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ELLIOTT'S FRUIT BOOK ;

OR, THE

l^merican Jfrait-irntotrs §mh

IN

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

BEINa A COMPEND OP THE HISTORY, MODES OP PROPAGATION, CULTURE, &C., 0?

FRUIT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEARLY ALL THE

TaRIETIES of FRUITS CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY : NOTES

OF THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCALITIES AND SOILS,

AND ALSO A COMPLETE LIST OF FRUITS

WORTHY OF CULTIVATION.

BY F. R. ELLIOTT.

NEW YORK:
A. 0. MOORE, AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHER,

(LATE C. M. BAXTON & CO.)
No. 140 FULTON S T II E E T .
0 ' 1858.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by

C. M. SAX TON,

n the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United Slates, in and for
the Southern District of New York.

E. O. JbNKIKS, BeAINARD & BtrERIDGE,

Printer antJ ^tercotspn Engrafacrs,

Herald Block,

CLBVBL^Nr.

TO

PKOF. JAEED r KIRTLAND,

BY HIS FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR.

j 2^S

PREFACE.

Few objects are more engaging than the culture of fruit. [lope,
\\ith all her pleasing fancies, encircles every planter of a fruit tree ;
while year after year, as it is nurtured and advanced to a bearing
state, Hope yet remains entwined with prospective reality ; until at
last its branches, loaded with ripe, ruddy, delicious fruits, bear out the
goddess in sustaining the efforts of man to gratification of taste and
feeling, as well as profit pecuniary.

Fortunate is it for the author of a work on fruits in this practical
age, that no excuse is required for presenting himself before the pub-
lic, or crowding upon ground apparently now so fully occupied.

Hazardous as the thought may appear, after so much of matter
upon the subject has been prepared and published, minutely, practi-
cally, and theoretically explanatory, by such writers as Coxe, Lind-
ley, Downing, Thomas, and others, T yet have imagined there was
room for another work ; at least it may induce an extended interest
in the subject ; and in a country so broad of extent — so prolific of
fruits and men — composed of such great diversity of soil and cli-
mate as ours, there may possibly be garnered some little items that
heretofore have escaped the vision of my brother lovers of the sub-
ject.

Pleasantly, therefore, d]^ing the past ten years, have I been nur-
turing of trees and noting their products ; gradually have I drawn
in from the stores of my many friends, the votaries of Pomona,
specimens of their skill and trust. These I have carefully examined
and compared, and have meted to them in the followhig pages such
award as seemed to me just.

(V)

VI PREFACE.

That I have trodden upon the favorites, and therefore the viewa
of some of my friends, J shall not pretend to deny ; but that I have
so done in aught but a true feeling of interest to the cause, I beg
they will not for the moment believe.

Such is the vast variety of garden and orchard fruit — such the
diversity of circumstances which affect the growth cf trees, the size
and qualities of the fruit — such the great number of new sorts, and
new modes of treatment discovered, that one book, however care-
fully prepared, cannot embrace all the knowledge of the subject ;
but each lover of Pomona and her gif;s must cherish and examine,
each for himself, relying only on the book as a guide comparative ;
and looking on the pages of this present, as the result of an inten-
tion to create a plain, practical work, to classify and describe fruits
in such order, to embody their history, and the best modes of cul-
ture, in such manner, that the amateur or extensive orchardist m.ay
gather at a glance most of the requisite information to success

The mere test of quality, it is well known, does not render a fruit
worthy or unworthy of general cultivation ; therefore, the classifica-
tion of the National Pomological Society was imperfect as a guide
to fruit-growers ; but by changing or modifying this to first, second,
and third class, and explaining in many of the texts descriptive of
varieties, the reasons for position given, I trust to have somewhat
improved the matter.

New fruits are daily being brought to light ; the soils of the West
producing them almost spontaneously ; the science of the East creat-
ing them w4th rapidity and certainty ; pomological meetings and
Horticultural Societies are monthly recording and describino- them •
it is, therefore, generally conceded requisite that some order of classi-
fication be carried out, if we expect any limit or bounds to our
cause.

The classes adopted in the following^ pages, corresponding with
those of the National Society, have therefore seemed to me well
adapted to the end in view. There are some varieties now placed
in the second class, that will undoubtedly, when more generally
known and distributed, become worthy a place in the first class ;
but those now placed in the third class, I feel confident will never

PREFACE. Vii

advance from their present position, if their friends have reasonable
opportunities of comparing them with first-class varieties ripening
at the same time. That the number of the first class ct)uld now
readily be increased, will, 1 am aware, appear apparent to many po-
mologists ; but, as it already embraces a sufficient number to meet
all wants, I have preferred rather to add hereafter, than to retract.

Believing that in fruits, the seeds, cores, and stones are often as, or
perhaps more, sure guides to indicate a variety than the outward
form, I have made my drawings from specimens of medium size,
(discarding both the largest as well as smallest for such purpose,)*
representing the appearance of the fruit when halved, except in the
cherry, where the pit is shown whole. In ray drawings illustrative
of form, I have followed the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

" Of the deso'iptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary.
First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed,
in smaller type, the various si/nonymes, or local names, by which the
same fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country."

The names of authors previously having described many of the
fruits, I have omitted, as not essential to the value of description
or fruit, nor necessary to the practical purposes for which I intend
the work.

The text descriptive has been, in almost the entire work, made
either anew or revised from those already published, with specimens
of the fruit before me ; and, following the established rules of pri-
ority in description, I have (while retaining so much of the original
that it may at once be recognized) endeavored to reduce and Ame-
ricanize. In a few cases I have preferred continuing an erronecms
name, because of its being now generally known. Where a de-
scription is given written by another, and the fruit not seen by my-
self, I have endeavored to give, if of importance, the initials of the
author, or abbreviation of title of the work from whence such de-
scription was drawn, for which see pages 13, 14.

Of the importance of fruit culture, it is deemed superfluous to

* A friend who has carefully examined these drawings and descriptions, says
I hav'e represented them all, or nearly all. rather below, than of, medium size

Vlll PREFACE.

more than remark, that the interest e\Tident ui the establishment of
journals devoted almost wholly to its cause ; the fact that no news-
paper is now counted of value without being more or less occupied
with matter relating to the orchard ; the universal growing desire of
every one who has ground of his own to plant thereon trees and vines
productive of luscious fruits — all speak volumes illustrative of the
extend which the subject holds in the minds of our energetic, ambi-
tious, persevering people.

And here I must be permitted to record my tribute to the memory
of A. J. Downing, to whom the pomologists, the fruit-growers, the
nation, owe more than to any one man yet existent ; by and through
whose work on the " Fruits of America," the advocates of nomencla-
ture received the first bold stand, and in a way which has led to extri-
cation of much that was previously in state of confusion ; to whose
graceful, easy, attractive, yet bold manner of writing, is owing
much of the care and attention, culture and embellishment, of and
through tree, plant, and flower, of the homes of Americans.

This work has been commenced and completed more at the sug-
gestion and request of friends than from any feeling of my own
ability ; and, while I have endeavored to avoid error, I yet feel that
numerous corrections will have, in subsequent editions, to be made ;
this, partly, from omission and commission, consequent on one's first
work, and partly from the constant state of advancement in pomo-
logy. And as it is intended to revise and correct it as soon as the
cause demands, I shall consider myself, and the cause, indebted to
those gentlemen who in reviewing it may observe errors, if they
'will communicate the same to me.

To the following gentlemen, who have kindly fiirnished me with
notes, descriptive of their experience, or of varieties or specimens
of fruits, by which I have the better been enabled to prepare this
work, I sincerely tender my acknowledgments :

In ]Massackusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder and C. M. Hovey,
Boston ; Samuel Walker, Roxbury ; B. V. French, Braintree ;
Robert Manning and J. M. Ives, Salem.

In New York, to Messrs. Chas. Downing, Newburg ; S. B. Parsons,
Flushing; P. Barry and Geo. Ellwanger, Rochester; John J.

PREFACE. IX

Thomas, Macedon; David Thomas, Aurora; Benj. Hodge, Buffalo;
Herman Wendell and B. P. Johnson, Albany.

In Pennsylvania, to Doctor W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia.

In New Jersey, to Mr. Thomas Hancock, Burlington.

In Ohio, to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., and Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland ; Messrs. A. H. Ernst, J. A. Warder, and R. Buchanan,
Cincinnati ; M. B. Bateham, Columbus ; Charles Carpenter, Kelly
Island ; D. C. Richmond, Sandusky.

In Michigan, to Daniel Cook, Esq., Jackson.

In Indiana, to Mr. John C. Teas, Raysville.

In Kentucky, to Messrs. H. P. Byram, Louisville ; James Allen,
Nelson Co.

Doctor J. A. Kennicott, The Grove, NorthfieW j
Adna Williams, Galesbury.

In Wisconsin, to Mr. F. K. Phoenix, Racine.

In Mississippi, to Doctor M. W. Phillips, Log Hall.

F. R. E.

Pomona Gardens^ near Cleveland.

k

ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED.

Of these we enumerate here those only that we have used most freely in
'he forming of our pages, either hj extract, or as serving for authority to our
decisions.
Allen. A practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vino.

By J. Fisk Allen. 1852.
Arboretum JBritannicum, or the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and
botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, by J.

C. Loudon. London, 1845,
Annales de la Societt d' Horticulture de Paris. Paris. In monthly Nos. Svo.,

from 1827 to 1845.
Adlum. A Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, and the he?t

mode of making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828.
Buchanan. A treatise on the Grape. By R. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1852.
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour I'Annee 1844. Contenant des principeg

generaux de culture, etc. Tar A. Poiteau et M. Vilmorin. Paris.

Yearly volume.
Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeraan. Tenth

ed. New York, 1844.
Baumann's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre dispanible dans I'Eta-

blissement des Frerea, a Bolwiller, 1842.
Ckle. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, 1851.
Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Frees in the United States, and of

the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadel-
phia, 1817.
Ihaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal.

American ed. Boston, 1835.
Cohbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London. 1821.
Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman.

Boston, 1840-41.
Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly journal of Agriculture, &c., edited by

Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time.
Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of American '-^^
Dom. Oaru The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By Join Towers?^|^ondoa,

1839

ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTKD.

Of these we enumerate here those only that we have used most freely in
'he forming of our pages, either "by extract, or as serving for authority to our
iecisions.

Allen. A practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vino.

By J. Fisk Allen. 1852.
Arboretum Britannicum, or the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and

botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, Ly J.

C. Loudon. London, 1845.
Annales de la Sociite d' Horticulture de Paris. Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo.,

from 1827 to 1845.
Adlum. A Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best

mode of making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828.
Buchanan. A treatise on the Grape. By R. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1852.
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour I'Aunee 1844. Contenant des principeg

generaux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau et Af. Vilmorin. Paris.

Yearly volume.
Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman, Tenth

ed. New York, 1844.
Baumann's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre dispanible dans PEta-

blissement des Freres, a Bolwiller, 1842.
fMe. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, 1851.
Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Frees in the United States, and of

the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadel-
phia, 1817.
^Jhaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal.

American ed. Boston, 1835.
Cohbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London. 1821.
Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Cohunan.

Boston, 1840-41.
Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly journal of Agriculture, «Si:c., edited by

Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time.
Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America* * f^|5,
Dom. Garu The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By Johi Towers'!''tttondon,

1839

Duhcmd. Traite dcs Arbre, Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Pari^

^^ ABBREVIATIOXS, ETC.

nel Traite
1768, 2 vols.

^^.. Physiologie Yegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctions
Titales des \egetaux. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3

Ernst Mans. Manuscript Note« on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq., Cincin-

ForsytJ.A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By
^Villiam Forsyth, 7th ed. London, 1824 "^

Floy. Li.dley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by
Michael Floy. New Tork, 1845.

Fessenden New American Gardener, containing practical directions for the
culture of Frnits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston 18^8

Crard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C. Loudon, in monthl^
nos., 19 vols, to 1844, London. ^

Hort. The Horticulturist, a monthly journal of Horticulture. &c Pub-
lished by Luther Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to
18.2^aad continued to the present time. By Jas. Wick, jr., publisher,
and P. Barrey, ed. . j ? ^ ci,

Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the cultivation of the Grape Vine on open

walls. By Clement Hoare. London. 1840.
Hort. Sac. Cat. See Thompson.
Harris. A Report on the insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation.

By Dr. T. \\ . Harris. Caml)ridge, 1852.
Hov. Mag. or H M. The Magazine of Horticulture. Botany, and Rural Af

fairs. Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo. monthly nos., 1834 to

the present time.
JohnMon. Lectures on Agricultural Cheraistry 'and Geology. By Jas. W P

Johnston. American ed., New York, 2 vols. 1842.
Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 2

vols.

Knight. Various articles in the London Horticultural Society's Transactions.

By Thomas Andrew Knight, its late President.
Kenrick or Ken. The new Ariierican Orchardist. By William Kenrick Bog-

ton, 1844. '

Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers.

By Vincent Kollar ; notes by Westwood. London, 1840 12mo
Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. ' London 1835

1 thick vol. ' '

. An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836 1 thick voL

. An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the same. London 1831 1

thick vol. ' '

ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 13

Loudon. Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the plants in Britain, by the
same. London.

. The Sub trban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842.

. The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companiou. By the same. Lon-
don, 1838, 1842.

. Arboretum et Fruticetum BritaiKiicum. By the same. London, 1838.

Liebig. Organic Chemistry in U& application to Agriculture and Physiology.
By Justus Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844.

Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, or an account of the
Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley.
London, 1831.

Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832.

. An introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley.

London, 1835, 2d ed.

• British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work.

. The Theory of Horticulture, or an attempt to explain the Operation

of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. Lon-
don, 1840.

. The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New

York, 1841.
L. or Linnaeus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols.
Mass. Hort. Society. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

1842 to the present time.
Man. The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning, 2d ed. enlarged by

John M. Ives, Salem, 1844.
Man. in H. M. Manning's articles in Hovey's Magazine.
Michaur. The Xorth American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of

the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michauy. Paris, ntw edition.

Philadelphia, 1852.
Mcintosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M'Intosh. London,

1819.
N. Y. Trans. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Snciety,

from 1842 to present time.
Nois. See Jardin Fruitier.

New Frtgland Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horti-
culture, &c. Boston, continued to the present time.
O. D-uh. See Duhamel.
Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine, or Figures and Descriptions

of the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain.

London, 1828.
Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By Will -am R. Prince. New York,

1831, 2 vols. ' '*^ -w

14 ABBKEVIATIONS, ETC.

Prince. A Treatise :;ji the Vine. By "William R. Prince. New York, 1830.

Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York,
1828.

Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Frangaise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits,
cultives en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to
nos.

Hivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Saw-
bridgeworth.

Ron. or Ronalds. Pyrus Malus Brentfordienses ; or, a concise description of
Selected Apples, w'+^ a figure of each sort. By Hugh Ronalds, Lon-
don, 1831.

Revue Horticole. Jourua des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur.
Paris, 1844, et chaque mois.

Vorrey (k Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged descriptions
of all the known plants growing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By
John Torrey, M. D., and Asa Gray, M. D., New York.

Thomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul-
tural Society of London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great
care by Robert Thompson, the head of the Fruit Department.]

Thacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D., Boston, 1822.

Wilder, MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq.

W. D. B. Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Reports of Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society.

W. R. P. Articles and Descriptions by Wm. R. Prince, in various Horticul-
tural Journals.

Warder Review. Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor and
publisher. A Monthly Journal of Horticulture, etc. Cincinnati, 1850,
to the present time.

Wilder in Hort. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and
published in Horticulturist.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS — HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF
FRUITS IN OHIO AND THE WE^T — VALUE AS FOOD.

A SUBJECT SO boundless, in a country of such extent and capacity
of soil and climate as ours for the production of all the finer fruits ;
in a country which, until within a few years, was but a wilderness —
a wild, uncultivated tract, now yielding, with the most common, or
rather with no care, immense quantities of luscious ripe fruits for
transportation to countries where the arts of culture were fully
known and understood before we were, filling our store-houses with
food, our hearts with gladness, adding to our wealth while contribu-
ting to the blessings of others ; (for what meets the eye or gladdens
the heart more pleasantly than the sight of the perfect fruits of the
earth]) — a subject, we say, then so boundless, merits more of
enwreathing plaudit than our limits here may allow, though our
fancy picture it. Nor have we space, although especially applicable
to the practical use of our work, to more than commend the study
and practice, in a scientific view, of man to perfection of that de-
picted in the following stanza : ^

" The heaven-taught gardener-s wondrous skill

Shall wreath the earth with flowers,
While new and luscious fruits shall grow
Throughout her Eden bowers."

As yet the western soils present comparatively little toward the
inducementof study and practice ; for so freely does every variety
of fruit grow, that- man has only to plant in order to reap. Soon,
however, the grower will learn that skill and care only will reward
him with product from his trees — skill, in the thorough understand-
ing of the principles of vegetable physiology ; the care and practice,
necessary in applying the same.

Rapidly as the West has grown from a tract of country only
inhabited by the red man and beasts, to the presenting almost, at
this day, of the " Garden of America ;" her prairies, her limestone-
hills and broad levels ; her sandy alluvial bottoms, located in almost
as many different climates as positions, abound with all of nature's
food, stored for yeai's in the production of tree, fruit, and flower, t4»

15 ,^^ .

16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

such extent that she may yet be said to be in her infancy. And no
one who has not visited and traversed her wide borders — no one
reared and trained on soils where four-sixths is rock — can have, but
by traveling over it, any conception of the wealth stored up in the
soil of the West.

We speak here more of this from believing, that while the East
may yield her supplies liberally, attended by the care. and expense
of supplying fresh food annually, the West will ere long far outstrip
all ; as she only needs among her sons more study of the nature of
plant and tree to bear the palm in producing any fruit.

It is for the West then, more especially, that our work is destined.
Although ourself, reared at the East, and all our life familiar with her
fruits, her soils and capabilities, we shall yet endeavor to blend the
one with the other, that our work may be applicable there as here,
even as we cherish at this day our " loved old home," with her
rough, rocky surroundings, incentive only to the greater perfection
and action of mind ; in that, self-dependence is made apparent from
day to day.

Before the West was, i. e., settled by white man, the impression
prevailed, among other errors connected with fruit culture, that "he
who plants pears, plants for his heirs ;" and we well recollect being
told when a boy, on planting out a young pear-tree, that possibly
our children might eat of it, but we, never. Such prophecy, how-
ever, failed in our case, as nearly all others, for we have eaten often
of it. And now, whether we attribute it to the locomotive age, to
the active minds of our eastern brethren, or the spontaneous growth
of the West — aided by her industrious denizens — we hardly wait
for the season to come around ere we eat of the fruit ; our own
experience having been to receive trees and plant them in March,
and eat of the fruit in November following. Let this be attributable
to what it may, such is now the impress, that no one buys a city
lot, intending to keep it over one year, but he plants trees upon it,
expecting and reaping the fruit thereof

All this is encouraging ; but there is also a dark side in fruit cul-
ture gradually coming on us, to be met only bj||the general diftusion
of knowledge on this subject ; a knowledge that, as before remarked^
will enable us to compete skilfully with deficiencies or over-luxu-
riance in soil ; to know the insects destructive, and their habits, that
we may secure our products from their ravages ; and a just appreci-
ation of the nature of trees, that we may know how to shape them to
the withstanding of our changeful climate.

As under each appropriate head we give somewhat of the olden
history of fruits, our remarks here will relate mainly to their intro-
duction and advancement to Ohio and the West. Previous to 1796,
there was very little other than the natural fruit of the soil culti-
vated iK Ohio ; and not until about 1820 or '22, was there any con-

ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 17

siderable introduction and planting of " grafted fruits " in the north
part of the State. At that time the nursery of William Coxe, Esq.,
Burlington, New Jersey, seemed the nearest from which to obtain
trees ; and therefore from thence came hiost of the first plantations
of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince, Kenrick, and Buel,
supplied our northern pioneers; and from these, with the libenil
hand which always characterizes a fruit culturist, a lover of the Cre-
ator's best gifts, grafts were distributed freely to whoever would.
As early as 1796 or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propa
gated many of the older and best eastern varieties on the borders
of the Ohio river, and there cultivated both trees and fruits, from
whence most of the older orchards of southern Ohio, and probably
Indiana, were procured. Gov. Worthington, at an early day, 1803,
or previous, introduced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio.
In 1820, Prof Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull
County, Ohio, some two hundred sorts of the best fruits then
known; and in 1827, or '28 Geo. Hoadley, Esq., sent about one
hundred kinds to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many
fine eastern varieties; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all
these were liberally distributed, followed by additional introductions
of new varieties, in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly every
pioneer brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity
of his former residence East, which he planted and grew with care, and
we have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties up to
about 1832. Since that period, not only have importations of
extended varieties been largely made and planted from eastern nur-
series, but the nurseries of trees grown for sale have so multiplied
in the whole West, that millions of trees are now annually grown
and planted.

For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we
are indebted to the zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A.
Kennicott :

" The Grove, Northfield. Cook Co., Illinois,
October, 4, 1853.

'' The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by the
French about 1682, in aind about Kaskaskia and Cahokia ; ahd it is
said, that ' the first generation of' fruit trees, there planted, had done
good service, and gone the way of all the living,' long before the ad-
vent of the present race who people ' Lower Egypt.' The Rev. John
M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate most
luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of the
second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost
forest size.

From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees
were, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable

)S INTRODUCTORY EEMARKS.

fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been
brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their
route from the old world.

From this you perceive, that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit-
grmving states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener-
ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ;
though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our cele-
brated varieties in cultivation, to those glorious old trees, so graph-
ically described by the Rev, Mr. Peck ; and yet, I am by no
means certain, that some of our most valuable local varieties did not
originate in that classic fruit-land of Southern Illinois.

It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois
tliore may now be native varieties, surpassing in value a large ma-
jority of the sorts named in the books, for local cultivation, at least.
Analogy would lead to such a conclusion ; for, as a general rule here,
of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be
found worthy of notice, and worth preserving in their natural state,
though not desirable for propagation.

from personal observation you are already aware, that some fruits
of high repute East, are nearly worthless here; and that others are
wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate. It
is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to
be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost,
and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much
difriculty and doubt attend our western nomenclature.

Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts
cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties
Enst, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on the
fructification here, under the true names.

Many of our varieties, of the first irees transplanted in western Illin
ois, and southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars from
the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central -eastern Illinois ;
and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio, and
others from Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and
a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what proportion,
oi" what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars, I am un-
able to determine. Very few were sold under eastern names, how
ever, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin.

Among these pedlars' trees, the Red June is decidedly the most
valuable, and the Milam the most abundai\J:.

Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted out
in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the j^edlars' trees, which
continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The Buffalo nur-
series and your Cleveland dealers have furnished the most. The
nurseries of Chautauque County sent eome early, and the Rochester
establishments a great many more recently, -uid a few Un or tv-vU e

•advancement of fkuits, etc. 19

years ago. The Flushing nurseries are also represented in our or-
chards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana;
and, in fact, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not
sent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin."

Similar to those named, is that of most Western States, in the his-
toric introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value
sufficient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those
meriting a first place are rare. The character of "very good" will
apply to probably one-tenth of the fruit, while that of " best" will
hardly apply to one-thousandth.

Of the value of fruits as food, of their free use and tendency to
health of system and morality of character, much has been written ;
but the following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words :

" The free use of ripe fruits not only prevents disease^ but their reg-
ulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All
ripe fruits are, also, more oi less nutritious. Professsor Salisbury
has clearly demonstrated that the apple is superior to the potato,
in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man,
and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for
swine, or fed raw to other domestic animals."

Ripe grapes have cured Epidemic dysentery. Physicians have,
occasionally, advised the use of " cooling acid fruits ;" and the ear-
liest writers have directed the sugary ones, as " figs," for food in con-
valescence. Families, where fruit is most plentiful and good, and
prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all
kinds, and more especially from fevers and "bowel complaints."
Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen
the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as
" diluents," and all as " diuretics ;" the free acids neutralizing, or
rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying them
off rapidly through the natural channels.

CHAPTER II.

OKIGINATUSTG OF VARIETIES — THEIR PROPAGATION, BY
BUDDING, GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS AND
SUCKERS.

"Our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are
the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have
always a tendency to improve^ but they have also another and a
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild stated Of this, we
have here a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by
Prof Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed
gathered from the same tree, only about one tenth have surpassed,
and two tenths equaled, the parent ; the remainder mostly falling
back toward the original mazzard.

Most of our choicest varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance
cross-impregnation : few have been the result of artificial skill and
care ; cross breeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and
while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from
crof<s brecdiny, none are known in fruits from hyhridiziny. Lindley
says : " If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of an-
other species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two
distinct varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed,
the seed which results from the operation will be intermediate be-
tween its parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first
case, the progeny is hybrid or male ; in the second, it is simply cross-
bred.''^ Although of the same genus, no hybrid has ever yet been
created between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and cur-
rant. These cross-bred s, when closely resembling the female
parent, are termed sub-varieties.

This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was
advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticulturist
of England : while that of Dr. Van Mons of Belgium, was the re-
production of seedlings from seedlings in succession ; selecting each
time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved the
best n the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the
pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com-
mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded
as the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties ; and,
to this theory, this fruiting at an early stage, according as the parent
is far removed from its original state, may we not attribute much
of the habits of many of our pears ? The Frederic of Wurtemburg,

(20)

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING ETC. 21

originating by Prof. Van Mons in this way, it is well known pro-
duces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the bud ; while
the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety, requires twelve
or fifteen years. This process however, if taken, as by Van Mons,
from the commencement, i.e., a wildling, would require a life-time ;
but our people have all around them seedlings whicTi at an early age
are producing fruit ; if, therefore, seed be taken from the best of
them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable that^ more
than ten years would elapse to produce something very superior.

On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by
crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to
whatever form, size or character he may desire, and this with an
almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully
described by Thomas in his Fruit Culturist, we extract therefrom :

" A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the
Indian corn. The pistillate or seed-bearing flowers covering the
young ear, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate or
fertilizing flowers on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re-
mote position, the pollen or fertilizing dust from the summits may
not certainly fall on the ear ; and if different sorts grow near, a mix-
ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif-
ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same
field ; or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each sort
no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled
with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of
common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the
stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci-
dental mixture from other tree^, become very small, unless aflfected
by insects, which becoming thickly dusted with powder from ^ one
flower, plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross-fertiliza-
tion. Where many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity,
cases of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can
be developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings.

In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (fig. 1), the five

central organs a, are the pistils; the

upper extremity of each is the stiff ma. The

surrounding thread-like organs, 6, are the

stamens, surmounted by the anthers. The

anthers are little bags or cases filled with

the pollen or fertilizing dust. When the

flowers open, the anthers burst, and dis-

p. ^ charge the pollen on the stigma, which

^' ■ operates on the embryo fruit at its base.

The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im

pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety Mith the pollen

of another. T'lis wns •performed with great success by Knight.

22 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES.

Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the

anthers had burst and discharged the pollen, he

cut out with a fine pair of scissors all the

stamens, leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2).

When the stigma became sufficiently mature,

which was indicated by its glutinous surface, he

transferred the pollen of the other sort, on the

. ., point of a camel's-hair pencil. The fruit, thus

yielded, was unchanged ; but its seeds partook

variously of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from

them bore new and intermediate varieties.

For the success of such experhnents, several precautions are req-
uisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has
fully expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and
scattered their dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting
or fully matured anther, when it will be dry and powdery ; the
stigma must be inoculated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glu-
tinous, otherwise it may be fertilized from another source, and then
the intended pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once
inoculated, cannot be inoculated again. It is safest, where practi-
cable, to force the trees by artificial heat into flowering a few days
earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inoculations
of pollen floating in the air; and to prevent its spread by bees, to
apply a temporary covering of gauze. A want of attention to these
minutiae, has led some experimenters to fancy they had obtained
crosses, when they had only natural seedlings."

Budding. — This mechanical process, in connection with that of
grafting, layers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of
increasing the number of trees or plants of any one variety ; and is
performed on stocks of the same or closely allied species. These
&xe, designated under each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c., on
other pages. The process and practice is^also one, which, although
well and truly described in all fruit works and most of the leading
journals, is nevertheless too often attended with so much of failure,
that while we here repeat descri{5tions, we at same time advise
every new beginner to visit the leading nursery-man or successful
amateur groM^er in his immediate neighborhood, and^ learn more in
half a day from practical example than could be told him were one
to write a month. In order to be successful, it is requisite that the
stock on which it is intended to operate should be in a thrifty,
healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the best time
is usually just when the terminal bud is forming. Various modes
of budding are known and described ; but that most successful, most
rapid, and in common use, is the one termed incorrectly, American
shield budding., described by Forsyth in 1803 — which diflfers from the

'BOPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC.

23

Fig 3. Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

common shield budding, only in leaving a small piece of wood at base
of the bud inserted, instead of taking all out. An incision is made
lengthwise through the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right
jinsles at the top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T.,lig. H,

A bud is then taken from a shoot
of the present year's growth, by
shaving off the bark an inch or
an inch and a half in length, wilh
a small part of the wood directly
beneath the bud, fig. 4. The. ed-
ges of the bark, at the incision
in the stock, are then raised a
little, fig. 5, and the bud pushed
downward under the bark, fig. 6. A
bandage of bass-bark, woolen-yarn, or other substance, is then
wrapped around, commencing at\he bottom and passing the bud, re-
turnin<T again and tying just below, covering all but the bud, fig. 7.
The pressure should be just sufficient to keep the inserted portior
closely to the stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark, lu
about ten days or two weeks after insertion, the strings will
require to be loosened, and at expiration of three weeks removed
altogether. The ensuing spring, as soon as the buds begin to sweil
strongly, cut off *the stock about six inches above the bud ; and as
the shoot or bud grows, tie it to the piece of stock above its inser-
tion until about midsummer, when it will be time to cut away the
piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut downward from
the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice with some is to
place the buds in water ; this so saturates them with moisture, that
they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of the stock, end
hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot containing buds in-
tended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately be cut off to
within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation will
exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are wanted to be kept a
number of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss, or wet
cloths ; or if desired to send any distance, the whole wrapped in oiled
silk. In this way they will keep without injury ten days or more.
" Annular bucldlha" h applicable to trees of hard wood, or thkk
or rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring
of bark is removed from the stock, and another coj:
responding r-'ng, containing the bud, slit open on^Y>tife
s'.de, is made to fit the denuded space. Fig. 8.

•' Trees whieh have been girdled in winter by mice.

may be preserved by a process similar to annular bud^

ding, by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions,

and applying one or more pieces of bark peeled from

Fig- 8. the branch of another tree, so as to restore the Ci)h-

24 OKIGIXATINvx OF VARIETIES.

nection between the two severed portions. This is done as soon as
the bark will separate ; the same end may, however, be accom-
plished early in spring by cutting away portions of the sap-wood
with the bark, and connecting the two parts by several pieces of a
branch, care being taken that they coincide accurately, as in graft-
ing. The whole,^ in either case, is then covered with wax."

Grafting^ like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all
resolving into the same thing — that of transferring one variety onto
another. The modes most regarded, and in most common prac-
tice, we describe.

Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practised when
the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it
lays in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of
albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other,
or if the stock is too large that they match on one side. See fig. 9.
The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut
in the graft, and when put together, to serve as support in steady-
ing the graft until the circulation of sap has united it with the stock.
This is practised to a large extent by nursery-men on pieces of
i"Oots, and is then termed " root-grafting."

Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit
is made in either stock or graft. See fig. 10.

Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it
is done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the
upper rootlet or fibre. See fig. 11.

Saddle Grafting. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obilquely
on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge.
It |ij V and the scion is slit up the centre, when its sides

are pared down till they fit the sides of the stock.
See fig. 12. This is the best mode to pursue with
the cherry and other stone fruits.

Side Grafting, as seen in the cut, fig. 9, is per-
formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por-
tion, splitting the graft and paring the inner por-
tion, then inserting it so as to give a union of the
barks and woods — leaving meanwhile the top o.
Fig. 9. the stock to carry on the circulation of sap until the

graft becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is the best for
,the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also when scions
may ha've been received late in the spring, or the work of grafting
unavoidably delayed.

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC.

25

Fig. 13. Fig. 11. Pig. 12. Fig. 10. .

Cleft Grafting is an easy though clumsy mode, rarely prac-
tised, except on limbs or branches too large tor whip grafting. In
this the scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock
is split with a grafting chisel or large knife, which is drawn to one side
and holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albu-
men or inner barks match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away.

Wrapping or Tying. After the operation of grafting is per-
formed, bass bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen, or cotton yarn,
is then wrapped around to retain them perfl-ctly in their places.
Where small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nur-
sery-rows, this is all that is neces.sary ; but when grafting is performed
on standard trees, it is best to cover the mattinjr with a wax. made in
the following manner :

Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts lard.
This should be well incorporated together, while warm, strips of cot-
ton cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width
required for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the
labor, and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen
string, may be dispensed with.

Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the moisture is
applied so gradually that its absorption may require several weeks.
In one instance shoots cut early in autumn, and subjected to tho-
rough drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next spring,
by wrapping them well in moss and burying them in a dry spot of
ground ; and being set, they all grew.

Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp
moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a
very small compass, with great safety, by enwrapping them with
oil-silk or thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them to include
the moisture, by means of small thread.
9

26

ORIGIXATING OF VARIETIES.

Layers. This is practised in low shriihs and vines, as the quince
and grape. Jt consists in bending down carefally without breaking
a branch, cutting a notch or slit on the under side, and pegging it

securely, so that the centre
will be about four inches
under ground, see fig. 14.
With the grape trailing the
vine on the surface, as shown
in fig. 15, and after buds
have started a few inches,
cover with soil, the vine;
^- ^■^ each bud will throw out

roots, and if the operation
he parformed in spring, they may be taken up and separated in the
fall.

Fi-. 15

Cuttings. Propagation by cuttintrs is the simplest mode of mul
tinlying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion
of a shoot of one year's growth into the soil ; the
moisture of the soil renews the supply of sap, the buds
swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices ex-
pend themselves in the production of new roots, which
shoot downwards into the soil, fig. 16. Under ordi-
nary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is
only applicable to such species i*s readily throw out
rr)ots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and grape.
The cutting should be made from eight inches to a
foot long, and have all the lower buds cut out, in order
to prevent its throwing up suckers. Wood of the last
year's growth is used, and the lower end cut square
across at the base of a bud. They should be inserted
perpendicularly, or when long enough, ciuwed, as see,
under the head of grapes ; the earth should be pressed
securely at the bottom, and lightly at the top, and
when possible, a mulch of two inches of tan bark,
saw-dust etc ' ^^^^^'^^^^ "^^'^^ them to preserve moisture.

Runners, are the mode of self- propagation in the strawbc^rry; as
Boon as well rooted they are suited to be removed.

1*ACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 27

Suckers, are underground runners — often the result of careless
cultivation in breaking off roots. They should always be destroyed,
but never replanted, not even the Frost Gage plum, proving healthy
when so propagated.

CHAPTER III.

TRANSPLANTING TREES HOW, W^HEN ; PACKING, CARE OF WHEN RE-
CEIVED; PRUNING TIME WHEN, HOW, THE TOPS, THE ROOTS; LABELS

FOR ; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAINING ; FORM OF
TOUNG TREES.

Notwithstanding our people are, as a nation, " planters of trees,"
yet how few, comparatively, ever succeed in carrying the existence
of trees planted, beyond the first season ; or if a second year, only
with a puny sickly habit, anything but satisfactory. The first thing,
in the removal of trees, should be care not to destroy the roots in
digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such cause than
large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out of the
ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury of roots,
but really they were cracked through every portion, and all the
pores through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and in-
jured, often as much or more to injury of tree, than if one half the
roots had been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out wnth
spades, leaving only about four to six inches of main root, and a few
small fibres. Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe
shortening-in of limbs, to recover anything like their native vigor,
and are not worth, to the planter, over one-half price of trees well
and carefully dug, with roots nearly entire.

Preparing the Soil. If an orchard is to be planted, and on soil
retentive of moisture, or, in other words — level clayey soil — it
should first be thoroughly subsoil ed, at least twenty-two inches deep ;
it should then have sufiicient number of under drains, that no sur-
plus water would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging
deep holes should never be practised, but the whole soil should be
made of fine tilth, and if the ground is well drained, or naturally
dry, dig broad spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the
ground is not drained and naturally wet — a location and condition
which should never be adopted— let the planting be made by plac-
ing the tree on the level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon
the level prairies this coui:*e has been found most successful, and at
times, without even removing the sod beneath the tree.

Many suppose, that a tree grown in nursery on sandy soil, will-^not

28

TRANSPLANTING TEEES.

succeed on clay and the reverse ; this, if they will only use reason,
and study the nature of obtaining food by the tree, they will see,
at once, has no foundation in fact; but a tree taken from the rich
ground of a w^ell kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved
soil, amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in
vigor and health, than an animal raised uj.on the rich pastures of our
w^estern country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, bar-
ren hills of New England. Food for the j^ant is therefore requi-
site, and this should be prepared, in a well and previously cultivated
and enriched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state, by
application of animal manures immediately to the roots; this should
never be done; but, Prof Lindley says, "that a small quantity of
super-phosphate of lime, as it is called, that is to say, a mixture of
oil of, vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with dry mould, and thrown
in round the roots of a newly-transplanted tree, will generally aid
in the fornuition of root fibres, and, consequently, assist very much
in establishing the plant in its new situation ; or, if scattered over
the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the places where
most required."

How to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, w^e next

proceed to plant the tree.
Supposing that the roots,

M, sijf.

in removing, have been
carefully preserved, our
tree will present, when
placed in th« hole pre-
pared for it, the appear-
ance represented in our
fig. 17, the upper root
being about four inches
lower than the level of
the surrounding soil. If
the roots are broken,
prune, by a cut from the
under side of each end.
Now^, one man should
scatter carefully in the
fine earth, while another
holds the body of the tree with one hand, and with the other care-
fully presses the earth around and beneath every root, taking care
to keep the small roots and fibres, each in its place, lifting them
as the work progresses, so that their ends are horizontal with their
base. Leave the earth, if the planting be done in Spring, level
around the tree, and wdth the surrounding surface ; if planted in the
Fall, earth up a little mound around the stem-end, and over the

X%/4'/7//^'^ /////^// //'///'^/y-"'

I IT 1

PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 29

entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again in the Spring. Avoid
treading or other pressure around the tree, other than that made by
the hand in firmly placing the earth among the roots, in the process.

Time When. With nearly all trees and all locations, Fall is the
best time to transplant ; new granulations have to be made, ere the
roots broken by the process can again supply themselves, or the
plant, with food. This process, if trees are removed in Fall, will
often be. found to have taken place during winter, and ere the ex-
haustion by the leaves by growth in Spring, of their food laid up in
bud and bark the year previous, the roots are again furnishing their
support as nature orders. If, however, trees are removed in Spring,
it often happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food
pre\iously laid up is exhausted, ere new rootlets are formed. Mul-
ching, and other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order
to keep the roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted
trees, than those of Fall planting.

PacMn^'. Amateurs, as w^ell as nurserymen, often have occasion
to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable they be so packed,
as to ensure success when received. In order to this, they should
be made into a bundle with damp moss liberally mingled among
the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and the
small within ; band securely with twisted straw bands, then take
long straw, la^' it down about two inches thick, with its butts near
the center of the roots of bundle ; lay another layer, with the butts
four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until you have the
length of bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully lay straw
over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing at top,
so that when cords are around it, all will be covered ; proceed with
one end of cord, first lashed to a strong root, to bind it around,
once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If intended to
go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, a stout
stick should be packed in centre of each bundle, extending about
four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down a strong
bass mat, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss, and placing
the roots of bundle upon it, draw it up carefully over, and secure it
by strong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, let the roots be
well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a thick clayey mud,
but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc., among them.

Care of, when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing how
to care "for them when received after long voyages. If dry, or
withered, or frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bu-
ried, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some
days ; or, if late in fall, and buried where the water drains off res^^',
let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have only a coup^f
inches upon them. T-ee:i received dry in spring, may be immedi

80

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

ately immersed in a running stream of ^Yater, and after the buds are
swollen, planted out in some location for the season, where the mid-
day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can he always
kept moist by mulching, etc.

Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a
tree, must ever be borne in mind in pruning, to ensure success, is
evident ; but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if
correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a
tree, whether made in spring, just before midsummer, in fall or win-
ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected,
where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the
circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &e., &c., should, Uy
all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches,
that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July; that
all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu-
ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as
rapidly at that time, and afterward, as p.-evious, it is of a firmer,
closer, and more healthy character. If. therefore, large limbs are to
be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se-
lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been, from
the earliest authors down, it would seem sliould be better understood
than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be
seen in almost every orchard. Barry say=5 :

" It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how
to prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice.

The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems
and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal-
ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch
or stem, if we cut between two joints, and thus leave a portion of

wood above the bud
intended to be cut to,
as in fig. 18, this wood
dies, and we have the
trouble of another
pruning to remove it. ■
If we cut too close to
the bud, and thus re-
move a portion of the
wood with which it is
connected, as in fig.
19, the bud will either
die or disappoint us

Fig. 18, cutting too fMr above the bud. Fig. 19, cuttinof too by producino" a VCrV
close. Fig. 20. the cut as it should be. Fig. 21, re- /« * y i ^ ,^, rpi *'

moval of a branch, the cross line indicating liie proper leeule growtn. ine

place for the cm. proper way is to take

the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the

PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 31

knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be cut to, and then
make a firm,* quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the
knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig.
20. In soft-wooded, pithy trees, like the grape vine, for example,
half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The
cut should also be made, as much as possible, on the lower
side of the branch, to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The
position of the bud cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning,
to produce or modify certain forms. When we wish the new sliv)ot
of a lateral branch to take as much as possible, an upright direction,
we prune to a bud on the inside ; and if we wish it to sprecd. we
choose one on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back
young trees, to form a stem or side branches, the bwi^ selected to form
the leader is chosen on opposite sides every svccessive year, in order to
maintain the growth in a straight line. If cut (.scry year to a bud
on the same side, it would, in two or three seasons, show an iiicliiia-
tion to that side injurious to the symmetry of the tree.

The Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely
separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In orchards
it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a common
axe ; and even in gardens there seem to be few persons who either
know how, or take the proper care in this matter. They are cither
cut so that a portion of the base of the branch remains, and sends
out vigorous shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are
cut so close that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem
is taken with them, and a wound made tljat years are required to
heal up. Both these extremes ought to be avoided.

The surface of the cut made by the removal of a branch, should
in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch
is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and
below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the
cross line in fig. 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder,
and, by being drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com-
pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there ; and yet the
cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch.
When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smooth
with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the
healing of the wound."

Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not
only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re-
store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken
from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken or mutilated, to a
greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance
or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such
a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots

32 TRANSPLAXTIXG TREES.

must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and branches ih
length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered,
the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring
them to a corresponding condition.

" Pruning the Roots. This is practised as well to promote fruit-
falness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs
ihat absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in
jtroportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being
iqual, are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence,
when a tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of
lood from it?, soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves
slowly in its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the
young branches and buds beo;in to assume a fruitful character.

Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply
into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur-
face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches.
The principle is the same.

The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, just
at the extremities of the roots : the distance from the tree will, there-
fore, depend on its size, and the spreading character of the roots.
The trench should be the width of a common garden spade, and deep
enough to admit of an inspection of all the roots of the tree. If the
lateral roots are to be shortened, this is done first. ^ The knife should
be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated with
a clean dra\y cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If the
tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on with
a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart stroke
with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as possible, will
separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root pruning
may be performed, depends on the character of the species, the con-
dition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. Those
practising it for the first time should go to work with great caution.
It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. As re-
gards the season, it may be performed either at the end of the first
growth, in July or August, or in the autumn or winter, when vege-
tation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, with
com.plete success, in August, in a dry time when little growth was
going on. At this season, a copious watering should be given after
the pruning is performed."

Pruning, to form "particular shapes, to promote the formation of
blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or
lessen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others ; but
all seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil,
in France, and first published in this country in Barry's " Fruit
Garden." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in
gardens, than \'' standards in orchards. He savs :

PACKING, PKUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 33

*' The theory of the pnunhig of fruit trees rests on the following
six general principles :

"1. The vigor of a tree, subjected to prun'mg, depends, hi a great
measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches.

" In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally dis-
tributed in the differ .mt parts without any other aid than nature,
because the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural
tendency of the sap.*

" But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im-
posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &c., change, more or
less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the
form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees
require the development of ramifications, more or less numerous,
and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as
the sap tends by preference towards the summit'of the tree, it hap-
pens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become
feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be obtained, dis-
appears, to be replaced by the natural form, that is, a stem or a
trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to
preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ certain means,
by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can be changed
and directed towards the points where we wish to obtain the most
vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegetation in the parts
to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and, on the con-
trary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. To accomplish
this, the following means must be successively employed :

" 1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those
of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves.
The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts,
deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have pro-
duced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less quantities, and
the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts being pruned long,
present a great number of buds, which produce a large surface of leaves,
and these attract the sap, and acquire a vigorous growth. This principle
holds good in all trees, under whatever form they may be conducted.

" 2. Leave a large quantity of fruit on the strong part, and remove
the whole or greater part from the feeble. We know already that the
fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the rot>ts, and
of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary result of
this is, what we are about to point out, viz., that all the sap which
arrives in the strong parts, will be absorbed by the fruit, and the

* This is not iu all cases true. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, ex-
hibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends
of the branches attract nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower
parts to die out. In other species, similar instances might be quoted, and, as a
general thing, the proposition is unsound, except in a comparative sense.
2*

J^-

34 TRANSPLANTING TREES.

wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, while on the
feeble parts, deprived ot fruit, the sap will all be appropriated by the
growing parts, and they will increase in size and strength.

" 3. Bend the strong 2^«r/s and keep the 'weak erect. The more
erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap
to the growing parts : hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract
much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently,
make a more vigorous* growth, and soon recover their balance. This
remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees.

" 4. Remove fn.vfi the virjorous parts the superjianus shoots ai
early in the season as possible, and from the fetble parts as late as pos-
sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch,
the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the sap
attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble
parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous growth.

" 5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous
parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting ahvays
any shoots which may be too viijorous for their position. By thus
pinching early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such points is checked,*
and naturally turns to the growing parts that have not been pinched ;
this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms.

" 6. Lay in the strong sh:,ots on the trellis early., and leave the fee-
ble j^rts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts ob-
structs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently favors
the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers,

" 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light.,
and confining the strong parts more in the shade, restores a balance,
for light is the agent which enables leaves to perform their functions
and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater
proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development.

2. " The sap acts with greater force and 'produces more vigorous
growth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long.
This is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must evidently
produce' a greater development of wood on them, than if it were
divided between fifteen or twenty buds.

" It follows from this, that if we wish to obtain wood branches,
we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit buds. On the
contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long, because
the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to fruit.

" Another application of this principle is to prune short for a year
or two, such trees or parts as have become enfeebled by overbear-
ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is
of great importance.)

3. " The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots causes
the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Ac-
cording to this principle, when we wish a prolongraent of a stem oi

PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. S5

branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no pro-
duction that can interfere with the action of the sap on it.

4. " The more the sap w obstructed in its circulation, the more
likely it loill be to produce fruit buds. This principle is founded on
a fact to which we have already had occasion to refer, viz. — that the
sap circulating slowly is subjected to a more complete elaboration
in the tissues of the tree, and becomes bettei adapted to the forma-
tion of fruit buds.

"This principle can be applied to produce the following result :
when we wish to produce fruit buds on a branch, we prevent a free
circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular
or circular incisions on it; and on the contrary, when we wish to
change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a vertical posi-
tion, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we concentrate
the action of the sap and thus induce their vigorous development.

5. ''^ The leaves serve to j^repare the sap absoibed by the roots for
the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds oi the
shoots. All trees, therefore, depriccd of their leaves ore liable to
■perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large
quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth
or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and
the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the
fruit ; and the branches so stripped will have feeble, ill-formed
buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly
growth.

6. " Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develop before
the age of two years., they can only be forced into activi.'y by a very
close pruning., and in some cases as (he peach, this even will often fail.
This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main branches
of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development of the
buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the side shoots
thus produced, for without this, the interior of the tree will become
naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very difficult."

"If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied
in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different
fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The
mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot I'ail to be
perfectly plain and simple ; yet no one need hope to accomplish, in
all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skilful
operator is sometimes disappointed; but those who give constant
attention to their trees, will always discover a failure in time to
apply a remedy."

Training. We give the accompanying fig. 22. taken from
"Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening" merely as illustrative of
the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored

36

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

land'Tequiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly ;
the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful
and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to
hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing
principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable
almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each
form is known ; a, the herring-bone fan ; 6, the irregular fm ; c, the
stellate fan ; rf, the drooping fan ; e, the wavy fan ;/, the horizontal ;
ff, the horizontal with screw stem ; A, the vertical with screw or
wavy shoots ; i, same with upright shoots.

Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or
pine about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side
smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with
a soft lead pencil, and driven down one foot into the ground, at the
commencement of each variety.

For standard trees, slips of wood three inches long and half
an inch wide, and either painted and written on as above — or,
having the name burned in with iron type, which is better, then
secured to a side branch by strong copper wire ; are those most in
use. Labels are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mix-
ture of two parts (by weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac,
one of lamp-black, and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be
mixed in a mortar with a small portion of water at first, and the
whole added afterwards. Preserve the mixture in a well corked
bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards
to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for
years.

If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire it should be
fjrmly twisted round the zinc so as not to remain Ioosq, or else th» ,

PACKING, PRUNING, PPvOTECTION, ETC. 37

constant motion from \\ind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire
should be nearly as large a^ a small knitting-needle, to prevent
cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and pass round
a side-shoot, instead of a main branch to prevent the danger of
cutting in by the growth of the tree ; and should be attached below
a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch.

The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following con-
trivance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide
and six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round
the twig, bring it through a hole [)unched mid-way between the ends,
and clinch or twist .it with the fiugors or a small pair of pincers.
These labels m^y be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate.

Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl to write
the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating.
Oxidation soon renders the letters distinct.

Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured
by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection, is to take
three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with
strong: wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, the v will
also serve to protect in a great measure from mice ; but for protec-
tion from the latter, strong ''hardware paper" as it is termed,
secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tar
is best.

The form of young trees most desirable to be obtained for planting,
are those so' grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem
from the root to the terminal bud. This is only obtained by per-
mitting the side branches to grow, and be regularly shortened in in
the nursery, so that not only the stem but the whole tree presents
the form of a pyramid. One tree so grown, is worth more to the
planter, than ten grown with long slender stems of uniform size six
or seven foet high. A tree rightly (or as first described), grown,
will have double the quantity of roots, and when removed will need
no staking, while the latter will require staking four or five years,
and then never make a fine tree.

CHAPTER IV.

DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. — INFLUENCE OF

SOILS CLIMATE — STOCKS.

The theory of degeneracy of varieties at cer.tain periods of exist-
eL.ce in the parent-^ree, once had strong supporters ; but we have
never been able to reconcile it with any known laws existent in
vegetable life, beyond theory. That all cuttings taken from a seed-
ling plant, no matter how propagated, are but the continuation of a
single plant, having existence in a healthy state only so long as the
original exists in vigor and health, although advocated, and with con-
siderable of reason to support, is a proposition we cannot accede to.
Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that no variety can be
procured of a healthy origin except grown on the principle of Van
Mons, from seed of a wiidling. The failure of varieties to produce
fruit on trees of advanced age, and without care, of size equal to its
first appearance when the trees were young, is often cited as evi-
dence of the " running out " of that variety ; those so citing seeming
not to know, that fruit is being produced elsewhere on younger trees,
under good treatment, fully equal or surpassing the original. All
seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether grown from
a wiidling or cultivated variety; and varieties are undoubtedly
under propagation unhealthy ; but that they are more so on account
of the term of years they have been continued, admits of doubt.
That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natural limit
shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or evenly
treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a tree,
propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedling stocks,
or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original tree, is
a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The white
Doyemie Pear, the Pennpck Apple, the Golden Pippin, have all
been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have grown
all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical.

The influence of soils on both tree and fruit is now too weH
known among horticulturists, and the exhaustion thereof too often,
unwittingly, accepted to support the theory of exhaustion of vari
eties. We have repeatedly written that, at no very distant day,
will it be requisite for the orchardist to fully understand the nature
of sQ^l requisite for each distinct variety. We do not believe a fruit
originating in soU abundantly supplied with lime will preserve

FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 89

the same character and quality when grown in one utterly devoid
of that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, while
practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of rot, &c,,
exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with aught
but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of each
variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall not
extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted
to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on
varieties has, we think, only this effect, viz. : to create more or less
rapid growth of both tree and fruit as we go north or south, causing
in the tree a coarser, more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to
injury from sudden changes of atmosphere, when grown south ; and
in the fruit, greater size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and
corresponding depreciation in flavor, with earlier matyrity in apple
and pear ; but in the peach, apricot, and nectarine, additional charac-
ter and sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated.

The infiuence of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily ex-
plained ; for while all know that to propagate a strong growing
variety upon a slow growing stock has a tendency at once to
reduce its growth of wood and create a producing habit ; and vice
versa, when a slow grower is placed on one of vigorous habit. Yet
the reason why a fruit is "better or worse in quality when grown on
varied stocks and subject to like soil, has not been explained. Seed-
ling stocks, as most used by nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous
or hardy ; hence the apparent difference in ti-ees propagated on
them and removed to various locations. Under each general head
of varieties of fruits, we give such information as we have been ena-
bled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to the variety, and
refer thereto for further remark.

CHAPTER V.

GATHERING FRUIT TIME WHEN FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND

RIPENING.

The gathering of hardy fruits, 4uch as apples, pears, quinces,
grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in
the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is
depositing; neither should they be gathered immediately after a

40 GATHERING FRUIT.

rain. All fiiiits should be left until the full size is acquired ; but
under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they
are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If
on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it
separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be
cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown
or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering
•with "fruit gatherers." is esteemed most perfect,
but if we could induce all our orchard farmers
to gather by the hand, we should consider we had
accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen
in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation.

The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter
apples should be gathered some ten days earlier
than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended
¥ig. 23. to have them keep well.

Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening,'
much has been said, and often with good reason and truth.

The following description of a fruit room, is from a foreign jour-
nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has
a house buflt after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity
between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char-
coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it
produces a cooler temperature in Summer.

" Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree,
after the latter has ceased to grow -, nor will its flavor be so good,
because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of the
temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their tis-
sues cannot be effected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit
become shrivelled and dry, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces-
sity of gathering fruit at two different periods from one and the
same tree. First from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation
ceases first, and eight or ten days later from the upper half, or ex-
tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath-
ering from espalier trees than from standards; and likewise, sooner
from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide
for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part-
in^T from the tree. The different kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts,
etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they
drop of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump-
tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity.
The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccha-
rine properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in
the open air, they should be kept from those ripened in houses or
on espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen,
as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best

FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING.

41

conditior. for being laid on "ihe shelves of the fruit room. The best
method of gathering fruit s to pluck it off singly with the hand, care
being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a
brown speck, and, ultimately, decompositiou. Various contrivances
have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the
aid of a ladder ; but practically, they require too much time, and
therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenientf after all.
Long, shallow and wide cross-handled baskets, having'a piece of car-
])et at the bottom, are in general us« about Montreuil. In these
baskets the truil is placed in layers — three layers — separated by
leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are
filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit,
we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care and at the
proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it durino- the
winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripenino-
should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so
as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus
keeping up a succession from the time they are gathered till the
succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room
should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent change
of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows.

The temperature should be from 46

to 48 deer.

Fahr. A higher

temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and
a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where
the temperature is very low — say an ice-house — it will keep a lono-
time, if not destroyed by moisture ; but, before it is wanted for
dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a hii^her temperature
to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfivorable to the
keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos-
phere should be kept
rather dry than humid,
and the fruit should be
placed separately, so as
not to touch one another.
We would select a
northern aspect, and dry
place, sheltered if pos-
sible, by high evergreen
trees, fer the purpose
of building the fruit
i-oom ; the quantity of
fruit to be preserved
must determine its di-
mension. The annexed
|)lan is fifteen feet long
bv twelve feet wide, and

.4. (iiDUiid i'.aii o. ;i l-'iLtil I'.ou ii.

.42

GATHERING FRUIT.

nine feet higli (inside measure). In a room of this size, 8,000 fruit
can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded*' by two walls {fig.
24, a and 6). A body of air is interposed between the two walls,
at c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric
influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built
of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors,
are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both
in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the
walls. The entrance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall is a
double door, d, one to open at the outside, and the other in the in-
side. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit
room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four wooden
shutters, /, two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are
placed four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean-
ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil-
ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with
laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior wall.

In the interior, benches, or shelves, {Jiff.
25,) from the bottom up to the ceilings,
are placed a foot above one another. To
facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the
shelves above four feet from the ground
are placed at an angle of 45 deg., a, in
the form of a stage ; the lower ones are
fixed horizontally, b. To ensure the
circulation of air between the shelves,
they are divided in five parts, and a
space of an inch left between each of
Fig. 25. Section shown? the arrange- them I thosc in front, c. are provided with

meat of the Shelves. i i i j rri . /-.i r • j.

a ledgeboard. i he centre or the truit room
is reserved for a table ( fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet
broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar-
ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of con.s;tructing a
fruit room, by the aid of which we are enabled to furnish the table
with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the
year. When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at
first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity
of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised
ones are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four dnys,
to throw oflT the superabundant moisture ; \^ hen this has been effected,
the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or
cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one
by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can,
also, be preserved for a length of time in this place, having been
gathered as described- above, and taken to the fruit ro(mi. Every
branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a

FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING.

43

Fig. 26. Method of sus

pending: clusters of

Grapes.

>pair of scissors, and
fixed the reverse way
to a metalic hook, of
the form of an S, {fig.
26.) Attached thus,
they are less likely to
rot, because the ber-
ries are placed in a
freer position, and do
not touch each other.
They are hooked to
one or two hoops, as
shown at fig. 27, and
suspended with a cord
cord to the ceiiinn. and

Fi£

27. ifnvable fr;iii:e for sus-
pending the (jrapes.

made movable with two
pulleys. Having thus all the fruit disposed in the fruit room, the
doors and shutters are opened during eight or ten davs, to deprive
the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after this has been
done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit room hermetically.
The doors are no more opened, except for the work necessary to be
done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was known of dry-
ing-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during winter, except
by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass through the
apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are obvious; the
interior temperature will change according to the exterior; and, bad
as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under freezing point, no
use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must be abandoned to
chance, and disappointment will soon follow. In this case we recom-
mend the use of chlorine of calcium. This substance has the prop-
erty of absorbing about double its own weight of moisture, when it
becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain length of time to a
humid atmosphere, produced by the moisture emitted by the fruit.
It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere in the best condition.

To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden
box is made (fg. 28, a,) one foot and a
half square by three inches deep, and
placed upon a table 6, which is at the
side, c, an inch lower than on the other.
The chlorine of calcium, after having
absorbed a certain quantity of moisture,
becomes liquefied, and runs into the
earthenware vase, d, placed underneath
for the purpose. Should the chlorines
become dissolved before the total con-
sumption of the fruits, the dose must be
renewed ; in which case, the liquid in the vase, if put in a pan, and

Fig. 28

Box for using the Chlorine
of Calcium.

44 GATHERING FRUIT.

placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of caicium, and as good
for use as before. ^

Fruit 171 Cellars. — "A great deal of winter fruit suffers early decay,
in consequence of a deficiencyof ventilation, especially during autumn,
and after the fruit is deposited. Another cause of decay, is the im-
proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or
around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, the assorting of
decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves
must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in a
most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at
the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls.
To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas-
sage all round. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may
be twice the width, with the same conveniences in assorting or
pickincr. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats can-
not reach them. It is said, that the Germans are very successful in
the ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the princi-
pal chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a cur-
rent, which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from tho
vegetable and other contents."

THE ALMOND.

Amygdalus cojiimiims — Dec. Rosaa a of ^oizmsis.

The almond tree is a native of the north of Africa ; of the moun-
tains of Asia ; and, of Ruv^^sia. Linnaeus places it in the same genu's
with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the
parent of both. The fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is
said, have been found growing naturally upon the sam^e branch.
How true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know,
but we do know, that nature produces no such variations in the
present age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine,
but is easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the pecul
iar color and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those
of the peach, but are larger than most varieties, and produced in
greater profusion. It is a fruit which has been too much neglected,
and especially in our south-western States, where it should be grown
in such quantities, as to entirely exclude importation from Eurc^pe.

Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed in
sand, kept moist during winter, cracked in spring, find sown in drills
three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, covered
two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the wild
plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the
peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, rich soils, the
plum is best.

Soil, Hardihood^ and Cultivation. The soil should be well
drained ; but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not
essential. The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive
in the middle, and portions of the northern States; while South, the
soft shell, or ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The
cultivation needed is same as that of the peach.

Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article
of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter
almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic
acid of the shops.

^fetaUk.

46 • THE ALMOND.

VARIETIES.
CLASS I. Varieties worthy cultivation.
Long Hard Shell.

Long Hard Shell Almonct, | Amandier a gros fruit, | Amandier a gros fruit doux.

Flowers, large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone,
about as large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper ;
very hardy ; ripens about last September.

Languedoc.

Greal-fruited sweet, j Great Soft Shell, | Large Persian

The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know
It is said to be very large and sweet.

Soft Shell Sweet.

Ladies' Thin Shell,
Sultan a coque tendre,
Amandier des Dames,

Soft Shell Sweet Almond,
Doux a coque tendre,
Amandier a coque tendre,

Ou Amande Princesse.

This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, wtih
a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers ; and
the kernel of which is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The
flowers open at same time with the leaves, and are deeply tinged
with red. Fruity oval, compressed ; nut, oval-pointed, one-sided,
tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August, or m July at the
South, where it is only adapted.

CLASS III. Varieties unworthy Cultare. •
• Common Almond.

Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune.

V variety usually found in nurseries, inferior to the Long Hard Shell.
Sultana Sweet Almond.

Amande Sultane, | Sultan.

A tender-shelled variety, inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet.

Pistachia Sweet.

Amande Pistache.

Small, pointed, inferior fruit.

Peach Almond.

Pecher, | Amandier Pecher.

A cross between the Peach and Almond. Nearly sweet — often bitter.

Bitter Almond.
Differing from the common Almond in its bitter kernel.

THE APRICOT.

Armeniaca vulgaris — Dec. Rosacce of Botanists.

The common apricot is a fniit tree in occasional, but not generjil
cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu-
mella, and, afterward, hy Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describea
it as known in Italy under the name prcccocii ; while the former
mentions, that it was introduced into that jountry about the six-
teenth year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abound-
ing in Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. ''The
Chinese," says Grossier, "have many varieties, which they cultivate
both for ornament and use." The barren mountains west of Pekin,
are described by the same author, as being covered with these trees.
And Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole
range of the Caucasus." It is, also, stated to Ije from Armenia and
Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, berkoche, whence the
Tuscan, bacoche or albicocco, and the English, apricocJt\ and, finally,
apricot, about the end of the last century. Ci^xe, in his work, pub-
lished in 18»17, says of the apricot, " This fruit is extremely tender,
in our severe winters in exposed or open situations, unprotected by
a wall." And similar statements have been made by Avriters, from
time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late
years, its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more
tender as a tree than our sweet cherries; and, contrary to general
statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions ; for in
climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tend-
ing suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and
breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour,
during the months of February or March, -although not, perhaps,
apparent, until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root,
in June or July fallowing. Northern or eastern exposures are best,
but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower
limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as a
preventive. The trees should be shortencd-in "freely, as with the
peach; and standards should always be grown more in manner of
round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise; for if so grown, injury to the
fruit fi om late spring frosts, can often be prevented, by covering
them with a cloth.

Propacfation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding

40 . TMiC ArKiUUi.

on the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of our Western States
makes one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which
answers very well on light, t«ancly soils, but generally gives too
much tendency to wood growth rather than producing fruit. The
seeds grow readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very
good sorts ; few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing
the parent in size, although often proving more hardy and produc-
livc. Budding into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum-tree, has
been thought to add hardihood to the apricot.

Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are
best adapted to .successful fruiting the apricot ; although they are
often grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter
case, however, it req lires mulching or free watering, otherwise the
tree ripens its wood a.^d drops its fruit before fully matured.

The diseases belonging to the apric<^t as a tree are only the result
of exposure, as stated previously: but the fruit is a favorite of the
curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained
against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of
this insect.

Uses. " A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior
to the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cherries and before
plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving
in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and,
where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ;
it is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown,
in the preparation of tarts.

VARIETIES.

CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation,
Breda.

Amande Aveline, j Ananas,
DeHollande, I Persique,

Hasselnussmandel.

This old variety withstands severe frosts in spring, is hardy as a
tree, a good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even
after ripe. Fruit, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ;
suture, well marked ; skin, orange, becoming rich brownish orange
in the sun ; Jiesh, deep orange, parting freely from the stone,
juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, small, roundish, compressed ;
kernd, sweet. Season, first of August.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 49

Early Golden.

Dubois' Early Golden, | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot.

Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty
yet close wood, hardy, productive, and said to bear considerable of
late frosts without injury to the blossom.

Fruity small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval,
narrow suture ; skin^ smooth,, pale orange ; fiesh^ orange, moder-
ately juicy and sweet, but not high flavor ; separates from the stone ;
kernel^ sweet. Season^ 10th to 15th July. Very valuable as a
market variety.

Large Early.

Gros Precoce, I De St. Jean Eou^e,
De St. Jean, J Gros D'Alexandrie,
Gros Freche.

Tliis proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an
abundant bearer : foliage, large, leaves, tapering toward the foot-
stalks, with little ear-like appendages in place of glands.

Fruit, medium size, oblong compressed ; suture^ deep ; skUi ,
downy, pale orange in the shade ; fine bright orange with a few
ruddy spots in the sun ; flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates
freely from the stone ; stone, brown, much flattened, oval, perfora-
ted along the back from base to apex ; kernel, bitter. Season^
10th to 15th July.

MOORPARK.

Anson's,
Dunmore,

Sudlow's Moorpark,
Oldaker's Moorpark,
De Nancy,
Anson's Imperial,
Peche,
Peche Gros,

Temple's,
Dunmore 's Breda,
Hunt's Moorpark,
Walton Moorpark,
Peach,
Royal Peach,
Aiiricot Peche,
Wurtemhurg:.

This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William
Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous
to his decease, in 1698, this variety w^as cultivated. Moderate bearer.
Fruit, large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches. diameter
each way, larger on one side of the suture than the other ; skin,
orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish red in the sun,
marked with numerous carmine specks and dots; flesh, firm, bright
orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and lus«
cious flavor ; stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated along the back

3

50 THE APRICOT.

where a pm may be pushed through nearly from one end to the
other ; kernel^ bitter. Season, early in August.

We have been unable to detect any diflerence between the Moor-
park and Peach apricot, and have therefore made the Peach a syno
nym of Moorpark.

CLASS II. Adapted to certain Localities ; or, Gardens of Amateurs,

New and untested.

Burlington.

This variety originated at Burlington, K J., from a seed of the Peach
Apricot planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolman in 1838. Native soil, poor
gravel. Tree, vigorous, young wood reddish. Fruit, medium size, oblong,
somewhat compr'essed at sides, with distinct suture ; skin, golden yellow,
with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, fine
flavor ; stone, rough, perforated. Season, last of July.

Brown's Early.

Origin Chelsea, INTass. Fruit, large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek;
flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last
July.

Hemskirke.

A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the Peach Apricot. Tree
very short jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed ;
Bkin, orange, with a brownish red cheek ; flesh, bright clear orange, tender,
juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small ; kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of July.

Kaisha.

From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The
Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish,
semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged,
and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron :!olor, sugary
and delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small jundish, with
a sweet kernel."

Large Red.

Under this name we received a tree three years siace, but it has not
yet fruited. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large,
round, dark orange red,, sweet, and juicy.

MUSCH.

Musch Mu«ch, | D' Alexandrie,
Gros Musch.

This variety takes its name from the city of Musyh, on the frontiers

ADAPTED TO CERTAIN LOCALITIES. 51

of Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety ; and
BO, receiving it from three diflerent sources, we for a long time supposed
them identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth a?
Moorpark, wood being very short jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish,
about one and a half inch in diameter; skin, rich yellow, with orange red
spots and marblings on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, tender, melting,
sweet; kernel, sweet. Season, last of July.

Newhall's Early.

Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruit, medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep
red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor; clingstone; season, last July,
early in August. (Cole.)

Roman.

Abricot Commun, I Grosse Germine,
Germiue, J Transparent.

A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold unfavorable situations ; good
bearer ; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow,
dotted with a few red spots ; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry ; stone, oblong;
kernel, bitter; season, first August.

Royal.

Abricot Eoyale.

A French variety, with large leaves, and vigorous habit of growth-
Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with
a little red; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy; last of July.

Shipley's.

Shipley's Large, | Blenheim.

From England, a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval,
orange yellow, juicy, sweet; kernel, bitter; season, last July.

Shaker Para.

A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen
it noticed in the journal of the London Hort. Society. Its name, meaning
"bit of sugar," is the only description given.

Turkey.

Large Turkey, | De Nancy.

Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish
orange in the sun; flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy; kernel, sweet; seasoa,
middle August.

The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gc^Id Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all
respects resembling the common Turkey, except having most of tlie leaves
more or less blotched with yellow.

UNIVERSITY OF

II I lUrklO IIODADV

62 THE APRICOT.

CLASS III. Varieties unworthy farther Culture.
Alberge.

Albergier.

Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, flesh, firm, vinous. Middle of August,

Brussels.

■*
Fruit, medium, oval, compressed, pale yellow, with dark brown specks ;
flesh, yellow, firm, brisk flavor. Middle of August Kernel, bitter.

•

Black.

Purple, I Noir,

Angoumois, | Violet,
Du Pape.

Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple; flesh, tender,
juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent ; kernel, sweet. August. George
Hoadley, Esq.. informs us that this variety has been brought from Germany
under name of " Hamburgh Apricot," probably from Booth's nursery, near
Hamburgh.

Orange.

Early Orange, I Royal George,
Royal Orange, | Persian,
Royal Persian.

Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, with a ruddy tint in the sun ; flesh,
dark orange, dry, insipid ; kernel, sweet. Middle July.

Red Masculine.

*

Early Masculine, I Abricot Precoce,
Brown Masculme, | Abricotier Hatif,
Abricotier.

Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh,
yellow, poor flavor ; kernel, bitter. Season, middle July.

White Masculine.

White Apricot, I Abricotier Blanc,
Abricot Blanc, | Early White Masculme,
White Algiers.

Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few aays later.

THE APPLE.

Pyrus Malus, L. — Rosacea of Botanists.

Of all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever
had preference. The " crafte of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of
fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then
long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had
arrived to all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing
and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood
as now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less
number of -persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and
of Europe, it is generally understood, that, from the variety pyrus
mains of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty-
two varieties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman
writers ; these have increased, until now probably 2000 would not
include the whole number named and partially or wholly de
scribed.

To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas and others, as
well a-s of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much
in aid toward winnowing from this immense number, the wheat
from the chaff; and yet such is the extent of our country, and the
habit of all our pioneer settlers to sow seeds of the best apples,
that we are yearly in the production of vast numbers of new seed-
lings, adapted mainly only to their own locality, but occasionally of
such excellence as to warrant their general introduction. It is
owing to tliis, fhat, notwithstanding pomological waiters are daily-
condemning, our list of esteemed varieties is constantly swelling, to
the almost'utter confounding of the seeker after a knowledge rela-
tive to " what varieties to plant."

Orcharding in its profits pecuniary, as relating to the apple, has
become well understood, and no one, who has land in any way
suited now hesitates to plant. We have no certain data, but think
we do not overstate when we say, that, besides large quantities im-
ported from Eastern States, there are propagated and planted annually-
over 6,000,000 trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana,
Illinois, and Wisconsin. The Western country is already pro-
ducing by millions of bushels, and her "orchards," so to speak, are
not yet planted. Such is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid
increase of people in cities, that no one should be at all deterred

64: THE APPLE.

from continued planting ; for, we have not only the wants of in-
creased population of our own land to supply, but that of foreign
countries. Already our fruits are sent to England and other distant
shores, and eagerly sought for and purchased at what would here
be termed high prices. Although the Newtown pippin as sent from
the Pell orchard on the Hudson River, has done much toward
establishing our reputation abroad, we anticipate an advance in good-
favor, when the same variety grown on our Southern Ohio, Kentucky,
Indiana and Illinois soils, shall be shown ; for certainly they are, like
all our Western growths, when compared with those of the East,
far superior in size.

The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy
seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity in horticul-
ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1000 years
old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight
regarded " many varieties" as in his time " already on the decline,"
which Coxe, in his "View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says
" grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard."
Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy
and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit.

The puberty or fruit bearing age of the apple tree varies accord
ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and
under the clear sun of our western states, most varieties come into
bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five
years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated
varieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to
fifteen years.

Propagation — By seeds. These should be selected if intended for
stocks to work varieties upon, from native seedling trees of strong,
vigorous, healthy growth. The common practice is to visit a cider
mill in the months of October or November and take therefrom in-
discriminately such as first come to hand ; but he who desires to grow
fine healthy trees had much better purchase the apples from such
trees as we describe, and, if he choose, take them to the press himself.
The seed should be entirely separated from the pumice or pulp, al-
though much of it will grow if spread immediately on the land thinly
and plowed in lightly ; but this is a coarse unworkmanlike method.
To free it from the pulp, take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon
boards for forty-eight hours, proceed to sift it ; tlie next process, is
washing in tubs, when most of the pulp which passed through the
sieve will rise to the top of the water and may be taken off. If the
ground is ready it may now be sown, the ground being made rich
in vegetable, or partially mixed with ivell rotted animal manure,
trenched or plowed twenty inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of
about one foot wide and two feet between each drill ; scatter the

BUDDING. 55

seed so that when it grows there will be one plant to every two
inches and cover with about one inch of earth, and one inch of leaf
mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh raw manure induces insects,
and consequently diseased roots. If the seed is intended for ship-
ment or keeping over until the spring planting, boxes not over six
inches deep should be procured with holes made in the bottom for
drainage, and then the seed packed in shallow layers with sand or
moss, and placed in the open air on the n(yrth side of some building
or fence.

By Grafting. All of the modes described in previous pages are
used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of diameter at
crown of from one quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these
are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our
rich western soils; they should be dug up, have their side roots
trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about
eight inches; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue
method, just at the crown or union of top and root. The same
course may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with excep-
tion of shortening the. roots.

Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing
of some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are
found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted
in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good
trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condennied
by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root,
as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on
trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or
November often with as good success as in spring.

Nurserymen generally practise taking up the seedling trees late in
autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them,
when laid down at an angle of 45°, with earth. This is done in the
cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in
February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to
allow one inch of sand on the bottom ; and the stock grafted just
coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them,
covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in
a cool place, but free from frost, until the day of planting.

By Budding. This course, from the immense demand for trees
and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots,
has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud-
ding is now again, however, coming into favor. * Stocks for bud-
ding should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud,
inserted about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on
the north side of the stock as possible. The time when, is usually

66 THE APPLE.

the month of August, varying from early to late in month, as the
location is South or North, and the season early or late.

By layers and cuttings. This course is only pursued to increase
the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf
varieties. Some growers, however, west, have reputation for increas-
ing largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means
of layers, than otherwise : we have never seen them.

Cutting of Scions. These may be cut at any time from the fall
of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in spring —
always, however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the
time of cutting. We consider the best time late in the fall, when
they may be packed m moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid
in a cool cellar, where they will usually keep well until spring. The
wood of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if
possible, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until
toward spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft
be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps,
be of no moment on the originaltrce, sometimes is thought to lessen
the vitality and success of the scion.

Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over
luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft,
with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads,
are worth double the price of trees six years old, ten and twelve
feet high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It
should, however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all
varieties have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that
while a nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and
just to the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to
do so with the Fall Wine, American Pearmain, and many other
varieties at the same age. All this should be remembered by
the purchaser, and in his selection be guided more by the stocky
pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather
than height of tree.

Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a
previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity and
vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from
frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the
attention of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted
out in the rich level valley of a flxrra, when the hills around are
neglected. Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss
comparatively of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter
Known that trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy,
and have produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the

TRANSPLANTING AND DISTANCES. 67

valley, he would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills.
There are some parts o^ the West, and very much at the East,
where the hills are entirely unsuited to the plow; yet by plantin<y
with trees, and digging around until of twelve or more years old.
they will make the most profitable of orchards.

On the prairies, a belt of trees around the orchard is considered
of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes
destructive to fruit and tret- Here also the selection of the highest
knolls and oak troves is fou.id best for success in fruit crowino-.

Injluence of Stock and hardihood. Recently there has been much
speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of budded
or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the indis-
criminate use of small pieces of roots. That budding will be found
in the main any better than the grafting process, when performed,
as advised, at the crown, and on the whole of a seedling root, we are
disposed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it.
The only point we can see in its favor is the comparative hardihood
of the stock as compared with that of the variety intended to be
grown : this will in some varieties make budding the preferable
mode, as it is now well known that some, indeed most, of the strong
rapid-growing sorts, of northern or eastern origin, are somewhat dis-
posed to " bark burst" near the ground, and to remedy this, budding
will be adopted. But again, all seedlings are not alike hardy — al-
though as a whole, more so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly
cultivated sorts may be found, which, if worked as grafts on whole
roots, and again re-worked at three feet from the ground, would en-
sure as much hardihood as is in the nature of trees ; yet this will
never be practised to any considerable extent, on account of its ex-
pense in the growing a tree. That the habit of bearing will be in
creased or lessened by budding or grafting, as we advise, is also
another feature at this time in dispute, but we can see nothing to
favor it, except the flict that trees budded do produce better than
roots grafted on the old comnnon indiscriminate practice of using
anything in shape of a piece of root, depending on the richness of
soil to create from it a tree for sale. For other remarks on influ-
ence of stock, see previous pages.

Transplanting and distances. Trees when taken from the nursery
should have their roots immediately covered in the ground, on ar-
riving at their destination. Often trees are left out over night on
wagons, subject to severe cold and frost, by which they are not al-
ways ruined, but frequently so far injured as to check th/sir entire
growth one season. We do not like the practice of shortening back,
the tops of apple trees where they have been taken up with care ; but
as usually dug it is requisite to success that the top be shortened
2*

58 THE APPLE.

back to CO .'respond with the diminished root. One reason for ob-
jecting to «he shortening in, is, that it has a tendency to start the top
of the tree too thick, and we prefer with the apple to thin out, rathei
than increase the number of branches.

The mode of how to plant has been written on a previous
page.

The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on
the soil and the variety — rich deep soils requiring a greater dis-
tance than those of shallow depth, and inferior quality. And of
varieties, such as the Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Ap
pie and other stocky or upright growing sorts, twenty-five feet
apart would be sufficient; while the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet
Bough, &c., ^i' i-hn«5e of rapid broad growth, w^ould need, on rich soil,
forty feet.

Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any
one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive
designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All
deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the
elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or
otherwise, in proportion to plentiful or scanty supply of that sub-
stance in the soil. Liebig has sho\\Ti that the acids generated in
plants are always in union with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot
be produced without their presence. * * * Now, the apple tree du-
ring its development, produces a great quantity of acid ; and there-
fore in a corresponding degree, requires alkaline, and probably,
earthy bases alone, as an indispensable condition to the existence of
fruit.'"'

" It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay-
ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in
such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most
certain, at the same time, that these alone would be perfectly ineffi-
cient for the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the
alkaline bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be
somewhat affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very
existence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quan-
tity of those inorgani<i or mineral substances which ai'e indispensable
to the formation of acids."

"The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 lbs. of ashes, de-
prived of carbonic acid, about 13 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 7 lbs. of
sulphuric acid, 38 lbs. of potash, and 25 lbs. of soda ; these four
bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis
of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of
lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the ash of the bark,
about 5 per cent, of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate
of lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent, of lime in the asli of

INSECTS AND DISEASES. 59

the wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our western
soils, application of lime and potash will be found requisite to the
production of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily
timbered lands of the west, which have been cut and burned, the
ashes from the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash
requisite to success for a certain length of time ; but, ajready, there
are orchards in Ohio, where application of lime and potash in the form
of wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of
trees, and perfection in fruit. The western prairie soils require these
only ; of all other ingredients they are naturally abundantly sup-
plied, and application of animal manure is not needed.

Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as req-
uisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but M'hile the trees
should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they
should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid ma-
nures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus
induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness
and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two
orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has
always been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decay
hig ; while the other has been more regularly and moderately
grown, and is now in a healthy fruiting state. All crops besides
wheat, rye, oats, and clover, may oe grown in an orchard. Potii-
loes, peas, and corn are most advisable.

Pruning. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an-
nually attended, is but a light task ; it should consist mainly of
cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap
one another — to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing
too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots.
This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed,
as they should be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting
to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fi-uit upon
short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender
shoots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with refer-
ence thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these
require thinning out; while others, are of straggling rampant habit,
requiring only the checking of branches at ends to maintain an even-
ly balanced tree ; these qualities will be found partially noted in onr
descriptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particu-
lar forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to
a previous chapter

Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees, western
cultivators have, until within a few years, been compoi'atively ex

60 THE APPLE.

oinpt ; they are now, iKnYCYor, tliroiigh the groat amount of iniporta.
tions of tree - —

t roublesome.

tions of tree^ from the Ejistern States, becoming numerous and

The Borer, {Saperda bivittata), is yet little known ; a few instances
only ot" its appearance West have been noticed. It is an insect that
should b'^ watched and checked on its first appearance. It is de-
structive, not only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash,
Mitier equally. The pertect insect is a brown and white striped
beetle, about half an in^^h long, which. Hying at night, nuiy be de-
sti'oyed in the month of June by building bonfu-es in the orchard.
In its larviv state, in which it does its work of destruction, it is a
tleshy white grub, which enters the tree at t-hc collar, just at the sur-
face of the ground, girdling or perforating the wood to surh an ex-
tent as otten to cause death before its attack is noiiced, except by
t'le caret'ul observing orchardist ; the small round holes tVom which
dust is ejected indicate its presence. Some cut mit the worm with
a knite, others use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole
and destrovs the worm, or on withdrawino; briuixs it out. Downms
advises as a preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the follow-
ing mixture : "one pint of sulphur, one gallon sot\. soap, and suffi-
cient tobacco water to reduce to the consistence of paint."*

The Ciiicrpiiiar, {Clisiocampa AtncnctDm,) or common orchard
Caterpillar, has been long known as destructive of the toliage of
orchards. This, says lliomas, is hatched in spring as soon as the
leaf buds begin to open. xVt tliis time, it is ni»t the tenth of an ineli,
hnig, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase
constantly hi size for several weeks, until two inches long, and' a
ouarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes
to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a
yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are
deposited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each,
encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of
fhe oxtremity. They remain through winter, protected from the
weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in spring,
as. just stated. Each collection of eggs make^ a nest of caterpillars.''

A mode for their destruction, is to cut oti' the small branches
which hold the eggs, during autumn or winter, and burn them. Those
that escape this mode, may be destroyed in ^lay and June by
:;rtaching a sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first
\\ ith spirits of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For
this work, one hour in the morning early, is worth four at any other
time in the day.

The Ciuder VTorm. [Anisoptervx })ometari(i.) This insect we

INSECTS AXD DISEASES. 61

have never seen West until the present season. It is not confined to
the apple, but, if anything, it prefers the elm to all others.

"The male is a moth, Avith pale, ash-colored \vings, with a black
dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval,
dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath.

The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the
spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find
their \say up in the a.^'umn. The females having no wings, climb
slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover
about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we examine the
trees, we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty
or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the
forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twen-
tieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky-
brown, or ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance,
and commence preying upon the foliage."

The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvass
saturated, with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree.
Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden
wedges between it and tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading
up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in the fall,
and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw and
cotton batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all
that have become entangled therein.

The Apple MotK {Carpocapsa pojnonana,) is the insect which
disfigures so^many of our apples and pears, causing them to tail
prematurely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax t>f
brown mingled with grey, fore wings light grey and brown, and a
dark b]'own oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June
and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the
fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub,
eats its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the
ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the
crevices and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a
white web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season.

Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed
with lye-water early in spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it
falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or
tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from
whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed.

The Bark Louse, a species of coccus or scale insect, is of a brown
color, about one ten'-.h of an inch in length, of oblong oval foi-m»
attaching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking tne

62 THE APPLE.

sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale oil soap, or a
mixture of lime soft soap and water, of the consistence of common
whitewash, and applied to the bark witl a hard brush, in winter or
early spring.

The Wooly Apkif {Aphis lanigera) makes its appearance in the
form of minute white down, in the crotches and crevices of branches.
It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with ley-water, lime wash,
or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five
gallons of weak ley, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces
soot, or " lamp black," thoroughly mixed.

The blight or blackening and decay of terminal shoots we have
elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees,
and plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling
to the moon.

Rust on the surflice of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of
the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, but
suspect from accounts, that it is caused from an unhealthy state of
the tree in exhaustion of elements in the soil, and therefore a result
not a cause of disease.

Of terms used in description of varieties. — Thomas, in his " Fruit
Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use
in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We
therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These
terms, as applied to the growth of tree, in its shoots, has refer-
ence mainly to young trees, and comparatively, as follows : Erect^
as in the Early Strawberry. Diverging^ as in the Domine, or Rib-
ston Pippin. Spreading^ as in Rhode Island Greening. Droop-
ing^ when they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees
assume, as they grow into the larger branches of older trees. ^5-
cending^ when they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregular^
as in black Gilliflower. Straggling^ similar to preceding, but
more slender and curved, as in Jonathan. Straight^ as in Northern
Spy. Stout., as in Red Astrachan.

" The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif-
ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of ex-
posure to the sun, arid with a change of soil, climate, and season.
When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually
assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and
nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and
are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing
the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap-
plied by a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts.

FORMS OF THE APPLE.

63

During winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees be-
come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice
and by placing the ditTerent sorts side by side, that accuracy may be
obtained. Sivilful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the
color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar
cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos-
sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known
from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman-
ship of hundreds of diflerent persons. A few of the most strongly
marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use-
ful points of distinction. No one for instance, could easily mistake
the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown
or purple of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the
Bough find Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern
Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or greyish ap-
pearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, for the
clear shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan."

The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as
light green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green^ as in.
the Rhode Island Greening ; bluish green^ as in Peck's Pleasant.

Forms of the Apple. — In these we follow the general impression
understood of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by
Barry, from whom we extract :

Round or Roundish (fig. 29,) when the outline is round, or
nearly so, the length being about equal to the breadth.

Flat (fig. 30,") when the ends are compressed, and the width
considerably greater than the length.

Conical (fig 31,) in the form of a cone, tapering from the base
to the eye.

Ovate or Egg-shaped (fig. 32.)

Oblong (fig. 33,) when the length is considerably greater than
the width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as
in the conical.

In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some
varieties are —

25

M^

64

THE APPLE.

1/ v^

30

33

34

Angular^ having projecting angles on the sides.

One sided, having one side larger than the other.

Ribbed (34.) when the surfjice presents a series of ridges and fur-
rows running from eye to stem.

Of size — Small as in Gilpin, medium as in Fameuse, and large as
in Rhode Island Greening.

Of the meaning of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c.,
there seems to be no certain definition beyond that of accepted
usage. Calville, generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of
light specific weight, and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially
about the calyx. Pippin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle
texture of flesh, in the apple ; while Greening is understood to imply
a breaking, tender character. Pearmain, to indicate a particular,
roundish, conical form, with an aromatic perfume in the flesh.

Uses. — The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems
superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table
use, raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c., &c., the apple
deserves more attention as food for animals; anal^'sis having shown
that it is about equal to the potato in fattening properties.

VARIETIES.

CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation.
American Pearmain.

Americaa Summer Pearmain. | Watkin's Early.

Early Summer Pearmain.

This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, and we there-
fore discard the word " summer."

In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard
fruit, it will not " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for
supplying home wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole
of September. The trees require thinning out of small branches ;
but, as it fruits mostly ^n the ends of "branches, should never be

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

65

shortened back. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with
lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sections.

Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; the
form varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in
good or poor soil ; color, red, streaked and dotted with grayi^?h
yellow ; stem, medium, projecting about even with the sui»fal^
cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, slightly recurved ; basin, deep,
round, smooth ; Jlesh, tender, subacid, — best ; core, small ; seeds, ovate
pyrifbrm.

Autumn Strawberry.

Late Strawberry.

Strawberry.

American : originated, Western New York. Size, medium, or
rather below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked,
and, in the sun, the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a
plum; stem, slender, medium length; cavify, open, rcirnlar ; ca-
lyx small, nearly closed; h.isin, shallow, >^htly ribbed; i:hsh,-i,

^

66

THE APPLE.

Autumn Bough.

yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid; core, medium.; seeds^
large, full. Season, October.

Autumn Sweet Bough.

American : tree, vigorous, productive ; size, medium or above ;
form, obtuse conical ; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally
a russet blotch, and a few small russet dots ; stem, slender, curved
to one side ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, closed with long seg-
ments ; basin, ribbed or furrowed ; fiesh, white, crisp, tender, deli-
ciously sweet ; core, small ; seed cavity, hollow ; seedy plump,
full. Season, September.

Baldwin.

Late Baldwin, I Woodpecker,
Pecker, j Steeles Red Winter.

American : originated in ^Massachusetts. This variety inclines to
bitter or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash ; and for the
western soils should be worked where, intended to have the head
commence. Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very pro-
ductive. Our drawing was taken from an Eastern grown specimen,
and is not more than one-half the size of this variety when grown in
Illinois.

Size, large ; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color,
yellowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few
russet spots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem ;
stem, three-fourths h]^ long, slender; cavity^, deep; calyx, clo-ed;

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

67

basin, rather narrow, plaited; Jlesh, yellowish white, crisp tender,
sub-acid; core, small, compact; capsules, o\ate hollow; seeds, long
ovate, pyriform. Season, December to March.

Baltimore.

Baltimore Pippin, | Cables Gilliflower.

r

68

THE APPLE.

Origin unknown. Tree, thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm
rich soils. Size, medium to large ; fonn, round ; color, light yellow,
striped, and splashed with red, a little bronzed russet about the stem,
and often a blue tinge marbled toward the stem resembling a blooiii ;
stem, short ; cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, small, half open ; hasii ,
shallow, regular; fiesh, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, tendei,
crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; core, medium or small; seeds, olx,-
vate pyriform. Season, December to March. This is distinct fr()m
the Baltimore, of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with
red, and with large open calyx.

Bethlehemite.

"This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newton Spitzcnberg,
and we have testimony of one or two who say tli'^y know it under
that name. We are not, however, satisfied of their identity, and as
the really good qualities of this fruit are such as to make it desira-
ble in all collections, we have no hesitation in recomme'ncfing it.
Thus far all specimens we have seen were from trees grown in rich,
loamy soils, and all we can learn of its history is that it came from
Bethlehem, in Ohio. Size, medium ; form, roundish, flattened,
tapering slightly to the apex ; color, pale yellow ground, striped and
stained with two shades of bright red, dotted with irregular shaped
brown dots, some russet about the stem : calyx, medium, sometimes
large ; basin, deep, broad, irregular, somewhat furrowed ; stem, short;
cavity, narrow, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, with a mild
sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor ; core, small, compact ;
seeds, obovate, obtuse pyriform. Season, November to January
but keeps until Aprtj. Trees, upright, strong growers.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

69

Belmont.

Gate,

jjlamma Beam,
Golden Pippin </ some,

White Apple,
Kclley White,
Waxen of some.

American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, "by
others in Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr.
Downing in his first edition of " Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it
synonymous with the " Waxen" of Coxe. As this is yet uncertain,
we adopt the name by which the fruit is most largely known.

Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer,
does not succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, but on all high,
warm, or limestone soils does finely, and makes a large tree.

Size, medium to large; form, irregular, usually roundish, some-
times oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West,
on new rich soils in Wisconsin; but grown South its delicacy, fine
grain and flavor are lost. Shin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color,
rich clear light yellow ; at South with a few dark brown specks, and
North with a clear vermillion red cheek, with carmine spots ; South
slight russet marblings, and much of mould or fungus ; stem, me-
dium length, projecting slightly beyond the surface, always slender ;
calyx, varying from small and close to open and reflexed ; hasm,
from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed; Jiesh, yellowish
white, fine grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; core.

70

THE APPLE.

rather large ; seeds^ ovate, pointed, abundant, brownish red. SeasoUy
November to February.

Bellflower.

Fellow Bellflower, | Yellow BeUe-fleur, | Lady Washington.

American. Tree, oi slender, yet healthy growth, witH yellowish,
rather upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy, but
grafted on pieces of roots does not bear well, otherwise, very pro-
ductive. Size^ large; forrn^ oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the
eye ; color ^ pale yellow, with a blush next the sun; stem^ long, slen-
der, curved ; cavity^ deep ; calyx^ closed ; hasin^ plaited, deep ; Jlesh^
tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid; core, large; capsules^ \orig^
hollow ; seeds^ large, ovate, pyriform, angular at broad end. Season,
December to March.

Broadwell.

Broadwell Sweet,

American. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading,
light yellowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large ; foi-m^
regular, roundish, flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the
calyx ; skin, thin, smooth ; color, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny
side brownish bronze ; stem, short ; cavity, expanded ; calyx, open ;

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION,

71

segments, short; hasin^ narrow; fiesh^ white, fine-grained, sweet,
juicy ; core, close, compact ; seeds, small, plump, light-broYm. Sea-
^ 8on, November to March.

Bullock's Pippin.

American Golden Russet, I Golden Russet,
Bheepnose, | Little Pearmain,

Fall-Winesap, erroneously.

American. Tre^,
ultimately of only
medium size, with a
round regular head,
shoots erect, rather
slender, admirably
suited to rich soils
of Southern Ohio,
Indiana, etc., etc.
Grown south, the
fruit is almost'' en-
tirely covered with
russet ; north, and
on sandy soils, it is
a warm, rich yel-
low, with only mar-
blings of russet.

72

THE APPLE.

Size^ small to medium ; form, roundish, ovate, tapering much' to-
ward the eye ; color^ generally rich golden yellow, overspread with
soft russet, and in sun, a marbling of red ; stem, slender ; cavitj/,
narrow, regular ; calyx^ small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes
furrowed ; fiesh^ yellowish, tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate,
sprightly ; core, large for size of fruit ; seeds^ full, ovate, pyramidal.
Season, December to March.

Canada Pippin.

Canada Reinette,

Canadian Reinette,

Pomme de Caen,

Reinette Grosse du Canada,

De Bretagne,

Januarea,

German Green,

Reinette du Canada,

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre,

Reinette du Canada Blanche,

Reinette du Canada a'Cortes,

Portugal,

Wahr Reinette,

White Pippin,

Yellow Newiown Pippin, erroneously.

Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive,
very hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened, irregularly an-
gular, much ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth; color,
light greenish-yellow, a blush in sun, and small dark green specks,
surrounded with light green sufHised beneath the skin ; stem, short ;
cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; calyx, large ; basiv, deep, angu-
ler, with prominent ribs ; fesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy,
sub-acid, sprightly ; core, small, compact ; seeds, dark, almost black.
Season, January to May.

WORTHY GENERAL CULIIVATION.

73

Challenge.

American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, har-
dy. Size^ large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich yellow, with-
many russet dots, and occasionally a russet patch; when fully ex-
posed to sun, the russet spots become vermillion red ; stem, pro-
jecting even with surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, regular ; cabjx,
with long irregular segments ; basin, broad, open, medium depth,
always furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet, tender;
core, medium ; seeds, large, plump. Season, October and No^-ember.

Cloth of Gold.

Drap tVOr, | Early Summer Pippin, of iome.

VraiDrapd'Or, | Bay Apple,

Bonne duMai.

This is, by some, said to be identical with " Cooper." We do
not yet so recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage,
moderate bearer. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull
yellow or gold color, with distinct brown or russet specks ; stem,
short ; cavity, wide,open ; calyx, small, half closed : hasin, shallow,
plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild, sub-acid, not fine grained, ten-
der, juicy, well flavored ; core, with open hollow capsules ; sceds^
short, ovate, dark reddish brown. Season, August to October.
4

74

THE APPLE.

Cornish Aromatic.

Foreign. Requires rich, warin. sandy soil. Size^ medium ; /orm,
roundish, regular, sometimes a little conical ; co/or, yellow ground,
mostly overspread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ;
stem^ long, slender ; cavity, regular, open, rather deep ; calyx, small*,
basin^ abrupt, furrowed ; Jlesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor
closely allied to Esopus Spitzenburg ; core, open, hollow, regular
form ; seeds, large. Season, November to February.

Danvers Winter Sweet.

Epse's Sweet.

American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, very pro-
ductive ; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock.

Size, medium ; fonn, roundish, oblong ; color, dull yellow, with
orange blush, and small russet specks ; sUm, slender, inclining to
one side ; calyx, small, woolly ; basin, shallow, rather narrow ; fleshy
yellow, firm, sweet; core, large, open; seec?^, ovate, pointed, dark
rich brown. Season, December to April.

Dutch Mignonne.

The Dutch Mignonne — Darling, or Favorite, is from Holland,
and a fruit which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 75

Strong upright shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine hi South
Ohio. Size, large ; form, roundish, regular ; color, dull orange,
mostly covered with rich dull red, dotted and mottled with large
yellow russet specks, and a dash of russet about the cavity of stem ;
stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, narrow, deep ; cahjx, open ; 6a-
s'm, deep, round, regular ; flesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming ten-
der when well matured, sub-acid aromatic flavor ; core, small, com-
pact ; seeds, few, defective. Season, November to January.

Dyer.

Pomme Koyal, Pomme Water,
Golden Spice, Bullripe,
Tompkins, Mygatt's Bergaraol,
Beard Burden, Bard Apple,

White Spice.

American.

Tree, a fair grower, not strong, {

shoots spreading
irregular, moderately productive. Size, medium; form, round, or
roundish flattened ; color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or
less over the surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, slightly fur-
rowed ; calyx, with long recurved segments ; hasin, medium ; flesh,
yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, sub-acid ; core^ medium ;
seeds, small. Season, October and November.

Early Joe.

American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat
questionable, if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple

'^

76

THE APPLE.

has the most of delicate pear flavor of any variety ; and while it is
all unsuited to orcharding, one tree should always be planted.
While young it is of slow growth, but, as trees get older, it improves,
and makes a tree of round irregular spreading form of medium size.
It is very hardy, but should have rich strong soil ; shoots, dark
colored ; and so foliage.

Size^ medium, or rather below ; form, roundish, flattened ; stem,
rather slender ; cavity, open, deep, a little russeted ; color, pale
yellowish green, overspread and striped with deep and pale red ;
calyx, small, nearly closed; ha^iln, shallow ; /eiA, yellowish white,
tender, very delicate; core, medium, centre open; seeds, short
ovate, pyriform. Season, last of August.

Early Strawberry.

American Red Jnneating. | Red Juneating.

American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous
leaves erect, v/ith long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all
localities, and although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed.

Size, small ;/orw,, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color,
yellowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ;
stem, varying from long, straight, and slender, to medium, curved ;
calyx, small ; basiyi, narrow and shallow ; flesh, yellowish white,
tinged with red, sub-acid, sprightly, tender ; core, medium ; seeds,
small. Season, July.

Esopus Spitzenberg.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 77

American. Origin on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender
shoots ; when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open
head ; requires age to produce much or good fruit, and much of
lime and potash, when it is a good bearer.

Size^ above medium, large when carefully grown ; form^ flattened
at base, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably
ribbed and irregular in its surface, and almost always slightly angu-
lar ; color, rich lively red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled
with yellow russet ; stem, varying, sometimes short and stout, at
others long and slender ; cavity, deep, regular, open ; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed ; Jlesh, yellow, crisp, a little
tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, regular, ovate,
rounded in form ; seeds, large. Season, January to Alarch.

Fameuse.

Pomme de Neige, | Sanguineus,

Snow.

Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to
all northern sections producing yearly, and always fair smooth fruit.
Tree, of moderate, rather diverging habit ; shoots dark ; and as an
orchard tree, only of second size. Without being a fruit of high
character, it is just so good that, taken with its production of regular
handsome fruit, it cannot be dispensed with. Tree, hardy, and rich
strong or heavy soils suit it best.

Size, medium ; form^ roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, green-
ib>h yellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark rich red ; stem,
slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, narrow ;
flesh, remarkably white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; core,
close compact ; seeds, light brown, long pointed. 'Season, October
to January.

Fall Wine.

Wine, of Cole.

American. Its origin unkno\\Ti, introduced west from the garden
of Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ;
drooping, when in bearing state, very healthy ; producing mode-
rately, but annually, large beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils ;
and fruit of medium size on soils of moderate quality. Our figure
exhibits it from the two soils. It is now much grown in Indiana
and Illinois as " Wine," from which it is quite distinct.

Size, medium to large; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red
marbled over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of
brownish — sometimes it is faintly striped ; stem, slender ; cavity,
deep; calyx, half closed; basin, open, shallow; fiesh, yellowish,
crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, vinous. Season, September
to November. _

78

TTFR >PPT,E.

Although evidently an old eastern fruit, it appears now unknown
there, if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his
notice of where grown.

Fall Pippin.

Philadelphia Pippin.

This is unquestionably an American seedling, and probably from
the "White Spanish Reinette," which it closely resembles in all but
!ts period of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers re-
specting it, as the Holland Pippin is often grown under this name as
well as its parent. It is extensively grown at the West and in the
Eastern states, and universally succeeds well ; but where the soil is
of a clayey nature, on the alluvial bottoms and deep prairies, it does
not answer as well. Tree, of growth vigorous, shoots, dark, di-
verging or spreading, becomes large.

Size^ large ; form.^ roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color^
greenish yellow, until fully ripe, then rich yellow with a faint blush,
when groMTi in good soil and exposed to sun ; s^ew, long, moder

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

79

ately stout ; cavity, deep, round ; calyx^ above medium, with seg-
ments in divisions ; hosin, deep, wide, and open ; fiesh, yellowish
white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic; core, medium, for size of fruit*
seeds^ ovate. Season, October to December.

Fallen w ALDER.

Fallawater,

Green Mountain Pippin,

Dutch Codlin, erroneously.

Tu'pahocken,

Pirn's Beauty of the West,

Pound, erronemisly ,

Mountain Pippin

American. Originated in Berks Co., Penn. " It sprung up in
the woods, and was left standing after the other trees were cut down ;
hence the name Fallenwakler, or apple of the cut-down woods."
Not worthy a place in small orchards or gardens ; but on rich lime-
stone soils, when grown for distant market, it is highly valuable,
being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and keeping a long
time, even in southern latitudes. Tree, stro..g, vigorous grower ;
shoots, stout, partially spreading.

Fruit, large: form, round, varying to roundish, flattened and
roundish ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted
with a few small irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surround-

80

THE APPLE.

erl with a shade of light green, presenting at first glance, appearance
fi=; of white specks; stem^ short; cavity^ open, generally regular;
ca'yx. small, closed ; basin, shallow, open, broad, often slightly fur-
rowed ; fleshy yellowish white, rather coarse texture, tender, juicy,
mild, sub-acid; core^ medium, somewhat open ; seeds^ ovate pointed.
Season^ December to May.

Fort Miami.

Scandiana Mala.

American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April,
184G, we made our outline and description from specimens sent us
by A, Spafford, Esq., Perrysburgh, O., since which we have been
unable to obtain of the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth; shoots,
dark color, nearly upright, spreading ; not an early bearer, but the
original tree said to be very productive.

Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both
ends, widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed ; color^ brownish red.
more or less russeted ; 5 /f-'/TZ, medium size, three-fourth inch long;
cavity^ deep, open, unever ; calyx^ medium size, closed ; basin, me^

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

81

dium depth, furrowed ; ^es/i, yell ow^ish white, crisp, breaking, exceed-
ingly high-spicy, sub-acid flavor. Season, February to May.

Garden Royal.

American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower
while young, hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually
productive ; suited to small orchards or gardens where a delicious
fruit is desired for table use.

Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat,
very regular ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, be-
coming brighter in sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx^
large, open; basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained,
tS^der, mild, sub-acid. Season, last of August and September.

Golden Sweet.

Orange Sweet, | Trenton Early.

American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while
young, making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size,
spreading irregular branches ; succeeds well in all soils ; productive
annually of large crops of fair fruit. This variety was shown two
years, late in season, and in bad state, at the Ohio Pom. Convention,
as " Trenton Early." We this year received specimens of it through
the kindness of Dr. Warder, when in season.

82

THE APPLE.

Fndt, medium to large ; form^ roundish, rather deeper than wide ,
color^ yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with
many small greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem^ medium
to long ; cavity, round, shallow, regular ; calyx^ closed; hasin, round,
moderately deep, slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx;
jle^h, yellowish white, very rich, sweet, hardly tender ; core, medium,
round, ovate; seeds, abundant, ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or
to grow for stock feeding, this is unsurpassed. Season, July and
August.

Golden Ball.

Belle et Bonne, | Connecticut Apple.

The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt, but it is probably
a native of Connecticut, from whence it has been largely distributed
East. The trees do not bear well while young, but improve as they
advance in years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with
large, glossy, rich green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking ;
requires a rich, strong, heavy soil.

Fruit, large ; form, roui iish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich

WORTHY GExVERAL CULTIVATION.

88

yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots ;
stem^ short, stout ; • cavity^ broad ; calyx^ half closed ; basin^ shallow ;
fleshy yellowish, tender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, large, and plump. Season, October to December.

The Belle Bonne of Lindley is quite another fruit, and should
not be confounded with this.

Green Sweet.

Honey Greening.

Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading, shoots rather slender, fruit
valuable for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil ;
fruit always fair.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish ; color, dull greenish
white or yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots ;
stem, varying; caviiy, narrow, russeted ; calyx, ohove. medium size
for the fruit, closed; basin, medium, slightly furrowed; fesh, green-
ish white, tender, juicy, and quite sweet; core, medium, round;
seeds, ovate. Season, December to March. Grown in Indiana, it is
^.arge, has a brownish cheek, and matures in October and November.

Gravenstein.

Ohio Nonpareil, | Grave Slije.

Foreign. A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding
finely on all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cook

84

THE APPLE.

ing in August, and eating in September and October ; shoots strong,
smooth, upright. Tree large, regular, round head, foliage broad.

Fruity large ; form^ roundish, flattened, a little irregular, some-
Avhat ribbed, on surface undulating; color, at first pale greenish,
yeljow ground, becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and
splashed with bright red ; exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes
of a dark hue, beautiful, few faint light green dots ; stem, short ;
cavit-j, open, deep ; calyx, with open half reflexed segments ; basin,
rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-
acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, capsules open,
hollow ; seeds, ovate pyriform, reddish brown.

Harvest.

Early Harvest,
Yellow Harvest,
Prince's Harvest,
Early French Reinette,

Early June,

July Pippm,

Large While Juneating,

Yellow Juneating.

American. Universally esteemed, requires a soil well supplied
with lime and potash, otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots erect,
straight ; slow growth, not successful root-grafted as an orchard
tree.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened ; color,
pale light yellow, with a few dots of white ; stem, medium length,
rather slender, often short, and a little stout ; cavity, open, deep,
regular; calyx, closed; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed; flesh,
white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds,
abundant, light brown, ovate. Season, July.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

85

Herefordshire Pearmain.

Winter Pearmain, erroneoiisZy, I Parmin Royal,

Royal Pearmain, I Old Pearmain,

Royale d'Angleterre.

Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit
Is of the highest excellence ; shoots slender, diverging, partially droop-
ing.

Fruity medium ; form^ roundish, conical ; color^ brownish red,
mottled, and slightly striped, on a dull russety green, or when fully
matured, yellow ground, with stripes and marblings of russet,
from the stem, dotted with greyish specks ; stern^ slender ; canity^
acuminate,, russeted ; calyx^ open ; basin^ medium ; fiesh^ yellow-
ish, tender, mild, sub-acid, aromatic ; core^ medium, laying nearest
the stem end ; seeds^ iarge, ovate, light brown. Season, December
to February.

Sutton.

Hubbardston Nonsuch,
Sutton, I Sutton Beauty.

American. Originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even
better when grown West, than in its native locality. Tree, vigorous
grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin,
which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very
productive.

86

THE APPLE.

Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular ;
color, yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped with
rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short open seg-
ments ; basin, deep, round, rarely ribbed ; Jlesh, yellowish, mild,
sub-acid, juicy. Season, October to February.

Jersey Sweeting.

American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of
fair fruit in all soils, warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and
more character to the flesh. Shoots stout, short-jointed, reddish.
Tree, spreading, round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valu-
able.

Fruit, medium ; 'form, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ;
color, greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered
with stripes of pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ;
calyx, half closed; basin, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed;
flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, tender, sweet ; core, rather open, me-
dium, round, ovate ; seeds, full, ovate pointed. Season, September,
and October.

Jonathan.

Philip Rick,
King Philip,

Winesap, erroneoittly.
Wine , „

American. Originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown,

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

ST

slender, diverging ; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping
and pendent habit ; very productive j needs rich, strong soil.

Fruity medium ; form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yel-
low ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light
red, and with few minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender ;
cavity, open, wide ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow,
slightly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, slightly
acid unless fully matured, when it is sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medi-
um ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown. Season, December to Feb-
ruary.

Lady Apple.

Api, ! Pomm e Rose,

Petit Api, I Pommed' Api Rouge,

Pomme d'Api, | Petit Api Rouge,
Gros Api Rouge.

Foreign. Trees very upright, forming almost, pyramidal heads,
like that of a pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters ; require to be
ten or more years old, ere bearing much, after which, very produc-
tive. Shoots, very dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears
to succeed in all soils, and the fruit, though small, from its beauty,
^ways commands a high price.

Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ;
very glossy ; stem, short ; cavitfj, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, fur-
rowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. Season^ Decem-
ber to May.

63

THE APPLE.

Ladies' Sweeting.

American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety
West, where it seems generally to succeed, but neglecting to make,
or having lost our description, we copy that of Mr. Downing, who
first introduced and disseminated the variety : " Wood, not very
strong, grows thriftily, bears abundantly."

" Fruity large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye ;
skilly very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellow-
ish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is
sprinkled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered when
first gathered, with a thin white bloom. There is, also, generally, a
faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the
fruit, and rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set
in a narrow, shallow plaited basin ; stalk half an inch long, in a shal-
low cavity ; Jiesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, crisp,
delicious, sprightly, agreeably-perfumed flavor; keeps without shriv-
eling or losing its flavor, till May."

Lowell.

Orange, of some,
Tallow Apple,
Tallow Pippin,

Greasy Pippin,

Queen Anne,

Pound Royal, erroneously.

American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

89

fruit, will always command a place in large orchards, where this
variety is known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading,
most valuable on rich heavy soils.

Fruit, large \form^ roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color ^ green,
becoming rich yellow; oily surface; seia^ long, slender; cavity^
narrow ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; Jiesh,
yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma ; cor^, medium
or small ; seeds, ovate. Stason, August and early September.

London Sweet.

London Winter Sweet, | Winter Sweet,

Heicke's Winter Sweet.

American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio ; often abundant
in Cincinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any
other named variety, though it nearest resembles Broadwell.
Adapted to the rich deep soils of the West ; said to be produc-
tive.

Fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish, flattened ;
color, pale yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet;
very smooth ; grown South, has the fungus or mftuld, as we think,
marring its beauty ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, medium
depth, round, regular; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, round,
regular ; Jlesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, pleasantly sweet ;
core, rather small ; seeds, ovate pointed. Season, November to Jan
uary, but will keep through February.

Melon.

Norton's Melon. | Walermp'on.

American. Origin questioned — whcfh-r Xew York or Connecti-

90

THE APPLE.

cut. (See Horticulturist, vol. ii., page 357.) t proves fine so far,
and wherever it has been tested, and we confidently place it in the
class worthy of general cultivation. Tree, vigorous, spreading;
shoots, reddish brown ; requires deep, strong soil.

Fruity medium to large ; form roundish, flattened, regular ; surface,
glossy, uneven ; color ^ pale yellowish white, much overspread with
broken streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark
in the sun ; siem^ medium, slender ; cavity^ wide, round, open, marked
with greenish russet ; calyx, closed ; hasiii. deep, finely plaited at bot-
tom ; Jlesh^ white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly ; core, ra-
ther small ; seeds, broad, nearly black. Season, October to Decem-
ber.

Melting.

Melt in the Mouth,

Melting Mouth.

American. Origin, Pennsylvania; introduced to Ohio, and ex-
hibited (as grown in the centre of that State) at the Pomological
meetings for three years. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ;
fruit borne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding
in lime ; on young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases
as they advance in years and size, and under good culture.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow
ground, overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with
yellow russet ; st'm, short ; (avify, deep, i^egular ; calyx, with short
erect segments ; basin, shalU w, broad, open ; flf-sk, yellowish crisp,

WORTHY GENERAL CUITIVATION".

91

juicy, Vfcu-ier, sub-acid ; corc^ small, compact; se^c?5, long oval point-
ed, abundant. Season, January to April.

Michael Henry Pippin.

White Fearmain, | White Wiater Pearmain.

92

tTHE APPLE.

American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation
throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very produo
tive.

Fruity medium to large ; forin^ angular, roundish, conical ; color^
light yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregu-
lar formed specks of russet; often there is a shade of rich yellow
marbled, or striped, apparently underneath the skin ; stem^ usually
short ; cavity^ narrow, regular ; calyx^ with long segments in divi3-
ions ; hasin^ shallow, narrow, somewhat furrowed ; Jiesh, white, tender,
juicy, sweet ; much valued for cooking and keeping well, being in use
from October to March ; core^ small, compact, surrounded by a broad
coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core ; seeds^ ovate pointed,

light brown.

Monmouth Pippin.

Red Cheek, of some, | Red Cheek Pippin.

American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as
very productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conver-
sant only with the fruit.

Fruit, large \form, roundish, flattened ; sometimes roundish coni-
cal ; color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised
rough brown specks, with a shade of light green suffused around
them underneath the skin ; stem, rather short; cavity, deep, regular ;

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

93

calyx^ medium, segments woolly and often nearly closed ; hasin^ wide,
abrupt, deep, much plaited ; fleshy yellowish white, rather coarse-
grained ; breaking, tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid, with consider-
able aroma, or perfume ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate,
abundant. Season, December to February, and often till April.

Nfwtown Pippin.

Green Newtown Pippin,
American Newtown Pippin,

Green Winter Pippin,
Petersburg Pippin.

#

American. Native of Newtown, Long Island, it requires a r'uh
limestone clay soil, or a warm sandy rich loam, well dressed with
lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth
fruit. On sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have
never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit
from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see farther pages ; but
is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood.
Growth slender, slow ; as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with
branches diverging, pendant. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio,
and farther west, Vliis and the Yellow Newtown Pippin succeed, and
produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard.

Fruit, medium ',form, roundish oblong flattened ; co^or, dull green
when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small

94

THE APPLE.

minute russet dots, with occasional spots or bloiolies of russet, and,
grown on alluvial soils south, patches of dark green mould ; stem,
slender ; cavity, acuminate regular ; cahjx, small ; badn, deep, abrupt,
hollowed, and slightly wrinkled ; flesh, greenish white, very fine-
grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly perfumed; core, compact ; seeds, dark
brown, ovate. Season, February to May.

Newtown Spitzenberg.

Ox-Eye,

Burlington Spitzenberg

.Toe Berry.

Matchless,
Kountz,

American. From Newtown, Long Island. It is extensively and
sucicessfully grown in the West as Ox-Eye, and highly estimated.

Fruit, medium; form, round, flattened; color, yellow ground,
mostly striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as
of a bloom ; russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the
crests of waves ; stem, long, slender; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ;
ca/yrr, small, segments erect; 6asm, op©", regular, not deep ; flesh,
yellow, tender, slightly sweet, rich, aromatic ; core, small ; seeds, few,
ovate pointed. Season, December to February.

Northern Spy.

American. Native of East Bloomfield, N. Y. While the quality
of this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot
be considered"^ a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

95

least twenty 3'ears of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It
is of thrifty, vigorous growth, requiiing a rich soil, high state of cul-
tivation, and as an orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as
it inclines to make an upright, close head ; young shoots stout, dark,
spotted ; blooms late, often escaping late frosts in spring.

Fruity medium to large ; form., roundish conical, sometimes
ribbed; skin, thin and tender; color, light yellow, mostly over-
spread with light red, striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red,
and, when first gathered, covered with a fine bloom ; stem^ slender,
projecting about even with surface; cavity^ open, wide, deep; calyx,
small, closed ; basin., open, regular, other than the furrows produced by
ribs of the fruit — not deep, but rather abrupt ; flesh., yellowish white,
very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core., large, capsules open ; seeds^
abundant, many of them triangular ovate pointed. >S6'a5(m, January
to April. South, it will probably become an early winter variety.

Ortley.

Ortley Pippin,
Wool man's Lonp,
White Bellcflpur,
White Bellflnvver,
Green Bellflower,
Willow Leaf Pippin,
Ohio Favorite,
Detroit,
White Detroit,
Van Dyne,
Jersey Greening,

Hollow Core Pippin,
Greasy Pippin,
Melting: Pippin,
Crane's Pippin,
Warren Pippin,
White Pippin. erroTiemtfly,
Yellow Pippin,
Golden Pippin, of fome,
Woodward's Pippin,
Torn Woodward Pippin,
Inman.

American. Native of Nevi' Jersey. First described Vy Lindley

96

THE APPLE.

d:^

%

as Ortley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that
as any other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the
entire Western States, it proves one of the hardiest, most pro-
ductive, profitable, as well as best varieties known. In size, it is
also largely increased over specimens grown North, where the form
is more oblong, the texture somewhat closer, and sprightliness a
little enhanced. Shoots, slender, brownish, yellow, upright, long
jointed.

Fruity large, when grown on rich soils ; skin^ smooth ; form^ ob-
long oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color^ pale yellow-
ish white at the North — South it becomes a richer yellow, with
specks of dark red, and a vermilion tinge surrounding when exposed
to sun ; st'em^ varying from short and stout to long and slender ;
cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed or plaited
from the surrounding angles or ribs that are often apparent in the
fruit ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, sprightly, mild acid ; core,

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

97

large, open j seeds^ abundant, loose in the capsules. Season, January
to April.

Peck's Pleasant.

Waltz Apple.

American. Native of Rhode Isl.-ind. Shoots rather erect, slightly
diverging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer
texture than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large.

Fruity medium to large; form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very
much) flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color^ when
first gathered, green, with a little dark red — when ripe, a beautiful
clear yellow, with bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered
gray dots, which become small and almost indistinct near the apex ;
stein^ varies, mostly short and fleshy ; cavity^ broad, open, and almost
always with a slight ridge cr wave on one side, connecting with
stem ; calyx, medium size, usually segments half open ; basin, round,
regular ; fesh, yellowish white, fine grained, firm yet tender, juicy,
niild, aromatic, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seerfff, abundant, ovate, dark
reddish brown. Season, December to February ; often keeps to
April.

Phillips' Sweeting.

American — native of Ohio. Growth vigorous, upright, wants
strong heavy soil.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened;
5

98

THE APPLE.

color^ yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; fleshy
yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp. Season, December and January. This
may yet prove identical with " Richmond," described on future page.

Porter.

American — native of Massachusetts. Tree slender, slow growth,
a regular even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good
supply of lime and phosphates ; succeeds wherever grown — one of
the best at South.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear
yellow — when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek; stem, slender,
cavity, shallow; calyx, medium, closed; basin, narrow, deep; Jlesh,
fine-grained, juicy, firm yet tender, acid. Season, September and
October.

PoUGHKEEPSiE RuSSET,
English Russet, | Winter Russet ?

W^^'owWym^

As this variety, described by Downing as the " English Russet,"
is probably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts
known under the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt
the name of Poughkeepsie Russet, as commemorative of the sec-
tion whence it was first disseminated. Growth, upright. Shoots,
lively brown, profuse bearer, and although only of medium size, its
quality of keeping over year renders it very profiuible. There is
also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes sold under this name,

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

99

of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well, and the tree when
grown makes a dense top.

Fruity medium ; form^ roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regu-
lar ; color^ light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish
russet, when well matured, becomes yellowish ; stem^ rather short ;
cavity, round ; calyx, small, close ; hasin, abrupt, regular, round ;
f.esh, yellowish white, fine texture, rather firm, aromatic; core,
small ; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. Season, all Winter and Spring.

There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our
figure) which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx,
and often beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they
may prove identical, and the soil and location make the apparent
difference.

PoMME Grise.

Grise, I Gray Apple.

A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to
Northern sections, and to garden"^. It is a good bearer, of slender
growth, forming a tree of small size.

Fruit, below medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color,
yellow gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye ; stem, slen-
der ; cavity, deep; calyx, small ; busin, round ; fesh, yellow, tender,
sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant. Season, December to
February.

Pryor's Red.

Prior's Red, \ Pitzer Hill,

Big mil.

This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield
Seek-no-further and Roxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the

100

THE APPLE.

Seek-iio-further. Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not
regarded as an early bearer, but as very hard) and the fruit keep-
ing well when grown South, and on rich alluvidl soils. Srown at
the North, the trees come into bearing at about eight years, and thr.
fruit has very little russet (unless unusually warm seasons), except
at stem end ; South, in good culture, it attains a size of four inches
diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly covered
with russet.

Fruity medium to very large ; form^ at North, regular, roundish,
tapering to the eye — South, always angular, sometimes even broad
at apex, being roundish, angular, flattened ; color ^ pale yellow,
ground mostly overspread with rich, warm red and russet, marbled
and splashed with bronzed yellow near the stem, dark yellow russet
spots surrounded with a lighter shade ; stem^ short ; cavity^ narrow ;
calyx^ small, segments erect ; has'm, abrupt, pretty deep, round and
even, occasionally shallow ; Jlesh. yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid,
much resembling Westfield Seek-no-further ; core^ medium, marked
at distance with a line encircling ; aeeds^ vary'ng, generally ovate.
Season, January to April.

Raule's Janet.

Raul's Gennetting,
Rawl's Janet,
Winter Genneting,
Rock Remain,
Jennette,

Indiana .'annettinsr.

Raule's Jannette,
Rawle's Jennette,
Rock Rimmon,
Xeverfail,
Yellow Janette,

This variety, according to H. P. Byram, Esq., was first brought to

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

101

the south-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue
Ridge, where it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it
Janet, hence the name. According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov.
Worthington had it in his orchard 40 years since, and from thence
it was brought to northern Ohio. The Scriptural name of Rock-
Rimmon, given it in the Sciota valley, was probably on account of
its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree is tardy in
spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other varie-
ties ; thus often escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only
second rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincin-
nati is highly so, as it succeeds when many others fail.

Fruity medium to large ; form^ roundish, conical, flattened at stem
end; sUn, thick, tough; color, a ground of light pale yellowish
green, mostly overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and
with a blue or grayish shade laying within as of a bloom ; small
russet dots, that show most when the fruit is high colored ; South
many patches of mould or fungus ; stem, slender, rather long ; cavity,
deep, regular ; cahjx, nearly closed, short segments ; hasin, open,
regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near the calyx ; fiesh,
yellowish, tender, mild, stb-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, angular
ovate. Season, late spring

102

J HE APPLE.

Rambo.

Romanite,

Bread and Cheese Apple.

Seek-no-farther,
Terry's Red Streak.

American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and lo-
cations, and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It
succeeds on sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on
strong limestone soils, giving evidence of the food suited best
to it.

Fruity medium ; /orm, flat, or roundish flattened ; color, yellowish
white, marbled and streaked with yellow and red, and with large
rough spots ; stem^ long, slender, often curved ; basin, acuminate ;
calyx, nearly closed ; hasin, broad, slightly furrowed ; flesh, green-
ish white, tender, sprightly, mild, sub-acid ; core, large, rather hol-
low; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. Season, October to De-
cember, but often keeps to March.

Red Canada.

Old Nonsuch,

Richfield Nonsuch.

American. Probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender
growth ; shoots diverging ; requires rich strong soil, when it is pro
ductive ; and always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most
valuable for orchard or garden.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

103

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem end ;
color, rich clear yellow ground, when exposed to the sun, overspread
with'bricrht handsome red, two shades light and dark intermingUng,

or striped, many light gray dots presenting at first sight an appear-
ance of a somewhat rough exterior ; sk'm, thin, tender ; stem, vnry-
incr from short and stout, to slender and long, usually as seen in our
figure; caviti/, deep, regular, a touch of light russet; C'dyx, small,
closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, or uneven ;
fesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, aro-
matic ; core, small, compact ; seeds, ovate, pyriform. Season,
January to April.

Red Astrachan.

Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular moder
ate bearer of fruit always fair. As a dessert fruit — it is rather acid,
unless fully ripe ; but for marketing or jooking, it has few equals,
at its time. Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage.

Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex ;
color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crim ^on.
a little russet near the stem, and a white bloom; stem, varying,
generally short; cavity, narrow; ca/y.r, large ; basin, shallow, uneven :

i

104

THE APPLE.

fesh^ white, crisp, juicy, acid : core, small ; seeds, ovate, dark brownish
black. Season, August.

Rhode Island Greening.

Burlington Greening, | Jersey Greening ? Coxe.
Hanipsiijre Greening;.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

196

This variety has been condemned in many sections because of not
producing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, as when the
trees were young. Testimony has shown that it is a gross feeder,
and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual
soils, where the variety is defective, liberal dressing wdth wood ashes,
will answer. On sandy soils well manured, the texture is closer
than on clay.

Fruit, large ; form,, roundish, flattened, sometimes a little angular
at the base end ; color,, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull
blush, on sun-grown specimens, near the stem ; stem,, medium ;
cavity \ open ; calyx^ rather small, woolly ; hasin^ medium depth, slight-
ly furrowed ; Jiesh, yellowish, finegrained, tender, slightly aromatic,
lively acid juice ; core small ; seeds ovate, pointed. Season, Decem-
ber to Februarv.

Richmond.

"We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near
S: ndusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with
any known sort. •

Fruit,, large ; form, roundish, occasional specimens have one side
a little enlarged ; color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite over-
spread with light and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light
russet ; stem, varying, mostly short, slender ; cavity, deep, open,
regular, a little brownish at bottom ; calyx, large, segments,
5*

106

THE APPLE.

long ; basin, deep, ^pen, uniformly furrowed ; Jlesk, white, tender,
juicy, delicate sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. Season^
October to December.

Rome BE.yjTY.

Roman Eeaury, | Cilleit's Seedling.

/

American. Native of Southern Ohio. In fruit and tree it some-
what resembles Sutton ; requires, to perfect good fruit, a rich,
warm, loamy soil. On poor clay, it is undersized, deficient in
character, and inclined to overbear.

Fruit, large; form, roundish; color, rich light yellow, mostly
overspread and striped with shades of clear bright red ; stem, slen-
der ; cavity ; open, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly
separate ; basin, round, open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp,
mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat hollow ; seeds, long, ovate,
large and full. Season, October to December.

RoxBURY Russet.

Boston Russet, i Putnam Russet,
Marietta Russet. | Belpre Russet,
Sylran Russet.

American. Origrin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts,

WORTH \ GENERAL CULTIVaTKLN.

lot

It was introduced to the Ohio Valley, hi 1796 or '97, by Israel Put-
nam, and from thence distributed throughout the southwest. It is a
thick-skmned fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second
rate in quality ; grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to
*' bark burst " near the ground, but elsewhere perefectly hardy, and
very productive. Spreading growth, with rather downy shoots ;
young trees often crooked.

Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, flattened, and often
angular ; color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet,
occasionally a faint blush on the sunny side ; stem, slender ; cavitij,
medium ; calyx, closed ; basin, round, moderate depth ; flesh, green-
ish white, moderately juicy, mild, sub-acid; core, compact; seeds,
ovate, defective. Season, January to June.

Summer Rose.

Wolman's Harvest, | Woolman's Harvest,
Lippincott.

This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy,
sprightly sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert.
Tree, a slow grower, diverging — shcJots downy ; requires rich, strong
soil, lime and phosphates to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy.
Moderate, regular bearer.

Fruit, medium, or rather small ; form, roundish, sometimes flat-
tened ; color, rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ;
stem, varying from stout to slender, short ; caviti/, shallow ; c«7y.r,
partially closed ; basin, round, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender

108

THE APPLE.

crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core^ medium ; seeds^ ovate. Season, last of
July and August.

SWAAR.

American, " produced by the Dutch settlers, on the Hudson ; its
name in low Dutch meanino; heavy." On all warm, rich, sandy soils
it is one of the very finest fruits, and a good keeper. On cold clayey
grounds it does not succeed well, as a general thing ; the past year,
however, we have received of it gro\^^l on clay loam, limestone sub-
soil, equalling or surpassing any ever grown on sand. On the rich
prairie soils of the west, it is said to succeed^ proving a good bearer
and profitable.

Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, slightly ribbed or un-
equal on its surface and often a little angular ; color, greenish yel-
low at first, becoming a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown
specks, sometimes marbled with gray russet on the side and round
the stem, and often tinged with dull red ; stem, slender ; cavity round,
deep; calyx, small, half closed, hasin, shallow, somewhat plaited;
fiesh, yellowish, fine grained, juicy, tender, spicy aromatic perfume ;
core, small, to medium ; seeds, broad, ovate. Season, January to
March.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

109

Sweet Bough.

Bough,

Early Sweet Bough,

Large Yellow Bough,

Sweet Harvest,
Washington,
Niack Pippia.

American. First described by Coxe as Bough ; we add, Sweet, as
expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young
shoots, yellowish, somewhat irregular, ascending. Tree, a moderate',
annual bearer, succeeding in all good soils not wet.

Fruit, large, (our figure hardly medium ;) form, roundish, conical,
ovate ; color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe ; stem,
varying in length ; caviti/, deep ; cal^/x, open ; basin, narrow, deep ;
Jlesh, white, tender, crisp, sprightly, sweet ; core, medium, open cap-
sules ; seeds, ovate, light brown. Season, August.

Sweet Pearmain.

This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the " English

Sweeting ;" but according to Mr. Manning, the " English Sweeting"

is the " Ramsdell's Sweeting." of Downing, (See Hovey's Mag. vol.

•.\ page 150.") This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio,

UsJ

THE APi'LE.

and farther west, suiting well the rich soils ; keeping finely all win-
ter ; highly valued for baking or eating.

Fruit medium size or often above; form, roundish, slight-
ly angular ; color, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish
bloom ; stem, long, slender ; caviti/, deep wide and open ; calyx,
woolly ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellowish, tender, moderately juicy,
sweet ; core, medium, with outer or consecutive lines ; seeds, ovate,
pyriform, dark browii. Season, December to March.

Talman's Sweeting.

Tallman's Sweeting, J Tolman's Sweeting,
Brown's Golden Sweet.

American. Native of Rhode Island ; its name from a family by
name of Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree,
great bearer, fruit keeping well ; growth rapid, upright, strong, wood
dark.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel-
low, with a greenish line from stem to apex; stem,. long, slender;
cavity, wide, regular; calyx, medium ; basin, moderate depth, fur-

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

Ill

rowed ; fiesh^ white, firm, very sweet ; core, medium ; se^ds. light
brown, ovate pointed. Season, N^wember to April.

Tetofsky.

A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves
large, broad, light green, peculiar ; regular annual bearer ; in quali

112

THE APPLE.

itj about with Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two
weeks earlier ; very valuable for cooking or marketing ; a gross
feeder, requiring good soil ; needs little pruning. Our figure does
not well represent it, being far too small for an average.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel-
low ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful w^hite
bloom ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, farrowed ; calyx, rather
large, long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed ; Jiesh,
white, tender, sprightly, juicy, slightly acid, or sharp subacid, with
a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, small, fleshy ; seeds, plump, light
^^''own. Season, last of July.

Sweet Romanite.

Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously^

This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological Society by
W. B. Lipsey, of Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able
to identify it with any variety heretofore described. The flesh being
fine grained and firm — somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite — prob-
ably induced the name. It is grown in Illinois, under name of
" Sweet Nonsuch," and introduced there under the erroneous name
of " Orange Sweet." Tree, hardy, moderate but regular bearer.

Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular ; color,
greenish yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright
red and covered with a fine bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regu-
lar, with little russet ; calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half
erect ; hasin, broad, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

113

crisp, juicy, sweet — superior to Ramsdell's or Danvers' Sweetino- ;
core, medium, or rather small, compact — centre slightly hollow *
seeds, ovate, oblong, pyriform. Season, November to March.

There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States,
which is oblong ; stem, long and slender ; color, light yellow, striped
with red ; Jlesh, more yellow and dry — an inlerior or unworthy
variety.

There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown which is flat, with slender
stem ; cavity, deep light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry,
and tough ; inferior. ^

Vandervere.

Vandervere, of Cincinnati,
Smokehouse?
Gibbon's Smathhouse ?
Millcreek,
Vandervere Pippin
Red Vandervere,
Fall Vandervere,
Ifellow Vandervere,
Spiced Ox Eye,

Baltimore, of some incorrectly^
Gibbon's Smokehouse ?
Striped Ashmore ?
Millcreek Vandervere,
Imperial Vandervere,
Pennsylvania Vandervere,
Striped Vandervere,
Staalclubs,
Watson's Vandervere.

American. Native of Delaware. There is much confusion rela-
tive to this apple, and, while it is extensively distributed and grown,
it has numerous synonyms. The variety described as " Smoke-
house," by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, in Horticulturist, vol. 3, p. 834, we
received specimens of, last winter, from Pennsylvania, and could do
tect no difference from the Vanderven when well grown. It may,

114

THE APPLE.

however, be distinct. The tree is a free grower, productive, and
early bearer. Grown on soils deficient in lime, like many of our
western bottoms, and some of prairie; it has always m^re or less
of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime, the rot disappears,
and the fruit increases in size and improves in quality ; needs good
culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size and much more conical,
and less highly colored than South. Young shoots spotted.

Fruity from medium to large ; form^ round flattened, sometimes
angular ; color^ orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red,
few streaks of deeper red when grown exposed to sun, dotted at in-
tervals of a quarter to half inch with large yellow russet specks ;
when grown North, these specks are more of gray and much smaller,
often russeted about the stem ; stem^ projecting about even with
surrounding surface; cavity^ deep, open, regular; calyx^ with small
segments ; hasin, open, broad, sometimes slight waves or furrows ;
fleshy yellowish white, crisp, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid ; core^
round, compact ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform. Season, December to
February.

Wagener.

American. " Origin, Penn Yan, Yates County, N. Y. ; seed sown
in 1791. Tree, thrifty; young shoots, pale green; old wood, dark
red, requires free trimming in order to produce large sized fruit
abundant^' ', annual bearer."

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

115

Fruity medium ; form, roundish, flattened, slightly ribbed at base ;
color, yellow ground, mostly covered with deep glossy red, with
stripes and splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light
russet specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, wide, deep ; calyx, small ; 6a-
sin, broad and open ; Jlesh, yellowish white, tine grained, crisp,
juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small, oblong ovate ; seeds^
light brown, ovate pyriform. Season, November to March, but will
keep to May.

Westfield Seek-no-further.

CJonnecticut Seek-no-furthiT, | Seek-no-further.
Red Wint-r I'caniiiiin, nf sonie.

An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and
fruit has no superior. Very popuhir in its native State, all South
and West. Grown in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is
much russeted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich
bronze ; progressing northward, it grtidually loses its russet, until on
light sandy soils in Michigan, it becomes a pale yellow ground, with
stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots.

Fruit, medium ; form, regular, roundish, conical— Abroad at base ;
color, light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with
red, small russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow; often
considerable russet about both stem and calyx ; sttm, long, slender ;
cavity, open, regular; calyx,\sua.\\y small, closed, sometimes open,

116

THE APPLE.

with short segments ; basin, regular form, moderate depth ; Jlesh
yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain flavor j core, medium ; seeds
ovate. Season, December to February.

Wood's Greening.

Coale's Greening.

American. Native of New-Jersey. First described by Coxe, from
whose nursery it was introduced to the west by Prof. Kirtland,
about 1820. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming somewhat
spreading. It is well adapted to strong heavy soils, producing abun-
dantly fruit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of " best "
quality.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened ; color, pale
green, becoming yellowish, with a few rough spots ; stem, short ;
cavity, acuminate j calyx, rather large ; basin, slightly plaited ; Jlesh,
greenish white, fine grained, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; core^
sviall ; seeds, ovate. Season, January to March.

Wine.

Wine Apple, i Hay's Winter,

Hay's Winter Wine, 1 Winter Wine,
Hollow Crown Pearmain.

American. Native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

117

everywhere successful. Strong heavy clay loams produce the
largest fruit, while best quality are grown on sandy loam. Tree,
thrifty ; shoots rather slender, spreading ; foliage small.

Fruity medium to large ; form, round flattened, often quite angu-
lar, or largest one side ; colur, light pale yellow ground, mostly over-
spread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity of stem ;
stem, short ; cavity, acuminate or narrow, deep ; calyx, large ; basin,
broad, open, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub-
acid ; core, small ; seeds, large. Season, November to February.

Wine Sap.

Wine Sop.

Probably originated in New-Jersey. First described by Coxe.
The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular in
its growth, not forming a handsome head, but producing fair fine
fruit in all soils, from poor sand to limestone clay — largest in the
latter, and finest texture in the former — fine on dry prairies.

Fruit, medium ; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, some-
times roundish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ;
color, grown North, a bright clear red stained and striped with
darker shades, and with spot>i of light yellow ; grown South, the
dark red becomes most prominent, while the patches of light yel-
low at base are more often seen ; it is also more irregular or an-
gular in form, and oft with russet about the stem ; stem, varying in
length, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed ;

lis

THE APPLE.

basin, abrupt, furrowed ; ^rltsk, yellowish, juicy, teuder, sub-aeid,
sprightly ; core, medium, capsuU\ hollow ; seeds, short ovate. Season^
October to J:mu;vry, often keeps till MiU'ch.

Yellow Newtown PippDf.

This variety is extensively grown ; West it becomes large ; keeps
"well. Trees, though slender growth, good bearers and apparently
perfectly at home in rich limestone soils. Tliat there are two New-
town Pippins, we do not question ; see '* Ne\%'town Pippin •/'but we
have the past year supposed there might be three, but whether the
distinction is without a difference we are yet unprepared to decide.
We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which the latter New-
town Pippin of Lewis Sanders. Esq.. mav possiblv prove identical
with Y. N. P.

