fent fhall only make a general remark;
viz. that his fixth, feventh, eighth, and
twelfth families are very confufed. His
feventeenth and eighteenth may with pro-
priety be made one family only ; and, as
for his nineteenth, or Sabelle, I mutt
needs own, I do not think they can ftri@t-
ly be denominated teftaccous, as they are
only tubular ftructures, made up of meer
grains of fand united together; like tholé
of the caddos!
This moft juftly celebrated naturalift,
notwithftanding the great adoration paid
to him through Europe, I will be bold
‘enough to declare, merits great and fevere
cenfure, for changing long-received and
authorized nathes, to othets which have
as long and conftantly conveyed a different
‘received idea or mieatiing. Thus, the
Greck naiie Lepas, always fynonymous
with the Latin name Patella, the latter
H | being
98 CON C.H.0.L-0G Y.
fignifying little facrifice-dithes, or faucers,
‘Was given to the Limpets, from the earlieft
Grecian times, and the Roman name from
their refemblance to’ thofe little difhes; yet,
Linnzus wantonly tranfpofes the name of
Lepas to the Balani; multivalves conftantly
fo named from! a fancied refemblance they
bear to acorns, and thereby not only over-
throws cuftom,but reafon; forthe fimilitude
to other objects, from which thefe very bo-
dies received thofe original names, are by
hiri equally tran{pofed with the very names:
for certainly the Balani, though they do »
not very greatly refemble acorns, lefs re-
femble platters or faucers. In like man-
ner, the common received name of Voluta,
from @ volvendo, ox rolled up, which thefe
feem to be, he changes to Conus; and claps
that very rejected name on another family,
wherein he does not place a fingle fhell of
that kind, always known and diltinguifhed
by the name of Volutes, or of a roll ftruc-
ture. And again, family cighth he calls
Strombi; which contains not one Shell hi-
therto known by that name; and the very
5 Strombi,
SHERMOVTYLOON “TV. 99
Strombi, or, as conimonly fo called, he
places in family ninth; which he names
Murex.
Such tranfpofitions of nates, from one
object to another, is not a trivial affair:
it creates a vaft confufion in {cience. Names
given to bodies that are univerfally autho-
rized and adopted by cuftom, though they
are mot even very appofite or proper,
fhould be kept facred, arid continued with-
out interruption : and when once a body,
or fet of bodies, havé obtained an éfta-
blifhed or fixed name, certainly no writer
whatever, to gratify his pride or his fancy,
has a right to tranfpofe it: they only have
aright to frame hew and correct names,
- More appofite and {cientifical, to define
fuch bodies by ; but to tranfpofe names
from one to another very different objea,
is a wantonnefs can never be juftified.
The next author in rank is Mr. Davila.
This gentleman arranges his Shells on
d’Argenville’s fyftem, though not without
H 2 making —
x00 «6 CONC HOO GY,
making fome changes in fubdividing, tranf>
pofing, or joining families together, to
give his method more order and con-
nexion. I muft own, that in my opinion,
Mz. Davila’s fyftem will re very little
correction.
_ The laft fyftem I fhall note is that of
Mr. Meufchen, Envoy from feveral Ger-
man courts to the Hague. Mr. Meufchen
has the three common and general divi-
fions of Univalves, Bivalves, and Multi-
valves. AsI fhall have occafion to note
his method more particularly in regard to
feveral families, I fhall wave faying fur-
ther of it at prefent.
Of Mr. Martini’s method I cannot fay
any thing, asthe work is not yet completed, .
_. es
SECTION
Cf oxProon: y. 6O1
HOKOOIOK
SET OF Nay
S the feveral fyftems of authors are
d fet forth, I fhall gradually proceed
on my method or arrangement: however,
I will not open the whole at one view,
it being my defign to detail the feveral
families as I progreffively treat on them.
But, before I begin, it is abfolutely ne-
ceffary to fix fome effential or ftandard
characters to all Shells ; by which they
can be diyided into families or clafles,
genera and fpecies. Thefe charaéters muft
always be formed from the chief parts of
the Shells, the differences of which, in |
fhape, fize, fituation, or other marks or
particularities, will enable us to form re-
{pective families or clafles, and thofe fami-
lies into genera, and afterwards into {pecies,
by other fubordinate charaéters. Thus in
H 3 Univalves,
102° CON@GHOL OGY.
Univalves, let me note the five following
ftandard or effential chgracters for the
claffes or families.
Thefe are, 1, Simple or not turbinated.
2. Turbinated, with a fingle continued
cavity. 3. Turbinated and.chambered, or
with many compartments or cavities. 4.
The total fhape: and, 5. The aperture,
mouth, or opening of the Shell.
The fubordinate characters for genera
and fpecies, I reckon to be only five
for Univalves, viz. 1. The number of
{fpires, convolutions, rounds, or wreaths,
2. Whether operculated, or covered with
a lid, or not operculated. 3. The thelly
fubftance, whether opake, horny, pearly,
&c. 4. The Epidermis: and, 5. The head
and end or tip.
As thefe characters include the principal
parts of all Univalves, they of courfe
conftitute the rudiments of the fyftem.
tr
SECTION Y, 103
It is only laudable to colle&; but when
a collector alfo makes it his ftudy, to
contemplate {cientifically the natural cu-
riofities he acquires, he then adds the
refpe&t of mankind to the praife already
gained by his affiduity.
As on this view ] have prefumed to
trouble the learned with this treatife,
which [ fhall ftrive to render inftruétive,
as well as meerly curious, fo far as the
fubje&t of Conchology will permit; I think
it further necefiary to lay down fome
rules to enable even the collectors as well
as the {tudious, to be aiding or affifting to
the ftudy.
Dr. Woodward judicioufly obferves *,
that affuredly, the man who fhould fpend
his whole life in amafling together ftone,
timber, and other materials for build-
ing, without ever aiming at the making
_*® Preface to Catalogue of Enelifh feffils, p. xiii.
H4 an
io COIN OCMOL OGY.
an ufe, or raifing any fabrick out of them,
might well be reputed very fantaftic and »
extravagant. And a like cenfure would
be his due, who fhould be perpetually
heaping up of natural colletions, without
defign of building a ftru€ture of philofo:
phy out of them, or advancing fome pro-
pofitions that might turn to the benefit
and adyantage of the world. This is in
reality the true and only proper end of
collections, of obfervations, and natural
hiftory : and they are of no manner of
ufe or value without it, Now, as collec-
tions are the materials, it behoves every
colleftor to make obferyations, or give
what accounts his capacity or leifure per;
mit him, that others, who fhall have more
fcience and leifure to purfue the defign,
may, find land-marks and notices fufficient
to conduét themfelves by in that fo ufefu}
a puriuit.
Few Conchologifts have duly attended
to this view; and what few curious obfer-
vations have been made, are {cattered or
diff perfed
She TPGOceN -¥: Io
5
difperfed through many and tedious vo-
dumes.
My views being to remedy thefe inatten-
tions, as far as lies in my power;I fhall
{trive to give fome inftrudtions to obtain
fuch fcientifical ends,
I have always found each feparate col-
IeGtion to contain fome or many {fpecies
ot met with in others; and alfo particu-
larities of {pecies, caufed either by different
growths, accidents, &c. that are inftru@ive.
A number of fuch obfervations relative to
the fizes, colours, &c. of one {pecies, fe-
lected from different colleGions, united
and collated together, cannot fail to form a
confiderable part of the natural hiftory of
bodies : and fhould therefore always be at-
tended to, by thofe that are f{peculative. .
For example, Dr. Lifter ftiles the Tor-
toife Limpet ingens, or of the firft mag -
nitude; yet we feldom fee them very large
jn our collections, The Shells are genes
rally
06 CONCHOLOGY.
tally of a middle fize, and Rumphius
gives them the contour of a rixdollar, or
about an inch acrofs. However, the {pe-
cimens preferved in the Britifh Mufeum
confirm Lifter’s appellation, and inform
us they are to be found from the common -
fize of an inch, and an inch and a half
acro{fs, to above two inches and a half
acrofs. Thus, by the collation of united |
obfervations, we always gain additional
knowledge, and therefore fuch enquiries
fhould be affiduoufly purfued.
In order, therefore, to acquire fuch il-
luftrations of natural hiftory, it will be
neceflary to intreat every collector to keep
a meer catalogue, if his will or leifure
does not prompt him to take further
trouble, and only enter the kinds, fizes,
and colours of his Shells, whence bought, .
and other very remarkable particulars. A
parcel of fuch meer notices may be of
great ufe to a man of fcience, who fhould
happen to perufe them. |
This
SH Ee FTPON.. ¥V. 107
This procedure would even make fa-
fhionable collectors, at the coft of trifling
labour to themfelves, ufeful to fcience.
But for thofe, whofe inclination, abili-
ties, and leifure, prompt them to purfue the
ftudy {cientifically, the route is to be
changed ; their catalogues fhould be very
particular, and attended with defcriptions
and obfervations.
As there is‘a method to be obferved in
every action of life, I will point out the
chief heads, under which to form and di- -
geft the faid catalogues and obfervations.
Firft, the family you think it of, of what
eenus of that family, and of what f{pecies of
that genus, or if of a new-difcovered {pecies,
genus, or family. Secondly, if in its rough
or native ftate, note its appearance ; as
hikewife how it appears when polifhed,
&c. .Thirdly, its country, if fearce or
plenty, and the foils, or what places of re-
fort it has; with what other Shells or
fifth
if CONAMAVOL OE Y.
fifth it is found ; or whatever anfwerable
notices you can procure,
A good defcription and figure muft fo}-
low. The defcription fhould include all
the obvious or vifible particulars of the
fubje& ; as fize, fhape, coloyr, and other
circumftances.
Tt is a very difficult matter to frame a
good or accurate defcription of a body.
That depends on the call of ideas, the
force of language, and the choice of com-
-parifons. It behoves me not to explain it
further here, as it touches on the fcience
of rhetoric and pure writing. ‘The diffi-
culty of making intelligible and good de-
{criptions has been the rock on which
moft writers have {plit.
It is neceffary to avoid the affected con-
cifeneis and quaint terms now fo much in
fafhion, and only to ufe the proper lan-
suage and eftablifhed terms. Linnzus,
otherwife the great ornament of natural
| hiftorians,
SBC ON Ni 1d
hiftorians, is very blameable in this re-
{pect.
To finith this fubjeét, I fhall define and
name the different parts of Shells, thata -
proper and diftinguifhed name may be ap-
plied to each part: a particular yet much
wanted, At the prefent I will confine
mytlelt only to Univalves, leaving the Bi-
valves and Multivalves to be difcuffed here-
after. I am the more defirous of fixing
technical names, as the unjuftifiable and
very indecent terms ufed by Linnzus in his
Bivalves may meet their deferved fate, by
being exploded with indignation ; for
Immode{t words admit of no defence,
And want of decency is want of fenfe.
‘Thefe my terms being adopted, will ren-
der defcriptions proper, intelligible, and
decent ; by which the fcience may become —
ufeful, eafy, and adapted to all capacities,
and to both fexes.
The
110 CONCHOLOGY.
The names I propofe for the chief dif-
ferent parts of Univalves are as follow :
r. The Epidermis, or Periofteum. ‘This
part is common to Bivalves as well as Unt-
valves. It is a rough covering or {fkin,
which many but not all Shells have, only
on the outfide, never withinfide the Shell.
The Epidermis, perhaps, is a periofte or
membrane, that covers the Shells to defend
them from exterior accidents, to preferve
them, and aid their growth. In that it does
the fame office as the periofte or mems-
brane that covers the bones of other ant«
mals: for the Shells of thefe fifh may be
confidered, and indeed are, as analogous ©
to the bones of other animals. There
are many {pecies of Shells conftantly have
the Epidermis ; and there are others that
never have an epidermis, as the Cowries,
Olives, 8c.
_ The Epidermis feems as much a genuine
covering of the Shell formed by the fith
itfelf,
SECTIGN V. ILt
itfelf, as the Shell. And, could we fee
the recent fifh, and examine its organs, I
doubt not but we fhould find the rudiments
ef a proper apparatus for making the Epi-
dermis as well as the Shell.
- The ftru@ure of this Epidermis is very
different in different genera. In fome
laminated, in fome fibrous and brufh-like,
&c. It deferves to be more minutely exa-
mined, and it feems not improbable but
among the feveral ufes of this covering the
two following may deferve confideration.
Firft, to prevent the falt water from cor-
roding the Shell. For all Shells that have
the Epidermis have a {cabrous furface.
Secondly, to prevent other Shell-fifh or
marine infects from fixing their habita-
tions on thefe Shells, as they do upon all
bodies in the fea, where there 1s not a power
of defence.
And this makes me imagine that the
fifth inhabiting all naturally polifhed Shells
whatever,
viz, CONCHOLOGY.
whatever, are capable of not only adding
to the extent and growth of their Shells,
but can likewife, from time to time, add
a frefh polifhed covering to the whole
Shell ; at leaft their organs extend to fuch
a length as to clear away all impurities.
from their Shells. We feldom find any
Cowries with Coral or any extraneous
bodies adhering to any part of them.
The head (apex) of an Univalve is the
part jut over the mouth or aperture. The
bafe end or tip, (bafin feu acumen) that part
oppofite toit, orthe end oftheturban ,though
fome authors have given them quite contra-
ry names, by calling the tip or end the part
over the mouth. In {peaking of Shells
it may be underftood, that when the up-
“per or under fide, or ends are mentioned,
it is fuppofed that the Shell lies on its
mouth upon a table, with the head towards
‘the right hand, and the end or tip towards’
the left. A:
The
”
SrecrTriron Vv.” it;
The body of the Shell (corpus) is that
part which runs from the top to the
extreme limits of the aperture, and may
with propriety be alfo called the firft whirl.
Plate I. Fig. 3, 4, 6, Atid 7p, deglly Buin
A whirl, turn, fpire, or wreath (Spira,
Anfra&tus) denotes each fingle or feparate
turning or circumvolution. See Plate I.
| Te oy ee
The difpofition of the fpires, fays Mr.
Adanfon, p. xxxi. is not the fame in all
Shells: it varies according to the diferent
plans they turn on, and they can turn on
four different plans, which are; 1. the
Horizontal Plan ; 2. the Cylindrick Plan,
or fpread on a cylindar; 3. the Conic
Plan; and 4. the Ovoid Plan. From thefe
four difpofitions of the fpires, all the dif.
ferent forms or figures of Shells proceed.
im: CONCHOLOGY.
Thefe are the four principal difpofitions of -
the fpires ; but there are many intermediate
ones, which proceed from different degtecs
and combinations of thefe four.
_ The number and forms of the fpires
vary in the fame fpecies, either in their
different growths or fexes. Young Shells
have always a lefs number than the old
ones : the reafon is plain, as all turbinated or
{piral Shells take their growth from the tip
er end to the mouth, or upwards. Some
Shells, though of the fame age, fometimes |
have not the fame number of {pires: that
is to be attributed to ficknefs, or rather it
is an effect of the fex. Thus, in the Pur-
puree, the Buccina, and in fome other kinds,
it is Common for the males to have their
fpires lefs numerous; more flender and
lengthened, or lefs {welled ; and the whole
Shell fmaller, than in the females. This
obfervation, which I have not neglected
to make whenever opportunity offered,
| L always found to be conftant.
The
Seerron ¥.° Fr5
The Turban of Clavicle (Clavicula) is the
aggregate, or whole fet of the whirls, and
always forms the lower part of the Shell.
See Pl. I. fig. 35 4 and 7. 6. 6..G
A flat or helix turban Acta ta helix)
is one fo flightly prominent as to be near
on a level, as Pl. V. fig. 7, 9. The fhort
turban (clavicula depreffa) as Pl. V. fig.
354, 8. The produced turban (clavicula
longiore) as Plate I. fig. 3, 4. Pl. Il. fig.
I2, 13. Pl. V. fig. 1,2, &. The Jong
turban (clavicula longiffima) as PL. III. fig.
g. PIL. IV. fig. 4 and 7, are explained by
the very names or terms.
The Pillar (Columella) is the middle
patt, or axis, which runs through the
Shell its length, or from top to bottom,
and from which all the fpires commence
and tutn round, and is the fuppott. or
bafis of them, It always lies afide the
mouth, and though not feen in all the
Shells, yet in many it is the moft obvious -
patt of the mouth, after the lip. See Pl. I.
fig. 5. &d.d.- Ia The
x6 CO) NaH IO: L O1@ Y:
The mouth or aperture (apertura) needs
no explanation, See Pl. I. fig. 3, 6. ee.
A full or round mouth. Plate III. fig. 12.
A fimilunar mouth, Plate III. fig. 14.
The lip (labium) fimply, is the meer
outer contour of the mouth or aperture;
but the inner, or columella lip, Gdabrum _
interius vel columella) is the polifhed or
{mooth part oppofite to the lip, and 1s al-
ways fpread on the columella. See Pl. I.
fig. 3,6. ff gg
The beak (roftrum) is that prolonged
furrowed part, extended ftreight upwards
from the top of the aperture like a horn,
more or lefs in the different families. It
is by fome authors called the tongue or
bore, efpecially when fpoken of the Pur-
pure; as it is imagined they bore the Shells
of the fith they feed on, with it, See Pl. L.
| «fig.
Shy Oe TA sOAN *- Vi. 117
ie. 2, 4. coger. bbb db); allo Pl IV,
fig. ado sy
The fcoop (finus) is the hollowed or
gutter-like procefs placed fide-ways of the
beak, and lower down on the very lip ;
which is feen in the fpiders, &c. Such
Shells have been called, from thefe two-
fold proceffes, the beak and this, Buccina
Bilinguia. See Pl. I. fig. 6, 7. 77.
The claws or prongs (digiti, dactyli, un-
guli vel appendices) are the proceffes that
iffue from all the contour of the lip, as in
the fpiders. See PII. fig. 6, 7. & &.
Umbilicated Shells (Cochleez Umbili-
cate) are thofe that have a navel or hol-
low placed on the firft or body whirl,
er in the center, which penetrates the
Shell deeply, or its length. ‘This is moft-
‘ly feen in Cochlez, Trochi, and fome Buc-
eina. See Pl. II. fig. 11, Pl. IV. fig. 6.
| I 3 | Helices
iS ©0 Bee D4 Oe Y.
Helices (Helices) are thofe Shells that
have their whirls or turnings lying, as it
avere, between two flats or levels, as fome
river {nails, poft-horn fails, ammonite,
and others. See Pl. I, fig. 19, 22. Pl, Il.
fig. 10. |
Revolved Shells (univalvia turbinata,
clavicula intus recondita, vel ita in fe con-
torta, ut eorum circumvolutiones nulla ex
parte promineant) are thofe that turn or
vevolve withinfide, or whofe whirls or
turnings are hidden or abforbed within the
‘body of the Shell, fo that only the outer
whirl is feen, and they have no clavicle;
fuch are the Nautili and the Cowries. See
PL II, fig. 16. Pl. WL fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Winged Shells (Alatz) are thofe whofe
lips expand greatly outwards, and form
large flaps or wings ; as the Plough, the
‘Duck’s, Wing, the Spiders, and many
others... See Pla I. fg. 6, 7, and PL V,
= tort
fig. iB é RIgiile
~—
SEG TION’ V. 11g
Right-handed Shells (heteroftropha)
are fuch whofe whirls, or convolutions,
turn from right to left, or contrary to the
moft general manner of turbinated Uni-
valves.
Operculated Shells (cochlea operculate)
are fuch as have a loofe piece, which fhuts
up or covers the aperture or mouth of the
Shell, like a lid. So that the Shell really
confifts of two feparate and very unequal
pieces, viz. one piece flat and {mall, the
other large and {piral: the former being
the lid, the latter the Shell itfel& None
_but turbinated Univalves have opercula or
dids.
Thefe opercula, or lids, feePI.I. fig. ro.
ake {mall, in comparifon to the Shells: and
_ ofditferent fubftances, as thelly, leathery, or
- horny. They are alto of different forms, as
perfectly round, fimilunar, elliptical, oval,
or very lengthened: and they are generally
ae oe wrought
wor 6 COYNUBD OLOGY.
wrought with a fpiral work, or with con-
centric circles.
The operculum, or lid, is always fixed
on the upper part of the pedeftal of the
fith. In fome at the outer end or extre-
mity, fo that it retires confiderably from
the Shell when the animal moves or walks.
In others it is placed at the inner extre-
mity or root. The operculum exadtly
covers or clofesthe Shell in thofe whofe
mouths are round, femicircular, or oval, as
the Nerits, Pl. HI. fig. 14. Turbines,
Pl, III, fig. 12, Purpure, Pl. IV. fig..4,
~ and 5, &c.; but in thofe Shells that have
very lengthened or narrow mouths, as the
Volutes, Pl. V. fig. 8 and g, it is not
eafy to conceive what ufe the opercula
are of 3 for they feem not to fhut or co-
ver much above the fifth part of the
MOUTH F441 1; r }
The
* Surely all the Opercul ferve as covers, and en-
tirely fhut up the fifh,; therefore, though they do not
feem
SO) Aya wv org
The above is meant only for Sea Uni-
valves, whofe opercula are a part of the
animal, and is brought forth with it. The
operculated Land Univalves:are very differ-.
ent; they form a new lid or operculum
every year, or oftner ; and that is only
at fuch times that the animals want to
fhelter themfelves from the injuries of
the weather. It is compofed of a vif-
cous flabber, from the body of the animal,
which condenfes into a kind of toughifh
coriaceous or leather-like fubftance, and iS
pretty thick. This lid or cruft is never
attached to the body of the animal, as in
the Sea Univalves, but merely covers the
mouth ; nor is it ever wrought with a {pi-
ral or with concentric circles, or indeed
any other regular work.
feem to fit the outer mouths or apertures of the
Shells, yet the fifh retires within the Shell, fo far as
to make it fit, or clofe exa&tly to where he retires,
P|
All
122 coNe PHOLOGY
All fhell-like senda are of a er
nature, and diffolve in acids. It is thére-
fore, that when put in vinegar or other
acids, they move brifkly to and fro for fome
time, by the ebullition; from which particu-
Y
2
Jar, among the common people fond of cu-
tiofities, they have ebtained the name of
Creeping Stones. The horny and leathery
opercula fpurn acids. They have a kind
of greafinefs or unGtuofity, which, when
they are burnt, exhales a {trong fmell,
fometimes agreeable, but moft generally
_very foetid. The Blatta Byzantia, Con-
chylium, or Unguis Aromaticus of the
antients, and greatly valued, till of late,
in the materia medica, was of this latter
kind. It was called Unguis, becaufe ima-
gined torefemble the talons of a bird of
prey. Diofcorides propofes two kinds; one
from the Red Sea, white and greafy, which
was the moft efteemed: the other black
and not fo large, which came from Ba-
bylon. Of later times they have ufed
indifferently the {mall round opercula of
Purpura,
ey Ce hs: oO “rx V. 123
Purpure, &c. by the name of Blatta By-.
zantia. .When burnt they exhale a fmell
fomewhat like that of Caftoreum, and
their {moak was held good for vapours
and the epilepfy, and in decodtions they
were reckoned laxatives: but at prefent
thefe medicines are exploded. |
_* Simple Univalves (Univalvia non tur-
binata, vel in fe non contorta) as the
Limpet, Pi. I. fig. 1 and 2, the eye or
apex. /,
Chambered Univalves, (Univalvia Poly-
thalamia) as the Ammonite, &c. Pl. Ik.
fig. 125 145 075 20, and 21.
Revolved Univalves. See p. 118.
_ Turbinated Univalves, (Univalvia turbi-
mata.) See PILI. fig. 3, 4, 6, 7
SECTION
. 125 GO NeCrhyO:TA0:G. Y,
ZRBZREZL
o oe eee ee N
| AC I have now finifhed the general
parts of the ftudy, I fhall ‘regular-
ly proceed to my fyftem or method of
Shells ; but, previous to it, muft make
fome obfervations, |
Firft, I do not think it neceffary to di-
vide Shells, as Lifter, Gualtieri, Argen-
_ ville, and others have done, into land, river,
and fea Shells. I really do not find efflential
characters enough between thofe Shells to
pofitively or definitely determine which
are which. Some have pretended to efta-
blifh a character between them, from the
extreme thinnefs of land and river Shells to
fea Shells; and the want of colour in the.
land and river Shells. But they are no fixed
characters; for numbers of fea Shells are
ds
SECTION VIL 425
as thin as river Shells, e.g. the Paper
Nautili, Partridges, &c. Mr. Davila has on
this error placed the {mall blue rayed,
and the cracked Limpets, as river Shells,
which are fea Shells,
“In regard to Jand Snails, many of them
are as thick and well coloured as any fea
Shells; therefore this character is alfo very
vague and uncertain. |
However, one character is very fixed, or
a ftandard in the land operculated Uni-
valves, and is extremely different from the
fea operculated Shells. I took notice of it
in my account of the opercula or lids. It
is, the opercula, or lids, of all Land Shells,
are never wrought with fpiral lines, are of a
tough or leathery fubftance, and not ftoney
or cartilaginous; and befides, they are never
attached to, or make any part of. the very
animal. It is extremely feldom that we can
elucidate this particular in colletions ; as
Shells and their opercula are rarely feen to-
gether.
126 CONCHOLG VY.
gether, therefore it is from the réfult of
obférvations only I affert it. However,
any land Snail will demonftrate it; which, ~
if we did not know was a land Snail, we
might pofitively affirm to be one from its
operculum or lid ; for it is leathery, has
no concentric or fpiral lines, and is {pread
over the mouth in fuch a manner, as even
to pafs over the very edges or contour:
whereas, on the contrary, a Bloody Tooth,
_Nerit, or any Buccinum, can be proved to be
fea’Shells, by their opercula being fhelly, by
the work on them, and alfo by being clofed
within the lips or edges of the aperture,
and not ipread over them.
Thefe eid make mé reject, in my
fyftem, the divifion of Shells into land,
river, and fea ; becaufe, for want of com-
mon fixed characters, we never can pofi-
tively afcertain which are which. I there-
fore fhall blend all Shells together without
fuch diftin@ions.
A fe-
S-B:e Ta & A wNE 127
A fecond obfervation I fhall make is,
that the moft general f{truCture of tefta-
ceous animals is to be attached to their
Shells, and to be always fixed in them by
one or more ligaments or mufcles, This
fixation certainly anfwers to reafon ; for
thefe creatures can never probably be ima-
gined to form their Shells, and augment
them when neceflary, had not the animal
itfelf a fixed and common communication
with its Shell, by means of mufcles, to
tran{mit the proper juices for the increafe
of it. Yet, however, it is averred, that
the fifth of three families are not always
affixed by mufcles to their Shells, and thofe
are the Vermiculi, the Dentalia, and the
Paper Nautili. |
The Paper Nautilus appears not to be
fixed by any one part to its Shell, and is
very frequently feen without it.. The fifher-
men muft be very nimble to catch the fith
in its fhell, they quit their Shells with fuch
eafe.
28 | CONGHOL OG‘Y.
eafe. The Vermiculi and Dentalia are
found floating, as it were; in their Shells,
‘no ways fixed, but quite loofe and free,
like any thing in a fheath. However, to
reconcile this feeming paradox, and per-_
haps it is the real ftate of the cafe ; it is
more reafonable to advance, that thefe ani-
mals are abfolutely loofe from their Shells,
but rather that they are only very flightly
connected to it: and, perhaps, when the
Shell is complete or full grown, they de-
tach themfelves from the mufcles. Ana-
Jogous to what lobfters and other crufta-
~ ceous fifh do when they caft their yearly
crufts; that is, they detach the mufcles
of the old crufts, to affix them on their
new ones. ,
_ There is another obfervation to be made
with regard to Vermiculi, viz. that thefe
‘teftaceous animals border on, or conneét
fo clofe to, all the coral Polypes, that it is
‘impoffible to fix their diftin& limits, fo
_as to pronounce definitively whether Corals |
| fhould
SECTION VI i29
fhould be-ranked as teftaceous animals, as
a late author, Martini, has done in fome
particulars ; or, whether the Vermiculi
fhould rather be ranked as Corals, and éex-
punged the Teftacea. I muft needs own I
waver fo much in my opinion, as not to
be able to determine it at prefent 3 there-.
fore, fhall leave it to be fettled by future
naturalifts. However, I am of the cele-
brated Linnzeus’s opinion, to feparate them,
and make the Vermiculi atid Dentalia tefta-
ceous animals, and the Corals a quite fe-
parate or diftinct order.
Another particular is alfo to be fettled in
regard to the Echini. The Echini ate as
yet very indefinitely placed by naturalifts ;
many ranking them as cruftaceous, many
as teftaceous, and even many as animals
of an order diftin& from either. Thus
Lifter and Adanfon take no notice of them
among the Teftacea. Rumphius and Seba
place them with the Sea Stars and Cruftacea.
Linnzus calls them Mollufca, as he does
ae Sea
yo CONCHOLOGY.
Sea Stars, é&c. and diftinc& from Shells,
while, on the other hand, Buonanni and
Grew, who rank them with the Teftacea,
place them as Univalves ; and Woodward,
Argenville, Gualtieri, Breynius, Davila and
~ Meufchen, all rank them as Multivalves,
I thall therefore give my opinion of the
rank of thefe animals as follows, viz. that
though the. Echini, by being a lump of
naked flefh, merely included or lodged in
the Shell, brings them to my definition of
Teftacea, and not of Cruftacea ; yet the two
orifices in the very fhell for their food and
excrements, their {pines and progreffive
motion thereby, and their crufts fimilar to
that of Cruftacea, approach them fo near to
it, that 1am led to reject them from the
order of teftaceous animals: nor can they
be properly arranged as cruftacea. There-
fore, 1 would propofe to range them in an
order by themfelves.
Thofe
SECTION’ VI. 131
Thofe recited authors ‘who have ranged
them as Shells, place them as Univalves,
or as Multivalves. The latter difpofition
is Cettainly very erroneous ; for, though
they define the many futures feen in Echi-
nias fo many valves, yet they cannot ifi
anywile be reckoned as fuch, for they have
no play or motion whatever, as valves, but
are meer joinings of feveral pieces, always
permanent and fixed. Neither indeed would
the name of Multivalves anfwer to all
~Echini, could the futures even be termed
valves ; as only fome genera, not all Echi-
ni, are compofed of fuch futures.
As for making them a genus of Mol-
lufca, with the Sea Stars, &c. as Linnzus
does, I can in no wile approve it; becaufe,
certainly, the Sea Stars being coriaceous,
and the Echini crufiy, they demand dif-
ferent orders, for they cannot be reckoned
genera of the fame order, It is, therefore,
K 2 I think
122. CON ¢R OOH,
I think myfelf further juftified in creating
a new order*.
Now to the fyftem or method.
4
J divide all teftaceous animals into the
three ufual general divifions of Univalves,
Bivalves, and Multivalves,
_ Exch of thefe three general divifions con-
tains many families, genera, and fpecies.
Mr. Tournefort well obferves, there ought
to be certain principles or characters in
* ‘The numerous elafs of Echini moft certainly are
cruftaceous, are conjoined to the Star fifh, or at leaft are
| Affines. “Vhey have no common character with the
Teftacea, but their living in the fea, and partaking of |
the nature of marine animals. It is not clear, that
they do not in certain pertods even change their Shells,
as crabs and lobfters. How elfe ean we account for
their increafe ? The form and fubftance of thefe Shells
render it extremely difficult to account for this, with-
out fuch a fuppofition —they are neither Univalves
nor Multivalves. They are a clafs apart, as much as
the Aes &c.
Some of the Sea Stars confift of many cruftaceous
parts; their food, their progreffion are, fimilar, and
muft be conjoined. Corio-cruftacea.
3 every
ae t YON. ‘VI. 133
every fyftem or method; which principles
or characters fhould always be taken from
the chief part of the objects, and not from
feveral parts. ‘This character fhould alfo
be the conftant one through the whole
fyftem, to preferve a perfect regularity.
Thus ail bodies which agree in one fixed
character form the clafs, and the affinities
or differences of thofe bodies to each other
in other lefs chief or principal parts, create
the fubordinate genera and fpecies.
On this maxim I fhall build my fyftem,
and for all the turbinated Univalves, I thall
fix on the aperture or mouth of the Shell
as the head or chief character. For the
Bivalves on the hinges, and for the Mul-
tivalves, on the number of valves.
The fimple figure, the-chambered ftruc-
ture, and the latent whirls of the revolved.
Shells, which are all the remaining Uni-
valves that are not characterifed by the
| mouth, {uch as the Limpets, Ammonia, and
K 3 Cowries,
134 CONCHOLOGY.
Cownies, fhall be the head charter for
thofe families.
In regard to fecondary or fubordinate
characters for genera or {pecies, I fhall note
the following: 1. The figure or fhape.
2. The turban or clavicle. 3. The work
on the Shell: and, 4. The other lefs eflen-
tial particularities ; as, thicknefs or thin-
nefs of the Shell, the epidermis, and the
fubftance, whether pearly, horny, or opake,
&c.
SECTION
SECTION VIL 4336
EXEREX
REC E1L0.N VIL
“FT HERE is one natural order of -uni-
valve Shells, which ought to be
adhered to as {crupuloufly as poflible. One
fhould proceed from the fimpleft forms
to the moft complex.
The Patellz undoubtedly ftand firft.
The Aures Marine..
Cowries.
Olives.
_ Volutes.
-_ Nerits.
Globofe.
Caffides.
Trochi.:
Cochlez.
~ Turbines.
Buccina.
Murices.
36 CONCHOLOGY.
It will be difficult to fix the limits where
one clafs ends, and another begins. But,
by keeping clofe in view the natural pro-
ceflion, it feems practicable to form a bet-
ter fy{tem than any yet propofed.
The enumeration of the Univalves is as
follows :
Divifion I. Univalves.
Part I. Simple Univalves, or Univalves
not turbinated, or little, if at all, fpiral.
This part contains four families: viz. 1.
The Limpets. 2. The Aures Marina, which
are lightly {piral. 3: The Vermiculi or
Worm Shells: and, 4. The Dentalia,
Family 1. Limpets. Patella.
This family derives its Latin name from
its refemblance to a little plate ; like this
utenfil, the Limpets are for the moft part
round, or oval, or approaching thereto ;
, the
SECTION VIL. igy
the part that contains the fifh is concave,
{mooth, and often finely wafhed with co-
lours. ‘The Shell is more or lefs conical.
The apex, or eye, is either whole or per-
forated, and is feldom placed exaétly in the
middle of the Shell, but moft commonly
inclines towards one end; that is, taking it
in its longeft dimenfions. The rim of the
Shell, which forms its bafe, is likewife
various, fometimes without any promi-
nencies or {mooth, fometimes with large
ones or jagged, and fometimes with flits
only, or crenated. Their external furface
is often rough and fcabrous, and their
apices often imperfect ; for, moft of this
family adhering to the rocks, they are much
expofed to the fun during ebb, and to all
the violences that render dead Shells unac-
| ceptable to the curious,
Though it commonly happens, - that
the Shells moft remarkable for the bril-
liancy of their colours are of the fimpleft
form, as the Nerits, Olives, Volutes, &c.
yet this tribe feems anexception. It is true
_ there
138 CONCHOLOGY.
there are confiderable numbers that have
very lively colours; yet, 1m general, they
abound with lefs variety than moft other
Shells... Iu fome parts of England the
Limpets have obtained the name of Nipple
Shells.
The Limpets from particular characters
may be divided into three genera, viz.
1. Whole or entire Limpets (Patella
vertice integro), or that are not perforated
Or open at top.
2. Chambered Limpets (Patella conca-
merate five cavitate soe interno donata. )
3. Pierced or perforated Limpets, Maifks,
(Patella vertice perforato) or thofe that
have their tops perforated with a hole
pierced quite through the Shell.
Some authors have made a fourth ge-
nus of Limpets, with atwirled, crooked, or
produced beak. (Vertice adunco) But as
feveral Limpets run much on it, though
| not
SECTION. VI. 139
not properly twirled or produced, when
their beaks are pointed and fituated fide-
ways*, I cannot think it a character fufhi-
cient or ftrong enough to form a genus.
I have already obferved, that in the vatt
volume of Seba, it is very remarkable, not
a fingle Limpet is figured, defcribed, or
even mentioned.
‘The Limpets, though not feemingly fo,
are a numerous family. Ihave recognized
about feventy fpecies.
The firft genus, or whole Limpets, 18
very numerous. The fecond, or Cham-
bered Limpets, has many fpecies : but the
third genus, or perforated Limpets, or
-Matks, has but few {fpecies. “The enu-
meration of all the fpecies appertains more
properly to a hiftory of Shells, than to
thefe rudiments,
* Concho-lepas, Cochlea-lepas, dc.
Europe
96 CONG@HOE OGY.
Europe affords few fpecies. The fineft
and largeft are from the Faft-Indies. Africa,
efpecially the Cape of Good Hope, produces —
many fineones. America has many of the —
chambered. and fmaller kinds: and late
difcoveries have brought us fome large and
fine Limpets from the Streights of Magel-
lan and the South Sea.
- Plate I. fig. 1, 2, reprefents the common
Englifh Limpet in two views.
Plate II. fig. 1. The Goat’s Eye Limpet.
Ocil de bouc, Argenville, p. 188. Plate II.
B. Gualtieri. Tab. 9. H. A Mediterra-
nean Shell. Phot
Plate II. fig. 2. A Chambered —
from America 1 in two views.
Plate IL. fig. 3. The Magellanic Matk
Limpet. |
Thefe
SECTION VII. 141
Thefe are the neceflary notices that oc-
cur to me relative to the recent Limpets,
or thofe known from fea, But, as appen+
dixes to the feveral families of recent Shells,
I fhall enumerate fome foffil Shells which
are not yet, to my knowledge, difcover-
ed or known recent or living, in order to
form amore complete fyftem of teftaceous
animals than has hitherto been done: by
interpolating the unknown foffil Shells with
the recent ones. For not only fingle {pe-
cies of foffil Shells yet remain undifcovered —
in their recent or living ftate ; but genera,
and even whole families, as the Ammonia,
Anomiz, &c. by which means I add thofe
Defiderata which we are fure ftill exift
in the feas, though not yet known to us
otherwife than in the foffil ftate.
Foffil Limpets are very rarely met with;
however, there are two kinds which feem
to challenge a place in this appendix,
¥IZ.
A {mall
mz CONCHOLOGY.
A {mall {pecies of Fools Cap. It feems
different from the Weft Indian kind, but
approaches it nearly, This is not un-
frequently found in the calcareous foils of
France.
The fecond is a very curious and res
markable kind, and the fragments of it,
called by foffilogifts Trichites, are found
in great abundance in the Englith chalk-
pits*, yet the Shells are fo exceffive rare to -
be met with entire, or even nearly fo, that
I have never feen but four, which are all
in the elegant collection of my efteemed
friend Mr. Ingham Fofter, of London,
who found them in the chalk-cliffs near
| Dover.
Thefe Limpets are very large, and, like
the Concho Lepas, refemble a fingle a
© Trichites Cretaceorum, il nig Lith. Brit. Tebmigr.
Ns 1751 & 1752
Dok
SECT VON ' Vir. 143
of a Bivalve. They feem to be of two
kinds, and are more irregular than that
Shell, and, inftead of being fulcated length-
wife, are circularly wrought, or in a trant{-
verfe manner, with very high irregular
ridges, not thickly, but rather thinly fet.
The Shells are very thick. One fort is high,
or copped, the other is broad or flattith.
The infide is quite {mooth, the edges turn
outwards, and, under the beak, or that
part which anfwers to the hinge in Bi-
valves, they {ftretch out (all towards the
dame fide) into a broad flat ledge, the per-
pendicular fide of which, is curioufly work-
ed with ftreight and parallel furrows, like
te the hinge of a Multarticulate Bivalve.
On the very top or beak part, it has a
large, wide, roundifh opening, like a frac-
ture, which, from its remarkable thinnefs,
makes it difficult to determine, whether
it be a natural perforation or an accidental
fracture, though, by its regular edge, and
being quite alike in all the four fpecimens,
ene would incline in favour of the former.
; : Family
m4 CONCHOLOGY.
Family 2. Haliotis*, Aures Marine, Sea
Ears. The definition of this family is
as follows: Shells of an ear-like form,
flattifh, almoft wide open, or hollow, for,
from the apex or head, all along one fide, it
has only a broad ledge or margin. The apex
has alfo a fingle perfect whirl, and a curv-
ed row of holes, or perforations, runs its’
length, from the head to the oppofite
end.
Thefe Shells, in appearance and nature,
approach fo extremely to the Limpets, for
they alfo fix themfelves to rocks, that I
think they juftly demand the next Pian or
link in the method.
* Haliotis. Lifter could have had no doubts about
this family being next in order to the Limpets, had. he.
obferved, the natural method, 1. e. fimplicity of figure.
It is true this Shell has a whirl (rather than a {pire) 5
but in fome fpecies it fcarcely projects. One fees, in
many of the Nerits, very evident tokens of more
circungyrations.
However,
$BETION? VI. x4
However, they cannot be properly called
fimple, or Shells that are noways {piral ;
becaufe at their head they have as perfect
and fine a whirl as any other turbinated
Shell: but, as Nature in her works has mads
fuch flight tranfitions from one family to
another, it is impoffible to fix them by hu-
man definitions. Thus feveral of the
Chambered Limpets have fuch fingle whirls,
and the Trocho Lepas and Cochlea Lepas
are even fo greatly f{piral, as exteriorly to.
refemble a Trochus or a Snail; yet are
they true Limpets. It is therefore im-
poffible to regulate natural objects to a per-
fe&t precifion, by the moft elaborate and
minute definitions.
This fpiral head of the Haliotis has
made fome authors not only feparate them
from the Limpets, but alfo even reject.
them from the fimple Shells. Thus
Lifter * places them in his Hiftoria Con-
* See the note which is printed in p. 144.
L chyliorum
wb, -C-O:N Gyn Iy.0 Gy.
chyliorum among the turbinated Shells,
after the Nautili, the Snails, and the Ne-
rits, and preceding the Trochi. He does
the fame in his work de Animalibus An-
gliz, wherein, p. 167, he fays, it is fpiral
at, the. Clavicle in the fame manner as
other turbinated Shelis,, and therefore, by
fome is wrongly placed among the fimple
Shells, Gualtieri ranks them among the
Snails with deprefled or flatted clavicles;
and Adanfon and Meufchen take them from
the fimp! e Shells, and place them as. the
fark family of the {piral Shells.
“I hall fix another character to this. fa-
mily, i in which all other authors, Linnzus
excepted, differ from me: thatis, I can
allow no Shell to be of the Haliotis family
without having-the row of perforations ; for
T hold that to be.an eflential character. Thus
the Venus Ear, ranked as a Haltotis, I fhall,
like Linnzeus*, feparate from them.
* Syft. Nat. p. 1250, 713, Helix Haliotoidea.
T ere
gECTION Vir 145°
There is yet another charaéter, which
feems to belong to this family ; that is,
their infide is always of the fineft or moft.
orient pearl; and even pearls are often bred
inthem. ‘This is alfo another reafon why
I do not allow the abovefaid Venus Ear to
be of the family, for it wants the pearly
infide, as well as the perforatiotis.
In the tow of holes, or perforations, there
are generally fix or feven quite perforated,
or very open; the reft are clofed, and ap-
pear rather like tubercles than holes; for it’
is faid the fith always clofes one towards
the head, and opens another towards the
end, as he grows bigger, and by thefe
holes he flings his excrements forth from
his Shell.
There ate very few fpecies of this fas
mily. It is even doubted, whether fome
{pecies propofed by authors, are not rather
varictics: but they are found in greet abun-
dance in moft parts of the world.
L, 2 I never
148 CONCHOLOGY.
_I never knew a fingle inftance of a Ha-
liotis being found foffil. Pl. Il. fig. 4, re-
-prefents a Haliotis or Sea Ear.
The third family is the Vermiculi, of
Worm Shells. The definition of this fami-
ly is, tubular cylindrical Shells, fingle, in
mafles together, or adherent to other Shells.
or bodies. Varioufly finuous, by winding
or twifting to and fro in a very irregular
manner. The Vermiculi in general are of,
no determinate or fixed regular fhape, from
their windings and twiftings. But as there.
are fome fpecies which either wholly, or
in particular parts, have a regular form ;
and others which have a kind of concame-
rated ftru€ture; and in that only differ
from the generality of them, as the Wa-
‘tring-pot, and the Chambered Worms; I
fhall conftitute a particular genus for them.
Thus the Vermiculi will range under
two genera, viz.
ls: VPte
¥ OCR M(OIN:) VI: 149
i. Vermiculi, or tubular Worm Shells,
which have no fixed or regular form, as
the common Vermiculi. |
2. Penecilli, or thofe other Worm Shells
which i in the whole or any efpecial or par-
ticular part, have a determinate regular
fhape or ftruature,
I have already hinted the.near approach
of thefe Shells and their animais to corals ;
but that I fhould keep them feparate, and
as teftacea. However, I thall reje@ all
the Sea Worms which inhabit tubes made
up of grains of fand and other {ubftances,
connected or joined together by a gluti-
nous matter; for they are not a ftru@ture
of a folid teftaceous fubftance, and there-
fore cannot be reckoned as Teftacea : fuch
as the Sabelle Linnzi * ;
* Syft. Nat. 1268, 336.
I, 3 The
0 CONGHOLOGY.
The firft genus of Vermiculi, though
found every where in great abundance, are
not of many different {pecies.
Vermiculi, in their various windings,
are fometimes fo regularly {piral, as to
emulate the moft perfect turbinated Shells ;
but that is only accidental. Pl. IL. fig. 6,
a groupe of fmall Vermiculi Shells, and a
jingle large one fomewhat {piral.
The fecond genus, which I call Pene-
cilli, are Worm Shells, of a regular deter-
mipate figure in the whole, or fome par-
ticular part, or elfe of a particular ftructure,
There are few fpecies of this genus,
The Watering-pot, PI.II. fig. 8.* from
the Eaft Indies, is the chief kind, and,
when perfect, is much valued. |
* Serpula Penis, Linnei Syft. Nat. p. 1267. 806.
Gualtieri
SRO TE FOLN i VIF: 151
Gualtiert ranks the famous Shell the
Wentletrap, or Stair-cafe*, with Vermi-
culi: he gives for reafon, thatthe fpires
of this Shell are meer locfe ones, not
produced from, or any-ways connected or
fupported by, a pillar or columella, run-
ning through the middle of the Shell, its
length, as is the conf@ant and true ftruc-
ture of all turbinated Shells. If fo, they
cettainly are not Buccina, as moft authors
rank them, but Vermicult. Davila alfo
places it among his Vermiculares, with-
out giving any reafon for fo doing.