Fruit, medium, to large ; form roundish, flattened, ansrular. or
broader than long; color, clear yellow% with considerable russet
from the stem, many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the
sun. the yellow becomes very rich and dotted with carmine dots ;
stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calux. large open, segments short, stiff,
broad ; basin, broad, irregular only from the slight ribbing of the
fruit : ffesh. yellowisli, very firm, crisp, juicy ; ore, medium ; seedSy
purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

119

NiWTOWN Pippin, of Lewis Sanders, Kt.

Fruit, lar^e ; form, an^iibjr. rouiuJish fonical, prominently ribbed ;
color, dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow, marbled and splashed,
the latter prevailing mostly at stem end ; sUtn. short; cavity, acu-
minate, somewhat russeted ; calyx. mQ(\'n\m. short segments ; basin,
pretty deep, irregular, ribbed ; Jlesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp,
vinous, juicy, sub-add. with tipges or lines, and specks throughout,
as if decay had partially taken place ; core, medium, or rather large ;
seeds, dark rich reddish brown, ovate, pyriform.

CLASS IL New and untested. Adapted to ceriam Localities, or

Amateur Gardens.

Abbott Seedling.

American. Fruit, meflium, roundish, slij^btly conical, dull green, tinged
with red; fiesb, tender juicy, wants flavor. Winter. (Hov, Mag.)

120 THE APPLE.

Adams.

NoU's No. 1.

A Pennsylvania seedling of White Deer township, Union County.
Large ; roundish oblate ; faintly mottled and striped with red on a
greenish yellow ground; stem, half an inch longj cavity, broad acute;
calyx, rather large, segments closed; basin, wide, moderately deep,
plaited; flesh, greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy ; "■very good.''
(W. D. B.)

Adam's Pearmain.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus-
set; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early winter.
(Lindley.)

Albemarle Pippin.

Fruit, medium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks; flesh, pale
yellow, sub-acid. Q-rown in Virginia; keeps well. (Thomas.)

Alexander.

Emperor Alexander.

Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green-
ish yellow ; stem, small ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh,
coarse crisp ; showy ; poor bearer. October.

Ashmore.

Red Ashmore, | Fall Wine, erroneously.

American. A desirable variety deserving attention. Fruit, above
medium, regular, round, bright clear red; short slender stem ; deep cavity ;
calyx, small, closed ; deep, regular basin ; core, large ; capsules, hollow ;
seeds, plump ; flesh, white crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. Octo-
ber and November. The Black Vandervere, a third rate fruit, is some-
times grown as this variety.

Ashland.

American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull
greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish
gray, and large russet dots ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry ;
hardly "very good;" stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small;
basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January.

•
Aunt's Apple.

Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red,
radiating from stem, which is short, stout; cavity, open, broad, russeted;
calyx, closed; basin, finely folded; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid,
musky perfume, juicy ; " very good ;" core, medium. November to
January.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 121

Aromatic Carolina.

From South Carolina.^ " Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood,
abrupt terminal buds; fruit, large, oblate, conical, pale red, slightly
streaked; heavy bloom; wide basin; open calyx; flesh, tender, melting,
aromatic. July. Abundant bearer." (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.)

Autumn Seek-no-further.

American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with
red in sun; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, open, erect seg-
ments ; basin, round, medium depth ; core, medium ; flesh, white, juicy,
tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; " very good." October,

Autumnal Swaar.

Autumnal Sweet Swaar, j Sweet Swaar,
Sweet Golden Pippin.

Tree, spreading; shoots, vigorous, diverging; fruit, large, round, flat-
tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long; basin, open, shallow;
calyx, half closed; basin, deep; flesh, tender, yellowish, spicy, sweet, not
juicy ; " very good." October.

Autumn Pearmain.

English Summer Pearmain, I Royal Pearmain,
Summer Pearmain, | Parmain d'Ete,

Sigler s Red. .

Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, oblong
conical, brownish yellow and green, red blended with yellow in sun,
-small brown specks; stalk, short; calyx, in a broad shallow basin,
slightly plaited; flesh, pale yellow, crisp ; nearly >'best." September.

Aunt Hannah.

From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow; flesh,
tender, crisp, sub-acid ; "very good." Winter.

Bailey Spice.

American. From Plattsburg, K Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish
brown; fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, hght yellow, fajnt
blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, nar-
row ; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy ; core, large, open ;
seeds, hght brown. October, " Very good."

Bailey Sweet.

Patterson Sweet, | Edgerly Sweet.

From Perry, N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened,
sometimes ribbed, clear yellowish red, with an occasional russet patch ;
stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt,
often plaited ; flesh, yellow, rather drj', sweet ; " very good ;" core, me-
dium ; seeds, ovate pyriform. November to December.
6

122 THE APPLE.

Belzer.

American. Ohio. Fruit, medium, red stri|5fed on greenish yellow ;
flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August (T. S. Humrickhouse,
in Hov. Mag.)

Benoni.

From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer; fruit
mediom, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow striped with
crimson, dotted wnth white specks; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow;
calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed; flesh, yellow crisp, tender, juicy,
vinous; '■ very good ;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and
September.

Be VAN.

Bevan Favorite, | Striped June.

From New Jersey. Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis-
tances ; we have thought the Red June, which comes to us at Cleveland
from Kentucky, might be this apple, but have had no opportunity of com-
paring them in season. Fruir. below medium, roundish flattened, shght-
ly conical, distinct broad red stripes on yellow; stem, varying from short
to long; cavity, shallow; calyx, large; basin, plaited; flesh, firm, tough,
sub-acid ; seeds, plump, ovate pyriform. August. We are also of opinion
this may be the Carolina June, of the West.

"■V

Bentley's Sweet.

From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great
keeper ; valuable south, in rich soils. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ir-
regular, flattened at ends; red and yellow stiiped, or blotched; stem,
long, curved; calyx, large; basin, open, deep, furrowed; core, compact;
seeds, large, ovate, pointed; flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy; "very
good." January to Sept.

Better than Good.

Juicy Bite.

From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described.
Tree, slender, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye;
yellowish white ; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Early Winter

Bean Sweet.

" This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel Medium size, ovate,
oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe
on the tree ; crisp and juicy ; ripe in Oct. ; will keep till Feby. or March ;
a good baking apple." (B. V. French, Esq., Ms.)

Bj.ue Pearmain.

Tree, hardy, shoots stout, dark color ; buds, large, unsuited to exposed
situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown off. Fruit, very

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. - 123

large, rjundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched viith purplish red
over a dull ground ; white bloom ; stem, short; calyx, small ; basin, deep ;
core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Early
Winter.

Black Apple,

Black American, | Jersey Black,
Dodge's Black.

American. Tree, slender, moderate growth, drooping, when old ; a good
bearer ; negative quality, often esteemed. Fruit, medium, rounB slightly
flattened, dark red, almost black, whitish bloom, and many whitish specks ;
stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx rather small ; basin, shallow ; coro
large; capsules, long, ovate, holTow; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellow-
ish white tinged with red, crisp, juicy. Nov. to Feby.

There is much confusion at theWest with this variety, and several fruits
are grown under the same name. One under name of Black, or " Canada
Black," is oblong, with greenish flesh, inferior ; tree, a fine grower.

Another is of medium size ; fruit depressed at ends ; skin rough ; flesh,
aromatic ; ripening in September ; tree upright grower, with rough uneven
bark.

Black Coal.

Welcome.

This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, above
medium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark- red striped, and mostly
overspreading a lighter red ; numerous specks; stem, short; cavity, deep,
slightly russeted ; calyx, closed, woolly or downy; basin, open ; core,
large, hollow ; seeds, loose ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp,
juicy, tender, rather acid. Nov. to Feby.

Bledsoe.

"From Kentucky. Resembles White Pippin, (Canada Pippin.) Fruit,
large, conical, flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base,
brownish specks ; skin, smooth ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small,
closed; basin, shallow; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown ; flesh, white,
tender, juicy ;" very good." March and April. Claimed as a seedhng ;
new." (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)

Blood.

From central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular;
dull red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional
rough gray dots; stem, varying; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open ;
broad segments ; basin furrowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong
ovate, dark red ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, break-
ing mild almost sweet; " very good." Dec. to March.

. BOALSBUKG.

A seedhng of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclining to

124

THE APPLE.

conical, delicately mottled and striped with red on a yellutv grouad ; stem,
short, thick ; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; basin, deep, moderately
wide; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing:; "very gfood.'"

(W. D. B.). y J J, t^ 6 J, fc; J' c

BOHANON.

A variety probably originally of Virginia, lately brought to notice aa
grown by Lewi?, Sanders, Esq., of Ky. It much resembles Maiden's
Blush. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with in-
clination to a ribbed surface ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny
side, russet about stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, partly
closed; basin, deep expanded; core, open; seeds, numerous, light brown ;
flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-acid. Sept.

BOURASSA.

Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections, — Vermont,
North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly
ribbed, occasionally irregular; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish
brown in sun; stem, long, slender; cavity, small, irregular; calyx, with
long segments; basin, narrow; core, rather large; seeds, few; flesh,
white, fine grained, sub-acid ; '' best." October to January.

Brabant Bellflower.

Brabant Belle-fleur, \ Iron Apple.

Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good
head. Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong,
flattened at eids; pale yellow, mostly coverered with red striped and

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 125

splashed ; calyx, large ; basin, wide ; flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid.
Nov. to Jany.

Brooke's Pippin.

A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely
ribbed ; greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stem, short, rather stout,
deep, irregular, russeted cavity; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes
furrowed ; seed, long, slender acuminate ; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine tex-
ture, with a pleasant aroma ; best;" winter; bearing abundantly every
year in localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some re-
semblance, does not succeed.

Buck's County.

Buck's County Pippin.

A Pennsly vania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ;
greenish yellow, with sometimes a faint brown cheek ; stem, short, not
stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ;
seed, small, short ; flesh, tender ; texture fine ; flavor excellent ; " very
good. (W. D. B.) •

Butter Apple.

American ; probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu-
lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet
dots, russet near and in cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, nar-
row, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, abrupt ribbed ; core, medium ; seeds,
roundish ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet ; " very good."
Nov. to Feby.

Buffington's Early.

A moderate bearer; origin unknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened,
Uttle ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush ; cavity, deep ; basin,
shallow furrowed ; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid ; " best." Last of July.

Burr's Winter Sweet.

Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree, good grower, spreading. Early and
abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at base, full at
crown ; smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with vermilion,
russet at stem ; small gray specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, broad,
open ; eye, medium, closed ; segments, short ; basin, open ribbed ; core,
small ; seeds, medium ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aromatic
perfume. Dec. to March. (Hov. Mag.)

Bush.

Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate, conical ; greenish yel-
low, russet dots near the crcwn ; calyx, small ; basin, deep plaited ; flesh,
'•' very good." (W. D. B )

126 THE APPLE.

Carnahan.

Cannahan's Favorite.

Kative ot Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large,
roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with stripes of red, greenish russet
dots; stem, medium; cavity, deep, open; calyx, large, long segments;
basin, ribbed ; core, compact; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ;
" very good." Dec. to Feby.

Cannon Pearmain.

American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small,
roundish, often angular, yellow with dull red, and large yellow species ;
stem, lon.g curved ; cavity, shallow, russety ; calyx, small, closed ; basin,
furrowed; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly; "very good." Dec. to March

Cann.

American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun,
and near the stem ; flesh, white, sweet ; " very good." Oct. to Dec. Tree,
thrifty, spreading.

Campfield.

Newark Sweeting.

American. Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium,
roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull red in sun; flesh, white,
dry sweet ; valued for stock and cider.

Carolina Winter Queen.

American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed
with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety
South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruit, above medium, roundish
conical ; greenish yellow streaked and stained with red from the stem, a
little russet at stem, and few small faint dots; calyx, open, segments, re-
flexed; basin, round, medium ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep; core, medium;
seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; "best." Nov.,
Jany.

Cayuga Red Streak.

Twenty Ounce, I Twenty Ounce Apple,

Eighteen Ounce, | Gov. Seward,

Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneously.

From "Western New York. We adopt the name " Cayuga Red Streak,"
to prevent continued confusion with " Twenty ounce Pippin." Fruit,
iarge, roundish conical, dull yellowish green striped and marbled with
yellowish red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish
white, coarse, crisp ; sub-acid. Nov., Dec. Esteemed for cooking.

Cat Face.
Frcm Kentucky. Fruit, la»*e:e, conical, flattened at ends; greenish yel-

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 127

low, streaked with light and dark red ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep,
wide ; calyx, prominent ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, hght brown ;
flesh, white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst,
Ms.)

Clyde Beauty.

Mackie's Clyde Beauty.

From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical,
slightly ribbed ; pale, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red,
deep crimson in the sun; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx,
closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best."
October to December. Deserves more attention.

Cole.

Scarlet Perfume.

Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading,
hardy, an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium,
roundish, httle conical, bright red ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, medium,
partly closed ; flesh, white, juicy ; " very good." August.

Cooper.

Beauty Red, | Lady Washington,

Seek-no-further, of some erroneously.

An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in
1796 ; its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ;
hence we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright,
stout; branches at right angles; wood, reddish, "subject to canker;" a
good bearer, maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best
on rich limestone clay.

Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow with
stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep; stem, slender,
short; cavity, deep; flesh, yellowish, not fine grained, crisp, juicy;
" very good." September, but often keeps to November.

Cooper's Early White.

Grown in Ilhnois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive
and profitable. Fruit, medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with
faint blush, greenish tinge at stem ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ;
calyx, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp,
sprightly. September and October.

Cocklin's Favorite.

Small, roundish^ truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumber-
land Co. ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.)

Chief Good.

?ummum Bonum.

From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish,

128 THE APPLE.

flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes
of green ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, small, partly closed ;
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, open ;
seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A. H. Ernst,
Ms.)

Court-pendu-Plat.

Court-pendu,

Garnon's Apple,

Cour pendu, Rond Gros,

" " Musque,
Coriandra Rose,
■W'oUaion Pippin,

Capendu

Cour pendu, Extra,

" " Rouge Musque,
Potnme de Berlin,
Russian,
Princisse Noble Zoete.

Foreign. Tree, slender; early and proliSc bearer. Fruit, medium,
regular, flat ; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun ; stem, short; cavity,
deep; calyx, large; basin, wide, shallow; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly
little acid ; " Very good." November to February. -

Court of Wick.

Barlow,
Court de Wick,
Fry's Pippin,
Wood's Huntingdon,
Philip's Reinette,
Week's Pippin,

Court of Wick Pippin,
Rival Golden Pippin,
Golden Drop,
Transparent Pippin,
Kniffhlwick Pippin
YeUow.

Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit foi dessert,
this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy — suited to the North. Fruit,
small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened ; greenish yellow in shade, little
red and dotted with russet specks in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx,
with long wide spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds,
ovate ; flesh yellow, sharp, sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February.

Cumberland.

Cumberland Seedling.

From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed
valuable for market ; large, roundish, flattened ; flesh, white, sub-acid ;
"good;" new.

Cumberland Spice.

The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the "West as this variety. In
absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description :

" Rather large, varying from roundish-conical to long-conical, the taper-
ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded ; color, waxen yellow,
with a slight vermilion tinge near the base, and with black specks on
the surface ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long; cavity, wide, .
slightly russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, even; flesh, yellowish-white, break-
ing, rather light ; core, hollow ; flavor, mild sub-acid, wif.h a peculiar and
agreeable spiciness ; of good second-rate quality."

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 129

Cracking. '

•

" From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little
pruning." Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white; flesh, tender, juicy ;
"very good." October to January. (Dr. J. A. Warder's Notes.) New ;
highly esteemed where known.

Cat Pippin.

West's Spitzenberg, I Honemaker Pippin,
Haymaker, | Hommacher Apfel.

Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium to
large, greenish ; flesh, greenish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April.
New.

Darlington.

Darlinglon Russet.

Native of northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear smooth rug-
set ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh,
white ; hardly " very good." January to June.

Delight.

From R. Buchanan, Esq., Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish flat-
tened, slightly angular, yellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, ver-
milion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large,
bbort segments ; basin, round, slightly furrowed ; core, compact ; seeds,
6* •

180

THE APPLE.

ovate angular ; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet ; " very
good." New. February to May.

Detroit.

Red Detroit, | Black Detroit,
Crimson Pippin.

Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers.
Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark blackish crimson, dotted
and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin,
plaited ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, white, often stained with red to the
core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes
grown as the Black Apple.

Dillingham.

From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky, Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium,
round, regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep russeted ;
calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white,
fine grained, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" great bearer. October and
November.

Doctor.

Red Doctor, | De Witt.

Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in southern Ohio and Indiana,
producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat ;
yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots
of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds,
oblong, pyriform; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January.

DOMINE.

Origin uncertain Tree strong vigorous grower ; shoots, long, diverg-

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 131

mg ; early good bearer; profitabh orchard sort West ; succeeding finely
in most soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes
and splashes of bright red and large russet specks ; stem, long, slender,
inclining to one side ; cavity, wide ; calyx, small ; basin, broad ; core,
medium ; seeds, abundant, purplish brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ;
" very good." i^ovember to April.

Dutchess.

Dutchess of Oldenburgh.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, moderate bearer ;
valued for cooking. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light red
striped and splashed on yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; basin,
deep ; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September.

Emperor.

Dickson's Emperor.

From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed ; yellow,
with dashes of carmine red, and minute specks of straw color; dull red
cheek in sun; stem, short; calyx, large; basin, deep, irregular; core,
small ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; "very good." November to January.

Early Pennock.

Shakers' Yellow, , Aujjust Apple,
Indian Queen ? i New Jersey Red Streak?

Warren Tennock.

This is probably an old Eastern variety so changed by our Western
soils as not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or
Belmont Counties, Ohio, Trees, thrifty, hardy, early prolific bearers of
fruit, rather below second rate quality ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering to
the eye; greenish yellow, blotched and i^treaked with lively red ; stem,
long; cavity, deep, irregular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid.
August. Resembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen.

English Golden Russet.

Golden Rupset, of New York.
Foreign. Growth, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yellow;
stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December to
March.

English Sweeting.

Ramsdell's Sweeting, I Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet,
Ramdeii's Sweet, J Red Pumpkin Sweet,

Avery Sweeting.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, early prolific bearer; fruit, medium
to large, oblong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red
dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun; stem, short;
cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob; calyx, with short stiff seg-
ments; basin, round, regular; core, long ovate; seeds, imperfect; flesh.,
yellowish white, sweet ; " very good.' October to February.

132 THE APPLE.

ESTEN.

From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, oblong
ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stem
slender; cavity, deep; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, sub-acid. October.

EusTis.

Ben.

Native Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened ; red
and yellow striped or splashed; stem, slender, inclined one side; cavity,
deep, open ; calyx, closed : basin, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate angular ;
flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January.

Fall Jennetting.

Fall GenneUing.

Probably American. An old variety known to us in Connecticut when
a boy, although Mr. Hovey says, in 1847 — " New and very desirable."
Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, ribbed at base, narrowing to the eye, pale
greenish yellow, blush in sun, russety specks; stem, short; cavity, deep;
calyx, closed ; basin, round ; core, small; seeds, angular ; flesh, yellowish
white, tender, juicy ; '• very good." October and November. (Hov.
Mag.) There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from July
to September, which is sour and unworthy.

Foundling.

Funtling.

Native of Mass. " Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the
eye, yellowish green, with broken stripes pale red, greenish specks ; stem,
short, slender ; cavity, deep; calyx., closed ; basin, furrowed; core, me-
dium; seeds, small; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid.
August and September." (Hov. Mag.)

Fall Queen.

Horse Apple, I Red Gloria Mundi ?
Oldfield, j Fall Beauty.

Origin unknown. Valued -highly South and West for cooking. Fruit,
medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular, greenish yellow to
orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem ; stem, short ; cavity, shal-
low; basin, narrow ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, yellow, coarse, acid. Last
July.

Fall Harvey.

Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened,
greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep;
flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy ; " very good." October and November,

Favorite.
From Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yel-

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 133

low, striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots ; stem, short •
cav'.ty, deep; calyx, small ; basin, medium, regular; core, medium ; seeds,
long ovate; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid; not quite " very good."
November to January,

Father Abraham.

From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's
description: " Small, flat, red. little yellow, spots and blotches of darker
red; texture, thin, tender; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun,
juicy, agreeable. Early winter. Keeps till April."

Ferdinand.

Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright; fruit,
large, oblate, irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick ; calyx, open ;
basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New.
(Wm. Sumner in Hort.)

Fleiner.

Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright; fruit, medium, oblong,
lemon yellow, red cheek; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; "good." Sep-
tember and October. Productiveness its chief merit.

Franklin Golden Pippin.

J. ree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer; fruit, medium, roundish
ovate, conical, pale light greeni-^h yellow, interlined with fine whitish net
work, few russet dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed;
basin, narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juicy ; " very good," October!

French's Sweet.

The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass, Large, round
ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly
perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ripe October and November, and will keep° till
January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. Y. French Ms.)

Fronclin.

"Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer ; fruit,
medium, regular, round ; bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. New.
(Pom. Trans.)

Flushing Spitzenberg. /

American, Tree, vigorous, sti-ong brown shoots ; fruit, medium, roundish,
slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish red'j
russet dots, with suffused fawn sdiade surrounding ; stem, slender ; cavity,
narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shalf )w ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, tinned

134

THE APPLE.

yellow, juicy, crisp, mild, nearly sweet; "very good."
February.

November to

Fulton.

Native of Canton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36 1-2
inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across
top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium,
roundish flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, httle russet in stem
cavity, small dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, short seg-
ments ; basin, rather deep ; core, small ; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white,
tender, juicy, mild sub-acid ; '' very good." November and December.

Gabriel.

Ladies Blush.

The origin of this variety is uncertam. It will most likely yet prove
identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under
medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers ; fruit,
medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with
pale red ; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow

i

W

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

135

core, medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ;
" best." October and November.

Garretson's Early.

John Garretson's Early.

Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun-
dant bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; pale green, becoming
yellowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx,
closed; basin, ribbed ; core, large; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, crisp, ten-
der, sub-acid ; " very good.'' August.

George.

From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer ; fruit, me-
dium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks,
oft quite russety ;• calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, firm,
juicy, mild acid. July.

Gilpin.

Carthouse, | Romanite of the West.

From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it
more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex,
deep red and yellow; stem, varying; cavity deep ; calyx, closed; basin,
Bometimes furrowed : core, medium ; seeds, ovate; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy,
will keep a year.

From Wallingford, Conn,
tender, juicy ; " very good."

Giles.

Fruit, medium, conical, dark red ; flesh,
October and November.

136

THE APPLE.

Gray Vandervere.

Windower,
Great Vandervere,
White Vande%Tere,

Indian Apple,
Betsey's F^incy,
Vandervere Pippin, of same.

A preat bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere
)r. Warder says, this is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and
isteemed highly for cooking. Fruit, medium or slightly above, round
lattened ; skin, rough, uneven, mostly a dull red, with gray bloom, smal)
pecks of russet, a httle bronze at the stem ; stem, long ; cavity, open ;
ialyx, with short -segments ; basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh
yellowish, breaking, moderately juicy. December to Alarch.

Granny Earle.

Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh
vhite, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. Mag.)

Granniwinkle.

Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed
)nly for cider. Fruit, medium, roundish, oblong, dark red ; flesh, yellow-
sh, sweet. October and November. ,

Gully.

From Lancaster co.. Pa. Fruit, small to medium, white with blush
iheek; flesh, white, juicy. New. {Pom. Trans.)

/OR AMATEUR CULTURE. 137

Green Seek-no-further,

Seek-no-further of Ck)xe, | Bracy's Seek -no-further.

Growth, vigorous, upright ; fruit, large, roundish conical, greenish yel-
low, with dark specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, slightly
ribbed ; flesh, white, little coarse, mild sub-acid. November to January.

Hagloe.

Summer Hagloe.

Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots, valued for cooking,
often fine for dessert; fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on
yellow ; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small ovate
cider fruit.

Harrison.

Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until
March, it becomes "very good" for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very
productive ; fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate, yellow, with black
specks, light suffused shade around; stem, one inch; cavity, wide ; calyx,
closed ; basin, shallow furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core,
large ; seeds, long ovate. November to March. It is from this variety,
mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark
cider is made.

Hartford Sweeting.

Spencer SAveoting, | Cliamp Sweeting.

Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive ; fruit,
large, roundish flattened ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ;
cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ;
*' very good." December to March.

Haskell Sweet.

Sassafras Sweet.

Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture;
fruit, large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun; stem and
cavity. "medium; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet; almost
** best." October.

Hawley.

Douse, I Dow's.

Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger
and ripens earher, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils,
otherwise it would take first class. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened,
conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few brown dots; stem, slender;
cavity, wide; calyx, small, partly closed; basin, medium, slightly plaited ;
flesh, yellowish white tender, juicy, sub-acid. October, sometimes in
September.

138

THE APPLE.

Hector

From Chester county, Pa. Large, oV.ong, conical striped and mottled
with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender ; deep, open russeted cavity ;
basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp ; texture, fine ; " very good,"
(W. D. B.)

Helen's Favorite..

From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light
spots; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, small; core, compact;
seeds, small; flesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy ; "very good."
January and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)

Herman.

From Cumberland co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong,
red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy ; "very good."
December to April (Pom. Trans.)

Holland Pippin.

Reinette d' Holland,
Summer Pippin,

Pie Apple,

French Pippin, of tome.

Tree resembles Fall Pippin, wiili which it is often confouuded, but from
which it is distinct. It is esteemed lor cooking, tor which it is fitted

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 189

in August, but we think surpassed by Gravenstein. We refer for descrip-
tion to Fall Pippin, with this difference, more regular round, stem shorter,
cavity not as deep, more broad and open, calyx smaller, and basin not as
wide.

Housum's Red.

From Berks county, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides, skin
red in stripes, yellow at base; stem, short, thick; cavity, narrow, not
deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited ; flesh, fine tex-
ture, tender, with dehghtful aroma; "very good" at least. October to
February. (W. D. B.)

High Top Sweet.

Summer Sweet, of Ohio, | Sweet June, of Llmois.

From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive ; fruit, medium,
roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots ; stem, slender ;
calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very good."
Last of July.

Hunter.

From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish, conical, striped and
splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx,
small; basin, deep; flesh, white tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy.
October.

Jabez Sweet.

From M^.ddletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green,
dull red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.)

Jefferson.

Tree, good habit, spreading, much grown and esteemed in some parts
of Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after
laying in a warehouse during winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium
to large, roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ;
cavity, moderate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, com-
pact; seeds, Hght brown; flesh, yellowish white, tender, iuicv, sub-acid:
almost " best." October to March.

Jefferis.

From Chester co.. Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant,
abundant bearer ; fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and stained
with red, becoming dark in sun, dotted with white spots and russet at
stem ; stem, half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, degp ; calyx, nearly closed,
woolly ; basm, deep, regular ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; " best "
September and October. New.

Jersey Pippin.
Fore'gn. Fruit, medium, round, oblong, conical, flattened, pale yellow-

140

THE APPLE.

ish green, faint stripes red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx,
rather large ; basin^ shallow ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; flesh, greenish
yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February.
New.

Jenkins.

Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate ;
red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground ;
stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx,
closed ; basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seed, grayish
brown, acute-ovate ; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy ; flavor,
agreeably saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic ; " very good,"
if not "best." The Jenkins is one of those delicious Httle apples pecul-
iarly fitted for the table at evening entertainments. (W. D. h.)

Jewett's Red.

Jewett'8 Fine Red, | Nodhead.

Tree, slow, rather slender diverging growth ; fruit unfair while young ;
best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to
succeed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the
eye. sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped
with red, numerous white dots; stem, varying; cavity, narrow ; calyx,
small, partially closed ; basin, shallow, Avrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds,
ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, tender, mild aromatic
Bub-acid; ''best." November to February.

FOB AMATEUR CULTURE.

141

Kaighn's Spitzenberg.

Red Spitzenberg,

Red Pearmain,

Red Winter Pearmain,

Long Pearmain,

Lady Finger, ) ,

Scarlet Pearmain, \ erroneously,

Ohio "Wine,
Long John,
Red Pippin,
Red Phcenix,
Sheepnose, of some,
Russam.

This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good

qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it,
as the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom.
Meeting, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name
Spitzenier^r, was derived from a mountain '• berg." Fruit, large, oblong
rounded ; yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about
even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, small; basin,
slightly furrowed; core, small; seeds, irregular in form' flesh, yellowish,
^ — c^ ^,.„ . a„^^/i " November and December. Often crrr^-arr, in

coarse, dry; "good
;MichiG:an as Red Belleflower

grown m

Keswick Codlin.
Foreign. Very ^ roductive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited

y

142 THE APPLE.

to Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate
conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one
or two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ;
calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed imperceptible ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ;
flesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid. September and October.

KiNGSLEY.

From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse
early bearer; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed
with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx; stem, slender; calyx,
small, closed; basin, shallow; core, medium, open; seeds, small, dark
brown ; flesh, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." November to July.
(H. Wendell in Pom. Trans.)

King Apple.

There are two distinct fruits under this name, one grown in Western
N. Y., and one in Mason Co., Ky.

The first is as follows: Fruir, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed,
pale yellow ground, mostly covered with two shades of red; striped and
splashed, brown dots, and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout,
thick ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin,
abrupt, slight furrows, and projecting ribs surrounding ; flesh, yellowish,
crisp, juicy, sub-acid November and December.

The second is : Fruit, yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with dull
red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to the
Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base ; calyx, small ; basin
shallow ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, me-
dium ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February.

Lancaster.

Lancaster Greening.

From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive ; fruit
medium, roundish conical, gr-eenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches
stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; flesh, greenish vhite, juicy, sub-
acid ; valued for keeping till April

Lecker.

Laquier, | Lacker.

From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium,
roundish oblate ; skin, striped with crimson on a paler red, with numer-
ous large dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted,
narrow, rather deep; basin, wide, deep, plaited; core, small; seed, dark
cinnamon, short, plump ; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy
»' good" at least. December to March. (W. D. B.)

rOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 143

Lake.

Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, abundant bearer,
fruit hangs well ; fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yellow, mostly
overspread and striped with deep lake re 1, many dots ; cavity, deep ;
calyx, closed; basin, open; core, medium; seeds, plump; flesh, yellow,
tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good.'' October.

Late Queen.

Brown's Late Queen.

American Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on
yellow, bluish tinge at stem end, and many large russet dots ; calyx,
closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ; stem, medium ; cavity,
deep; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub- acid ; " very good." September
and October.

Leland Spice.

Leland Pippin, | New York Spice.

From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green-
ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half
inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ;
" best," October to December. Deserves more attention than yet
Received.

Ledge Sweet.

From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer; fruit, large,
roundish flattened; yellowish green, tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus-
set specks ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed ;
basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white,
fine, juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.)

, Limber Twig.

James River.

A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree^
hardy, productive; fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light
yellow, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and
occasional patch of russet- stem, long, slender: cavity, open, fiinnf^l
shape, russeted ; calyx, lather small; basin, irregular, round: core, large,

144

THE APPLE.

hollovy; seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid; "very
good." Keeps to May.

For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c.

*

LowRE Queen.

Loure Queen.

Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ;
somewhat resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened,
oft, angular ; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular
dots, or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, sionder; cavity, regu-
lar, deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly
furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy
" very good." November to February.

Loudon Pippin.

Tree, productive, most grown in Northern Virginia ; fruit, large, round-
ish conical; greenish yellow ; st^m, short; calyx, large; flesh, greenish;
white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples
should be.

Long Stem.

Below medium, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; skin, red in faint
stripes, with a number of grey russet dots ; stem, long ; cavity, me-

FOR AAiATECK CULTURE. 145

dium, acuminate; basin, small, shallow, plaited; flesh, greenish white,
tender ; agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenburg aroma ; quahty,
" very good." (W. D. B.)

This is distinct from the " Long Stem" of Cole, which is large, round-
ish, pale yellow, brown in sun ; calyx, large ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh,
white, juicy, aromatic. SftDtember and October. A native of Mass.

LoRiNG Sweeting.

Loring Sweet.

Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow, tinged wiih
pale red in sun, brownish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx,
medium, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yel-
lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet; "very good" November to
January.

Lyscom.

Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite.

From Mass. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow, broken stripes, and
splashes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small; basin, plaited ;
flesh, fine grained, mild sub-acid. September to November.

Margaret.

Early Red Margaret, I Red Jun eating.

RedC"''}"/-^-*.

Striped Juneating
Early Bed Juneating,

June, of some in Ohio. | Eve Apple, of the Irish,
Margaretha Apiel, of Germans.

This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry; oftener grown as
Red Juneating. Tree, a regular moderate bearer, upright downy shoots.
Fruit, medium or below, roundish, oblong conical ; green in shade, dark
crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ;
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender ; " very good." July.

Manomet.

Manomet Sweet, | Horseblock.

From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, vigorous, good bearer; fruit, medium,
roundish ; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and
trace of russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx,
large, closed, long segments ; basin, shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, me-
dium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet ; " very good." Au-
gust and September.

Major.

Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ;
red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side ; stem, variable in
length, of medium thickness; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin,
uneven, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp ; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac-
charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which,
however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.)
7

146

THE APPLE.

Marston's Red Winter.

From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, round-
ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun, russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ;
cavity, deep ; calyx, partly open ; basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds
dark brown ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy ; " very good." Jan, to
April

Melvin Sweet.

From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green ;
striped with pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February.
(Hov. Mag.)

Marks.

From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering
Slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few
russet dots, nearly covered with a faint orange blush; stem, half inch
long; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate; calyx, small, closed; basin,
narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted ; seed, j^ellowish gray ; flesh, whi-
tish, tender, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed ; quality, " very
good," if not " best." (W. D. B.)

Male Carle.

Mela Carla, I Pomme de Charlea,

Mela de Carlo, | Pomme Finale,
Charles Apple.

FOR AMATEUK CULTURE. l47

Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil
is rich and summers Ions;, this is one of the very finest apples, and should
always have a place. North it does not answer. Fruit, medium, o-lobu-
lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxeny lemon yellow, with distinct
brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by
patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem
slender ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core^
small ; seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose per-
fume ; " best." October to January

Mouse.

Moose.

From Ulster Co., N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; pale greenish
yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ;
flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than " very good."
December to March.

Monarch.

A fruit considerably grown West ; will yet probably prove identical
with some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ;
rich dark red over a hghter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, shghtly tinged with red, tender,
perfumed ; " good." October.

Monk's Favorite.

From Randolph Co., Indiana. Tree, very thrifty, rapid growth, annual
bearer ; fruit, large, roundish flattened, shghtly angular ; yellow, mottled,
striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots ; stem, short ; cavity,
open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow-
ish white, sub-acid, tender; "very good." December to June.

McLellan.

Martin.

From Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive
bearers ; fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled
with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, round ; calyx, nearly closed ;
basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white,
fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; nearly " best." December to March.

Mother.

From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate grc wth, annual bearer ;
fruit, large, roundish ovate ; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and
striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx,
small, nearly closed ; basin, plaited ; flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub-
acid; "very good." October to January.

Minister.

From Massachusetts. Tree, productive; fruit, large, obloncr conical,
ribbed ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ;

148

THE APPLE.

basin, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy ; " good;"' showy.
October to December.

Musk Spice. •

Fruit, small, roundish flattened; yellowish, bright clear red cheek , stein,
long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed :
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." October.

MuNSON Sweeting.

From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark colored, short
jointed shoots, good bearer ; fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ;
pale yellow, blush in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry,
sweet ; " very good." October to December.

Mifflin King.

From MifQin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong; red on yellow ; flesh, tender,
juicy, sub-acid; "best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.)

Myer's Nonpareil.

From Massillon, 0. Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact
head; an annual bearer of fruit Oniform in size; fruit, large, roundish
flattened ; red and yelloAV marbled and splashed ; stem, medium ; cavity,
regular ; calyx, partially open ; basin, not deep : flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, sub -acid; "best." October to December. New.

FOR AMATBUR CULTURE. 149

Newark Pippin.

French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin.

Tree, crooked, irregular growth ; fruit, large, roundish, oblong ; greenish
to clear yellow, small black dots ; cavity and basin, deep ; flesh, yellow,
tender, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February.

Neversink.

From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish ; exterior of an
exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots,
and a deUcately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short
and rather stout ; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin,
deep, rather wide, farrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate ; flesh,
yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much
shriveled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple ; " quality, " very
good." (W. D. B.)

Northern Sweet. r

Northern Golden Sweet.

From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer ;
fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich
yellow, often carmine red cheek ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, slightly
furrowed; stem, rather stout, swollen at base; cavity, shallow; flesh,
white, tender, sweet ; nearly " best." November.

Orange.

Fall Orange.

From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots ; early and
productive bearer ; fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem,
short; cavity, deep; calyx, closed; basin, slightly plaited; core, small;
flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid • best when fresh from
tree. October to December.

Orndorf.

From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular ; lemon
yellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red; stem,
slender ; cavity and basin, deep ; calyx, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ;
flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; nearly " best." October
and November.

Orne's Early.

Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with
thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy.
September. (Thomas.)

Old Town Crab.

Spice Apple, of Va.

Growth, strong, compact; fruit, small; greenish yellow, brown specks;
flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.)

150

THE APPLE.

Osborn's Sweet.

Osborn's Fall Sweet.

Fruit, large^ roundish lemon yellow, with specks; flesh, yellow, crisj\
tender, sweet. Octobei,

Overman's Sweet.

From Fulton Co., Ill Fruit, medium, conical ; pale yellow, striped with
red ; cavity, narrow, deep , calyx, closed ; basin, obscure ; flesh, white,
firm, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" baking. October and November.

Osceola.

From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat ; yellow, striped with red,
^dotted with dark spots ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, juicy,
^ub-acid. Keeps till May. Ho v. Mag.)

Paradise Winter Sweet.

Honey Sweet, of some.

From CoHmbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, large, roundish flat-
tened ; dull green, with a pale brownish blush ; stem, short ; cavity,
rather deep ; calyx, medium ; basin, not deep ; core, medium ; seeds^
ovate pyriform; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; " very good.'
November to March.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

151

Paragon.

Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends; pale yellow, faint
blush ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; basin, deep,
slightly ribbed; core, medium; capsules, open; seeds, ovate pointed;
flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to
February.

Peach Pond Sweet.

From Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; annual
moderate bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish ; pale red, marbled and striped
on yellow ; stem, slender ; ca'\iity, open, slightly russeted ; calyx, with
segments in divisions ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pyriform ;
flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet; very good." October.

People's Choice.

A small red apple, with peculiar markings; quality, "very good;'*
native of Chester County, Pa. (W. D. B.)

Pfeiffer.

•

From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish ;
sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded
parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground,
on the side exposed to the sun; stem, slender; narrow cavity ; calyx,
rather large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. (W. D. B,^

152

THE APPLE.

PiCKMAN.

Pickman Pippin.

From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish ; yellow, with scattered
shades of russet and small russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ;
calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, center somewhat hollow ; seeds,
light brown ; Besh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid ; valued for cooking.
January to April.

Pine Apple Russet.

Hardingham's Russet.

Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over-
spread with thin russet ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, plaited ;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November.

Pumpkin Sweet.

Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, | Yankee Apple.

An old Connecticut fruit, only valued for baking. In wet soils or heavy
clay, liable to be water-cored. We suspect the Pound Sweeting to be the
same; bears regularly, and evenly d.stributed. Fruit, large, roundish,
ribbed at base ; yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks : stem, short ;
cavity, deep greenish, russeted ; calyx, small; basin, irregular; flesh
white, tender, sweet; " good." September to November.

Pumpkin Russet.

Sweet Russot, 1 York Russet,
Flint Russet.

Fruit, large ; roundish ; yellowi.«h, green , thinly russeted ; stem, long

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

163

cavity wide, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, dry, sweet ; " good." Septem-
ber to December.

Primate.

Rough and Ready.

A variety lately come into favorable notice in Central New York. tJiat
may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. Fruit, medium,
roundish, tapering to the eye; pale yellow; occasionally, blush red
cheek ; calyx, closed ; basin deep ; stem varying ; cavity rather narrow ;
core, with open seed capsules ; seeds, pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white ,
very tender, dehcate, juicy-mild sub-acid ; " best." September and
October.

Progress.

From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large ; yellow,
specked with greenish russet, blush in sun ; conical ; flesh, tender ; keeps
till Spring. (Hov. Mag.)

Quince.

C!ole's Quince.

From New York. Originally described by Coxe. Great bearer; should
be better known. Fruit, medium ; roundish ovate, with ridges ; pale
yellow, occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line
or ridge from stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long
segments ; basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad
concentric lines ; seeds, short, ovate, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, a:omatic perfume, sub-acid; "very good." December to
March.

7*

154

THE APPLE.
Ragan.

From Fulton County, 111. New. Fruit, large, roundish; pale yellow,
overspread^ striped and marbled with light red, an occasional russet
patch ; stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small,
nearly closed; basin, open, deep, slightly plaited; core, small; seeds,
abundant; flesh, white crisp, httle coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises
valuable as an early winter market variety.

Randel's Best.

Randal Bert.

Fruit, medium, globular slightly flattened; greenish yellow, mostly
striped and overspread with dark red ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; basin,
shallow; core, compact; seeds, brown; flesh, white, tender, smooth-
grained, sweet. November to February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)

Raritan Sweet.

From New Jersey. Tree, productive, valued for baking and stock.
Fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; dull yellow tinged with red in sun, irregu-
larly scattered brownish red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, little
russeted ; calyx, with bold stiff segments ; basin, deep, irregular, slightly
wrinkled; core, medium; seeds, ovate, pointed; flesh, white, tender,
sweet. 0/^tober, November.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 155

Red Quarrenden.

Devonshire Quarrenden, | Sack Apple.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; clear deep red, with
specks of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base •
calyx, large, half closed; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed; flesh, white, ten-
der, sut -acid ; "very good." Aug.

Red Sweet.

Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer ; fruit uni-
formly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cooking.
Fruit, medium, round, flattened ; yellow, overspread and striped with lively
red; stem, short; basin, deep; calyx, with stiff closed segments; core
and seeds, small; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet. Nov.
to Feb.

Republican Pippin.

From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West.
A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread-
ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, mottled and
striped with red, few large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ;
calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, sinall ; seeds, brown; flesh, yellowish
white, tender, sub-acid. Sept. to Oct.

RiBSTON Pippin.

Glory of York, | Travers,

Formosa Pippin.

Foreign. Valued in Northern sections, not esteemed South or Central.
Fruit, medium, roundish ; greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in
sun; stem, slender; calyx, small, closed; basin, open; core, small; seeds,
flattened ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. Nov. to
Feb.

Roman Stem.

French Pippin, of some.

From New Jersey. Shoots slender, diverging ; succeeds finely on the
dry prairies, and on all rich limestone soils ; productive. Fi'uit, mediuri),
roundish oblong; whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patcli-
es of blackish russet, unless well grown; stem, with a fleshy knob one
side ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin narrow ; core, open,
long ovate; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ;
" very good." Nov. to Feb.

Ross Nonpareil.

Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish ; dull red,
blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet;
Stem, slender ; calyx, medium ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aro-
matic ; " very good," nearly " best." Oct. to Nov.

156

THE APPLE.

Selma.

From Clark Co., 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, flattened ; yel-
low, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in
sun; stem, long; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep,
abrupt ; core, medium ; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish
white, breaking, mild sub-acid; " very good." Nov. to Dec.

Seever.

Seevers' Red Streak.

From Coshocton Co., O. Fruit, medium, globular ; lemon yellow,
striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg-
ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh,
yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; "best," Oct. to Nov.

SCHOONMAKER.

School mocker.

Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish
flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun ; skin,
little rough ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin,
open ; core, small, compact ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk, sub-acid ;
" very good." Jan. to March.

Scollop Gilliflower

This is entirely distinct from Red Gilliflower, with which it has been con-

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 157

founded. It requires rich, strong soil ; is largely grown, and much
esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium to large, roundish con-
ical, flattened at base, tapering toward the eye, sometimes angular, always
much ribbed or scolloped ; light yellow, striped and splashed with shades
of hght and dark red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted, ir-
regular; calyx, with long segments; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed ; core,
large, hollow; seeds, ovate, rounded; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender,
juicy, slight tinge of sweet, Nov, to Feb.

Siberian Crab.

The Pyrus baccaia of botanists. There are a number of varieties, as,
Ked, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double
White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for
preserving, or grown for ornament.

SI^r QUA-NON.

From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit,
medium, roundish; greenish yellow; stem, slender; calyx, closed; flesh,
greenish white, tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid. Aug.

Scarlet Pearmain.

Beir» Scarlet Pearmain, | Oxford Peach.

Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils. Fruit, medium,
conical ; red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp,
juicy, sub-acid ; " good." Sep. to Oct.

Smith's Cider.

Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; bright red
and yellow, mostly red ; stem, varying ; cavity, regular ; calyx, half closed,
long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid; " very good ;" varies much
in soils. Nov. to Dec.

Sops of Wine.

Sops in Wine, | Sapson,

Forei"-n. Tree, vigorous, early bearer, esteemed for its peculiar pmK
flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ; light
red. nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks yellowish iu
shade with yellow specks, whitish bloom ; stem, short, slender ; calyx ;
with broad segments; basin, shallow, shghtly furrowed; core and seeds,
medium ; flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild sub-acid ; " very
good." Aug. to Sep.

Sponge.

Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches
and stripes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin,
open ; core, large, open ; flesh, white tender, juicy, sub-acid ; very good."
October.

158 ' THE APPLE.

Spring Pippin.

Springport Pippin.

Tree, unproductive, upright, thrifty Fruit, above medium, roundish ;
yellowish green, vfith few scattered minute dots; calyx, closed; stem,
short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. Dec. to May.

Stanard.

Stanard's Seedling.

From Erie Co., K Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish ; yellow,
overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed; basin, rib-
bed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy,
acid; not quite "very good." I^Jov. to Feb.

St. Lawrence.

Montreal.

From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened ; pale yellow, striped
and splashed with red and deep crimson ; stem, short; cavity, open, deep ;
calyx, closed ; basin, shghtly furrowed ; core, large ; seeds, small ; flesh,
white, fine grained, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." Sept.
to Oct

Stroat.

Straat.

The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have
grown. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; yellowish green ; stem,
short ; cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, yellow, tender, brisk sub-acid.
Sep. to Nov.

Striped Pearmain.

Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter.

Grown in Ky., from w^hence we have received fruit. We copy descrip-
tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular,
slightly flattened ; yellow striped and blended with two shades of red ;
calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; core, open ;
seeds, large ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Dec. to Feb.

Summer Sweet Paradise.

From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading
shoots. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong, flattened at ends ; pale green, yellow
in sun, dark russet marblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep,
oft russeted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ;
core, small; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy,
Bweet ; " very good." Sep.

Summer Queen.

Lancaster Queen.

Extensively grown, profitable in some sections of Ohio; in Michigan

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 159

the reverse. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the
eye; yellow, stripedand splashed with purpUsh red ; stem, medium; cav-
ity, narrow; calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed ; Hesh, white, sometimes
a pink tinge, juicy, sub-acid ; '• very good." Aug. to Sep.

SUMMSR BeLLFLOWER.

Summer Belle-fleur.

From Dutchess County, New York. Tree, strong, upright growth,
spreading head, early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish ob-
long, slightly conical, two or three obscure ribs ; clear yellow, few green-
ish dots, faint orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base; cavity, shallow;
calyx, closed, small reflexed segments; basin, five sided; core, medium,
hollow; small seeds; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, sub-acid; "best."
New. August, September. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower
grown in Ohio, which we have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit,
distinct from above.

Sugar Sweet.

This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium ; ovate ; dull yel-
lowish, inclining to a russet ; abundant bearer ; ripe, September, October ;
a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.)

Sweet Bellflower,

Butter, of some.

There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name.
We append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at
base, slightly ribbed ; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light
and dark specks ; calyx, closed ; basin, ribbed ; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, deep ; core, open ; seeds, small ; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking,
juicy, slightly sub-acid. October, November.

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandoit County. — Fi ut, large, globular,
slightly conical ; light yellow, dark cloudy flakes and reddish
specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal-
low; core, small, compact; seeds, small; flesh, white, tender, sweet.
November, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely
resembles this, and may prove identical.

Sweet Pippin.

Moore's Sweeting, | Red Sweet Pippin, 0/ Indiana,

Pound Sweet, of some West.

Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened ; yellow striped and mostly
covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ;
basin, broad; core, small; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking
December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South
Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet.
Early Winter.

160 THE APPLE.

Sweet Wines Ar.

From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin,
greenish yellow with blotches of dark green ; calyx, medium ; basin,
open ; stem, short ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white tender^
mild sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December.

Spice Russet.

Sweet Russet, of some erroneously.

Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; light yellow russet, numerous
small fine dots ; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen-
der ; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; basin, shallow; core, large, some-
what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine
grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic; "very good." December to
March.

Tewksbury Blush.

Tewksbury Winter Blush, | Fink's Seedling.

From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very pro-
ductive, always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened ;
yellowish green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ;
stem, slender ; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light
brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to
August.

TOWNSEND.

From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderate spreading growth, abundant early
bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ; pale yellow, overspread and streaked
with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots rough,
blue bloom; stem, slender; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed, segments narrow
in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ^;
flesh, yellowish white, breaking, rather dry, sub-acid ; " very good."
September.

Trumbull Sweeting.

, Fenton Sweeting.

From Trumbull County, Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flat-
tened ; pale yellow, slight blush and red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ;
calyx, large; basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet; "very
good." September to November.

Virginia Greening.

Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at e^'ids, slightly angular; dull green-
ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green
circb suffused around them; stem, medium; cavity, acuminate; calyx,
large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish
white, mild sub-acid ; not quite "very good." December to March. Es-
teemed at the South as a keeper.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 161

Waddel's Hall.

Another Southern rarity. Fruit, medium, oblong; dull greenish yel-
low striped with red; flesh, whitish, sub-acid; great keeper.

Walworth.

Tcrinoni, | Large Golden Pippin.

From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; clear yellow, bright
red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks; stem, short, slender;
calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed; core, large, open; seeds, plump;
flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.)
We suspect this an old variety under a new name.

Walpole.

From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish tapering to the eye ; yellow
with bright red stripes, deepest in sun and yellowish specks; stem, short;
cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly ridged ; core, large, open ;
seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk sub-
acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following description of
the Sparhawk is from B. Y. French, Esq. We suspect the two identical.
The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. H., and is known in the family
of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found as the " Gall " Apple. It
was introduced to our Society by A. De Copen, of Dorchester, and the
Society gave it the name of Sparhawk. It is a large Apple ; oblate ; skin
smooth and glossy ; color, yellowish ground, striped with red ; abundant
bearer ; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable appearance ;
flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid ; highly desirable for cooking, and is
ripe September, October, but will keep longer ; it will class well with the
20 oz. Pippin.

Wells' Sweeting.

From IsTewburgh, N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium,
roundish ; dull light green, brownish red cheek ; stem, slender ; calyx,
small; basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy sweet; "very good."
Nov. to Jan.

Wells.

Ho^an, I Striped R. I. Greening,

English Winter Red Streak, o/sanw, j Well Apple.

An old variety, probably originally from Maryland, It is much grown
in Central and Southern Ohio, as Wells ; hence we give the name. It is
only good on strong clay soil. Fruit, large, roundish, narrowing to the
eye ; yellowish green, streaked and blotched with red; calyx, closed;
tasin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; "very
good." Nov. to March, The trees grow vigorously, spreading tops, slan-
der branches, bear abundantly every year. There is also a '■ Cook's Well
-^PP^" gi'own in Indiana, that originated in Ohio. It is a great and
regular bearer, small size, largest at blossom e-id ; stem, slender ; fles'n,
" good ;" keeps well.

162 THE APPLE.

Western Spy.

From Soutnern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit,
large, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with red, becoming bril-
liant on sunny side, small white specks ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ;
calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ;
" very good." Dec. to March.

White Sweeting.

Wetherill's White Sweeting.

From New Jersey. Tree, vigorous \ productive on light soils. Fruit,
large, roundish oblong ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, white, sweet,
valued for baking and for stock. Sep.

Whitewater Sweet.

From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round ; bright yellow, with dark
spots; stem, short; calyx, slightly sunk; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy,
sweet; keeps till May. (Ho v. Mag.)

White Seek-no-further.

Pomme Royal, of some, | Pound Royal,
Flushing Seek-no-further.

From Long Island. Tree, healthy, not strong grower ; abundant, not
regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven
or waived surface ; yellowish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small
brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ;
stem, slender ; cavity, irregular, acuminate ; basin, broad, abrupt, furrow-
ed; core, open; flesh, fine grained, very juicy, tender, sub-acid; ''best."
Nov. to Feb.

White Juneating.

Juneating, I Owens' Golden Beauty,
Caroline, | Early May,
Carolina, of some.

Foreign. Its early maturity, its chief merit. Tree, fair, upright
growth, moderately productive. Fruit, small ; pale green, marbled slightly
with a darker shade, small russet dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ;
calyx, closed ; broad basin; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy,
Bub-acid. Last of June, early July. ,

White Spanish Reinette.

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne, I D'Espagne,

De Ratteau, | Concombre Ancien.

Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish
oblong, sometimes ribbed; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular; stem,
half inch long; cavity, even ; color, j'^ellovvish green; flesh, yellowish
white, crisp, sharp sub-acid; valued for cooking. Nov, to Feb.

FOR AMATE'^'i CULTURE.

163

Wb*» i Rambo.

Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit,
Vrge, roundish, flattened at ends ; skin, rough, yellow, russet dots and
ipots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavity, broad,
jpen ; calyx, large, segments, in divisions ; basin, large, open, deep ; core,
small ; seeds, round ovate, plump ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, break-
ing, mild sub-a'^d ; " very good." Nov. to Feb.

Winter Harvey.

Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed ; pale yellow ; stem, short; flesh,
yellowish, firm, tender, juicy. Dec. to April. (Hov. Mag.)

Williams.

William's Favorite, j Williams* Red,

Williams' Favorite Red, ( Williams' Early Red,
Williams' Early.

From Mass. Tree, medium growth ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit,
medium to large, oblong ; fine clear red, very dark in sun ; calyx, closed ;
basin, narrow; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish white, tender; "very
^ood." Aug.

164

THE APPLE.

Willow.

Willow Twig ? I Willow Leaf?

Under these names we have examined specimens, and although there is
a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from varied location
and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for or-
charding on rich bottom lands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper,
and valuable for Southern exportation. Fruit, above medium to large,
roundish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed or mottled with light and dark
red; calyx and basin, medium; stem, generally short, slender; cavity,
roundish acuminate ; core, rather small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh,
yellowish, rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid; not quite "very good."
i)ec. to May.

William Penn.

A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Rather large, roundish oblate,
slightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red
on a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre
of which, is a minute russet dot ; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes
fleshy, inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes
wide and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed ; flesh,
greenish yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, " very
good," if not "best;" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W
D. B.)

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

165

WiNSLOW

From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded
towards calyx ; dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near
-calyx, light brown specks, and dark flakes ; calyx, open, segments, short;
basin, expanded ; stem, short, slender ; cavit}*^, narrow, rather deep ;
core, small, compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, sub-acid. Fall and early winter. (A. H. Ernst's, Ms.)

Wing Sweeting.

Fruit, small, round, flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on
light yellow; calyx, small, closed; basin, broad, deep; stem, long; cavity,
narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet,
productive. Winter.

Winter Pearmaen.

This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain.
Fruit, medium, oblong ovate; dull red on greenish yellow; stem, slender;
cavity, narrow ; basin, small; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender,
Bub-acid ; not quite '' very good." December to March.

Yost.
Rather large, roundish, oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled

166 THE APPLE.

with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide deep cavity ; flesh,
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor ; " very good' quality. (W. D. B.)

• Yacht.

Medium, roundish ; striped with red of various hues on yellowish
ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very
shallow, plaited ; flesh, fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; " very good."
(W. D. B.)

York Imperial.

Johnson's Fine Winter.

From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun-
cated-oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to
present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the
sunny side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ;
cavity, wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep,
wide, plaited basin ; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy ; flavor,
pleasant and agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least '■'■good^ to many tastes
''very good." (W. D. B.)

CLASS III. — Unworthy of Cultivation,

Alfriston.

Foreign ; large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun, flesh crisp, acid ; October,
December.

American Pippin.

Gnnastone, | Green Everlasting.

Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red, flesh white, firm,
acid ; January to June.

Augustine.

American ; large, conical, red striped on yellow,'flesh sweet, dry ; August

^ Aurora.

Dunlap's Aurora.

American ; large, red striped on yellow, roundish ovate, flesh yellowish, sub-
acid ; early winter.

AurUMN ROMANITE.

American ; medium, round, red, flesh yellow ; September

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 167

Barr.

Bars.

American ; medium, roundish, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh
greenish white, poor.

Barnhilt.

American ; small, conical, yellow striped with red, flesh white, tough, dry ;
October, November.

Beauty of America.

Large, roundish, flattened, yellow with blush cheek, flesh yellowish, tender,
poor bearer ; November to January.

Beauty of the West.

Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh coarse, sweet ; October,
November.

Beauty of Kent.

Foreign ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red, flesh
tender, inferior ; October, November.

Bedfordshire Foundling.
Foreign ; large, roundish, green, flesh yellowish, acid ; November, December.

Blenheim Pippin.

Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin.

Foreign ; large, roundish, yellow and dull red, flesh yellowish, sweet, dry ;
October, Novenaber.

Black Annette.

American ; small, roundish, dark red ; November.

Black Lady Apple.

A pi Noir.

Foreign , small, roundish, blackish red, flesh white, stained ; Norember to
March.

Black Gilliflowbr.

Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple, flesh greenish white, dry, sub-
acid, poor ; November to March.

BORSDORFFER.

Borsdorff, | King Geoige the Third,

Queen's.

Foreign ; medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red cheek, flesh yellowisll
white crisp, sub-acid ; November, December.

168 THE APPLE.

BOROVITSKT.

Foreign ; medium, roundish, pale green, striped red, flesh white, sub-acid ;
August, September.

Buff.

Granny Buff.

American ; large, roundish flattened, yellow, overspread with red, flesh yel-
lowish, spongy ; November, March.

Bullet.

Bartlett, | Priestly, of some.

American ; medium, oblong, bright red on yellow, flesh light yellow, inferiorj
January to June.

Chandler.

Winter Cliandler.

American : large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow, flesh greenish
white, sub-acid ; November, February.

Caroline.

Foreign ; medium, round, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, "acid ; Novem-
ber, February.

Cathead.

Cathead Greening, | Round Catshead.

Large, roundish, yellowish green, flesh white, coarse, sharp acid ; October,
JS^ovember. There is another one of this name equally worthless, same shape,
but striped yellow and red.

Catline.

Gregson, | Winter Grixon.

Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun, flesh pale yellow, nearly
Bweet, for cider : October, December.

Cash Sweet.

American ; medium, round conical, light red, flesh white, coarse, sweet, dry ;
Octo>>or, November.

Cheeseborough Russet.

Howard Russet , I York Russet, 0/ sr«i«,

Kingsbury Russet, | Forever Pippin, of some West.

American ; large, conical, thin russet on greenish yellow, flesh greenish white,
ooarse, dry, sub-acid ; October, November.

Cos, OR Caas.

American ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks, flesh white, tender,
sub-acid, December to March.

1

I

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 169

CORXISH GiLLIFLOWER.

Cornish July flower, | Pomme Regelans,
Egg Top, of some.

Foreign ; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek, flesh
yellowish, acid ; November to February.

Connecticut Summer Sweet.

American ; medium, roundish, yellow and red striped, flesh yellowish, sweet,
tough ; August.

Cranberry Pippin.

American ; above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek, flesh white,
juicy, sub-acid ; November, December.

Donnelan's Seedling.

American ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes, flesh yellow-
ish, dry, sub-acid ; September.

DowNTON Pippin.

Downton Golden Pippin, | Knight's Golden Pippin,
Ellon i'ippin.

Foreign ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh yellowish, sharp acid ; October,
November.

DuMELOw's Seedling.

Dumelow's Crab, | Wellington Apple.

For^n ; medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots, flesh yellow,
acid ; November to March.

Dumpling.

Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin, 0/ Indiana,
Watson's Dumpling.

Large, roundish, oblong, light yellow, blush in sun, flesh white, indifferent ;
October, December.

Dutch Codlin.

Chalmer's Large.

Foreign ; large, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun, flesh white, sub-
acid ; October, December.

Egg Top.

Eve, I Round Top,

Sheep Nose, of some, \ Wine, of some West.

Foreign ; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red, flesh yellow-
ish white, tender, inferior ; November to February.

Easter Pippin.

Young's liong Keeper, I Ironstone Pippm.
Claremont Pippin, | French Crab.

Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush, flesh greenish, in-
ferior ; November to June.

8

170 THE APPLE.

Fall Cheese.

Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese.

American ; medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, Hush of red in sun,
flesh crisp, often mealy ; September to November.

Fama Gusta.

Foreign : large, conical, pale green, flesh white, acid ; October.

Ferris.

American ; medium, roundish, red, sub-acid, new, but surpassed by many
others ; November to February.

Fennouillet Rouge.

E!ac!v- Tom, [ Bardm.
Foreign ; small, roundish, dark red, flesh firm ; November to January.

Fennouillet Gris.

Pornme d'Anis, | Caraway Kusset.

Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, flesh firm, acid.

Flower of Kent.

Foreign ; large, roundish, flattened, dull yellow and red, flesh greenish yel-
low, coarse, sub-acid ; October, January.

Gault's Bellflower.

American ; large, roundish, pale yellow, flesh white, coarse ; October, De-
cember.

Gloucester White.

American ; medium, roundish, oblong, bright yellow, black patches, flesh
breaking, dry ; October, November.

Goble Russett.

Sweet Seek-no-further.

Medium to large, oblong, flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red, flesh
whitish yellow, (5y, sweet ; October, December.

Golden.

American ; medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow, flesh yellowish, acid ;
July.

Golden Reinette.

Aurore, I Kirke's Golden Reinette,

Yellow German Reinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c., &c.

Foreign ; small, roundish, greenish yellow, a little red, flesh yellow, ciifl^
mild sub-acid ; October. January.

UNWORTHY OF CULTITATION. 171

Golden Harvey.

Brandy Apple.

Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid ; Novem-
l»er to March.

Golden Pearmain.

Ruckman's Pearmain, | Dutch Pearmain,
Red Russet.

Medium, roundish, flattened, red russet, flesh yellowish, dry, sub-acid ; Nov-
ember, December.

Goodyear.

Goodyear's Seedling.

American ; new, medium, roundish, red, flesh juicy, only valuable as a
keeper.

Governor.

American ; large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking ; October,
January.

Golden Pippin.

English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, &c., &c..
Eleven other names.

Foreign ; small, round; yellow, with irregular russet marblings ; stem, long,
slender ; ba.sin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, fine grained, sub-acid, sprightly ; De-
cember to March. There is an " English Golden Pippin " grown at the west,
which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely distinct from above.

Grand Sachem.
Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red, flesh white, dry ; September.

Giant:

American ; large, roundish, dull red striped, flesh, greenish whit<», tender;
*• good."

Hannah.

American ; medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red, flesh white, dry ; Oc-
tober, November.

Hawthornden.

White Hawthornden.

Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, pale -ellow, blush in aun, fleah
white, acid ; October, November.

Hepper.
American ; small, roundif^h, yellow, flesh dry.

172 THE APPLE.

Hoary Morning.

Dainty Apple, | Downy,
Sam Rtiwling's.

Foreign ; large, roundislf, red striped on yellow, flesh pinkish ; October, De-
cember.

IIeterich.
American ; medium, round, yellow, flesh whitish, acid ; November, January.

HOLLANDBURGH.
Hollandbury.

Medium, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, flesh white, sour ; December,
February.

Irish Peach Apple.

Early Crofton.

Foreign : medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, streaked with red, flesh whit-
ish, watery ; September, October.

Kane.

Cane, | Cain.

American ; medium, roundish, striped crimson, flesh yellowish, beautiful to
look at ; Autumn.

Kerry Pippin.

Edmonton's Aromatic

Foreign ; medium, roundish, oval, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm,
crisp ; September, October.

Keim.

New ; American ; small, roundish, conical, yellowish white, flesh white,
" good."

Kentish Fill Basket.

Potter's Large Grey Seedling, | Lady de Grey's.

Foreign ; large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush, flesh tender ;
October, January.

Kenrick's Autumn.

American ; large, roundish, yellowish, green, striped red, flesh white, acid ;
September.

KiLHAM Hill..
American ; large, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red, flesh dry ; September.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 173

King of the Pippins.

Hampsliire Yellow.

Often grown west as Gravensteiu. Medium, roundish, oblong, yellow and
red splashed, flesh white, slightly sweet, not agreeable ; October, November.

Kirke's Lord Nelson.

Foreign ; large, roundish, red on pale yellow, flesh flrm, juicy, acid ; Octo-
ber, December.

Ladies' Blush.

American ; medium, yellow, with red blush, flesh dry.

Lady Finger.

Sheep Nose.

Medium, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush, flesh firm, watery ; November, De-
cember.

Lane Sweet.

Small, roundish, flattened, yellow with red, flesh yellowish, dry ; November.

• Lemon Pippin.

Kirke's Lemon Pippin.

Foreign ; medium, oval, pale greenish yellow, flesh firm, sub-acid ; October,
January.

Long Island Russet.

Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet, flesh greenish, dry ; Decern--
ber, March.

Loan's English Pearmain.

Small, roundish conical, dull red and russet, flesh firm, almost worthy cul-
ture ; September, October.

Longville's Kernel.

Sam's Crab.

Foreign ; below medium, oval, flattened, brownish red on yellow, flesh firm,

Bub-acid ; August, Septem])er.

Long John.

American ; large, conical, greenish yellow, flesh yellowish white, dry, great
keeper. ^

Lucombe's Seedling.

Foreign ; large, roundish conical, yellow spotted with red in sun, flesh whit-
ish, firm, cooking ; October, December.

Luce's Early Joe.

American ; small, round, bright red on yellow, flesh crisp, inferior; September.

174 THE APPLE.

Manx's Codlin.

Irish Pitcher. | Frith Pitcher.

Foreign ; medmm, roondish, oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun, cooking
only ; August.

Margil.

White Margil.

Foreign ; small, roundia , dull yellow, streaked with red, flesh white, tender ;

early '^Mnter.

Marble Sweeting.

Virginia Sweet, | Mclntire's Sweeting.

American ; medium to large, roundish orate, marbled, dull red and yellow,
flesh sweet, dry ; November, February.

May Seek-xo-further.

May Apple.

Outwardly like Fryer's Red; flesh dry, coarse, only valued as a keeper, skin
thick.

Mauck.

Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical, flesh " good."

Mexagere.

}irenagerie.

Foreign ; large, flat, pale yellow ; September to January.
Monstrous Pippin.

Gloria Mundi, I New York Gloria Hondi,

American Mammoth. | Ox Apple, ^

Baltimore Pippin.

Very large, greenish yellow, roundish, flesh white, acid : October, December

Mother Davies.

Medium, round, oblong, greenish yellow, little red, flesh crisp, " good ;•' Oc-
tober, November.

Molasses.

Batter.

American ; small, roundish, red, dry, sweet ; October,

Milam.

Harrigan, | Winter Pearmain, of some.

American: small to medium, rmndish, greenish yellow, striped, dull red,
flesh greenish, insipid ; December March.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 175

Murphy.

Murphy's Red, | Jack Murphy.

American ; large, roundish, oblong, pale and dark red streaked, fle.sh
greenish white, " good ;" November, February.

Newark King.

Hinckman.

American ; medium, conical, red on greenish yellow, flesh tender, little
more than good ; November to February.

Norfolk Beaufin.

Read's Baker, | Catshead Beaufin.

Foreign ; large, flat, dull red on greenish, flesh sub-acid, good drying ;
November to May.

Nonsuch.

English Nonsuch.

Foreign ; medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red, flesh white ;
October, November.

Old English Codlin.

English Codlin.

Large, oblong, conical, lemon yellow, flesh white, tender, cooking ; July
to November.

Old Royal Russet.

Leather Coat Russet.

Foreign ; medium, roundish, gray russet on green, flesh greenish white,
sharp sub-acid ; November, February.

Old Nonpareil.

Non Pareille.

Foreign ; medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown, flesh firm, crisp, poor
bearer ; December, January.

OsLiN.
Arbroath Pippin.

Foreign ; small, roundish, pale yellowish, flesh firm, crisp, acid j August.

Parson's Early.

American ; medium or above, roundish, pale yellow, fiesh yellowish white,
sharp, =ub-acid ; August. September.

176 THE APPLE.

Pennock.

Pomrae Roy e, of some West, 1 Large Romanile,
Big Romauite, Red Pennock,

PennocK's Red Winter, | Prolific Beauty,

Xeisley's Winter.

American; large, roundish, conical, angular, dull red, little yellow, flesh
coai'se, dry rot ; November to March

Polly Bright.
Resembles Maiden's Blush, sharp acid ; September, October.