There are alfo Vermiculi, which have
concamerations, or are divided into cham-
bers by a few or many tranfverfe plates,
PILI. fig. 5+, but they are {eldom regu-
Jar, or fet at equidiftant intervals, -and are
not pierced by a pipe or fiphunculus, that
communicates from chamber to chamber,
foas to permit the fith to penetrate morethan
one chamber or inclofure at a time, in which
* Turbo Scalaris, Linnzi Syft, Nat. p. 1237. 630.
+ Serpula Polythalamia, Linn. p. 1266. 802.
| Ly particulars
132 CONCHOL OGY.
particulars they effentially differ from the
concamerated Shells, as the Nautili, &c.
Befides, thefe concamerations do not feem
conftant to apy particular ipecies, and ap-
pear rather the clofing up, and deferting
the old place of habitation of the fith,
when it augments tts Shell; like as the
very bottom fpires of a turbinated Shell,
which the animal fills up as it grows big-
ger, and enlarges its habitations. The So-
Jen Arenarius of Rumphius, Tab. 41.fig. E;
and thofe of Davila, Tab. 21; which latter
author clafies them among his multivalves,
are of this kind.
The Vermiculi are frequently found in
the foflil ftate; but I do not recollect
any {pecies, but what is known recent,
or from Sea.
The laft and fourth family of fimple
Shells, or not fpiral, is the Dentalia. The
definition of this family is, Simple tubular
Shells, of a regular, determinate, curved,
conical fhape, and open at both ends.
The
SECTION Vill. 153
This family has very few fpecies: and
the foflil ones afford not any kinds yet
undifcovered recent. Pl. IL fig. g, the
Jarge green furrowed Dentale of the Eaft- |
Indies. PI. II. fig. ro, the fmooth yel-
lowifh Dentale of the Englifh fea.
SECTION
4 CON GHO-L-O'G'Y.
Se ew te Vili.
IVISION 1
concame e
! k Le
walves, that have aany reoular and near.
equidiftant cells or chambers, and a pipe
or fiphunculus, that opens into, and com-
~-municates from chamber to chamber.
_Univalves, part 2.
chambered Uni-
This chambered ftruature, I fix as the
efential and {pecific character of the Shells
of this {econd part of the firft divifion; for
there occur among them not only revolved
and turbinated Shells, but even quite fimple
or no-wife turbinated ones.
This fecond part contains fix genera,
ue genus whereof, viz. the Orthoceratites,
is of a fimple figure; four genera, as the
Lituite, or Croziers, Polythalami, Turbines
“Ammonia and Ammonoides, are all turbi-
yated; and the other genus, or Nautilus,
7 °
1S revolt Ved.
(adde " Lor py. v7 .’) i ' For
SECTION VIL x55
For the arrangement of thefe chambered
Shells, we muft have recourfe to the foffil
kingdom; fince there are only two genera
of the fix, viz. the Lituites and Nautilus,
that are known recent or from fea. Con-
fequently the foffil kingdom alone helps
us to arrange fot whole genera, and
many fpecies of the two other genera in
the fyftem of Shells, all which yet remain
undifcovered living or recent from fea.
In my twenty-fifth lefture, on foffils, I
have treated this fubject fully; and have | |
obferved how furprizing it is, that thefe/
genera, which are found foffil in fach amaz-,
ing abundance, all over the globe, and
befides are numerous families, have to this
hour efcaped the refearches of mankind, |
to difcoyer them recent or living. Befides
other arguments given, their being Pe-
lagian Shells, or Shells that inhabit the very
deepeft receffes of the fea, feems one prin-
cipal caufe; as thofe deep recefles are not
fubject to the agitations of the great tem-
pets
16 CONCHOL OGY.
pefts and other violent ragings of that im-
menfe mafs of waters; and therefore the
Shells conftantly remain undifturbed in
them. "
Genus 1. Orthoceros, fimple ftreight
conical Shells, or no-wife turbinated ; and
gradually tapering from a broad end to a
fharp-pointed top, like a {trait horn, whence
‘their name. They are chambered from
bottom to top, and have a fiphunculus, or
pipe of communication, from chamber to
chamber.- Pl. Il. fig. 12. is greatly mag-
nified, fig. 13. being the natural fize of
the Shell difcovered, — taken from Gual-
tierl,
Pl. IL fig. 14, 1s a fragment of a fofiil,
orthoceratites, in a {mall {cale, taken from
Breynius de polythalamiis; @ aaa, the
cells or chambers; 6466, the fiphuncu-
lus, or pipe of communication, which
in hoth thefe figures is central. |
Plancus
SECTION Vin’, ie
Plancus in his book de Conchis minus
‘notis littoris Ariminenfis, defcribes fome
recent minute kinds of this genus, which
he found in great quantities in the fea fedi-
ment, at Rimini in Italy. The Orthocerofes
he difcovered were {fpecies fo very minute,
lefs than one quarter of an inch, and not
thicker than a pin, that they demanded
the aid of the microfcope, to difcern their
ftructure. Gualtieri, Tab. 1g, has figured
four kinds of them, fent him by Plancus;
and Linnus ranks them in his fyftem, as
Nautili *.. |
How different thefe are from thofe found
foffil, is extremely ftriking; the recent
{pecies are fo very minute, as to demand
the microfcope to view them; the foffil
ones, on the contrary, are moftly very large,
frequently above a foot in length, andabove
an inch and a half over, even the {malleft
kinds; asthe Alveoli are feldom lefs than an
* Nautilus Orthccera, Linnzi, Syft. Nat. p. 1164.289-
6 inch
i698 CON CHOL OG ¥,
inch long, and a quarter of an inch over: and
befides their great difference in fize, they
no wife tally in other particulars with the
larger, fo as to be imagined, young ones
of the fame fpecies.
Breynius, who firft formed this genus in
his work de Polythalamiis, propofes nine
kinds and I have obferved fome others
not mentioned by him.
I would divide this genus into two fec-
tions, viz. 1ft. thofe that have the fiphun-
culus placed on or near the edge; and 2dly,
thofe that have it central, or near the
center.
It is proper to obferve, that thefe foffils
are always catts of {tone or replacements
of {parry matter. I have however feen,
though extreme rarely, flight fragments of
the fhell on them, which fragments were
whitifh and very thin.
-
Genus
SECTION VI” rig
Genus 2. Lituus, the crozier. This
Shell exactly refembles a Bifhop’s crozier
itt fhape, for it has a long cylindrick ftem,
one end whereof turns in a fpiral manner ;
but the fpires are few, feparated, and re-
cede from each other.
Breynius, who firft formed this genus,
in his above quoted work, defcribes and
figures a fingle {pecies, fo that it 1s an ex-
tremely rare foffil. But there is a fpécies
of {mall recent Shell, commonly called
the rams horn*, found in great abundance,
both in the Eaft and Weft Indies, which’
is ranked by moft authors as a nautilus or
ammonis, that certainly is the very iden-
tical fpecies with the foffil kind. We
only fee the fpiral end of this recent
{pecies in our collections, and never with
its tem. However, the view alone of it
* Nautilus exiguus, albus, pellucidus, teres, Lift.
Hift. Conch. lib. 4. Seét. 401. fig. 2. Nautilus Spirula
Linnei Syft. Nat. p. 1163. 279. Rape ee
evinces
160 CONCHOLOGYY.
evinces its analogy; for as the fpires are
few, and greatly recede from each other,
it muft follow that the outer fpire will
at laft infenfibly fall into a ftrait line
or a ftem: and the reafon we never find
it with the ftem, probably, is owing to
the thinnefs and brittlenefs of the Shell;
fo that the agitation of the waves, for it
is only found caft up on the fhores, eafily
breaks off this ftem or cylindric part. Pl. II.
fig. 18, is the entire Shell and fig. 19. is
cut open, to fhew its chambered ftructure.
Genus 3. Turbo Polythalamus five Con-
cameratus. I am the firft who has propofed
this Genus. It is only found foffil; and
even in that ftate but one fpecies is known
tome. It is a turbinated or fpiral Shell,
of a produced or lengthened fhape, exactly
like a Buccinum in appearance, but is con-
cameratedor chambered, and the diaphragms
or partitions are cut and jagged, like to
the foliaceous futures of the Ammonia.
Cafts
Sa CT PON. Vill iby
Cafts of ftone of this kind, for I have
never feen it in the Shell ftate, are found
in Dorfetfhire, France, and Switzerland,
but never in any great degree of perfection.
Pl. Il. fig. r1, is a Turbo Polythala-
mus, but by the miftake of the engraver,
the figure is laid flat; whereas it fhould
have been erect, in the famie mannef as a
Whelk, or other turbinated Shell.
Genus 4. Cornua Ammonis, or Am-
monia. The Shells of this genus are per-
fect Helices, the fpires lying between two
flats or levels. PI. II. fig. 20, is an Ams
monis, and fig. 21, 1s cut or opened, to
fhew its feveral cells or chambers.
The fpires are cylindric, and conneéted
to each other. They gradually diminifh
or taper (on both levels equally alike)
from the circumference to the center ; fo
that by the gradual tapering of the fpires
to the center, the centers of both flats are
concaves.
M The
62. CON CALL O Ew.
The inner ftructure is chambered ; bug
the diaphragms, or partitions of the cells
or chambers, are not roundifh and with an
even edge, as thofe of the Orthoceros and
Nautilus, but are flafhed, or jagged, into
procefies or appendages, which laid toge-
ther tally and clofe into one another fo
ftrongly and curioufly, that, when joined,
the flats or furfaces of the whole Ammo-
nis are embellifhed with a beautiful leaved
work, exactly fimilar to that on the feulls _
of animals: and this by foffilogifts is
called the foliaceous futures of the Am-
monites.
However, this foliaceous work does not
feem to be a particular character of the Am-
‘monia, for the Turbines Concamerati, or
preceding Genus, have it; and I have like-
wife feen fpecies of Orthoceratite and
foffil Nautili with the fame work.
The
SECTION VIiIt. 163
The fiphunculus, or pipe of communi-
cation from chamber to chamber in the
Ammonia, feems to be placed on the back
of the fpires, and not near the edges or in
the center of them; but, as I can only
draw this conclufion from foffil ones, which
are very rarely fo perfect as to fhew the
pipe diftinaly, we muft yet remain un-
certain in regard to this and fome others
of their particular characters,
It is a matter of aftonifhment in this
and other families of teftacea, that in ge-
neral the moft commion foflil Shells are
the fcafceft in the recent ftate, and vice
verfa. It could be readily explained, were
all the foflil kinds, not known recent,
reckoned Pelagian Shells, as the Ammo-
nia certainly are: but then what reafon
can be given for the Limpets, Sea Ears,
Volutes, Cowries, &c. which, though in
extreme plenty recent, are very rarely
Mz found
ai C ON CHIOMs0'1G' &
found foffil, with many other fuch pa-
rallel inftances.
The foffil- Ammonia, or Ammonite,
are found in great abundance, and of ma-
ny fpecies, in moft parts of the world ;
from the fmall fize of a pea, through
all the gradations of fizes, to above a
yardin diameter, and proportionably thick.
Thefe are not objects that efcape the eye
by their minutenefs ; yet, neverthelefs, all
the fpecies of them ftill remain to be dif-
covered, except one very minute kind.
This difcovered living fpecies of Ammo-
nis is fo very minute, as hardly to exceed
the bignefs of a turnep feed, and does not
weigh the hundredth part of a grain ;
therefore demands the aid of the micro-
{cope to view it. It was found by Plan-
cus with the recent Orthoceroses above-
mentioned in the fea fediment at Rimini:
he has defcribed and figured it in his
work,
FE'C TRON” VI. 165
work. Gualtier1 has alfo figured it as
magnified by the microfcope in Tab. 19.
fig. H. I. and Linnzus ranks it among
the Nautili.
It is very remarkable, that this recent
{fpecies is a diftinét kind from any of the
foffil ones known. It not only differs in
particular circumftances, but even in an
effential charaéter ; which is, that as all
the foflil ones, or Ammonite, have a con-
cave center, this recent kind has a very
prominent: or projecting one.
By what general obfervations I have
made on the Ammonite, I think the fpe-
cific character for their fections, or arrange-
ments, is to be taken from the work on
the back of their fpires; for it is the
moft obvious, conitant, regular, and cer~
tain character.
On this character I thall divide the Am-
‘monia into eight fections or arrangements.
M 3 I have
146 CONC -HOLOGY.
[have given a full account of the feétions,
and the fpecies that rank under them, in
my twenty-fifth le€ture on foffils; which.
I thall here briefly recapitulate. —
Section |. Ammonia, whofe backs are
quite {mooth and plain: Ammonia dorfo
levi.
Section I]. Ammonia, whofe backs are
ftriated, fulcated, or ribbed: Ammonia,
dorfo ftriato, fulcato, vel coftato.
Section LH, Ammonia that havea plain
prominent ridge along the back : Ammo-
nia limbo prominulo per totum dorfum
duce,
Section ree Ammonia with a plain pro-
minent ridge between two furrows: Am-
monia limbo prominulo inter duo sfulcos
- erecto,
Section
SECTLION VIL 169
Section V. Ammonia with a prominent
ridge, not plain as in Sedtion III. but
wreathed or twilted like a rope: Ammo-
nia limbo teniolato.
Section VI. Ammonia with a plain fur-
row or channel along the back: Ammo-
nia fulco unico per dorfum ducto.
Se&ion VII. Ammonia whofe backs are
ftudded or {piked: Ammonia dorfo tuber-
culato vel aculeato.
Se&tion VIII. Ammeonia whofe backs
are deeply notched or toothed like a faw:
Armonia dorfo dentato.
Genus 5. Ammonoides. The definition ~
of this genus is, that, in all other refpeés
except fhape, it refembles the Ammonite ;
for thefe bodies are quite globofe like Nau-
tili, and not flat like Ammonite. The -
outer {pire alone makes above one half of
M4 the
168°. C:O.N CH O-L.O Geox.
the body; and all the other fpires are very
{mall, and taper into a concavity, fo that
the center is deeply hollowed or umbili-
cated. Pi. IT. fig. 15, an Ammonoides,
Thefe elegant foffils are found at Draycot
in Wiltthire, and in Switzerland.
Genus 6. Nautilus. The Nautili I de-
fine to be revolved Shells, or fuch whofe
{pires never appear externally, but lie la-
tent or quite hidden within the body of the
Shell. Turbinata, volute apice non emi-
nente : vel clavicula intus recondita.
The Nautili are of achambered ftructure;
the partitions of the cells or chambers being
concavo-convex roundifh plates. How-
ever, I have feen foffil kinds with folia-
ceous futures like the Ammonite ; which
implies, that all the {pecies have not fuch
regular roundifh partitions : and, indeed,
Breynius folely, on this account, divides
the Nautili into two orders, of thofe with
concavo-convex femilunar diaphragms, and
thofe with jagged or finuated diaphragms.
3 “Prd,
SBC: T TON’ VII. -169
Pl. Il. fig, 16. the Indian pearly Nautilus.
Fig. 17. the fame Shell laid open, to thew
its cells or chambers, and its fiphunculus
or pipe of communication.
The Paper Nautilus, though claffed by
moft authors as a Nautilus, is of a diftin&
genus; it not being of a chambered ftruc-
ture. !
The fpecies of Nautili are few. Au-
thors make two forts of the Eaft Indian
or pearly kind, to wit, the umbilicated
and non-umbilicated; which I afflent to.
This pearly Nautilus is by feveral au-
thors very erroneoufly called Nautilus Gre-
corum : whereas the Nautilus of the
Greeks was the Paper Nautilus, not this
kind,
The animal of this Shell is faid to inha-
bit only the uppermoit or open chamber,
which is greatly larger than the others.
The reft remain empty, except that the
pipe, or fiphunculus, which communicates
from.
170 CONCHOLOGY.
from chamber to chamber, is filled with
an appendage or tail of the animal*, like a
gut or firing +.
Mr. Hooke (Philofophical Experiments
and Obfervations, p.306.) imagines the ani-
mal ufes this tail or gut, which fills the
pipe or fiphunculus at will, as its necef-
fities require, to exhauft the water or air
from the chambers, or vice verfa, to fill
them with either; by which aé€tions he
* See the Gentleman’s Magazine many years ago on
this fubject. “The fiphunculus is a dilatable tube under
the command of the animal. When it is dilated,
like the fwimming-bladder of a fifh, it renders the
the Nautilus buoyant. When it is contraéted, the fifh
and fhell fink, and juft to fuch a degree as the prefent
occafions of the animal require. I believe no water
ever enters this tube.
+ I have my doubts whether the Nautilus fifh in-
habits more than one chamber of his Shell. I think
it does not ; for if it does, how is the fifh ever got
from thofe chambers, as the fiphunculus is fo fmall ?
renders
$BO.T, LON Vit. 171
renders himfelf -of more or lefs {pecitic
gravity, to fink or {wim.
Thefe opinions however are merely {pe-
culative, for I cannot find we have ac-
quired an accurate hiftory of the animal,
or its way of life. Rumphius indeed gives
a figure and defcription of the fith; but
J am of Breynius’s opinion, that it is fo
confufed and unintelligible, as not any
information can be gathered from it.
Plancus defcribes and figures fome very
minute recent Nautili from the fea fedi-
ment at Rimini. Gualtieri refigures three
{pecies of them, Tab. 19, A. B. C. They
are fo minute that three and thirty of them
hardly equal a grain in weight. Linnzus
has’ entered them among his Nautili.
I have feen two remarkable foffil kinds
yet undiicovered, living or recent fromthe
fea, v1Z,
A Nau-
172 CO Mir OL Ore a.
A Nautilites about the fize of a pippin,
quite pyritical, without the flighteft veltiges
of the natural Shell. It is deeply um-
bilicated, has fine foliaceous: futures in
feveral parts, and befides is thickly and
finely ridged acrofs from fide to fide, the
ridges not ftrait, but curved, the curvature
‘tending downwards, or from the mouth.
This is in the elegant collection of my
efteemed friend Mr. Ingham Fofter, of
London.
A fmall kind, with undulated or zigzag
futures, found in the limeftone of puthyr
hires and in Germany,
SECTION
SCPE PON SIX. 173
*EREXES
Subic TON: Ix,
ART III, revolved Shells, or Shells
whofe fpires are latent, or hidden
within the body, and do not in any man-
ner appear externally ; fo that they have
no clavicle or turban *.
The common Nautilus is alfo a revolved
Shell, but being more remarkable for its
chambered ftructure, it is arranged in Part
fecond.
This third part contains three families, to
wit, family fixth, Nuces feu Bulle, the
Pewit’s Eggs, or Dipping Snails. Seventh,
Semiporcellane. Eighth, Cyprez feu Por-
cellane, the Cowries.
The fixth family is the Nuces, feu Bullz,
commonly called the Pewit’s Eggs, or
Dipping Snails, but which I fhall hence-
* Univalvia turbinata, clavicula intus recondita,
vel ita in fe contorta, ut eorum circumvolutiones nulla
¢x parte promineant, Turbinata involuta.
forward
OLED a dd. Vid € TA ‘
me CC CONATE OL ORY:
forward call Dippers, or Sea Nuts. ‘The
definition of this family I make as fol-
lows; moft generally of an oval fhape, and
umbilicated at bottom. The mouth very
patulous, efpecially at the top, for it nar-
rows greatly downwards. ‘The lip thin,
—fharp, and naked, or without any border
or other works; and with a {mall facing or
columella lip on the upper part of the
“mouth. PILI. fig. 4, 5,a Nux, or Dip-
per, fhewn on both fides.
‘The arrangement of this family ig much
confufed in authors, by their feeming con-
nexion with the two following families of
Semiporcellane and Cypree. Lifter makes
them a genus of Cowry, and calls it Con-
cha Veneris bafi umbilicat.a Grew and
Buonanni place it with the Snails. Rum-
phius, with his Cochlez Globofz » Argén-
. ville, Davila, and Meufchen do the fame’;
and, indeed, Linneews’s genus of Bulla is
of the fame complexion; for it alfo in-
cludes the figs, turneps, &c. equally with
the Dippers, Gualtieri makes it a genus
I preceding
SBC LE LGIN. AX.
479
preceding the Cowries, and following the
Paper Nautili. me
7
The arrangement that Rumphius, Ar-
genville, Linnzus, Davila, and Meufchen,
give them as Cochlez Globof, or Tuns,
is very furprizing and extremely erroneous:
fince they have avery different effential cha-
racter, though all have patulous or very
large mouths. For the Nuces, or Bulle, like -
the Cowries, have no clavicle or turban ;
becaufe their fpires are latent within their
bodies : whereas the Conchz Globofz, as
the Partridges, Tuns, &c, are really turbi-
nated Shells, and have a very fair and {trong
external clavicle, but it is generally flattifh,
or not much produced.
Though there is a vaft difference of co-
touring in the Dippers, I am, neverthelefs,
inclined to think they are only varieties,
and that this family is not numerous.
The
16 CONCHOLOGY. -
The feventh family is the Semiporcel-
Janz, or Shells greatly refembling the Cy
prez or Cowries in their appearance, Their
aperture, however, is not fo narrow, but
more open, neither are the lips toothed or
dentated; which are the differential cha-
racters I eftablifh between the two families.
I have already obferved, that Grew,
Rumphius, Seba, Argenville, Gualtieri, and
others, have ranked them as Cowries. Lif+
ter calls them Concha Veneris apertura
non dentata. Linnzus makes a genus of
them he calls Bulla; in which he alfo in-
cludes my preceding family of Nuces or
Dippers. Davila, refining on Argenville,
divides the Cowries into two genera, of
toothed and not toothed ; which latter is
this kind; and Meufchen, in like manner,
makes them a divifion of Cowries by the
name of Semiporcellane.
The
SECTION IX. 177
The {pecies of this family are not nume-
tous ; but among them the Weaver’s
Shuttle, Pl. III. fig. 3, the Poached Egg,
and fome others, are éfteemed rare and
curious Shells, —
The eighth family : Cyprea vel Por-
cellana, the Cowry, Shells generally fe-
mioval, whofe flat part is the mouth. The
fpires of the Cowries in no wife appear
externally, but make their revolutions
quite latent, or within the body of the
Shell. The aperture is on the flat fide; it
1S a narrow opening, or fent, the length of
the Shell. The lips near together, broad,
turning inwards, and toothed; the two ends
or extremes on the upper part are very
bumped and prominent. At one extreme
it has awry gutter, or opening, like the
mouth of a foal or other flat fith: the
other extreme has alfo a gutter, but it is
{trait or perpendicular; and afide of it, in
fome kinds, there is another protuberance
like a {mall rude clavicle or turban.
| EW The
v8: CAINL AW LIOG Y.
The particular chara&ter of this family.
I make to be the deep toothing on the in-
ner edges of the lips, which diftinguifhes
it from the foregoing family of Semipor-
cellane. lLinneus has kept:to this cha-
racter; but Grew, Lifter, Argenville, Gual-
tieri, and others, not regarding it, have
confounded them all together.
The Cowries are extremely numerous,
and moft of the fpecies very beautiful in
colour and polifh. They have this elegant —
polifh even from the fea, naturally, or
without the aid of art; and were they not
common Shells, would perhaps be as highly
valued as the Volutes or any others.