Pound. >

Large, roundish, oblong, yellowish green, coarse, poor •, October, January.

PoMME DE Rose.

Large, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, small dots, flesh white, coarse, acid;
December, February.

Priestley.

Priestley's American, | Red Cathead.

Large, roundish, oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green, flesh greenish
White, inferior ; December to March.

Quaker Pippin.
American ; medium, greenish yellow, very acid ; October.
Red and Green Sweet.

Prince's Red and Green Sweet, ] Large Red Sweeting,
Red Bough.

American ; very large, oblong conical, green and red striped, flesh sweet
poor ; August, September.

Red Ingestrie.

Foreign ; small, oblong ovate, yellow marbled with red, flesh firm, sprightly ;
September, October.

Red Gilliflower.

Red Seek-no-further, | Harkness' New Favorite.

American ; medium, oblong conical, fine red, flesh white, mild sub-acid ;
November to January.

Red Calville.

Red Winter Calville, I Calville Rouge,

Calville Rouge d'Hiver, | Spice, of some West.

Foreign ; above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun, flesh
tender, poor ; November, February.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 177

#

Red Bellflower.

Red Belle Fleur, I Belle Fleur,

Belle Fleur Rouge, | Striped Belle Fleur, of some.

Foreign ; large, oblong conical, greenish yellow, covered and striped with
red, flesh white dry ; November, January.

Red Streak.

Herefordshire Rod Streak, | Scudamous Crab.

Foreign ; medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks, flesh yellow, dry, cider only;
October, December.

Rymer.

Foreign ; above medium, rouudisb, flattened, clear red, glossy, flesh white,
sharp, acid ; October, December.

Roseau d'Automne.

Roseau, incorrectly, of some.

Foreign ; medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, blush red cheek, flesh
yellowish, crisp, acid ; November to January.

Roseau..
Foreign ; large, dark red, irregular in size and form, unprofitable.

Rule's Summer Sweeting.
American ; medium, oblong, yellow, poor ; August.

River.

American ; medium, oblate-ribbed, red striped on yellowish green, flesh green-
ish white, coarse ; July, August.

Scarlet Nonpareil.

New Scarlet Nonpareil.

Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green, flesh firm, acid ;
November to February.

Shippen's Russet.

Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow, flesh white, spon::^,
aoid ; January to March.

Shipley Green.

American ; medium, oblong, rusty red, acid ; all Winter ; cooking only.

Skunk.

Polecat.

American ; large, flat, dull dark red on yellow, flesh yellowish, dry ; Decem-
ber, January.

8*

178 THE APPLE.

Spring Grove Codlin.

Foreign ; medium, oblong ronnded, greenish yellow, flesh greenish, sub-acid,
cooking ; August, November.

Springer's Seedling.

American ; small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red, flesh
firm, negative ; January to May.

Spice Sweeting.

Poor bearei large, roundish, yellowish, flesh firm, sweet ; August, September.

Striped Mohawk.
Above medium, round, red striped on yellow, flesh dry, poor ; late Autumn.
Sugar Loaf Pippin.

Sugar Loaf Greening.

Foreign ; large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun, flesh
'* good ;'' August, September.

Summer Golden Pippin.

Foreign ; small, roundish oblohg, yellow, flesh whitishj firm, sweet ; August,
September.

Summer Rambour.

Summer Rambo, | Rambour Franc,
Rambour d'Eie.

Foreign ; above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red, roundish, flat-
tened, apt to be mealy ; August.

Summer Russet.

American ; small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry ;
September.

Sweet and Sour.

Medium, roundish, flattened, greenish, only valued as curiosity. From a dis-
eased propagation.

Surprise.

Foreign ; small, round, whitish yellow, flesh stained with red ; November,
December.

Sweet Baldwin.

American ; medium, roundish, deep red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ;
September, October. There are, we think, two apples grown under this name,
as Thomas describes one as" nearly first rate," and ripening " early winter."

Tart Bough.

Resembles Early Harvest but trees more rapid in growth, and ripens ten
days later, more acid.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 179

Transparent de Zurich.

Small or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent ;
September.

Thems Red Streak.

American ; medium, round, pale green, red stripes, flesh sour, Winter. (Hov*
Mag.)

Twenty Ounce Pippin. •

Large, roundish, conical, green, poor, very distinct from Twenty Ounce, or
Cayuga Red Streak.

Victuals and Drink.

Big Sweet, | Pompey.

American ; large, oblong, rough, dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry ; Octo-
ber, January.

Victorious Reinette.

Reinette Triomphante.

Foreign ; large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots, flesh firm, sub-acid ;
December, January.

White Doctor.

Small, pyrimidal, greenish white, sweet, dry ; September, October.

White Calville.

White Winter Calville, I American White Winter Calville,

Calville Blanche d'Hiver, j Niger.

Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow, flesh
white, negative ; November, February.

White Astrachan.

Transparent de Moscovie, | Glace de Zelande.

Foreign ; medium, roundish conical, white faint streak of red, flesh white,
dry. poor ; August

Winter Cheese.

American ; medium, greenish, with stripes of dull brownish red in sun,
mealy, poor ; December, January.

Willis Sweet 1

Large, roundish, oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red, flesh white,
gweet, cooking ; October, November.

WoRMSLEY Pippin.

Knight's Codlin.

Foreign ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, acid ; October, November.

180 THE APPLE.

Winter Queeist.

Winter Queening.

American ; medium, conical, crimson and pale red, flesh yellowish, sub-acid ;
December.

Yellow IxaESTRiE.
Foreign ; small, clear yellow, crisp, spicy, not valued ; October.

Yorkshire Greening.

Foreign ; large, roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull red,
flesh greenish white, acid ; Winter.

Zane.

Zane Greening.
American ; large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor ; February to June.

Z]EBER.

American ; small, roundish yellow, striped red cksek, flesh dry ; " good.'*

THE BLACKBERRY. 181

THE BLACKBERRY

Ruhus Villosus.

A well known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit \s
so easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at-
tention from cultivators.

Ripening, as it does, just as Raspberries are gone, when there is
a dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that exertions have not
been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants selected
from the wild state, placed in the garden, and well cultivated, have
produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor.

Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries, and the
plant requires similar soil and culture.

There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the
same botanical description. They are known under the common
names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black-
berry, &c. ; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The
fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highl}^ esteemed
for making syrup, which is regarded valuable as a preventive as
well as curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, (fee. As a dessert fruit, and
for cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often
advised by Physicians, on account of its healthful character.

There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not
in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish white.

1-82 THE CHERRY.

THE CHERIIY.

Cerasus Svlvestris, and C. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacea of Botanists.

The Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of the
United States, and also of Britain ; but the cultivated variety is re-
corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name),
a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy
by the Roman General, Lucullus, after he had vanquished Mithri-
dates, in the year 69, B. C,

Jn 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert Walsh made communication to the
London Horticultural Society, stating the Cherry to be now grow-
ing in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years
ago. ,

He describes two varieties. " The first of these varieties is a
Cherry of enormous size, which grows along the northern coast of
Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng-
land. It is cultivated in gardens, always as a standard, and by a
graft. The second variety is an amber colored transparent Cherry,
of a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia
Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the ancient Sanga-
rius. The trees attain gigantic size — the trunk of one measured in
circumference five feet ; height, to where the first branch issued,
forty feet; summit of highest branch, ninety feet — and this im-
mense tree loaded with fruit."

From Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty-
second year B. C, although some authorities date its introduction
as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era — that is, in the early
part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be con-
firmed by Pliny, who says : " Italy was so well stocked that, in less
than twenty-sLx years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as
Britain, beyond the Ocean." The poet, Lydgate, who wrote in or
about 1415, says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the
streets of London, much as they are at the present day ; and in a
curious poem, entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to
them :

** Hot pescodes one began to cry,
Straberys rjpe and Cherreys in the ryse.-'

From England and Holland both seeds and trees were introduced
into this country early after its first settlement.

PROPAGATION. 183

" Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in
[taly when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71,
A. b.;" and from this date up to the present time, the varieties have
been gradually increasing until we have now described, in various
works, upwards of one hundred and fifty.

The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or-
namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of
many as ornamental or shade trees ; while examples of reward pe-
cuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been
additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of
the Cherry fit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and
we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connect-
icut forefathers in 1700, and recently renewed by Prof J. P. Kirt-
land, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has planted the Cherry as a ^ street
tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. Loudon, in his Ar-
boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cherry in Ger-
many ; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of and
described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our
people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan to
the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says
Mr. Loudon : "These avenues in Germany are planted by the de-
sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the travel-
er, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment
on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries,
on condition of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop, when
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which
it grows."

In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren-
der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals — i. e., the
robbing of orchards ; and possibly, a law like that enacted in the
terrritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that,
in case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the
offence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for
the damage sustained. This made every individual interested in
preventing depredations on his neighbor's property.

Propagation.— The Cherry is propagated from seed — by bud-
ding— by grafting — and occasionally, by pieces of roots.

Bj/ Seed. —The seed of the black mazard is that generally used,
and considered best for propagat'iig the Heart and Duke varieties
upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a
dwarf habit. Seeds of the Graffion or Yellow Spanish Mill occa-
sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent ; while
seeds of many of the cultivated kinds will not vegetate, there being
no germ or seed bud within the stor*^. The seed should not be per-

184 THE CHEKRY.

mltted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and
washed clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in
boxes of, say, four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drain-
age, and then set in the open air, on the north side of a building,
clear of direct sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and,
if possible, fresh turf, and spaded or plowed in the fall one foot
deep. As soon as the frost is out in the spring, rake down the
ground level, mark out drills six inches wide and one inch deep, sow
seed so that it will be about three inches apart, cover with the soil
one inch, and add one inch of sand or leaf mould.

By Budding. — This is done as described on page 22 ; but in the
Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in
cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby
preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding
the Cherry is, when the tree on which you are going to operate is
forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of
the trees ; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cin-
cinnati, being ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted
the past spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this
section line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Oc-
casionally it will answer to bud in September, as it sometimes hap-
pens that a second growth is made about that time.

By Grafting. — This should be performed in all sections south of
Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week
in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where
both stock and scion are equal in size ; whip or tongue grafting is
best where the stock is not over half to three-fourths inch diameter ;
and cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. This last is
dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to th^ tree ; it is
better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the
mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work

has been put off a little too late.

»■

By Roots. — The root of the mazard Cherry, cut into pieces of
about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about
one inch under ground early in spring, will often throw up strong
shoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next
best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable to sucker
than if from seed.

Transplanting. — When, from the seed bed to the nursery row, it
should be done in the fall on dry soils, and early in spring on soils
not perfectly dry in winter. They should be set in rows four feet
apart, and one foot apart in the row, and the plants should have one
half of last year's growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well aa

SOIL AND SITUATION. 185

the tap root, cut Dack to six inches. These, if the season is good,
will be suitable for budding the same summer. Orchard trees, and
also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year's
growth out off. and the roots trimmed smoothly at ends with a sharp
knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be
about twenty-five feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances ot
eight feet each way.

Standard Trees. — Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa-
tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and
throughout the West and South, not more than two feet.

Dwarf Trees. — Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke
varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases
be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is
best formed ; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 80,) they
should be made to form heads branching immediately from the
ground.

Soil and Situation.. — The soil best suited to most Cherries is
that of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow
and produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. The roots of the maz-
ard or sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only
endure a few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where
w^ater stands most of the winter. To this want of drainage in great
measure, is attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most of the
prairie soils throughout Southern and Western States ; and not until
we manage to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can we succeed
perfectly with the Sweet Cherries. The roots of the Duke's, Morel-
lo's, and Mahaleb, are less open and spongy in texture, and, there-
fore, less impatient of water. They, however, do not flourish vigor-
ously for any length of time, unless drainage is effected. To this
point in the culture of the Cherry, we beg especially to call atten-
tion of our Western and Southern readers, assuring them that, what-
ever of theory may have been advanced referable to climate, they
will find drainage, or the want thereof rather, to be the primary
cause of destruction. Situated at a point where the Cherry proba-
bly does as well as at any place in the United States, we have had
occasion to notice the result of trees situated in what appeared suit-
able soil, Vjut where, on examining, after having lost several trees, we
found water to have stood a long time about the roots.

Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States, is
rich in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to
the Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact, that most trees have their
roots standing in stagnant cold water, induces tendency to disease
from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect
drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty -four hours

186 THE CHERRY.

together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur,
and finely broken or ground bones be made, the ground work to
success will be perfbrined.

Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom,
rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and,
also, render the tree more liable to second growth in the fall, and
thus, unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout winter.
Northern exposures are recommended, but, an eastern one we regard
best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly
as the mid-day, or from one to three o'clock, p. m. ; while there is,
also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none
in the afternoon ; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation
gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when
planted on ground sloping south, west, or north. When planting on
either of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to
the south-west, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position.

Cultivation. In nursery rows, the earth, in spring, should be first
turned away from the trees ; in about ten days, it should again be
stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing
season. In October, it should be turned up toward the trees. The
plants budded last season, should be cut back to within six inches
of the bud, as soon as the same commences to swell strongly. The
buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the
stocks, and, in June, the stock should be cut with a slope downward,
close to the bud. The second year, they should be headed back to
four feet, when some will throw out branches two feet from the
ground ; others, where headed back. The third year, they should
be transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it
has been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any mode of cul-
ture toward keeping the ground clean, after August ; it induces sec-
ond growth, immature ripening of wood, and consequent injury in
winter. Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around
in July, and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots.

Pruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs
little pruning, except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another.
This is best done in July, when the cut, if made smooth, and close
to the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow
too rapidly, dig around a tree, of, say, four inches diameter, a circu-
lar trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and two feet
deep, cutting off with a sharp spade, every root and tibre outside
that space. And, for every inch diameter, up to a- tree twelve
inches through, add four inches distance of trench from tree. Often,
the top of the tree will also require pruning, so as to give it a round
head, as of an acorn, based on the circle of the trench.

INSECTS AND DISEASES. USES. 187

The Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more pruning than the
Heart varieties, but all are impatient of the knife ; yet, if to be done,
let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming.

Dwarfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by
the " pinching-in " process. And as they grow with extreme vigor
on the Mahal eb, for three or four years, they require, not only to
have their tops pruned, but also, to be root-pruned annually.

If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut
from a sweet cherry tree. We have examined the results of many
cases, when large branches were lopped in spring, for the purpose
of changing the tree to a different variety, by grafting ; the result
has almost invariaby been death after two summers. When
necessary to be done, the wound should be covered with grafting
composition, or gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrap-
ped in straw or matting. Encasing the body during the winter and
spring months, with straw, cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ;
for the cause of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months,
although it does not always exhibit itself until July or August.
The atmospheric blight, injuring young shoots, acts, at once, in sum-
mer.

Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio,
are more or less desti'uctive to the cherry, but as they are described
in other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases,
according to writers, are, in the West, numerous ; but, as they all
centre in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only
note on that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term
the primary cause of this disease, and, if added to vvhat we have said
under heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have effect
to check, in great measure, the evil. That it will render the tree
entirely free of the disease, we are not prepared to say ; but, if to it
be added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nur-
sery on ground well drained, and not over stimulated by barn-yard
manures, we believe a change for the better will be the result.

Uses. The wood of the wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabi-
net makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the
Sweet Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the
tender-fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome.
The Sour Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much
esteemed for culinary use, while the Hazard and wild Virginian
Cherries are used in flavoring liquors. " The celebrated German,
Kirschivasser, is made by distilling the liquor of the common black
Hazard ; (in which the stones are ground and broken and ferment-
ed with the pulp;) and the delicious Ratifiia cordial of Grenoble, is
also made from this fruit. Mareschino, the most celebrated liquor
of Italy, is distilled from a small Hazard, with which, in ferment/-

188 THE CHERRY.

ing, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit are mixed. The
gum of the cherry is nearly identical with gum-arabic, and there
are some marvelous stories told of its nutritive properties."

Gathering the Fruit. The flavor and character of the cherry is
best obtained when gathered early in the morning ; but, if intended
for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem
attached, and when dry.

Classification, In order the more readily to distinguish varieties
of the cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those
heretofore made, have seemed rather to perpetuate error than induce
correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lind-
ley, in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions ; one embrac-
ing varieties, the fruit of w^hich is round, acid or sub-acid ; the other,
sweet, and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees,
makes four divisions or classes, viz : Heart-shaped, Bigarreaus,
Dukes, and Morellos; and, in a measure, all other writers have
adopted these classifications. The two last terms of Mr. Downing,
— Dukes and Morellos, — we shall continue, as they are not inappli-
cable, and the trees are distinct in growth. But the word Bigarreau,
being derived from Bigarre^^ originally meaning, and intended to
convey the idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and not
meaning, (as it is generally used and understood by pomologists)
firm-fie^hed^ we can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again ;
there are varieties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and
partially tender-fleshed, and how^ever erroneous, would have (if the
old classification were pursued) to come under the head of Heart-
shaped. There are, also, varieties where the characters, both of tree
and fruit, of those determined by the two distinctions — Heart and
Bigarreau — are so closely commingled, as to often perplex the ama-
teur, and thus increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall,
therefore, designate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes
heretefore known as Hearts and Bigarreaus, being rapid growing,
lofty and spreading trees, as Sweety of which the old Black Heart
may be taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by
the trees having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry,
being upright in growth while young, but forming a low, spreading
head, with wood less strong, and somewhat darker colored than the
Sweet Cherries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully
ripe, rich sub-acid.

The Morellos are less upright in growth thnn the Dukes.
Branches, small, slender, drooping ; foliage, narrow, dark green; fruit,
acid.

Engravings, These have been made from medium sized speci-
mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver's

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

189

hands. They represent the cherry cut in half, and are intended to
show the torn of fruit in that way, and, also, exhibit the lines of tis-
sue in the flesh, which are different in varieties, hut uniform in
numerous specimens of the sanr^e variety.

CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Belle de Choisy.

Ambree de Choisy,
Cerise Doucette,
Cerise a Noyau Tendre,

Ambree a Gros Fruit,
Cerise de la Palembre,
Schone Von Choisy.

Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near
Paris, France. The tree is of a Duke habit —
thus far proving hardy in nearly all locations. It
bears regularly every year, but only moderate
quantity. Its delicacy and exquisite peculiar
flavor, render it one of the most desirable for the
table, but unsuited to market purpose.

Fruity round, or slightly depressed ; shin,
thin translucent, showing the netted texture of
flesh beneath ; of pale amber in the shade, mot-
tled with red and yellow where more exposed ;
and grown fully in the sun, becoming a bright
cornelian red ; Jlesh, amber yellow, slightly
tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in ir-
regular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy,
sub-acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable
flavor ; pit, small, round, a little pointed at apex;
stalky often short, but varying. Season, last of
June.

Black Tartarian.

Bishop's Large,
Frazer's Black Heart,
Ronald's Heart,
Circassian,
Superb Circassian,
Black Russian,

Ronald's Black Heart,

Frazer's Black Tartarian,

Tartarian,

Black Circassian,

Ronald's Larpe Black Heart,

Double Heart.

190

THE CHERRY.

This variety is supposed to have originated
in Spain, whence it was transmitted to Kus^ia,
and thence introduced into England, about
1794 or 1796, .whence it found its way to this
country, and m 1810 was cultivated in Mid-
dletown, Ct., as Bishop's Large, and in 1S13
as Ronald's Black Heart. The tree is of pe-
culiar upright growth, unlike any other variety,
or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its
vigorous habit, erect form, large foliage,
and large sweet fruit, have rendered it perhaps
the most popular variety in cultivation. The
tree requires somewhat more pruning to thin
it out than other varieties ; otherwise, as the
trees grow old, they become too thick, and the
fruit attains only medium size.

Fruity large, heart shape, often obtuse, ir-
regular uneven surface, glossy, purplish black,
slight suture half round ; Jlesh, liver color,
juicy, sweet, half tender, separating freely from
pit, mild, pleasant, not high flavor ; ^^7," below
medium size ; stalky sunk in a regular cavity.
Season, last of June.

Black Hawk.

Raised by Prof J. P. Kirtland, near Cleve-
land, in T 842. Commenced fruiting in 1846.
The tree is of healthy,vigorous,spreading habit,
with much of the general character of Yellow
Spanish ; flowers, above medium ; soil or
origin, a gravelly loam. As a table fruit,
its high flavor ^vill always commend it ;
while, as a market fruit, its size and pro-
ductive habit of tree place it among the very
best.

Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse,
sides compressed, surface uneven ; color,
dark purplish black, glossy ; fesk, dark
purple, half tender, almost firm, radiating
lines irregular, without fjrm, juicy, rich
sweet, fine flavor ; pit. medium size, un-
even surface; stalk, varying, inserted in a
broad cavity. Season, from 20th June to
1st Julv.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

191

Brant.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly-
loam. The tree is vigorous, ^vith large foli-
age, and sprej^fling, or rather round regular
form ; flowers, large, and open irregularly, so
that often a portion may be injured by late
frosts, and others escape.

Fruit, I'^rge, rounded, angular, heart shape,
sides slightly compressed ; color, reddish
black ; jiesh, dark purplish red, radiating lines
whitish, partially indistinct, half tender, juicy,
sweet and rich ; pit, nearly smooth, slight de-
pressions, round oval ; stem, medium, set in a
cavity slightly angular. Season, early — say
middle of June.

Belle Magnifique.

Belle et Magnifique.

First introduced into this country from France by Gen. Dear-
born. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy, healthy, and vigorous. It
is a moderate bearer, the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree
until August, although much of it suitable for cooking last of June.
As a fruit for culinary purposes, it is very
desirable. *

Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of
the largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed,
heart shape ; color, clear rich red on pale
yellow; when fully exposed to the sun, mostly
red ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid when
fully ripe, sprightly, separates freely from the
pit ; stem, planted in a deep yet open cavity
or basin, and varying from 1 1-4 to 1 3-4
inch in length. Season, middle June to Aug.

Cleveland.

Cleveland Bigarrrau.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on
a gravelly loam soil. The tree is thrifty,
with stout shoots, and of a rounded spread-
ing habit ; large leaves ; flowers, above
medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far,
it has proved healthy wherever grown.

192

THE CHERRY.

Fruity IsirgQ^ round heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a
regular uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one
side, near the stem ; colo7\ bright clear red on amber yellow ground,
and occasionally blotched with carmine red ; fiesh^ pale yellowish
■white, almost firm, deepest in color next the pit, radiating lines in-
distinct, juicy, rich fine flavor ; pit^ medium size; sUm^ rather stout,
medium length. Season, about one week before Elton, or say 23d
to 25th June. Very productive.

Coe's Transparent.

Raised by Curtiss Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, some-
what spreading, vigorous, healthy habit.

Fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regular rounded form,
often slightly angular at junction of stem ; color, pale light amber
yellow, with a bright clear red, indistinctly mottled on two-thirds
the surface ; Jlesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender,
juicy, rich sweet and excellent ; pit, above medium ; stem, rather
short, in a moderate depression. Season, middle to 25th June.

Doctor.

The Doctor.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The tree
is of healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, up-
right, rounded in form, bearing even to excess
of fruit, so much so that unless well cultivated
the fruit becomes small. Original soil, gravelly
loam.

Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, with a
suture extending all round ; colo^-, light yellow
and red, the latter most prevailing ; flesh, white,
tinged with pale yellow, juicy, tender, sweet,
with a delicious flavor ; pit, small ; stem, rather
slender, in a round regular basin. It ripens
early in June, but will hang until July.

Downer's Late.

Downer, | Downer's Late Red.

Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808. The
tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy, hardy, and abundant
bearer.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION".

193

Fruit, medium size, round heart-shape,
slightly compressed on one side ; color, a bright,
lively red, mottled with amber in the shade ;
Jlesh, amber color, stained slightly with red next
the pit, radiating lines slight ; tender, sweet, and
delicious when fully ripe, it is often gathered
before fully ripe, when it is a little bitter ; pit,
above medium size, oblong rounded ; stem,
medium, inserted in a narrow, slight depression.
Season, from fourth to twelfth July. This va-
riety suffers less than most varieties, from warm
wet weather.

Delicate.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a
gravelly loam. The tree is of thrifty, healthy
habit, spreading so as to form a round head. It
is productive, and as a dessert cherry, its del-
icate, translucent character, rich, juicy, sweet,
high flavor, will always render it a favor-
ite.

Fruit, medium to large ; fo7'7n, regular,
roundish, flattened, with a slight suture one
side ; color, rich amber yellow, overspread
and mottled with light carmine red, while the
flesh is so translucent, that held to the lisht,
the tissue is distinctly traced, and red appears
as though mingled throughout, when, on cut-
ing it, the flesh is a whitish-yellow, with dis-
tinct radiating lines, — tender, juicy, sweet, de-
licious, high flavor; ^>t7, small, roundish
oval, with a broad ridge ; stem, medium, set
in a deep, round depression. Season, about
first July.

Early Prolific.

Raised by Prof Kirtland, in 1842. 'J he original tree fruited
three years, during which, we carefully noted the ft-uit. It then was
lost by being removed ; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas.
Downing, and it is from the character shown under his hands, that we
are induced to place it in this class. Its large size, rich flavor and
early habit of maturity, class it among the most desirable, for pri-

194

THE CHERRY.

vate 01 marketing collections. Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright,
slightly spreading.

Fruit, medium to large, round, obtuse heart-shape, bright car-
mine red, mottled on light amber yellow ; and, on one side, a distinct
line, edged with yellow; stem, varying both in size and length;
flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious flavor ;
A ery productive. Season, early in June.

Elton.

T^igarreau Couleur de chair,

Hesli Colored BiLrarreau,

firos Bigarreau Couleur du chair,

(ttos Biyarreau Blanc^

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Bianc,

1-arge Heart-Shapt d Bigarreau, erroneously,

Bigarreau de Rocmont,
CoBur de Pigeon,
Bigarreau Belle de Eocmont,
Guigne gros Blanche, of some,
Bigarreau Common, „
Belle Andigeoise,

Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior
qualities have made it a great traveler, and
although often introduced to notice, under a
new name, it is always worthy place.

The trees grow vigorously, with a spread-
ing, rather drooping habit ; leaves, with pur-
plish footstalks. First introduced to this
country in 1823.

Fruit, large, long, heart-shape, pointed ;
color, beautiful light yellow ground, mottled
and streaked with bright glossy red ; Jiesh,
yellowish, radiating lines not bold, half ten-
der, when fully ripe, nearly tender, juicy,
sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high flavor;
pH, above medium, oval, rounded, with a
sharp point ; stem, long and slender, set in
rather a deep basin ; very productive. Sea-
son, last of June.

Early Richmonp.

Kentish,
Virginian May,
Common Red,
Sussex,

Muscat de Prague.

Pie Cherry,

Kentish Red,

Montmorency a longue quene,

Commune,

An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country,
under the name we have adopted. It is probably, the true Kentish ;

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

196

but, under that name, it becomes so often eon-
founded with the common Sour Pie Cherry of
our country , that we have preferred to continue
it here, under the name it is best known in this
country. The tree belongs to the Morello class ;
grows about twenty feet high, with a roundish
spreading head ; very productive, ripening its
fruit in May, but, in dry seasons, holding it until
July. It is indispensable to every garden ; and
for market, coming as it does so early, is very
profitable. It is remarkable for the corolla re-
maining on the stalk, and for the tenacity with
which the stone adheres thereto.

Fruity of medium size, borne in pairs, round,
bright red, becoming darker as it hangs on the
tree a long time ; fiesh, of a reddish cast, juicy,
very tender, sprightly, rich, acid flavor ; stem^
usually short, say, one and a quarter inch, set in
deep, round basin. Season, twenty-sixth May to first of

July.

Purple Guigne.

Early Purple Guigne, | German May Duke,
Early Purple Griotte.

The origin of this valuable variety we have
been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators
received it from England, w^here it was figured
and described by Mr. Thompson, in the London
Hort. Society's transactions. Western Cultiva-
tors received it through a party of emigrants
from Germany, under name of German May
Duke, by which it is much grown in Ohio. The
trees are poor growers in the nursery, of a strag-
gling, loose, irregular, somewhat pendent habit,
but of healthy, hardy character, only moderat-
ly productive while young, but as they grow
older, become more prolific. Its earliness and
delicious character, must always render it popu-
lar where known.

Fruity medium to large, roundish, heart-
shaped, with an indenture at the point or apex ;
color, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh,
dark purplish red, juicy , rich, sweet, and excellent ;
l>lt. medium ; size, roundish oval ; stein^ long,
slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow basin.
Season, last of May and first of June.

196

THE CHERRY.

Governor Wood.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named
in honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of
Ohio.

The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower,
forming a rounded, regular head ; very pro-
ductive while young ; flowers large.

Fruity of the largest size, roundish, heart-
shape ; color, rich, light yellow, mottled or
marbled with a beautiful carmine flush ; grown
fully exposed to the sun, it becomes a clear,
rich red ; suture half round, followed on oppo-
site side, by a dark line; Jlesh, ligbt, pale
yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu-
minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine,
rich, high flavor ; pit, roundish ovate, con-
siderably ribbed ; stem, varying in length and
size. Season, middle of June.

In even small collections, this variety
should always have a place.

HiLDESHEIM.

Etldesheim Big^arreau,
Tardif de Hildesheim,
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim,

Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim,
Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim,
Bigarreau Noir Tardif.

From Germany. Tree, upright, strong grower, unproductive
while young.

Fruit, medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and
splashed with red; s^em, long, slender ; 6asm, shallow, broad ; sut-
ure broad, half round, with hollow depression at apex ; Jlesh, pale
yellow, firm, sweet ; pit, medium, surface marbled with red. Sea-
son, last of July to twentieth August. The true variety is rarely
sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as coming just before
peaches, and when there are few fruits in market.

HORTENSE.

Reine Hortense,
Lemercier of R and B.,
Monstreuse de Bavay,

Belle de Bavay,
De 16 a la li\Te,
Belle de Pe'it Brie.

Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. The tree is of
Duke habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a dense, upright,
round head, and promises to be very hardy, and extremely desirable
in rich, moist soils; where the Sweet Cherries do not succeed as

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

197

well. It is moderately prolific,' the fruit quite large, and ripen-
ing as it does, quite late in the season, combined with the habit of
hanging long after ripe, and its rich, spright-
ly, sub-acid juice, must render it extremely
popular, when it becomes fully known.

Fruity quite large, round, elongated, sides
compressed, smooth, glossy, regular surface;
suture, shallow, half round, followed by a
marked line, terminating at base, in a knob-
by projection ; color^ bright lively red, mar-
bled and mottled on amber ; grown in the
sun, it is mostly red ; Jiesh^ pinkish yellow,
with radiating lines, distinct, but irregular
in form, tender, and when fully ripe, sepa-
rating freely from the stone, often even ex-
hibiting a hollow, vacant space, between pit
and flesh, high, sprightly, slightly acid
flavor ; ^;t7, rather large, oblong, rounded ;
stalk, two inches long, generally slender.
Season, twelfth to twentieth July.

JOC-O-SOT.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and
named after a noble Sioux chief, who died at
Cleveland, in 1844. Tree thrifty, half spread-
ing, or round-headed, and productive.

Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart-
shape, slightly obtuse, and with a deep inden-
tation at apex ; sides, compressed ; suture,
l)road. half round, followed with a dark line,
and often a knob-like projection ; surface, un-
even ; color, rich, glossy, dark liver-color, al-
most black ; JJesh, with indistinct radiating
lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with a
rich, sweet flavor ; pit, below medium size,
regular, smooth ; 3tem, long, and of medium
size. Season, near the last of June.

198

THE CHERRY.

Kirtland's Mary.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland,in 1842, described
and named by ourself, in compliment to
the daughter of Prof K. The tree is a strong,
healthy grower, upright, rounded in form,
shoots strong, not rampant ; Jlowers^ large and
open, very prolific. The fruit is one of the
most beautiful of all cherries, quite firm-flesh-
ed, but withal possessing delicacy and high
flavor, that renders it one of the most desira-
ble varieties, either for dessert or market pur-
poses.

Fruity large, roundish, heart-shape, very
regular ; color^ light and dark rich red, deeply
marbled and mottled on a yellow ground,
grown fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark
glossy red ; fiesh^ with distinct irregular radiat-
ing lines, light yellow, quite firm, rich, juicy,
sweet, and very high flavored ; pit, medium,
regular, rounded, with distinct prominent lines
or ridges, flesh adheres slightly to it ; stem^
moderately stout, varying in length. Season,
last of June and first of July.

Kirtland's Mammoth.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland from a pit of the
Yellow Spanish, grown on a tree remote from
other varieties. Its name is git'en from the ex-
treme large size of the fruit, being one-eighth
greater than any other variety. The tree is of
strong, vigorous growth, with very large leaves
and large flowers. It is, however, only moder-
ately productive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam.

Fruity of the very largest size, often three
and a half inches in circumference, obtuse, heart
shape ; color^ light clear yellow, partially over-
N^ spread, and marbled with rich red ; Jlesh^ with
distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed,
almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a very
fine high flavor ; pH^ roundish oval, regular,
surface indented ; stem, generally short, moder
ately stou*:. Season, last of June.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

199

Late Bigarreau.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a
gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, shoots stout,
not rampant, forms a round regular head ;
flowers, open, abundant, very productive.

Fruity large, obtuse heart shape, occasion-
ally a little angular and with a deep broad in-
denture at the apex ; color^ a rich yellow
ground, with a bright red cheek, frequently
the red covers nearly the whole surface —
occasionally it is blotched or mottled ; suture^
shallow, half round, marked with aline on op-
posite side ; Jlesh^ with distinct radiating lines,
yellowish, nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and of
agreeable flavor ; pit^ small, round, regular;
stalky one-and-a-half inch long, inserted in a
broad open depression. Season, 4th to 12th
July.

Large Heart Shaped.

Bigarreau Gaubalis,
Black Bigarreau of Savoy,
Bigarreau gros Couret,
Bigarreau de Lyon,
Guigne Noire luisante,
Great Bigarreau ?

This variety, originally from France, we
different sources, and fruited the past two
years under most of the synonymes given.
We are also under the impression that the
" Great Bigarreau," noticed by Mr. Downing
in the Horticulturist for 1851, will yet prove
identical; but we cannot yet speak confidently.
The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with
large foliage. Its productive habit, fine flesh,
and large size of fruit, render it very desirable
as a market variety ; while its want of deli-
cacy and flavor unfit it for grounds of those
who grow only for private use.

Fruit, very large, roundish, heart shape,
occasionally obtuse, dark shining red, becom-
ing, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; sur-
face, very uneven ; Jlesh, reddish purple, coarse
tissue, with a d"istinct dark line one side next
the pit, not very juicy and lacking in high fla-
vor ; pit, large, oval ; stem, varying, inserted
in a shallow depression. Season, 4th to 10th July.

Monstreuse de Mezel,

New Large Black Bigarreau,

Bigarreau gros Monslreux,

Gros CoureV,

Large Heart Shaped Bigarreau,

Ward's Bigarreau.

have received from

200

TBffi CHERRY.

Logan.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil a
gravelly loam. Tree, hardy, healthy grower,
somewhat spreading, moderately productive ;
flowers, large, opening late, little liable to in-
jury from frost.

Fruity medium or above, obtuse, sometimes
regular, heart shape, with a shallow indenture
at apex ; color, purplish black, when ripe ;
Jlesh., liver color, radiating lines almost white,
nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor; pit^
above medium, oval ; stem^ varying in length
in a deep cavity. Seasoii, middle to last of
June.

Osceola.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil
gravelly. Tree, round, spreading regular form,
hardy, healthy grower ; flowers, medium, open-
ing rather late and in succession ; a good, not
excessive bearer.

Fruit, medium to large, regular, heart shape,
with a deep, broad suture, half round ; color,
dark purplish red, inclining to black ; Jlesk,
liver color, fine tissue, so much so that the
radiating lines are alm.ost obliterated, juicy,
rich and sweet ; pit, medium or small, ovate,
rounded ; stem, moderately stout in a deep,
regular cavity. jS'easow, last of June and early
July. One of the best for all collections.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

201

PONTIAC.

Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil
gravelly. Tree, upright, rounded form,
slightly spreading, vigorous, healthy habit ;
flowers, above medium size, opening in suc-
cession ; regularly productive.

Fruity large, obtuse heart shape, sides
compressed; color, dark purplish red, ap-
proaching to black when fully ripe ; Jlesh^
purplish red, radiating lines irregular, half
tender, juicy, sweet and agreeable ; pit,
medium, smooth, parts freely from the
flesh ; stem, varying from long to short, in-
serted in a broad, open cavity. Season,
last of June.

POWHATTAN.

Raised by Prof Kirtland in 1842; soil gravelly. Tree, vigorous,
healthy, round headed, productive.

Fruit, meaium, size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed
on sides, surface irregular ; color, liver like, highly polished ; suture,
half round ; fiesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure,
half tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor ; pit, small,
round, elongated; stem, medium. Season, late; 8th to 15th July.

For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best ; the
fruit ripening late, and all being .uniform and regular in size.

ROCKPORT.
^ Rockport Bigarreau.

Raised by Prof Kirtland in 1842; gravelly loam. Tree, strong,
vigorous grower, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the
Black Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is one of the
first, of Prof Kirtland's seedlings, that was described, and feeling
interested in its success, in various parts of the States we distributed
9*

202

THE cnfiRRy.

it pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts.
It has now been fruited extensively, and we
feel confident, while recommending this, that
other varieties of the same origin will be
equally successful. The tree wants good cul-
ture, and its period of maturity is materially
altered both by soil and culture, while its char-
acter appears unchanged. Valuable, either
for private or market gardens.

Fruity large, round, obtuse heart shape,
surface generally slightly uneven, and always
with a knobby or swollen projection on one
side ; color^ clear brilliant deep red, shaded
and mottled on a pale amber yellow, with
occasional carmine spots ; fleshy yellowish white,
radiating lines irregular, a yellow tinge around
the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, delicious
flavor ; pit, oval, regular and without ridges ;
stem^ usually of medium length — one, to one-
and-a-half inches. Season, 20th to last of June.

Red Jacket.

Raised by Prof Kirtland in 1842. The
original tree has always stood in ground uncul-
tivated ; yet its fruit, from lateness of ripening,
size and quality, renders it most desirable, and
especially for market culture, as it is very pro
ductive. The tree forms a head similar to the
Black Mazard, not quite as erect.

Fruit, large, regular, long obtuse heart
shape ; calor, fin£, clear, light red, when grown
in the sun, but of an amber color, overspread
with pale red, and often a yellow russet patch,
when grown in the shade ; Jlesh, with radiating
lines distinct, half tender, juicy, of good, not
high flavor ; gathered before ripe, it is a little
bitter ; pit, medium ; stem, rather long and
slender, set in an open, moderately deep basin.
Season, middle of July.

Shannon.

This is a Morello raised by Prof Kirtland in 1829 ; first de-
scribed in 1849. Named in respect to Wilson Shannon, once gor-

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 208

ernor of Ohio. The tree is very hardy, having been tested in many
locatioHs.

Fruity slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction
with stem, dark purplish red, when ripe ; Jies>h^ tender, reddish pur-
ple, juicy, acid ; pit^ small ; stem^ l^iig? slender, inserted in an open
<"avity. Season, middle of July.

Tecumseh. •

Kaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a soil of gravelly loam.
The tree is moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its
blossoms late in the season.

Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a
broad, shallow suture; color, when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or
dark liver color, mottled somewhat with red ; flesh, reddish purple,
irregular, distinct radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but
not high flavor ; pit, medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongate ;
stem, varying, set in an open, rather deep cavity. Season, middle to
20th July. Very valuable for a late market variety.

CLASS 11. — New and Untested — suited to Certain Localities , or Exten-
sive Grounds of Amateur Poinologists.

Arch Duke.

Griotte de Portugal, I Late Arch Duke,

Portugal Cuke, | Late Duke.

An English variety, first described by Lindley, since fi<^ured and de-
scribed in Hovey's Magazine, from which we extract. The May Duke,
or Late Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is a more
vigorous e^rower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape.
Fruit, large, heart shape, compressed ; dark shining red ; flesh, light red,
slightly adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ; stem, long, slender. Sea-
son, early in July.

American Heart.

Probably a native of this country ; its origin is, however, uncertain.
Tree, vigorou.s, spreading. Fruit, medium, heart shaped, four sides com-
pressed ; pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish, watery toward the pit,
juicy, sweet, second flavor ; pit, medium; stem, long, moderately slender
Season, early in .June.

Adam's Crown.
English ; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round, heart

0()4 TIIK CHERRY

shape ; pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Season, middle of
June, • .

Anne.

We have had this variety growing for two years, but have not fruited
it. Chas. Do wuig, Esq., writes us"" that it originated at Lexington, Ky.,
ripens early, is very productive, and of excelleni tiavor. Tiie tree is of
the Sweet Cherry class.

Burr's Seedung.

Oricrinated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive. ^Fruit, medium to large, heart shape; clear bright red on pale yel-
low; half tender, juicy, sweet; stem, slender. Season, middle to last ot

June.

D'ESPERIN.
Bigarreau P'Esperin.

New, from Belgium. Hovey says, the tree has a compact, spreading
luibit, of moderate growth, a good'bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart
sliape, depressed at ends, flauened on sides ; suture, all round ; color,
cU-ar, soft amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun ; tlesh,
pale amber, tender, juicy, excellent ; pit, medium, oval; stem, long, slen-
der. Season, early in July.

Belle of Orle.vns.

Belle de Orleaiis.

New, from France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, promises to
bo valuable. Fruit, medium, ro^imdish ;" light yellowish white, with clear
pa'e red covering about one half the surface ; flesh, ttMider, juicy, and de-
licious. Season, early in June.

Buttner's Yellow.

Butmer'sWach's-KnorpelKirsche,^ | Buttner's Gelbe Knorpel Kirsohe.

From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; only as a novelty is it de-
sirable. Fruit, inedium, regidar heart shape,' flattened at stem end ; pale
lemon yellow, with russet ""marblings ; flesli, whitish yellow, firm, evea
tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit ; stem, medium length and size,
in an open, round, regular cavity. Season, middle to last July.

Black Eagle.

English, raised by the dautrhter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong
grower, unproductive at the West. Fruit, above medium, borne in threes,
obtuse heart shape; deep purple, almost black ; flesh, reddish purple, hali
tci.der, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Season, early in July.

Buttner's Black Heart.

Buttner'3 Herz Kirsche, I Schwarze Neiie Herz Kirsche.

From Germany. As a kite variety, fjm fleshed, for market this pro-
mises well. Fruit large, heart shape purplish black when ftdly ripe :

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 205

flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, good, not high flavor ft.ason, middle to
last of July. Tree, pirductive, a vigorous grower.

Downing's Red Cheek.

Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, halt
spreading. Fruit, medium to^arge, obtuse heart shape ; yellowi-h white,
with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one half the fruit ; flesh,
yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet; pit, medium; ttem, set m an
even hollow of moderate depth. Season, middle to last June.

Champagne.
Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. This variety is highly
commended by the late A. J. Downing, but we have been unable to fruit
it sufficiently to plac^ it among those of generat cultivation. For large
orchards, we think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to com-
'rnand price in market. Tree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish heart shape, slightly angular ; color, shades of lively red;
flesh, amber color, juicy, sprightly, rich flavor : stem, moderate length, in
a shallow cavity. Season, middle of June, but hangs well into July.

• Cumberland.

Triomphe,of Cuml^rland, I Brennetnan's May,
JlonstrouB May, | J^ier.;i's May,

Cumberland Seediing.

This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co , Pa. Having fruited
it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the
other identical with Tradescant's Black, we have some doubts as to its being
a seedling or new variety. In the fj/l- inter ira report of the Pennsylvania
Hort. Society, it is thus described : Large, obtu.se heart-shaped, some-
times roundish, compressed at the sides; deep crimson, almost purple
when fully ripe; suture, indistinct; stem, rather long, slender, inserted
in a broad, open cavity ; apex, slightly depressed ; stone, roundish
oval, compressed ; flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent U) the stone ;
flavor, fine ; quality, " best ;" period of maturity about the middle of Juri^

/
China Bigarreau.

Chinese Heart.

Raised by William Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading.
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape; bright amber yellow, becoming
mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy and rich, but, unless per-
fectly ripe, slightly bitter ; stem, long and slender ; very productive.

Carnation.

Wax Cherry,

Crowa,

Cerise de Poriutral,

GrioUe de Villennes.

Cerise Nouvelle d'Ang^leterre,
Gr<KWe Cerise Rouge Pa!e,
Griotiier Rouge Pale,

A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely
disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit,
above medium ; yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red

206

THE CHEKRY.

slightly marbled; flesh, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than

most of this class ; stem, stout. Season, middle to last of July, but will

hang a long time. Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a profuse
bearer.

Carmine Stripe.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading ; very
productive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides,
often an uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of car-
mine ; color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright lively car-
mine ; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly and agreeable; pit, small ; stem,
varies. Season, last of June.

Caroline.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, much resembles
Belle de Choisy ; in growth healthy, hardy, vigor-
ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable
as a dessert Cherry.

Fruit, above medium, round oblong; one side
compressed slightly ; color, pale amber, mottled
with clear light red, and when fully exposed to the
sun becomes rich red ; flesh, slightly tinged with
pale red or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy,
sweet, and delicate ; pit, medium, oblong oval.
Season last of June.

Conestoga.

This variety originated in Conestoga Township,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, very large,
obtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the apex;
dark purple; stem, from an inch and three-quarters
to two and a quarter long, slender, inserted in an
open cavity; flesh, purplish, firm; flavor, sugary,
and very plea-^ant , quality '■'hesty (W. D. B.)

Christiana.

Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush. N. Y., and resembhng, in charac-
ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having fruited it, we only note
from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of a
brio-ht lively red color, and sprightly sub- acid flavor.

Donna Maria.

A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of
medium size; dark red; t.?nder, juicy, rich acid; valuable for cooking.
Season, middle July.

FOR AMATEUK CULTURE.

207

Duchess of Pallua.

A variety introduced fioni France by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston,
and fruited first time in this country, tliis year, 1853,

Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped ; purphsh black ; juicy, half tender,
sweet ; stone, small, oblong ovate. Season, 15th to 20th June. Promises to
be a productive valuable variety. (Hov. Mag.)

DOWNTON.

English : raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head ;
moderately productive.

Fruit, medium, globular flattened ; bright red on yellow ; flesh, yel-
lowish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor ; pit, medium ; stem,
set in a deep cavity. Season, early in July or late of June.

Elizabeth.

Raised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, 0., in 1823. Original
soil, clay. Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded; very prolific.

Fruit, medium to large, heart-shape, flattened on sides ; color, rich
dark red, when fully ripe ; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half
tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit, ovate rounded; stem, medium ; set

in a regular basin.

Season, middle to last of June.

Favorite.

Cl lion's Favorite.

Raised by Prof Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil.
Tree, vigorous, half spreading, productive.

Fruit," medium, round regular, slightly compressed ;
color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red
cheek, mottled and marbled ; flesh, pale amber, trans-
lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet; pit, small; stem,
medium, inserted in an even basin. Season, last of
June. This variety requires high cultivation, other-
wise the fruit is small, and the flavor only good.

English Amber.

THs is undoubtedly an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to
identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous strong
growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive.

208

THE CHERRY.

Fruit, medium size, roundish heart-shape, very re^lar, borne in threes ;
color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled willx pale red; flesh, whitish
yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet; pit, medium; stem,
long. Season, middle to last of June.

Florence.

Knevett's Late Bigarreau

From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spread-
ing, unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows
old. Fruit, large, roundish heart-shape, flattened at base ; pale amber,
mottled or mostly covered with bright red ; flesh, amber color, firm, rich,
sweet, fine flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval ; stem, inserted in a broad ba-
sin. Season, middle July.

GuiGNE NoiR LuiSANTE,
Black Spanish,

Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class.
Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular
moderate bearer. In 1823, it was cultivated in New Jersey, as lilack
Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size,
heart-shape, globular ; glossy blackish red ; flesh, reddish purple, tender,
juicy, rich acid ; pit, round ; stem, medium. Season, middle to last
July.

Graffion.

Bigarreau,
Yellow Spanish,
Fellow's Seedling,
White Bigarreau ?
Amljer or Imperial,
Turkey Bigarreau ?
Bigarreau Royal,

Cerise Ambree.

Italian Heart,
Bigarreau Gros?
West's White Heart,
I igarreau Tardif,
Groote Princess,
Hollandische Grosse,
Prinzcssin Kirsche,

The Grraffion, or Yellow Spanish as it is generally known throughout
the st-ates, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency
to decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The
tree is of strong spreading, healthy habit, and productive.

Fruit, large, regular obtuse heart-shape; whitish yellow, mottled and
mostly overspread in the sun, with bright red ; flesh, yellowish, firm,
juicy, rich, sweet, delicious ; pit, small, round ovate ; stem, stout, in an
open basin. Season, early July.

Bigarreau d'Hollande,
Spotted Bigarreau,

Holland.

Holland Bigarreau.

Armstrong's' Bigarreau,
Turkey Bigarreau ?

Mr. Downing, in his work on Fruits, says this variety was first import-
ed to this country from France. In the Jardin Fruitier it is stated to
have been originally received from Holland. Mr. Thompson of the Lod«

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

209

don Horticultural Society makes it synonymous withG-raffion. We have
received trees from different sources, and as they all in fruiting prove to be
the Napoleon, we are unable to decide, and therefore copy Mr. Downing 3
description. Fruit, large, heart shape, rather pointed ; white or pale yellow
in shade, mottled or spotted on the sunny side with bright carmine red ;
stem, rather slender, set in a deep hollow ; fruit, borne in thick clusters ; flesh
firm,' but not so much so as that of Graffion, more juicy, sweet and excel-
lent. Season. 20th June.

HOADLEY.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our-
self, in compliment to one of our best pomologists,
Geo. Hoadley, Esq.. of Cleveland. Tree, of healthy,
vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head.
Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape ;
light cftar carmine red, mottled and striped on pale
yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet
bronzed yellow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, almost
translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious ; pit,
medium, roundish oval ; stem, medium, set in a
shallow basin. Season, 20th to last June. This
promises to become one of the most valuable as a
dessert cherry, not quite as sweet as Coe's Trans-
parent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit
of less size.

HOVEY.

Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vigorous, forming* a pyram-
idal head. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, depressed point at apex ;
rich amber color, mottled or nearly covered with briUiant red ; sfem,
short ; flesh, pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to
stone ; stone, small, oval. 15th to last July. (Hov. Mag.)

Imperial.

Imperial Moreilo.

A variety of Moreilo, forming a small, low-headed tree ; veiy produc-
tive. Fruit, rather above medium size, roundish heart shape, elongated,
sides compressed : daik purplish red when fully ripe; flesh, tender, juicy,
rich acid; if gathered iniripe, quite bitter; pit, small, long, pointed. Sea-
son, very late, last of July to middle of August.

210

THE CHERRY.

Large Morellc

Kirtland's Large Morello.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, but as yet not all tested.
Fruit, above medium, roundish ; dark red, juicy, rich acid, good flavor ;
pit, small. Season, early July.

Knight's Early Black.

English. Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered
situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class in
size, it is well suited to small gardens ; moderately productive. Fruit,
medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suture half
round, with a knobby projection opposite ; purplish red, becoming nearly
black ; flesh, parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, medi-
um ; stem, inserted in a deep, open basin.

Season, last of June.

Kennicott.

Raised by Prof Kirtland, and named by ourself,
after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the
West, J. A. Kennicott, M.D., of Northfield, 111.
Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, very productive.
Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture,
shallow, half round ; color, amber yellow, mottled
and much overspread with rich bright clear glossy
red ', flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and
sweet ; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu-
lar ; stem, short in cavity, with bold surrounding
projections. Season, 8th to 16 July. As a market
fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of this
variety will make it popular when known.

Keokdk.

Raised by Prof Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, forming a
large tree. Fruit, large, heart shape ; dark purplish black ; flesh, halt
tender, purple, rather coarse, deficient in flavor ; its chief value, a market
variety ; pit, medium ; stem, stout. Season, early in July.

Merveille de September.

Tardive de Mons.

The Marvel of September is a new French cherry, marvelous only
because it ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigor-
ous. Fruit, small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet. '

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 211

Mary.

Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and noted in the Horti-
culturist as similar to Christiana.

* Manning's Mottled.

Mottled Bigarreau.

Raised by Mr. Manning, Salem, Mass. Tree, vigorous, spreading, very
productive. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape ; suture, half round, dis-
tinct line opposite ; amber color, mottled and overspread with red ; flesh,
yellovrish white, half tender, juicy, sweet, deficient in flavor ; pit, large,
oval, Jays in a hollow separated on all sides but one from the flesh ;
stem, in a broad hollow. Season, l^t of June.

Madison.

Madison Bigarreau.

Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree, healthy, moderate grower, tolerably
productive Fruit, medium ; color, red, marbled on light yellow ; flesh,
half tender, juicy, sprightly very agreeable ; pit, small, oval ; stem, slender.
Season, last June.

May Duke.

Early Duke,
Large May Duke,
MoTris Duke,
Morris' Early Duke,
Benham's Fine Early Duke,
Thompson's Duke,
Portugal Duke,

Buchanan's Early Duke,

Milieu's Late Heart Duke,

Royal Hative,

Cerise Guigne,

Coularde,

De Holland,

D'Espagne.

From France. Tree, hardy, upright growth. It produces freely, but
ripens so irregularly that we have entirely discarded it: from young trees
one can rarely gather a pint of ripe fruit at any one time. The Holman's
Duke, Jeffrey's Duke, Late Duke of most gardens. Royal Duke, and Le-
mercier, a new vaiety from France, are all so similar to May Duke that
one description will suit all. They are only sub-varieties, and the Late
Duke probably obtained by propagating from late ripening branches
of May Duke. Fruit, roundish obtuse heart shape ; red at first, becoming,
when fully ripe, a dark purplish red ; flesh, reddish, tender, juicy, sub-acid.
Season, last of May to last of June.

LiNDLEY.

Raised by Prof Kirtland from seeds given him by. Mr. M. Lindley, of
Euclid, 0. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape,
surface uneven ; dark purplish red ; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red,
juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. Season, first of July.

Leather Stocking.

Raised by Prof Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy,
moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often ob-

212 THE CHERRF.

tuse ; color, faint dull red, becoming, when fully ripe, rich reddish black ,•
flesh, very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor ; pit, medium ; stem,
in an open, but deep basin. Season, middle to last of July. As a variety
to transport long distances to market this will prove valuable.

Napoleon. *

Napoleon Bigarrean, I Lauermann's Kirsche,

Bigarreau Lauermann, | Clarke's Bigarreau.

From Holland. Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; productive. The best
sweet cherry for cooking purposes, and, on account of its showy appear-
ance, always sells well in market. It is, however, liable to decay on the
tree before fully ripe. Fruit, large, heart shape, incHning to obJong ;
bright delicate yellow, with shades o|" rich red marbled and spotted over
nearly two-thirds surface ; flesh, pale yellow, very firm, moderately juicy,
and, unless perfectly ripe, a little bitter ; pit, medium, oblong; stem, stout,
set in a narrow basin. Season, last of June.

Ohio Beauty.

Raised by Prof Kirtland in 1842, and described by us in 1847 ; shortly
after which, the original tree was destroyed, and since that we have not
seen the fruit. We had, however, previously sent out buds and grafts
and have often heard of its success. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ;
dark red on pale red ground, somewhat marbled ; flesh, white, tender,
delicate, juicy, with a fine flavor ; pit, small, oval ; stalk, long, set in a
deep, open basin. Season, middle of June. *

Proudfoot.

Proudfoot's Seedling.

Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, 0. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous,
round, spreading head ; moderatively productive. This promises to be-
come valuable on account of large siz'^ and lateness in ripening, often, even
on warm, sandy soil, (and sheltered in a city garden.) holding its fruit un-
til the 20th July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base ; color,
when fully ripe dark purplish red ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet ;
pit, large ; stem, set in a shallow, open cavity. Season, 15th to last July.

President.

Raised by Prof Kirtland, 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit,
large; dark red slightly mottled ; suture, all round, deep, distinct; flesh,
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet ; pit, medium ; stem, short,
slender. Season, middle to last of June.

Richardson.

Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point; dark red,
inclining to black ; stem, short, slender ; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy
saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps
well on or ofi" the tree. Good grower and bearer, rather upright, hardy

FOR AM ATE I'll CULTUKE.

213

in tree and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, in the garden of J. R.
Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.)

Roberts' Red Heart.

Raised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy-
grower ; productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; pale amber
ground, nearly overspread and mottled with red ; suture, distinct ; flesh,
white, juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored ; pit, medium ; stem, long,
slender. Season, last of June.

Elkhorn.

Tradescant's Black Heart,
Large Black Bigarreau,
Bigarreau NoirTardive,

Bigarreau Gros Noir,
Guigne Noir Tardive,
Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel.

This is probably an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made
known in this country and distributed under name of Elkhorn, we have
preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society. Trees,
very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of pecuhar gray color, producing
fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very highly
cultivated, the fruit diminishes to near the size of the old Black Heart.
Its period of late ripening has heretofore kept it favorably before horti-
culturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better varie-
ties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface; purplish black; flesh,
firm, purple, moderately juicy ; pit, large ; stem, short. Season, middle
July.

Vail's August Duke. f

Raised by Henry Yail, Troy, K Y. We have not fruited it, but copy
from the Horticulturist. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate grower. Fruit,
above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape ; rich bright red in the
shade, a lively cornelian in the sun; flesh, tender, sub-acid ; pit, oval;
stem, thick, when it joins the fruit, set in a deep narrow ?avity. Season,
middle to last of August.

Wendell's Mottled.

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau.

Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, ]SI. 1. Tree, uprioht
thrifty growth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly
valuable during the few years it has been before the public ; as yet it^'has
not fruited at the West. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ; dark purplish
red ; flesh, firm, juicy, well flavored ; pit, small ; stem, set in a round,
regular basin. Season, first to middle of July,

Waterloo.
We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip-
tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Pomo-
logical Congress. Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with
Moustreuse de Mezel. This we conclude must be error, either in the

214 THE' CHERRY.

variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in description given by Mr. Downing.
We copy the latter's description; "Fruit, large; obtuse heart shape;
dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ^ stalk, long and slender ; flesh,
purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be-
gining of July."

Werder's Early Black.

Werdersche Fruhe Schwarze Herzkirsche.

This variety is, as yet, comparatively new in this country. It is
somewhat doubtful whether it will ever deserve more than a trial.
Fruit, medium ; roundish heart shape ; surface, slightly uneven ; dark
purplish red, becoming nearly black ; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich,
sweet ; pit, small ; stem, medium. Season, middle of June.

CLASS III. — Unworthy farther Culture,
American Amber.

Bloodgood's Amber, | Bloodgood'a Honey,

Bloodgood's New Honey.

American ; fruit medium,.roundish heart shape, amber and bright red, flesh
tender, juicy, variable ; pit large, stem long slender. Season, last June.

Amber Gean.

Gean Amber.

Fruit small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red, flesh white, juicy, sweet,
often bitter or mazardy, stem long, slender. Season, early July.

Belle de Sceaux,

Chatenay.

A Morello from France ; fruit round, deep red, flesh yellowish, juicy, acid.
Season, June.

Brown's Seedling.

American ; fruit medium, yellow and red, sweet, half tender, wanting in
flavor.

Bauman's May.

Bigarreau de Mai, | Wilder's Bigaireaii de Mai.

From France ; fruit small, dark red, oval heart shape, floRt purplish, tender,
Bweet. Season, last of May or early iu June.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 215

Black Heart.

Early Black, .
Black Ru>sian,
Guigne Grosse Noir,

Anseli's Fine Black,
Spanish Black Heart,
Guinier a fruit Xoir.

An old variety hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by many ;
fruit above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color, flesh almost ten-
der, juicy, sweet. Season, last of June.

Black Hazard.

Hazard, 1 Common English,

Wild English Cherry, | Black Honey,

Bristol Cherry.

This is the wild species of Europe from which many of our sweet cherries have
sprung. It is now found in n^;arly every village or cultivated region of the
States, and is valuable mainly for its seed for growing stocks on which to bud.
There are numerous varieties, as all are grown from seed ; some are red, some
black, and som'e nearly white, all more or less bitter. Fruit small, oval heart
ehape, flesh tender, juicy. Season, middle to last July.

Black Bigarreau.

Bigarreau Noir.

Fruit middle size, heart shape, nearly black, flesh firm, sweet, dry. Season,
July.

Bleeding Heart.

Gascoigne's Heart, I Red Heart,

Herefordshire Heart, | Guigne Rouge Hative.

Fruit medium, long pointed, heart shape, dark red mottled, flesh half tender,
sweetish. Last of June.

Buttner's October.

Buttner's October Morello, I Du Nord Nouvelle,
DuXord, 1 De Prusse.

A Morello, of medium size, dark red, roundish, of no value except as hang-
ing long on the tree.

Boreatton.

Small, roundish heart shape, nearly black, flesh half tender, sweet, poor
flavor. Middle July.

Cerise de Xavier.
A Morello, medium, dark red, round, acid.

CORONE.

Couronne, I Coroun,

* Herefordshft-e Black, | Biack Orleans,

Large Wild Black.

Fruit small, roundish heart shape, dull black, flesh tender, mazardy. Middle
JuJy.

216 THE CHERRY.

Coe's Late Carnation.
Fruit medium, roundish, red, acid, only for cooking.

Cluster.

Cerise a Boquet, | Che\Teuse ,

Boquet Amarelle.

Fruit small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. Last of June.
Chinese Double Flowering.

Yung To, I Cerasus Serrulata,

Serrulated leaved Cherry.

A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental.

CORWIN.

A Morello, medium size, roundish, red, flesh tender, acid, pit large. Season,
July. '

Clarke's Superb.

Clarke's Bigarreau ?

Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, bright red with a dark maroon colored
stripe half round, flesh whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter.
Season, early July.

De Spa.
A Morello, medium size, dark red, acid.

Dwarf Double Flowering.

Double Flowering Kentish, | Cerisier a fleurs doubles.

A variety of the Kentish or sour cherry with semi-double flowers ; a pretty
ornamental shrub tree.

Davenport.

Davenport's Early, | Davenport's Early Black.

Tree tender, fruit medium, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh tender,
juicy, sweet. Season, last cf June.

White Heart.

Early White Heart, I Arden's Early White Heart,

Arden's heart, 1 Dredge's Early While Heart,

White Transparent, | Amber Heart,

Bow>'er's Early Heat, | Herefordshire White,

River's Early Amber, | Sw^eedish,
Sweedish Red Heart.

An old variety and generally known throughout the States. It is a variable
and uncertain bearer, and does not ripen sufficiently early to compete with
many new vareties. Fruit medium, or a little below, heart shape, whitish yel-
low, often nearly covered with pale red, flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Season,
middle June. The Early Red and Yellow of Manning is very similar.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 217

i

Early May.

Orise Indulle, I May Cherry,

Small May, | Precoce.

A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red, flesh
tender, juicy, acid.

Flemish.

Montmorency, I Kentish,

Cerise a Courte Queue, ( Montmorency a Gros Fruit,

Gros Gobet.

Fruit large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red, flesh yellowish
white, juicy, sub-acid, stem stout, short, fruit borne in pairs. Last of July.

Gridley.

Apple Cherry, | Maccarty.

American ; fruit small, roundish, color almost black, flesji firm, purplish,
moderately juicy. Season, early July.

Honey.

Sparhawk,
Large Honey,
Late Honey,

Cream,

Yellow Honey,
Meresier a fruit blanc,

Sparahawk's Honey.

Little better than a mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red, flesh ten-
der, sweet. Middle July. Pit large. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar
and probably identical with this.

Hyde's Red Heart.

Hyde's Seedling.

Fruit medium, heart shape, red on yellow, flesh whitish, sweet mazardy.
Early July.

Hyde's Late Black,

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black, flesh half tender,
juicy, sweet. Early July.

Kentish.

Late Kentish, I Common Red,

Pie Cherry, | Common Sour Cherry,

Kentish Red.

This is probably a seedling of this country, which is found every where that
man has cleared the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had
been among the household goods brought by first settlers, and that wherever
planted it has grown, and by suckers, increased '• seventy fold." It is hardy
and fruits abundantly, and many think it indispensable, but not after haviug
grown and fruited the Early Richmond. Fruit medium size, round, lively red.
tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July.

10

218 THE CHERRY.

Knight's Late Black.

Medium to large, roundish heart shape, fl£sh half tender, sweet, dry. Season,
middle July.

Lady Southampton's Yellow.

Lady Southampton's Duke, ' Lady Southampton's Golden Drop,

Yellow or Golden, i Spanish or Yellow.

Fruit small, hearj; shape, yellow, flesh firm, dry. Middle July.

Large Double Flowering.

4 beautiful ornamental tree, with large showy double white flowers, like little
roses, without fruit and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation on
account of fruit. As an ornamental tree, it is beautiful when in flower

LuNDiE Gean.

Fruit medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black, flesh tender, juicy
suh-acid harsh. July.

Louis Phillip.

Morello from France ; fruit medium, roundish, dark red, flesh red, juicy,
tender, acid. Middle July.

Manning's Late Black.

Manning's Late Black Heart.

Frtiit medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh purple, half tender,
sweet, pit large. Season, early July.

Manning's Early Black.

Fruit medium, heart shape, purplish black, flesh tender, sweet, good. Middle
June.

Morello.

English Morello, I Large Morello,

Dutch Morello, | Late Morello,

Ronald's Large Morello.

The true English Morello is rare "in this country, nor do we see any reason
for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello equaling,
if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most writers In
growth, it varies from O'lr common Morello only in the branches being more
strong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. Fruit medium or
above, round, dark red or purplish black, flesh purplish red, tender, juicy, sub-
acid. Season, middle to last July.

Ox Heart.

Lion's Heart, | Bullock's Heart,
Very Large Heart.

Fruit above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red nearly black,
flesh red, half tender, sweet. Season, early July.

UNWORTHY QF JULTIVATION. 219

OSTHEIM.
Oslheimer Weichsel.
A Morello, fruit below medium, ronnd, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July.

Prince's Duke.
Like carnation, but poor bearer.

Plumstone Morello.

Fruit large, roundish, deep red, flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. Last of
July. Its very large pit renders it unworthy, as compared with Shannon.

Pink Heart.
A small mazard, of pinkish red, oval, stem short July.

Red Bigarreau.

Large Red Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge,
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge.

Fruit very large, oblong heart shape, irregular, color yellow or red, becoming
dark red in sun, flesh yellowish stained with red, firm, sweet. Eark^ July.
Poor bearer.

Remington

Remington White Heart, | Remington Heart.
Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh dry, bitter, sweet Middle of August

Rumsey's Late Morello.

This variety matures its fruit late, but we have been unable to find qualities
in it worthy of extensive or even moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and
the tree a miserable grower. Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, lively red,
juicy, acid. August.

Tobacco Leaved.

Four to the Pound.
Fruit small, round, red, firm dry flesh, large pit.

Transparent Guigne.

Transparent Gean, | Transparent

Fruit small, oval heart shape, yellowish white shal d with red, flesh trans-
lucent, tender, melting sweet, a little bitter. Early July,

Sweet Montmorency.

Allen's Sweet llontmorency.

Fruit medium or small, round, amber and 3'ght red, mottled, flesh yellowish,
tender, sweet Middle U last July.

220 THE CHERRY.

• ''

ViRUiNiAN Wild Cherry.

This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful Ehade tree and its fruit for fla-
vorins liquor?, but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well
known to need description, being the Cerasus Serotina of Torrey and Grey,
while the Choke Cherry, as it is commonly known, is the Cerasus Virgiviana.

Virginia May Duke.
A variety of mazard.

White Tartarian.

Fraser's While Tartarian, | Fraser's White Transparent,
Amber a petit fruit.

Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color, flesh whitish yellow,
half tender, sweet.

White Bigarreau.

White Ox Heart, I Large White Bigarreau,

Ox Heart. | Harrison Heart,

Turkey Bigarreau.

Fruit large, heart shaped, yellowish with red in the sun, flesh almost firm,
sweet, delicious, poor bearer. Last of June.

Weeping, or all Saints.

Ever Flowering Cherry, I Cerise Tardive,
Cerisier Pieurant, | Cerise de St, Martin.

Fruit of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes
it very desirable.

Warren's Transparent.

Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle
July. (Cole.>

Wilkinson.
Fruit medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July.

Wellington.

Fruit medium size, obtuse heart shape, black, almost firm fleshed, dry, sweet,
Early July.

THE CURKANT

Rihes rubrum, Lin. Grossularice of Botanists.

The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The
native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro-
ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has
found'its way into every garden, and is the first fruit shrub planted
by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits,
ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no
doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of
the Kentish Cherry.

The Cherry Currant, a variety of comparative new introduction,
by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex-
pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the
Dutch horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from
seed, and improving the currant ; and not until the latter period of
the life time of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticul-
turists give it any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new
kinds, varying, however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to
be hardly worth retaining as distinct varieties.

Propagation. — Where intention is to produce new and improved
varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce
but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed.
When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds
clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until^ early
in following spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and
covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in
a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and, on approach of
winter, have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mould scattered
among the plants.

The continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in
similar manner, and at same time as directed under head of Goose-
berries.

Transplant in ff.— This is best done in October, or rar/y in spring ;
but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as
the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur.
The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each
way.

:Soil and Situation.— -The currant will grow in almost any soil,
producing fruit abundantly, but it is only when grown in rich, deep
soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charac-

(221)

222 THE CURRANT.

ters. We have grown the Cherry Currant in a poor, gravelly soil,
and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same :
the first, being only of medium size and indifferent character ; while
in the second, they were large, as described, and possessing the
sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be
free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to
give the morning and evenmg and not the noonday sun, the fruit
will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants
so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July
to September.