It is of no importance to enumerate any
of the kinds. I fhall only remark, that
they feem to be litoral Shells, and chiefly
to inhabit the feas round iflands ; for the
greateft number of them are found at the
Moluccas, the Maldives, Madagafcar, the
Weft India iflands, &c. . .
| Though
SECTION IX. ‘fo
Though the Cowries are found in im-
menfe abundance in the recent or living
ftate, they are very rarely found foflil ;
and as they lofe their colours when in
the foifil ftate, it is impoffible to determine
whether any of them are Species yet un-
difcovered recent. However, the kinds
found foffil near Turin, and in France,
feem to be well known in the recent ftate.
Pl. II. fig. 1, 2, a Cowry, or Cyprea,
fhewn on both fides.
N 2 SECTION
0 CONCHOL OGY.
REZ RM
SECTION X.
ART IV. turbinated or ine Uni-
valves.
The turbinated Shells, properly fo called,
are thofe Shells whofe fpires are external,
aud fhew themfelves on the outer part of
the Shell in what is called the clavicle or
turban (clavicula) which is either produced
fhort or flat, according to the feveral genera
or {pecies.
It isthis fourth part, or turbinated Uni-
valves, which is the moft difficult to ar-
range, and in which authors, in their dif- .
ferent fyftems, have difplayed their different
opinions. No wonder! fince it not only
contains myriads of fpecies more than all
the other three parts put together ; but
befides, the characters of them are fraught
| pant t ‘ with
SEC FION X. 181
with innumerable difficulties not eafy to
furmount. .
The feveral authors have formed their
methods from one fingle, or from a com-
‘bination of characters; but I reject all
the fyftems hitherto broached: and, as
I obferved, there fhould always be one
head chara¢ter, deduced from.the principal
or chief part of the objet, which charac-
ter fhould run through the whole fyftem,
to preferve a perfect regularity ; I have
fixed on the aperture or mouth of the
Shell, for this head character of my fy{tem
or arrangement of turbinated Univalves.
The aperture or mouth will therefore be
the touchftone of my families ; and the
fhapes, clavicles, colours, and works of the
Shells, I fhall ufe only as. fubordinate
characters.
Having thus fixed the head or effential
character, I fhall begin with thofe Shells
that are the moft fimple, or leaft turbi-
nated, and very patulous, or almoft wide
N 3 open ;
82 CONCHOLOGY.
open; therefore the firftfet, which contti- |
tutes the ninth family, is the Cymbium, or»
Paper Nautilus. Plate III. fig. 6.
This family, it is true, has no external
fpires, nor indeed 1s it, ftri€tly fpeaking, a
turbinated Shell, except at the very head,
which turns in one fpire only ; but, the
Shell being quite open, this fpire is ex-
pofed to view; for it is evident, if the
Shell was not open, or vafcular, but, on
the contrary, was clofed or fhut up, it
would come under Part IIT. of Revolved
Univalves: as the fpires like in the com-
mon or ‘pearly Nautilus would be hidden,
or turn within the body of the Shell.
However, though fo unlike the Nautilt in
not being ‘chambered, yet, in form and
other particulars, it much agrees with
them. |
The definition of the Cymbium family
I ftate thus. Shells, in their external
fhape refembling a fhip or boat, whofe
| upper
SEe.TAON SX 183
upper part or head 1s narrow, turns fpiral-
ly, and is like the flern ; the reft of it
widens to the other end, is quite hollow,
forms a horizontal aperture, and lies lower |
than the ftern or fpiral end.
The fpecies of this family are very few,
not above three or four. And thofe known
are brownifh or whitifh, and thin almoft
as paper, whence they have obtained the
name they bear of Paper Nautilz.
Thefe Shells have by moft authors been
- ranked with the common Nautili, by the
name of Nautili Vacui, on account of their
failing ; but it is evident, thatin ftructure
they have not the leaft affinity to one an-
other. |
Gualtieri has made them a different ge-
nus, and named it Cymbium, which name
I have adopted. Linnzus alfo makes it a
- diftine genus, and calls it Argonauta.
N4 It
i884 CONCHOLOGY.
It is this family that is the true Sailor,
the very Nautilus or Pompilus of the
Greeks and Latins, and which our cele-
brated Englith poet refers to,
‘s Learn of the little Nautilus to fail :”
for Ido not find that it is proved in any fa-
tisfatory manner, that the other kind, of
pearly Nautilus, ever fails, or navigates his
Shell.
. Pliny *, as ufual, gives a concife but ele-
gant recital of its navigation. It fails, fays
he, after having difcharged or pumped
the water from its Shell, aloft on the fea,
extending a membrane of an admirable
* Plinii Hitt. Nat. lib, ix. c. 29. Inter precipua
autem miracula, eft qui vocatur Nautilos, ab aliis Pom-
pilos. Supinus i in fumma gequorum pervenit, ita fe
paulatim fabrigens, ut emiffa omni per fiftulam aqua,
velut exoneratus fentina, facile naviget. Poftea prima
duo brachia retorquens, membranam inter illa mirc
tenuitatis extendit, Qua velificante in aura, cateris
fubremigans brachiis, media cauda, ut gubernaculo, fe.
revit. ita vadit alto, liburnicarum ludens imagine, &
fi quid payoris intery eniat, haufta fe mergens aqua.
thinnefs,
SECTION xX, 48s
thinnefs, and cafting backwards two of his
arms, for he rows with the others, he
fteers his courfe, till, refilling his Shell
with water, he finks himfelf to the bottom,
Thefe Shells are found in many parts of
the Mediterranean, and alfo in the Eaft-
Indies. Mr. Argenville, in his Zoomor-
phofe, p. 29, gives us a recital of the lateft
obfervations relative to the animal and its
failing. The fifth is of the Polypus or
Pourcuttle kind ; its head is pretty big,
with two large eyes; it has eight arms or
legs, of a foft flefhy fubftance ; they are
thicker towards the body, and are con-
nected, or webbed together, by a flight
membrane, They are of a filvery colour,
fet with fuckers or knobs on the fides,
are flatted like oars, and ferve him to
{wim ; and with thefe he feems to row
and iteer his veflel, The fix foremoft are
fhort, and he balances himfelf and extends
them as he fwims. The two hinder ones,
{onger than the others, he plunges in the
Jat fea,
16 CONCHOLOGY,
fea, to ferve as arudder; and thefe up-_
hold the fkin, or membrane, which he ufes
for a fail to ply the wind. Thus equipped,
he navigates in calm weather; when fear-
ful of danger, he retires within the Shell,
by which action it gains water, and finks
to the bottom. He often pumps the wa-
ter out, and alfo often quits the Shell,
which, floating empty, is carried by the
waves, and daihed to pieces on the rocks,
The fith quits the fhell at pleafure, for
he is not attached to it by any part of its
body. "Frequently he turns himfelf and
thell topfy-turvy, and rifes with his head
downwards from the bottom of the fea,
and, when he has gained the furface of the |
water, turns his fhell very nimbly empties
the water in it, extends his arms, and fets
fail. ‘They are frequently found without
their Shells ; and the fithermen muft even
be extremely expert to catch them in it *.
The
* I much fufpeé this account ; but I cannot deny it
to be true, though I know not of any animals, that
| have
Be CT FON kK. +S)
The tenth family I fhall call the Ear
Snails, or Auris-Cochlea, a combination
of two names, which exprefles the affini-
ty thefe Shells have to the Sea Ears, while,
at the fame time, they are truly a kind of
Cochlea or Snails. This Shell is called
the Venus Ear. See Pl, Ill. fig. 7, 8, in
two Views. |
Their fhape fo much refembles the Sea
Ears, that moft authors have ranked them
in that family, and call them non-perfo-
rated Sea Ears. Lifter and Gualtieri rank
have proper domicilia, who quit them voluntarily..
Fear or neceflity may poffibly caufe this feparation
fometimes. Befides, as this animal may be fuppofed to
frame its own habitation, like others of the teftaceous
kind, it feems neceflary to have an attachment, how-
ever flight, to fome one point, as that from which it
uniformly extends itfelf for the formation of its fhell :
if this was not the cafe, is it poffible to conceive, that
a fhell fo delicate, fo regular in every refpect, could
be fabricated?
them
718 CONCHOL GG Y.
them as Cochlex, and Linnzus places them
in a genus he calls Helix. ~
T define the Auris Cochlee, or Ear
Snails, as follows. Shells fo wide and open
as to refemble Sea Ears, but are not per-
forated or fet with a row of holes. They
‘have a broad ledge along one fide, which
projects over the cavity, and turbinates
into one fingle flat fpire, quite even or
evel with the bottom of the Shell. This
{pire is alfo very wide, and extends to near
the middle of the bottom or under part:
fo that this family abfolutely participates
of the characters and fhapes of the Sea Ears,
~and of the Snails, and is, as it were, a com-
“bination of thofe two familhes, as alfo
one of the innumerable inftances of the
"4nfenfible progreflions nature takes from
one family to another; which progreflions
baffle human powers to limit, or the re-
fined definitions of the moft accurate na-
turalifts, |
There
SEC TiO NX 189
“There are very few Shells of this fa-
mily.
The eleventh family is the Cylindri,
Cylindars or Olives. Shells of a-cylin-
drick form, and ending pointed at the
lower end; the mouth is long, narrow,
(apertura linearis), and notched on the top;
the notch turning backwards, is large and
fomewhat awry, like the mouth of a flat
fifth ; the pillar is faced half way down,
and is greatly wrinkled or pleated; the
turban generally fhort, very pointed, and
with the whirls or {pires nearly level, or
meerly prominent one from the other ; and
the turban itfelf is divided from the body
by only a meer prominent line, Pl. V.
fig. 4 the Panama or Camp. PI. V. fig. 7,
another Cylindar o r Olive.
This family in moft authors is placed
nearly inthe fame manner. Lifter calls
them
1909 CONCHOLOGY.
them, Rhombi five Strombi Cylindracei,
Lib. iv, Sect. x. Partiz.c.1&5. Rum-
phius forms a Genus of them he calls
Cylindri. Argenville makes them his
eleventh family, and names them Rhom-
bus, Cylindrus, vel Olea. Davila places
them as two Genera of Volutes, viz. as
the fecond genus or cylindrical Volutes or
Rouleaux, and as the third genus or den-
tated Volutes or Olives : and Meufchen,
whofe feventeenth genus they are, alfo
calls them Cylindri five Dactili.
Gualtieri names them Cochlez Cylin-
droidez, and places them the next Genus
after the Volutes, to wit, Genus 2. of
feGtion I. of clafs 1. of the third part ;
and Linnzus ranks them in his Genus of
Voluta, by the name of-Cylindroidea.
This family I fhall divide into two ge
nera, V1Z. -
Genus
wee. FUN XxX, 1g!
Genus 1. Cylindri emarginati, or fuch
whofe edge is quite even and fharp. And
Genus 2. Cylindri marginati, or fuch
whofe edge is not fharp and f{mooth, but
has a very thick border, which turns over
into a very prominent ledge on the back,
like to the Helmets.
The fpecies of this family are many,
and very beautiful Shells,
The twelfth family of the Univalves is —
the Voluta or Volute. It is very nume-
rous in its {pecies, and is the family which,
for richnefs and beauty of colouring, fur-
pafies all the other families of the Uni-
valves, and isreckoned the ornament or
capital object of colletions. . The far
greater number of Volutes always bear a
value ; fome kinds, as the Admirals, &c.
have fetched furprizing prices when per-
fect
992 CONCHOLOGY
fe& Shells ; and the Cedo Null: is fo exs
tremely rare and beautiful, that it is now
rated at the prodigious fum of one hun-
dred guineas. Pl. V. fig. 3, 8, and g. are
Volutes.
The Volutes are Shells of a pyramidi+
cal or conic fhape, for the bafe is flat and
wide, and the body rifes gradually into a
fharp point at the top. The turban is —
the bafe, and all the whirles are diftin-
guifhed by flight linear prominences: fome
kinds have this bafe quite flat, or a perfect
Helix, as Pl. V. fig. 9. In others it prolongs
into a fharp clavicle, as in the Imperial
Crown, the Fleabite, the Flamboyante,
as in Pl. V. fig. 3 and 8. However, thefe
differences of the turban or clavicle are not
effential enough to caufe a fubdivifion into
- different genera ; though Davila’s fecond
genus of Volutes, he calls Rouleaux, is
formed on thefe differences.
‘The
wclPTON KX? 15
The aperture of the Volutes runs the
length of the Shell: it is fo extremely
narrow as to be linear, (apertura linearis)
is all along of equal breadth, and refembles
a meer flit or fent. The Volutes have no
inner lip. |
Dr. Lifter calls the Volutes, Rhombi
vel Strombi Cylindro-pyramidales, Part II.
Section X. of lib. iv. Linneus calls the
genus Conus, atid tranfpofes the name of
Voluta to the Mitres; Perfian Crowns, Cy-
lindars, and other Univalves, that have their
pillar pleated or wrinkled. Gualtieri calls
them Cochlez cotieidex, the firft genus of
part iti, clafs t. or Cochlee lIonge; and
mioft other authors, as Rumphius, Argen-.
ville, &c. make a diftin@ genus of them,
by the eftablifhed riame of Voluta.
% 3
The thirteenth family I thall call Glo-
bofe, or Turns, and define them, Shells
moft generally of a fomewhat globofe
‘ O ~ thapes
194 CONCHOLOGY.
fhape, the body being greatly fwelled, or
Founded, from whence they aequiré ‘the
name they bear of: Globofee, or Tuns.
_They have fhost turbans ; the mouth is
extremely patulous or wide, and very: larges
the upper part of it ends ina wry’ chan+—
nel, like a foal’s mouth, which is very
fhort, and turns backwards. None have
a pillar, or columella lip; though in,fome,
as the Perfian Crowns and Melons; the
columella or pillar itfelf is wrinkled or
pleated, Pl. IV. fig. 8. a fmall Me-
Jon. Pi. AWN. fig. 9, & curious. ite tate
knobbed Tun. , gg OU
The Shells srhjch come under this fa-
mily are the Tuns, Partridges, Figs, sei
aoe Crowns, and Melons. rare
ap rank of this family, i in fyiteuaabieds
authors, is, that Lifter places thofe with a
wrinkled or pleated pillar, as the Perfian
Crowns, &c. among his Whelks, of the
fame ftrugture, Lib. iv, Seftion xi, the
SE Tun y
CPR Cet 1 ON xX.’ 196
Tuns and’Figs among his Buccina Ampul-
lacea, Section XII. andthe Partridges, in
cap. Iv. of Seétion XV. ,
Linnzus likewife pie. choke with a.
wrinkled or pleated pillar, on account of
that {tru€ture, in the genus he calls Vo-
luta; and the Partridges, Tuns, Harps,
&c. among his Buccina.
Rumphius calls them Cochlee Globo-
fe, as alfo Argenville, who makes them
his fourteenth family; Davila his ninth
family, and divides them into three gene-
ra; Gualtieri has placed the Figs as Coch-
lee Pyriformes ; and the Tuns he calls |
Cochlez Caffidiformes, and Caffida.
This family is not very numerous ; how-
ever, it contains fome extremely beautiful
and Kites. sai
_ The fourteenth bamily is the Caffides
er Helmets. I define it Shells femi- -glo-
bofe, the back being very convex or round,’
O 2 the
996 CONCHOLOGY.
the under, or mouth part, flat. They
have near flat, or, at moft, “very” fhort
clavicles or turbans.. st he mouth 1 1s, long,
rather narrow; and ends at top ina out
ter, which turns very large, {trong, and
wry on the back ;. the lip is always,
ftrongly and thickly toothed, and rites.
into a high thick border, or ledge, on the,
“upper part or backs .and the pillar is moft,
generally ftrongly toothed, ridged, or tet
with fmall bumps or afperities. Pl 1V.
fie. no, a helmet fhewn on the flat Or.
mouth fide.
| LS .e Vitae
Some: fyftematical authors have agreed -
with me in making a diftinct or particular
family of thefe Shells, and call them. Caf-
fides. Such are Rumphius, Meufchen,,_
and Gualtieri.
Linnzus ranks them as Buccina, Ar-
genville and Davila as Murices; and, laft-
ly, Lifter among his Buccina, Lib. iv.
— XV. c. A and 8, by the name of
—beNied
SE CTION Xx. 107
bellied or {welled “Whelks with a Mae:
vet
mouth.
SA,
me isa
' This genus is not very numerous,, but
fome of the fpecies are e extremely large
and heavy.
The fifteenth family is the Trochi, or
Tops. Shells of a conic or pyramidal
fhape, the top being broad and flattith,
and gradually tapering thence to a very
{harp point. ‘The aperture or mouth is
moft generally angular, low, and narrow.
PLOT. fig. '13.° a rrochus.
It is remarkable, that all the authors
who have wrote on Shells, agree in this
genus and in its characters ; fo that few
Trochi are found mifplaced.
Itis a very numerous family, and abounds
With curtous and fine Shells.
There is a fotlil {pecies of Trochus,
which to me feems yet undifcovered re-
: O 3 | cent.
198 CONCHOL OGY.
cent. see
A Foffil ‘Kind i is ; found 3 in the fand pits
at ‘Woolwich in Kent, in inamenfe quan-
tities, which to me feems to be a fpecies
yet undifcovered living or recent from fea.
I call it ‘Cochlea Strombiformis, clavata,
from one inch and a half to. two, inches
long, wrinkled, or ftriated the run of the
ipires, | and each {pire is alfo circularly fet
with .a row of, depreffions, like the
marks, of. heads of naus, »
The feyenteenth Se | is the Buccina,
in Englith Whelks. It is chiefly this
family that creates the many differences
among: authors, and the confufion that j
“ye
hardly to be unravelled. The immer f
quantities of fpecies it contains, and the
many fubordinate ‘charaéters of them;
which fubordinate characters moft authors
have attended to, and made them effential
inftead of fubordinate, has produced all
the perplexity and confufion we meet with
Sggive to this family,
nd
gvok The:
208 CDP MOH OL OGY.
The error of authors in fetting afide
‘the figure of the mouth, which I make
‘the eflential or head character of all tur-
inated Univalves ; and framing their gen
nera from fubordinate characters, is not
more vifible: in any family of the tefta-
ceous animals, ‘than in this. For the
Shells called Buccina by the feveral Con-
chologifts, : inftead of being a fet of fimi-
lar mouthed Shells, is indeed a farrago,
or jumble of feveral families, all placed
pell-mell, or confufedly together : and
Lifter, though erroneous in feveral parti-
culars, by ranging many kinds not truly
Buccina, with Davila, are, in my opinion,
‘the only authors who have arranged this
family with any propriety or order.
Argenville, after criticifing Lifter very
unjuftly, as I have already obferved , makes
the effential or head charaéter of Buccina,
_to be a broad and very lengthened mouth:
but he nowife further diftinguithes the
feveral
feveral genera, and therefore i is a fcene of
confufion. Davila, who follows and cor:
reéts his method, defines them to have a
| large oblong aperture, and divides them
into four genera ; but the firft genus which
he. calls whole-mouthed ” without a tail |
or gutter, is my genus of ‘Turbo among
the Cochlez or Snails, and are not Bucci-
na; for their mouth is perfe@ly circum-
{cribed or bordered: fuch are the Midas’s
Ear, and others ;. for thefe Shells, though
in fhape and appearance they feem Buccina,
yet, their mouth being perfetly cireum-
. {cribed or bordered, and devoid of gutter
ot break, ftrongly diftineuifhes them. Lin- |
- nzeus defines the Buccina extremely well
by an oval aperture ending in a gutter ;
but his fe€tions of them are perplexed and
vague. THe other authors, as Buonanni,
Rumphius, Seba, &c. give no character for
Buccina, but range Shells as fuch, only as
their fancy furmifes.
* Buccins, 4 bouche entiere dépourvue de queue.
P I thall
210 “GON CHOLOG Y.
I fhall now define all Buccina to be Shells
whofe mouths are an oblong or very length-
ened oval, the upper part whereof is pro-
duced or lengthened into a gutter or flight
beak: all other characters are fubordinate,
and ferve only to conftitute the different
genera of the family,
On this principle I fhall divide the fa-
mily of Buccina or Whelks, into the fix
following genera, viz.
y. Buccina Canaliculata, vel Buccina
roftro Canaliculato. Guttered Whelks,
or thofe whofe upper part of the mouth
ends in near a ftrait, and fomewhat pro-
| longed gutter. Pl. I. fig. 3, 4, 5.
2. Buccina Recurviroftra, vel Buccina
ore quafi abfciffo, Canaliculo recurvo ; Buc-
cina plagioftoma. Wry-mouthed Whelks,
or thofe whofe mouth is, as it were, cut
fhort at top, for the gutter or beak does
not
€
POHETION KX. ait
fot extend ftreight forward from the upper
part of the mouth, but bends or falls on
the back, in a wry manner, éxadtly like
the mouth of a fole or other flat fish:
Pl, UVi fig. 1) 2,
3. Buccina Roftrata, vel cum roftro lon-
gifimo. Beaked Whelks, or thofé which
have a very lengthened beak ; as the Crane,
Spindle, Purpurea; &c; PILIV. fig. 4; 5.
Pl, \" fig. 63
4. Buccina Umbilicata. Umibilicated
Whelks; of fuch as have an umbilicus of
perpendicular hollow, or navel, afide the
columella of pillar-lip, on the firt or body
whirl, Pl. IV. fig. 6.
5. Buccina Columella dentata, vel pli-
cata. Whelks with a wrinkled, ot pleated
pillars In thefe the Columella or Pillar-
lip is wrinkled, ridged, or wrought with
pleats. PILIV. fig: 3:
i's 2 6. Strombi;
a2 CONCHOLOGY.
- 6 Strombi, or Needles, are Buccina
with a very long and taper clavicle or
turban, and a wry-mouth turning on the
back, in fome fpecies of fuch length as _
to be like a fpur. Pl. IV. fig. 7,
Genus 1. Buccina Canaliculata, or gut-
tered Whelks ; becaufe the top of the
mouth prolongs itfelf fomewhat into a near
ftrait cylindric gutter, and the inner or
columella-lip is always extremely fmooth.
Pl. I. fig. 3, 4, §, acommon Whelk,
The fpecies of this genus are very nu-
merous. The,varieties of work and fhape,
which are only fubordinate charatters,
are amazing.
The rank thefe guttered. Buccma, . or
Whelks, hold in fyftematical authors, 1s
ds follows: Lifter’s fection xiv. of his
Book IV. is, for the greater part, of this
genus. -Gualtiert places thofe with fhort
clavicles or turbans, Tab. 26, among what
4 he
rer ren kop
the calls Cochiez pyriformes; and thofe
with produced turbans, tab. 43, he calls
Buccina. Davila makes them the third oe-
nus of Buccina, which he calls Buccina *
whofe mouths terminate in a fhort tail,
Linnzus ftrangely intermixes them among
his feveral feGtions; and the other authors
place them indifferently, and only as Buc-
cina.
Genus 2. Buccina recurviroftra five pla-
gioftoma, Buccina oris apice quafi abfciflo,
roftro vel Canaliculo parvulo recurvo, &
extror{um porrecto. Wry-mouthed Whelks.
The top of the mouth of this genus is
not prolonged or extended forward, but
has anotch or crooked gutter, which turns
outwards on the back, and exaétly refem-
bles the mouth of a fole or other flat fith.
PLIV. fig, 1, the furbelow, and fig, 2, the
Grimace,
¥ Buccins, a bouche garnie d’une queue peu longue,
rig The
24 CONCHOLOGY.
The fpecies of this genus are very nu»
merous; and the varieties of their fhapes
and: works are vaftly diverfified.
I donot find that any authors, except Lif+
ter and Davila, have made a feparate genus
of thefe Whelks, folely on account of this
character. Lifter ranges moft of them 1n
fect. xv. af lib. iv. and calls them Whelks*
whofe tops are fhort, or do not extend be-
yond the mouth. Davila makes them his
fecond genus, which he calls Whelks +
with a notched mouth without any beak.
The third genus of Buccina I make ta
be thofe with a very long and extended
beak, (Buccina longiroftra), fuch as the
Purpure +, Tower of Babel, Crane, and
/® Buccina qua roftrum breve oris hiatum non ex-
cedens. aque.
. + Buccins a bouche échanerée, depourvue de
queue.
{ The Purpure are Bcbeily to be placed with thefe
Buccina longiroftra, and not form a diftin& genus,
for the diftinétions between them are not built on
real or decifive characters. |
‘Oye sC+T 1 ON’ X. 215
others. PI. IV.. fig. 4, the Crane, and
fig, 5, the Thorny Woodcock.
I do not meet with any author except
Davila who agrees with this genus, and
he makes them his fourth genus, which
he calls Buccina.*, whofe mouths are fure
nifhed with a very long tail or beak.
The Purpure prey on other Shell fith,
and for that purpofe bore a round hole in
the fhells of the fifth they feed upon, by
_ pafling their tongue, which is hard, boney,
long, and fharp, through the hole it bores.
This practice of the animal was obferved by
the antient naturalifts; Ariftotle de Part.
Animal. 1. ii. c. 17. verfus finem; and
Plinii Hift. Nat. 1. ix. c. 36. The latter
fays, the tongue of the Purpura is a fin-
gers length, by which it preys in boring
or perforating other Shells, it is of fuch
hardnefs. However, I cannot conceive
* Buccins a bouche garnie d’une Jongue queue.
P 4 mf that
26. CONCHOLOGY.
that the animal, properly {peaking, can
bore or perforate Shells, as it would ims
ply a motion of turning brifkly backwards
and forwards, of on an axis or point, mo-
tions it cannot well be capable of. Per-:
haps therefore it may perform this action
of perforating other Shells by virtue of
fome menftruum it emits through the
tongue, whereby it foftens or corrodes
the other fhell, and then digs out the
corroded fubfiance with the beak, and all
this without any verlatile or other ftrong.
motion ®,
* I fufpee 6, doftrine contained in this article,
To make this hole i it is not neceffary that the fifh fhould
have a rotatory motion $ that 1S, that, like a wheel,
the tongue fhould always move circularly the fame
way. It is fufficient that it turns brifkly backwards
and forwards. And, if the holes, which are imoit
commonly found in fome fpecies of the Chama, and
the Screw Shells Pare otatly are examined with a
eiafs, they will be found to be fo finely, ‘circular,
that it is impoffible’ to conceive any menfirunm
fhonid ad apy it 1 fo reoular a manner.
m Further,
pRciraeAR” x, te
Lifter has feyeral Shells he calls Purpu-
re, but thefe more efpecially are his Buc-
cina Ampullacea. Rumphius and Linnzus
place them among the.Murices, Gualtieri
calls them uPrpure. Argenville makes
his thirteenth family Purpure, but gives
no definition for them: and Davila fol-
lows him, except that it is his eighth fa-
mily, and that he forms two genera of
racterized, .
The Purpure have obtained that name
from the purple juice or dye the fith yielded,
Further, I do not apprehend the Purpura extracts its
food by this hole, It is done with a view, either to
force the animal out of its Shell, or to kill it, that it
may devour it at leifure. There feems to be a wife
choice in that part fixed upon. It is in fuch a part of
the Screw Shell that the animal cannot crowd itfelf be-
jow the perforation, and efcape the piercer: fo like-
wife in the Chamez and other Shells there is not the
featt reafon to apprehend 2 menftraum,
which
28 CONCHOLOGYY.
which is fo famous in hiftory by the name
of the Tyrian purple; becaufe it is imagi-
gined, that a Shell of this kind was firft
difcovered to afford it: but indeed moft
turbinated Shells yield a like purple liquor.
This family of Buccina longiroftra con-
tains many fpecies very rare and curious. ©
Genus 4. Buccina umbilicata. _Umbi-
licated Whelks, or thofe that have a per-
pendicular hollow or navel afide. the colu-
mella or pillar-lip, on the firft or body
whirl. PIL1V. fig.6, the Joppa Whelk..
This is the pofitive charaéter of the
genus; and all Buccina or Whelks that.
have a hollow or navel rank under it, whe-
ther guttered, wry-mouthed, or beaked, &c,
There are very few fpecies of this
genus.
I do not find any author who has formed
a genus from this fecond character, {fo
| | that
SECTION. X. 219
that the Shells herein ranked are difperfed
among their other Buccina.
Genus 5. Buccina columella dentata vel
plicata. Whelks with a wrinkled or pleated
pillar. The Shells of this genus have the
inner or pillar-lip wrought with one or
more high or prominent tranf{verfe ridges
or pleats. PI. IV. fig. 3, the Tiara or Pas
pal Crown.
Thefe tranverfe prominent ridgesor pleats
on the inner or pillar-lip, are the ftandard
character of this genus; for all Whelks,
whether beaked, guttered, &c. if the pil-
lar is thus pleated, range herein;: and
there are of all kinds with this character.
However, it 1s very proper to obferve,
that it is only the Whelks whofe pillars
are pleated, that are to be arranged in this
genus; for there are other families of
Shells, as the Perfian Conques, the Mu-
-yices or Rocks, &c. which have their inner
or pillar-lip wrinkled or pleated in the
| | oe fame
20 CONCHOL OGY,
fame manner. 'Thofe are to be placed in
their refpective families, and not here folely
on that account.
Lifter and Linnzeus are the only authors
who have ranged any Shells by this fubor-
dinate character. It is Lifter’s feGtion xi.
of lib. IV. Buccina columella dentata: |
but he has not only arranged the Buccina -
therein, but likewife all other Shells whofe '
pillars are pleated.
Linnzeus has done the fame; and from
this fingle character of columella pheata,
he has formed the genus he calls Voluta;
in which not only Buccina are included,
but alfo Olives, fome Murices or Rocks,
the Perfian Crowns, Midas’s Ear, and
“other Shells of different families, eo
mell, or confutedly intermixed,
. The fixth and laft genus includes the
Strombi, or Buccina with an exceeding
Jong and very taper clavicle or turban,
They
“SECTION Xx. 225
They have a wry-mouth exaétly the fame
as the fecond genus, which fometimes
extends or turns fo far on the back, as to
be ikea fpur. Pl. 1V. fig. 7, a Strombus.
All Shells fo prodigioufly tapering and
long have been generally held as a parti-
cular family, by the name of Strombi, or
Needles, only on account of their taper
fhape, and without regard to the contour
of their mouth. However, I have fol-
lowed Lifter, and only placed thofe Shells
here which have a wry-mouth like the fe-
cond genus; for all thofe that have a per-
-fe&-round mouth, I have already rankéd
among the Snails, by the name of Coch-
lee Strombiformes.
Litters whom, as abovefaid, I follow,
calls them Whelks with an extreme length-
ened and tapering turban: however, he
has erroneoufly placed them among the
Whelks with a pleated paler, Lib. IV,
Sect, Xi. Caw, 35-
Gualtiert
222 CONCHOLOGY.
Gualtieri has arranged all the taper
Shells together, both round-mouthed
and thefe, in his Part III. Clafs 5. and
calls them Turbo, or Cochlee with a
fmall mouth, and remarkable lengthened :
or taper body. The French authors Ar-
genville and Davila call them all, Turbo
and Strombus (La Vis or Screws); and
Rumphius likewife calls them Strombus.
Lifter, on what account I cannot di«
vine, has called the Olives, Rhombi or
Strombi; but the great Linnzus has beer
pleafed to change the eftablithed name of
Strombus, always ufed for thefe taper
Shells, to others of a quite different form
for his Strombi, except fome few, are
winged Shells or Alate. I have in ano-
ther place taken notice of that celebrated —
author’s licentioufnefs in changing and
tranfpofing long-eftablifhed names, which
J hold is very blameable.
The
The genus of Strombi is bresey nu-
merous.
T have now finithed with the Buccina or
— Whelks, known recent or living from
fea. I therefore proceed to mention fome
foffil kinds, hitherto undifcovered in their
living ftate.
Firft, the Buccinum heteroftrophum, or
other handed Whelk; becaufe the whirls
and mouth lie to the right hand -inftead
of the left; which is the moft general
manner of turbinated Shells. This fpe-
cies belongs to the firft genus, and is found
in great plenty, in the foffil ftate, in the
counties of Effex and Suffolk. However,
it is faid, a recent thell of this {pecies was
lately purchafed for a noble colle&tion,
Another foffil Buccinum from France,
and Hampfhire, a {pecies of the fifth ge-
nus, or with a wrinkled or pleated pillar,
yet unknown recent. Brander’s Foff. Han-
ton.’ fig. 45. The
24 CONCHOLOGY.
The Murices conftitute my Sixteenth
family. As they confift of many Shells
that have very different fubordinate cha-
racters, I fhall form different genera of
them ;_ but the fixed or effential character
of the family, is an oblong and equally
narrow mouth length ways, (Apertura fub-
linearis) which runs into a fhort gutter at
top. Moft authors have added another
character, that is, of always being thor- |
ny or {piked, bumped, or otherwife rough
all over the furface, like the fpikes or
afperities of rugged rocks, from which it
has obtained the Latin name of Murex,
the Englith one of rocks, and the French
name of Rochers: however, I cannot al-
low this character to be a fixed or effential
one.
I fhall fubdivide the family of Murices
or Rocks into four genera, viz.
Genus
SOE OPKON ¥.+ dey
Genus 1. Murex, Rocks, or thofe Shells
that have a long and equally narrow mouth,
(apertura fublinearis) and are externally
- ery waged. Pl. Ve fig. ©, aDevil.
Genus 2. Rhombi, whofe fubordinate
character is, that their thape or contour
is rhombic. PI. V. fig. 2.
Genus 3. Alate, or winged Shells, whofe
lips extend juto a large flap or wing. PI.V.
fig. I.
Genus 4. Aporrhaide, or winged Shells, |
whofe flaps or wings are bordered with
large {pikes or procefles, like fingers, as
tie Sudesedic. Pld. fig. 6:7. .%
Jt is needlefs to mention here the rank
my feveral genera of Murices bear to other
fyftems, for they are placed by moft au-
thors ina family called Murex, or among
Q Buccina
226 Ci, POSH OD G Gy.
Buccina, wing particulars excepted, which
I thall fpecify.
T now sibecebe regularly on each ge.
nus, VIZ.
- Genus 1. Murex or Rocks. Shelis whofe
mouth is oblong, narrow, and ends gutter
wite at top ; the clavicle or turban generally
fhort or near flat, and the pillar is wrinkled
- or pleated. They are moft commonly very
thick Shells;: and extremely rugged and
rough on the outfide, from their * being
wrought with bumps, prongs, foliated,
and other works. Pl. Ve figs 12
This genus is pretty numerous, and
fome of the fpecies are vaftly large and
heavy.
Genus 2. Rhombi. Shells whofe fub-
ordinate charaGter is to have always a
rhombic fhape or contour, from which
particular alone, as it carries an idea of
w A. ' ghe
Se Cc. TEOUIN XxX. aay
the fubjects propofed, I have allotted them
the ndme of Rhombi. Pl. V. fig. 2.
In the elder authors we find a fet of
Shells called Rhombi,: feemingly a meer
fantaftic name without meaning or appli-
cation. Thus Columna makes Rhombus,
Turbo, Strombus, and Trochus, all fyno-
hymous terms. Lifter, as I have obferved
- before, calls the Volutes and Olives, Rhom-
- bi, or Strombi; and Sibbald, _Wood-
- ward, &c: do the fame ;_ but in the later
or modern authors, we feldom fee the
name of Rhombus ufed. This confufion
apparently arifes from the double mean-
ing of the Latin word Rbombus, which not
only fignifies a lozange or rhombic figure,
but alfo a reel, a {pinning-wheel, a whirl,
or other rolling inftrument ; and it is from
this laft fimilitude the Olives and fuch-
like Shells have been called Rhombi by
the elder authors, and not from a lozange
or rhombic figure, as fome have erroneoufly
imagined, |
Q2 However,
18 CO WOH OL OGY
However, I declare my appellation for
thefe Shells is from their rhombic or lo-
zange fhape: for if one of this genus be
laid down, or held, and its contour traced,
the refult will be the figure of a Rhomb or
Lozange. This figure proceeds from the
clavicle or turban, which is generally fi-
tuated about the middle of the Shell,
running out into very fharp or acute an-
gles with the top and bottom, and there-
by the whole Shell fairly exhibits a rhom-
bic fhape, or contour.
There is fome reafon to furmife, that
many of thefe Shells are only growths of
the next genus, or winged Shells. How-
ever, as it is not the cafe of all of them,
and that they all now wear this defcribed
- appearance, I imagine it is neceflary to
form this genus.
This genus is not numerous, but con-
tains pretty Shells; and fome kinds are
very large and heavy. ie
"g E.C age ON X. 229
There is a very elegant foffil fpecies of
Rhombus, yet undiicovered recent from
fea, foundin France and in Hordell cliffs
in. Hampfhire. It is curioufly figured in
Brander’s Fofhlia Hantonienfia. p. 31.
Pl. V. fig. 64 4 68.
The third genus is the Alate or wing-
ed Rocks ; for foI name them in com-
mon with moft authors, from their lip
being greatly extended, or expanded out-
wards, like a flap or wing. Pl. V. fig. 1.
Some few kinds have the flap or wing
quite fimple, or with the edges even; but |
the greater part of thefe, as alfo of the
next genus or Aporrhais, have always to-
wards, or a little afide of the very top of
the mouth, a broad hollowed finus, which
I call the $coop, from which particular
Lifter calls them Purpure feu Buccina Bi-
linguia, and claffes them Section XII. of
Lib. iv. Rumphius and Meufchen make
Q 3 a diftint
330 CONCHOLOGY.
a diftinét genus of them, they call Alata,
Davila ranks thefe by themfelves in the
third genus of his Murices, by the name
of fimple or not-pronged winged Shells ;
and Linnzus ranks all the winged Shells
together in his genus of Strombus.
This genus is numerous, and contains
many fine or beautiful {pecies.
An elegant and large foffil kind of this
genus, not yet difcovered living or from
~{ea, is found in Hordell cliffs ‘in Hamp-
fhire; which is accurately figured in, Bran-
der’s Foffilia hh Sl Pp. 34. Pi. Vi.
fig Pah a
‘The fourth and laft genus of Murices
“or Rocks, is the Aporrhais, or winged Shells
whofe edges are fet with ftrong or valid
“prongs or fingers + eas the Spider Sy Devils
coal é&c. Pi. I. «cath iki eels Ia
(Boveild alae khele his fourth genus of
Maes. phish he Gpils winged Murices
wit th
SEO. TTI Og Xi 2.214
with prongs or fingers ; but all the other
authors have intermixed them with the
foregoing genus.
The fpecies are few, but they are fine
Shells. |
I have now gone through the firft gene=
ral divifion of Shells, or Univalves. This
divifion is the moft numerous of the tefta-
ceous animals ; for I do not hefitate to
pronounce, that the: fpecies of Univalves
furpafs, by great numbers, the two other
general divifions of Bivalves and Multi-
valves joined together. In this divifion of
Univalves the wonderful works of the crea-
tion are alfo manifefted by the immenfity
of beauties in their colours and ftructures. —
On this account it is that Univalves are
the choiceft objets of colle€tors, and bear
more value than Bivalves or Multivalves ;
for few of the latter ever fetch above five
or fix guineas, while numbers of the Vo-
lutes and other Univalves bear to ten, twen-
ty, or thirty guineas, and even greater prices.
‘5% Q4 SECTION
232 CO NCHOLOGY,
LRLRAS
SEQ TION XI
& AM now come to thé fecond divifion
of Shells or Bivalves ; that is, double
Shells, or compofed of two pieces or parts,
which, by means of proper connexion by
hinges, play on each other, fo as to open,
fhut; and perform all other functions ne-
ceflary to the ceconomy or ways of life of
the animals included in them, or whofe
habitations they are.
In relation to the fifth or animals, I have
already given fome little account ; nor fhall
I further trouble my readers on the fub-
jet, as my fyftem or method is built only
on the habitations or Shells, and not on
the animals, or any of their parts.
This divifion of Bivalves may be arranged —
into three general parts, to Wit,
Part
SECTION Xt. 2.33
Part 1. Shells that have unequal valves
and fhut clofe ; as the Efcallops, Oyfters,
Anomiz, &c.
Part 2. Shells that have equal valves and
fut ‘clofe:; as the Cockles;. Tellens,
Muticles, &c. and ae
Part 3. Shells with valves that never
fhut clofe, but are always open or gaping
in fome part; as the Tridacne, Bafon
Conques, or Bears Paws, the Chama, Pin-
nee, and Solenes, &c.
Under thefe three arrangements all the
Bivalves yet known may be ranked.
Thefe three arrangements are general
ones; but, as I have already obferved, thé
chief or effential charagter of Bivalves’ is
their cardo, or hinge: it is that charac-
ter I hold as the principal one of the fyf-
tem, and therefore by that character alone
I fhall rank the families.
But,
234 CONCHOLOGY.
But, before I proceed on my fvftem, I
think it neceflary to give a compendious
view of the arrangements of Bivalves hi-
therto fet forth by the feveral fy{tematical
authors, in like manner as I did before.
with refpect to the Univalves,
Lifter begins his hiftory of the fea Shells
with ‘the Bivalves, which he divides into
two paris, and into twelve families, viz.
Part I. is of thofe with unequal valves, and
contains three families, as 1.the Efcallops.
2. the Oyfters, and, 3. the Spondyles. His
fecond part is of the Bivalves with equal.
valves. ; this contains the other nine fami-
lies, and are 4. the Margaritifere. 5. Ma-
‘ny-toothed Cockles. 6. Toothed Cockles
in many feCtions and chapters. 7. Mutfcles,
8. Pinne. 9g. Tellens. 10. Solenes. 16,
Chame ; and 12. Chama Pholas,
Lifter, in his arrangement, has great
regard to the character of the hinge, though
re does not entirely build upon it.
His
SECTION XI. 235
His above method wants corre€tion in
his third family, or Margaritifere: in
his feventh family, his placing the Noah’s
Arks or boats, as Mufcles: in his ninth fa-
mily of Tellens, which is not truly defined ;
and, laftly, in his making two families of
the Chama and Chama Pholas, which in
reality have no pofitive character to diftin-
guifh them,
Dr. Grew, in his Mufeum Regalis
Societatis, p. 153, gives, as his feventh
{cheme of Shells that of the Bivalves and
Multivalves ; but it is fo confufed and
puzzling as to be ufelefs: however, his
two chief divifions of Bivalves are into
inarticulate and articulate hinges.
Breynius’s fcheme of Bivalves is very
jejune and ufelefs,
Argenville is the next fyftematift: he
divides all his Bivalves into fix families,
viz. 1, The Oyfters, 2. Chamz. 3. Mufcles,
| Tellens,
236 CONCHOLOGY.
Tellens, and Pinnaz. 4. Cordiformes, or
Cockles. 5. the Efcallops ; and the fixth
and laft family are the Solens.
This author’s method is entirely arbi-
trary and very faulty; nor does he cha-
racterife a fingle family "y the cardo or
or
Beaiied forms his method from thofe |
whofe valves and fides are equal or fimilar ;
which is his firft elafs. His fecond clafs
confifts of thofe whofe valves are equal, and
their fides unequal or diffimilar: and his
third clafs is of Shells with unequal valves.
By this arrangement he rejects the hinges
as characters, and mixes all the families
together, folely on account of their fimi-
lar or diffimilar fides, &c. fo that it is im-
poffible to collate his method with mine,
in fuch manner as to be of. any utility to
the reader.
The
+ SEC TIGN Xt
The method of Mr. Tournefort, which
this author gives, divides all bivalves into
two parts. Firft, Such as fhut clofe all
round ; and, fecond, fuch as are always
open or gaping in fome part. This di-
vifion, though good, 1s incomplete, and
his families and genera are very arbitrary.
Linnezus offers next. This celebrated
naturalift divides all Bivalves tnto fourteen
families, which he charatterifes by their
hinges in a very accurate manner; and
his method feems to be the moft perfec
yet publifhed. As I fhall have occafion to
recite this author’s genera in collation with
my own, | will enlarge no farther at pre-
fent on his arrangements.
Mr. Davila forms fix families of Bi-
valves, viz. 1. Oyfters. 2. Efcallops. 3.
Chama. 4. Heart Cockles. 5. Tellens, and
6. Mufcles : but all is very arbitrary and —
confufed.
Mr.
28 CONCHOLOGY.
Mr. Meufchen makes eleven Ene! |
to wit, 1. Mufcles. 2. Eicallops. 3 . Oyfters.
4. Arks. 5. Spondyles. 6. Cakes. 7. Ba-
fons. 8. Hearts. 9. Chame. 10. Tellens;
and 11. Solens. Moft of thefe are mif-
placed, and fome are unneceffary ; but it
is impoffible to make further remarks of
him, as his method is a meer fheet table
without any explanations.
~ Ido not make any mention of Buonanni,
Rumphius, Seba, and feveral others, as
they give no methodical arrangements of
Bivalves. |
However, there yet remains an author
who merits particular notice, though noe
a profefied Conchologift. It is Dr.. Wood-
ward I mean. ‘The Doétor, in his cata-
logues of foffils, has given a very good
method of Bivalves on the character of
the hinges, and alfo on the form: but his
dyftem of Univalves is very faulty and
imperfect.
SECTION XI. “239
imperfe&, Dr. Woodward arranges all Bi-
valves in the following manner, Part I.
Eared Shells, as 1. the Efcallops. 2. the
Spondyles ; and, 3. the Margaritifera:,
Part II. Shells not eared, and with un-
equal valves, as 4. the Oyfters; and, 5s.
the Anomiz. Part HI. Not eared, with
equal valves, as 6. the Cockles. 7. the
Cunei and Tellens ; and, 8. the Mufcles:
and thofe Shells which are always open or
gaping in fome part, he ranks, 9. the So-
lens ; 10. the Chame; and 11. the Pinnez.
I have now fet forth the fyftems of the
authors known to me, to fhew how far they
are perfect or erroneous; but I fhall re-
* tmark, that all of them, except Wood-
— ward and Linneus, feem no wife fcientifical,
but arbitrary and confufed.
Before I begin to detail my fyftem, I
_ think it very neceffary to fettle the tech-
nical terms or names for the parts of Bi-
valves, ufeful for making their defcriptions
intelligible
‘240 CONCHOLOGY.
‘intelligible and eafy, as alfo decent; for I
hold in great deteftation the obfcene terms
made ufe of by the Linnean School. Syft.
Nat. p.. 106g, 1070, &c.
The terms or names ate as follow:
1. The fummit ( Apex) is the part where-
on the teeth, joints, or properly the
hinges are placed. Pl. VII. fig. 1. @ a.
2. The beaks (Umbones) are the peaked ends
of the Shell, which moft generally ftand
behind the /wmmut, or that part which an-
fwers to it. Pl. VIL fig. 1, 2, 3. 6568. »
3. The margins or borders (margines)
are the edges or contour of the Shell, pro-
duced from the beak or hinge on either
fide. Pl. VII. fig. 1. cece.
4. The furfaces, (fuperficies) concavitas
& convexitas Concharum ; the convex
exprefies the exterior or convex fide of the
Shells, and the concave, the infide.