Culture. — The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard
manure every fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and,
during the fruit season, the ground should be kept clean of weeds.

Pruning. — ITiis should be pursued much as is described under
head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of
them, should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old
should be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the
root are not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees,
it will be necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and
as the best and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding
year's growth, it is always best to retain as much of that as possible,
compatible with form and habit of the plant ; which should present,
when fairly grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyram-
idal shape, three to five feet high, and about two to three in di-
ameter.

The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa-
liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations ; produc-
ing freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well
supplied with food.

Insects. — The Currant Borer {^Egeria tvpuliformis) is the only de-
structive insect which attacks the currant, and this is seldom met
with in the West, or in gardens where the three years' old wood is
regularly cut away, thereby giving vigor to the remainder of the
plant. This insect is produced from a blu« black moth, appearing
about the middle of June, and depositing its eggs near the lower
buds ; these hatch, and the young borer enters the stem to the pith,
which it devours. Tlie best remedy is to cut off and hum all
branches affected.

' The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to destroy the foliage of the Cur-
rant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We have
not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the N. Y.

State Ag. Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 469, by Asa Fitch, M.D.
•■*

Uses. — Familiar to e 'ery one are the uses of the currant ; green

it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in winter, by gather*

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 223

ing when of full size, or just before they commence turning red ;
have them dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and
pack in sand in a cool cellar.

Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by
many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes.
Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit,
numerous receipes for which are in all the Horticultural journals.
The fruit of the black currant made into a jelly is regarded by
many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, &c.

Varieties. — Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of
cultivation. The Ribes rubrum or common red currant, is distinct
in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum^ or Black Currant. The
Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul-
tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with
prefix " large fruited" any more deserving attention of fruit-growers.
The Ribes sanguineum, with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a
pretty ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds.
The Ribes fioridum^ or American Black, may perhaps have qualities
and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce
new varieties.

CLASS {.— Worthy General Culture,

Black Naples.

The largest fruited and most productive of the Black Currant.
Hardy in all sections of the States; but in the Southern said not
to be productive.

GONDOUIN.
Gondouin Red.

From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be fur-
ther tested, but not largely planted. ^ „

Knight's Sweet Red.

Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply col-
ored and slightly less acid ; resembling more the White Dutch.

THE GOOSEBERRY.

Ribes Grossularia — Grossulaceoe of Botanists.

The Gooseberry is found wild in most of the northern and middle
portions of our country, but, with few exceptions, its fruit is prickly
and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where
the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun-
dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free
of prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all
been mtroduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed
having been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price
at which the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost
certainty of success of importations made in the autumn.

The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en-
thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed
there as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens,
has been the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry
Shows were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been
customary to issue annually a Gooseberry Book, in which all new
varieties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts
of size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds ;
yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and
with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds.

Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections
bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed
well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western praries
suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec-
tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew to the destruc-
tion of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the att-en-
tion of some one to make experiments by raising from seed of our
best varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of
which, it might safely be expected, would be plants, vigorous, and
comparatively free from disease as our natives.

Propagation.— Seed should be sown in rich loam, covered half an
inch deep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is
only advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The
most general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be
made of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in
September, or as scon as the season's growth is completed and the
wood ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with

(226)

TRANSPLANTING. SOIL AND SITUATION. 227

all buds on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower eiid cut
square and even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpen-
dicularly in a soil two feet deep, composed of loam and sand, and
exposed only to the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep,
fill up two inches and tread very firm and compact, the remaining
four inches fill in loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow Flow-
ering, or Missouri Currant, has been practiced and is said to prevent
mildew.

Transplanting. — This is best done in early October, at which time
the bushes transplanted (if it has not previously been done) should
be pruned back to within three bujs of this year's growth. The
distance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three
feet, each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole
ground with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or
new mown grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or
six years, as young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones

Soil and Situation. — The soil should be two feet deep, well en-
riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy,
haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and
away from under shade of trees ; but, where it can be done, shaded
from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge.

Culture. — Where mulching is practised, the ground dug up once
early in spring, and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and
soot from chimneys or stove pipes, will be all required, save the
pulling of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course
of summer.

Pruning. — This, in training the Gooseberry like the Dwarf Pear,
consists much in the " pinching in " process, i. f., by means of thuml
and finger stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches
as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for suc-
cess of balance of plant ; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and
pulling most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early Sep-
tember, the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such
shoots cut out as have been neglected to be stopped in, or rubbed
off, and are tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free cir-
culation of air. All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators
prune in February ; we prefer the fall. The following simple pro-
cess of training or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with gooa
success : — In a row, the first bush has the branches of the year's
growth cut back one-third ; the second bush has every branch cut
back to two, close to the stem : the third, trimmed same as first ;
fourth, same as second, and so on alternately. The next year^this

THE <JOOSEBERRY.

Ribes Grossuhria — Grossulacece of Botanists.

The Gooseberry is found wild in most of the northern and middle
portions of our country, but, with few exceptions, its fruit is prickly
and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where
the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun-
dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free
of prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all
been introduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed
having been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price
at which the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost
certainty of success of importations made in the autumn.

The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en-
thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed
there as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens,
has been the origin of m.ost of our approved varieties. Gooseberry
Shows were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been
customary to issue annually a Gooseberry Book, in which all new
varieties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts
of size, &;c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds ;
yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and
with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds.
^,, Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections
^"' bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed
well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western praries
suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec^
tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew to the destruc-
tion of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the atten-
tion of some one to make experiments by raising from seed of our
best varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of
which, it might safely be expected, would be plants, vigorous, and
comparatively free from disease as our natives.

Propagation.— ^eed should be sown in rich loam, covered half an
inch deep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is
only advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The
most general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be
made of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in
September, or as sc on as the season's growth is completed and the
wood ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with

(226)

TRANSPLANTING. SOIL AND SITUATION. 227

all buds on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower eiid cut
square and even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpen-
dicularly in a soil two feet deep, composed of loam and sand, and
exposed only to the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep,
fill up two inches and tread very firm and compact, the remaining
four inches fill in loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow Flow-
ering, or Missouri Currant, has been practiced and is said to prevent
mildew.

Transplanting.— This is best done in early October, at which time
the bushes transplanted (if it has not previously been done) should
be pruned back to within three bujs of this year's growth. The
distance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three
feet, each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole
ground with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or
new mown grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or
six years, as young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones

Soil and Situation. — The soil should be two feet deep, well en-
riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy,
haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and
away from under shade of trees ; but, where it can be done, shaded
from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge.

Culture. — Where mulching is practised, the ground dug up once
earl2/ in spring, and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and
soot from chimneys or stove pipes, will be all required, save the
pulling of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course
of summer.

Pruning. — This, in training the Gooseberry like the Dwarf Pear,
consists much in the " pinching in " process, i. e., by meansof thuml
and finger stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches
as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for suc-
cess of balance of plant ; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and
pulling most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early Sep-
tember, the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such
shoots cut out as have been neglected to be stopped in, or rubbed
off, and are tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free cir-
culation of air. All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators
prune in February ; we prefer the fall. The following simple pro-
cess of training or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with good
success :— In a row, the first bush has the branches of the year's
growth cut back one-third ; the second bush has every branch cut
back to two, close to the stem : the third, trimmed same as first ;
fourth, sanae as second, and so on alternately. The next year^this

228 THE GOOSEBERRY.

course is reversed, and No. one takes place of No. two. This pup
plies fresh wood, and some think the increased vigor given to the
plant in only fruiting every other year has a tendency to prevent
mildew.

Mildew. — This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, at-
taching itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appear-
ance of scurf It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmos-
}>liere and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the
phmt. The remedies are, mulching the ground three or four inches
deep, with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to keep
the roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt
is, by some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in
creating moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in spring, and
after the fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap suds or such as
come from the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive.

Uses. — In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies,
tarts, &c., and is often bottled for winter use. This is done by fill-
ing the bottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft
water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water, cork-
ing and sealing, and burying them in a cool cellar with necks downward.

Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice, which after,
fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re-
sembling champagne.

The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and, coming immediately
after cherries when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market.

Varieties. — As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry
are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them va-
rying only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf We
have therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well
tested in this country.

Bright Venus. (Taylor's.)

Branches erect ; fruit whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy,
flavor best, hangs a long time.

Bunker Hill. (Capper's.)

Branches spreading ; fruit yellow, large, roundish, smooth, flavor
very good.

Champagne.

Branches erect ; fruit red, small, roundisn oblong, hairy, very
goodf- extremely productive.

THE GOOSEBERRY. 229

Crdvn Bob. (Melling's.)

Branches spreading ; fruit red, very* large, oblong, hairy, flavor

best.

Early Sulphur.

Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy, flavor
best ; ripens very early.

DucKwiNG. (Buerdsill's.)

Branches erect ; fruit yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very
good ; ripens late.

Gkeen Walnut.

Branches spreading ; fruit green, medium size, obovate, smootn,
flavor best.

Green Gage. (Pitmaston's.)

Branches erect ; fruit green, small, obovate, smooth, flavor best ,
hangs late.

Houghton's Seedling.

Branches erect, spreading, slender; fruit pale red, oval, medium
size, flavor good, productive. This is claimed an American seedling,
and thus far has proved entirely free of mildew.

Heart of Oak. (Massey's.)

Branches drooping ; fruit green, very large, oblong, smooth, fla-
vor best.

Ironmonger.

Branches spreading ; fruit red, small, roundish, hairy, flavor very
good, productive.

Jolly Angler. (Collier's)
Branches erect ; fruit green, large, oblong, flavor best.

Keen's Seedling

Branches drooping ; fruit red, medium, oblong, hairy, flavor best j
early and productive.

Laurel. (Parkinson's.)

Branches erect ; fruit green, large, obcvate, flavor best.

280 THE GJOOSEBERRY.

Pale Red.

Branches erect, slender ; fruit pale red, n:edium,oval, flavor very
good, very productive. We received this variety from England, in
1847, and have fruited it yearly since. It so closely resembles
Houghton's Seedling that we have somewhat doubted the latter being
distinct. We have grown it in good and in poor soil, with and with-
out cultivation, and have never had it mildew ; while for productive-
ness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two
hundred fruit.

Roaring Lion.

Branches droopmg ; fruit red, large, oblong, smooth, flavor best;
hangs late.

Red Warrington.

Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, roundish oblong, hairy, flavor
best.

Sheba Queen. (Crompton's.)
Branches erect ; fruit white, large, obovate, downy, flavor best.

Whitesmith. (Woodward's.)

Branches erect ; fruit white, large, roundish oblong, downy, flavor
best.

White Honey.

Branches erse. fiTiit vhite, medium, roundish oblong, smooth,
flavor best.

THE AMERICAN GRAPE.

Vitis I'ibrusca, L. — Vitacea of Botanists.

Throughout nearly every portion of the United States the Grape,
in its wild state is found growing. Of these, classes are divided, the
vitis labrusca, being our common Fox Grape, and from which we
are yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental
seedlings ; while the Frost Grapes vitis cordifolia^ may perchance
have been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &c. Hardy, and
almost equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign Grape,
they have become the companions of our advanced civilization, until
almost every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit
thereof. They have made our country already known as a wine-
producing country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign va-
rieties, and are destined to add millions to our wealth, and temper-
ance to the character of our people. Records of immense vines are
made, as growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on
streams of waters, yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem
them all surpassed by a vine of Catawba Grape which we saw last
year growing on Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted
out but two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in
length, with a girth, near the ground, of main stem, five inches, and
had produced that year over 200 lbs. of fruit.

The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abound-
ing in lime, while the wash-water, soap-suds, &;c., &;c., of the house
had its escape near the roots.

We may also remark, that, upon this island, we have seen grapes-,
more perfectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine-
yards of the Ohio ; and wine possessing all the boquet and aroma
so much esteemed by connoisseurs.

Vineyards. — The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of
France have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the
latter country having been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons an-
nually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of ground were required.

" The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their his-
tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus,
however discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it
as a beverage until his edict was abolished. The general culture
was then encouraged, and increased to such excess, that it became

232 THE GRAPE.

necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. At one
time women were prohibited from using wlue in any case whatever,
under the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the
age of thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among rela-
tions of kissing women when they met, was to ascertain by their
breath if they had been drinking wine.

" Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved
his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of
his vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterces.

" The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the
invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the
Latins to Saturn ; and the Greeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of
a deity, for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix.

" It is said by Pliny, that Bacchus was the first who ever wore
a crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the
vine and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The
manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of
the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed-
ding, changed the water into wine.

"At several periods of the history ofthe world, the cultivation of
the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century
a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions
of Europe ; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the moun-
tains of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and
Italy cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape.
Those most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine,
are the Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the
champagne wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally
celebrated as wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highly
esteemed for their prolific bearing and regular crops.

" The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table
grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac and
other Muscat grapes." Noah planted a vineyard and made wine ;
and among the bessings of the promised land are mentioned " wheat,
barley, and vine."

Although we have record of wine being made from a native
grape in Florida as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken
of in the United States until those established at Vevay and New
Harmony, Ind., Lexington, Ky., &c., about 1812, the originals of
which are are now mostly destroyed.

Jefferson recorded his opinion, that " no nation is drunken where
wine is cheap ; and none sober where the dearness of wine substi-
tutes ardent spirits as the common beverage." A wish to sustain
and exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of
the pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the minds of denizens
of the " Rhine of America " i.e., the borders of the Ohio rivet

THE GRAPE. 238

above and below Cincinnati, where now, U is probable, over ten
thousand acres are occupied with vines mostly of the Catawba
grape, the produce of which is made mostly into, what is there
termed, " dry wine," much resembling the better class wines of the
Rhine. That the culture of the vine and manufacture of wines within
the section named is only now in its infancy, no one will pretend to
dispute ; and ten years, we doubt not, will increase ten-fold the pres-
ent amount.

Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyards
in our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating to
health. Prof Kirtland, in 1842, says: " During an extensive prac-
tice in the medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, I
have frequently found it important to employ wine and other diffu-
sive stimulants as medicines ; and while I am disposed to go as far
as any one in excluding strong drinks from the daily use of people
in health, I must express my satisfaction at finding we can produce,
in our own country, a pure, healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal
purposes, and far superior to the poisonous foreign compounds, that
often find their way to the bedsides of the sick,^nder the names of
" Lisbon," " Madeira," &c., &c.

Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of for-
eign vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and
at this time only two, the Catawba and Schuylkill, are advised to be
planted to any considerable extent.

Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio River have thus far tak-
en the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards, there is
no good reason to suppose that the boundary where success may be
had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found throughout the
entire State of Ohio and West, where, by application of manures
suited to the wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal
success would be had as on the Ohio River — Seneca County and
Kelley Island ripening the Catawba equally as well, if not superior.

The whole extent of Western Prairies, rich in all the constituents
of the Grape vine, (if we except Potash, and, possibly, in sections, the
phosphates) are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards,
and at no greater outlay of expense, for constituents toward success-
ful culture, than the vineyards of the "Rhine of America," which
have thus far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the
soil, and have already shown failure, i. e., decay by rot, where food,
in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied.

North of latitude 42,° however, it may be doubted whether saccha-
rine sufficient can be obtained from the most valuable wine grapes yet
known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther South ;
but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly written on,
would more than occupy the number of pages Intended tor this entire
book, we must forbear, and only devote our spaci^ to such instructions

234 THE GRAPE.

as will enable the inexperienced to make the first start correctly, pre-
mising that, once interested and engaged in the subject, disposition
will be found, freely to avail himself of all works yet issued devoted
to the subject.

Propagation. By Seed. — This course is only pursued where intend-
ed to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of premium
are circulated in the journals of the day for the production of a
hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertilizing
some variety of the vitis vinefera with pollen of vitis labrusca., or vice
versa, will be the course to pursue with any expectation of success ;
the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich vegetable
mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the size with-
out ameliorating their character.

By Cuttings. — These are taken from the strongest vines of the
last year's growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds, ac-
cording as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where possi-
ble, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred.
These being made in the fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away
in bundles in a cool cellar until spring ; when, as soon as the ground
is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of water for four
or five days, or until the buds become fully swollen. They are
then planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the
form of a half circle, as represented by fig., which shows the cutting

as it appears in about one month from plant-
ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud is
covered nearly an inch : in clayey soils, or
those retentive of moisture, the upper bud
should be just even with the soil. The rows,
in nursery, should be three feet apart, and the
plants one foot distant each in the row. This
is the best and most successful mode of growing the grap vine.
The earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and
left light and loose at top.

By Grafting. — The best season to perform this operation is when
the leaves are about half grown. Earlier, the sap is very abundant,
and at same time watery, and grafts do not succeed well. Whip
grafting, as it is termed, is best ; or, if stock and graft are near of
size, saddle graftmg. The graft should have been cut early in the
season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been
kept in a cool yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it
is best done, is at or near the ground, and, after insertion, earth up a
small mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun,
&c. If the operation be performed farther up on the stalk, wrapping

TRANSPLANTING. 235

the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must
be taken that the inner bark of both graft and stock join each cTther
perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only-
advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines
are almost alway better than the patching up of old, neglected
plants, which have never been *' cared for " either in branch or root.

Tranf^planting and distances. — In taking up the vines at one year's
growth from the cutting, (which is best,) care should be taken to
mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo-
sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the
past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep;
the hole broad; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they
grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken root with
a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only the two buds
are visible, thefl avoid treading on it. The distance apart, if making a
vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. That for the Catawba
or Isabella should be four by six feet ; the Schuylkill and Herbe-
mont, five by seven feet ; the Missouri and Clinton, three and a half
by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low, while the
former varieties may rise seven to eight feet.

Cost per acre of Vineyard. — The estimated cost of trenching, fur-
nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far
from two hundred dollars ; and at the expiration of three years it
may be estimated to yield annually about 200 gallons of wine, at a
cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, <&;c., of about
seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a
year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon) as the net
profit per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be
thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity,
seasons do occur when even less is the result ; and we therefore
stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex-
pectation.

Position and Soil. — R. Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital
treatise on the " Culture of the Grape," as well as practically trained
the vine, has the following on this point :

"A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east-
ern or a western exposure is nearly as good. Some have recom-
mended the north, on account of safety from late spring frosts, but
it will scarcely aflTord sun enough to ripen the grapes in cold, wet
seasons (if the declivity is steef^), and may perhaps be more subject
to ' the rot.' Any undulating surface, if dry, is preferable to a
level one.

" The Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loara — •

236 THE GRAPE.

with a porous sub-soil — not retentive of moisture ; if mixed with
soDTi^e gravel or small stones, so much the better. Some prefer a
sandy soil with a gravelly substratum ; as in this the grapes are less
subject to rot; the juice, however, is not so rich, — lacking in saccha-
rine matter, — and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the
drought, shedding their leaves prematurely, and preventing the
grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on
the vines, if swelled prematurely in autumn, are sometimes killed
by the frosts of a severe winter.

"Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet clay, is to be avoided, as also
wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within
one hundred feet of the vineyard."

Preparing the Ground. — " In autumn, or early winter, dig or
trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with the
spade ; this is far better than plowing ; turn the top-soil under.

" Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul-
verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose
stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up
with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave
sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100
or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size.
This will do for gentle declivities ; but steep ones must be terraced
or benched with sod or stone. These benches should be as broad as
they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the
hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running
into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away
the soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill.

Cultivation of the ground. — The first two years the grounds should
be kept clean of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two pronged
instrument. A light plow is sometimes used in the spring, but the
best vine dressers object to it. The third year, and afterwards, the
earth should be kept clean until July, after which time it should not
be stirred; this especially through the Western prairie country.

Pruning and Training. — Tact and judgment are necessary to
perform this portion of vineyard work, and none but general in-
structions can be given. Buchanan says : " In the spring, cut the
young vine down to a single eye, or bud, at first ; if two are left for
greater safety, take off one, afterward ; drive a stake six or seven
feet long firmly to each plant. Locust or cedar is preferred, but
oak or black walnut, charred at the end, driven into the earth, or
coated with coal tar, will, it is said, Itist nearly as long. Keep the
young vine tied neatly to the stake with rye or wheat straw ; pick
off all suckers, and let but one stalk or cane grow.

" The second spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes.

PRUNING AND TR UNIXG.

237

or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pinching off laterals
tying up, and hoeing the vines as recommended above. Replant
where failures have occured. The third year the vines will produce
a few grapes. Train two canes to the stake this year, and take otf
laterals." We advise the cutting down or pruning to be done as
soon as the fall of the leaf in autumn, but any time when the frost
is not in the wood will answer. " Pruning the fourth year requires
good judgment, as the. standard stem or stalk has to be established."
" Select the best shoot or cane of last year, and cut it down to six
or eight joints, and fasten it to the adjoining stake in a horizontal
position, or bend it over in the form of a hook or bow, and tie it to
its own stake. The ties should be of willow. This is the bearino-
wood. The other cane, cut down to a spur of two or three eyes, to
make bearing wood for the next season.

" ' Give the shoot the first tie on the stake nine inches from the
ground, and the second, nine inches above it ; then bow it over to
the neighboring stake in a horizontal position, and give it the third
tie to the stake, at that top of the vine.'

"In the succeeding, and all subsequent years, cut away the old bear-
ing wood, and form the new bow, or arch, from the best branch of
the new wood of the last year, leaving a spur as before, to produce
bearing wood for the coming year, thus keeping the old stalk of the
vine down to within eighteen to twenty-four inches from the ground.
The vine is then always within reach, and control."

Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Fig. 1.

7 9 show fall and summer pruning, the above figures are inserted.
Fig. 1. The vine second year before pruning.

Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.

t\ird
" fourth
" f>urth

pruned,
summer training.

238 THE GRAPE.

Summer pruning, or pinching in, should be cautiously and care-
fully done. Every leaf acts as a lung to the plant, and, unless one
has experience, the safest plan is to avoid any summer pruning ex-
cept just pinching the extreme ends of shoots after the fruit has
acquired the size of large shot, and taking away of all suckers. Dr.
S. Mosher writes as follows upon this part of pruning :

" Soon after the grapes are set and about the size of common shot,
my rule is to pinch off the ends of the bearing branches — leaving
four good leaves for the first bunch of grapes, and two additional
leaves for every other bunch on the same branch — so that if there
are three bunches there will be eight leaves to supply their wants.
I have tried leaving these bearing branches to grow their full length
without pinching them oflf, but I find they encumber the ground too
much, without any perceptible improvement of the fruit. After
these bearing shoots have been pinched off, especially if done too
early, the buds in the axils of their leaves will push out. These I
pinch off also when quite young, sometimes permitting one or two
leaves to remain on them. The leaves on these laterals do not seem
to subserve the wants of the fruit, like the original leaves on the
bearing wood, which should be carefully preserved. At the fifth
spring pruning, the vines will have the two good canes, as in tlie pre-
vious spring, with the addition of the old hoop or circle that bore
fruit. This I cut ofif as close down as possible to the uppermost
cane, and the other two canes are managed exactly in the same
manner as in the preceding year. I never allow the old stock to
rise more than six to ten inches above the ground ; the lower they are
kept the more healthy they will remain and be much more easily
managed. Pruning the vine for wine requires a bold hand and
much firmness of purpose, otherwise the old stock will get too high
and become encumbered with too many shoots. It must be borne
constantly in mind that one single bearing shoot or cane, having
from six to ten eyes, will throw out as many bearing branches.
From these ten bearing branches it will be easy to select from ten
to fifteen bunches. These bunches, in any ordinary favorable season,
may be made to yield one quart of good grapes, which will make,
at least, a pint of wine. One acre of ground planted three feet by
five will contain 2904 vines. If each vine, then, yields one pint of
wine only, there will be 2904 pints, or 363 gallons, from each acre.
This is more than the average yield per acre — and for the reason
only that we are too greedy ; by overloading the vines, we fail
to obtain a reasonable quantity, as well as a g;ood quality of

Dr. Lindley, good authority in England, has the following, rela

ITS CULTIVATION.

239

tive to autumn stopping or pruning, which is equally applicable here :
"When, however, the branches have grow^n for many weeks, and
j,re in the autumn begining to slacken in their power of lengthening,
theory says it is then right to stop the shoots by pinching off their
ends, because after that season newly formed leaves have little time
to do more than organize themselves, which must take place at the
expense of matter forming in the other leaves. Autumn-stopping
of the vine shoots is therefore advantageous ; for the leaves w^hich
remain after that operation will then direct all their energy to the
perfection of the grapes."

Trellises made by setting posts well braced at either end of the
row, and running coarse wire through standards intermediate from
post to post, we have seen much practiced elsewhere than at Cincin-
nati, and with great success. The vines are trained horizontally as
represented in the accompanying figure.

And when heat and full exposure to the sun's rays are desired,
we think it preferable to the mode previously described.

For private gardens where ground is scarce, the vine should be
well supplied at its roots with liquids hereafter named, and permitted
to run or ramble upon lofty trellises. Spur pruning, which consists
in training the old or main stem, and yearly cutting back the late-
rals to two or three good buds, must here be pursued ; care should
be taken, however, not to cut back and preserve the same side
branches or spurs from year to year, lest by so doing they soon be-
come enfeebled, and the fruit ripens imperfectly ; but new side shoots
should be yearly selected of the strongest growth and cut back to
the two or three bearing buds, while that of last year's bearing is cut
away.

Manures. — The analysis made by Prof. Emmons, of the common
wild grape vine is as follows

240

THE GRAPE.

Potash, . . . .

Soda, ....

Chlorine, . . . .

Sulphuric acid, . . .
Phosphate of lime,
Phosphate of peroxide of iron,
Carbonic acid.
Lime, ....

Magnesia, . . . .
Silex, ....

Solnable silica, . . .

Coal and organic matter,

Wood.

20.84
2.06
0.02
0.23

15.40
1.20

34.83

17.33
4.40
2.80
0.00
2.20

100.21

Bark.
1.77
9.27
0.40

trace
5.04
5.04

32.22

39.32
0.80

14.00
0.30
1.70

100.86

From this any one moderately conversant with the components oi
soils can readily see what is required for his vines. Burying the
refuse cuttings and leaves, sprinkling on gypsum, (plaster of Paris.)
and supplying freely the soap-suds, and wash-water of a flimily,
with animal (or barn-yard) manures, and wood ashes, are most
advisable, aside from the specific application of potash and bone dust.

Insects and diseases.— The aphis and slug, described fully in " Har
i-y Treatise," appear in the months of May and June. They are
ca-^ily destroyed by syringing with tobacco-water. The grape vine
fli\i-beetle, {Haltica Chalyhea) a small, glossy, greenish-blue beetle
al)()ut three-twentieths of an inch long, sometimes preys upon the
buds, causing them to appear as if bored. This insect was first (we
believe) described by David Thomas, in Silliman"'s Journal of Sci-
ence, and is also noticed in Harris' Treatise. The eggs are depos
ited early and soon change to a greenish, smooth worm, which preys
upon the tender leaf and young bunches. It is destroyed in this
state by syringing with tobacco-water or sifting lime over the vines
when wet with dew. The rose-bug {melolontha) occasionally attacks
the vines in great numbers, eating oflT the upper surface of the leaf
and causing the vinous fibres left to xook like a sieve. They are
best destroyed by spreading a cloth underneath and shaking the
vines in the cool of evening or near sun-set. They ^ill fall and may
then be burned. A few dollars expended in this way, we have
known to have saved the entire crop for the year, as well as prevent
their presence to any extent another season. The curculio some-
times attacks the grape, but thus far we have never heard of any
serious injury to the crop.

Mildew is rarely met with, when specific nutrition has been ap-
plied. It is easily checked by free sprinkling of powdered sulphur
over the vines and earth when wet with dew. It is a fungus attack-

USES — WINE-HOUSE.

241

ing the plant when not m perfect health. The rot, so much depreca-
ted by Vignerons, at Cincinnati, we regard as attributable to same
cause as mildew, viz : a want of consistent food for the perfection of
the fruit. Some, we notice, consider it attributable to too late and
clean cultivation ; and as late cultivation only tends to late growth, and
formation of new leaves to exhaustion of what is required for per-
fection of those already formed, the theory is good, so far as it
goes ; and possibly in soils greatly deficient in the constituents to
perfect the grape, it may in a measure be the cause ; but in soils
well supplied with the required food, late cultivation would only
cause the bursting of new buds and continuance of growth.

Uses. — Universally esteemed when well ripened, as a dessert fruit,
the grape is also highly valued by many physicians, as in its free use
tending to health and the prevention of rheumatic affections of the
human system. For culinary use, and for making of preserves, they
are sought for, both in a green and ripened state. Carefully gath-
ered when ripe, laid in heaps for a few days on the floor of a cool,
dry room, then spread out for one or two days, and packed in shal-
low boxes with layers of cotton batting at bottom and interme-
diate between layers of fruit, as well as between bunches, they may
be placed in a cool room and kept fresh throughout most of the
winter. Last, though not least, made into wine, a sketch of the de-
tails of which, with cuts illustrative of plan of a wine house and
press, we extract from the "Western Horticultural Review :"

A. — Door opening to the vineyard
brought into the wine house.
B. — Back door of wine house.
C. — Front door of wine house.
11

by which the grapes are

242

THE GRAPE.

J), — Opening through which the stems are thrown from the ma-
chine.

E. — Tables for picking over and assorting the fruit previous to

being stemmed.

i^.— Stemming and crushing apparatus.

G, — Large press, capacity of one hundred bushels.

/7.— Small press, capacity of forty bushels.

L. — Door opening into the basement.

Signs of Ripeness of Grapes. — The stem of the grape should he
of a brown color. The cuticle of the berry must be clear and
transparent. The berries should separate easily from the stems.
The seed must be of brown color. The juice must be sweet and
jrticky.

Do not cut the grapes early in the morning with the dew on, nor
during rainy weather, nor shortly after rain.

Gathering.— The grapes, when fully ripe, are gathered in baskets
containing about one bushel, as well as in a sort of " pannier " of
wood, made very light and strong, and which is supported by straps,
or thongs of willow, on the back of the gatherer.

Picking. — This consists in removing by hand, all green, shriveled
or decayed grapes, which are thrown into tubs or barrels and
pressed separately, to make a common wine or vinegar. The finest
grapes are carried thence to the stemmmg apparatus where they un-
dergo another operation.

Stemming. — Consists in separating the berries from the stem ; it
is done in F. (of the ground plan) by means of the apparatus of
which a cut is appended.

The grapes are thrown on
the wire sieve M.., which is
open enough to allow the
berries to pass, but retains
the stems ; a little plank P.,
is held in an inclined position,
to which a backward and for-
ward movement is given,
so as to force the berries
through the sieve, and re-
move out of the way all the
stems as they are stript.

Mashing. — After passing
through the stemming pro-
cess, the grapes fall into a
wooden mill, consisting of two rollers ridged obliquely, to one oi

VARIETIJ^-S.

243

which is attached a set of screws, by which their distance from each
other nvd\ he graduated to the proper degree ; it being desirable
that every grape should be crushed, but that the seed should not be
broken.

The rollers are turned by hand ; the foregoing cut exhibits in R.
R. a section of these rollers, and that which follows shows two men,
one stemming, the other mashing the grapes. From the rollers, the
grape (being entirely separa-
ted fro ill the stem, and thor-
oughly mashed) passes into
the press, when the first oper-
ation of separating the juice is
performed. The wine passes
from the bed of the press by
means of a conductor, into the
basement, from whence it is
conveyed into casks containing
260 gallons each; these, though
by no means so large a size as
used by some wine manufactur-
ers, are of very convenient ca-
pacity for ordinary crops. The
first fermentation takes place
immediately, and at the end of six or eight weeks the wine becomes
perfectly clear, or, w^hat is technic»lly termed, " fine ;" a second fer-
mentation takes place in the spring, about the period of the bloom-
ing of the grape. The wine should not be bottled until it is at least
one year old, though it is frequently bottled for immediate use, just
previous to the second fermentation ; this may be done with safety,
if the bottles can be kept in a very cool place.

BURRIDGE Cloj-

VARIETIES.

Over one hundred varieties of our native Grapes have been noticed
by Prince, in his " Treatise on Grapes ;" but as few are worthy cul-
tivation, therefore of no practical benefit, we have confined our de-
scriptions to those most known and meritorious.

iDA.

For the following account and description of this new grape, we are in-
debted to the originator, Dr. Valk, of Flushing, L. I., who produced it
in 1845. from a cross of the Isabella and B. Hamburgh : " First fruit-
ed in 1850. The vine is oi strong and vlgomiis growth, frecpienlly mak-
ing sbaots of 1 2 and 18 feet in a season. The shoots become partially
brown as the w^ood ripens, and wh(jlly so when it is quite ripe. The
joints are about six inches from eye to eye, and the leaf large and

244 THE GEAPE.

hands Dine. The vine fruits freely. The bunches are usually large,
verv compact, the berries crowding against each other. On some
bunches they will occasionally hang loose. In color, they are very
dark ; when ripe, almost black, and of large size ; the flavor, sweet
and vinous, vcTy juicy ; the skin, thin and slightly acid and astringent.
The bunches will average a pound weight at maturity. The vine
requires and deserves careful cultivation in a rich and proper soil, to
do it justice ; it is perfectly hardy. A southern aspect suits it best,
and a net tacked over it in winter, not to protect it from the frosty bat
from the sun.^''

Bland.

Bland's Virginia, [ Powell,

Bland's Madeira, | Bland's Pale Red.

Found on the eastern shore of Virginia by Col. Bland. It is not of
value north of Philadelphia, on account of not often ripening, and is
by ra;iny discarded from its habit of only bearing moderately. In
1820, it* was well grown and ripened in New Haven, Conn., on sandy
soil ;'and in 1828, sent to Northern Ohio by Geo. Hoadley, E^q.
As a table grape, in latitude where it will ripen, it is of the best.

-Foliage, a light shade of green, smooth; propagated by layers;
hunches, long, loose ; berries, round, on long stalks or pedicels ; skin^
pale red, thin ; iiesh, slightly pulpy, slightly astringent, but of pleas-
ant, delicate flavor. Late in ripening, and valuable for packing
away for winter use.

• Catawba.

Red Money, | Catawba Tokay,

Lebanon Seedling, | Singlelon,

Arkansas.

Through Dr. S. Mosher, of Cincinnati, Dr. Solomon Beach is said
to have found this variety, in the summer of 1821, growhig wild in
Buncombe Co., North Carolina, on the border of the Catawba river.
We have found this to ripen equally as well, and as far north as the
Isabella, when correctly pruned and grown in dry or well drained
soil. It is esteemed b<1ih for dessert and wine use. In growth and
foliage, it resembles Isabella, except that the wood is darker color,
shorter jointed, and more round, and, at base of every leaf, there is
a white downy spot.

Bunches, medium size, shouldered ; berries, nearly round, large,
pale red, becoming deeper when fully ripened in good soil, and cov-
ered with a lilac bloom ; flesh, slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a
rich aromatic, musky flavor.

Too often gathered when only just turned in color, and then sour
and unpalatable ; hence the impression of many that they are not
equal to Isabella.

THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 245

Pond's Seedling, To-Kalon, Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane,
are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equalling it. The " Mam-
moth Catawba " is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses
the original only in size.

Clinton.

Worthington.

This variety is claimed ta have its origm in Western New York,
but we have seen vines takei: from the woods in Northern Ohio that
so closely resemble, in both leaf, wood, and fruit, that grown under
this name, as to make us doubt its coming from the origin stated.

It is not a strong grower, although perfectly hardy, and suited to
border planting three feet apart, and stake training not exceeding
four feet high, in gardens. Its greatest recommendation is that it
ripens some ten days or two weeks earlier than Isabella, and, there-
fore, suited to higher or more northern latitudes.

Foliage^ small ; wood^ short jointed ; hunches^ medium or small,
not shouldered, compact ; berries^ nearly round, small, black, thin
blue bloom, pulpy, juicy, with a harsh flavor ; productive.

Diana.

"This," says Mr. Downing, "is a seedling from the Catawba,
grown by Mrs. Diana Crehore, near Boston, Mass." It is smaller
size than its parent, but has the character of maturing its fruit two
weeks earlier. It is yet comparatively new, and, although stated to
have surpassed its parent, when grown at Mobile*, at Cincinnati it
has not equaled the Catawba.

Bunches, below medium size, compact ; berries, round, delicate
pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet, little pulp, rich, and slightly resem-
bling Catawba in flavor.

Elsinburgh.

Elsinboro, | Hsinborough ,

Smart's Elingburgh.

The spelling of this name is matter of some difl*erence in opinion
among horticulturists, but the manner we adopt, being that of all
previous writers, we choose to continue it. The variety is said to
have come from a village in Salem Co., N. J. It is a nice little
grape, suited for the dessert, and for growing on trellises in gardens.
A moderate, regular bearer, ripening a little before or with Isabella.

Wood, slender, long jointed ; leaves, five iobed ; buiiches, medium,
loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, thin skin, black, covered
with blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, melting, sweet ; " best."

246 THE GRAPE.

Herbemont.

Herbemont's Madeira

The origin of this is yet in doubt ; some claiming it same as Le-
noir, and a native ; others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy
character and resemblance in foliage to the River grapes, however,
seem rather to favor its being a seedling of our States. In fruit, it
does not differ from the Lenoir, but in wood, N. Longworth says, it
is quite distmct.

Only moderately vigorous ; wood^ dark color ; terminal leaves,
red or brownish; hunches^ larg-e, compact, shouldered ; berries, small,
round ; sMn, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp,
sweet, excellent, juicy, vuious, valued for dessert, and yields a wine
like Spanish Manzanella.

Isabella.

This variety has, thus far, been stated to have originated in South
Carolina, to have been taken thence to a garden in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
and there given to William Prince, who propagated, distributed, and
named it after Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, who then, 1816, owned the gar-
den. On the authority of Lewis F. Allen, it was grown several
years previous at Norwich, Connecticut, as the " Vernet Grape," and
claimed to have been brought from one of the French West India
Islands. Other authority places it as a common variety of Spain,
and imported by a Mr. Laspeyre, who cultivated and sold it as
'• Laspeyre Grape " in 1810. Geo. Hoadley, Esq., states that in 1824
it was growing in Elizabethtown, N. J., where it was said to have
been brought 30 years previous, from South Carolina or Georgia.

We incline to belief of its being a native ; its hardihood, habit,
and ciiaracter, all tending that way ; but, come from whence it may,
its vigorous habit and productiveness will ever render it a favorite.

As a wine grape, it is not esteemed. Bunches, large, rather loose,
shouldered ; berries, oval, large, dark purple, when fully ripe nearly
black, covered with a blue bloom ; fiesh, tender, with some pulp,
which lessens as it ripens, juicy, sweet, rich, with slight musky aro-
ma.

Hvde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Marion, Sherman, Chil-
licothe Seedling, and Lee's, are all sub-varieties ; not equal to the
original.

Lenoir.

Sumpter ? | Clarence ?

This differs from the Herbemont only in being of " more vngorous
growth, wood, light colored, with a light blue cast; terminal leaves,
green." So says N. Longworth. All we have ever been able to
obtain have the character of Herbemont.

THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 247

Imitation Hamburg.

A native variety we have not seen. Its fruit is said to be " largo,
dark purple, or as large, skin, as thin, pulp, as soft and juicy, but
of inferior aroma and flavor to the Black Hamburg." Origin uu-
known.

Missouri.

Missouri Seedling.

Said to be a native of Missouri : it is of slow growth, short jointed,
and, like the Clinton, suited to border culture in gardens. From it
a wine is made resembling Madeira.

Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed ; bunches, below medium, loose ; ber-
ries, small, round ; skin, thin, almost black, very little bloom ; Jlesh^
tender, little pulp, sweet, and pleasant ; " very good."

Norton's Virginia.

Norton's Seedling.

A native, unworthy culture. Bunches, long, little shouldered,
compact ; berries, small round, dark purple, pulpy, harsh.

Ohio.

Longwortli'c Oliio, | Segar Box.

The original of the vines now; known under this name were some
cuttings left in a segar box at the residence of N. Longworth, Esq,
Cincinnati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in
doubt. North of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wherever plant-
ed should have long range on a trellis. Only valued for table use.

Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly
black, blue bloom ; ^/lesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the
amateur.

Schuylkill.

Schuylkill Muscadel, | Muscadine,

AlcxiuidfT, j Cape Grape,

Sprinir Mill Constantia, | Clifton's Constantia,

Madeira, of Forfc, Pa., | Tasker's Grape,

Winne.

From the banks of the Schuylkill, Pa. Its value is only as whie
grape, and for that, not equal to Catawba. We have found it exten-
sively distributed North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves
are much more downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the
bunches being not shouldered, while the Isabella is always shouldered.

Berries, often large, roundish, oval, thick skin, quite black ; Jlesh,
firm pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh.

248 THE GRAPE.

SCUPPERNONG.

Fox Grape, of tJie South, I American Muscadine, of the South,
Bull or Bullet, " | Roanoke, "

A distinct southern species, vitis vulpina, too tender for the north,
highly esteemed throughout the entire southern States, where it is
much grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from
Yii'ginia to Florida.

Species, dioecious ; leaves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glos-
sy on both sides ; young shoots slender, old wood smooth. The
White and Black varieties differ only in the color of fruit, the White
being liojht green, and the Black, dark red, with tendrils of vine cor-
responding with color of fruit.

Bunches, small, loose ; berries, round, large ; sJcin, thick ; fleshy
pulpy, juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent.

Minor's Seedling, Shurtleff's Seedling, and some others are culti-
vated in localities, but their good qualities seem destined to remain
in circumscribed limits, not having yet been seen, when cultivated
away from their first friends

From the ad-interim reports of the Pennsylvania Hort. Society we
copy the following accounts of two new seedlings :

From William Canhy, Wilmington, Delaware : — A Seedling
Grape. Bunch, four and a half inches long, by two and three-quar-
ters broad, so compact as frequently to destroy the rotundity of the
berry ; berry, from seven-sixteenths to nine-sixteenths of an inch in
diameter ; roundish, inclining to oval ; skin, of a violet color, thickly
covered with bloom, and semi-diaphanous ; seed, small, dark cinna-
mon ; flesh, tender, very juicy, not pulpy ; flavor, sweet and pleasant ;
quality " best " for a grape that will grow in open culture. Leaf^
trilobed, but not deeply, interruptedly serrulate, auriculate.

From Gerhard Schmitz : — A Seedling Grape. Large ; oval ; pur-
ple ; bunches, loose, large ; resembles the Isabella in ap]>earance and
flavor ; quite equal to it in quality, and perhaps a little earlier.

THE FOREiaN QRAPE.

Vitis vinifera, L, Vitacea of Botanists.

Frorr. the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been
held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for the
making of wine, and itself held as symbolic of happiness and plenty.
" The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fertility of the
vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its introduction and en-
tire history up to this date would occupy more room than the limits of
our present work will admit : we shall therefore content ourself by
saying that the original type of the vitis vinifera came from Persia ;'
that it was probably cultivated in Britain not many years after the
commencement of the Christian era; that the varieties native of
Britain and America, are quite distinct : that those native of Britain
are not edible, while those of our own land embrace a number of
edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties, so fir as tried
north of 34° of latitude, has not been satisfactory, few or no varie-
ties withstanding the extremes of our climate, without protection.
Between 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported large numbers of
foreign grapes into New Jersey, with a view to wine. The experi-
ment failed, as have those ofLongworth, and others since.

Of the longevity of the vine, records are made giving it existence
from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and
stems six feet aroulid, or sufficient to afford the cutting out of planks
fifteen inches broad.

Propagation. — The same practices as noted under head of American
Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in prop-
agating esteemed varieties of the foreign
grape is by eyes, as represented in adjoining
figure. This is done by selecting a strong
bud and cutting it off from the remainder of
the branch, at about two inches above and
below, and planting it in a pot covered
about half an inch deep with light loamy
soil, then plunging the pot in a hotbed. By
this means every bud on a shoot can be
formed into a plant.

Outdoor Culture. — In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities,

(249)

250 THE GRAPE.

&;c., such varieties as the Black Prince, Tramlner and Royal Muscadine,
may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in the
month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other
mulch, and raising them again to their position in April. Free sup-
ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten
their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.*

Cold Houses. — By this term is meant an enclosed structure of
wood or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These struc-
tures as made at the east, and by a few wealthy men at the west, and
represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen-
sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the
west. But expensive structures are not necessary ; many a man at
the west has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve
as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four inch scant-
ling against the building, nailing boards to it and filling in between
with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back; now, four
inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of say
fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in
same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces
six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging
shutters. Now the back w^all being ten feet high, the ends are to be
made in same way as the front, giving, of course, the ^ope from
back to front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and
at the highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for
swinging shutters of say two feet square ; these opened will give ven-
tilation, in connection wiUi those in the front wall. This done, a
joiner will be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around,
and fit in rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of
width of house ; styles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars
one inch wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper
style or head piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ;
the rafters should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty-two
inches wide, or sufficient for five lights wide of six inch glass. When
the location of such house is not in a very cold climate, or where the
thermometer rarely falls below zero, .cotton cloth dipped in boiled
oil and varnished will answer a very good purpose ; but, perhaps in
the end not be as cheap, as its durability will only be about two
years. Those who wish for more expensive houses, we advice to pur

* Geo.Hoadley, Esq., says, that in 1820 to 1830 there was growing in the garden
where he then resided, in New Haven, Conn., many white grapes, received from
David Deforest, as White Sweet-Water, which never mildewed. This garden
was sixty or seventy rods from the harbor, (or salt water.) The prevalent
winds were from the harbor, in summer, and in storms the shrubbery not unfrc-
q'leutly covered with spray.

VINE BORDERS, — PLANTING AND TRAINING. 251

chase "Allen's Treatise on the Grape," or if possible, visit the grape
house of Wm. Resor, Esq., of Cincinnati.

Vine Borders. — Upon the formation of vine borders for cold, aa
well as forcing houses, more has been written and published than one
person could read at rate of ten hours a day, in one entire month.
Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while others
prefer inside. Our advice is, let the border embrace a width three
feet inside the front wall and six feet outside, making a border nine
feet wide ; if sandy ground, no care will be required to form a
drainage ; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth three
feet deep, form a drain in center at bottom, leading away from the
house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or woods,
and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quantities, or
perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one tenth in quantity
each of gypsum, (plaster of Paris,) and ground bones, and one sixth
of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the border.
Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's shop, street
scrapings, leather paring, old rags, bones, etc., are all used and all
good, but the above named materials, with liberal watering with
soap-suds and occasional sprinkling of sulphur (which will bfe necessary
at times to check mildew) will for a time give good growth of vme
and fruit.

Planting and Training. — The vines, being obtained from a nur-
sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well
wet, and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or
bottom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ;
now plant just outside the front wall, and so that you can run the
stem immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each
plant stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow
train to a wire fastened at top each of front and back wall so as to
be six inches below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best fur
cold houses, "and is plainly described as follows: "In pruning in the
fall, after the first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on
each side of the cane, leavingr those waii'"ed for breakinsj next season
about fifteen inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spuis,
the side shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as
the lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each
bud puts forth a shoot ; the most promising one nearest the top, and
the one at the base, is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed
out. The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom
one is pinched out. The fruit bearing spur is stopped three or four
joints above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also
stopped, wher it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now
trained as shown in the following figure.

252 THE GRAPE.

"^. is the bearing shoot, and B. the one not to be fruited
till next year ; at next pruning, (or what is still better,
two or three w^eeks previous,) A. is cut clean out to the
V^ V • base of i?., and, when the leaves fall, B. is cut back to
^ ^^^ I three eyes as A. was last season, and so on from year to
year." Every fall at approach of cold weather take down
■ the vines, lay them on the border inside and cover with
tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside same
depth with barn-yard manure.

Routine of Culture. — The following brief instructions, from A. J.
Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold house : " In a vinery
without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com-
mence swelling their buds in the spring, they should be carefully
washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the
wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four
times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when
the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning. And
every day the vine border should be duly supplied with w^ater.
During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit
is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus-
pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm,
than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of
the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour
of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem-
perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes
a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing
them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of
temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist
and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent
with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great
object of culture in a vinery of this kind.

Insects. — The aphis or " vine-fretter," is destroyed by fiimigating,
1. e., burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely af-
terward. If red spiders are troublesome, syringe the vines at even-
ing, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur.

VARIETIES.

Feeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and
^•onfuse the practical man, and our own experience with foreign grapes
not having been sufficient to enable us fully to decide on which to
recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted worthy
of general cultivation by the Americai Pomological Society.

THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 253

Black Hamburgh.

Warne 's Black Hamburgh,
Red Ham burgh,
Dutch Hamburgh,
Hampton Court Vine,

Purple Hamburgh,
Brown Hamburgh,
Salisbury Violet,
Gibraltar,

Valentine's, j Frankendale.

Th's variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In
sheltered locations, out of doors, in cities south as far as Cincinnati,
it does well with protection in winter. A good bearer.* Bunches^
large, shouldered on both sides ; berries^ very large, roundish inclin-
ing to. oval, brownish purple, becoming purplish black when fully
ripe ; of sugary rich flavor.

Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar, fruit larger, bloom
very thick, flesh firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Ham-
burgh.

Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value, bunches not as
large, berries, black, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a syn-
onym of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly improv-
ed sub-variety.

Black Prince.

Alicant,

Black Valentia

Boston.

Pocock's Damascus,

Steward's Black Prince,

Black Spanish,

Black Portugal,

Sir A. Pytche's Black,

Cambridge Bolanic Garden,

Black Lisbon.

This often succeeds well, with winter protection out doors, while
in the house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully
ripe. A profuse bearer. Bunches^ long, often shouldered ; berries,
large, thinly set, oval ; skin, rather thick, black, covered with blue
bloom ; flavor sweet, excellent ; " very good."

Black St. Peter's differs from this in having a thin skin.

Black Frontignan.

Muscat Noir,

Muscat Noir Ordinaire,

Black Frontignac,

Bourdal .s des Hautes Pyrenee's

Sir Wm. Rowley's Black,
Purple Frontignan,
Purple Constantia,
Muscat Moir de Jura.

This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A
good bearer. Bunches, long;, berries, medium size, round, black;
skin, thin ; flavor, musky rich.

Black Cluster.

Black Moril'on,
True Burgundy,
Small Black Cluster,

Early Black,

Pineau,

Black Burgundy,

Black Orleans.

This variety is hardy and succeeds outdoors. It is valued lu

• A vine of this variety at Hampton Court Palace, planted in 1769, is
stated to produce annually over one ton weight of fruit.

254 THE GRAPE.

France for wine, but will never take high ranic in this country. It
has been pretty extensively disseminated throughout the west, which
is our main reason for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but
those given are all which we have ever heard applied to it in this
country. Bunches^ small, compact ; berries^ medium size, roundish
oval, black, juicy, sweet ; " good ;" distinguished from Miller's Bur-
gundy, by absence of down on the leaf.

^ARLY Black July.

July Grape, j Madeleine,

Madeleine Noir, | Raisin Preooce,

Morillon Halif, I De St. Jean,

Burgunder, | August Traube,

Jacob's Straube.

The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier,
is its chief merit. Foliage, small, light green ; hunches^ small, com-
pact ; berries, small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and
of indifferent flavor ; " good."

Grizzly Frontignan.

Grizzly Frontignac, I Red Constantia,

Muscat Rouge, | Muscat Gris,

&c., &c., in all thirteen Synonyms.

Adapted only to the house, where it ripens early, and being of
" besV quality is highly esteemed. Bunches, rather long, narrrow,
slight shoulders ; berries, round, medium size, grayish red, thick
bloom, juicy, rich, musky, high flavor.

Royal Muscadine.

Chasseias de Fontainebleau,
Golden Chasseias,
Chass>rlas Dore,
D'ArboiB,
Amiens

Chasseias,
White Chasseias,
Chasseias Blanc,
Raisin d 'Champagne,
Amber Muscadine,

Early White Teneriffe.

This is highly esteemed ; is distmguished from White Sweet Wa-
ter (often sold as this variety) by its larger berries and stronger
growth. Grown out of doors, it requires not only winter protec-
tion, but also to be well supplied with wood ashes, as otherwise it
cracks and mildews.

Allen says, the Royal Muscadine and Chasseias of Fontainebleau
are distinct, but only m size of bunch. The Early White Musca-
dine, he also says, only varies from this in ripenjng a few days ear-
lier.

Bunches large, long, shouldered ; berries above medium, round,
greenish-white, becoming amber color when fully ripe, tender, rich
delicious flavor. Ripens middle to last of September.

THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 266

Muscat of Alexandria.

White Muscat of Alexcuidria,

Jerusalem Muscat,

Malaga,

White Muscat of Lunel,

LunH.

Frontniac of Alexandria,
Muscat d 'Alexandria,
"White Muscat,
Tottenham Park Muscat.
Passe-longue Musque,

Passe Musque.

Adapted only to house culture and even then benefitted by arti-
ficial heat.

This is probably the " Malaga" grape brought to this country m
jars and sold by confectioners.

Bunches very large, loose, irregular ; berries large, oval, pale am-
ber, thick skin, firm flesh, crisp, musky, rich perfumed flavor, often
seedless. A strong grower.

The Cannon Hall Muscat, is esteemed a sub-variety not equaling
its parent.

Traminer.

Red Traminer,
Delaware,
Fromentin Rouje
Rollier Traminer,
Roiher Klevner,
Tolcayer,
Kleinbranner,
Rothclauser,
Ranfoliga,

Heath ,
Gris Rouge,
Fromenlean,
Decimanner,
Rothedel,
Rothfranken,
St. Clauser,
Marzimmer,
Ran Folak,

Rolhe Reifler.

This variety was exhibited at the Ohio State Pomological Con-
vention in 1852, as the Heath or Delaware Grape, having been
grown in Delaware, O., under these names. It was stated to have
proved perfectly hardy in the open air, being free from mildew or
rot, a productive bearer, and never failing to perfectly ripen both
fi-uit and wood. Allen says of it " a much esteemed wine grape on
the river Maine." It is described in the London Horticultural So-
ciety's Catalogue. It deserves a place in every garden.

Bunches^ medium size, compact ; berries^ roundish oval, middle
size, uniform, pale reddish, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, rich
and pfeasant flavor. Ripens ten days before Isabella.

White Frontignan.

White Frontniac,
Xepeans Constantia,
Raisin de Frontignan,
Moschata Bianca,
Moscatel Commun,

White Constantia,
Muscat Blanc,
Muscat Blanc de .Tnra,
Moscado Bianco,
Muse atelier.

An old productive variety suited only to the house. Bunches,
middle size, rather long, rarely shouldered ; berries, middle size,
round, rather closely set ; skin, thin dull white or greenish yellow,
thin white bloom ; fitsh, delicate, sugary, rich musky flavc>r.

NECTARINES.

The Nectarine is claimed to be only a sport in nature from the
Peach, to which occasionally plants grown from seed return ; record
is also made of the Nectarine tree producing both Peaches and Nec-
tarines on the same tree. Of this we confess some little unwilling-
ness of belief; certain, however, it is that the trees so closely resem-
ble the Peach, as not to be detected except when in fruit.

Grown under glass, or South, where the heat is greater than at the
North, the Nectarine is a really fine fruit ; but here, it is inferior to
the Peach, possessing a flavor, partaking of the peculiar flavor and
taste of the pit. When we say the trees are undistinguishable from
the peach, we speak the general view ; closely examined, the wood
may be found slightly more smooth, and possibly a trifle firmer or
closer grained. The trees are usually propagated by budding, in
same manner and time as the peach, and their after culture is the
same.

The fruit of the Nectarine being smooth skinned, is equally liable
to attack from Curculio as the Plum, and the same remedies are
adopted for prevention ; we, therefore, reTer the reader to the article
under head of Insects injurious to the Plum. The same marks dis-
tinguishing varieties in the leaf are found in the Nectarine as in the
Peach, and used accordingly.

CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Boston.

Lewis, I Perkins' Seedling.

American. Claimed to have originated from a peach stone. Ifc
is probably one of the very best Nectarines and well adapted to all
sections of our country.

Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, sometimes eight
inches round, roundish oval ; skin, light yellow, with deep red cheek,
shaded oflT by a mottling of red ; fiesh, yellow to the stone, sweet,
with a pleasant, peculiar flavor ; at^ne, small, pointed. Season, first
September. Freestone.

(266)

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 257

DOWNTON.

Foreign. Flotvcrs, small; glands, remform', fi'uit, large, roundish
oval ; skin, pale green, with violet red cheek ; Jiesh, pale green, melting,
rich, high flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone.

Early Violet.

Violet Hative,
Petite Violet Hative,
Early Brugnon,
Brugnon red at Stone,
Hampton Court,
Large Scarlet,

Ne^v Scarlet,
Aromatic,
Brugnon Hatif,
Violet Musk,
Violet red at Stone,
Lord Sclsey's Elruge.

Foreign. Tree, very hardy, often confounded with Elruge, from
which it is distinguished by its deep red flesh and dark colored stone.

Flowers, small ; <//a72c?s,reniform; fruit, large, roundish, narrowed
at apex ; suture, shallow; skin, yelknvish green in shade, dark pur
plish red, mottled, with pale brown dots, in sun ; Jlesh, whitish, red at
stone, melting, juicy, rich and high flavored ; stone, roundish, reddish
brown Season, last of August. Freestone.

Elruge.

Common Elruge,

Claremonl,

Anderson's

Temple,
Oatland's
Spring Grove.

Foreign. An old variety that has always maintained a first char-
acter wherever correctly grown.

Flowers, small ; ^/awt/s reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval;
suture, distinct only at apex ; skiii, pale greenish shade, violet or
blood red, dotted with brown specks in sun ; ffsh, greenish, slightly
stained with pale red at stone, juicy, rich, high flavor ; stone, oval,
rough. Season, early Sep. Freestone.

CLASS II. — Hew and untested, suited to Amateur Pomologists or

certain locations.

Barker.

Foreign. "Flowers small, glands reniforni. Fruit large obovate, dark
red next sun, pale yellowish green where shaded ; flesh fine, yellowish
white, rayed with bright red at the stone ; stone large, kernel bitter.
August, Freestone." New, not yet ft-uited in this 3ountr3\

Duke of Tellier's.

Due du Tellier's, I Du fie Tel'o,
Du Tilliers, | Puke de TiUey,

Du Tilly's.

Foreign. Flowers small, glands reni form. Fruit above medium, roundish

258 NECTARINES.

oblong, pale green, purplish red check ; flesh greenish white, red at stone,
second rate flavor. Last August. Freestone.

Early Newington.

Early Back Xewington, I New Early Newington,

Lucombe's Black, | Lucombe's Seedling,

Early Black.

Foreign. Flowers large, glandless. Fruit large, roundish ovate, point
at apex, pale green, with shades of red marbled in sun ; flesh greenish
white, red at stone. Early September. Clingstone.

French Yellow.

Foreign. Fruit medium, greenish yellow, dull red in sun ; flesh yellow,
juicy, rich. September. Clingstone. (W. R. P.)

Hunt's Tawny.

Hunt's Large Tawny, | Hunt's Early Tawny

Foreign. Flowers small, glandless. Fruit below medium, roundish
ovate, point at apex, pale orange, red cheek, russety specks; flesh
orange, juicy. Middle August. Freestone.

Hardwicke.

Hardwicke Seedling, | Hardwicke's Seedling.

Foreign. Flowers small, glandsreniform. Fruit large, roundish oval,
pale green, violet red cheek ; flesh pale green, Uttle marked with red at
stone, juicy. Last August. Freestone.

Large Early Violet.

Violetle Grosse.

Foreign. Similar to Early Violet, a trifle larger, and less high flavored.

Neate's White.

New White, I Flanders,

Cowdray White, | Emerton's New White,

Large White.

Foreign. Flowers large, glandsreniform. Fruit above medium, round,
white reddish cheek in the sun ; flesh white, juicy. Early September.
Freestone.

Orange.

Pitniaston's Orange, | William's Orange,

William's Seedling.

Foreign. Flowers large, glands globose. Fruit large roundish ovate,
acute point at apex, orange yellow with dark brownish red cheek; flesh
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last August. Freestone.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 259

Red Rcman.

Old Roman, I Brugnon Violet Musquee,

^ Roman, | Brugnon Musquee.

Foreign. An old variety which proves best adapted to our northern
sections. Flowers large, glandsreniform. PVuit above medium, roundish^
greenish yellow, with dull red cheek, and russety speck^ flesh firm, green-
ish yellow, deep red at stone, juicy, vinous. Early September. Cling-
stone.

Stanwicke.

As yet we do not know of this variety having fruited in this country,
but from its high praise in England, where it originated, and the fact of
our clear, sunny clime adding to the richness and sugary character of
both Peach and Nectarine, as compared with England, we are led to sup-
pose this will prove the very best Nectariue extant.

It was grown from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the
journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, round-
ish oval, slightly heart shape at base ; pa'e greenish white, shaded into
deep, rich violet in sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and with-
out the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor ; stone, middle size, ovate, a
prominent sharp edge, rugged, and of chocolate color ; kernel, sweet.

CLASS III. — Unworthy farther Culture.

Broomfield.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; dull yellow, red cheek ;
flesh, yellow, pleasant ; second rate. Middle September. Clingstone.

Fairchild's.

Fairchild's Early.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round; yellowish green, red cheek ;
flesh, yellow, dry, poor. Early August. Freestone.

Golden.

Orange, | Fine Gold Fleshed.

Foreign. Glands.reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; light yellow,
red in sun ; flesh, orange yellow, firm, sweet ; second rate. Early September.
Clingstone.

Murrey.

Murry, | Black Murry.

Foreign. Gland8,reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; pale green, red

260 NECTARINES.

cheek ; flesh, greenish white, sweet, good flavor ; poor bearer. Last Aug-
ust. Freestone.

Newington.

Scarlet Newington,

Scarlet,

Oiy^ Newington,

Smith's Newington,

French Newington,
Sion Hiil,
Rough Roman,
Anderson's Round.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; greenish yellow, red in sun ;
flesh, firm, juicy, deep red at stone. Middle September. Clingstone.

'Princes Golden.

American. Glands, reniform ; about one-fourth larger and a week later ;
otherwise, of second quality, and resembling the " Golden."

Peterborough.

Late Green, | Vermash,

Gen'ja or Genoese.

Foreign. Under the last synonym it has, of late, been disseminated as new.
Glands,reniform ; fruit, small, roundish ; green, with dull red in sun ; flesh,
greenish white, juicy. Early October. Freestone.

Sweet Yellow.

Jatine Lisse, | Late Yellow.

Foreign. " Glands, reniform ; fruit, small ; yellow, with dull red 3heek io
iun ; flesh, yellow, dry. October. Freestone.

THE PEACH.

Persica vulgaris, Dec. Rosacea of Botanists.

Found wild on the Himalayan mountains, and not mentioned by
Jewish history, it is doubtful whether the Peach is, as generally un-
derstood, a native of Persia and also of China. It was, however, in-
troduced into Italy by the Romans, and, as early as 1550, was culti-
vated in Britain. About the year 1680 it was introduced into this
country, and, with the exception of portions of the northern New
England States and northern New York, it is now cultivated in every
settled portion of our States. History clothes the peach with hav-
ing once possessed deleterious qualities, and Pliny mentions that it
was supposed the King of Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison
the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. This, however,
with traditions, making the fruit of a Peach tree, when eaten, to con-
fer immortality, knowledge, and the like, are now regarded as mys-
ticisms of a past age, of which, nought but the tradition is left. In
portions of China, Spain, Italy, and the South of France, as well as
our own country, the Peach is grown without aid of glass, or artifi-
cial, or condensed heat, by means of walls, etc. ; we have therefore
looked to receive some variety from thence that would surpass our
American Seedlings, but, as yet, none have been introduced.

The wood of the Peach, being of a more open, coarse fibre than
that of most fruits, we find it more susceptible to sudden and severe
changes of temperature, and therefore less hardy, and of shorter du-
ration. That this character is materially affected by soil, seems not
to admit of a doubt ; writers generally conceding that while in
unflivorable soils the Peach decays in four to ten years, in favor-
able soils it continues healthy and vigorous for forty or fifty years,
and, with the addition of being annually, correctly and freely pruned,
may be made to produce regularly for near one hundred years.
Of this we speak more at length under the head of Soil.

Propagation. — By Seed. The seed of the Peach, if carefully
planted in the autumn, will often vegetate in the ensuing spring,
and, in good soil, make a growth the first year of three to four
feet ; but in order to succeed surely, it is best to gather the stones
from late fruiting varieties, of hardy, healthy trees ; spread them
about four inches thick on some light, sandy knoll and cover with
about four inches earth. In spring, when the frost is fully out of the
ground, leaving it fit for working, these stones will be found to have

262 THE PEACH.

mostly cracked and the genn just started ; they should then be care-
fully planted in rows, four feet apart, and one seed every foot in the
row, covered ab«ut two inches deep. The stones that are not
cracked by the frost should be taken and care-fully cracked, by plac-
ing on a wooden block and striking the side edge with a hammer ; this
will not injure the germ, as is often done when they are cracked by strik-
ing the ends. Separated from the stone, the kernels should be
planted same as above, but in rows by themselves, as all are not sure
to grow, and, even if they did, would not as soon as those already
started, and therefore the rows in culture would often have trees un-
fitted for budding at same time ; or frequently those coming frona
the last named kinds would be entirely too small for budding the
first year.

It is well to know that most of the yellow fleshed Peaches have a
tendency to produce varieties similar to the parent ; hence the in-
numerable new sorts that now swell the nurserv-men's catalogues,
and that are yearly being introduced to the public as " highly svperi-
or.^'' If an orchard is desired to be produced of seedlings, by select-
ing seeds of the Yellow Rareripe, Crawford's Early, Bergen's Yel-
low, Lemon Cling, and Crawford's Late, it is very probable a col-
lection would be obtained preserving in great measure the charac-
ters, qualities, and times of ripening of these varieties. So, also,
may the periods of ripening of each kind be, to a certain extent,
hastened or retarded, by selecting pits of the first or last that ripen
on each particular tree.

The grower should, however, recollect that while there is a strong
tendency in these varieties to reproduce themselves, their capability
so to do is often destroyed by the intermixture, while in flower of
some other variety which is perhaps adjoining them only a few feet ;
hence, in order to feel any degree of certainty toward the raising of
kinds valuable, or resembling the parent, it is necessary that the
tree from which the pits are taken should stand perfectly isolated,
or certainly distant two hundred rods from any other Peach tree.

Those who have not the dry sandy knoll whereon to place the pits,
to prepare them for the ensuing spring, may place them in a moist
cellar until nearly the close of winter ; then take them out, soak
them in water two or three days, spread them on the ground and
cover -two or three inches of saw-Hu-t or leaf mo^dd over them ; thus
exposing them to action of fro^^t mini the season for planting.

By Budding. — The seed sown as above will, early in the month
of September, be found to have grown, in good soil, from three to
four feet, Mhen they should be budded as near the ground as possi-
ble ; and in October one-half of the entire top should be cut hiiak —
not the limbs pruned off, leaving bare stems — but the growth of
every limb should be shortened or cut back one half; this is to pre-

BY GRAFTING— TRAXSPLANTING. 263

vent Injury from high winds or heavy snows, which frequently break
the tree, just at the insertion of the bud.

Some bud upon the plum stock, for the purpose of dwarfing the
tree; and when ^o done the month of August is best. The exact
time cannot be stated, as seasons vary even in the same section of
country, but the watchful eye will soon learn to detect the period
when the young stock is about to form its terminal bud, and then is
generally the best time. If the bud is inserted too early in the sea-
son, on the Peach stock, it is liable to overgrow and "gum."

Budding the Peach may also be performed in the month of June,
on trees of two or more years old. It is done in same manner as
that in common budding, except in selecting the buds, you select a
young shoot, of about one to two inches grown, and, cutting it back
to one or two leaves, you insert and tie as in the common mode.

By Grafting. — This is rarely performed at the North, but may be
made tolerably successful if performed very early on trees standing in
warm, light soil. A strong, sharp knife or spade should first be used
around, cutting off all the roots of the tree, at about one foot from
the body of a tree four feet high — the tree headed back about one
half, and the lower limbs cut into about two buds each — the graft
inserted in the manner termed tongue or whip-grafting, tied with
soft bark, and covered with a ball of grafting-clay. When the graft
has made one foot growth, the ligature should be loosed, and the
lower limbs cut in smoothly to the body. Some cultivators in the
southern States graft into the crown of the root, and when the stocks
are small it is a good way ; but the cleft grafting mode is then best.

Transplanting.— \u transplanting from the nursery to the orchard,
the limbs, or branches, should be shortened back to the form of a
pyramidal, rounded head, having the lower limbs within two feet of
the ground, and not exceeding one foot long. 'Ihe side roots should
only have their ends smoothed with a sharp knife, all broken or
bruised roots cut away, and the tap root cut off to within one foot
of the crown.

Distances apart. — On light, sandy soils, twelve feet apart each
way is sufficient for the peach ; but on good strong soil, the trees re-
quire from eighteen to twenty-five feet, in order, when full grown, ^o
enable them to mature their fruit with full exposure to the sun.

Soil and Situation. — The soil whereon to make plantations of the
peach is a matter of great import, as thereby hang the main chances
of success or failure. The following analysis, made by B. Kirtland,
Esq., of Poland, Ohio, from three esteemed varieties, viz.. Yellow
Rareripe, Morris Red Rareripe, and Morrisania, will be found ex-
tremely useful to every planter, as it is easy to get an analysis made
of soils, and from the two the planter will know at once which par

26-i

THE PEACH.

ticular manure is required to perfect his fruit, and give vigor to his
trees. Equal quantities of limbs and twigs from the three kinds
above named, were taken, and after having been thoroughly dried
(whereby they lost about 44 per cent, of water), carefully burned
with a moderate heat, yielding as follows :

Charcoal and Sand, .

3.180

Silica, ....

1.480

Per phosphate of Iron,

2.174

Potash, .

. 12.545

Soda,

2.000

Sulphate of Lime, .

2.258

Lime, ....

. 23.951

Phosphate of Lime,

. 21.699

Magnesia,

7.052

Peroxide of Manganese,

.800

Chloride of Sodium,

.699

Carbonic Acid,

. 33.350

111.188

Loss in Analysis,

» •

3.812

115.000

These analyses show the wood of the Peach tree as next to the
Pear in amount of Phosphates, and also the erroneous impression so
generally current, that the Peach requires a light, sandy soil. The
most vigorous, healthy trees we have ever seen are growing on the
borders of the Ohio River, on what is termed limestone soil, and
Avhere perfect drainage is naturally formed by the hills. On the
prairies the trees grow rapidly, but to us have the appearance of a
forced, green-house plant, and unable to endure aught but genial air,
while feeding thus upon one or two of the elements of growth, and
at the same time devoid of others requisite to the perfection of
healthy wood. Lime and bone dust, we judge, will be found espe-
cially beneficial in perfecting truly healthy trees, capable of endur-
ing the great changes of climate on our western prairies. If to this
application be added the practice of shortening in during the month
of September, and perfect drainage of water from the roots, we be-
lieve the tree will be found to endure more successfully the extreme
changes of climate.

The duration of the Peach tree we consider greatly dependent
upon the soil being properly drained, and containing the proper pro-
portions of food toward forming perfect wood. The doctrine of ex-
cretions of vegetables, is one which we are yet inclined to support,
naving been unable to succeed, even with renewed preparation of the

SEASON TO TRANSPLANT — CULTIVATION. 265

soil, in growing two successive crops of the same kind of tree upon
the same plot.

A rank, luxuriant tree, with shoots spongy, sappy, plethoric, un-
ripened, and incapable of being matured, with the roots in an un-
draincd, c©ld, or wet soil, is too often regarded as thrifty, when in
truth it is but the expression of a false stimulant, as in the human
frame, exciting only to destroy.

The situation of a peach-orchard should, if possible, be upon high
grounds, as less subject to extreme and severe changes of tempera-
ture, and as tending to more perfect maturity of wood in fall of year,
and later period of blooming in spring. If the trees are low-branched
and well shortened in, supplied with requisite inorganic elements in
the soil, the lay of the land to the east, south, or north will only
affect the time of ripening the fruit : that to the south maturing about
one week earlier than that toward the north. Elevated situations,
surrounded by, or bordering on, bodies of water, will often furnish
fruits when adjacent valleys fail ; and this is especially true where
the bodies of water do not entirely freeze over during winter: the
southern shores of several of our lakes rarely failing to produce
p 'aches when the entire crop is destroyed five or ten miles back in
file interior. Even slight knolls often protect the crop, an instance
of which we had in our own grounds, where trees were distant only
thirty feet ; in one night all of the buds upon the lower limbs, or
more than half way up, being destroyed on the tree standing on what
would be termed the level, while on the tree on the knoll not one
was injured.

The destruction of buds by extreme cold in the winter is of rare
occurrence, except the tree has been excited by a season of warm
weather, or has been grown in the manner called " thrifty," pre-
viously noted. Where trees are steadily and healthily grown, they
are capable of wishstanding 20*^ to 25° below zero without injury,
unless immediately followed by clear, warm sun, or the tree being
in an immature, unhealthy state.

Season to Transplant. — Throughout the northern and western
States it is best to transplant the Peach in the spring. South or
Southwest, flill or midwinter may be best — but from remarks of
many writers, we incline to the belief, that early in March or the
last of February is best, as they occasionally have some severe
changes in January, very trying to newly planted trees. The ground
should alway be prepared in the fall.

Cultivation. — The ground about peach trees should always be
kept clean ; if planted on light, sandy soil, running through an or-
chard with a cultivator so as not to break the roots ; if upon rich
prairie or limescone soils, the ground may be plowed and cropped
■without injury ; but on the sandy, light soil no crop except the white
12

266

THE PEACH.

turnip should ever be grown, and that pays best to be turned under
by a very shallow plowhig of, say, two inches deep. On rich, deep
prairie soils, it is best not to stir the ground after midsummer.

Pruning. — The fruit being borne only ^n wood of
the preceding year, one of the great objects in pruning,
is to keep all parts of the tree furnished with a regular
and constant succ-ession of annual bearing shoots. P.
Barry, in his " Fruit Garden," has the following, so cor
roc-tly descriptive of the mode, that we adopt it, together
with a cut illustrative of buds, on which C. D. E. are
fruit buds, F. G. ^. leaf buds, /. double buds, C. triple
buds ; the two side buds being fruit buds, and the centro
one a leaf bud. By referring to the branch, it will be
seen that it is furnished with a certain number of wood
buds and fruit buds. At the base, there are always one
or more wood buds.

Now, if that shoot were not pruned, all the fruit buds
on it would produce fruit, — one, two, or three of the
wood buds at the t(^p would make new shoots ; these
would necessarily be very weak, in consequence of the
number of fruit below them. At the end of the season
there would be a long, vacant space, entirely destitute of a
young shoot or a living bud. This is the way that the inte-
rior and lower parts of trees become so soon degarnished.

But when that shoot is shortened, we will say one half,
the sap is retained in its lower parts, one half of the
fruit buds are removed, and the consequence is, that
large and fine fruits are obtained from those remaining:
young vigorous shoots are produced from the lower
buds to bear next year, and
take the place of those which
have already borne. In this
way regular uniform crops of
lafge and fine fruit are ob-
tained, and a constant succes-
sion of young shoots is kept up.

To form the head of a stand-
ard Peach Tree. — We will
suppose it the intention to
form a standard tree, with a
trunk two feet in height, and a
round, open, and symmetrical
head, like figure. We take
a yearling tree and cut it back to within two feet and a half of the

Form of a low standard peacb
tree, wilh a stem two feet high,
and a round, open head.

DISEASES A^'D INSECTS INJURIOUS. 267

ground in the spring. Below this cut a certain number of shoots
will he produced, from which three will be selected to form the main
branches or frame-work of the head. All the others are rubbed off
when two or three inches long or sooner. At the end of the season
we have a tree with three branches.

The second year these three branches are cut back full one half
their length, and from each we take a shoot to continue the branch,
and one to form a secondary branch. The other shoots produced
below {b<^se are pinched or checked to prevent them from interfering
with the growth of the leading branches. In the fall of the year we
have a tree with six leading branches, and some bearing shoots be-
low on the older wood.

The third year each of these six branches is shortened one half,^in
order to obtain more secondary branches, and some fruit branches
on the lower parts. All young shoots on the old wood, whether
fruit branches or not, should be cut back one half, or as far as may
•be necessary, to cause the wood buds at their base to push, and
make shoots to bear next year.

The formation of the head goes on as described for two or three
years more, when it is complete ; for peach trees, properly pruned,
do not assume such wide spreading forms as they do naturally. The
main branches and secondary branches should be at equal distances
throughout, and far enough apart to give the bearing wood on their
sides the full benefit of the sun and air.

An equality of vi^T;or should also be preserved amongst them by
summer pinching. It is not uncommon to see a very vigorous shoot
start up in a peach tree, and appropriate so much of the sap as to
injure a whole branch ; these should be checked the moment their
character is observed, unless they may be wanted to fill a vacancy.
Every part of the branches should be furnished with bearing shoots,
and these should, every spring, be shortened in one half or more, to
produce others at their base, whilst those that have borne are cut out.'

With the advice above, as well as of most writers, to shorten
back or prune the Peach in the Spring, we do not fully agree ; be-
lieving, rather, that if the operation be performed in September, it
will enable the tree to more fully perfect the remaining buds, and
fit it to endure changes of temperature during winter.

Z>iseases and Insects injurious. The Curl of the Leaf. The first
developed leaves, in the spring, often become diseased with a spongy
and malignant growth, exhibiting reddish blot-ches or swellings on the
upper side, that, after two or three weeks, causes them to fall off. "This
occurs at a period when the vigorous circulation of the sap requires a
corres})onding action in those important organs. A second growth is
soon forced out, which ultimately restores the tree to its wonted force
and vigor. It is, however, evident, that though the recuperative

268 THE PEACH.

powers of nature may, for once, twice, ^r even thrice, restore a
growth of leaves, the shock must at length impair the vitality, and
induce an unhealthy condition." This curl of the leaf is produced
by the punctures of a small plant-louse, the '■'• Aphis persica^''' fully
described by Dr. Harris m his work on Insects.

A mixture of tobacco water and strong soapsuds applied with a
syringe, early, or as soon as the leaves are one third grown, wiil be
found a good remedy. Barry regards the curl of the leaf induced
by sudden change of weather — a number of warm days that cause
the expansion of the young leaves, followed by a cold, rainy day ;
the more severe and protracted the cold, the more severe and fatal
the curl.

The YeVows. What is regarded as the Yellows is little known
throughout the West ; neither have we ever observed it, to any ex-
tent, in the New England States, except where trees w^ere procured
from, or grown on poor, sandy soils, enfeebled and imperfect from
their first start. That it may be perpetuated by innoculation, or
sowinir seeds from trees diseased, we have no doubt ; it therefore
behooves every tree grower to be careful from whence he procures
his pits for stocks. Prof Kirtland says : " It is questionable whether
any distinct disease occurs, to which this name is applicable. Per-
haps it is only a collection of symptoms arising from causes acting
either individually or collectively. Facts seem to favor this view,
though the insight of popular opinion is in favor of its being a spe-
cific and contagious disease." Depredations of the ^geria exitiosa,
Aphis jy^rsica, exhaustion of elements in the soil, and want of correct
pruning appear to be the primary causes, and, in reference thereto.
Prof Kirtland further remarks : " In estimating the power and ex-
tent of these causes, it should be recollected that an injurious Im-
pression, acting constantly upon successive generations of either
animal or vegetable species, may ultimately establish a hereditary
entailment that may be propagated in the form of predisposition
to disease, or disease itself The converse is equally true in pro-
ducing health or physical development.

These several causes have been exerting their influence on the
Peach tree for a long term of years, impairing the stamina and
health of its fruit germs. These impressions have been propagated
and re-propagated, in conjunction with the action of the primary
causes of impairment, till at length we have only a sickly progeny."

The remedy is to cut down and destroy all. diseased trees; the
preventive is judicious cultivation.

Mildciv. This is the name applied to a minute fungus which at-
tacks the ends of the young branches of some particular varieties,
termed serrated or glandless. It checks growth, and renderti the

THE PEACH WORM.

269

tree unsightly. Application, by means of a syringe, of one ounce of
nitre to one gallon of water, in proportion, will destroy it, and, at
the same time, add to vigor and health of the tree. Dusting of sul
phur is by some advi<«^d.

The Peach ivorm or Borer, uSgeria exitiosa, was known as early
as before the commencement of the present century, and has been
repeatedly described. There are two sexes, and so remarkably
different that some natu-
ralists have almost hesita-
ted in arranmii<T tlicin.
"The insect, in its peiiV-ct
state, is a slender, duiU
blue, four - winged moth,
somewhat like a wasp. It
commences depositing its
eggs in the soft and tender
bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of June, but at
different times, from June to October. The egg hatches, and be-
comes a small white borer
or grub, (Jig. a), which
eventually grows to three
fourths of an inch long, pen-
etrates mid devours the bark
and sap - wood, and, after
passing the winter in the
tree, it enfolds itself in a cocoon, {Jiff. b\ under or upon the bark,
and emerges again in a perfect or winged form in June, and com-
mences depositing its eggs for another generation."

Multiform have been the prescribed remedies for protection
against this insect, but none have been found infallible; and the
careful cultivator will find the use of a sharp knife, once in June,
and again in September, applied to cutting out the worm, whose lo-
cation is easily discovered by exudation, near the crown of the roots,
of gummy matter — a far better preventive, and also really cheaper,
than heaping up of ashes, cinders, etc., etc.

Gatkcrim/. — If for immediate use the peach should not be gath-
ered until fully ripe, but if intended for market it is necessary often
to gather while yet firm.

Characters and Classification. — The general outward characters of
many kinds are so nearly similar that it is necessary to resort to
other means than exhibited in the fruit in order to identify varieties.
This, even with all the means at command, is (^ften ver}- difficult,
owing to the numerous seedlings constantly being proJucei!. The
distinct'on of freestones and clinsgtones (melters and pavirs of the

270

THE PEACH.

English) is the most natural and weP understood ; next, the distinc-
tion by means of what are termed glands on the leaves, as also the
indentations or irregular edge of the leaf termed creneate, serrated,
and coarsely serrated ; and last the distinction by means of the flow-
ers, as large or small. This last is open only to examination a short
period, and therefore is not used except by the careful amateur po-
mologist, or correct nurseryman.
• The accompanying figures are illustrative :

Figure 1, the ser
rated without glands;
figure 2,coarsely ser-
rated, and with glo-
bose glands; figure
3, creneate and with
reniform or kidney
shaped glands. "The
form of the glands,"
observes Lindley,
" as well as their po-
sition, is perfectly
distinct ; they are
fully developed in
the month of May, and continue to the last permanent in their char
acter,'and are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are
situated, one, two, or more, on the foot stalks, and one, two, or
more, on the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform
glands grow also on the footstalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves
are placed within the serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper
and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken
from a branch of vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves
of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen, that
glands are not discernable on some of the leaves, especially on those^^
produced from weak branches; in this case, other branches must be'
sought for which do produce them." Lindley, as well as most wri-
ters^ since, have rendered these classes, with sub-classes or divisions,
founded mainly on the structure of the leaves, but we have prefer-
red, in this fruit as well as others, to embody the distinction in the
text descriptive of a variety, and confine ourself to the practical
every day wanted division of " best," " very good," and " good."
The word "Melocoton" only meaning "peach," we have dropped, and
only use it in connection with the synonyms.

Uses. — The various uses made of the peach are so w^ell known as
not to require a word, yet the profit to be obtained from drying or
preserving fresh, the fruit, w^hen distant from market, induces us to

PRESERVING THE FRESH FRUIT. 271

extract the following descriptions. Downing says, " in Western
New York, and indeed in most parts of the country where peaches
are largely cultivated, the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to mar-
ket in very large quantities. The drying is performed, on a small
scale, in spent ovens; on a large scale, in a small drying house
heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These
drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips
sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled
with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled,
the stone taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with
the skin dowuiward. In a short time the heat of the drying house
will complete the drying, and the drawers are then ready for a sec-
on(t filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards or frames,
and dried in the sun merely ; but usually, with the previous prepa-
ration, of dipping the peaches (in baskets,) for a few minutes in
boiling water before halving them."

Preserving the fresh fruit. — Thomas describes the process as fol-
lows : " Prepare the canisters in the best manner, of good tin —
about seven or eight inches in length, and four to four and a half in
diameter. Whatever be the size, they should be uniform, that they
may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just ripe and no
more, free from specks or bruises. When the canisters are filled,
the tops are to be carefully soldered on, leaving a hole in them
about the size of a small pin for the escape of the air. They are
then to be set in a vessel of water, to be kept boiling moderately,
until the temperature of the fruit is raised to that of the water.
The way in which this is ascertained, is to put a drop of water on
the pin hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air escapes
from the canister. When the internal temperature is equal to that
of the water, no more air will escape. The water is then to be
wiped oft^, and a drop of solder immediately put in its place. The
boiling water should be raised as near to the tops of the canisters as
possible, so as not to cover them. If the operatimi has been pi-o-
perly conducted, the ends of the canisters will, shortly after the cool-
ing has taken place, be depressed, in consequence of the external
pressure of the atmosphere. The degree of heat to which the fruit
is subjected does not cook it in the least. It is proper that the cim-
isters should be set in a cool place. The vessel in which the water
is to be kept boiling, must of coarse have a level bottom ; and every
one who is disposed to try the experiment can devise one for him

272 THE PEACH.

VARIETIES.

The varieties of the peach have within a few years been largely
increased, but as the fruit is, when matured, quickly perishable, we
have endeavored to select out only those that are really valuable,
and that will furnish a perfect succession from earliest to latest.
Many varieties are undoubtedly good in their immediate locality,
and often perhaps .equal the best, yet there seems no necessity for
increasing the numbers unless some evident superiority is found
either in fruit or tree.

Ihe periods of ripening, which we have attached to each variety,
mark its character on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in northern
0K\o. At Cincinnati it will often be found two weeks earlier, while
at Boston or Buffalo it will be eight or ten days later.

CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Bergen.

Bergen's Yellow.

American. It much resembles Yellow Rareripe, but ripens about
ten days later ; a moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands,
reniform ; fruit, large, globular ; depressed, broad suture, distinct,
rather more than half round ; skin, deep orange, with a broad red
cheek ; Jlesh, yellow, melting, and of luscious flavor. Season, early
September. Freestone.

Brevoort.

Brevoort's Morris. | Brevoort's Seedling Melter

American. A moderate but regular bearer. Flowers, small ;
glands, reniform ; fruit, medium to large, round ; rather broad dis-
tinct, suture, deep at apex; sHw, dingy, white, with a bright red
chrck; /esA, -firm, slightly red at stone, sweet and high flavored.
:<ens(m, early September. Freestone.

Crawford's Early.

Crawford's Early Melocoton, | Early Crawford.

American. As a market fruit, one of the most deserviDgly
popular of the yellow fleshed varieties; productive. Flomcrs,

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 273

small ; glandi, globose ; fruity large, oblong, oval, sometimes
roundish, point at apex prominent ; suture^ shallow ; skin^ yellow,
with red cheek ; fleshy yellow, juicy, and when ripened in warm
sunny weather, rich and sweet, at other times slightly sub-acid.
Season, last of August to 10th of September. Freestone.

Crawford's Late.

Crawford's Late Melocoton, | Crawford's Superb Melocoton.

Crawford's Superb Malacatune.

American. One of the most valuable yellow fleshed late varie-
ties, deserving place in all collections ; productive. Flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow ; skin, yel-
low, with dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy,
\'inous, and like the foregoing, depends on warm sunny weather to
make it sweet. Season, last of September and first of October.
Freestone.

Cooledge's Favorite.

Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe.

American. Tree very hardy and productive. Flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, medium to large, roundish, largest on one
side ; suture, at apex only ; skin, white, with a bright red cheek
often mottled ; flesh, melting, juicy, rich, sweet delicious flavor.
Seaso7i, 20th to last of August. Freestone.

Columbia.

American. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, young wood a pur-
plish cast, moderate regular bearer. Floivers, small ; glands, reni-
form ; fruit, large, roundish, with a shallow suture half round ; skin^
singularly marked and striped with dark red ; flesh, yellow, often
exhibiting a red streak next the skin, rich, juicy, and excellent flavor.
Season, middle to last of September. Freestone.

Early York.

Serrate Early York, | True Early York.

Much confusion has arisen with growers respecting this peach,
owing to the same name having been applied to seedlings in New
Jersey. Tree, hardy, productive, and, I'rom the period of ripening,
one of the very best. Flowers, large ; leaves, serrated without
glands; fruit, medium, roundish, oval; suture, slight; 6'A:m, with
pale red dotted on greel)i^^h-white in the shade, and becoming dark
red where exposed to the sun ; flesh, greenish-white, tender, melting,
foil of rich sprightly juice. Season, middle of August. Freestone.
12*

274

IHE PEACH.

Early Newington.

Early Newington Freestone, | Newington,

Smith's Newington.

Foreign. This variet v ripens directly after the forenanied. Tra
hardy, moderately pn ductive ; flowers^ small ; glands, reniform •
fruit, large, roundish, one-half always largest ; suture, distinct ; ski\
yellowish w^hite, dotted and streaked with red, the cheei a rich red ,
fiesh, white, red at the stone, to which many particles adhere ; (if
not fully ripe, it has the habit of a cling;) juicy, rich, vinous flavor.
Season, 20th to last of August.

George the Fourtu.

American. Tree, vigorous, hardy, regular, good bearer ; Jlow-
ers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium ; suture, broad
and deep, making one half larger than the other ; skin, yellowish
white dotted with bright red, on one side a rich dark red cheek;
flesh, pale red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, luscious flavor.
Season, last of August. Freestone.

Grosse Mignonne.

Royal Kensington,
Grimwood's Royal George,
" New Royal George,
Large French Mignonne,
French Mignonne,
Swiss ilignonne,
Purple Avant,
Early Purple Avant,
Early ^lay,
Early Vineyard,
Vineuse,

Neil's Early Purple,

Johnson's Early Purple,

Superb Royal,

Royal Sovereign,

Ronald's Seedling Galande,

Pourpree HaiiA'e,

Belle Beaute.

Pourpree de Normandie,

Vineuse de Fromentin,

Mignonne,

Early Purple.

Foreign. The Grosse Mignonne or Large Favorite was a favorite
peach in France in time of Louis XIV., and is everywhere esteemed,
although in this country it is seldom that the true variety is cultiva-
ted. The true variety has large flowers, while that often grown has
small flowers.

Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, apex de-
pressed, with a deep, hollow suture ; skin, dull greenish yellow,
mottled with red, and with a purplish red cheek ; flesh, yellowish
white, marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, high, vin-
ous flavor ; stone, small, very rough. Season, about 20th August to
1st September. Freestone.

Heath.

Heath Clingstone,
White Heath,

Fine Heath,
Red Heath.

American. This variety is extremely valuable in the middle, and
Bouthern and -westerr. States. In th.3 northern States it does not

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 275

always ripen well, but the fruit may be gathered, wrapped in paper
same as oranges, and laid in a cool room and kept until Christmas.
It often reproduces itself from the stone, and Bayne's New Heath
partakes of no new qualities over many other of its seedlings. The
trees are very hardy, often producing on our w^estern soils when
all others fail.

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, narrowing
to both ends, with a swollen point at apex ; suture, one side, distinct ;
skin, downy, cream colored white, a tinge of red in the sun ; fiesh,
greenish white, adhering closely to the stone, juicy, rich, luscious
flavor. Season^ October. Clingstone.

Hyslop.

Hyslop's Clin<Tsione.

American. This variety should take the place of Heath in all
northern localities, and, indeed, deserves a place in every garden,
however small. From not finding it noticed in any work since Ken-
rick's issue, we had supposed it probably a synonym, but have been
unable so to detect it. Trees are hardy, vigorous and productive;
flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, roundish ;
skin, white, with a deep rich, red cheek; flesh, very juicy, melting,
rich and luscious. Season, early in. October. Clingstone.

Jaques.

Jaquish, | Jaques Rareripe,

Jaques Rareripe.

American. A very desirable market variety ; good flavor ; and
very certain bearer.

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; frtiit, large, roundish ; distinct
suture ; skin, downy, dull yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red
at the stone, juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid. Season, middle of Sep-
tember. Freestone.

Morris Red.

Morris Red Rareripe, | Red Rareripe,

Large Red Rareripe.

American. Has been confounded with George the Fourth, and
also with GrosseMignon, from both of which it is distinct. The Large
Early York of N. Jersey most nearly resembles it, but is quite dif-
ferent. It is universally esteemed. Trees, vigorous and productive ;
flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish; slightly
depressed at apex; suture, well marked ; skin, greenish white, with
a lively red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, red at the^stone, melting,
j licy, rich, sweet flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone.

27G THE PEACH.

Morris White.

Morris White Rareripe,
White Rareripe,
Luscious While Rareripe,
Lady Ann Steward,

White Malacaton,
Cole's White Malaraton,
Freestone Heath,
Al orris White Freestone,

Philadelphia Freestone

American. This Variety is most suited to the southern and south-
western States, where it is a most delicious fruit ; but grow^n at the
north, it is one of the most valuable for preserving in brandy, and
always commands a high price therefor. Tree, vigorous, moderate
bearer ; fiowers, small ; glands^ reniform ; fruit, large, oval ; suture,
moderate, swollen point small ; skin, downy, greenish white, be-
coming a creamy white when fully ripe, rarely a purplish tinged
cheek ; flesh, white to the stone, moderately firm, sweet and rich.
Season, middle of September. Freestone.

Malta.

Peche Malte, I Italian,

Malte de Normandie, | Belie de Paris.

Foreign. The true Malta is less known than a spurious sort hav-
ing globose glands, w^hich is most generally grown. The true Malta
is a delicious fruit for the private garden, but not desirable for mar-
keting; fluwers,^ large ; leaves, serrated, without glands ; fruit, above
medium, roundish, flattened, with a broad, shallow suture on one
side ; skin, pale, dull green, marked on the sunny side with broken
spots and blotches of dull purple ; flesh, greenish,*^ with a little dark
red at the stone, very juicy and melting, rich, vinous, delicious flavor.
Seaso7i, last of August. Freestone.

Late Admirable.

Royale,
La Royale,
Peche Royale,
Rourdine,
Boudui ,

Pourpree Tardive

Nar bonne,
Teton de Venus,
French Bourdine,
Judd's Melting,
Motteux's,

Foreign. An old variety, the trees of which have proved suc-
cessful wherever grown. Moderate, regular bearer. Flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture,
bold, apparently making two halves of the fruit — a swollen point at
apex ; skin, yellowish green, with a cheek of two shades of red,
mingled, or marbled ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, melting, delicate,
delicious flavor. Season, about 20th September. Freestone. We
have often seen the foregoing named fruit, the Malta, under tb-
name.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 277

Lemon Clingstone.

Kennedy's Carolina,
Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone,
Long Yellow Pine Apple,

Largest Lemon,

Pine Apple Clingstone,

Yellow Pine Apple.

American. The flavor of this variety, except grown in warm
climate and good soil, would not place it among the first class ; but
the uniform hardihood and productiveness of the tree, together with
the fine appearance of the fruit, making it very desirable for market-
ing purposes, has induced us to retain it. Flowers^ small ; glands^
reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, with a projecting point at apex like
unto a lemon ; skin, fine yellow, with a dark brownish red cheek,
becoming sometimes, in certain locations South, almost a crimson
red ; fleah, fij;m, yellow, tinged with red at stone, juicy, sprightly,
vinous, sub-acid flavor. Season, middle to last of September.
Clingstone. The "Yellow Blanton Cling" is only a sub-variety,
ripening a few days later.

New York Rareripe.

Livingston's New York Rareripe, I Honest John,
Large Early York, | Maine's Early Red,

Early York of New Jersey.

American. The synonyms which we attach to this variety, we
are aware, are questioned by some good pomologists, but after
having grown and examined the trees under the several names, we
confess ourselves unable to distinguish any material difference, cer-
tainly not sufficient to make distinct descriptions requisite. Trees,
vigorous, healthy, moderate but good bearers ; /lowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, roundish ; skin, whitish, with
marblings and dots of red, with a clear, rich, red cheek, where ex-
posed to the sun ; flesh, almost white, fine-grained, very juicy, rich,
mild, excellent flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone.

NiVETTE.

White Rareripe, I Veloute Tardive,

Nivelte Veloute, | Dorsetshire.

Foreign. An old variety, which succeeds most admirably
throughout all Northern sections, and, where known, equally well
South. Trees, upright, healthy growth, regular bearers ; flowers,
small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ;
suture, shallow, point or apex slightly depressed ; skin, yellowish
green, and, when exposed to sun, a bright, lively, red cheek ; fleshy
greenish white, tinged with reddish pink at the stone, juicy, melting,
with a rich, delicious flavor. Season, early in September. Free-
stone.

278 THE PEACH.

Oldmixon.

Oldmixon Qin; , | Oldmjson Clingstone.

American. Of the clingstone peaches we think this and Hyslop's
the best, and deserving place in every collection. Flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, well marked,
and one side of fruit slightly larger than the other, without mamelon,
or swollen point; skin, yellowish white, with red more or less
dotted, and becoming bright red cheek where exposed fully to sun ;
flesh, pale white, juicy, rich, high and excellent flavor. Season, early
in September. Clingstone.

Oldmixon Freestone.

Oldmixon Clearslone.

American. Said to have been produced from seed of the Old-
mixon, which we think somewhat doubtful. It is, however, a variety
meriting place every where, as it always produces a crop, appearing
to withstand late spring frosts better than many others, and for
market, its ripening just at a period when most other varieties are
out, makes it extremely desirable. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ;
fruit, large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen ; suture, appa-
rent only at apex ; skin, a mingling of yellowish white and pale
green, more or less marbled with dull red, and having a deep red
cheek in the sun ; flesh, white, tinged with red at stone, rich, sweet,
vinous, excellent flavor. Season, 5th to 15th September.

President.

American. Trees, healthy, productive, similar to the Rareripes ;
a valuable market fruit ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit,
large or above medium, roundish oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, downy,
pale yellowish green, with a red cheek ; flesh, white, red at the
stone,* juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor; stone, rough, and unless fully
ripe, the flesh adheres slightly to it. Season, middle of September.
Freestone.

Prince's Red Rareripe.

Late Red Rareripe .

American. Trees, vigorous, productive, and fruit of a grayish
appearance, distinguishing it from all other varieties ; flower's, small ;
(/lands, globose; fruit, large^ roundish oval, with a depressed suture
and sunken point at apex ; skin, downy, pale grayish yellow^, mottled
and marbled with red, and with a red cheek mottled with fawn-co-
lored specks ; flesh, white, deep red at stone, juicy, melting, rich,
luscious flavor. Season, early in September. Freestone.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 279

ROSEBANK.

American. Originated with James Dougall, Esq., C. W. Trees:^
healthy, moderate, but regular bearers; Leof\ serrated without glands ;
fruity above medium, round, compressed at the apex ; sw^wrc, deep,
extending somewhat more than halfway round ; skin^ whitish yellow
with a red cheek, where fully exposed to the sun, the red becomes
almost purple; Jlesh^ thick, whitish yellow, very little red about the
stone, juicy, rich, excell*>nt flavor. Season, middle of September.
rreestone.

TiLLOTSON.

Early Tillotson.

American. This variety requires a strong soil, otherwise it is
liable to mildew. The trees are hardy, but not good bearers while
young, nor are they rapid growers. Its period of maturity must,
however, give it place for market purposes as being the earliest
good fruit yet known. For small gardens where only three or four
days are little consequence, it is not advisable to plant it. Flowers,
small ; leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, medium, roundish ; skin,
nearly white, dotted with red and becoming dark red in the sun ;
Jlesh, whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres,
juicy, rich, high flavor. Season, variable, we having fruited it as
early as 29th July and again not until 10th of August, but always,
however, a few days before Early York ; and we only note this here
in order to show that no certain dates will answer from year to
year in any fruit.

Van Zandt's Superb.

Waxen Rareripe.

American. A variety not suited to market purposes, but highly
desirable in small gardens for dessert use. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose, obscure ; fruit, medium, roundish, one side enlarged ; su-
ture, distinct but not deep ; skin, white, beautifully sprinkled and
marbled with clear red, cheek red, dotted with carmine ; flesh, whit-
ish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, very fine flavor. Sea-
son, early in September.

Walter's Early.

American. A popular orchard variety, adapted to light soils.
Trees, healthy and productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ;
fruit, above medium, globular, flattened ; skin, white, with a rich
red cheek ; flesh, whitish, tinged with red at the stone, ,fiicy, sweet,
fine flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone.

White Imperial.
American. A valuable variety for the northern parts of our

280 THE PEACH.

country, being hardy and vigorous, and a regular, moderate bearer.
South, the trees grow too rapid, while the fruit is insipid. It seems
to do equally well in sandy or loamy soil, but in the former will
probably sooner require some specific stimulant. Flowers, small ;
cjlands, globose ; fruit, large or above medium, roundish, broad, de-
pressed at apex ; suture, not deep, but well marked, and the fruit
often one side enlarged ; skin, yellowish white, tinged or marbled
with light purplish red towards the sun ; flesh, nearly white, melting,
juicy, sweet, delicate, delicious flavor. Season, last of August. Free-
stone.

Ward's Freestone.

Ward's Late Free, | Ward's Free

American. We have examined this variety for several years,
and were we to have but one late-ripening variety, should unhesi-
tatingly select this. The Weld's Freestone spoken of by Mr. Man-
ning, in the second volume of the Horticulturist, we strongly sus-
pect to be this variety. It is a variety highly successful among
orchardists in Delaware, and so far as we have seen, equally valua-
ble at the North. Trees, vigorous, healthy, not too rapid growth ;

flowers, small ; glands, ; fruit, above medium, roundish ;

sldn, yellowish white, with a red cheek where exposed to the sun ;
flesh, \\&?iv\j white, rarely tinged with red at the stone, juicy, vinous,
and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor ; for late preserving
it is invaluable. Season, early October. Freestone.

Yellow Rareripe.

Yellow Red Rareripe, I Marie Antoinette,

Large Yellow Rareripe, 1 French Rareripe.

American. As a market or garden variety, this has no equal
among yellow-fleshed fruits. Cultivators should, however, be care-
ful of the correctness of their trees, as an old sort, far inferior, and
often known under name of Yellow Malacatune, is frequently
grown for this variety. Flowers, smaW -, glands, globose; fruit,
large, roundish ; suture, shallow, extending rather more than half
round, a small point at apex ; skin, deep orange yellow, dotted
somewhat with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in streaks ; flesh,
deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, nearly ^rst-
rate flavor. Season, 20th to last August. Freeston6.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 281

CLASS IT. — New and untested ; adapted to certain locations, or
* i^ardens of Amateurs.

Alberge.

Yellow Alberge^
Alberge Jaune^
Purple Alberge,
Red Alberge,
Golden Mignonne,

French Rareripe,

Peche Jaune,

Go!d-Fleshed,

Yellow Rareripe of some

Hardy Galande,

Golden Rareripe.

Foreign. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish yel-
low, purplish cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Middle Aug. Freestone.

Allen.

American. Small, roundish ; white, red cheek ; juicy. Freestone. Mid-
dle Sept. (Cole.)

Atwater.
American. Closely resembles President, and may prove identical.

Bellegarde.

Early Royal George,
Red Magdalen,
French Royal George,
Smootii-leaved Royal George,
Violette Halive,

Violette Hative Grosse,
Brentford Mignonne,
Ronald's Mignonne,
Large Violet,
arly Galande.

Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, with a
point ; suture shallow, yellowish green ; red cheek ; flesh, little red at
stone ; juicy. Freestone. Early September.

Barnard.

Early Barnard, | Yellow Barnard.

American. Much resembles Alberge.

Bachelder.

American. Large ; round, white, with deep blush ; flesh, white, juicy.
Freestone. Middle September. (Cole.)

Briggs.

American. Large, roundish ; whitish, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at
Btone ; sweet. Freestone. Early September. (Cole.)

Blood Clingstone.

Claret Clingstone, | Blood Cling.

American. Valuable only for pickling and preserving; flowers, small;
glands, reniform ; fruit, often measuring twelve in hes round ; suture, dis-

282 THE PEACH.

tinct, skin, downy, dark, clouded, purplish red ; flesh, deep red through-
out; firm, juicy. Last September

The old French Blood Clingstone is a smaller fruit than the above, and
also has large flowers. The Blood Freestone is a variety of above, medi-
um size, glandless leaves, and less valuable.

Dullard's Clingstone.

American. Large, round; white, with red cheek; juicy, fi.ne. Sep-
tember. (Kenrick.)

Bullard's Seedling

American. Large, round, pale yellow and red. Middle of September.
Freestone. (Kenrick.)

Cable's Late.

Cable's Late. Melocoton.

American. A seedling of the old Red Cheek, and resembles Crawford's
Late, only ripening some six days earlier. Freestone.

Cole's Early Red.

American. Productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium,
roundish, pale yellow, mostly covered with red, often dry. Last August.
Freestone.

Chinese Peach.

Flat Peach of China, | Java Peach.
Peen To

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; flowers, large ; fruit, small, flattened, long,
yellowish green, and pale red ; skin, thin ; flesh, pale yellow, red at stone,
to which it adheres, juicy, delicate, vinous flavor ; fitted only for the ama-
teur's garden. September ; July, at the South.

Clinton.

American. Only suited for marketing ; flowers, large ; glands, globose;
fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek, juicy. Last of
August. Freestone.

Cambridge Belle.

Hovey's Cambridge Belle.

American. Large, roundish, white with a blush, red cheek, juicy,
good. Early September, Freestone. (Hovey.)

Clarke.

American. Large, ror.ndish, yellow, red blush ; flesh, yellow, red at
stone, juicy, sugary, fire. Early September. (Cole.)

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 283

Down Eastee.

Hall's Down Easter.

American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red cheek;
good, hardy, productive. 20th September. (Cole.)

Double Montagne

Double Mountain, | ilontagne
Montauban.

Foreign. Almost worthy a place in first class; flowers, large ; leaves,
glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale greenish white, with two shades
of red when exposed to the sun ; flesh, white, delicate, juicy, fine. Last
of August. Freestone.

Elmira.

American. This variety originated in Miss, by M. W. Phillips, Esq.
We have not seen it, nor a description, but it is spoken of as a Clingstone,
ripening a few days earlier than Early TiUotson, and being very desirable
in that section.

Eliza.

American. Originated at Philadelphia ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large,
round, terminating in a nipple ; skin, yellow, with mottled red cheek ;
flesh, yellow, red at stone. Last of September. Freestone. (W. D. B.,
in Pomologist.)

Eastburn.

Easlburn's Choice.

American. Large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunnyside ;
flesh, yellowish, red near the stem, juicy, sprightly. Last of September.
Freestone.

Fulkerson.

Fulkerson's Early.

American. Leaves, glandless ; specimens of the Fulkerson Peach were
sent us 20th of August, 1851, by its originator, R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland,
0., from which we made our description. Mr. Fulkerson states it hardy
and productive when Yellow Rareripe, Tillotson and other varieties fail ;
fruit, medium ; obtuse, rounded, sides irregular, unequal ; suture, half-
round ; skin, whitish, rich, red cheek; flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with
red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet and high flavored; stone small, angular,
flattened. Freestone. 20th August.

• Green Catherine.

Doctor Cooper.

Probably Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large,
round, pale green, with red cheek ; flesh, bright red at stone, tender,
juicy; very fine South, inferior at the North. First to middle Septem-
ber. Freestone.

284 THE PEACH.

Green Rareripe.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose. We have not seen it
Manning says : medium size, productive, fine flavor. Middle September
Freestone.

Galande.

Hardy Galande.

Foreign. Received from France by Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing, L. I.,
who describe it thus : Flowers, small : glands, globose ; fruit, below medi-
um ; suture, deep ; skin, downy, dark blood color on one side, on opposite,
red and yellow marbled ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, apricot
flavor. Last August. Freestone.

Hastings.

American. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, above medium,
round, slightly flattened ; yellowish white, with a purplish red cheek ;
juicy, dehcious. Early September. Freestone. (Manning.)

Hartshorn.

American. Large, roundish oval, yellow, deep blush ; flesh, coarse ;
keeps long. Middle September. CHngstone. (Cole.)

Hale.

Hale's Melocoton.

American. Above medium, oblong, flat at base ; suture, slight ; yel-
low ; flesh, yellow, rich, sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.)

Hatch.

American. Very large, roundish pointed ; suture, shallow ; deep yel-
low, blush in sun ; flesh, yeUow, melting, sweet. Early September.
Freestone. (Cole.)

Henry Clay.

American. Newly introduced by A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss.,
by whom it is thus described : Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, deep
purple in sun, shading to bright pink and creamy white ; flesh, grayish
white, tender, peculiar flavor, partaking of strawberry and pineapple;
small stone, parting freely from the flesh. First August. September at
the North.

Kenrick's Heath.

Heath Freestone, | Heath Free.

American. Flowers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, oblong,
swollen point at apex ; suture, slight; greenish white, purplish red cheek ;
aesh, greenish white, red at stone, coarse, juicy, sub-acid. September.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 285

Jose Sweet.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish,
broad ; suture, deep ; greenish white, dull red cheek, juicy, dehcious fla-
vor. Last September. Freestone.

Jones' Early.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white,
with pale red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. Middle
August. Freestone. (Hovey.)

Jones' Large Early.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; suture^
deep ; greenish white with crimson cheek ; flesh, white, melting, pink at
stone. Middle August. Freestone. (Hovey.)

Incomparable.

Pavie Admirable, | Late Admirable Cling.

Foreign. Valuable only for market. Trees, healthy, productive ;
flowers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, roundish, swelling a httle
on one side, yellowish white, with red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, red
at stone, juicy. Late September. Chngstone.

Monstrous Clingstone.

Pavie de Pompone, | Pavie Monstrueux,

Monstrous Pompone, | Pavie Rouge de Pompone,

Monstrous Pavie, Pavie Caniu,

Pavie de Pomponne Grosse, | Gros Melocoton,

Gros Persique Rouge.

Foreign. A variety which succeeds finely in rich, deep soils, often of
very fine flavor, but apt to be deficient. Its very large size makes it sell
readily. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish
oval, swollen point at apex, obtuse; suture, marked half round; skin,
yellowish white, with red mostly overspreading it ; flesh, firm, yellowish
white, deep red at stone, juicy. Last October. Chngstone.

Madeira.

Hill's Madeira, | Madeira Freestone.

American. A variety now htrte known, and, we think, never much
out of southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, well marked, not
deep ; yellow, with rich red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, rich,
and, in warm seasons, sugary and delicious. Early September. Free-
stone.

Merriam.

American. Glands, globose ; large, oval, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh,
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last September. Freestone. (Cole.)

Mrs. Poinsett.
American. Origin in South Carolina. Glands, globose; fruit, large,

286 THE PEACH.

globular ; suture, distinct, regular ; skin, brownish yellow, veined with
red; flesh, yellowish, juicy, partially clingstone. First September.

Moore's Favorite.

American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish, white, bright blush ;
flesh, white, juicy, vinous. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.)

Malden.

Early Maiden.

American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless. A variety originated
by Jas. Dougall, Esq., of C. W., and, as. yet, not fully tested. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish compressed, one side enlarged ; suture, distinct ; skin,
■white, with reddish blush cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sprightly. Last
August. Freestone.

Lincoln

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; broad suture ;
downy, yellow, with purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy,
Bweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.)

Noblesse.

Vanguard, | Mellishe's Favorite

Lord Montague's Noblesse.

Foreign. The " Double Montague" is said by some to be identical
with this old variety. We have fruited them two years, but the Double
Montague under unfavorable circumstances, so that we are, as yet, un-
willing to place them as identical, although their identity is not improba-
ble. Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, above medium, roundish
oblong, pale greenish white, with two shades of red where exposed to
sun ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy. Last of August. Freestone.

Newman.

American. Large, round, greenish white, with a blush; flesh, white,
juicy, sweet Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.)

Orchard Queen.

Reine des Vergers.

Foreign. New — comes with high praise ; should be tested. Tree,
vigorous; new shoots, reddish; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, de-
pressed at apex ; skin, yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white,
red at stone, melting, vinous. September. Freestone.

Orange Clingstone.

American. Flowers, small, serrated, glandless ; fruit, large, round ;
suture, well marked ; deep orange, occasionally a dark red cheek ; flesh,
yellow, firm, juicy, vinous. Middle September. Clingstone.

FOR IMATEUR CULTURE. 287

Owen.

Owen's Lemon, | Owen's Lemon Rareripe.

American. Giands, globose; fruit, large, roundish; suture, distinct;
yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet
Middle September. Freestone.

Paragon.

Prince's Paragon.

American. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ;
yellowish green, with red cheek ; suture, shallow, terminating in a point
at apex ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Middle September.
Freestone.

Poinsett.

American ; originated in South Carolina. Glandless ; fruit, large,
roundish oval ; ruddy yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy. September. Clingstone.

Poole's Yellow.

Poole's Large Yellow, | Poole's Late Yellow Freestone.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish; suture, halt round;
deep yellow, dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy. Last
of September. Freestone.

Snow.

American ; only suited to sunny exposures, and rich, deep, warm
soils. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, round ; suture,
shght; skin, thin; clear white; flesh, white, juicy. Early September.
Freestone. The blossoms of this variety are white, and the wood is a
light green.

Shanghai.

From north of China. Flowers, large ; leaves, creneated; glands, reni-
form ; fruit, large, roundish ; pale yellow in shade, crimson red in sun;
flesh, pale yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it partially adheres.
(Jour. L. H. Society.)

Sites' Old Zack.

A variety esteemed at Columbus, Ohio, where it originated. Fruit,
above medium ; yellow, with dull red cheek; flesh, yellow, juicy, separat-
ing freely from the stone. 1st to 15th September.

Skinner's Superb.

A freestone yellow peach, originated at the South, where it ripens early
in August, and is regarded as " very good."

288 THE PEACH.

. Saint George.

Smock, I Smock Free.

American ; valuable market sort. G-lands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval,
compressed sides ; orange yellow, red in sun ; flesh, bright yellow, red at
stone, juicy, rich. Last September. Freestone.

Smith's Favorite.

American. Grlands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; deep suture ; yel-
low, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet. Middle September. Free-
stone.

Red Cheek.

Red Cheek 51610001011,
Hogg's Melocoton,
Yellow ^lelocoton,

Malagalune,
Malacatune,
Lady Gallaiin,

Yellow Malagalune.

American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. The parent of most of
the recently introduced yellow peaches. Fruit, large, .roundish oval ;
swollen point at apex ; yellow, deep red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at
stone, juicy, a little sub-acid. Early September. Freestone.

Red Rareripe.

Large Red Rareripe, I Douglass,

Early Red Rareripe, j Burgess' Beauty.

American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, round ; su-
ture broad ; skin, white, mottled with red, becoming quite red in sun ;
flesh, whitish, ^ed at stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Last August. Free-
stone. Sometimes mildews. From this variety it is probable most of our
rareripes have been produced.

Rodman's Red.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong ;
mostly red in sun ; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy. Last of September. Chng-
stone.

Reeves' Favorite.

American. Distinct from " Favorite " of Coxe. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellow,
juicy, sometimes a little acid. Early September. Freestone.

Tippecanoe.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ,
yellow, red in sun ; flash, yellow, juicy, sprightly. Middle to last Sep-
tember. Clingstone.

There is also a Freestone variety under this name, which originated in
Ohio. It is, however, rarely grown, and we know of no description, nor
have we seen the fruit.

FOK AMATEUR CULTURE. 289

Tuft's Early.

American. Glands, globose ; large, roundish ; yellowish white, red
cLeek ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last of August. Free-
stone.

Tarbell.

American. Large, roundish, flattened at base ; suture, nearly round ;
yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet.
Middle September. Freestone, (Cole.)

Tuft's Rareripe.

American. Grlands, globose ; medium, roundish ; red and yellow ; flesh,
yellow, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.)

Weld's Freestone.

American. Flowers, small; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish
oval ; greenish white, with some red. First to middle October. (Man-
ning.) We are inclined to regard this as probably identical with AVard's
Freestone.

Washington.

Washington Rareripe, ( Washington Red Freestone.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, broad, de-
pressed; suture, broad, deep, nearly round; skin, yellowish white, with
crimson cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Mid-
dle September. Freestone, but often adheres slightly.

White Clingstone.

Large White Clingstone, I New York While Clingstone,
Williamson's New York, | Seiby's Cling.

American. The quality of the variety would place it in the first class, but
in selecting of two, we think the Oldmixon preferable ; and as they ripeu
at same time, we have placed this variety as only suited to large orchards.

Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round ; smaU sv.-ollen
point at apex; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish white, Httle covered or
dotted with red where exposed to sun ; flesh, whitish, tender, melting,
juicy, sweet, high flavor. Early September.

Washington Clingstone.

American. Requires a warm climate and good soil. Valuable South,
not at the North. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium,
roundish ; yellowish green, with gray specks and a tinge of red in sun ;
juicy, tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September.

Walburton.

Walburton Admirable.
Foreign. Leaves, glandless, serrated; fruit, above medium, roundish
oblong; greenish white, with red cheek; flesh, greenish white, melting,
find separating freely from the stone. Late September.

13

290 THE PEACH.

CLASS III.— Unworthy farther culture.

Acton Scott.

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat,
pale white, often bitter. August.

AsTOR.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red
cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August.

Anne.

Early Anne, | Green Nutmeg.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early
August.

Admirable.

Early Admirable, | L» Admirable,
- Belle de Vitry.

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ;
flesh, red at stone. August.

Almond.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit small, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, red at
stone. September.

Belle de Vitry.

Admirable Tardive, | Bellis.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, firm,
red at stone. Last September.

Belle de Beaucaire.

Beauty of Beaucaire.

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, greenish yellow, red cheek, juicy
August. Freestone.

Beauty of Salisbury.

Foreign. Trees mildew ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek,
juicy. September. Freestone.

Baltimore Beauty.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red
cheek. August. Freestone.

Barrington.

Buckingham Mignonne, ] Colonel Ausleys.

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and red ,
flesh, tinged red at stone. September. Freestone.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 291

Bennett's Rareripe.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitiah yellow and red, deficient
in flavor. August.

Belle Chevreuse.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium oval, greenish ^hite, with red
cheek; flesh, white, red at stone. September. Freestone.

Belzar's Early Rareripe.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium round, red in sun ; flesh, streaked
with red. August.

Chilian.
American. Glands ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, defi-
cient in flavor. September. Freestone.

Canary.
American. Fruit medium, canary color ; flesh, yellow, not colored at stone,
to which it adheres closely. September.

Cable's Medium Melocoton.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh.. yellow ;
enb-acid. September.

Cable's Early.

Cable's Early Melocoton.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, Bub-
acid. September.

Congress.

Congress Cling.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, whitish, with red, juicy ; poor
bearer. September.

Chancellor.

Chanceliere. I Noisette p ,,„rf_

^ \Mc Clmncellor, 1 Stewart's Late Galande,

Edgar's Late Melting.

Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, large^ oval, yellowish white, crimson
cheek ; flesh, red next stone. September. Freestone.
Carey's Mammoth Cling.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oval ; flesh, white.

September.

Charlotte.

I

.„,,,,,,. I Vfw Roval rharlolte,

g^r^SS^^siCrChaHotte, I Kew's Early Purple.

Forelc^n. Glandless ; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek ;
flesb. white, red at stone. September.

292 THE PEACH.

Catharine.

Catherine Cling.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, oval, one side enlarged,
yellowish green, red in sun ; flesh, firm, yellowish white, red at stone. Sep-
tember.

Druid Hill.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red in
the sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, far inferior to Ward's Freestone. Sep-
tember. Freestone.

Emperor of Russia.

Cut Leaved, I New Cut Leaved,

Serrated, j Unique.

American. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish
white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, yellowish white. August. Freestone.

Early Robinson Crusoe.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun.
September.

Favorite.

Favorite Red.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with much
red in sun ; flesh, firm, red at stone. September.

Fox's Seedling.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Septem-
ber. Freestone.

Gest's Superb.

Gest'i large Freestone.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and
red ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. September.

GpLDEN Ball.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red
cheek ; flesh, yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen's Yellow,
with which it ripens. Early September.

Ispahan.

Pecher d'Ispahan.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, round, whitish green ; flesh, greenish
white, a little sub-acid. September.

HOFFNER.
Hoifaer"s Seedling.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish,
with red m sun ; flesh, yellowish white. August. Freestone.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 293

La Grange.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little red
iu sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not equal to many others at same time
ripening. September, Freestone.

Late Yellow Alberge.

October Yellow, I Algiers Yellow,
Algiers Winter.

Poreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, roundish oval yellow when
ripe ; flesh, firm, yellow, drj October,

La Fayette Clingstone.

American, Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, poor, September.

La Fayette.

American. Fruit, above medium, round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh,
stained with red. September.

Nonpareil.

Scott's Nonpareil.

American, Glands, globose. Fruit, large roundish, oblong, yellow, with red
cheek, too much like Crawford's Late, to be continued. Freestone. September.

Old Newington.

Newington Cling, | Newington,

Large Newington.

Foreign ; glandless ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek ;
flesh, pale yellowish white, red at stone ; juicy. September.

Phfleiger.

American ; fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Freestone.
September.

Melting.

Large Melting.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish with red cheek, flesh, white,
red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone.

Magistrate.

Majestrate.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, greenish white, red cheek, flesh,
juicy, not high flavor. September. Freestone.

Morrisania.

Morrisania round, | Hoffman's Pound,

Morrison's Pound.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red
cheek ; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer September.

294 THE PEACH.

Madeleine of Courson.

Madeleine de Courson,
Red Magdalen,
True Red Magdalen,

French Magdalen,
Madeleine Rouge,
Rouge Paysanne.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek ;
flesh, white, red at stone. Last August.

Monstrous Freestone.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red ; flesh,
yellowish white ; poor bearer. September.

Strawberry.

Rose.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, below medium, surface mostly red ; flesh,
whitish ; too small. August. Freestone.

Red Nutmeg.

Brown Nutmeg, I Avant Rouge,

Early Red Nulnneg, j Red Avant.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek :
flesh, yellowish, red at stone. Early August.

Royal George.

Early Royal George,
New Royal George,
Millet's ilignonne.

Loc"kyer's Mignonne,
Griffin's Mignonne,
Superb,

Red Magdaline.

Foreign. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white,
red dots and marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish red at stone. Last of August.

ROSANNA.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow and purplish red : flesh,
yellow, red at stone. September. Freestone.

SwALSH.

Double Swalsh, | Swalze.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek : flesh
white, red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone. '

Sweet Water.

Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg.

There are two varieties under this name ; one with globose glands, and one
glandless ; neither as valuable as Tillotson.

Scott's Early Red.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red ;
flesh whitish, juicy. August. Freestone.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 295

Smith's Newington.

Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newington.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with pur-
plish red in sun ; flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stone. August. Clingstone.

Smock Clingstonk.

American. Large oblong, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid.
September.

Spring Grov^.

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red
cheek ; flesh, greenish yellow. September. Freestone.

SULHAMSTEAD.

Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun ;
flesh, yellowish white, sweet. September.

Slocum's Early.

American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh, yellow.
August.

SlEBOLT.

American. Glands ; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow with red cheek ;
flesh, yellowish white. Freestone. September.

Tick.

Tice's Red and Yellow.

American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer.
September. Freestone. \

Vandermark.

American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. September. A clingstone.

White Nutmeg.

Early White NuUneg, | Avant Blanche,

While Avant.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oval, greenish white ; flesh white, to the
etone. Early August.

White Blossom.

White Blossomed Incomparable, | Willow Peach,

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, oval, white ; flesh, white to
atone. September. Freestone.

296 THE PEACH.

WeiIping.

Reid's Weeping.

American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not de-
serve to be classed in fruits.

Yates' Early.
American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior.

Yellow Admirable.

Oraage,
Abricotee,

Apricot Peach,
Admirable Jaune.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red
in sun ; flesh, yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Freestone. September.

ZoAR Beauty.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where ex*
posed to sun flesh, tinged with red. Freestone. September.

THE PEAR.

Pyrus communis, L. Rosacea of botanists.

Nathe of Europe and Asia, the pear has long been cultivated,
but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con-
siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, ex-
cept thev were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and
their exertions in originating and improving fruit, have we betore
written : and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best
imported varieties; while, in this country, we are not the less indebt-
ed ?o such men as H. A. S. Der^born, David Thomas, M. P. Wi der,
J P Kirtland W D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation,
oricrin and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States
Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the pear, as well as of
the apple • and while in nearlv all the middle portions of the States
there are 'immense trees, heafthy and vigorous as the native forests,
few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one
remove from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impres-
sion that " he who plants pears, plants for h.s heirs, we attribu e
the ne-lect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable
numbe? of pear trees. Gradually, however, as facilities of traveling .
have increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with
practice and results, and information become freely dissemmated
throu^rh our agricultural and horticultural journals have pear plan-
tations increased, until at this time there are, probably, yearly plant-
ed in the States not less than one million of trees. .

In almost every State, there appear certaui localities where the
pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase m size, vigor
and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be
selecied from many: Danvers m Mass., Hartford and East New
Haven County, in Conn., Vincennes in la Detroit m Mich and
north-western or central New York. And indeed we may find t
difficult to name a section where, with the appropriate care in cul-
ture here pointed out, the pear may not be grown healthy and pro-
ductive.

Propagatim. By seed. The propagation of the pear by seed is
the same as that of'the apple, if we except the ^^f ^^^f '^^^^^^.f^^^;^
of the pear the first year are generally confined to the one tap-
root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary that the soil
be at least twc feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow trenched
with the spade is the best for the growing of pear seedlings.

298 THE PEAR.

The propagating by grafting^ budding, etc., is also the same in the
pear as in the apple, and usually performed at same season. The
remarks we make relative to root grafting on pieces of roots are
also equally applicable to the pear as the apple. Some practise the
grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of
the pear from the graft ; this is easily done, but we see no advantage ;
and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favora-
ble ; we have found the roots thrown from the pear small and in-
sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking
up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the cir-
culation of sap -vessels.

Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over for-
eign varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sus-
tained by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks
we think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within
a few years past, most of the pears worked on pear stocks in this
country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of
most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for-
eign varieties.

Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling
pear stocks, usually two years old and about | to ^ an inch diameter at
crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the same left to grow
until August, are usually suitable size for t)udding. The quince,
apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used for grow-
ing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is best, thorn
next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seedlings are
not desirable to use for this purpose, as they do not run even in
growth ; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the
Anglers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain ash
are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where
the quince roots do not appear as well suited.

While a very large number of varieties will take and grow for a
year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a
series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, when grown
on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now
very extensive on the quince root, we cannot but fear that in eight-
tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower ; and in the remain-
ing two-tenths, require equally as much care in supplying nutrition
and pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots.
There are, however, some sorts that the fruit seems improved by
being worked on quince, asDuchessed'Angouleme, Easter Beurre, &c.,
and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore,
while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that
without carefu' and high culture the grower will meet disappointment/.

STOCKS AND ADAPTATION OF TREES THEREON. 299

A-bout one hundred ye..rs may be taken as the natural duration of
the pear on pear rooti-^when grown in soil supplied with the elements
necessary to sustain it; and about thirty or forty years the natural
duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and
cultivated, histances are of course recorded and known, where
trees exist for longei periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in
one half the time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has
been so great for some years past, that too often little regard has
been paid to the stock ; and we have now in our grounds rows of
bearing trees on quince roots, all of one kind, received from France,
from which, although receiving the same care and attention, there
may be selected those that ere many years must of necessity decay ,
the stock and tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as be-
fore remarked, there are varieties that, while they grow apparently
well for a few years, decay on fruiting the second year. The suc-
cess of the pear on quince roots trained en-pyramid in the old coun-
try has been confined to but few varieties, and these kept under a
steady yet high state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on
the quince, in the manner of most orcharding in this country, will
never repay the first cost of the trees ; but if trees are selected ot
varieties known to have been long successful, and a system of cul-
ture pursued which shall meet the requirements of the fibrous roots
of the quince, then may the grower look for profit and pleasure in
the result ; but equally gratifying and profitable would be the result,
if we except a few varieties of foreign origin, when grown on the
pear, and annually root-pruned; added to which, if one half the trees
were taken out after twenty years, the balance would form a fine
permanent orchard to be managed as our apple orchards. In small
gardens, where the quince stock is advised by nearly all writers, (and
correctly so, if the right varieties are selected,) success will not be had
without an appreciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed
by the quince, and the system of culture required to supply the
food of the plant, as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also
some little knowledge of the amount of fruit the young tree is ca-
pable of ripening and continue in health ; the tendency being rather
to over-production and exhaustion.

Transplanting, SeUction of Trees, and Distances apart. — The roots
of the pear have few laterals except grown on shallow rich soil,
and in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as murh
of the large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly de-
stroyed, the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On
the quince root, when well grown, there will need little attention,
except to head back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends
of each root, as often directed in this work ; and in setting, taking

300

THE PEAR,

ciire that the earti is even with the junction of the pear on the

quince.

Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden are best at about
three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown and shaped
as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are
best at one year from the bud ; for, as a general thing, the nursery-
m an has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com-
pared with that of labor in this country, warrant him in a system
of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree
be so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed
po-icions.

The distance apart of pear or pear roots for large orchardin
should be from twenty-five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs
gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much plant-
ed intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the
practice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate
such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary
method of plowing, planting potatoes, &c.

Soil and Manures. — The pear roots thrive best in a soil where
the sub-soil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open and
porous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots,
extending deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of ex-
treme drought. Cold clay is a bad sub-soil, and where it exists in
the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and
thoroughly sub-soiled ai>d well drained. The pear on quince roots
succeed best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring con-
siderable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis
of the ash of the pear as made by Dr. Emmons : —

Potash, ....

Soda,

Chlorine, ....

Sulphuric Acid,

Thosphate of Lime,

Phosphate of Peroxide of Iron,

Carbonic Acid,

Lime, . .

Magnesia, ....

Silex,

Coal,

Organic Matter,

Sap wood.

Bark.

22.25

6.20

1.84

0.31

1.70

0.50

1.80

27.22

6.50

0.31

27.69

37.29

12.64

30.36

3.00

9.40

0.30

0.40

0.17

0.65

4.02

4.20

100.25

98.30

From this it will be seen what most is wanted in the soil to pro-
duce healthy foliage and wood in the pear As a general thin^

PRUNING.

801

soils usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and
the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and i)one
dust ; or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig
in around the tree whole bones from the daily use of a family, or
procured from a slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and
applied to vegetable mould from the woods, and this dug in around
the tree, is also a cheap and ready way of supplying food requisite.
Iron filings, etc., from smith-shops is also good, and hence the im-
pression of some, that through it the blight was cured or prevented.
The fact being only that a certain element requisite to health was
exhausted in the soil.

Pruning. — In connection with what we have recorded under this
head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable
to the pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Rivers, Esq.,
England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in
the world :

" If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist
them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp-
pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open ; otherwise
these root-pruned trees on
the quince stock are so full
of them, that the tree re-
ceives a check if they are
all allowed to expand. About
ten or fifteen fruit may be
permitted to ripen the first
season ; the following season
two or three dozen will be
as many as the tree ought
to be allowed to bring to
perfection, increasing the
number as the tree increases
in vigor, always remember-
ing that a few full-sized and
well-ripened pears are to be
preferred to a greater num-
ber, inferior in size and
quality.

Summer pinching in the
youth of the tree is the only
remedy, if it is not well fur-
nished below ; and a severe
remedy it is, for all the
young shoots on the upper
tiers, including the leader,
must be pinched closely in
May and June till the lower

;02

THE PEAR.

ones have made young shoots of a sufficient length to give uniform
ily to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble; it is
better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that is not
well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of this
description may soon be made to assume the shape of the foregoing
figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ought to be
in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leaders are
shortened, which is best done towards the end of August : this short-
ening must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots short-
ened in the 'same manner ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked
pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with.
The spurs are the bases of the sho<^t«; that have been pmched
*.n June.

Planting and after
management.— Ks before
mentioned, the autum-
nal and early winter
months are to be prefer-
red for planting ; care
should be taken in select-
ing trees that are fur-
nished with buds and
branches from bottom
to top; but if a young
gardener intends to
plant, and wishes to
train up his trees so
that they will become
quite perfect in shape, he
should select plants one
year old from the bud or
graft; these 'will, of
course, have good buds
down to the junction of
the graft with the stock.
The first spring, a tree
of this description should
be headed down so as to
leave the shoot about 18
inches long ; if the soil is
rich, from five to six and
seven shoots will be pro-
duced ; one of these
must be made the leader,
and if not inclined to be
quite perpendicular, this must be fastent d to a stake. As soon in sum^

PRUNING AND AFTER MANAGEMENT. 303

mer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched
off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch all off but one
10 about two inches, leaving the topmost for a leader ; the side shoots
will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this
first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow in the proper
direction. This is the best done by bringing down and fastening
the end of each shoot, to a slight stake, so that an open pyramid
may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough air is
not admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till the ei\d
of August, w^hen each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds
of the stem ;* this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, and
no pruning in winter will be required.

The second season the trees wdll make vigorous growth ; the side
shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four,
or more shoots ; as soon as these are four inches long they must be
pinched off to within three inches, all hut the leading shoot of each side
branch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant
sap, till the end of August. The perpendicular leader must be top-
ped once or twice ; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch
off its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all
but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years, most
symmetrical trees may be formed.

When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still
continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root-
pruning to bring them into a fruitful state.

I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear
their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required ; but
the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the
young cultivator.

I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees
adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa-
tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitful. A most valu-
able auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ;
pears grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of mod-
erate depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am
induced to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have
more care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should
recommend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered
during June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure,
and to give them once a week, in dry weather, a drenching with
guano water, (about two pounds to six gallons,) which must be well
stirred before it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured
gradually into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be pro-

* There are generally three or four abortive buds at the base of each shoot ;
these must not >w reckoned

304

THE PEAR.

duced ; and as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we
shall have exhibitions of pears, this will be liie mode to procure fine
specimens to show for prizes.

Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning" in the Garden of Plants,
(Jardin des Plantes,) France, where all are on their own or pear
roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul-
turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded
as the most perfect of specimens.

" M. Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In
the mon'h of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with
the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, a, a, — that is, the terminal
shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not
only a new leaduag shoot at the end of the branch, but side shoots,
6, 6, at various places on the lower part of the
shoot. These side shoots are left to grow till the
end of May. They have then pushed out to about
four or five inches in lenojth. The ends of all
these side shoots are then pinched off, leaving
only about an inch and a half at the bottom of
the shoot.

" Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the
side shoots, as they are at the end of June. The
dotted lines, 6, 6, show the point to which these
shoots should be pinched off.

" The terminal or leading shoot, c, is lefl entire,
in order to draw up the sap, which would other-
wise force all the side shoots into new growth. Notwithstanding
this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots will frequently

push out new shoots again, just below
where they were pinched. This being
the case, about the Za^i of August M.
Cappe shortens back these new side
shoots to about an inch and a half But
this time he does not pinch them off.
He breaks them, and leaves the broken
end for several days attached and hang-
ing do^\'n, so that the flow of sap is not
so suddenly checked as when the branch
is pinched or cut off, and the danger of
new shoots being forced out a third time
is thereby efifectually guarded against.
"The object of this stopping the side
branches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more properly, the organizable
matter in these shortened branches, by which means the remaining
buds become fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become
spurs, distributed over the whole tree, which bear regularly yeai

Fis^. 1.

Fig. 2

INSECTS AND DISEASES. 805

after year, sendiug out new side shoots, which are pinched back in
the same manner every summer.

•' In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the
pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate
the pruning of the terminal branches or leaders, which, as we
have just said, are shortened back in March — for then is the time
to adjust any extravagances of growth which the tree may have run
into, on either side : and in the summer pinching the balance of
growth is adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest
the ends of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while
those that start near the bottom of the branch, (or the centre of the
tree,) where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five
inches long.

" Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to
form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry, and beauty
of form. But in order to have the branches regu arly produced
from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree .vhich is only
a couple of feet high, so that you can form the first tier of branches
quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset;
for if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of
course it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and
fulness of branches at the bottom."

All this our readers will understand relates more especially to
the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard
trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that
pursued in the apple ; very few trees, in fact, requiring aught but a
thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the
branches becoming too thick.

Insects and Diseases. — The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by
Harris. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight.
Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise
among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of
as much destruction, as reported.

The Bupestris divaraeata, and perhaps some allied species, is
found in the larvae state under the bark, on the bodies of both the
pear and apple ; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect
of this insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree,
on the south or southwest side. Cutting it away carefully and de-
stroying the larvae in months of July to September, and washing
the body first with ley-water, or strong soap-suds, and covering it
with a coating of gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy.

The slug Selandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both cherr^v-
ani pear in June, July and August. It is about half an inch long
of a dull, greenish br,-.wn, slimy, shining, offensive appearance.
It is easily destroyed, if taken 'in time, by scattering ashes or even

306 THE PEAR.

dirt over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, fol-
lowing up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap
blight, etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have re-
marked on in previous pages, and refer thereto.

Selection of varieties known to he pei-manenily successful on the
quince. — As we have before remarked, while there are a great many
varieties that at first take and grow well on the quince stock, there
are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there-
fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view
to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error
of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in
planting the grounds of our present residence we looked to the test-
ing of varieties, and therefore ordered and planted one tree only of
a sort. On a double border so planted, containing over 200 sorts,
we have already, in three years, discarded one half, and feel confi-
dent that not more than one half of the remainder will answer to
continue permanently. As yet few or none of our American native
pears can be depended on when grown on the quince, and as all in-
troduced are of the quality described when grown on pear roots,
we advise most planters so to procure them.

• Of those known to succeed permanently when grown on quince,
the following may be selected :

Summer Franc Real,
Bartlett,

Beurre d'Araalis,
Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Vicar of Wakefield,
Angouleme, Duchess of ditto^

Summer Dean, Doyenne d'Ete^

English Jargonelle,

Madelaine,

Long Green of Autumn,

Beurre Diel,

Glout Morceau,

White Dean, White Doyenne, i Easter Beurre,

Gray Dean, Gris Doyenne, Duchess of Orleans,

Striped Long Green of Autumn, ' Beurre of Anjou,

Weary Soldier, Soldat Laboureur, Boussouck, Doyenne Boussouck,

Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc, ; Passe Colmar.