7 - Sadtbe
See FY ON “XI. 24t
5. The length of a Bivalve is from the
beak or hinge to the very oppofite ex-
tren, FIZVIl. fiov ry 8. a d.
6. The breadth is from fide to fide.
PROVil. ig. 17:8. 2 ¢,
7. The margins or borders are faid to
be fimilar*, if equally produced or ex-
tended from the fummit, or of equal length;
PI. VI. fig. 5, 3, 10, 113 and difimilar, if
unequal or more extended on one fide than
on the other. Pl. VI. fig. 2, 4, 5, 6, and
8. Pl. VII. fig. 1, 5, 10, 11, and 12.
8. The Hinge (Cardo), ftritly {peak-
ing, is the very part that connets the
* Conche equilatere funt Conch ex utroque car-
dinis latere equaliter effufz.
Conche inzquilatere funt Conchz ex utroque car~
dinis latere inequaliter effufe.
R, two
242, CON CHO L OG ¥.
two valves together, that is to fay, the
teeth or joints on which they play in the
actions of opening and fhutting. Pl. I.
fig. 13, 14, and 15. Pl. VI. fig. 1, 2, 3,
4, 4- 43,0. PVG R nes. 11, and oe
g. A hinge is inarticulate when not fer
with any vifible joints or teeth. Pl. I. fig.
Bly. Vides figs. 25) 3-vk }) VIL. fig,.9, and age
Articulate when fet with fome few. Pl. I.
fig. 14. Pl. VI. fig. 4. a. 11. 6. Pl. VII.
fig. r,and 5. Multarticulate, when fet with
many or a large number. PII. fig. 15.
Pl. VI, fig. 6 andg. Pl. VII. fig. 13.
10. The furrow, (Sulcus canaliculus ) is
the gutter or furrow, when the Shells are
clofed that runs along parallel to the
hinge. |
11. The flopes, (Declivitas) are the places
which flope or flant from the beak down
the fides, and generally are flightly flatted,
fhallow, or concaye. PJ. VII. fig. 2, 3.
SSS: Mis
Src iON” XI.” aa
Me
The fent (Rima) is the opening of the
Shells on the flopes.
The cartilage (Cartilago) joins the valves
together at the furrow and at the flopes.
12. The flat (planities, latus complana-
tum) is that fide of thofe Shells that is
flat; as the flats of the Heart Cockles,
Bears Paws, &c. Pl. VI. fig. 5, 8, and 12.
Pl. VII. fig. 4 and ro.
I fhall here repeat the obfervation made
at the end of the Univalves, which is,
that the fpecies of Bivalves are very few
when compared to the immenfe numbers of
{pecies of Univalves ; nor are they com-
parable to them for beauty : and, further,
that there are no land Bivalves, and few
of frefh water ; whereas the fpecies of Land
Univalves are extremely numerous, and
many kinds alfo occur in frefh waters. »
Now to my method or fyftem.
R2 SECTION
24. CBN CH.O.L.O.G.Y.
PE See
9 CT 10 N.. XI
Division IJ]. BIvALveEs.
ART I. Shells that have unequal
valves, and fhut clofe.
Family 1. Pectens or Efcallops. Though
fome fpecies of this family have equal
valves, yet, as the far greater number
have unequal valves, to wit, a flat and a
concave, I range them under this part.
The fame particular likewife occurs in the
families of the Spondyles and Oyfters.
The head or effential character of the
Efcallop family, isa trigonal finus. PI.
VI. fig. 1. a. and an elaftic cartilage for
its hinge in the very center of the top of
the Shell.
The
See Tron Xi,” gee
The fubordinate charaters of Efcallops
are being eared ; indeed moft authors have
injudicioufly made it the chief charater,
whereas there are other eared Shells be-
fides Efcallops, as the Spondyles, Marga-
ritiferee, &c. and, wice verfa, there may
be Efcallops without ears. The other
{ubordinate character is to have the top
run into a perfect {trait line, and thence
gradually widen to a round bottom.
The fpecies are numerous, fome where-
of are very curious and of great beauty,
as the Ducal Mantle. Pl. VI. fig. 1. the
Compafs or Sole, the Duck's Foot or Coral,
Efcallop, &c.
It is worthy remark, that the colours of
the under Shells of Efcallops are always
fainter than the colours of the upper Shells,
and fometimes the valves are differently
coloured, as the Compa/fs or Sole, which
| R3 has
246 CONCHOLOGY.
has one valve of a chefnut brown, the
other valve milk white.
Moft authors rank thefe Shells as a parti-
cular family, and call them Pectens.
Gualtieri makes different genera of thofe
with equal, and thofe with unequal valves;
the former he calls Pe&ten, the latter Con-
cha Pedtinata ; and the Efcallops with un-
equal or fingle Ears he calls Pectuncult :
Linneus makes them a genus of Oytters,
and has accordingly arranged them with,
and by the names of Oyfters in his 313th
Tenus.
It is faid, that Efcallops will move fo
{firongly as fometimes to leap out of the
catcher wherein they are taken way: their
of leaping, or raifing themfelves up, is by
forcing their under valve again{t the body
whereon they lie.
The
SeeTron am’ 3
The chief kinds of foffil Efcallops yet
undifcovered, recent or living from fea, are
as follow.
Firft, Size of the common Oyfter, with
jarge but unequal ears, of a perfectly round
contour ; the iurtace tranfverfly thick fet
with prominent fharp thin ridges, like
plates. The valves are equal. Thefe are
found very frequently in the quarries at
Thame in Oxfordfhire.
A fecond kind very elegant, about double
the fize of a Cockle, the valves unequal,
one being quite flat, thé other exceeding
concave. It is thickly ridged length-ways
with many common ridges and interme-
diate ones, that are very prominent or
high, andthe furrows are broad and deep.
It is found in the quarries of Dorfetfhire,
Wiltthire, and the adjacent counties, as
alfo fometimes in the chalk-pits of Kent
and Surrey.
R4 The
248, CON CHOL OG Y.
(
The fecond family is the Spondyli. The
Spondyles are moft generally eared Shells
with unequal valves, rude or uncouth in
fhape, partaking of the ruggednefs of the
Oyfter with fomewhat of the Efcallop
form, fo as to feem a medium between the
two families. However, the Spondyles
like the Efcallops, have fome fpecies with
equal valves, and without ears,
The head character is the hinge, which»
in the upper Shell confifts of a triangu-
Jar hollow and cartilage, like the Efcal-
lop, in the very center, on each fide of
which is a large deep cavity, and a very
large thick and prominent tooth or joint
lies on each fide of the cavity. Pl. VI.
ee gee,
The fummit and beak of the under valve
is alfo extremely thick and ftrong, and ex-
tends from the hinge outwards into a broad
triangular flope or flat.
| — Some
SHC TPON! Xu. 2x9
Some kinds of Spondyles are thickly and
curioufly fet with long thorns or {pikes ;
thefe are generally, and very erroneoufly,
called Thorny Oy/fters, and, when perfed,
are greatly valued. Pl. VIL fig. 4.
This family 1s not very numerous in its
{pecies.
Lifter, Woodward, Gualtieri, Linnzus,
and Meufchen, all rank them asa particular
genus, by the name of Spondylus ; but
Rumphius, Argenville, Seba, and Davila,
rank them very erroneoufly as Oytfters.
The third family is the Oftreum or
Oyfter. The Oyfters have unequal valves,
though there are fome fpecies that have
equal valves, but none are eared. ‘The
hinge of this family has not any teeth,
but confifts of one large inarticulate gut-
ter running the length of the top of the
Shell, in both Shells alike, and is covered
and
2co CONCHOLOGY.
and filled with a ftrong cartilage, as in
Pl. VI. fig. 2. 4.
The fpecies of this family are very nu-
merous; fome are curious though not
beautiful, and bear a large price, as the
Hammer Oyfier, the Cock/combs, &c.
This family is ranked as a diftinét one
by all authors, but with many additions
or omiflions: as for example, Linnzus
tanks the Efcallops with them, and Ar-
genville, and others the Spondyles, while
Lifter ranks the Hammer Oyfter, and fome
others, as. E{callops.
The foffil Oyfters yet undifcovered re-
cent or living from fea are very many ;
the chief of them are the Gryphyte of
foflilogifts, of which there are feveral {pe
cies ; anda very large flat kind with equal
valves, found in Shotover and Heddington
quarries in Oxfordfhire, PI. VI, fig. 2,
The
SECTION XIL, a5
The fourth and laft family of Shells
with unequal valves and that fhut clofe,
is the Anomiz. |
This family has long been known foffil,
and contains a great number of fpecies, all
of which, except three or four, remain
yet undifcovered recent or living from fea;
and even thefe few known are difcoveries
made within thefe twenty years paft.
Columna firft mentioned fome foffil {pe-
cies, and he being convinced that all foflil
Shells were real exuviee or {poils of ani-
mals, and not finding thefe defcribed or
noticed by Conchologifts as Shells, called
them Conche rariores Anomiz; which
word Anomia has fince been fo generally
ufed for them, that it is now become the
univerfal and eftablithed name of the fa-
mily, | |
Columna
a5z CONCH OL-OG Y.
Columna defcribed and figured fome
foifil kinds, Lifter has alfo figured feveral
in his Appendix de Conchitis to his Hifto-
ria Conchyliorum ; but no recent kind be-
ing difcovered fo early, is the reafon that
neither he, Buonanni, Rumphius, or other
early authors, have taken any notice of
them.
Woodward was the firft who arranged
the Anomiz from the foffil Shells. He
kept the eftablifhed name, and ranked
them with the Shells of unequal valves,
and not eared; and further defined them to
have both valves convex, and one of them
beaked. He then arranged them into
{mooth, ftriated, and fulcated, each of which
articles has feveral neceflary fubdivifions,
Woodward had only fofil Shells to in-
fpect, confequently could not accurately
define their peculiar interior ftru€ture, or
their hinge; his definition however is »
very
SEC LOrvN «XU. | 2a
very juft, except that he makes both
Shells convex, which is not fo in feveral
{pecies.
Gualtieri, who figures three recent kinds,
Pl. XCVI. has made a particular genus
for them, and calls it Terebratula. He
defines them, very erroneoufly, as Shells
with equal valves, and diffimilar fides, of
a peculiar ftructure, for inftead of a beak
it has a perforation, and alfo has a very
fingular articulation or connexion within-
fide. The faid author’s figures are very
good.
Linnzus, who has enjoyed the difco-
veries of the recent or living Shells, has
made them his genus 314 Anomiez. He has
mixed the recent with the foffil kinds, and
defines them to be Shells with unequal
valves, one valve being flattifh, the other
convex, the beak perforated, and the hinge
inarticulate or toothlefs.
How-
agg CONC HO LOGY,
However, he has much confufed his ge
nus and the fpecies ; for he propofes the
Gryphites, which, by all its characters,
is a true Oyfter, and the pellucid or glafs
Chinefe Oyfter, improperly fo called, as
{pecies of Anomiz ; uit many other
inaccuracies,
As for Argenville, he figures the recent
Anomia levis very badly, and without
any further. refletion, places it among
his Heart Cockles; but, in his additio-
nal plates of the fecond edition, he gives a
very good figure of the fmooth kind.
But Mr. Davila treats them fyftemati-
cally, and as a genus of his firft family or
_ Oyfters. He defines them as Shells whofe
beak or top of the under valve is perfo-
rated, and rifes curved up on the upper
valve. He does not however particularize
any characters of the hinge, though he
gives an excellent figure of the inner
7 ftructure,
SbhCT LON) XiL 255
ftructure, or appendices, as he calls it, of
one kind, Pl. XX. fig. a.
He alfo gives other figures in the faid
plate, but two of them, viz. D. and E.
are not teftaceous animals. He defcribes
them, p. 311, & feq. in the following
manner; the hinge of the under valve is
compofed of two {mall hooks, which are
taken in or hinged into the finufes or ca-.
vities of the upper valve, and it has two
interior appendages fixed towards the top
of the upper valve: this ftructure he ob-
ferved in two fpecies. In another {pecies,
the hinge was nearly the fame, but had
two long and narrow fide appendages pro-
ceeding from the top of the upper valve,
which extend themfelves to the middle of
it, where they are bound or ftopped by
two {mall ligaments, and then return again
towards the top, in a very remarkable and
curious manner, Pl. VI. fig. 7. And a
third fort, (which is that of Gualtiert),
has an interior appendage like to a per-
pendicular
26 CONCHOLOGY
pendicular gutter or pipe, fixed to the top,
and running down to the middle of the
apper valve.
I fhall now give my definition, and
charaéterife the genus as much as can be,
for I hold it impoffible to be accurately
made till we difcover more recent {pecies;
for thofe already difcovered recent are few,
and even differ in fome particulars; and
the foffil {pecies, which are very numerous,
never fhew their inner ftructure, and fo
extremely feldom the hinge, that as yet
we cannot fix any characters with ac-.
curacy.
T fhall therefore, under thefe circum-
ftances, define the Anomiz as follows, Bi-
valves with unequal valves and never eared,
the beak of the largeft or under valve is
greatly produced, and rifes or curves over
the beak of the fmaller or upper valve,
and is perforated or pierced through like’
a tube
SECTION XI. 267
atube, from which particular they have
alfo obtained the name of Terebratule.
The hinge is inarticulate or toothlefs, and
they have always a remarkable interior
ftrudture. Pl. VI. fig. 3. a.
However, by what obfervations can be
/ made, fome of the foffil kinds have an evi-
dent multarticulate, ormany-toothed hinge.
PI. VI, fig. ro.
ee |
Tam therefore led to conclude, that the
valves of the Anomiz are connected toge-
ther in two ways, inftead of being only in-
articulate, viz. 1. By an inartilate hinge ;
and z. By a multarticulate hinge.
The firft fet have no teeth or joints on.
the hinge; but the fmaller or upper valve
is always indented into a wide finus, or.
opening of the larger or under valve, in
which it plays like a joint, when the exi-
gencies of the animal requires opening or
fhutting. Pl. VI. fig. 3. a.
S The
28 CONCHOLOGY.
The fecond fet have a vifible and regu-
lar multarticulate hinge; exactly like that
of the Noah’s Arks, or the multarticulate
Cockles. Pl. VI. fig. 10.
On a due confideration of the deep grooves,
the indentings, the undulated margins, and
other diftortions of thefe Shells, more than
in any other genera, and by the beak, ©
which is perforated or tubular quite to
within the Shells; I am apt to imagine
thefe animals feldom open their Shells, as
moft others do, to take their food; but
nourifh themfelves through the tube or
perforated beak only.
By the obfervations made on the few
{pecies lately difcovered recent, this my
opinion ftands in fome manner confirmed,
as the living Anomiz have all been found
Jurking in the nooks between the branch-
ings of corals, or cavities of rocks. They
lie therein lifted upon their flat furfaces
or
Sc OUN XI) 259
or horizontally, without any prop or fo-
lid body to reft on, but are upheld or
fuftained only by a {trong adhefion of
their tubes or perforated beaks to the fides
of the cavities, as if in the action of fuck-
ing; and this pofition is the general one
of the recent kinds *.
The interior firucture of one of the re-
cent kinds feems alfo not at all particu-
larly adapted to the efpecial ufe of open-
ing the Shells. It confifts of a griftly or
boney thin ftring, which twifts in and out to
above half-way within the Shells, like the
* T believe the hole in the beak of the Conche
Anomiz is for the purpofe of tranfimitting a ftrong Li-
gament or griftly fubftance, by which they adhere
firmly tothe rocks, corals, &c. inthe fame manner as
that clafs of Shells commonly called Bears Paws ;
at leaft fome fpecies of them have an opening be-
tween the two valves on one fide the hinge, through
which pafles, from the infide of the Shells, a ftrong li-
gament, whereby the fifh adheres firmly to rocks, co-
rals, &c. I have feen this fpecies of Shell fticking in
this manner to coral.
1 Bi 2 twiftings
*a60, - C¥O. N&C FIAOLLAWO Goy.
twiflings of Ribbands, vulgarly called True
Lovers Knots. This is the fecond fort men-
tioned by Davila. Pl. VI. fig. 5. The
other ftructure, which is Davila’s third fort,
is a guttered triangular appendage, with a
cut or fent half-way down it, fixed per-
pendicularly on the upper valve, from the
top or beak, to the middle of the Shell.
I have been very prolix on the Anomiz,
in order to eftablifh what characters I could
to form, if poffible, a proper definition
‘of this curious genus of Shells.
A very furprizing and unaccountable
circumftance, relative to the foffil and re-
cent teftaceous animals, which has been
already noted, is, that all thofe found in
immenfe quantities in the foffil ftate, are
hardly known recent, and vice verfa. 1
inftanced it in the Ammonia, that are
found in incredible quantities foffil all over
the world, though none are yet difcovered
recent; and this family of Anomiz, though
alfo found foffil in an aftonifhing abun-.
dance
SECTION XI. 261
dance, has very few recent fpecics yet dif-
covered.
But to conclude, from what has been
_ abovementioned, I fhall divide this family
of Anomiz into two genera, to wit, Ge-
nus 1. Inarticulate Anomiz, or thofe in
which the hinge of the under valve is a
large finus or cavity, the corners whereof
form two prominencies or joints ; and the
upper valve is indented into it by a corre-
{pondent prominency to the cavity, and by
two {mall hollows, anfwerable to the two
prominencies or joints. Pl. VI. fig. 3.
Genus 2. riteaieaea ite Anomieg, or
thofe whofe hinge lies on a long flreight
line, and is fet with many deci, exactly
like the Noah’s Arks. Pl. VI. fig. ro.
Pl. VI, fig. 3. fhews the recent T'erebra-
tula, which is alfo found in very great quan-
tities in the foffil ftate ; the fig. 3. 4. fhews
the top of the under valve, and its perfo-
ration.
r= he Pl, VE.
262 CONCHOLOGY.
P]. VI. fig. 7. fhews the under Shell of
another kind, with its griftly appendages;
lately difcovered recent or living.
Pl. VI. fig. 10. fhews a large foffil kind
with a multarticulate hinge, not yet dif-
covered recent or living,
I now proceed to Part IL. or Shells that
have equal valves, and fhut clofe; fuch as
the Cockles, Tellens, Mufcles, &c.
1 thali fubdivide this Part into three
Scétions, viz. 1. Multarticulate, or with
a great number of teeth on the hinges.
2. Articulate, or with few teeth: and
3. Inarticulate, or without any teeth,
Part II. Section 1. Leptopolyginglymi,
or multarticulate Shells,
‘The multarticulate Shells give us three —
families, viz.
Family
SECTION XI. 263
Family 5. Pectinoide, or Shells with
equal valves, generally very flat; the hinge
lies on a ftreight line like the Efcallop,
but is fet with feveral parallel and ftrait
ridges and intermediate furrows, and the
fides are diffimilar. Pl. VI. fig. 6.
There are few {pecies of this family. Lif-
ter ranks the two kinds he figures, Lib. iil,
Part I. Se&t.i. cap. 3. by the name of Pec-
tines Margaritifere Polyginglymi. Wood-
ward, among his Pectunculi Leptopoly-
ginglymi figura oblonga, Clafs 3. Sect. 1.
Art. 2. Gualtieri, Pl. 97. A. figures a kind,
and calls it Concha Longa Brachiata; and
Seba, Pl. g1. figures fome among the
Pinne, and calls them Volfella: but I can-
not find them methodized in any other
authors.
There is a very large and extremely
thick {pecies of this family, not yet kown
recent, found foflil at Bononia ‘in Italy,
S4 which
24 CONCHOLOGY.
which is fully defcribed and figured in the
memoirs of the Bononian Inftitute*.
Family 6. Pe€tunculi Polyginglymi,or
multarticulate Cockles. The Shells of this
family refemble the Cockles in all refpects
except the hinge; which in thefe is fur-
nifhed with a great number of teeth, and in
thofe with but few. Pl. VI. fig. 9.
This family has not many {pecics.
The rank the multarticulate Cockles ’
hold in Lifter is Lib. iti. P. II. Se. 2.—
cap. 2 and 3, or Peétunculi Leptopoly-
ginglymi margine rotunda. Woodward
ranks them in Art.2. of Set. 1. of Clafs 25
alfo on the fame account of their being
of a roundifh fhape (figura /ubrotundé).
Linneus places them in his 312 genus of
Arca; and the other authors have mixed
* De infigni quodam Oftreo, & Jofephi Montii de
Offtreo foffili magnitudine & figura infigni. Commen-
tarii Inftituti Bononienfis. Vol.U. P. I. p.71. Vol. UH. .
P. Il. p..339, cum fg.
them
S ByQsTiHOiNs Mle, 26%
them indifcriminately with the articulate
Cockles.
Family 7. Arce, the Arks or Boats, fuch
as have their hinges on a perfect ftrait
line, and are of a fomewhat f{quarifh fi-.
gure or oblong ; as the Noah’s Arks and
~f{quare Cockles.
The rank the Arks hold in Authors
is: Lifter puts fome kinds among the
multarticulate Cockles, Lib. iu. P. IL Seé.
2. cap. 1. and the Noah’s Arks he places.
among the Mufcles, as many-toothed
Mufcles, Ibid. Seat. 6. cap. 2. Woodward
ranks them among his Polyginglymi for-
ma oblonga, or with family 5. fupra,
Argenville places them in his fourth fa-
mily, or of Heart -Cockles ; but Davila
makes them a diftiné& genus of his fourth
family, or Heart Cockles, and calls them
Arks. Gualtieri forms a genus of them
by the name of Concha Rhomboidalis:
and Linneus and Meufchen rank them as
a diftinét genus, and call them Arca,
This
206 CONCHOLOGYY.
This family has not many fpecies.
To this family of Arks I imagine the
fofhl Hippocephaloide belong, and that they
are fpecies of it, yet undifcovered recent
or living from fea: my reafon for rank-
ing them with the Arks, and not the
Cunei, is, that they appear to me to be
multarticulate Shells.
Part II. Sect. 2. comprehends all Bi-
valves with equal valves, that are not eared,
and have few teeth upon their hinge.
This fection is extremely numerous, and
very confufed in authors. I fhall there-
fore proceed firft with the eighth family of
Peétunculi or Cockles, whofe character is
a curved or femilunar hinge fet with two
to four ftrong teeth. Pl. I. fig. 8,9, 14.
PE VIS ig 8, tae PLOVIT, 1; '2,'9) fore
This family of Cockles is fo extremely
numerous, and befides has fuch ftriking or
i remarkable
SECTION XI. a6
remarkable fubordinate chara&ters, that it
can, with great propriety and eafe, be di-
vided into three genera, viz.
Genus 1. Peétunculi or Cockles, the
Chamz of fome later authors. Pl. VII.
fig. 1. |
Genus 2. Cordiformes or Heart Cockles,
PE fig. 8s 9. Pl.. Vi. fig. 8s And
Genus 3. Truncati or flat-fided Cockles,
FI, Vi. ng. 12, Pi Vil. figs ro.
Genus 1. Peétunculi or Cockles. Shells
convex or flattifh, of a roundifh fhape,
and with fimilar or diffimilar fides; whofe
beaks are not very peaked or prominent,
and curve, or turn much upwards towards ©
the hinge; fuch are the flattifh Cockles,
and many others. This genus is numerous.
Lifter intermixes them with my two
following genera, all by the name of Pec-
tunculi,
268. CONCHOLOGY.
‘tunculi; -and he has alfo placed) féveral
among’his Tellens. Argenville, Davila, and)
_Meufchen call them Cames; and Davila:
divides them into [four genera. Gualtieri
alfo calls them Chamz; and Linnzus dif-
perfes them into feveral of his genera.