Gathering of the Fruit, and Uses. — r" Gather pears of the summer
sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat
mealy if kept above a day or two ; even when gathered as they
ought to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They
should not, however, be gathered when they require much force to
pull them oflT. Autumn pears must also not be full rij^e at the time
of gathering, though they will keep longer than the summer.
Winter pears, on the contrary, should hang as long or. the trees as
they may, so as to escape frost, which would make them flat in
flavor, and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the middle
of October on full standards, a week longer on dwarfs, but yet not

VARIETIES AND NOMENCLATURE. 807

after they are ripe. The art of gathering is, to give them a lift, so
as to press away the stalk, and if ripe, they readily part from the
tree. Let them be quite dry when pulled, and in Handling, avoid
pinching the fruit, or in any way bruising it ; as gathered, lay them
quietly in shallow baskets."

This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with
their after maturing, in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature,
has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many
varieties are entirely* worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened,
when, with this care, they are really the most delicious.

The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic
juice, soft sub-liquid pulp or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or
fine crisp and " breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet
austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at tliis day as
when first written.

The common uses of the pear are for dessert, baking, stewing,
drying, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use,
large orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore
been planted, and the result found more profitable than the same
amount of ground appropriated to the apple for cider.

Varieties and Nomenclature. — The number of varieties now known
is something over 1200, but of these it is more than probable over
1000 may be discarded, and then leave more than have qualities to
sustain their continued culture when compared with the best. Through-
out the West, the pear culture is only in its infancy, and we there-
fore place far less in our first class than probably may seem worthy
that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but we would rather
our Western growers should plant varieties worthy their attention,
than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall not pretend in
this work to even note all varieties, but shall only speak of those
most known in our own language, while we could wish (and pro-
bably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to transfer
all names into the English language ; we have at this time thought
best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first class
giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same size
type. In other cases where the English rendering seemed appro-
priate, we have adopted it as the standard name, giving the heretofore
standard name as the first synonym.

Forms and Size comparative. — Our forms illustrative of the terms
used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental
figure of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and
where the circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by
dots. It should always be recollected, that in the pear, pyriform is
with the small end at the stem ; while ii the apple it is at the
calyx.

308

THE PEAR.

Glo!)ular.

O! orate.

Ovate.

Oblong.

Olobular ; obtuse pyriform.

G obular ; acute pyrifonn

rORMS AND SIZE COMPARATIVE.

309

-^m^^^^^'^

Obovate ; acute pyriform.

Ovate pynform.

Oblong p>Tiform.

OJMJvate obtuse pyriform.

310

THE PEAR.

f)b!on£r obovaie pyriform.

-^M^SK^^'-'

Dblong ovale pyriform.

Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small ; the White Dc
yenne or Virgalieu as medium ; the Bartlett as large.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

311

CLASS I. — Worthy Oeneral Cultivation.
Bartlett.

William's Bon Chretien, | William's,
Foire Guilliaunie.

An English variety originated about 1770. Now extensively
grown, and too well known to really need description. The trees
are vigorous, and early productive of fair handsome fruit, either on
pear or quince root.

Fruity large, ovate, obtuse pyriform ; surface somewhat uneven •
color, clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet
around the stem, and minute russet dots over the whole ; stem, short
thick: cabjx, medium, partly open ; hann, shallow, furrowed; core
medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; Jiesh, vellowish white, melting, juicy'
vmous. Season, middle August to middle September. •

812

THE PEAK.

Belle Lucrative — Beautiful and Profitable

Fondante d'Automne, | Seigneur d'Espenn.

A riemish variety ; tree of moderate growth ; productive bearer,
young shoots long, yellowish gray.

Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; colo\\ pale yellowish green,
slightl}^ russeted ; stem^ stout, often fleshy ; calyx, short, open ; basin,
medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic,
sweet. Seaso7i, last September.

Beurre Langelier — Langelier's Butter.

A foreign pear, newly introduced : has fruited but few times in this
country, but may safely be placed as best.

Fruit, large, obovate pyritbrm, contracted toward, and terminating
obtusely at, stem ; color, light gi'een, becoming, at maturity, pale
yellow, with a dull red cheek in sun, and numerous gray russet dots ;
stem, one inch, or more, long, angularly inserted without depression ;
calyx, medium; iasm, shallow, plaited ; core, medium; seeds, long
ovate pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, fine-grained,
sub-ay'd, slight perfume. Season, November to January.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

813

Beurre Diel — Diel's Butter.

Diel,

Diel's Butterbirne,
Dorothee Royal,
Grosse Dorothee,
Beurre Royal,

Des Trois Tours,
De Melon.
Melon de Kops,
Beurre Magnifique,
Beurre Incomparable.

Foreign. Grows
and fruits well on
pear or quince,
but ' is best on
quince ; tree, vig-
orous, the foliage
large; wood, olive
brown with gray-
ish specks ; very
productive.

Fruit large, (our
engravinar is too
small for an av-
erage, ) obovate,
obtuse pyriform,
surface rather
uneven ; color,
dull green, bright
yellow when
in a t u re, russet
specks, and scat-
tered russet and
gieenish brown
patches; stem,
stout, and slightly
curved ; cavity,
narrow ; calyx, medium, open, long segments ; basin, abrupt ; core,
large; seeds, dark brown \Jlesh^ yellowish white, rather coarse, espe-
cially near the core ; juicy, mcjlting, perfuined. Season, October to
last November.

Brandtwine.

American, from the banks of the Brandy wine river. Tier^
thrifty, rapid grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant
bearer ; fruit, medium, varying in form, generally obovate pyri-
form, running into the stem, which is fleshy and rather obliquely set;
color, dull yellowish green, marked with russet dots and streaks,
and much russeted about eye ; calyx., open, segments few ; basin
smooth, moderate depth ; core, small, compact ; seeds, few, dark
brown ; fiesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous. Season, last of August,
first of September.
14

814

THE PEAR.

Beurre d'Aremberg.

Due d'Aremberg,

Colrnar Descharaps,

L'Orphelines,

Soldat Laboureur of some,

Deschamps,
D'Aremberg PaifaJt,
Beurre des OrphelineS
Orpheline d'Enghein.

A foreign variety which has been often confounded with Glout
Morceau and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct.
The wood is strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale
gray specks ; leaves, narrow, deeply serrated ; trees, very hardy,
bear young on the pear root, annually and abundantly ; the fruit
hangs' well, and may be gathered and ripened at will from Decem-
ber to February. A warm, rich soil suits it best.

Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward
the stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction; color ^ dull
pale green, at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces
and patches of light cinnamon russet ; stem, short, stout, uneven, set
obliquely, without depression; calyx, snia.l, closed, segments short;
hasin, rather deep ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ;
fiesh, white, juicy, melting, vinous. Season, December to February

WORTHY GENEilAi^. CULTIVATION.
BUERRE BOSC.

Ciiklmsse Bosc, j Marianne Nouvelle,

Bcbcs F'laschenbirne.

315

A foreign variety raised in 1807 by Van Mons. It is an early,
annual, and productive bearer on the pear roots and should have a
place in the smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish
olive shoots straggling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size
and form, as see our checked outline in engraving, but it is always
fair and smooth.

T'Vi/?/, large, obovate, acute pyriform ; co/or, dark yellow, nearly

816

THE PEAK.

covered, dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish
red in sun ; stem, usually long, slender ; calyx, medium, segments
partially erect; 6a.s?», round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven;
core, small; seeds, blackish; Jiesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, per-
famed. Season, October, or last of September.

BUERRE d'AnJOU. BuTTER OF AnJOU.

Ne Plus Meuris.

Foreign. An old pear in Loudon's select list of 1834. recently
introduced under a new name, and grown on quince. It is found of
the highest excellence. It succeeds equally well on pear or quince,
but largest on quince. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, ob-
tuse at stem ; color, pale yellow, dull blush, and numerous small
specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, segments thick, reflexed ; basin,
round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, and obliquely inserted
in a shallow cavity ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed ; Jlesh, yellowish
white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious to the core. Sea^
ton, October and November.

WORTHY GENERAI CULTIVATION.

317

Beurre Easter.

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau,
Doyenne d'Hiver,
Doyenne du Printemps,
Bergamotte de la Pentecote,
Beurre de la Pentecote,
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruzelles, |

Beurre Roupe, | Seigneur d'Hiver,

" Pater Noster.

Du Patre,

Beurre de Paques,

Philippe de Paques,

Bezi Chaumontelle tres grew,

Chaumontel treB gros,

Canning-,

Foreign. Requires rich,- warm soil, and some care m ripening,
v\ hen it is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on quince.

Fruit, large, globular, obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green
with russet spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a
brownish russet cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deej*;
calyx, generally small ; feas'w, narrow rather deep; core, medium;

318

THE PEAR.

seeds, long, ovate, acute pyriform ; Jlesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet.
Season, January to May.

BUFFUM.

American. Native of
Rhode Island. It is
very successful wherever
grown, admirably adapt-
ed to standard orchard-
ing, an upright, strong
grower, reddish brown
shoots, always product-
ive of fair, even-sized
fruit ; not, however, of
more than second-rate
quality.

Fruit, medium, ob-
long, o b o V a t e ; color,
brownish green, becom-
ing yellow, bright red,
suffused in sun ; brown
dots and a little russet ;
stem, half to inch long,
slight depression ; calyx,
with short recurved seg-
ments ; bast?!, round ;
core, rather small ; seeds, dark brown ; Jlesh, white, buttery, sweet.
Season, September.

Black Worcester.

Black Pear of Worcester, | Parkinson's Warden,

Iron Pear.

A valuable and profitable variety for marketing and cooking pur-
poses ; shoots dark olive, diverging ; tree, hard}", vigorous.

Fruit, large, obovate, oblong ; color, dull green, with numerous
marblings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight de-
pression ; calyx, rather small ; Jlesh, firm, coarse, austere. Season,
November to February.

BoussoucK.

Doyenne Boussouck,
Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle,

Providence,
Plymouth.

Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country
in 1841, by Wrn. Kenrick ; tree, vigorous ; wood, reddish brown,

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

819

sprinkled with large round grayish specks; a good and regular bearer;
fine on quince.

Fruit, large, globular, obtuse, obovate pyriform ; color^ yellow,
with tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout,
fleshy at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, open ; core, medium ;
seeds, small, almost black, abortive ; Jlesh, yellowish white, rather
coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet perfume. Season, October.

Columbia.

Columbian Virgalieu,

Columbian Virgalouse.

Native of Westches-
ter county, N. Y. With-
out being ot more than
second quality, its har-
dihood of tree, product-
ive habit, and fruit uni-
formly smooth and fair,
make it a valuable as
well as profitable varie-
ty. Tree, thrifty ; young
shoots, yellowish brown.

Fruit, large or above
medium, oblong, obo-
vate pyriform ; color, at
first pale green, becom-
ing, when ripe, fine gold-
en yellow, dotted with
small gray dots ; stem,
medium size, slightly
curved ; calyx, rather
small, partially open, or
half closed ; basin, shal-
low ; core, m e d i u m ;
seeds, oblong pyriform ;
Jlesh, white, moderately
juicy, sweet. Season,
December to January.

CoiT.

Beurre Coit.

A new variety, raised by Col. Coit, of Euclid, O. We first ate
of it in 1846, -^hen we made our notes in its favor. Since that we

320

THE PEAR.

have seen it several
times, and as we write
this, September 25,1853,
have the fruit before us.
It is worthy a place in
all collections. The tree
is hardy, vigorous, up-
right, spreading in form,
dark brown shoots, and
early good bearer on the
pear root. Our draw-
ing was made from a
specimen pulled in Au-
gust, and is below an
average size.

Fruity above medium,
obtuse pyriform, slight-
ly angular; color, rich
brown russet, mostly
overspreading a yellow
ground, with a brownish
red cheek in sun ; stem,
rather short; cavity^ shal-
low, with unequal pro-
jections ; calyx ^ with seg-
ments nearly erect, sur-
rounded by depressed
crescent-shaped furrows in a shallow basin ; core, small ; seeds^ black-
ish ; fiesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, vinous.
Season, last September and October.

Dearborn's Seedling.

Wheeler's New St. Michael.

Raised by Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury,
I^fass. Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreadmg ; requires little pruning;
productive on the pear root.

Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a
little to the stem ; co'or, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem,
and surface dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick
segments; stem, long, slender, curved; core, medium; seeds, dark
brown, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, melting,
juicy, sweet delicately perfumed. Season, August.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

321

Dean's Summer.

Poyenne d'Ete, { Summer Doyenne,

Summer Virgalieu.

Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownish red wood,
early and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on quince.

Frziii, rather small, roundish, obtuse pyriforni ; color, yellowish
green, nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a
bright marbled red cheek ; stem, rather long, fleshy at base, inserted
•without depression ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; Jlesh, yellowish white, rather coarse,
buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly. Season, last of July.

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau-

DOYENNE.

-New Winter Gray

Foreign. Re-
cently imported :
proves valuable
on the quince.

Fruit, medium
or above, obovate,
obtuse pyriform,
slightly angular,
or one side long-
e s t ; color, pale
dull yellow, with
many small brown
russet specks;
stem, short, stout ;
calyx, medium ;
basin, irregular,
abrupt ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, dark
brown, long.pcint-
ed ; fiesh, whitish^
rather coarse-
grained, melting,
juicy, vinous, a
little astringent
unless well ripen-
ed. Season, Jan-
uary ;o May.

14*

Doyenne d'Alencon.

822

THE PEAR.

Doyenne Gray.

Gr; / Butter Pear,
Gray Doyenne,
Doyenne Rouge,
Doyenne Roux,
Doyenne d'Automne,

Gray Dean's,
Doyenne Gris,
Red Doyenne ,
Si. Michel Dore,
Doyenne Galeux.

This has been confounded with " Boussouck" and with " Surpass^
Virgalieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer on pear or quince,
a hardy tree, with upright grayish brown shoots.

Fruity medium, roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; skin^ cov-
ered with smooth cinnamon rnsset ; stem, curved ; cavity, rather
deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow; Jiesh^ white, fine-grained,
buttery, melting. Season, October.

Doyenne White.

White Dean,

Virgalieu,

Butter Pear,

St. Michael,

Virs:aloo,

Bergaloo,

YeKow Butter,

White Beurre,

White Autumn Beurre,

Dean's,

Warwick Bergamotte,

Snow Pear,

Pine Pear,

St. :Michael,

Doyenne ,

Doyenne Blanc,

Beurre Blanc,

And twelve others of French and Dutch

An old variety, every where esteemed when well grown ; trees,
hardy, productive either on pear or quince.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

82;

Fruity medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale yellow, regu-
larly sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium,
brownish; cavity, small, round; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow,
slightly plaited ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery,
delicious. Season, September to November.

The Doyenne Panachee is a sub-variety, differing from this in its
more pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green, and red,
striped. It is juicy, not high flavor, treason, October.

Dix.

American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous young
shoots, pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young,
well suited to extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform ;
skin, little rough, yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem ;
stem, set obliquely, raised one side, short, stout, thickest at each end ;
calyx, small ; basi7i, shallow ; co?'e, marked with a dark gritty circle,
extending toward the stem ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, a little
harsh, juicy, sweet. Season, October and November.

Fulton.

American. Native of
Maine ; tree very hardy,
yearly and abundant
bearer, well suited for
standard orcharding at
the West ; young shoots
slender, reddish brown.

Fruit, small, obovate ;
color, at first gray rus-
set, becoming dark cin-
namon russet ; calyx,
open, segments nearly
erect ; basin, round, reg-
ular ; st€?n, one to two
inches long ; cavity, nar-
row ; core, encircled by
a coarse line, but of it-
self small, compact ;
seeds, blackish ; flesh,
half buttery, moderately
juicy, sprightly. Seaso?i,
October, November.

824

THE PEAR.

Flemish Beauty.

Belle de Flanders ,
Bouche Nouvelle,
Bosch,

Bosc Sire,

Iir.perairice de France,
Beaune Spence .

Foreign. This vai'iety is deserving of far more general cultivation
than it has yet recsived. It succeeds most admirably on the quince,
and on the rich soils of Illinois we have seen it far surpass even the
most highly nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree
is vigorous, with upright dark brown shoots.

Fruit, large^ oblong, obtuse obovate ; color, pale yellow, mostly
covered with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun rich
reddish brown ; stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow,
deep ; calyx, short, open ; hasin, round, small ; core, medium, with
oblong capsules ; seeds^ oblong pyrifofm ; Jlesh, yellowish white, not
very fine-grained, juicy, melting, sugary. Season, last of September.
Does not keep long.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

325

Glout Morceau.

Goulu Morceau,
Gloux Morceau,
Beurre d'Hardenpont,
Hardenpont d'Hiver^
Colmar d'Hjver.

Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle,

Linden d'Automne,

Roi de Wurtemberg^,

And five more of German.

Beurre d'Aremberg, of the French.

This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish
■pears. The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only
expressive of its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this
cannot claim the title par excellence, we see not but it must retain
its original, and those who grow it must speak the name as best they
may. ^

It is an unproductive variety while young, either on pear or
quince ; trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring

326

JHE PEAR.

them well into bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer.
It is a beautiful grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little
pruning. It is also easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or
blue- green wood and its wavy leaves.

Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface
rough ; color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and
traces of russet and greenish gray russet specks over the whole sur-
face ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, often without cavity,
but flesh raised one side ; calyx^ medium, segments half reflexed ;
basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, like the general surface
of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scolloped ; core, large ;
seeds, large, ovate, pointed ; Jlesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy,
sugary, perfumed. Season, December to February.

Golden Beurre of Bilboa.

Hooper's Bilboa.

Foreign. From
Spam ; tree, hardy,
requires rich, strong,
heavy soil, when it is
an abundant bearer
of fair, regular, me-
dium-sized fruit of
second-rate quality.

Fruit, medium, ob-
ovate ; colm', rich
yellow, with russet
around the stem, and
many russet dots
and patches over
the entire surface ;
stem, slender ; cavity,
slight ; calyx, small,
mostly open, short
stiff segments ; basin,
shallow; Jiesh, fine-
grained, melting, jui-
cy, sometimes a little
ueid and harsh. Season, September.

Heathcot.

Gore's Heathcot

Native of Waltham, Mass. This varietv has not recei-ved as

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 827

much attention as it has deserved ; tree, hardy, a moderate grower,
branches slender, when grown makes a compact head unless well
thinned out, young shoots reddish brown.

Fruity medium or above, obovate, rounded ; skin, rough ; color^

greenish yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around
stem and eye ; stem^ medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, partly closed ;
hasin^ narrow ; core, above medium ; seeds, dark brown, pointed ;
Jlesh, white, buttery, juicy, vinous and sprightly. Season, October.

Honey.

This is a delicious little pear, received some years since by Prof.
Kirkland, and which we have been unable to recognize with any
description published, if we except a slight note in Prince's Pom.
Man. The tree is moderately vigorous ; wood, yellowish brown,
an early and productive bearer of fruit, uniform in size and regular
shape. Our drawing is too small.

328

THE PEAR.

F- 'iit, below medium,
roundish, tapering slightly
to the stem ; color^ rich
golden russet yellow, with
faint blush, many small red
russet dots, and occasional
patches of brown russet ;
ste7n, rather stout, uneven,
without depression ; calyx^
with open half-reflexed seg-
ments ; hasin^ shallow, little
russeted ; core, medium ;
seeds^ ovate, blackish ; Jlesh^
yellowish white, juicy, but-
tery, a little coarse-grained,
sweet, perfumed. Season^
a few days before Bartlett.

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee.

Foreign. We have nev-
er fruited a pear that has
given us more satisfaction.
On the quince it is a fine
grower, and inclined to
over-bear. It must not be
confounded with the "Ja-
lousie," a third-rate varie-
ty. Young shoots upright,
brownish yellow.

Fruity medium or above,
ovate pyriform ; coloi^ dull
yellow, with brownish red
cheek, and patches and dots
of russet, often the russet co-
vering one half the surface ;
stem^ varying, often ob-
liquely set on, with a fleshy
ridge at side ; calyx^ with
segments long, half open ;
basiri^ shallow ; core, medi-
um or small ; seeds^ long,
ovate ; Jiesh^ white, buttery,
melting, juicy, sweet, aro-
matic. Season, last Sep-
tember, early October.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

329

Knight's Seedling.

Knight's R. I. Seedling.

KiRTLAND.

Peedlingf Seckel.
Kirtland's Seedling,
Kirtland's Beurre

Grown f r o m
seed of the Seckel
pear by H. T.
Kirtland, of Ma-
honing Co., Ohio.
Tree, vigorous,
hardy, early and
productive bearer
o n pear roots ;
shoots, yellowish
brown, upright,
stout.

Fruit, medium,
often above, obo-
vate, obtuse pyri-

Native of Cranston, R.
I. Tree, vigorous, har-
dy, and early productive;
wood, smooth, yellowish.

Fruit, medium, obo-
vate, tapering a little to
the stem ; color, yellow-
ish green, with a brown
red cheek in sun, brown-
ish specks, and dull rus-
set around the calyx ;
stem, medium or rather
long, curved; calyx, me-
dium, segments broad,
partially reflexed ; core
and Heeds, medium ; fiesh,
V. hite, not fme-grained,
11. ^'Itiiig, juicy, sugary.
biusoii, Scplcmbcr.

330

THE PEAR.

form; color, nch yellow, \;verspread with cinnamon russet; etem,
usuall)' stout, medium length, curved ; calyx^ short, reflexed, per-
sistent ; hasin^ shallow ; corf, small ; seeda^ short, ovate, blackish ;
Jitah^ white, meltmg, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season^ September.

Louise Bonne of Jersey*

I.iiuise Eonne de Jersey,
Louise Bt)nne d'Avranches,
Bturre or Bonne Louise d' Araudoie,
\^ illiani the Fourth.

The '• Good Louise of Jer-
sev," from the Isle of Jer-
sey, proves one of the best
pears grown on the quince
stock in this country. Tree,
hardy, very productive,
shoots vigorous, upright.
Fruit, large, (our drawings
were made ere the fruit had
swollen its full sjze, and are
not more than half size,)
oblong pyriform ; skin^ glos-
sy, smooth, green in shade,
brownish red in sun, dotted
with gray dots ; stem, about
one inch long, moderately
stout, a little curved, fleshy
enlargement at base ; calyx ^
open, segments large, reflex-
ed ; haain, shallow ; core^
small ; seeds^ ^^^"g? ovate,
pointed ; Jlesh, white, juicy,
melting, delicious. Season,
October.

Lawrence.

Native of Flushing, L. L An abundant bearer on pear roots, ex-
ceedingly desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate
growth, wood light yellowish brown, rather thorny. 6. B. Parsons
says, " Succeeds very finely on quince."

Fruit, above medium, long obovate, obtuse at stem; color, dull
pale yellow, marbled with dull green, small dark specks, and russet
at each end : calyx, large, closed ; basin, open, furrowed ; slem
medium length, stout, swolhm at junction with tree; cavity, round,

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

331

deep ; coj'e^ medium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; Jlesh, yellowish white,
juicy, gritty at core, slightly sugary. Season, November to Febru-
ary.

Long Green.

Verte Longue, I New Autumn^

Mouth Water, | Muscat Fleure,

Mouille Bouche.

This is an old foreign variety, always excellent, and an abundant
bearer.

Fruit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark
green specks; ste7n, medium length, slender; calyx, with long
reflexed segments ; basin, very shallow ; core, above medium ; seeds^
dark brown ; Jlesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. Season,
October.

The Striped Long Green, Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the
above, but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily
striped appearance.

Madeleine.

Citron des Carnies, | Magdalen.

Foreign. Tree very vigorous,
strong grower, a little liable to
frozen sap blight on the rich West-
ern soils, until it has acquired the
age of ten or more years ; very
productiv^e on pear or quince root.

Fruit, below medium, (our
drawing one third too small,) obo-
vate, oblong pyriform ; stem, long,
slender, at base one side of fruit a
little enlarged ; color, pale yellow
ish green, a little brownish blush,
and russet specks on those exposed
most to sun ; calyx, with long per-
sistent, irregularly placed segments;
hasin, obscure, slightly plaited ;
core, small; seeds, ovate; Jlesh,
white, juicy, melting, sweet, slight-
Iv perfumed. Season, 15th to last
July.

The Striped Madeleine Citron des
Carnies Panachee, differs from the
former in being striped with light
yellow, flesh more sweet and less

332

THE PEAR.

juicy. It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed,
stripprl red and yellow, and said to be less liable to blight.

MOYAMENSING.
Smith's Moyamensing.

Native of Penn-
sylvania. Tree vig-
orous, wood yellow-
ish brown, with light
dots, regular and
abundant bearer.

Fruity medium,
roundish, obovate ;
color^ lemon yellow
with occasional
blotches and lines of
yellowish russet;
stem, short, stout,
often fleshy; calyx^
large; basin, fur-
rowed, broad and
rather deep ; c(we,
medium; seedSy
ovate ; flesh, white,
buttery, melting,

juicy, "best." Season, August.

NOUVEAU POITEAU.

Xew Pear.

Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far
successful on both pear and quince stock.

Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, contracted or one-
sided at neck ; color, pale green with many dark green dots, and a
few russet stripes or blotches ; stem, about one inch long, medium
size, set on, and not into, the fruit ; calyx, medium, with broad seg-
ments half reflexed ; basin, irregularly contracted; core, medium,
capsules long, ovate ; seeds, obovate pyrifonii ; flesh, white, fine-
grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. Season. November.

Onondaga.

Swan's Orange, | Onondaga Seedling.

Probably a native of Farmington, Ct. It takes its name from
having been first brought to notice by cultivators in Onondaga Co..

WORTHY GEJS'ERAL CULTIVATION.

838

N. Y. Thus far it succeeds equally well on the qumce or pear root,
and as a profitable market variety deserves extensive culture. Tree
vigorous, with strong, upright, olive-colored shoots.

Fruit, large, ovate, obovate ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming
golden yellow at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally

a dull blush in sur ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, inserted
without depression, but with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it;
calyx, rather small, closed; basin, shallow, abrupt, and marked with
patches of cinnamon russet ; core, compact ; seeds, small ; fiesh, white,
juicy, buttery. Season, October and November.

834

THE PEAR.

Patency.

Paqucncy, I Poire de Perigord,

Poire de Payency, ( Payenchi,
Payenchi de Perigord.

Foreign. Tree Df vig-
orous growth, early bear-
er, and especially profita-
ble on the quince.

Fruity medium, pyri-
form, extending into the
stem, which is stout, un-
even, dark brown ; color^
at first dull pale green,
becoming brownish yel-
low at maturity, many
russet dots and patches
round stem and calyx,
few in centre, occasionally
a tinge of dull red in
sun ; calyx^ open, seg-
ments half erect ; basin,
very shallow ; core, small ;
seeds, oblong, pointed,
dark brown ; flesh, white,
rather coarse, melting,
juicy, sugary, vinous.
Season, October.

Pound.

Winter Bell,
Bretagne le Cour,
Uvedaie's St. Germain,
Uvedale's Warden ,
Germain Baker,
Lent St. Germain,

Belle Angevine

Pickering Pear,
Du Tonneau,
Belle de Jersey,
Piper,
Union,
Chambers' Laige,

Foreimi. Tree

strong

vigorous grower, very productive, very

valuable for cooking, and 'a profitable orchard sort.

Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green with dull
brown and brown russet patches ; stem, long, stout, curved ; cavity,
deep, oblique, angular; calyx, large; fiesh, white, firm, astringent.
Season, December to March.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

885

Prince's St. Germain.

New St. Germain,

Brown St. Germain.

\

Raised from the
seed of the old St.
Germain, nearly fifty
year.s since, at the
Prince Nurseries,
Flushing, L. I. Tree,
hardy, thrifty, very
productive ; the fruit
keeps well, and re-
quires no more care
to ripen than apples ,
shoots, reddish brown.

Fruity medium, ob-
long, obovate pyri-
form ; color, green and
pale yellow marbled,
and covered nearly
with brownish russet
specks ; stem, long,
slender, (our drawing
shows only a portion
of it ;) Cdviti/, slight,
narrow ; calyx, with
broad segments with-
out divisions ; basin,
regular, even, not deep ; core, small ; seeds, oblong, ovate ; flesh,
white, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Season, December to March.

Ros

TIEZER.

Foreign. Tree, strong upright grower, large foliage, dark olive-
colored wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer.

Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color^ dull green, reddish
brown cheek in sun, whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; ste7n,
long, slender, without depression ; calyx, medium., open ; basin, very
shallow ; core, small; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, ]mQ.y, melting, sweet,
perfumed. >SVa507i, last of August.

Seckel.

Seckle,
Sickle,

Sycle.

New York Red Cheek,
Red-cheeked Seckel,

The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands
in Passyunk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a

p%

THE PEAR.

half miles from -Philadelphia. No one variety has become so gen-
erally known in this country as the Seckel, and in our Southern and
Middle States, no one variety deserves so extended culture. North,
it should, when possible, be planted in warm, rich, sandy loam, and

sheltered situations. The tree is
of slow growth ; wood, short-joint-
ed, stout, forming a round head,
and of only medium size on the
pear stock, and well suited to gar-
den planting.

Fruit, small, (our drawing too
small for a fair average.) rounded
obtuse pyriform ; color, brownish
green at first, becoming yellowish
briDwn, with a lively red russet
cheek ; stem, short, slightly curved,
set in a very slight depression ;
calyx, small, open ; basin, shallow ;
core, small ; seeds, broad, ovate ;
Jlesk, yellowish white, juicy, but-
tery, spicy, aromatic, sw^eet. Sea-
son, September and October.

St. Ghislain.

St. Galen.

Foreign. Tree, upright,
vigorous growth ; young
shoots, light brown ; re-
quires warm rich soil,
otherwise a little insipid.

Fruit, below medium ;
generally pyriform, but
varying ; color, pale yellow
or yellowish green, with,
dots of green underneath,
and marblings of russet on
surface ; stem, generally
curved ; calyx, open ; basin,
shallow^; core, small; seeds,
obovate, pointed ; fie sh,
white, buttery, juicy, and
sprightly. Season, Septem-
ber.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

SOLDAT d'EsFERIN EsPERIN SoLDIER.

Soldat Laboureur d'Esperin
i

837

This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Sol-
dat Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the " Soldat Laboureur "
of the French, which is regarded as our Beurre d'Aremberg. It was
grown by Major Esperin, of Malines; is of strong, vigorous, upright
growth, yellowish brown wood, succeeding finely on the quince,
producing abundantly, and its fruit well disseminated over the tree,
always large and fair, but of only second-rate quality.

Fruity lai'ge, generally oblong obovate pyriforin, sometimes obo-
vate pyriform ; color, greenish yellow^ becoming yellow, with many
patches, stripes and dots of russet ; stem, short, stout, curved, in a
slight round depression, or rather a raised lip one side ; ralyx^ open,
sometimes round, regular, and without divisions, others have stout
persistent segments in divisions ; core^ compact, with outer concentric
15

388

THE PEAR.

lines ; seeds^ obovate ; fleshy rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed,
" very good." Season, December to February.

St. Andre.

Poire St Andre

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer.

Fruit, above medium, globular, acite pyriform, sometimes obo-
vate pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely
a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where
it j«)ins the fruit; caZy.r, medium, open, segments varying; basin^
very shallow, sometimes slightly furrowed: core, small, compact;
secch^ oblong, pointed, light brown ; fiesh, greenish white, fine-grained,
buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed. Season, September.

Stevens' Genesee.

Guernsey, | Stephens' Genesee.

Native of Rochester, N. Y. I" is one of the most desirable ol

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

839

pears for all collections, either on pear or quince ; a line grower,
with diverging, dark gray shoots ; productive.

Fruit, large, roundish obovate ; color, greenish yellow, becoming
yellow; stem^ rather stout; cavity^ narrow; calyx^ with short, stiff,

connected segments, half reflexed ; lasin^ medium, regular ; core,
medium ; seeds, ovate pyriform, blackish ; flesh, white, half buttery,
juicy, sweet, aromatic. 5ea5ow, September. Even windfalls of this
variety are extremely fine.

Summer Pineapple

Ananas d'Et(', | Ananas «j^ some,
Poire Ananas.

Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting.
Tree, vigorous, dark brown wood, early, regular bearer, fruit always
large and excellent.

i^r?n7, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, angular ; color, dull yel-
lowish green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem^ largest
at base, or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; cali/x^
open, short divisions ; basin, shallow, open ; core, compact, capsules
small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, melt

840

THE PEAR.

in^, sweet, perfumed. Sca^m. last August and early September.
This variety varies much in form. Our figures are from specimens
from same tree.

SURPASSE ViRGALIEU.
Surpasse Virgalouse.

Origin imcertain, probably an American seedling, first dissemi-
nated by the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a regu-
lar abundant bearer on pear or quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with
yellowish brown wood, upright growth.

Fruit, medium, varying in form ; (see our drawings, the specimens
from which they were made all being pulled by purself from the

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

341

same branch;) coZor, yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute
dots, and often sprinklings of russet ; calyx^ generally small, erect,

open; hasin^ slijrht ; Htem, varying; core, medium; seeds, broad
ovate; Jlesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, aromatic. Season^
October.

Tyson.

This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jcnkintown, Pa.,
about 1792-4. The tree is of vi<r<)rous, upright growth, with reddish
brown wood, a moderate, regular bearer.

Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyriform, irregular; culor,
dull yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with nume-
rous black specks ; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and
obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on one
side ; calyx, open, with short segments ; basin, round, shallow ; core
and seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary,
aromatic. Season, August.

342

THE PEAR.

Thompson's.

Foreign. Tree
of vigorous, d i -
verging habit;
young wood, yel-
lowish olive, with
grayish specks;
bears on the pear
about the sixth
year.

Fruit, l^rge, ob-
ovate, obtuse py-
riform, surface un-
even; color, lemon
y e 1 1 o M', with
brownish red
cheek in sun, some
russet dots and
marblings, and rus-
set at the stem ;
stem, short, usually
planted or set on
angularly, with a
fleshy rim one side ;
calyx, with connec-
ted half-closed segments ; hasln, round, narrow, abrupt ; core, medi-
um ; capsules and seeds, formed like the fruit ; jlesh, white, buttery,
melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. Season, October and November.

Urbaniste.

St. Marc, | Louise of Orleans,
Beurre Picquery.

Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well-suited to rich
soils West ; young shoots, upright, short-jointed, grayish yellow, not
an early bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abun-
dant.

Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, ynth. gray
dots, and a few russet streaks ; stem, about an inch long, rather
stout ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, small, generally closed ; hasin, nar-
row, abrupt ; core, medium or small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; Jiesh,
white, yellowish at core, buttery, 'iielting, vinous. Season, October
a.nd November.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc.

Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonne de Boulogne,
Celestin.

343

Foreign. Distinct from " Leon Le Clerc of Van Mons." A
valuable variety on the quince, bearing early and abundantly, and
of the largest size fruit. In growth the tree is moderately vigorous,
nearly upright, yellowish olive wood, with round grayish spots.

Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyrlform ; color, pale yellow,
golden at maturity, with bro\m in sun, russet specks and patches,

344

THE PEAR.

some dark green dots, and russet at base of stem ; stem^ medium
length and size, curved ; calyx^ large, open, broad, reflexed seg-
ments ; hasin^ medium ; core^ medium, long ovate capsules ;
seeJs^ long ovate, sometimes imperfect ; flesh, yellowish \A'hite, fine,
buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. Season, October and No-
vember.

Vicar of Winkfield.

Vicar of Wakefield,
Le Cure,

Monsieur Le Cure,
Dumas,

Belle Epine Dumas,
CI ion,

Epine Dumas,
Due de Bordeaux

Foreign. First found growing wild in a wijod by M. Clion, a

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

345

French curate ; hence the names, Clion, Le Cure, &;c. ; afterwards it
was grown in a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Rev. Dr. Rham,
and received the name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two
associations in the one name, and which, being of our own language,
is to be preferred. It is a most profitable variety, grown on the
qumce stock, and although only second quality, it is always fair and
large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with large, roundish, glossy leaves ;
shoots, diverging, dark olive color.

Fiuit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, dull pale green at
first, becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek,
marked with brown dots over the whole surface ; calyx, with open
reflexed segments ; stem, an inch or more long, rather slender, ob-
liquely inserted without depression ; core, small ; seeds, oblong ovate ;
fesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly, " very good." Season, No-
vember to January.

American. Native of
Delaware. Tree of heal thy,
moderate growth, with slen-
der, diverging, reddish
brown shoots ; an annual
bearer.

Fruit, medium, roundish
ovate, or ovate pyriform ;
color, lemon yellow, tinged
in sun with red and reddish
russet, and near the stem,
patches of clear russet ;
stem, an inch long, inserted
in a narrow cavity, some-
times almost obsolete, and
then there is a fleshy lip
one side of stem ; calyx,
small, long pointed seg-
ments ; basin, round, regu-
lar ; core, rather small, ly-
ing near the apex; seeds,
obovate pyriform, black-
ish; fie sh, white, juicy,
sweet. Season, September.

Washington.

Robertson.

Van Assche.

Van Assene. I Vanasse,
Van Asshe.

This is a new pear, net yet fruited at the West, but we have eaten
16*

BiQ

THE PEAR.

of it East, and have no hesitation in placing as among those worthy
general culture. We copy our description from Mr. Barry, in the
Horticulturist of February, 1853 : " Tree a vigorous, erect grower,
dark shoots, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding well on the
quince. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye, flattened
at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; cal?/x, small ; basin, smooth,
wide, rather shallow ; stem, one and a half inch long, rather slen
der, slightly sunk ; skin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the shade,
sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with
carmine dots ; Jlesh, white, buttery, melting. Seasm, September
and early October.

Winter Nelis.

Nellis d'ffiver,
Bonne de Malines,
Beunre de Malines,

La Bonne Malinoise,
Milanaise Cuvelier,
Eiourneau.

-Foreign. As a standard winter pear, if we were to select but the
one, it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with
dlender diverging shoots ; very hardy ; an early prolific bearer on

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

847

pear or quince. It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized
tVuit, and is well suited to extensive planting on our Western lands.
Fruity medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ;
color^ yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ;
ateyn^ rather long, a little curved ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, with
short segments ; hasin, shallow ; core, medium ; capsules, ovate ;
seeds, oblong pyriform, curved ; Jlesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt-
ing, sugary, aromatic. Season, November to middle January.

ZoAR Beauty.

Zoar Seedling.

American. Native of Ohio.
Tree, vigorous grower ; dark
brown shoots; early and
abundant bearer.

Fruit, a little below me-
dium, varying in form, usu-
ally as seen in our engrav-
ing ; colcn-, light yellow, with
greenish spots ; red in the
sun, with deep red spots;
stem, generally long, slender,
curved, plaited, with slight
depression one side ; calyx,
large, for size of fruit ; hasiu,
shallow; core, medium ; seeds,
obovate, or broad ovate ;
flesh, yellowish white, a little
coarse, juicy, sweet. Season,
early August.

848

THE PEAR.

CLASS U.—New and untested, suited to certain localities or gardens of

Amateurs.

Alpha.

Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yel-
lowish green, with reddish dots, brown blush; flesh, white, fine-drained
buttery, "very good." October. ' » ? s ,

Abbott,

From Providence, R I. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dark green,
reddish brown cheek; calyx, small; flesh, melting, sugary, sprightlv.
Middle to last September. ' r o j 7

Andrew's.

American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise
highly desirable. Fruit, large, (our drawing too small for an average.)
roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 849

and russet patches ; calyx, open ; segments, long, half reflexed ; basin,
small; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without de-
pression; flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly ''best." September.

Adele de St. Denis.

Foreign. New. Fruit, above medium, obovate, irregular, yellow, covered
with russet; calyx, open, broad segments; flesh, melting, juicy. October.

Althorpe Crassane.

Foreign. Quality variable ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, rough,
pale green, with dark green suflfused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of
brown; flesh, white, buttery, juic}', rather coarse, "very good." Octo-
ber and November.

Autumn Paradise.

Paradise d'Automne.

Foreign. This is esteemed by many eastern writers as superior even to
the Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous
growth, shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ;
wood, reddish brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive.
Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface ; color,
dull yellow, covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side ,
calyx, rather large, open ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; stem,
about one and a half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the
fruit by a fleshy, and oftentimes wrinkled base ; core, small ; seeds, long-
pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy,
delicious. September and October.

Bankerbine.

Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs.
Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow, with
small russet dots; stem, stout; calyx, open, broad segments; core,
large ; flesh, breaking, coarse. October.

Belle Excellent.

Foreign. Resembles Louise Bonne of Jersey ; oblong pyriform, yel-
low, red blush, with raised specks on surface. October.

Belle de Noel.

Belle apres Noel.

Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale
greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots •
calyx, medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ;
core, large; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, "very good." December.

Belle de Bruxelles.

Belle of Brussels, | Belle d'Aout.

Foreign. Variable. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, deep yellow, green-
ish dots, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, sweet. August.

350 THE PEAE.

Belle Julie.

Foreign. Tree, upright grower; fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowisA
green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx,
medium, reflexed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, " very good." October
and November. (Hov. Mag.)

Belle Canaise.

Eliza d'Heyst.

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular, obovate, pale greenish yel-
low, with dirty green or brown specks ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh,
white, coarse-grained, juicy, "good." February to March.

Belle de Thouars.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, angular, rich brown russet ; short
stem ; cavity, little plaited ; calyx, half open ; shallow basin ; core, small ;
seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, " very good." October and
November.

Beurre Brown.

Beurre Oris, 1 Beurre d'Or,

Beurre Rouge, | Beurre Doree,

Beurre,
Golden Beurre,
Gray Beurre,
Beurre Vert,
Badham's,

Isambert le Bon.

Beurre d'Amboise,
Beurre d'Ambleuse,
Beurre du Roi,
Poire d'.A.mboi8e,
Isambert,

An old variety ; does finely in warm rich soil, but a peculiar vinous
taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel-
lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun ; flesh, greenish
white, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September.

Beurre Suisse.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red, and yel-
low ; only desirable as a curiosity. October.

Beurre Beaulieu.

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet
Bpots and blotches ; short stout stem ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh,
white, juicy. October.

Beurre de Rhine.

* Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular ; stem, stout ; calyx, open ;
basin, shallow, hght yellow, rough spots; flesh, white, rather coarse,
" good." October and November. Grows well on quince.

Beurre Crapaud.
Foreign. Vigorous and productive on pear or quince, fine for extreme

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 351

northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obtvate, deep
yellow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, partially
closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish, melting, sugary, juic}', '' very good."
October.

Beurre Charron.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish. greenish yellow; stem, long; calyx,
small, closed; basin, deep; flesh, juicy, melting, buttery, " best." Octo-
ber. (T. S. H. & Co )

Beurre de Beaumont.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, brownish
red in sun, covered with dark green or russety specks; stem, short;
calyx, closed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet, " very good." Last
September,

Beurre Preble.

American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet
and green spots ; flesh, white, buttery, '' very good." October and No-
vember.

Beurre Mollett's Guernsey.

MoUett's Guernsey Chaumontelle.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, with dark
brown, russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melt-
ing, vinous, "very good." December.

Beurre de Ranz.

Beurre Ranee, j Beurre de Flanders,
Beurre Epine, | Hardenpont duPrintemps,

Beurre Noirchain.

Foreign. Very variable, rarely " very good." Tree, a straggling, pen-
dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed
in sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface; stem, long; calyx, open ;
core, small; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April.

Beurre Kossuth.

Foreign. New. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven ;
stem curved, inserted upon a little projection; calyx, in divisions,
dull yellowish green, traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at
crown, greenish at stem; flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated.
(Hov. Mag.)

Beurre Gifford.

Beurre Gifford.

Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish,
good bearer on quince or pear. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish green
to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks ; stem, long, slender, curved'

352 THE PEAR.

calyx, open , core, small ; flesh, white, melting, jui^y, vinous, " very good."
Last of August. (Ho v. Mag.)

Beurre Moire.

Beurre Moire.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often
blossoms the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which of course does
not mature ; new, promises well. Fruit, large, obovate, oblong pyriform,
pale green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch ;
stem, one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression ; calyx, small ;
short stiff segments; core, small; seeds, imperfect; skin, thick, harsh;
flesh, white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly, " very good." Novem-
ber and December.

Beurre d'Amalis.

Beurre d'Amanlis, | Beurre d'Amaulis.

Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on pear or quince ; said to bear well ;

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 353

our expenence has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull
yellov^ish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches;
stem, long, obliquely set; calyx, open; basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, a
little coarse, often austere, " very good." Early September.

There is also a striped Beurre d'Amalis, diflPering not materially, except
in being striped red, yellow, and green.

Beurre Nantais.

Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, russet dots ; flesh,
melting, juicy. September. (Ho v. Mag.)

Beurre Superfine.

Foreign. Fruit, large, pale green, traces and patches of russet, dull
brownish cheek ; flesh, juicy, melting, sHght arc na, " very good." Mid-
dle to last October. (Wilder, in Hort.)

Beurre Van Marum.

Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always
fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow; stem, long;
calyx, large; flesh, white, hardly "good;" its bearing its recommendation.
October.

Beurre Bachelier.

Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow J
stem, stout ; cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Ho v. Mag.)

Beurre Millet.

«

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; pale yellow, with
large pale rus;5et specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core,
small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. November to Jan-
uary. (Hov. Mag.)

Beurre Brettouneau.

Beurre Bretouneau.

Foreign. Does not succeed on the quince ; very fine on pear ; very
hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot-
ted with russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Riv-
ers, in Hort.)

Beurre de Waterloo.

Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull green, rough skin,
covered with coarse russet traces and points ; . calyx, open ; basin, fur-
rowed ; flesh, melting, juicy, sprightly, saccharine. Middle October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)

Beurre Audosson.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at
ma'urity, dull red cheek in sur, and numerous russet dots; stem, short,

354 THE PEAR.

stout; calyx, large open; flesh, melting, tender, juicy, "very good."
October. (Wilder, in Hort.)

Beurre Sprin.

Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, yellow, with patches, tracings
and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight
hp ; calyx, small, with segments united ; core, medium ; seeds, large ;
flesh, yellowish white, a httie coarse, melting, juicy, "very good." Octo-
ber. We should not hf. surprised if this proved Marie Louise,

Beurre Sterkman.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on quince or
pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov-
ered with russet ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, melting,
juicy, sub-acid. Octob' r.

Beurre Clairgeau.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong, obo-
vate pyriform; color, mostly russet, reddish in sun: stem, short, stout;
calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, " very
good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most
valuable, as a large-sized, first quality pear, and desirable as an orchard
variety, on the pear root. It is yet quite new. *^

Beau Present d'Artois.

Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, gray and green spot-
ted ; stem, large, short ; calyx, short, broad ; flesh, white, with green Hnes,
tender, juicy, sugary. September. (Hov. Mag.)

Bergamotte d'Esperin.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches of
russet ; "calyx, closed; basin, furrowed; fl^sh, buttery, melting, juicy,
sweet, " very good," very productive in clusters. December to February.

Bergamotte Gaudry.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with russet dots ;
flesh, white, tender, juicy, " good." November.

Bergamotte Cadette.

Beurre Beauchamps, | Beauchamps,

Poire de Cadet.

Foreio-n. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely
little red in sun; stem, long, stout; calyx, small, closed; flesh, buttery,
juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December.

Bezi Sanspareil.
Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 355

much russet, and in sun, a little crimson ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx,
open; segments, long; core, medium; seeds, purplish black; flesh, yel-
lowish white, melting, juicy, aromatic, " very good," if not " best." Feb-
ruary to March.

Bezi de Naples.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with
blotches and stripes of darker hue, occasional russet patches and dots ;
stem, stout; calyx, small; basin, furrowed; flesh, fine, buttery, juicy,
sweet, " very good." Last September.

Bezi de Montigny.

Trouve de Monligny, | Doyenne Musque.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obo-
vate, yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved,
rather stout; calyx, small, open, reflexed ; core, large; flesh, white, fine,
melting, juicy, sugary. October.

Bezi de la Motte.

Bern Arm udi, | Beurre Blanc de Jersey.

Foreign. A vigorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit,
medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ;
stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx, small, open, reflexed
segments ; core, medium ; seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white,
rather coarse, sugary, juicy, melting, "very good." October.

Bezi d'Esperin.

Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate, melting, " very good ;" good bearer.
December to January. (Rivers, in Hort.)

Baronne de Mello.

Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on quince. Fruit, medium,
obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish russet ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at
base; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid, " very good." Mid-
dle October. (Wilder, in Hort.)

Benoist Nouveau.

Foreign. The specimen from which we describe was received fi-ora
Messrs. EUwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish
yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marbhngs, and indistinct brown specks;
stem, stout; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, open; core, small ; seeds, long,
ovate, pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful
ripening. ^ February to April.

The "Benoist" of Rivers is large, and ripe in August; and a "Beurre
Benoist " said to ripen in October ; we have not seen them.

356 THE PEAR.

Bloodgood.

American. From Flushing, L. I. It has not, as grown West, merited
IDs eastern reputation. The tree is a moderate grower, with reddish
brown, short-jointed wood ; a regular bearer. We think it requires a
lich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit medium, or
below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots ; calyx,
open ; stem, fleshy at base ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting,
'■' very good." Early August.

BORDENAVE.

Smith's Bordenave.

The original name lost, and this given to it by Alfred Smith, Esq., of
Hartford, Connecticut, who imported it from France. Fruit medium,
acute pyriform, dull greenish russet; flesh juicy, buttery, sprightly, "very
good." September.

Bonne des Zees.

Bon d'Ezee, | Bonn3 des Haies.

Foreign. Tree of short stocky habit ; wood yellowish ; fruit large, ob-
tuse pyriform, hght yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem
rather short, uneven, calyx partly closed, short segments ; core large ;
flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary, "very good." September.

Bon Chretien Fondante.

Foreign. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive on quince or pear ; fruit
medium, roundish, oblong, oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and
much russet ; stem medium, curved ; calyx small, partly closed ; basin fur-
rowed ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, a httle gritty, " very
good." September, October.

Brandes St. Germain.

Foreign. Considering its season, R. Manning, Esq., considers this Si
very desirable variety ; tree moderate grower, succeeding finely on quince,
very productive ; fruit medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth
1 usset ; stem short, stout, calyx small ; flesh juicy, vinous, " very good."
November, December.

Brougham.

Foreign. Fruit below^ medium, obovate, yellowish russet ; stem short,
calyx open ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary, " very
good." November.

Bringewood.

Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish browm and russet ; stem
long and slender; calyx open, prominent; flesh yellowish white, gritty at
core, the rest buttery, " very good." November. (Ho v. Mag )

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE, 857

Brielmont.

Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish
and russet specks ; calyx prominent ; basin open ; flesh white, melting,
"good." October

Beadnell.

Beadnell's Seeclliiig.

Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer; shoots long, bright chestnut
color, white dots ; fruit middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short ; eye a little
open ; skin pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun,
much speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy.
Last September.

Caen du France.

Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and
reddish dots ; stem rather long ; calyx open ; flesh fine, juicy, sweet,
" very good." December, January.

Capiaumont.

Beurre Capiaumont, | Beurre Coloma.

Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on pear or
quince. A free grower ; branches grayish yellow ; fi^uit medium, globular,
acute pyriform, yellow, with cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots and
streaks ; stem curved ; calyx large*; flesh buttery, sweet, a little astrin-
gent, " very good." September, October.

Calhoun.

American. Native of New Haven, Conn. ; fruit medium, roundish,
yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem short; calyx small;
core medium ; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." October,
November.

• Capsheaf.

American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree hardy, wood yellowish ;
fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon
russet ; stem short; calyx closed ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, fine,
melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." October.

Catinka.

. Foreign. New. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish; flesh fine,
juicy, "very good," and will probably prove "best." We have only
seen it once. November.

Canandaigua.

Catharine.

American. From Central New York ; fruit large, resembhng Bartlett;

358 THE PEAR.

flesh white, fine, juicy, '=very good." September. A new variety ; tree
vigorous, upright grower, thus far doing well on quince or pear, productive

Calebasse d'Ete.

Summer Calebasse.

Foreign. Tree vigorous ; foliage light green ; fruit above medium, ob-
long pyriform, irregular, dull green, Httle brown in sun, russet at stem
and° eye ; stem long ; calyx small ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh white,
fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Last August. (Hov. Mag.)

Chaptal.

Beurre Chapial.

Foreign. Fruit medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish
yellow; stem curved; cavity shght; calyx large, open; basin- shallow,
core medium; seeds oblong; flesh white, breaking, juicy, " very good."
December, January.

Chancellor.

Green's Germantown, | Early St. Germain.

Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, abundant bearer,
young wood slender, yellowish brown ; fruit large, oblong obovate pyri-
form, green, with minute brown specks and some russet blotches, rarely
a faint brown cheek ; stem one inch long, rather thick, cavity small, irregu-
lar ; calyx small, basin contracted ; core medium ; seeds long, yellowish
brown; flesh melting, "very good." Last September. (Brinckle, in Horr.)

Charles Van Mons.

Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish
green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem slender, curved, de-
pression one side ; calyx large, open ; segments broad, completely re-
flexed ; basin shallow ; core medium ; seeds obovate pyriform ; flesh
whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good," if not " best." January.

Charles Van Hoogten.

Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull paU
yeflow; stem stout, enlarged at base; calyx open; segments short*
flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." Early October
(Wilder, in Hort.)

Christmas.

Noel.

American. New, from Cincinnati, Ohio, Fruit medium, ovate rounded ;
skin rough, bronzed, russety ; stem stout, slight depression ; calyx small ;
basin shallow; flesh a Httle gritty, juicy, sweet, " very grod." Decem-
ber, January. (Warder's notes.)

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

359

Chaumontel.

Bezi de Chaumontelle,
Beurre d'Hiver,

Winter Beurre.
Oxiord Chaumontel.

Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit large, oblong obovate ; skin
rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots; stem one inch, curved ;
calyx medium; basin deep; core small; seeds fattened; flesh buttery,
melting, '* very good." November, January.

CONSEILLER RaMUEZ.

Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded
and traced with russet; flesh melting, tender, "good." October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)

COLMAR NeILL.

Foreign. Fruit large, obovate, pale yellow ; flesh white, buttery,
melting, " good." October.

Countess of Lunay.

Comtesse de Lunay.

Foreign. Tree vig-
orous ; very productive
on quince ; has been
much disseminated as
" Doyenne d'Ete. "
Fruit medium, ( our
drawing too small, )
roundish obovate; skin
smooth, pale yellow,
often thinly sprinkled
with red in sun, some
russet specks, and rus-
set at base of stem ;
stem long, largest where
it joins the tree ; cavity
slight, often a .little lip
one side of stem ; calyx
large, open, with long
reflexed segments ; core
medium ; seeds browrh;
flesh white, rather
coarse, melting, juicy,
" very good. " Oc-
tober.

860 THE PEAR.

COMPTE DE LaAIY.

Beurre Curte, I Dingier,

Marie Louise the Second.

Foreign. Not equal to the foregoing; tree upright; fruit medium,
roundish obovate, yellow, brownish red cheek, small russet dots ; stem
long, calyx small j flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, "good." Early
October.

Collins.

WaterlowTi

American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of
white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit large or above medium,
roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottiled with dull red in sun, some
russet; stem short, curved; calyx large, open ; core large; flesh white,
vinous, juicy, sweet, melting, " best." September.

COLMAR EpINE.

Foreign. Fruit large, roundish obtuse, oblong, dull green with cloud-
ings of darker hue ; flesh white, melting, vinous, juicy, " very good."
September.

COTER.

Foreign. Tree healthy, young wood, short-jointed, light yellow ;
fruit medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh fine-grained, tender,
melting, juicy, " very good." November.

Citron.

American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish
obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots : flesh a little
coarse, greenish white, melting, juicy, "very good.'' Last August.

Cross.

Winter Cross.

American. From Massachusetts. Tree hardy, slender, grayish yellow
tvood ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, with russet dots
dnd patches ; stem stout ; calyx small ; flesh white, melting, juicy, " very
»<ood.'' November, January.

CUSHING.

American. Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree hardy, of slender diverg-
ing growth ; fruit medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small
sray dots, dull red cheek ; calyx small ; stem one inch long ; flesh white,
fine-grained, melting, sweet, " very good." September.

Dallas.

American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish
obovate, dull yellow, mostly covered with red russet; stem medium,

aUH AMATiliUK ULlVrUKE.

t>Di

calyx large, open ; core rather small ; flesh yellowish white, melting,
juicy, vinous, " very good." November.

De Louvain.

Poire de Louvain.

Foreign. Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow,
rough russet dots and patches ; stem long, medium size, curved ; calyx
large; basin shallow ; core medium ; seeds blackish ; flesh greenish white,
crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable only for baking. January, March.

Des Nonnes.

Des Nonea.

Foreign. New : fruit medium, turbinate, clear hght yellow, many
small brown dots ; stem long, slender ; calyx small, closed ; basin shallow ;
flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed, '' very good," perhaps
" best." September. (Hort.)

Delices d'Hardenpont.

Delices d'Ardenpont. | Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers.

Foreign. Tree, har-
dy, moderate grower ;
shoots, upright, yellow-
ish brown, good bearer,
deserves more attention.
Fruit, medium, roundish,
pale yellow, with many
gray dots and russet in
sun ; stem, varying ; ca-
lyx, small, closed ; basin,
round, slightly uneven;
core, medium ; seeds,
broad, ovate ; flesh, whit-
ish, buttery, melting, jui-
cy, almost " best." Oc-
tober.

Delices d'Hardenpont du Nord and Belgium.

Fondante Parisclle du Cbrnice Horticule, | Beurre Curlet of A. Leroy.

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellow, gray spotted; calyx, small;
flesh, coarse, melting, sugary, " good." October. (Ilov. Mag.)
16

862 THE PEAR.

Delices de Mons.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface ; stem, half inch
long ; calyx, small ; skin, yellowish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted
and spotted with gray ; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed, " very
good." September, October. (Hov. Mag.) ,

Delices Charles Van Mons.

Foreign. Fruit, large, medium pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow, thinly
wa:shed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also resembles
iu size and shape ; stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted without
depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shallow basin ;
flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing. Tested by us for the first
time, 20th September, 1853. Description by Thorp, Smith & Co., of
Syracuse.

DiLLER.

Probably a native of Pennsylvania ; new. Tree, moderately vigorous ;
wood, short-jointed, reddish brown, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit,
Diedium, ovate obovate, angular, golden yellow, sprinkled, and in sun,
mostly covered with light cinnamon russet; calyx, open; basin, shallow;
core, small; seeds, long, black, pointed; flesh, yellowish white, buttery,
sugary, " very good," or "best." September. We saw this fruit at the
Am. Pom. Society meeting, 1852, and have no doubt it will eventually
take first class position. It must not be confounded with the Dillen, a
foreign variety.

Dillen.

Dillon, I Doyenne Dillen.

Foreign. This has been heretofore considered a synonym of Beurre
Diel ; it, however, proves distinct. Tree, not vigorous, branches erect,
diverging, grayish rough wood. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform,
greenish yellow, russet at stem ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; flesh, fine,
melting, tender, juicy, vinous. October, November. (Hov. Mag )

De Sorlus.

Foreign. New. Tree, vigorous ; branches, straight, erect, compact ;
wood, yellowish, grayish, white dots, free bearer. Fruit large, turbinate ;
stem, one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green,
gray russet, marbled most at stem ; flesh, white, melting, juicy. Octo-
ber, December. (Hov. Mag.)

Doyenne Rose,

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ovate py:-iform, yellow, blush
red cheek, patches and dots of russet ; stem, stout, set without dejj^es-
sion ; calyx, with short, stifi" segments ; core, small ; flesh, white, coarse,
jui'-y, ''good." October.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 863

Doyenne Robin.

Foreign. Fruit, rather large, bergamot-shaped, greenish, covered with
russet dots and splashes ; stem, usually very long and thick, deep, narrow-
cavity ; calyx, small, narrow, moderately deep basin ; seed, large, black ;
flesh, melting, somewhat granular; flavor, pleasant; quality, "very
good." September.

Doyenne Sieulle.

Beurre Sieulle, | Sieulle

Foreign. A variety requiring high culture ; does best on quince, under
garden culture. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish
green, with fine red cheek in sun, scattered russet specks ; stem, stout ;
calyx, open; core, large; flesh, white, melting, sugary, vinous, juicy,
<'very good," sometimes "best." October, November.

Doyenne Santeu^lete.

Sentilet.

Foreign* An old variety, little known. Tree, vigorous ; wood, stout,
yellowish. Fruit, above medium, roundish pyriform, dull yellowish
green, traces, streaks and dots of russet, red in sun ; stem, long, slender ;
calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, vinous, melting, juicy, " very
good.'** October.

Doyenne Goubalt.

Chapen.

Foreign. Promises a valuable variety for orcharding, on pear roots.
Fruit, medium to large, obovate, acute pyriform ; surface, uneven, dull
pale yellow, with a few traces of russet ; stem, short, thick flesh next the
fruit; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet,
" very good." November to December.

Doyenne du Comice.

Doyenne du Comice of Angers.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform,
greenish yellow, russet specks, red around stem ; stem, short ; calyx,
open ; basin, deep ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, m )lting, juicy,
sugary, " very good." October, November.

Doyenne de Fais.

Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin, smooth, yellow, often with a fine
red cheek; stalk, stout, about one inch long, inserted in a deep cavity;
calyx, spreading, placed in a deep, narrow basin; flesh, white, fimj-grained,
very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored aud delicirus. Tree, ro-
bust, and a great bearer. October. For the above descviption, we are
, indebted to Messrs. Thorp, Smith & Co., of Syracuse.

364

THE PEAR.

Duchess of Anqouleme.

Duchesse d'Angoulenie.

Foreign. A valuable variety for market, on the quince, and 'on the
quince only. High culture of this variety produces very large and "very
good" fruit, otherwise it is indifferent in size or character. Our drawing
is from a small specimen. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, dull
greenish yelL'^w, traced and dotted with russet ; stem, rather long, stout ;
calyx, mediu. i, partly open ; basin, deep, uneven ; core, below medium ;
seeds, oblong pyriform; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, "very good."
Oetober.

The Striped Duchess dAngouleme differs only in the fruit being striped,
yellow and green.

Duchesse of Orleans.

St. Nicholas.

Beurre St. Nicholas.

Foreign. Troe moderately vigorous, upright, olive-colored wood, leaves^
dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on quince;

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

865

one little tree, two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beauti-
ful specimens. Fruit, larfj^e, oblonfr, ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming
greenish yellow, with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes
red cheek in sun ; stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, open ; short
segments; flesh, melting, juicy, "very good." October.

DUNMORE.

^ Foreign. A good grower and early bearer on pear roots, requires rich,
high culture ; shootsslender, erect, brownish slate color. Fruit, large
to very large, (our drawing made from an unripe specimen,) oblong obo-
vate, greenish, dotted and speckled with brownish red russet, patches o!
rough russet near calyx; when not fully ripe, daik green specks under-

366 THE PEAR.

neath the skin ; stem, rather long ; fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments,
much reflexed ; core, rather large ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt-
ing, *• very good." September and October,

DucHEssE OF Maes.

Duchesse de Mars, | Captif de St. Helena.

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, oblong obovatej yellow, mostly covered
with russet, ruddy in sun; stem, set without depression; calyx, small,
clo'^ed; core and seeds small; flesh, melting, juicy, perfumed, "very
good," if not " best." October and November. This succeeds well, and
this fruit is best grown on quince.

Duchesse of Berrt.

Duchesse de Bern, | Tuchess of Berry.

Foreign. This name has sometimes been applied to the Duchess of
Angouleme, which i^ntirely distinct. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread-
ing, shoots reddish brown. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, clear pale
yellow, dotted with small russet specks ; stem, short; calyx, small ; seeds,
large ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary. Sep-
tember and October.

DUNDAS.

Parmentier.

Foreign. Rather liable to drop before mature. Fruit, medium, obovate
ovate, yellow, greenish black dots, deep red cheek in sun; stem, stout;
calyx, small; flesh, yellowish, melting, perfumed, "very good." October
and November. •

Early Sugar.

Amire Joannet,

Joannette,

Si. John's Pear,

Archduc d'Ete,
Sugar Pear,
Harvest Pear,

^i. Jean.

Foreign. Only valued for ripening very early. Fruit, small, pyriform,
light green to yellowish, faint blush ; flesh, white, sugary, " good " if
eaten just in perfection, otherwise mealy. July.

Elizabeth. (Edwards'.)

American. From New-Haven. Ct. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse
pyriform, angular, lemon yellow, russet specks and patches ; stem, short ;
calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy,
vinous, '■ very good," often '' best." October.

Elizabeth. (Manning's.)

Elizabeth Van Mons, | Tan Mons No. 154.

Foreign. Received under number, and named by the late Mr. Man-
ning; young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

807

yellow, red in sun, slight traces of russet ; calyx, small, open ; core, large ;
flesh, yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy, "very good." Last August.

Early Butter of Cincinnati.

This is a variety which our Cincin-
nati poraologists seem unable to recog-
nize with any known description. We
have been unable to examine the fruit
in perfection, but some small specimens
received, from which our drawing was
made, induced a guess at Dearborn Seed-
ling. The original tree at Cincinnati is
said to have been probably brought from
New -Jersey. It is of upright growth,
short-jointed, yellowish brown wood,
forming a handsome symmetrical head.
Fruit small, oblong ovate, narrowing
most to the stem, hght greenish yellow,
with dark green specks, rarely a bronzed
red in sun ; calyx, prominent ; seg-
ments, bold, reflexed ; core, compact;
%eeds, few, defective ; flesh, white, juicy,
buttery, "very good." Last July.

ECHASSERY.

Echasserie,
Bezi d' Echassie,

Bezi de Chasserie,
Jagdbirne.

Foreign. Poor grower. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pale green, yel-
lowish, dotted with gray when ripe; calyx, open; flesh, melting, buttery,
sweet, "good." November and December.

Eyewood.

Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches very strong, stout, yellowish brown
with large white specks. Fruit, below medium, obovate, pale greenish
yellow, russet traces and specks ; stem, long, slender; calyx, small, 0|)en ;
core, large; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, subacid, "-very
good." October.

FiGUE OF Naples.

Figue de Naples,
Fig Pear of Naples,

Comtesse de Frenol,
De Vigne Pelone.

Foreign. Grown by some under name of Beurre Bronz^. Tree vig-
orous, productive, shoots upright, brown. Fruit, medium, oblong obo-
vate,
stout,

aa, piijuuuuivr, ouuuls upiiguu, uiuwu. Lmixj, xiiK^v^ivxL±i, ^>j^kj..xq v^s^^^

i, pale greenish yellovr, dull red in sun, russety ; calyx, small; stem,
It, fleshy knob at base ; flesh, juicy, pleasant, breaking, "good." Oct

368 THE PEAR.

FlGUE.

Figue Vert.

Foreign. This is distinct from the preceding, and by some counted su-
perior ; tree vigorous, hardy, productive on either pear or quince ; fruit
medium, oblong pyriform, green, much overspread with yellow and red
russet; stem stout, fleshily set upon the neck; calyx open, without divi-
sions ; core rather large ; flesh white, juicy, melting, shghtly perfumed,
'' very good." November.

FONDANTE DE ChaRNEUSE.

ForeigT3. New. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, irregular, dull yellowish
green, dotted and clouded with russet ; stem stout ; calyx open ; flesh
melting, juicy, saccharine, sometimes astringent, " very goori " Early
October. (Wilder, in Hort.)

FoNDANTE DE MaLINES.

Fondanle de Malines (Esperin).

Foreign. New. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, roundish
obovate, pale yellow, traced and much covered with red russet and brown-
ish red, occasional spot of vermillion in sun ; stem long ; calyx small ;
core large ; flesh white, buttery, melting, sweet, '' very good." October. •

Fondante Van Mons.

Foreign. Tree good grower and productive ; fruit medium, roundish
obovate, greenish yellow, marbled with red and some russet specks ; stem
stout, curved ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, coarse,
melting, buttery, sweet, ''very good." October.

Forelle.

Trout Pear, | Poire Truite,
Forellenbirne.

Foreign. Deserves more attention than it has yet received ; tree vig-
orous, productive on quince or pear ; wood violet red, young shoots
downy; fruit medium, oblong obovate, dull yellow in shade, vermiUion in
sun, grayish dots margined with crimson ; stem slender ; calyx partly open ;
core "medium; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous.
" very good" or "best." October, November.

Frederick of Wurtemberq.

Frederick de "Wurtemburg.

Foreign. "Well known and extensively grown in this country ; tree
very early and productive bearer, young wood strong, yellowish brown ;
fruit decays rapidly at core, often worthless ere the grower thinks it ripe;
fruit large, angular pyriform, uneven surface, dull yellow, crimson cheek;
stem stout, usually set on or thickening into the fruit ; calyx open ; basiu
shallow ; flesh white, juicy, melting, '• good." September.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 3G9

Fredrika Bremer.

Yirgalieu, erroneouly, of aome.

American. From Oneida county, New York, recently introduced by
J. C. Hastings, Esq. It is said to be an early and productive bearer,
which we are disposed to believe, as a graft, two years set this year,
produced fine specimens. Fruit above medium, roundish obovate, obtuse
pyriform, greenish, becoming pale yellow, with slight russet dots ; stem
one to one and a half inch long, rarely a cavity ; calyx open, short, erect
segments; basin rather deep, sHght furrows ; core medium ; seeds black-
ish ; flesh white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, nearly " best." October,
November..

Gansel's Bergamot.

Broca's Bergamot,
Ives' Bergamot,
Staunton,

Bonne Rouge,
Gurle's Beurre,
Piamanl.