Genus 2. Cordiformes, or Heart Cockles,
are fuch Cockles whofe beaks are very pro-
ainent, and curve up greatly towards the
hinge, thereby forming a figure perfectly
like a heart, as vulgarly painted. )
This genus is pretty numerous. Lifter
intermixes them with the others. ‘Argen-
ville makes them his fourth family, Coeurs
or Boucardes. It is alfo Davila’s fourth
family, who calls them Coeurs, and di-
vides them into three genera, of which only
the firft is this my genus. ‘They are the
twenty-cighth genus of Meufchen. Gual-
tieri places them among his Conchz Cor-
diformes : and by Linnzus they are ranked
in his Cardium genus. 60H
Genus
PCT. WOON. XI 369
‘Genus 3. Truncatior flat-fided Cockles.
_ 'Thefe are fuch Cockles as are truncated, or
have one fide flat, and, as it were, cut off.
Thefe fpecies rank in moft authors with the
Cocklesin general; and Davila only, to my
knowledge, has made a particular or’ dif-
tin& genus of them + it is his third genus
of Hearts, which he calls Cames Tronquées
ou Conqgues de Venus. This genus is not
very numerous. ’ basrte
Family g, is the Telline or. Tellens ;
Shells more broad than long, rather flat,
and the-hinge has two teeth fet clofe’ to-
gether. Pl. VI. fig. 11, and 11. 0.
This family may be divided into two ge-
nera, VIZ.
Genus 1. Telling ; Shells with fimilar
fides, whofe beak and hinge are central, |
PL VI. fi tr.
~
240 CONCHOLOGY.
~ Genus 2. Cunei; Shells with diffimilar
or unequal fides, whofe beak and hinge
are placed near to, or quite at one end.
Genus 1. Tellens. It is not very nume-
rous in its fpecies. The rank it holds in
authors is as follows : Lifter places them
after the Pinne. Lib. iii. P. 2. Sec. 8.
and defines them Shells fhaped like wedges,
Woodward makes a genus of them, and
fays they have few teeth on the hinge, and
are oblong Shells or with lengthened fides :
he might have exprefled himfelf better by
faying they were broad Shells. Rumphius,
Gualtieri, Linnzeus, and Meufchen, have
all a genus they call Tellina; Davila alfo,
but he defines them very inaccurately, and
includes the Solens as a genus of them.
As for Argenville, he ranks them among
the Mufcles.
In regard to the fecond genus, or Cunet,
they are intermixed by authors among the
_¥ellens,
3 There
SRCTLON XI «ogg
There are feveral kinds of foffil Cunei,
which remain yet undifcovered recent or
living from fea ; and fome are very ele-
gant and curious: as for example, the
ftudded kind, Pl. VI. fig. 5. the reticu-
lated, andthe fulcated Cunei, &c.
Family ro. Placente; Shells with equal
valves, whofe hinge or cardo lies quite
within the Shell, and in one valve confifts
of two ftrait linear ridges, pretty promi-
nent, and laid obliquely to each other, fo as
to meet at one end in a very acute angle ;
and the other valve has two correfpondent
furrows. Pl. VII. fig. 13.
_ I know of but two fpecies of this ge-
nus, to wit, the Chinefe Glafs or Pellucid
Oyfer. Pl. VII. fig. 13. and the Poli
Saddle.
I am the firft who has formed this genus ;
for Lifter places the Glafs Oyfter as an Ef-
callop, Linnzus as an Anomia, and others
as
azz CONCHOLOGY.
as an Oyfter; and the Polith Saddle by all
‘authors is ranked as an Oyfter.
I now proceed to Se@ion 3, or thofe
‘Bivalves that are inarticulate, or have no
‘teeth on their hinge ; as the Margaritiferze,
Mutcles, &c. Pl. I. fig. 13. Pl. VI. fig.
9, 14, and1s.
Family 11. Margaritifere, or Pearl, Oy-
fters, are eared Shells with equal valves,
and their hinge is meerly a gutter or flight
furrow, without a fingle tooth. Pl. VII.
fig, 14.
The fpecies of this family are few : they
- are the Mother of Pearl Shells or Pearl
Oyfiers, the Swallow, &c. Ihave made a
difting: genus of them; but Lifter calls
“them Pearly Efcallops: Rumphius, Da-_
vila, and Meufchen, rank them as Oyfters.
Woodward forms a genus he cails Marga-
ritiferze ; and defines it as eared Shells
with a fmooth hinge; and Gualtieri de-
fines them by placing the Pearl Shells in
3 one
¢
‘
SECTION XiL. 273
one genus, by the name of Conche Inz-
quilatere ; and the Swallow in another vee
nus he calls Conchz Aliformes.
The laft and twelfth family of Bivalves
with equal valves, is the mufcles ; they
- are not cared; are moft generally very con-
vex, of a long and narrow fhape, and
the hinge 1s a meer flight furrow without
any tooth, and is fituated not at the top
of the Shell, but a little way down one
of the fides.
a
The fpecies are not many; and this
genus is univerfally agreed upon by authors.
ae SECTION
274 CONCHOLOGY
RL RZKLZK
St tl a ee ae’ KITT:
AM now come to Part III. Conche
Hiantes, or Bivalves, whofe Shells ne-
ver fhut clofe, but are always open or gap-
ing in fome part.
This part conftitutes the thirteenth fa-
mily, and confifts of four genera, to wit,
Genus 1. Tridacne, or Bafon Conques.
Genus 2. Chame, or Gapers.
Genus 3. Solens, or Sheaths: and
Genus 4. Pinne, Sea Wings, or Hams,
Genus rt. Tridacne, or Bafon Conques.
Shells of equal valves and diffimilar fides,
in hinge and pbpsargnce like the Heart
3 | Cockles,
SECTION XIll.+ avg
Cockles, but on the longeft fide, from
the beak to near the extreme margin, the
two Shells do not elofe, but leave a large
oval or heart-like gap or opening, the lips
whereof are very broad, and turn up on
the edges, Pl. VII. fig. 4, 5 *.
Thefe are the Bafon-Conques, &c. af
which there are few fpecies: but they are
the largeft and heavieft Bivalves yet known,
fome weighing from three hundred and
a half to fix or feven hundred weight.
Genus 2. Chamz, Purrs or Gapers.
The Chame have a broad, thick, and
large tooth for their hinge, and are, as
it were, abruptly cut off on one fide, which
fide is always open or gaping, as the valves —
* { think fome difiin&tion fhould be made between
thefe and the Chame. ‘The Apertures in the firft are
meerly to tranfmit a fixe tentaculum, to prevent their
being dafhed to pieces by the rocks and waves. The
Hiatus in the Chamz is for a very different purpofe,
‘to permit the fifh to extend itfelf in fearch of food,
and immediately to retire in cafes of danger.
rE 2 cannot
(
46 ‘CONCHOL OGY.
cannot fhut clofe at that part. Pl. VII
fig. 16. ?
The name of Chama, notwithftanding
its fignification of a gaping or open body,
has of late years been very erroneoufly
applied to Shells which always fhut clofe,
as the Cockles, &c. *
There are very few fpecies of this
genus. fa
Genus 3. Solenes, Sheaths, or Razor
Shells. Thefe are very broad, though ex-
tremely fhort. They are open at both ends ;
and the hinge has teeth placed quite at one
end, Pl. VII. fig. 8.
There are very few fpecies of this
genus.
Genus 4. Pinne, Sea Wings or Hams.
The Pinne are Shells of a fomewhat tri-
* Chame a Grecis Xicuae nominate funt ab
hiando, propterea alii illas etiam Aliatu/as vocarunt,
angular
SECTION XII, ay»
angular fhape, widening from a pointed or
narrow top to a very broad end, which
broad end is always open. ‘The hinge
is inarticulate, and is placed on one fide.
The f{pecies of this genus are few.
hg SECTION
28. CONCHOLOGY,
Sheth
oot YONI ene XIV
‘HE third general divifion of tefta-
ceous animals is the Multivalves,
or thofe Shells that are made up of many
valves or pieces. "There are three families
in this divifion, viz.
Family 14. Pholas, or Piddocks.
Family 15. Anatifere, or Barnacles: and
Family 16, Balani, or Acorns.
Family 14. Pholas or Piddocks. Thefe
Shells are trivalves, and have two large
valves, with a imall valve placed between
them, near tothe hinge. The hinge turns
up on the outer part of the Shell, and
under it, within the Shell, is a long curved
tooth or fpur. Pl. VIL. fig. 17.
~The fpecies of this family are very few.
Family
SECTION XIV. 279
Family 19. Anatiferze or Barnacles. Thefe
Shells are quingue-valves, and are made up
of two large valves with two {mall ones
beneath them, and a long narrow fpur-
like valve, which conneéts them, and runs
lengthwife. Pl. I. fig. 11. m. The neck
or cartilage it hangs by. o The fpur-like
valve ; and f, the {maller valves.
There are but few fpecies of this family.
The Latin name Anztifera was given
them from the fabulous ftory of their be-
coming geefe ; as was alfo the Englifh
name Barnacle from the fame origin, as
thofe birds they were fuppofed to breed
were the Barnacles or Brent Gee/fe.
The fixteenth and laft family of Sheils is
the Balanior Acorns. ‘The Balani are made
up of many valves lying parallel to each
other, and in a perpendicular pofition, con-
trary to the pofition of all other valves,
which lie horizontally. The top is open,
i 4 and
280 CONCHOLOG ¥.
and the fith performs its neceflary functions
by that aperture; for the valves never
open or feparate, as they have no hinges,
The bottom is the part by which they
affix themfelves to other bodies; for the
Balani are never found loofe, or otherwife
than affixed to fhells, ftones, and other fo-
did bodies. Pl. I. fig. 12. Pl. VIT. fig. 6, 7,
There are few fpecies of this family.
There is. another fet of marine animals
called Ofcabiorns, which though their co-
vering is like Shells, yet 1 cannot agree
to rank them as teftacea, for I think,
like the Echini, they are genera of crus
{taceous animals. However, Argenville,
Adanfon, Linneus, and Davila, rank them
with Shells ; I fhall neverthelefs keep to
my opinion for. the prefent, and pafs them
over with only obferving, that, if the col-
leGtor thinks they are he fices: with the
authors above quoted, the rank they will
hold is in this divifion, and that they will
form a feventeenth family.
4 EXPLA-
[ 28r° |
ExPLANATIONS OF PLATES, |
Pi, ane sf
Fig.t. — vulgaris, the com-
mon Limpet in profile, to fhew
the fimple Univalves, / the eye or apex.
2. Infide of the fame in full view.
3. Buccinum Jala Anglicum, the
common Englifh Whelk in full view, or
on the fide of the aperture, ©
4. The fame on the back part.
. -s, The fame cut open to fhew the inte-
rior ftruéture. a, The body. 6. A fingle
wreath. ¢. The turban, or affemblage of
wreaths. d. The Columella or pillar; and
b. The beak, or roftrum., |
VL.
282 CONCHOLOGY.
6, 7. A Spider Shell, or Aporrhais, in
full view, and on the back part. aa. The
body. 4. A wreath. c. The turban or cla-
vicle. ¢. fig. The lip. 4 The roftrum,
beak, or top. 7. 7 The finus or fcoop.
k. The prongs, or claws.
8, 9. A large Cockle, fhewn infide and
outfide, toexhibit Bivalves of equal valves,
and that always fhut clofe.
10. Two opercula, or lids of Univalves;
the largeft is the Blatta Byzantia.
1z. An Anatifera, or Barnacle, a Quin-
quevalve. m. The neck, or eriftly appen-
dage to which the Shell 1s affixed. o. The
long, narrow, {fpur-like Shell, that is the
fifth valve, and lies in a tranfverfe pofition
to the other four valves, of which p. are
the two fmaller.
12. A group of common Balani, or
Acorn Shells, which are Multivalves.
13. Cardo
mel, AC thc] 283
13. Cardo Edentulus of a Bivalve. An
inarticulate hinge, or without any teeth.
14. Cardo paucis dentibus. A hinge
fet with few teeth,
15. Cardo dentibus numerofis feu po-
lygymon. A multarticulate hinge, or fet
with numerous teeth.
PLATE
24 CONCHOL OGY.
at eb aa
Fig.t. PATELLA Oculus Hirci. The
| Goat's Eye Limpet, taken from
the anonymous new Conchology. T'ab.2.
fig. 6. p. ir. N* 6,
2. Patella Concamerata. A chambered
Limpet from ditto. Tab. 6. fig. 1. fhewn
infide and outhde.
3. A Mafk Limpet from Falkland ifland,
from ditto. Tab. 7. fig. 5.
4. An Auris Marina, or Sea Ear,
5. Achambered Vermiculus, taken from
Davila’s Catalogue. Tome I. Pl. ar.
6. A group or clufter of common Vers
miculi, from annoymous new Concholo-
gy. Tab, to. fig. 17.
PLATE It 285
Fig. 7. A fingle Vermiculus, or Worm-
tube, from anonymous new Conchology.
Tab. 10. fig. 15.
8, Penecillus, The Wazering-Pot.
Q. The green fulcated Indian Dentale,
or Elephant’s Tooth. «New Conchology.
Tab. 12; fig. 12. |
10. The common fmooth Englith Den-
tale, from ditto. Tab. 10. fig. 3.
tr. A Turbo Concameratus, in the fof-
fil ftate, or a ftone-caft.
12. A recent Orthoceratites from the
fhores of Rimini, in the Adriatic Sea, cut
open, and greatly magnified. From Gual-
tierl Index Conchylicrum.
13. Shews the Shell of its natural fize,
from the fame author.
Pig.
285 CONCHOLOGY..
14. Fragment of a foffil Orthoceratites,
in which the chambers and the fiphuncu-
lus are diftinély fhewn; from Breynius de
Polythalamiis. Tab. 6. fig. 1.
y 5. An Ammonoides foffil.
16. The Pearly Chambered N autilus, or
Sailor, and
17. The fame Shell cut open, to fhew
its internal chambered ftructure.
18. The Lituus or Rams Horn, and
19. The fame Shell cut open, to fhew its
internal chambered ftructure.
20. An Ammonites foffil, and
21. The fame laid open, to fhew ‘its in-
ternal chambered ftructure.
PLATE
ad Pe TH. 237
PL Aye . It.
Fig. 1. M& COWRY on the upper fide.
| Cyprea.
2. The fame Shell onthe under fide, to
fhew the mouth or aperture.
3. The Weavers Shuttle, Semiporcellana.
4. A Dipper, fhewn on the aperture or
under fide. Nux.
5. The fame on the upper fide.
6. The Paper Nautilus, Cymbium.
7. Venus Ear, on the upper fide.
8. The fame Shell on the under fide,
or fhewing the mouth or aperture.
9. Cochlea Strombiformis, five Clavicula |
longiffima,
Fig.
238 CONCHOLOGY.
Fig. 10. Cochlea Helix vel depreffa.
11. Cochlea Clavicula depreffiore, vel
breviores |
12, Turbo five Cochlea clavicula pio-
ductiore. The Sxake.
13. A Tiochus.
14. The Magpye Nerit, Neritaon the
iupper fide.
15, The fame Shell fhewn on the under
er mouth-fide.
PLATE
i ACE EV:
Fig. 1. HE Furbelow from Falkland
Iland; Buccinum Fimbriatum.
A Buccinum of the canaliculated kind.
2. The Grimace. A Buccinum of the
recurvirofrum kind.
3. The Tiara or PapalCrown. A Buc-
cinum of that kind with the Pleated Pillar ;
Columella Dentata.
4. The Crane. A Buccinum of the longi~
rofirum kind,
5. The Thorny Woodcock. A Purpura,
and of the /ongiroffrum kind.
6. The foppa Whelk, A Buccinum of
the umbilicated kind. ®
Us 7 A
290 © ON: C MeL O G Y.
Fie. 7. A Strombus or Needk.
8. A curious knobbed Tun, Globofa.
9g. A Melon Tun, -Globofa.
10. A Helmet, Catlis, fhewn on the under.
or mouth fide,
Pa re PLATE:
PaA Tt E * Y. 291
SF abennmnn RR
PLA Se VE
Fig. 1. 4 MUREX of the Alata ge-
. nus; A kind of Plougéd.
2. A Murex of the Rhombus genus.
3. A Volute. A kind of Admiral.
4. The Panama or Camp. An Olive or
Cylindar. |
5. A Murex. The Devil.
6. A Purpura, called the Skeleton.
7. An Olive or Cylindar.
8, A flamboyante Volute.
g. Another Volute. A kind of Admiral,
U 2 PLATE
292 CONCHOLOGY,
FRI SEEIRIEL
PL AGaE MI.
Fig. 1.2 §NHE Ducal Mantle Efcallop.
Fig. 1. a. fhews the infide
_ top or the hinge of the Shell.
2. The foffil Oyfter, found at Hedding-
ton in Oxfordfhire. A fpecies yet undif-
covered recent or living, Fig. 2. a. thews
the infide top or hinge.
3. The Anomia Zerebratula, only of
late years difcovered recent or living. Fig.
3. 4. the top or hinge part of the fhell. |
4. A Spondyle, vulgarly called the Thor-
ny Oyfler. Fig. 4. a. the infide top or the
hinge.
_ 5+ Theftudded Cuneus, a fofiil, of which
the living f{pecies yet remains undifcovered,
6. A Peétinoides,
7. Fig.
PLATE vi. 293
Fic 7. The bottom valve of a fpecies of
Anomia lately difedveréd living, and fhews
the infide with the griftly appendages of
the animal, taken from Davila’s Catalogues _
Vol. gel: xx. fig. a:
8. A Cardium or Heart-Cockle, the
Strawberry.
g. A Polygitiglymon or Multarticulate
Cockle.
10. A Polyginglyrmon or Multarticulate
Anomia, foffil, of which the living fpecies
{till remains undifcovered.
11. The Tulip Tellina, fig. 11. 4. fhews
the infide top or hinge.
12. The painted Cockle, of the truncated
or flat-fided kind,
U3 PLATE
294 CONCHOLOGY.
YOKIOOOIOK
BE AT Rs Vi.
Fig. 1. PECTUNCULUS hewn
on the infide.
2. And in two fide views. a. a. the
3-4 fummit. 6.4.6. the beaks. c. c.c.
the margins or borders. d. d. the
length of the fhell. e¢. ¢. the
| breadth of the fhell. fi. ff. the
_ Uflopes.
4. A Tridacna, the Bafon Conch or
Clamp. ,
5. The infide top or the hinge part of
the faid Shell.
-6. A Balanus or Acorn Shell. A Mul-
tivalve.
7. The fame cut open to fhew its in-
terior ftructure.
Fig.
Pome e vi? oe
Fig. 8. Solen, the Sheath, Razor Shell or
Spout-Fifh. A Shell of equal valves, but
that never fhuts clofe; a Concha hians ; the
line d. d. fhews its length, and e. e. its
breadth.
g. The Common Mufcle. A fpecies of
the Shells with inarticulate hinges.
10. The Bears Paw, of the kind of
flat-fided Cockles.
11. The infide top or hinge part of the
faid Shell.
12. The Pearl River Mufcle thewn of
the infide.
_ 13. The Glafs or Chinefe pellucid Oyfter,
of the Placenta family, an infide view to
fhew the hinge.
14. The Pearl Oyfer of the Margari-
tifera'family, an infide view to fhew the
inarticulate hinge.
U4 Fig.
296 COM WHOL O.C ¥,
Fig. 15. Another figure of an inarti-
culate hinge.
16. A Chama Pholas, the Spoon-hinge,
fhewn on the infide, and 1s a Concha
hians, or a Shell that never fhuts clofe,
but is always open or gaping at one end.
17. The Spur Pholas, alfo fhewn on the
infide.
TABULA
i
Patella. Limpets, 1 Vertic
a 2 Conc
le Li
sae (fh
ORDER IHL Revolved.
2 ‘Fam. : ' GeENUs. Fam.
VI. |Turbinata in-{14 Nuces five Bulle, Dippers, VII. Cyinbidime
voluta, 15 Semiporcellana. . J VIII. | AurisCochlea,
eo 16 Cyprea vel Porcellana. Cows Ix. gg Se
ries. ee
x | Voluta. = <-
XI. |Globofa. = -
XII. |Caffides. - -
- 3 XII. |Trochi. - -
+ XIV. |Cochlea. - -
Us
cep DER I. Simple, 0 or ie Se * “ORDER Bai rChambered,
ORDER Iv. eal or Spirals
{17 Paper Nautilus.
[4g Emarginati.
Genus.
Soa queens Horns. es Se
{gl Lituus. Croziers..
10 Turbinoides,
11 Ammonia, Snakes,
12 Ammonoides. .
13 Nautili. » Sailors.
GEnus. Fam.
; eh aes! ae 7 eres - -
30 B.Canalicula ta, guttered, |
31B. ae outh-
18 Venus Ear.
Olives,or Cylindars.
20 Marginati.
zr Volutes
22 Tuns.
23 Helmets.
24 Tops.
Snails.
25 Nerits.
26 Helices.
27 C.Clavicula breviore.
28 Turbo.
29 Strombiformes.
Rocks,
"361 see Rocks,
37 Rhombi. Lozenges.
| 38 Alata, Winged Rock
39 Aporthaide, Fingered.
or Spiders.
~
ee 2 ‘
) ers , (
ae 7 der EPS os wis
\
oe
yer
it ro fae p
‘ 4 Ca ae ale es f
Le Be VE LS fh oti sly
Corer eS thy, MO Se ela
= Da eke ar ei , m Re
a Ay i mt
5) 6 ECHR, Ot?
Larges Dah ciel pe cy ae att ipa
ae vO ast ronan) ue ee
i cate’ { te oe “at mad fy ati? "y Y f at
TERESA RRR oe aie set alah aie enrshe rk lh porate nly my i i
‘ ane nw mr i 2
or * “ Fo « _ i)
wena A, itz , as a a
Rind : : .
4 Ry eee ivy ‘ .
rae fe y 7 ad rip rs . b . yi Sih: a“ ;
ar f a
BELEN ae)
ra oS Fae
ee ths Oe tie
[ 298 ]
TABULA SYNOPTICA TESTACEORUM. IL & III. Brvarvia and MutTivaLvia,
Division II. BIVALVES have three Orders or Subdivifions.
J. With unequal Valves, and fhut clofe. II, With equal Valves, and fhut clofe ; and, III. With Valves that never fhut clofe,
ORDER I. With unequal Valves, and thut clofe, ORDER II. with equal Valves, and thut clofe,
Sect. I. Leptopolyginglymi, or Multarticulate.
Fam. GENUS, Fam. Genus.
Peéten, - - - | 1 Efcallops. Wir Peftinoides. - - - = = | 6 Pettinoides.
II. |Spondylus. - -| 2 Spondyles. VI. | Pectunculi Teptopolyginglymt, 7 Multarticulate Cockles.
Ill. |Oftreum. - - - | 3 Oyfter. Wi, }Arca.' = ‘= a 8 Ark, or Boat,
IV. |Anomia, - - - Anomia.
4. A. Inarticulate, Sect. II, Articulate, or fet with few Teeth.
5, A. Multarticulate. , { VIII. |PeGtunculus. - -°- - - Cockles.
g Cockles.
1o Cardium, or Heart Cockles.
11 Truncatus, or flat-fided Cockles;
1X. {Telling + © = 2 + © Tellens, or Sand Mufcles.
12 Tellens,
; 13 Cuneus.
x. Placentaa - = + y = = |14 Placenta.
Secr. III. Inarticulate, or without any Teeth,
XI. |Margaritiferaa - - - - - |15 Pearl Oyfter.
XII. |Mufculu. - - - - - - 16 Muicles.
ORDER III. with Valves that never fhut clofe. Conche Hiantes.
XIII. Chama, Gapers. ~ - + + {17 Tridacna, Bafon Conques, or Clamps,
ae 18 Chama, Purrs.
tg Solen, Sheath, or Razor Shell,
20 Pinna, Sea-Wing, or Ham.
Diviston II. MULTIVALVES,
Fam. Genus.
XIV.|Pholas. = « + « 21 Piddocks.
XV. | Anatifere, - - 22 Barnacles.
XVI] Balani. - + - = 23 Acorns. —
U6
Pe
Ws.)
45, My
he ielh oie HINA Pre
[ 299 J
| EXEXERES
1G Ta EM 8 opemma sket HO
A.
Ac ORNS. See Balani.,
ADANSON, 12, 20, 46, 91.
Admirals, See Volutes.
féquilatere. See Margins.
Alata, 22, 118, 225, 229.
fofil, 230.
ALDROVANDUS, 57-
Alvesli, 157+
Ammonia, 154, 1616
Ammonoides, 154, 167.
Anatifera, 278, 279+
Anfrag&tus. See Whirl.
Anemia, 251.
ANONYMOUS, 51.
Apertura, or aperture, 116, 133.
Apex.
300 foe Seva x.
Apex. See Head and Summit.
Aporrhais, 22 S$» 230.
. Appendix. See Prongs.
Arca. See Arks.
ARGENVILLE, 28, 39, 87, 235.
Argonauta. See Cymbium,
ARISTOTLE, 57°
Arks, 265.
Aftrolepas. See Limpet.
Auris Cochlea, 187.
Auris Marina. See Haliotis.
Balani, 98, 278, 2.79.
Barnacles. See Anatifera.
Bafon Conchs. See Tridacna.
Beak, 116, 240.
Beards. . See Bivalves.
Beauty. See Limpet.
BELLoNIUS, 57.
Bilinguia. See Buccina.
Bivalve, definition of, 132,035; 232.
———— Syftem of, 233.
of unequal valves and fhut clofe, 233, 244.
of equal valves and fhut ciofe, 233.
Bivalve
Fae
INDEX. ~ 301
Bivalve of equal valves that never fhut clofe, 293,
274.
with an articulate hinge, 262, 266,
with a multarticulate hinge, 262.
-——— with an inarticulate hinge, 262, 272.
not fo numerous and beautiful as Univalves,
231, 243.
. ————— land ones none, 243.
——— breadth and length of them, 241.
beards of, 63.
Blatta Byzantia, See Operculum.
Bloody Tooth. See Nerit.
Boats. See Arks.
Body of an Univalve, 113.
Borders. See Margins.
Boucardes. See Cockles Cordiformes.
BREYNIUS, 555 93) 235
Brocades. See Volute.
Buccina, 70, 207.
——— Ampullacea. See Globofa.
Bilinguia, 229.
anne Canaiculata, 210, 212.
——— Columella dentata, 211, 215.
——— foffil, 223.
heteroftrophon foffil, 223.
—— plagioftoma, vel recurviroftra, 210, 212.
Buccina,
302 hans B Bik
Buccina, toftrata, 211, 214, 219, 220, 22T¢
Strombi, 212, 217.
Umbilicata, 211, 215-
Bulla, 173.
BuoNANNI, 24, 38, 233+
Bure de, 27-
Byflus, 62.
CALCEOLARIUS, 57+
Cames. See Cockles.
Camp. See Olives.
Canaliculus. See Furrow.
Cardium. See Cockles Heart.
Cardo. See Hinge.
Cartilage, Cartilago, 243.
Caffides, 195:
Cedo nulli, 1926
Chama, 274; 275¢
Claws, 117+
Clavicula, or Clavicle. See Turban.
Cochlea, 198.
Conoides. See, Volutes.
———— Lunares, 204-
a——— Semi-Lunares, 2006
Cachleds
1 hm eg ca AE
Cochlea, Valvate, 299- |
——_—— Nerites, 198, 199.
——_—— Helices, 199, 201-
——— Clavicula breviore, 199, 202.
—— Turbo, 199, 203.
sated Strombiformes, 199, 205.
——— Pyriformes. See Figs.
——— Cylindroidez, See Cylindri,
——— foffil, 207.
——— See Snails,
Cochlidium. 94.
Cockles, 2,66.
- articulate, 266, 267.
=
——— multarticulate, 264.
303
——— Heart, or Cordiformes, 267, 268.
—— — truncated or flat-fided, 264, 2.69-
——— fquare. See Arks.
Cock/comb. See Oyfter. |
Columella. See Pillar.
CoLumna, 6, 7. 53-
Compafs. Sec Efcallop.
Concha, 94. |
Conchoides, 94.
Conchology, ftudy of, 1, 25 24
Conchyliology, 2.
ConcuyLioLoci£ Nouvelle, 56.
Conchylium,
304 Pia yt Bs X
Conchylium. See Operculum.
Conus, 193+
See Volute..
Corals, 128, 149-
——-— See Efcallop.
Cornua Ammonis. See Ammonia.
Corpus. See Body.
Cowries. See Cyprea.
Cover. See Operculum.
Crane, 214. |
Creeping Stones. See Operculum.
Crozier. See Lituus.
Cruftacea defined, 2.
Cuneus, 270.
fofli], 271%.
| Cylindrt, or Cylindars. See Olives.
Cymbium, 68, 125, 127, 169.
Cyprea, 70, 76, 110, 1125 173 1779 182:
D.
Daétyli, See Prongs,
DAVILA, 55 99> 237+
-Declivitas. See Slopess
Dentale, 127) 1526
Devil, 225: plied
Devil's
RR RR I a
Devil’s Claws, 230.
Digiti. See Prongs.
Dippers, or Dipping Suails. See Bulla.
Dolphin, 201.
Ducal Mantle. See Efcallop.
Duck's Foot. See Efcallop. ?
E.
308
Ear-Shells. See Auris Cochlea and Haliotis,
Echini not teftacea, 129. »
Egg poached, 177.
— Pewit’s. See Bulla.
Epidermis, 72, 110, 134.
Efcallops, 244. |
Ducal Mantle, 245.
—— Compas or Sale, 245.
——— Duck's Foot or Coral, 2.45.
——— foffil, 247. |
F.
Fent of a Bivalve, 243.
Fig. 194.
Figures in Natural Hiftory neceflary, 52.
Flats of a Bivalve, 243. :
Ҥ
Flamboyants,
3c6 oe” a ee ae
Flamboyanis, 192.
Fleatite, 192+
Furrow of a Bivalve, 242+
G,
Gapers. See Bivalves and Chama,
Garnet. See Limpet.
GESNER, 57+
GEVE, 43.
Glafs Oyfer. See Placenta.
Globofa, 193-
Geat’s Eye. See Limpet.
GREW, 57, 83) 235:
Grimace, 213.
Gryphite. See Oyfters foffil.
GUALTIERI, 31, 42, 88, 236.
H.
Haliotis, 77> 144.
HAmEL du, 62.
Hams. See Pinna.
Hammer Oyfter. See Oyfter.
Harper, 6.
Harp, 194. -
Flead of an Univalve, 112
Hearts.
<
I WN DE x 307
Barts. See Cocktes.
HenENstREIT, 57.
Helix. See Shells, Turban, Cochlea.
Flelmets. See Caffides.
Heteroftrophon. See Shells.
Hevpg, 6.
Hiantes. See Bivalves that never clofe.
Hinge of Bivalves, 133, 2335 241-
——<— articulate, 242.
multarticulate, 242,
eh ee pee
inarticulate, 242.
Hippocephaloides, foffil, 266.
Huppesrorp; See Lifter.
I,
IMPERATUS, 57.
Imperial Crown, 192.
Inequilatere. See Margins.
Inftructions for collecting, &c. Shells. See Shells.
Foppa Whelk, 215»
KircHER, 38.
KLEIN, 42.
Kore, 46.
x Labium.
«<%
meso | MN 1 oe oe
Lie
Labium. . See Lip.
Lamps. See Cochlea Helix.
LANGIUS, 54, 85.
Latus Complanatum. See Flat.
Lepas. See Limpet.
Leptopolyginglymi. See Bivalves multarticulate.
Libot. See Limpet. :
Lid. See Operculum.
Limax. See Snail.
Limpet, 69, 773 939 975 136%
whole, 138.
——_—— chambered, 138, 140.
——— matks, 138, 140.
——— foffil, 142.
——— common. 140..
——— Libot or black, 13, 20.
——— Thorny, 15.
———— Beauty, 15.
——— Afirolepas, 15.
——— Goat’sEye, 22, 140+
~——— Garnet, 22.
——— blue-rayed, 22, 125.
——-— tortoife, 105.
—— cracked, or notched, 12g.
Limpet,
& Mi mi Bw’ x
Liinpet, Concho Lepas, 139. _
— Cochlea Lepas, 139.
LinNnEus, 55, 94, 97, 108, 237.
Lip of a turbinated Shell, 116.
LisTER, §, 25, 80, 234.
Lituus, 154, 159.
Magpyey 200+
Major, 52. _
Margaritifera, 272.
Margines, or Margins of a Bivaluz, 240%
MartTINI, 49, 100.
Mafks. See Limpets.
Melons, 194.
Meuscuen, 56, 100, 238.
Midas Ear, 204. |
Monothalamia. See Shells fimple.
Moscarbo, 57. -
Mouth. See Aperture.
Multivalves, 132, 133, 231.
Murex, 22, 224, 226.
Mufcles, 6, 70, 272; 294.
X 2
£399
Nautilus,
310 mB Mi Dy By ay
Nautilus, §, 77, 1626
— Paper. See Cymbium.
——— Vacuus. See,;Cymbium.
——— Grecorum, 169.
——— foffil, 172.
Needles. See Buccina.
Nerit, 137.
——— Bloody Tooth, 22.
foffil, 200.
Nipple Shells. See Limpets.
Nuts, or Nux. See Bulla.
Ov”
Olea. See Olives.
Olives, 70, 11C, 1375 189.
— Camp, or Panama, £89;
Onyx. See Volute.
Operculum, 119.
) of Land Shells, 121,
Orthoceratites, 154, 156, 162.
Ofcabiorns, 280.
Oftream. See Oy/er.
Oy/ter,
eM me ROE
Oyfiery Ay 2445 2.49-
Cockfcomb, 250.
———— Chinefe, or Glafs, See Placenta,
——— Hammer, 250.
——— Pearl. See Margaritiferz,
———— Thorny. See Spondyle,'
w—— foffil, 250,
P,
Panama, See Olive.
Papal Crown. See Tiara,
Partridge, 125) 194.
Patella. See Limpet,
Pearl, 59.
Peéten. See Efcallop,
Peéiincides, 263.
——-—— foffil, 263,
Pe&unculi. See Cockles.
Penecilli. See Vermiculus.
Periofteum, See Epidermis,
Perfian Crown, 194.
PETIVER, 38, 57. i
Pewit’s Egg. See Bulla.
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, 63¢
Pholas, 5, 278»
X 3 Piddocks.
i iy Na DY Ee sy
Piddocks. See Pholas.
Pillar, 115.
Pinna, 62, 68, 274, 277-
‘Placenta, 271.
PLANCUS, 39.
Planities. See Flat,
Planorbis, 201.
PLINY, 57;
Poached Egg, 177.
Polifh Saddle, 2716
Polythalamia. See Shells chambered.
Porcellana. See Cyprea. by
Pofthorns, See Helix Cochlea,
Prongs, 117..
Purple Dye, ‘Tyrian, 59, 222-
——— Engelifh, 61.
— French, 62.:
Purple-tip. See Volute.
Purpura, 5 3; and fee Buccina.
— bilinguia. See Buccina.
Purrs. See Chama.
— how they bore holes in Shells, 220.
Rag's-horn.
Ram’s-horn. See Lituuse
Razor-Shells. See Solen.
REAUMUR, 5.
REGENFUS, 49.
Revolved, See Shells.
Rhombi, 225, 226.
Cylindracei. See Olives.
foffil, 229.
Rima. See Fent,
Rocks and Rochers. See Murex.
RONDELETIUS, 57+
Roftrum. See Beak.
RoussET, 6.
RumPHIUs, 37, 84, 238.
Se
Sabella, 149+
Scoop, 1175 2.2.9.
Screws. Soe Strombi.
Sea Ears. See Haliotise
Wings. See Pinna.
Cylindro pyramidales. See Volutes, |
3*3
Sea
314 Ey EY a
Sea Nuts. See Bulla.
— Silk-Worms. See Pinna,
SEBA, 47, 92, 238.
SELLIvs, 6.
Semiporcellana, 173, 176.
‘Sheaths. See Solen.
Shells, definition of, 2, 3.
——-— fifth, of them, 3, 4, 5, 6,
——-— whether the Syftems of them fhould be formed
from the Animals or the Shells, 6.
——— Syitems of, 79.
——— Syftem of the Author, tor, 132, 1353 &
the Tabule Synoptica.
je ge! Joe,
——— Inftructions for colle&ting, ckaning, &c. 64,
68, 103. | |
enone, MO RCIORS OE, 108.
~~-— dead, 07.
———— Land, 4, 67, 1215 F244, 125,
2 Fret Waren” 3) G77 66,’ 124.
——— Sea, 4, 124.
——-- fimple, 123, 133, 136.
—-— turbinated, 123, 180.
——-—- chambered, 123; 133, 1546
——— revolved, 118, 123, 133, 173
nines: tubular, - 14;
_-— Menothalamia. See Turbinated and Simple.
Shells,
LON De BM x. ats
Shells, Polythalamia. See Chambered.
w——— Helices, 118.
—— Heteroftropha, 1194
——-— Operculated, 1 19.
——— Umbilicated, 117.
——— See Bivalves, Univalves, and Muleivalves.
~——— thofe moft common in the recent or living fate
occur feldom foffil, and vice verfa, 163, 260.
Ship Worms. See Teredo.
Sinus. See Scoop.
SLOANE, 57.
Slopes of a bivalve, 242.
Snails, 175 70, 77- And fee Cochiea.
Gold Mouth, 204. |
a+— Silver Mouth, 204,
+— Serpents fkin, 204.
—~ Ear. «See Auris Cochlea,
—— Land, 4, 5.
Sole. See Efeallop.
Solen, 5,274, 276.
Spiders, 22, 230% .
Spire, or Spira, 173. See Whirl.
Spondyle, 244, 249.-
Sirombi, See Buccina.
Sulcus. See Furrow.
Summit of a Bivalve, 240.
Surface of a Bivalve, Superficies, 240. .
Swallow, 272.
SWAMMERDAM, 6,
4 Tellen
YT.
Tellen & Tellina, 70, 269, 270-
Terebratula. See Anomia.
Teredo, 5, 6.
Teftacea. See Shells.
Thorny Oyfier. See Spondyle.
Tiara, 216.
Tongue, 116.
Tops. See Trochi.
TOURNEFORT, 42, 90, 237
Trichites, 142.
Tridacna, 274.
Trocht, 772 197
—— Foffil, 197.
Juns. See Glbofe —
Turban, 115-
Turbinated. See Shells.
Turbo, 199, 203.
——— concameratus, 154, 160, 164.
Turn. See Whirl,
Tyger, See Volutes,
Us
Umbo. See Beak.
Unguis. See Operculum.
- Unguli
e IN ® EB X, “hugay
Unguli. See Claws.
Univalves, 132, 133, 136. |
moft numerous and moft beautiful Shells,
493i.
Vv.
VALENTYN3: 44.
Venus Ear. “See Auris Cochlea.
Vermes & Vermiculi, 127, 128, 148.
chambered, 148, 151. —
———— penecilli, 148, 150.
VINCENT, 57.
Vis. See Strombus.
Volutes, 22, 70, 98, 1375
— Admirals, 16.
—— Brocades, 16.
——— Onyx, or Purple Tip, 16, 76.
——— Tygers, 16.
Volflia. See Pe&tinoides.
W.
WALENEROCH, 56.
Watering Pot. See Penecillus,
Weavers Shuttle, 177.
Wentletrap, 151, 204.
Whelk. See Buccina,
Whirl, 113.
Wooge
- 318 fay Die”
Woodcock Thorny, 2.15.
Woopwarb, 238.
WorMIvus, 57.
Worms. See Vermes.
—— Sea Silk. See Pinna,
——— - Ship. See Teredo.
Wreaths. See Whirl.
x.
‘ylophagus, See Teredo,
RRAX
ey ilk, Wee At Aw
pag. lin.
97. Catch word, being si fignifying |
g8. 22. roll. rolled
ror. 17. after thells, add which
IIz. 12. the bafe end r. the bafe, end or
—— 15. orend the, 7. or end, the
153. «ztle.Section VIII. r. VII.
159- 2, in thenote. Sect. gor. 7. Sect. 4... Te
160. 40. 11. fig. 18. is the entire fhell, and fig. 1g. is cut open.
r. fig. 19. is the entire fhell, and fig. 18. is cut open,
166. penult. 1. duo sfulcos 7. duos fulcos
186. 17. ofiernimbly, adda comma
189. 1. fhells r. {pecies
TOO. © BL Ce. and Ga fots Be Age
204. 8. after ear, dele comma
207. ~~‘. after {trombiformis de comma
242. 7. after Pl. I. fig. add 13,
—- 14. (fulcus Canaliculus) add commas to each word,
245. 14. dele the comma afer coral
246. 16. aretaken way; their of leaping r, are taken;
their way of leaping
257. 13. inartilate r. inarticulate
272. laft line, defines r. divides
283. 1. 5.6. polygymonr. polyginglymon
284. penult. 1. annoymous 7. anonymous
286. fig. 18.7. 19. and fig. 19.7. 18.
287. 5. femiporcellanea r. femiporcellana
What other Errata occur, the candid Reader is defired to corred,
Books of NatuRALt History,
Printed for BENJAMIN WHITE.
F%O, Bol 0. 1.
ATESBY’s Carolina, 2 vol. coloured, nce 16
2 Linnzan Index to Catefby _ °
Britith; Zoology, by Pennant, coloured, balf-bound iI
4 Borlafe’s Natural Hitt. and Antiquities of Cornwall, 2 vol. bound 3
g Flora Danica, Oederi, Fafcicult XI. fut. — 7
6 Idem Liber, figuris depidtis
4 Chr. Friis Rotboll, Defcript. & Icones Plant. fut. fe)
$ Jof. Miller’s Botanies Prints, 14. Numbers, coloured 14
g Curtis’s Flora Londinenfis, No. 1, 25 35 4) 5) 5) 7) 8) 9s 10, IT,
coloured, at 5s. each, to be continucd
yo The fame, plain, 2s. 6d. each.
(QO. Ro,
at Pennant’s Britith Zoology, 3 vol. i/uffrated with 188 Plates,
a new and elegant Edition, with confiderable Additions.
12 Pennant’s Tour to Scotland in 1769, and Voyage to the He~
brides 1772, with beautiful cuts, 3 vol. in boards. 3
13 Wilkes’s Englifh Moths and Butterflies, coloured 9
14 Drufy’s Exotic Infe&ls, 2 vol. coloured, balf-bound 5
1§ Brown’s Illuftrat. of Zoology, with 50 coloured Plates 3
16 Ph. Miller’s Gardener's Diét. abridged, bound. 1
17 The Naturalift’s Journal, fitched. — o
i$ Vandelli Fafciculus Plantarum, fewed. — o
xg Milne’s Inftitutes of Botany, 2 Parts, fewed a °
20 Fortter, (Joan. Rein. & Georg.) nova Genera Plantarum,
cum 48 Labulis, feimic. ~~ ~- I
OO €o Tu ark, 0,
24 Pennant’s Britith Zoology, 3 vol. with 188 Plates, a new
Edition, with confiderable Additions.
22 Pennant’s Synopfis of Quadrupeds, boards — °
23 Forfteri Nove Species Infeftorum, feqwed ~- °
24 Forfter’s Catal. of N. American Animals °
25 Ofbeck’s and Toreen’s Voyage to China, 2 vol. bond °
26 Catcott’s Treatife on the Deluge, hound °
27 Curtis’s Fundamenta Entomologia, /eqwed cae °
28 Infruét, for colle&ting Infe&ts, fitched re)
29 Randi Index Horti Chelfeiani, bound — _ °
30 Martyni Catal. Horti BotaniciCantab. & Mantiffa, fur. °
31. Wandelli de Arbore Draconis, /ut. — fe)
32 Ocederi Nomenclator Botanicus, fut. cm °
33 Oederi Enumeratio Plant. Flor Danice, fur. > °
34 Rob. Sibbaldi [Eq. Aur.] Phalainologia nova, fut. °
35 Luisi Lithophylacium Britannicum, bound — ro)
36 Martyn’s firft Leture on Botany, /ritched _ °
37 Martyn’s Elements of Natural Hiftory, fitcbed — °
38 Edwards's Elements of FofMilogy, fewed = °
39 Lee’s Introduction to Botany, 3d edit, bound — °
Dae D EC) Kyi, 0.
40 Ph, Miller’s Gardener's Kalendar, 1612 edit. bound )
~
YR HUwWN OW
“
~
SVR MN HDD HAD we WAN BH PLO
&
eongcnogo™ .
eo
ODHDOVCIOODR
D AARDNDOVOVOOAHRAGDOHDOOGAS
= > _
WNW
eC.
Co.
NS
ET haa
TINEA
{Yi
OT
a WANN ATTY
i | eee.
sani An
i
'
Say
1 Ae pdm MCN |
= “=n wr
ee
—_ ™.
a *)
tie, EN
om LAR Ey “
»
ee Sn pes ow
acetone eae sy
: E ae ke gh
orer arty Shor ee Se OX
o . ee ee 5S afta
RES Aer ah eek ere
SSS
SSS
x Co 4 ~ anh
eee 4 ee eae eee ten
nae sh ae mA
RM
by i ape On
Teg, Brats ae
uae
ae
ee
als
iene
a
hyve Hebetye hs
has r
A beri
ee yee
‘ ae"
ire AG eine
Ww
: - h
sie - ” Ww
ain
Sr oo
ttt ee \
SS
SSN
=
ag
—P
rages oat
ol
™
olen nines, ety
be hy 4
’ ~ > -
i i
a -
. a
: +) 4 arn z=
% wey .
i ao as ‘
-4
5
«
y
4
‘
s
>
7
*
4
*
A - a
a4 ot. he aS Jat. Gale
~
eee LT at es PR, I A BP oa ge (
ee ee ee
moira,
+ Ete a OE
— oor Silla, 3
ee ee ae
8 | eon
me
" DOK
nee hie
ie Dey a ,
’ _
ri Gee
Mt dhe hs tid
oy ’ - ’
4 ((: van f
ty \ > fea f Nie ‘s
(tj ow e wt dt ‘
: ' a
' ‘ v « &% se ’ }
' L] ti . 1 ;
idl aaa AY
(MANOVA
4 072 219 074
Na
SORE e ge)! ww nh
Sadie mat Le se altho Mart del dah ah siivthaSledteettall
.
¥
mae Ceacernneurktoosagreriitee
rab bal nine, Maem ia aed
inte er eas be da ern Oe Ce ated oe a bald
ni Ff