Foreign. An old variety, with few superiors when well grown It re-
quires a warm, rich soil ; on cold clay it is almost tasteless ; tree vigorous,
spreading, succeeds well on quince, productive ; fruit large, roundish obo-
vate, yellowish brown russet, red in sun, russet dots and patches ; stem
short ; cavity deep ; calyx open ; basin deep ; core large ; flesh yellowish
white, coarse, melting, juicy, " very good," or " best." October.

Gansel's late Bergamot.

Foreign. A new variety recently introduced, very much resembhng
the preceding, except its period of maturity being extended into De-
cember. It is also said to have less color in sun, and the flesh entirely
free from granulations. Tree vigorous and productive on the pear root.

Gideon Paridante.

Foreign. Fruited with us this year for first time. Fruit medium,
obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with brown red cheek in sun, and
marbled red russet over surface ; stem one and a half inch long, angularly
planted with a lip one side ; calyx open, narrow segments ; basin shallow ;
core medium ; flesh white, melting, sugary, "very good," nearly "best."
Last September and October.

Grand Soleil.^

Foreign. Tree vigorous, erect, well-formed, productive ; fruit medium,
roundish, oradge yellow, with a russety red blush, few russet specks ;
stem medium, swollen at base ; calyx small, closed ; core large ; seeds
obovate; flesh yellowish white, little coarse, buttery, melting, sugary,
aromatic, " very good," nearly " best." November.

Green Mountain Boy.

American. Fruit medium or above, rotmdish obovate, sometimes an-
gular pyriform ; stem varying ; calyx open, reflexed segments ; golden
yellow or russety yellow, -^ith numerous russety brown specks ; core
16*

370 THE PEAR.

rather large ; seeds long, flattened ; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet,
" very good." October.

Hacon's Incomparable.

Downham Seedling.

Foreign. A hardy, productive variety; spreading, rather drooping
branches; deserves more attenl^jn than yet received; young shoots
slender, olive color, diverging ; fruit rather large, roundish, obtuse
pyriform, dull yellowish green and pale brown, with many russet streaks
and dots ; stem rather long, straight ; calyx with small divisions ; basin
shallow ; flesh white, buttery, melting, sugary, juicy, nearly if not quite
" best." October, November.

Hagerman.

American. From Flushing, L. I. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, over-
spread with thin golden russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short, stout ;
calyx open, segments reflexed ; basin shallow ; core small ; seeds broad
ovate; flesh juicy, sprightly, pleasant, " very good." September.

Hanover.

From Hanover Furnace, New Jersey. In size it is usually rather
small, round obovate, green, with dull green russet markings, and a
brown cheek; stem one inch, shallow cavity, usually angular ; calyx open,
plaited, sometimes furrowed, irregular basin ; seeds large, plump, acumi-
nate ; flesh greenish yellow, melting, juicy, pleasant, " good." (W. D. B.)

Hanners.

Hamus.

Origin uncertain : has generally been considered a synonym of Gushing,
but proves distinct ; Mr. C. M. Hovey first pointed out the error. Shoots
upright, brownish yellow ; fruit medium, oblong, rounded at crown,
obtuse at stem, yellowish green to pale yellow, with large pale russet
patches and dots ; stem stout, swollen at base ; calyx small, open ; core
large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." September.

Harvard.

Boston Ep*gne, | Cambridge Sugar Pear.

American. Native of Cambridge, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright,
productive. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, reddish
cheek ; stem rather stout, not sunk ; calyx small ; basin narrow ; seeds
long, obovate; flesh white, juicy, "very good," liable to decay at core.
September.

Henrietta.

Edwards' Henrietta

American. Native of New Haven, Conn, Tree vigorous, hardy, pro-
ductive Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyTiform, dull yellow crimson

FOR AMAl'KLJt LLL,rLllK.

o<i

spots in sun, russet at base of stem ; calyx closed ; basin furrowed ; core
large; fiesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, "good." Last Ausr^st.

Haddington.

' Smith's Haddington-

American. From seed of Pound pear, grown by J. B. Smith, Esq., at
Haddington, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive ; fruit above medium, oblong,
obovate pyriforra, greenish yellow, brownish cheek, and russet dots and
patches ; stem medium, cavity shallow ; calyx medium ; segments short,
erect ; core medium ; seeds long, ovate ; flesh yellowish, juicy, aromatic,
"very good." January to April.

Henkel.

Foreign. Tree fine grower, young shoots grayish brown ; an eiirly,
very productive bearer on pear roots, valuable for orcharding. Fruit
large, obovate, somewhat obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, patches of russet
and green specks ; stem long, curved ; calyx open ; segments short ; ba-
"sin uneven; core medium; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy
vinous, " very good." Early September.

372 THE PEAR.

Henry the Fourth.

Henri Quatre, | Jacquin.

Foreign. Tree hardy, good bearer, young shoots diverging, yellowish
brown. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow, with small gray
dots ; stem long, slender, swollen at base ; calyx small ; flesh whitish,
rather coarse, juicy, " good. Early September.

Hericart.

Foreign. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, light pale greenish 5''ellow,
russet dots and patches; stem long, slender; calyx small; segments re-
flexed ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh rather coarse, breaking, juicy, very
sweet, '• very good." Early September. Some specimens we have had
ol" this proved almost best ; we think it improves witli age of trees.

HOSEN-SCHENCK.

Schenck's Pear, I Schenck's August Watermelon,
Smokenouse.

American. From Pennsylvania. New. Fruit large, obovate, yellow,
melting, not high flavor. Last of August.

^ Howell.

American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to no-
tice. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, small russet dots, faint
red blush in sun ; stem, often curved, without depression; calyx, open;
basin, irregular ; flesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, dehcate aroma.

October. (Wilder, in Hort.)

>

Hull

American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, vigorous, upright ; wood,
reddish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, dull red, and
russet ; stem, long ; calyx, half open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rathei
coarse, gritty at core, juicy, "good." October.

Inconnue Van Mons.

Foreign. Best on quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, dull, pal©
green, traces and dots of russet; stem, long, slender; calyx, open ; basin,
deep ; flesh, melting, buttery, " very good." December to February.
(Wilder, in Hort.)

Jaminette.

Josephine, I Sabine,

Colmar Jaminette, | D'Austrasie,
Beurre d'Austrasie.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit, above medium
obovate, obtuse pyriform, green, with russety brown dots and patches ;
stem, stout : calyx, open ; flesh, white, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweety
" crood." November, December.

•FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 373

Jargonelle.

Epargne,

Grosse Cuisse Madame,

Beau Presfnt,

Poire de Tables des Princes,

Sain* Sampson,
Saint Lairibf-rl.
Sweet Summer.
Real Jargonelle,

I

Jargonelle of the English

Foreign. An old variety, abundant bearer, now surpassed, for all ex-
cept large collections, by more recently originated sorts. Fruit, large,
long, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, little brown in sun; stem, long;
calyx, open, prominent; flesh, yellowis*^, coarse, juicy, "good," often
" very good." August.

Jean de Witte.

Nos. 1482, 1082, and 1602 of Van Mens.

Foreign. Tree, moderate growth, short-jointed wood, upright. Fruit,
medium or above, obovate, narrowing to the stem, pale yellow, little rus-
set ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, slightly sub-acid, " very good." No-
vember to January.

Jersey Gratioli.

Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, abundant bearer, succeeds on
quince ; wood, stout, short-jointed. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong obo-
vate, slightly angular, greenish yellow, blush in sun, russet specks, and
also at base of stem and crown ; stem, stout, obliquely inserted ; calyx,
open *';iOrt segments; core, medium ; fl-esh, yellowish white, little coarse,
melting, juicy, vinous. September, October. (Ho v. Mag.)

JOHONNOT.

Franklin.

American. Native of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate, healthy grower,
upright, spreading ; wood dark reddish brown, suited to orcharding in our
Avestern, rich soils, productive. Fruit below medium, roundish ooovate,
angular, greenish yellow, dull russet ; stem stout, fleshy at base ; calyx
large, open; core large; seeds small; flesh white, rather coarse, melting,
juicy, vinous, almost "best." September.

Josephine de Malines.

Foreign. Not an early bearer or a good grower, best on pear. Fruit
medium, roundish obovate, yellow blush in sun, traces and spenks of rus-
set ; calyx open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, melting, flne, juicy,
vinous, " very good." December, January.

Julienne.

Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, upright, light yellowish brown shoots,
productive, and in warm, rich, sandy soils, often very fine ; in cold clay it
is inferior, best on quince. Fruit below medium, roundish, oblong obo-
vate, clear bright yellow, with a little of fine russet raarblings and patches ;
stem rather stout ; calyx small, closed ; core compact ; see^s blackish ,
flesh white, rather coarse, haF buttery, sweet, " very good. " August.

374 THE PEAR.

KlNGSESSINQ.
• Leech's Kingsessing.

American. Native of Kingsessing township, near Philadelphia. Tree
upright, vigorous, somewhat thorny, young shoots yellowish green or
brownish oUve, gray dots. This, when better known, will, we think, take
position in first class. It is, however, not a very early bearer, and on quince,
requires double working. Fruit large, or above medium, obovate, some-
times obtuse pyriform, sea-greei^ with patches of dark green ; stem stout,
fleshy at base ; calyx small ; basin shallow ; flesh buttery, delicate, " best."
Last August

Knight's Monarch.

Foreign. A variety requiring very high culture; wood light olive
color. Fruit large, obovate oblong, yellowish brown, tinged with red,
dotted with gray ; stem short ; calyx open ; flesh yellowish white, melt-
ing, juicy. January.

King Edward's.

Jackman's Melting.

Foreign. Tree thrifty, shoots upright, dark brown. Fruit large, pyri-
form, yellow, with patches of dull russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short ;
calyx small ; flesh yeUowish, buttery, melting, variable, " good." October.

Las Canas.

Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, early, good bearer. Fruit medium,
or below, pyriform, pale yellow, partly covered with thin russet ; seeds
black ; flesh juicy, sweet, nearly " best." October.

La Juive.

Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches upright. Fruit above medium, pyr-
iform, yellow, with gray specks; stem short; flesh yellowish, buttery,
juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.)

Lamoriciere.

General Lamoriciere.

Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, gray, with green dots ; stem stout ;
calyx large, closed ; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, juicy. Last
September. (Hov. Mag.)

Laherard.

. Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, lemon yellow,
brownish red cheek in sun ; calyx closed ; stem stout ; flesh white, melt-
ing, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid, " very good." October. Succeeds on qumce.
(Wilder, in Hort.)

Lewis.

o . ,>

Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading,
rather drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular
and even in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, deHcious fruit, otherwise
not more than second quality. It is profitable as a standard orchard va-
riety, but requires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rap-
idly, causin'g the fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium,
roundish obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with
many russet specks ; stem, long, slender, shallow depression ; calyx,
large; segments, broad in divisions; basin, almost obscure; core, above
medium for size of fruit; seeds, large, ovate; flesh, yellowish white,
rather coarse, melting, juicy. Season, November to February.

Lee*s Seedling.

American. Native of Salem, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish oval
greenish russet, brown in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; core, large
flesh, white, coarse, juicy, " good." September.

376

THE PEAR.

Locke.

Locke's New Beurre.

American. From West Cambridge, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish
obovate, yellowish green, spotted with shades of darker ^een and russet •
stem, medium ; calyx, small, half closed ; flesh, greenisA white, juicy
vinous, "good.'' November and December.

Lodge.

American. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Requires rich, warn>=
«andy^soil, vs^hen it_ is one df the best; on cold clay it is hardly "verj
good." Fruit, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see
our engraving;) when fully mature, yellowish, with rich golden russet,
and patches of dull russet; calyx, with short, half reflexed segments;
core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy
melting, "very good." September and October.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 377

LiMON.

Foreign. This promises to take a first-class rank. Tree, moderately
vigorous, shoots long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit, above medium, ob-
ovate roundish, yellow, with faint red cheek; stem, rather short; basin,
shallow ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, nearly " best." August.

Marie Louise.

Forme de Marie Louise, I Princess de Parme,

Marie Chrelienne, | Braddick's Field Marshal,

Maria.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, rather straggling, or diverging and drooping,
with olive gray colored shoots; requires rich, warm, sandy soil, otherwise
it is only a "good" pear. It is hardy and productive. Fruit, large, ob-
long pyriform, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with marblings, dots,
and patches of russet, and russet at crown and base of stem ; stem, me-
dium, obliquely set in a slight cavity, or with a raised hp on one side ;
calyx, open, irregularly formed ; segments, connected ; core, small ; seeds,
broad, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good."
Last of September and October.

March Bergamotte.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow; flesh, buttery,
gritty at core, " good." March.

Martin Sec.

Roussellet d'Hiver.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, or below, obovate, angular, yellow, with
small specks, dull brownish red one side; stem, long, slender; calyx, in
an abrupt furrowed basin ; flesh, yellowish, half melting, juicy, " good."
December.

Merriam.

American. From Roxbury, Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive, supposed
a seedling from Gray Doyenne. Fruit, large, roundish, dull yellow, much
covered with smooth pale russet: stem, short; calyx, small, closed;
flesh, yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sugary; core, large; seeds, dark
brown. Last of September. (Hov. Mag.)

Marechal de la Cour.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches long, thorny at ends, early bearer.
Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, or ovate, yellowish green, vermillion in sun;
stem, crooked, inserted with a lip one side; calyx, large, open; flesh,
white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. October. (Hov. Mag.)

#
McLaughlin.

Origin unknown ; probably an American seedling. Tree, moderate,
healthy grower, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong, obtuse pyri-

378 THE PEAR.

form, pale yellow, with brownish red in sun ; -stem, short, swollen at
junction with tree ; calyx, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white,
a Httle coarse, juicy, " very good." November and December.,

MiLLOT DE Nancy.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with patche?
and traces of russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, "good." January.
(Wilder, in Hort.)

MoccAS.

Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, rapid growth, and productive.
Fruit, medium, obovate roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek in sun,
and a few russet dots ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, partly open ; flesh,
yellowish, melting, juicy, ''very good." December.

Muscadine.

American. From near Newburgh, N. Y. We have had trees six
years, but they have not fruited. We condense from Mr. Downing"s de-
scription : Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, pale yellowish green, with
brown dots; stem, an inch long ; calyx, with reflexed segments; basin,
shallow ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, musky. Last August, first Sep-
tember. Shoots, stout, dark gray brown.

Napoleon.

Medaille, | RoideRome.

Foreign Tree, vigorous, upright grower, olive-colored shoots, fruit
largest and finest on quince, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse to ob-
ovate, and rounded p3'riform, greenish yellow, smooth ; stem, varying,
usually stout; calyx, medium, open; flesh, white, tender, juicy, "good."
October. Valuable as a market sort on quince. Rivers says the Napo-
leon d'Hiver is not sufiiciently distinct to be retained.

Orange Berqamotte.

Orange Pear.

Foreign. An old variety, great bearer, valuable only for cooking.
Fruit, above medium, pyriform, yellow, russet in sun; flesh, yellowish,
sprightly, astringent. September and October.

Oakley Park.

OTrcley Park Bergamot.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with rus-
set; calyx, partly open; stem, slender; flesh, buttery, melting, "good."
October.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

879

OUDINOT.

Beurre Oudinot.

Foreign. Fruit large, pyriform, yellowish green, with brownish cheek ;
stem curved ; calyx medium ; basin shallow ; flesh fine, juicy, " very
good." September.

OSBORN.

American. From Economy, la., introduced first to notice by A. H.
Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit small, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow ;
stem about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base ;
flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent, "good." Early
August.

Osband's Summer.

Osband's Favorite,

Summer Virgralieu of some.

American. Native of Wayne Co., K Y. Fruit below medium, ovate,
obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red
cheek in sun ; skin rather thick ; stem medium, inserted in a shallow, un-
even cavity ; calyx with open, long stragglmg segments ; flesh yellowish
white, rather coarse-grained, juicy, " good." Early September.

Ott.

American. Native or
Montgomery Co., Pa.
This is by many Eastern
pomologists classed as
" best :" . specimens we
have had from Prof.
Kirtland have not mer-
ited more thaa to be
classed " very good."
Fruit small, roundish,
greenish yellow, with
little russet, and rarely
faint red cheek in sun;
stem medium, a little
curved ; calyx rather
large, open, reflexed;
core below medium ;
seeds blackish ; flesh
yellowish, melting,
juicy, slightly aromatic,
Auffust

380 THE PEAR

Oswego.

Oswego Beurre, | Reed's Seedling.

American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, succeeds
well thus far, and an early bearer on quince or pear roots ; fruit medium,
ovate obovate or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marbliugs
and patches of russet ; stem short, stout, cavity rather deep ; calyx
medium, closed ; core small; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, '' very
good." October.

Paul Thielen.

>
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek ;
stem long, obliquely set; calyx open, segments short, upright; flesh
rather coarse, juicy, " good." October.

Passe Colmar.

Passe Colmar Epmeaux,

Colmar Gris,

Passe Colmar Gris,

Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Precel,

Precel,

Fondante de Panisel,

Fondante de Mons,

Beurre d'Argenson,

Regintin,

Chapman's,

Colmar

Colmar Hardenpont,
Present de Maiines,
Maroite Sucre e Jaune,
Souverain,
Colmar Souverain,
Gambier,
Cellite,

Colmar Preule,
Colmar Doree,
Colmar Van Mens,
d'Hiver.

Foreio-a. Tree vigorous, with long, straggling, half-drooping shoots of a
lively b?ownish yellow ; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care,
it is a first-class sort ; with common ordinary care, it is worthless. Fruit
medium to large, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriforra, yellowish green, dull
yellow when fully mature, with some russet ; stem a little more than
medium length, set with slight depression; calyx partly open, basin
shallow; flesh yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November,
January.

Petre.

American. Originated in the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila-
delphia, Pa. Tree moderate grower, with slender yellowish brown shoots,
abundant bearer; fruit medium to large, oblong, obovate pyriforra, pale
yellow, with russet patches ; stem rather stout, largest at base, cavity
abrupt ; calyx medium ; basin narrow ; flesh whitish, fine, melting,
buttery, perfumed, juicy, nearly "best." October. The "Bezi de la
Motte" has been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, ti^rough the

West.

Pengethley.

Foreio-n, Tree vigorous; fruit medium, obovate, yellowish brown,
nisseted"; stem medium; calyx small, partly open; flesh yellowish,
juicy, " good." February, March.

Pennsylvania.

American. From Perm3\ Ivania. Tree vigorous, hardy, and moderately
productive ; fruit large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish

green, brownish russet, marbled ; stem stout, calyx small, half closed ;
core small ; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, " good."
October.

Pendleton.

Pendleton's Early York Pear.

American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive ; fruit rather
large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, russet specks ; stem
curved; calyx open; flesh white, tender, sweet, "good." Last July.
(Hov. Mag.)

Plombgastel.

Dusnas, I Plougastel,

Pluriibgartel, | Jergils ?

Foreign. Tree vigorous, upright, succeeds on quince ; fruitf above
medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet
specks ; stem stout ; calyx large, open, segments reflexed ; core large ;
flesh white, half melting, juicy, "good," or perhaps " very good." Sep-
tember, October. * •

Poire d'Albret.

Foreign. Tree vigorous, dark wood, good bearer; fruit medium,
pyramidal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem stout, curved, swollen
at base; calyx pirtly open; core small; flesh greenish white, coarse,
melting, juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.)

Pratt.

American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, upright growth,
productive on pear ; fruit above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish
yellow, with gray and russet dots and specks ; stem slender ; calyx open ;
flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, " best" September.

Poire d'Abondance.

D'Abondance.

Foreign. Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with rus-
t dots, red in sun ; flesh melting, juicy, " very good." October.

Pulsifer.

American. Native of Illinois. Tree upright, vigorous; shoots dark
7}:ve, early and productive bearer. Fruit below medium, pyriform ob-
tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet ; stem short ; calyx small, open ;
Sesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." Early August.

Princess Royal.

Groom's Princess Royal.

Foreign. Tree hardy, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit medium,
obovate, dull pale green, dotted with russet; stem set in shallow cavity ;

382 THE PEAR.

calyx open ; segments short; core large; flesh yellowish, rather coarse.
melting, juicy, " good." January, February.

Queen of the Low Countries.

Reine des Pays Bas.

Foreign. "We have often examined this sort, but have been unable as
yet to fruit it in six years that we have had the variety. We condense
OAiT description from Downing : Fruit large, obovate, acute pyriform, dull
yellow, dotted and russeted, dark red in sun ; stem one and a half inch
long, curved ; calyx small ; basin deep ; flesh white, buttery, melting,
juicy, vinous, sub-acid. Early October.

0 Rallay.

We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this
pear from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. It is we beheve, an old variety,
but we had never before seen it. Fruit small to medium, globular, acute
pyriform, skiti rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over the whole spots
of russet ; stem slender, obliquely set without depression ; calyx with
crumpled segments ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy,
gritty at core, " good." November, December.

Rapalje.

Rapalje Seedling.

American. Described by Dr. A. H. Stevens of New York, in the Hor-
ticulturist, from which we extract, having never seen the fruit. Fruit
medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform ; stem long ; calyx
in a slight hollow ; flesh buttery, hke White Doyenne. Early September.

Ropes.

American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it
originated, at Salem, Mass. Fruit small, oblong obovate, brownish rus-
set, tinged with red in sun ; stem short, rather stout; calyx small, open;
core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, "good." October."

Ross.

Foreign. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, obovate, yellowish green and
russet; stem short; calyx open; flesh yellowish, rather gritty, sweet,
juicy, "good." January.

Rondelet.

Foreign. Tree upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding.
Fruit small, obovate, yollow, dotted with russet, red in sun ; stem slender;
calyx erect, long segments ; core medium ; flesh yellov^^ish white, buttery,
juicy, sugary, aromatic, nearly •' best." October.

RoussELET Double Esperin.

Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, r.tll greenish
yellow, covered with cinnamon russet; stem long, stout, fleshy at base*
calyx open ; basin deep, furrowed ; flesh white, melting, sprightly, " very
good." Oct^iber. (Wilder, in Hort.)

i

ROSABIRNE.

Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate, acute pyriform, angular, surface un-
even, russet on dull greenish yellow ; stem fleshy at base ; flesh white,
melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid, " very good," may be "best." October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)

Sheldon.

Penfield.

American. Native of Western Central New York. Tree vigorous, erect,
hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellowish.
Fruit medium or above, roundish, a Httle angular, sometimes*^ obovate,
pale greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with dark
russet ; stem short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx medium, open,
broad short segments ; core rather large ; seeds dark brown ; flesh a little
coarse, and gritty at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly,
aromatic, nearly '• best." October.

Skinless.

Sanspeau, | Poire Sans Peau,

Fleur de Guignes. •

Foreign. An old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is
productive and " very good." Fruit small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish
yellow, light red specks in sun ; stem long, slender ; calyx closed ; flesh
white, juicy. Early August.

SiGNORET.
Sagarel.

Foreign. Fruit medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow,
russet specks ; calyx open ; flesh coarse, breaking, hardly ''good." No-
vember.

Serrurier.

Serrurier d'Automne.

Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specks
and blotches; stem in a deep cavity ; basin shallow ; flesh melting, juicy,
" good." October.

St. Mesmin.

Foreign. Fruit large, oblong ovate, yellowish green ; stem without
depression; calyx half open; flesh juicy, "good," perhaps may be "very
good." October.

384 THE PEAR.

Shurtleff.

• Shurtleff's Seedling.

American. Native of Boston. Tree vigorous, good bearer. Fruit
medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with
russet specks, dark red cheek in snn ; stem rather long, swollen at base ;
calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty
at core. September. (Hov. Mag.)

SOUVERAINE D'EtE.

Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, traced and
dotted with russet, bright red cheek in sun ; calyx open ; stem short
flesh melting, tender, juicy, "very good." August.

Sterling.

American. Native of Western New- York. Tree thrifty, upright
growth, early bearer. Fruit large, roundish obovate, pale yellow, shaded
with red in sun, russet at base of stem ; stem long ; calyx open ; core
large; flesh white, coarse, half melting, juicy, "very good." Early Sep-
tember.

St. Michael Archange.

Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellowish gray and
green spotted ; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, " very good."
Last September. (Hov. Mag.)

St. Jean Baptiste.

Foreign. Tree moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruit
large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks ;
stem short, curved, swollen at base ; flesh white, melting, buttery, vinous.
October. (Hov. Mag.)

Styer.

Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow,
with russet dots and tracings; stem varying; cavity shallow; calyx
imperfect, basin narrow, abrupt, deep ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white,
a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed, "best." September.

Summer Franc Real.

Franc Real d'Ete, | Gros Micet d'Ete,

Fondante.

Foreign. Tree thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than " good" on
pear roots, sometimes nearly " best"' on quince. Fruit medium, obovate,
obtuse pyriform, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with brownish
green dots ; stem short, thick ; calyx niedium, long segments, fur^ov/ed
basin, large core; flesh white, not fiiie-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet.
September.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 885

SUZETTE DE BaVAY.
Suzette de Bavay CEsperen) .

Foreign. Tree vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit medium,
obovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet ; flesh melting, juicy, " very
good." February and March.

Summer Portugal.

Passans du Portugal.

Foreign. Tree upright growth, shoots reddish brown. Fruit below
medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun ; stem one
inch; calyx erect; flesh white, juicy, breaking, "very good." Last of
August.

Tea.

American. Native of New-Haven Co., Ct. Fruit below medium,
roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun ; calyx with short open seg-
ments, even with surface ; core small ; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, *' very
good," nearly " best." Last September.

Theodore.

Theodore Van Mens.

Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate {:)yriform, yellow, with russet .spots ;
stem long, little or no depression ; calyx large, open ; broad segments ;
flesh whitish, melting, " very good" on quince. November.

Triomphe de Jodoigne.

Foreign. Tree very strong, vigorous grower, not an early beaier.
Fruit large to very large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, with traces
and faint spots of russet ; flesh melting, juicy, sub- acid, "good." No-
vember.

Upper Crust.

American. Native of South Carolina. Tree healthy, moderate grower,
branches slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit size and shape cf Dear-
born SeedUng, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches ; flesh buttery,
melting, " very good," if not " best." July. (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.)

Vicompte de Spoelberch.

Despoilberg, I Bezi de Spoelberch,

Vicompte ae Spoelberg.

Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown,
with whitish gray specks. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale
yellow. when mature, httle red in sun, and russet patches and specks;
stem long, stout, fleshy at base; calyx medium; segments short, erect;
core medium; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, su^jary,
"best," December, New, comparatively; deserves trial,

17

S8Q THE PEAR.

Vesouziere.

Foreign. Tree vigorous, succeeds on quince. Fruit medium, roundish
obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun ; stem long ; cavity open ;
calyx medium, open; basin shallow; core large; flesh yellowish white,
rather coarse, juicy, sweet, '^good." ISIovember

Walker.

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea-
green ; stem curved, fleshy at base ; calyx open ; long segments ; basin
shallow; flesh coarse, crisp, juicy, '"good." September.

Westcott.

American. Native of Cranston, R. I. Fruit medium, roundish obo-
vate, pale green to light orange yellow, dots and blotches of russet ; stem
Blender, fleshy at base; calyx large, open; basin plaited; flesh white,
juicy, melting, sugary, '' good." September.

Wilbur.

American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree a moderate grower, with
reddish brown shoots, productive 'and hardy. Fruit medium, oval obo-
vate, dull yellowish green, much russet ; stem medium ; calyx open ;
core large; flesh whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy, " good."
September.

WiNSHIP.

Winship's- Seedling.

American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree vigorous, wood yellowish,
early and productive bearer. Fruit medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow,
traces of russet, blush in sun ; stem long, slender, curved ; calyx closed ;
core large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, " good." August.

Williams Early.

American. Native of Roxbury, Mass. Tree moderate gi-ower, reddish
brown wood. Fruit below medium, ovate obovate, light yellow, red
cheek, little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks ; stem me-
dium, a little fleshy at base ; calyx large, open : core large ; flesh yellow-
ish white, coarse, juicy, sweet, " very good." September.

Williamson.

American. From the south side of Long Island. Fruit medium, obo-
vate rounded, obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and
russet at stem and crown ; stem short, stout, narrow, irregular cavity ;
calyx none; basin deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds small, flattened ; flesh

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

387

yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, sugary, vinou?, " rery good,'' if not
" best." October.

WiLHELMINE.

Wilhelmiiia.

Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, gray
specks, faint red in sun; stem rather long ; calyx large, open; flesh yel-
lowish white, buttery, sugary, juicy, " good." February.

Wharton's Early.

Origin unknoAvn. This variety we found growing in the grounds of Prof.
Kirtland, who received grafts from tiie south centre of Ohio, under this name.
We at first thought it Catinka, but it ripens too soon. Tree a vigorous,
strong grower, wood yellowish brown, large foliage. Fruit above me-

ft

88 THE PEAR.

dium, obloDg, obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots,
suffused at base with sea-green, occasionally a russet trace ; stem long,
slender; cavity slight; calyx open; segments short, rounded; core me-
dium; seeds ovate; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, nearly *• best.''
Middle to last August.

WiEDOW.
Wredow.

Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yel-
low ; stem medium, obliquely planted wiih lip one side; calyx small ;
flesh white, juicy, vinous, perfumed, " very good." October.

Wilkinson.

American. From Cumberland, R. f. Tree thrifty, hardy, productive,
"good" in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit medium, oval obovate,
yellow, with brown dots and specks; stem rather long and stout; calyx
small, open ; flesh white, juicy, sweet. October to December.

Zepherine Gregoire.

Foreign. Fruit globular, acute pyriform ; stem fleshy ^color dull green,
thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek ; flesh very melting, tender,
juicy, "very good." November. (Wilder, in Hort.)

CLASS III. Unworthy farther cultivation.
Admiral.

Amiral, | Colmar Charnay.

Foreign. Large, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow ; flesh coarse, juicy
October.

Adams.

American. Small, roundish obovate, yellow russet ; flesh coarse. October

Angleterre.

EInglish Beurre, | Beurre d'Angleterre.

Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet ; flesh white. September.

, Ambrosia.

Early Beurre.

Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, rusaeted. August.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 389

Angleterre Noisette.
Foreiga Largo, roundish, dark green. September.

Ambkette.

Ti'lon, r AmbreUe d'Hiver,

Arabre Gris, [ Belle Gabriel,
Trompe Valel.

Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russeted. Novembei, January.
This is classed by some as identical with Echassery : we think them different

Amande Double.

Amanda's Eouhle.

Foreign. Jfedium, pyriforra, yellow and red. September.

Aston Town.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October.

Autumn Colmar.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October.

Autumn Bergamot.

English Bergamot, | York Bergamot,

English Autumn Bergamot.

Foreign. Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The Fr ^cb
A-utumn Bergamotte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueles*

Belmont.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October

Belle et Bonne.

Gracieuse.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September.

Bergamot, Easter.

Bergamot d»^ Paqu'-s, 1 Winter Bergamot,

Bersramot d'Hiver, | Paddinirton,

Bergamot de Bupi, I Royal Tairling,

BtTgamol de Toulou^'^, | Terling,

Robtrls Keeping.

Foreign. Medium or above, roundish obovate, greenisn yellow. February,
May.

Bergamot d'Hollande.

Holland Bergamot,
Bfurre d'Aleneon,
Bergamot d'Aleneon,

Bergamotte de Fougere,

Aiiioselle,

Lord (.hi (.ney's.

Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet. For ever.

390 THE PEAR.

Bergamot Parthexay.
Foreign Small, roundish, greenish yellow. December, January.

Bergamot Boussiere.

Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, January.

Beurre Beonzee.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish, d^iU rus.sei. November, December.

Beurre Duval,
Foreign !^Iedium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November.

Beurre Seutin.
Foreign Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December.

Beurre Knox.
Foreign. Large, oblong obovate, pale green, little russet. September.

Beurre Colmar.

Beurre Colmar d'Automne.

Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October.

Beurre Van Mons.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, with russet. October.

Beurre Romain.

Gros Romain.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green, October.

Beurre de Boll^viller.
Foreign. • Medium, turbinate, yellowish red in sun. Winter.

Beurre Kenrtck.

Xo. 1599 of Tan Mons.

Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.
Beurre IIaggerston.

No, 8 of Vau Mons.
Foreign. Medium, oblong obtuse, yellow. Middle August

Bezi Vaet.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek. November.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 391

Bezi d'IIeri.

Bezi Royal.

Foreign. Medium, rouudlsU. greenish yellow. October

Bezi Blanc.
Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish. August

Bon Chretien, Spanish.

Bon Chretien d'Espagne, | Spin;i.

Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December.
Bon CHiiETiEN, Flemish.

Bon Clireliea Turc.

Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green, brown cheek. November, March.

Bishop's Thumb.

Beurrc Adam.

Foreign. Large, oblong, irregular pyriform, yellowish green and russet.
October.

Burgomaster.

Burgermcister.
Foreign. Medium, long pyriform, yellowish green. December.

BOUCQUIA.
Beurre Boucquia.
Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyriform. pale yellow, red cheek. October.

Burlinghame.

Burlingame.
American, Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. September.

Burnett.
American Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, russet. October.

Bleecker's Meadow.

Large Seckel, | Feaster.

American, Medium, roundish, yellowish. October, November.

Broome Park.
Foreign. Medium. ronndi.«b, brown, December.

892 THE PEAR.

Cabot.
American. Medium, oval, roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September.

Calebasse.

Calebiisse Double I xlra, | Calebasse d'Hollande.

Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet. September.

Calebasse Grosse.

Monstrous Calabash.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish, dull green. October.

Calebasse Delvinge.
Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. October, November.

Capucin.
Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October.

Catillac.

Cadillac, | Grand Monarque,

Groote Mogul,

Foreign. Large, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March.

Chapman.
American. A.bove medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October.

Charles of Austria.

Charles d'Autriche.

Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russeted. October.
Citron of Bohemia.

Great Citron of Bohenual
Foreign. Large, oblong, yellow, red cheek. October,

Clinton.

No. 1238, Van Mens.
Foreign. Large, obovate, light yellow. November

Clara.

Claire.
Foreign. Medium, oval pyriform, yellow, with red. October.

I.N WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 393

Chelmsford.

Stone.

A.merican. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. September,

COMPRETTE.

Foreign. Medium obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November

COPEA.

American. Large, obovate, acute pyriform. yellow. September, October.

Commodore.

Van Mons, No. 1218.

Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, with red. October, November.

COMSTOCK.
Comstock Wilding.

American. Medium, obovate, yellow, crimson cheek* November, January,

COLMAR.

Colmar Dore, I D'Auch,
Incomparable, | De Maune.

Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, yellowish- December.

Colmar d'Aremberg.
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, yellow, with nisset. October, November.

Crasanne.

Bergamoi Crasanne, | Cresane,
Beurre Plat.

Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, thin russet. October.

Crawford.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, tinged with brown. August.

Croft Castle.
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, greenish yellow. October.

Cuvelier,
Foreign. Medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. October, November.

Cumberland.

American. Large, obovate, orange yellow, red cheek. September, Octobet

17*

394 THE PEAR.

D'Amour.

Ah ! Mon Dieu, | Mon Dieu,

Foreign. Small, obovate, pale yellow and red. October, November.

Dearborn.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, russeted. November, December.

De deux foix Lane.
Foreign, Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow Last August.

Doyenne d'Hiver.

Coffin's Virgalieu.

Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, faint blush. November.

DOWNTON.

Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish brown. December, January.

Dorr.
American. Large, obtuse pyi-iform, pale yellow, red cheek. August

Dumortier.
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellow russet. October,

Duquesne d'Ete.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish. September.

Early Bergamot.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. August

Excellentissima.
Foreign. Medium, roundish pyriform, yellow and dull red. Winter.

Early Denzelonia.
American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow russet. August.

Early Catherine.

Roussellet Hatif,
Early Roussellet,
Cyprus Pear,

Poire de Chypre,

Perdrue,

Kattem.

Green Catherine.

Foreign. Small, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. July.

Emerald.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, green and brown. Decembei

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. o95

Enfant Prodige.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, acute pyriform, dull yellow. October.

Fine Gold of Summer.

Fin Or d'Ete.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, red cheek. August.

Famenga.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September.

FORTUNEE.

Episcopal, I La Fortunee de Paris,

La Forlunee de Parii:entier, | Beurre Fortunee.

Foreign. Small, roundish, grayish yellow. December, February.

FosTEJv's St. Michael.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. September, October

FONDANTE DU BoiS.

Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. December, February

Forme de Delices.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish, with russet. October.

French Jargonelle.

Belllssime d'Et6,
Supreme,

Belllssime Supremo,
Bellissime Jargonelle,

Red Muscadel, •
Sabine dEte,
Summer Beaut}',
English Ecd Cheek,
Bed Check,

argon(
Vermillion d'Ete,

Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with red cheek. July, August.

Franc Real D'IIiver.

Franc E4al, | Fin Or d'Hiver.

Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, brownish cheek. December, February

Gendesheim.
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October, November

Gilogil.

6ile-o-gIle, I Garde d'Ecosse,

Poire ik Gobert, ( Jilogil.

Foreign Large, roundish, reddish russet. November, February.

896 THE PEAR.

Green Pear of Yair.

Green Yair.

Foreign. Medium, obovate, green. September.

Green Chisel.

Sugar.

Foreign. Small, roundish, green, with brown cheek. August.

Grise Bonne.
Small, pyriform, green. Middle August.

Green Sugar.

Prince's Green Sugar.

American. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. August, Septem-
ber.

Hampden's Bergamot.

Bergamol d'Angleterre, I Ellanrioch.

Fingal's, j Summer Bergamot,

Bergamot d'Ete.

Foreign. Large, roundish obovate, yellow. September. There is also a
Summer Bergamot, small, round, yellowish green ; and a large Summer Ber-
gamot, all equally worthless.

Harrison's Fall.

Rushmore Bon Chretien.
Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October.

Hessel.

Hazel.
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellowish green. September.

Huguenot.
American. Medium, roundish, pale yellow, spots of red. October.

Jalousie.
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, russet, reddish in sun. September.

Leon Le Clerc.

Leon Le Clevc de Laval .
Foreign. Large, obovate. y^'llow, few russet spots. December, Februftry.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 397

Little Muscat.

Little Musk, I Ftiit Muscat,

I'rimitive, | Muscat Petit.

Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellow, dull red cheek. July.

Louise Bonne.

Louise Bonne Real, | St. Gennaiii Blano.

Foreign. Large, pyriform, pale green. December.

Marulis.

Marcellis.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. September.

Madotte.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow. October.

Messire Jean.

Monsieur Jean,
Messire Jean (iris,
Messire Jean Blanc,

Messire Jeau Dore,
Mr. John,
John.

Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellow, brown russet. November, December.

Marie Louise Nova.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, with red cheek. September.

MiCHAUX.
Compte de Michaux.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. September, October.

Moor Fowl Egg.

Little Swan's Egg, | Knevelt's New Swan's Egg.
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, dull green. October.

Muscat Robert.

Poire a la Reine,

D'Ambre,

St. Jean Musquee Gros,

Musk Robinc,
Early Queen,
Queen's Pear.

Foreign. Small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow. July.

Muskingum.
American. Large, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. August, September.

Naumkeag.
Americaa Medium, roundish, yellow russet. October.

898 THE FEAR.

Neil.

Col mar Xcil, I Poire Neil,

Buurre Xeil, | Colraar Bosc.

Foreign. 1 -arge, oLovate pyriform, pale yellow. September.

Oliver's Russet.
American. SmaL, obovate, roundisb, yellow, red russet. October.

Owen.
American, Medium, roundish oval, dark green, November. (Cole.)

Pailleau.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.

Pitt's Prolific.

Pitl's Marie Louise, \ PiU's Surpasse Marie.

Foreign Medium, oblong pyriform, yellow and brownish red. September.

Pope's Quaker.
American Medium, oblong pyriform, yellowish russet. October.

Pope's Scarlet Major.
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red cheek. August.

Princess of Orange.

Princesse d'Orange, | Princesse Couquete.

Foreign. Medium roundish, reddish russet. October, November

QuKEN Caroline.

Reine Caroline.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. November.

Queen of Pears.

Reine des Poires.
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. September, October.

Quilletette.
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November.

Rousselet de Meester.

Ferdinand de Meester.

Foreign. Mednim, roundish, yellow pale red in sun. October. There is
another of this name, large, pyriform greenish yellow, but ripening at same
time, and unworthy.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATTOX. 899

ROUSSELET OF RhEIMS.

Rousse'ct, I Spice or Musk Pear,

Petit KousstJet, | Late Catherine.

Foreign. Small, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, brown red. September.

Rousselet.

Large Rousselet | Gros Roussele
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish, russety. August.

Raymond.
American. Medium, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October.

Styrian.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. October.

Sugar Top.

Jui)'^ Pear, | Prince's Sugar Top,

Harvest.

Small, roundish ovate, yellow. July.

Summer Bon Chretien.

Bon Chretien d'Ete, I Richard's Beurre,

Summer Good Christian, | Musk Summer Eon Chretien.

Foreign, Large, uneven pyriform, yellow, faint blush. August, September

Summer Rose.

Epine Rose, I Caillot Rosat d'Ete,

Poire de Rose, I Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose,

Caillot Rosat, I Thorny Rose.

Foreign. Below medium, round obovate, yellow, red russet. August,
Sucree de Hoyerswerda.

Sugar ot' Hoyersworda.
Foreign. Medium, oblong obovate, yellowish green. August.

Summer Thorn.

Epine d'Ete, | Fondante Musquee,
Satin Vest.

Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.

Summer St. Germain.

. Germain. I St. Germai

St. Germain d'Ete.

Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green August, September

Short's St. Germain. I St. Germain de Martin,

St. Germain d'Ete.

400 THE PEAR.

Sullivan.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. September.

Swan's Egg.

New Swan's Egg.

Fruit below medium, oval obovate, pale green, dull brown. October.

Swiss Bergamot.

Bergamot Suisse.

Foreign. Medium, roundish, striped pale green, yellow, and red. October.

Sylvange.

Bergamot Sylvange. | Green Sylvange.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull pale green. October.

Tarquin.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, dull yellow. December, February.

Van Buren.
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red in sun, October.

Vallee Franche.

De Vallee, | De Keingheim.

Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellowish green. August.

Virgouleuse.

Poire Glace, [ Chambrette,
Bujaleuf.

Foreign. Large, oval obovate, yellowish green, gray dots. November,
January.

William. (Edward's.)

American. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted with red. September.

Windsor.

Summer Bell, | Konge.

Foreign. Large, pyriform, dull yellowish green. August, September,

Whitfield.
Medium, obovate, yellowish brown. October.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 401

WURZUR.
Wurzur d'Autuiiin.

Foreign Medium, pyriform, yellowish, russeted. November.

Winter Orange.

Orange d'Hiver.

Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. November, January.

Yat.

YaVe,

Foreign. Small, pyriform, brownish russet. September.

ZoAP Flat.
American. Small, obovate, green. September, October.

THE PLUM.

Prunus domestica, L. Rosaceoe of Botanists.

The Plum is found in a wild state throughout the middle sections
of this country, but the original parent of the cultivated varieties is
supposed to have come from Asia Minor. The fact of production
in our States of many varieties esteemed among the best, attests
the adaptedness of both soil and climate.

Propagation — By se^ed, — The gathering, preserving, and planting
of the plum is the same as we have described under head of peaches,
to which, therefore, we refer the reader. Of the best varieties for
producing stocks on which to bud, any free- growing sorts may be
taken ; avoiding, except wanted for forming dwarf trees, those of
slow habit, and in all cases avoiding the damsons. The wild red or
yellow ( P. Americana) is much used by many nurserymen, but
it should always be worked just at or rather below the collar.
Seedlings from it often answer to work the same season, and we
have seen them used with advantage as stocks for the peach. The
Chickasaw (P. ckicasa) is used at the South, where it is a native.
New varieties have thus far been produced from chance seedlings ;
no person, to our know^ledge, in this country, having exerted them-
selves to the production of varieties with any special view to the
preserving of separate or combined characters.

By Budding, — Tlie plum is generally and best propagated in its
varieties by budding. This should be performed in the month of
July. Strong stocks of free-growing sorts should be especially select-
ed for inserting buds of such varieties as Green Gage, Purple Favor-
ite, &c., &c.

By Qrafting. — Where budding can be done, we should prefer
never to graft. But it not unfrequently happens among nursery-
men, that o^ving to some causes buds fail, and this, too, when the
stocks if left-until another budding season would become too large.
They may therefore be grafted with success and profit, by cuttin^r
them off just at the collar, and grafting early in the month of March,
drawing the earth up ^^ound the graft, and leaving only one bnd
out. Tan, bark, saw-dust, or other mulch should be placed on the
ground, and free-growing sorts, as Imperial Gage, Lombard, &c.,
should only be used. Grafting on pieces of roots is sometime?

(402)

CULTURE. 403

practised, and as successfully, if free-growing kinds only are used, as
in the apple ; it is also done in same way : we cannot recommend it.

Transplanting and Distance Apart. — The plum tree is per-
fectly hardy, and we prefer in all cases to transplant in the fall, say
October. The shoots of the year should be cut back to form a
round regular head, and all small or slender-grown shoots cut out ;
The roots, with exception of tap-root, should only have the ends
trimmed smooth, the tap-root should be cut out. The distance apart
of the plum depends very much on the variety ; such sorts as
Green Gage, Cloth of Gold, Ace, requiring only to be about fifteen
feet apart, while the Imperial Gage, Washington, &c., would be
better at twenty feet.

Soil and Situation. — The soil generally recommended for suc-
cessful growth and fruiting of the plum is denominated heavy clay ;
this, by some, is construed to mean a soil so devoid of sand as to
bake and crack open after periods of heavy rain ; we have been un-
able to perceive any special difference in the success of growers in
varied soils, relative to the growth, hardihood, or bearing habit of
trees. That certain elements are requisite in the soil, wherever a
tree is planted, to supply suitable food for the growth and perfecting
of both fruit and wood, we do not doubt ; but as yet, we are to learn
that a cultivator who plants on clay soil will be any more success-
ful either in health of trees or procuring a crop of perfect fruit, than
he who plants on what is termed usually a light or sandy soil, and
supplies that soil, if deficient, with the elements requisite for the plant
to support health. Analysis of the plum tree and fruit has not, to
our knowledge, as yet been made. The trees appear to grow, both
in nursery and orchard, equally well on sandy as on clay soil : the
insect curculio, and the leaf-blight or defoliation of the trees in July
and August, black warts, &c., &;c., are equally injurious in one as the
other location. Native wild trees are found growing in all soils,
and in our rambles we have met with trees equally healthy and pro-
ductive, equally attacked in fruit by curculio, and rot or decay, in
leaf-blight and black knots, in all soils, from strong clay, through all
intermediates, to sandy soils. We therefore say, plant the plum in
any good soil which is well drained. The situation suited to the
plum is that where the soil is well drained, and where the inos*-
convenient.

Pruning. — The plum grown as a standard tree, with head formed
four to six feet high, requires little pruning, except to shorten back
each summer or spring such shoots as are becoming too vigorous
and likely to destroy the regular form of the tree, or to cut out
weakly-growing and unripened shoots. A round-headed tree, with

404 THE PLUM.

branches formed at two feet from the ground, we consider bes^-' In
order to have this, trees one year old from the bud are best to begin
with ; the stem cut off so as to let two buds start at about two feet
from ground, then . shortened back one half the next year. After
which, if the tree is of the slow or slender-growing varieties, it will
need no farther pruning than the above-named standard. If it is of
the strong, rampant-growing kind, it will require both root-pruning,
(i. e., passing round the root of the tree in a circle distant from the
body two feet for a tree of ten feet high, and with a long, sharp
spade, cut off all the roots,) and at same time shorten back the
year's growth one half This is best done in August. This mode is
especially calculated for the Western prairies and the warm South-
ern States.

Cultivation. — Like all other fruit trees, the plum does best when
the ground is often dug or hoed around. Many growers are also of
impression that frequent stirring the soil prevents attacks of cur-
culio. Trees planted where swine have run among them are gene-
rally healthy and fruitful ; but whether it is owing to the stirring
of ground by their rooting, or food supplied the plants in their excre-
ment, is yet a question undecided.

Manures. — The plum requires abundant food in the soil, and this
is generally best supplied by animal manure ; and where abundant
supply of animal manure has been given, salt will be found highly
beneficial : the proportion should be controlled somewhat by the
quantity of animal matter contained in the soil ; but a dressing of
half an mch deep over the whole ground, if applied in the spring,
may be regarded as a medium. The benefit to the tree of this
application will be in its tendency to an equable state of moisture in
the soil. Ashes, m soils devoid of lime and tie phosphates, will be
found beneficial : two bushels to a tree twel ve feet high, and in
bearing state, will be a guide ; larger trees requiring more, and
smaller ones less. Brewers' grains are also valuable as a manure,
when they can be obtained at prices corresponding with the value of
animal manures.

Diseases. — The Black Warts, Knots, or Black Gum, is a disease
affecting many plum trees at the North. In the Southern States it
is not yet much known. Its cause is variously attributed — by some
to insects, {membracis bubalis. See Harris's Treatise on Insects ;)
by some to inherent cause from its parent; by some to tem-
perature and atmospheric change on the health and vigor of the
tree ; and by others to a diseased state of sap. After noting
that it first appears in a neighborhood on trees grown from
suckers, or propagated on sucker or unhealthy stocks, we are inclined
to a support of the last-named cause. Trees in a iudicious, rather

^ CULTURE. 405

high state of cultivation, and grown or worked on good, healthy
seedlings, are rarely subject to it. And a tree diseased by inocu-
lation may be recovered by appliance of abundant food at the roots,
cutting away the apparent knots, and washing . the wounds either
with salt or copperas-water. The latter is best. And if, also, the
whole tree be watered with a solution of one ounce of copperas to
two gallons of water, the knots will disappear.

Defoliation of both seedling stocks and bearing trees, in the
months of July and August, we believe is caused by want of some
specific ingredient in the soil. We have pured it by dressing with
ashes, and by watering with copperas-water as above named. When
animal manures and salt have been used, we have never seen the
foliage drop.

Rot or Decay of Fruit is often a very serious drawback to the
sanguine expectations of the fruit-grower. We have supposed it to
arise from atmospheric influence, and to pervade the fruit in like
manner as fever and ague does the human frame, but have been
compelled to relinquish this theory. Latterly we are inclined to
the belief that it has its origin in too great exhaustion of the sup-
plies of the tree, by reason of excess of quantity ; as trees that have
come under our notice on which only a moderate quantity of fruit
was permitted to mature have apparently been free, while those
overloaded, and only moderately, or not additionally, supplied with
food, have decayed.

Our friend. Professor Kirtland, with some friends of science,
have, however, lately pronounced it a species of fungus.

Insects injurious. — The Egeria. which is noted under head of
peaches, sometimes, but rarely, attacks the plum. We refer to that
head for its remedy. The Curculio, or Plum Weevil, {Rhynchcenus
Nenuphar^ is an insect so destructive as in some sections to have
caused orchardists to cut down their plum trees and replant with
different fruit. Again, there are sections where the insect, although
known, appears not to increase, or injure fruit, materially to affect
the crop. It was unknown in the Western States until within a few
years past, but now pervades all sections, even to destruction often-
times of the wild plum. It has been thoroughly described in " Har-
ris's Treatise on Insects;" and so much is written yearly relative
thereto, that one entire book of four hundred pages would not con-
tain it. Our accompanying figure represents the insect in its natural
size, i. e., about one quarter of an inch long, of a grayish ^^^^
brown color, the wing-covers forming two little humps, ^fl^
giving a rounded appearance to it, resembling a ripe hemp-
seed. The head has a long rostrum, beak, or snout, projecting,
with which it punctures the fruit, as represented by the crescent-
shaped mark on the fruit in our engraving. Early in the month of

406 THE PLUM. #

June the cui 3ulio commences his task of propagation, and his mark
will then be found near the apex of the fruit, at this time not much
larger than a pea ; as the fruit increases in size, the marks newly made
will be found gradually approaching the stem, until in
July, near the close of his labors, they will be found
very near the stem. These last marks in July are
not often found, as they are produced only from a few
insects which have escaped late from the larva state,
or, as some say, have, owing to shallow imbedding in
the earth and great heat, been transformed from eggs
deposited the same season.
The eggs, one of which is deposited in each crescent mark, soon
hatches into a small white larva, which enters the body of the fruit
and feeds upon it, causing, usually, its premature fall- to the ground.
The period at which the young fruit falls, after being punctured,,
varies with its age at the time of the injury. The earlier portions
drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone is hard when the egg is
laid, the fruit remains till near the usual period of ripening, some-
times presenting a fair and smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm
within.

The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way into the
earth, where it is supposed to remain till the following spring, when
it is transformed into the perfect insect or beetle, to lay its eggs and
perpetuate its race.

The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm wea-
ther, or at the heat of the day, at which time a person lying flat
upon his back under a tree, and perfectly still, can observe their
movements. If the least motion or noise is made, they remain
inactive. The insects mostly confine themselves to certain trees, or
to the same orchard. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated
orchards are soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances
they must travel considerable distances. Indeed, they have been
known to be wafted on the wind for a half mile or more, the wind-
ward side of orchards being most infested, immediately after strong
winds from a thickly planted plum neighborhood. In the cool of
the morning they are nearly torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl
but slowly; hence, at this time of the day they are most easily de-
stroyed.

The plum alone is, however, not the only fruit subject to attack
from this insect, but the peach, apricot, nectarine, and cherry, all
suffer ; and, when a scarcity of fruit, then the tender branches of the
oak, wild plum, and other trees, receive the egg, and dropping the
same, after a period, to the ground, its regular transformations are
continued, and the succeeding season the natural instinct of the
insect leads it to the fruit again.

The preventives to injury from the natural instinct and course o'

CULTURE. 407

the ciirculio are reoorded hi number more thnn we care to recoimt
Suffice it that, as yet, no certain agent or preventive has been found ;
trees, to our knowledge, this year producing abundant crops, when
no specific disinfecting agent has been applied, while trees forty rods
distant have all their fruit destroyed. Salt, sulphur, lime-water, et€.,
etc., as variously recommended, is not a certain specific ; and he who
uses is just as liable to lose his crop of fruit as he who uses not.
Hanging iron hoops in the trees, etc., etc., is a little like the old
Salem practice of nailing horse-shoes over the door ; and the one as
valuable as the other. The natural instinct of the insert teaching
it to seek such place of deposit for its egg as will insure successful
production, avoids all trees where the soil is daily stirred under-
neath, or where causes are that the fruit shall drop ere rc-quired by
the larvae of the insect ; hence the value of plantations made where
swine are to run, or the planting of single trees where daily passing
subjects them to chance loss of fruit. So also that of paving, and of
trees standing on sites where water becomes the recipient of falling
fruit. Heavy soils are just as much subject to destruction of plum
from curculio as light soils. Soils termed wet are less subject ; but
here the tree does not flourish as well. In large orchards, where there
is much fruit to save, a man constantly employed with a pole of about
ten feet long, having a small cup or basin fastened at one end, pass-
mg from tree to tree and scattering dirt freely, will well repay the
cost, in the amount of fruit saved ; while, for small gardens, the
plan first introduced, more than twenty years since, by one of the
most estimable horticulturists of the States, David Thomas, of New-
York, is the best. It is,in first preparing a short pole, having at one
end a cushion made of several' thicknesses of cloth or India-rubber;
place this cushion against the body of the tree early in the morning,
(having first spread a sheet or large cloth on the ground, the dia-
meter of the branches ;) then strike the end with a heavy mallet:
the jar causes the insect to drop on the cloth, when it may easily be
gathered and destroyed.

Uses. — The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the
dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts,
conserves and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the
plum in the lowest scale of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the
fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a
raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked,
they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com-
merce as imported to this country under name of French prunes or
dried plums. By a selection of the richest varieties, there is no
doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be
easily obtained. The following description of an oven purposely
built for prunes, and doubtless, with some modifications, well adapted

40S

THE PLC'M.

to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise, (German,)
as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtained by a
small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of
those engaged in drying fruit :

" Prunes," says Liegel, " have become an important article of com-
merce. In' order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud-
denly cooled^ when withdrawn from the oven.

'^The country-people in this part of Germany prepare their
prunes by putting them into their bread-ovens. I have put up, for
my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which,
after the experience of many years, I am induced to recommend \

and for the construction of
which I give the annexed draw-
ing and explanatory description :
" The vault or exterior of the
oven, four and a half feet long,
is surrounded by a brick wall
one foot thick, so that the whole
stove, abed, (see figs. 1 and
2,) is exactly six feet every
way; the front wall, n, being
only half a foot in thickness.
At the top, the vault is arched
over with six inches of brick-
work at the crown of the arch.
The flues, i i, are about four-
teen inches square. The hur-
dles or trays, m m, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed
upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon rollers,

so as to admit of their being
pushed in and drawn out with
greater ease. These lines of
trays are place at a distance of
six inches from the furnace, so
as to keep the fruit from too
great a heat ; they may be made
entirely of wood, but it will be
better "if the bottoms are of
open-work, like shelves. Their
weight is such that they may
be easily managed by a woman ;
but in preparing prunes on a
large scale, let them be made
of greater length and breadth,
so as to just come within the
fig. J. _ strength of a more robust person.

WORTHY GE:SERAL CULTIVATION. 409

" The wooden frame, h k, is that on which the two doors are hung.
The door, g, which covers the arch, (and which is represented in the
cut as open and fastened up,) shuts up the front of the upper part
of the oven. In the middle of this upper door or flap is a round
vent-hole, for the escape of the moist vapor, k is an iron damper
or slide, to be placed in the flue at I Z, in order to regulate the heat.

"A thousand fully ripe quetsches (prune plums) make about
ten pounds of dried prunes.

"Plums of different kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived of
their skins and stones. In the latter case, they are styled prunellcs'^

Characters and Classfication. — The characters of the plums
are represented by the texture of the flesh as combined with its
juiciness and flavor ; and what are termed gages (a word really of
no meaning as applied to the fruit) represen't fruits of round form,
very delicate, and of a rich, sugary, jnicy, high flavor. The prunes
are known as those fruits that are dry in the texture of their flesh.-
The character of size is one of which Washington may be taken as
large. Green Gage as medium^ and Mirabelle as small; while the wood
being smooth or doivny^ needs no explanation, and the depressed line
on one side, called a suture^ is the same as in cherries or peaches,
and often serves as a guide in detecting varieties. The classification
by most writers of divisions of green, M'hite, or yellow, and of blue,
or red, or purple, we adopt only in our text descriptive of each
distinct variety ; preferring as a practical matter, here as elsewhere
in our work, to follow that of, in short, best, very good, and good.

Varieties. — These are far too numerous for any practical use ;
and while we may have possibly reduced too much, we yet feel that
the uses and wants of community will be best supplied in this fruit
by a few really valuable, and for the particular purposes pointed out
in our text descriptive.

CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Bleecker's Gage.

German Gage.

41aised at Albany, N. Y., about forty years since, by Mrs. Bleecker.
The tree is of healthy, hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer.
Branches., downy ; leaves., dark green ; fruit., medium size, roundish
oval, very regular; suture., slight; skin., yellow, with numerous im-
bedded white specks, and a thin white bloom ; fiesh^ yellow, rich,
18

410 THE PLUM.

sweet and luscious flavor, separatiug freely from the stone, which is
pointed ; stalk, an inch or more long, downy, inserted in a slight
cavity. Season, last of August here ; in Georgia, first of July. Dis-
tinguished from Prince's Yellow Gage by its larger stalk and later
maturity.

Coe's Golden Drop.

Bury Seedling, I New Golden Drop,

Coe's Imperial, | Fair's Golden Drop,

Golden Gage.

This is an English variety. Tree only moderately productive ;
and although we should always plant, yet it does not always mature
perfectly north of 40° latitude. Branches, smooth ; fruit, large,
oval ; suture, well marked, one side enlarged ; skin, light yellow,
much dotted or mottled with red on side exposed to sun ; Jlesh, ad-
hering to the stone, yellowish, firm, rather coarse-grained, but rich and
sweet ; stalk, three-fourths to an inch long, rather stiff. Season,
last of September. The Yellow Egg is often grown under this
name at the West.

Denniston's Superb.

A variety originated in the famous garden of Mr. Denniston,
Albany, N. Y. Its great productiveness, together with its period of
ripening, more than its quality, makes it desirable. Branches, downy ;
fruit, medium, cr rather above, roundish, slightly flattened ; suture,
distinct ; skin, pale yellowish, overspread with a thin bloom, and
mottled or clouded with purple ; fesh, thick, not juicy, but with rich
vinous flavor; stone, small, roundish, from which the flesh parts
freely ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, set in a cavity of moderate
depth. Season, 15th to 20th August.

Early Orleans.

Wilmot's Early Orleans,
New Early Orleans,
New Orleans,

Grimwood's Early Orleans,
Hampton Court,
Monsieur Hatif.

An English variety, which on account of its quality and early
maturity must always make it popular as an orchard fruit. Branches,
downy ; fruit, medium, reund oval ; suture, shallow^ ; skin, dark red-
dish purple ; flesh, yellowish green, of rich, brisk flavor, and separat-
ing freely from the stone ; stem, usually about half inch long, but
varying. Season, first August.

Green Gage.

Ida Green Gage,

Waterloo,

King of Plums,

Wilmot's late Green Gage,

Schuyler Gage,

Rensselaer Gage,

Isleworih Green Gage,

Wilmot's Green Gcige,

New Green Gage,

Brugnon Gage,
Bruyn Gage,
Bradford Gage,
Reine Claude,
Grosse Reine Claude,
Grosse Reine.

" During the last century, an English family Vy the name of Gage

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 4II

obtained a number of fruit trees from tlie monks of Charteuse, near
Paris. Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its
name, was called by the gardener the Green Gage." There are very
few trees in bearing of the true variety at the West, the Imperial
Gage having been often sold as Green Gage. The true variety is
readily known by its short-jointed, slow-growing, spreading, and
dwarfish habit. It also requires a rich, warm soil to insure fruit in
perfection in locations north of 42 deg. Branches, smooth ; huds^
with large shoulders ; fruity medium, round ; suture^ slight ; skin^
yellowish green, marbled and dotted on the sunny side with red ;
fesh separates freely from the stone, pale green, exceedingly melt-
ing, rich, sprightly, high flavor; stalk, slender, slightly inserted.
Season, midddle to last August.

Imperial Gage.

Prince's Imperial Gage, I White Gage,
Flushing Gage, | Jenkinson's Imperial,

Superior Green Gage.

This is an American variety, originating at the old nursery of Wm.
Prince, Flushing, N. Y. In heavy, strong soils it is sometimes
deficient in flavor, probably from a deficiency of some particular
element in the soil, as it produces abundantly, grows vigorously, and
trees apparently healthy. In light, loamy, or even dry, poor soils,
it is a hardy, productive variety, and the flavor often almost equal-
ling a true Green Gage. As a market variety, it is far superior to
Green Gage, and hardly surpassed by any other plum. Branches^
slightly downy, dark-colored, upright, vigorous ; fruit, above medi-
um, oval; sw^wr^, distinct; skin, &t first pale green, with a white
bloom, becoming yellowish green, marbled with dark green stripes ;
Jlesh, greenish, juicy, rich, sprightly flavor ; stone, oval, with flesh
occasionally adhering. In good seasons and soils it separates freely
from the stone ; stalk, long, hairy, stout, inserted in an even cavity.
Season, first September ; at the South, July first.

Jefferson.

An American variety, originated by Judge Buel, at Albany,
N. Y., probably from a seed of Coe's Golden Drop, which in growth,
wood, etc., it closely resembles. It has been pretty extensively
tested, both in this country and in Europe, and fuily sustains the
high character given it by the late A. J. Downing. The Bingham or
Clingstone plum has occasionally been disseminated fur this variety.
In rich, high flavor, it does not equal the Green Gage, but its large
size, great beauty, productiveness, freedom from decay, and habit of
hanging long on the tree after ripe, render it valuable for all colleo
tions. Branches, nearly smooth; fruit, large, oval, slightlj n^ir

412 THE PLUM.

rowed one side toward the stalk ; skm, at first greenish yellow,
becoming golden yellow when fully ripe, and with a rich reddened
cheek in the sun, bloom thin, white ; suture, slight ; Jlesh, separating
nearly free from the long pointed stone ; yellow, almost orange yel-
low ; juicy, with rich flavor; stalk, an inch long, inserted without
depression. Season, last of August ; at the South, last of July.

Lombard.

Bleecker'.? Scarlet. | Beekman's Scarlet.

An American variety, which, as a tree, is thrifty, healthy, hardy,
and productive ; while the fruit appears less attractive than most
others to the curculio. It is therefore very desirable. Branches,
smooth, bright purple, very thrifty, leaves much crumpled ; fruit,
medium, roundish oval, slightly flattened at ends ; suture, slight ;
skin, violet red, dusted thinly with bloom ; Jlesh, yellow, juicy, not
rich, but pleasant flavor; stalk, slender, three-fourths inch long, -set
in a broad, open cavity ; adheres to the stone. Season, middle to
last of August.

Lawrence's Favorite.

Lawrence Gage.

An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage by Mr. L.
U. Lawrence, Hudson, N. Y. It forms a tree of upright, thrifty
growth, and bears young and abundantly of fruit much resembling
outwardly the Green Gage, except being larger. Branches, downy,
short-jointed; fruit, large, roundish ; skin, dull yellowish green,
clouded with streaks of a darker shade beneath, and in sun, around
the stem a mottling or dotting of brownish red, bloom light blu-
ish green ; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, excellent, only surpassed by
Green Gage. When fully ripe, separates freely from the stone ;
stalk, half inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Season^
middle August.

McLaughlin.

An American variety, raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor,
Maine. The tree is very thrifty, making stout vigorous shoots of
four to six feet in a season; but forming a lound, regular head.
Originating so far north, it vsdll unquestionably prove a most valua-
ble variety for northern culture. The fruit, in character of quality,
resembles the variety just previously described. Branches, smooth ;
leaves, broad, glossy ; fruit, above medium, roundish, flattened at
ends ; suture, obscure ; skin, thin, tender, russet yellow, sprinkled
with a red tinge, which deepens to a purplish hue around the stalk ;
fleshy adhering to the stone, dull yellow, firm, juicy, excellent ; stone,

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 418

roundish ; stalk, three fourths inch long, inserted without depression.
Season, middle to last of August.

Madison.

An accidenial seedling in the Denniston Garden, Albany, N. Y. ;
and, according to Dr. Herman Wendell, a hybrid from Bleecker's
Gage and Blue Gage, Its flavor, late period of maturity, and hardi-
hood, commend it to a first place. Branches, slender, smooth;
leaves, light green, slightly downy ; fruii, medium, roundish oval ;
suture, slight ; skin, light orange, with a cast of greenish yellow, in
sun mottled and spotted with lake carmine, bloom thin, delicate ;
flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, rich and sweet, agreeable flavor, separates
freely from the stone, which is small, oval, pointed ; stalk, three-
fourths inch long, inserted in a regular, not deep basin. Season^
first to fifteenth October.

Ottoman.

Imperial Ottoman

A foreign variety, but from whence is uncertain. We have fruited
it several years, and as an early variety have not met its superior.
The trees are hardy, regular, not rampant growers, and regular,
abundant bearers. Branches, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, round-
ish 'bval, regularly formed ; skin, greenish yellow, marbled with
darker shades in stripes underneath ; if permitted to hang it becomes
mostly pale yellow, bloom thin ; suture, only half way down on
one side ; jlesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious, and when
fully ripe parts freely from the stone ; stem, downy, three-fourths
inch long, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. Season, last July.

Purple Favorite.

This variety the late A. J. Downing states to have been planted
and grown by his father. Although of dwarfish, slender habit, the
trees aie very hardy, and bear when young. For large market or-
chards it is not as valuable as some other varieties, but in private
gardens it should always have a place. Branches, smooth, short-
jointed ; fruit, medium, or rather above, roundish obovate ; skin^
brownish purple, dotted with golden specks, bloom light blue ; fesh,
pale greenish, juicy, sweet and excellent, and separating freely from
the stone, which is small ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, depression
slight. Season, last of August.

Purple Gage.

Reine Claude Violette, | Violet Queen Claude,

Die Violette Koning Claudie.

A foreign variety, moderate bearer, bu' high flavor. Branches,

414 THE PLUM

smooth, short-jointed ; fruit, medium, roundish, a little flattened ;
suture, shallow ; skin, violet, dotted with pale yellow, bloom light
blue; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, sugary, high flavor; stone, oval,
compressed, from which the flesh separates freely ; stalk, an inch
long, set in a narrow basin. Season, about 10th September, but
will hang a fortnight, shrivelling slightly.

Prince's Yellow Gage.

American Yellow Ga2:e, | White Gage,

Harvest Gage.

A variety produced in 1783 by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flush-
ing, N. Y. The trees are abundant bearers, and the fruit carries
well to market and always sells readily, wherefore one reason for
placing it in this class. As a table fruit it is often too dry, and does
not deserve to be planted in small gardens where market sales are
not contemplated. Branches, smooth, short-jointed ; leaves, glossy ;
fruit, slightly above medium size, oval, broadest near the stalk ;
suture, a mere line ; skin, golden yellow, little clouded, bloom white,
abundant ; flesh, yellow, sugary, rich, sometimes rather dry, parts
freely from the stone; st-alk, an inch long, set in a round cavity.
Season, early in August ; at the South, middle of June. It is stated,
also, at the South to ripen gradually, to be juicy, and of the best.

Red Gage.

An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by the
elder Wm. Prhice, in 1790. The tree is of hardy, yet vigorous
habit, wood dark reddish color, and producing abundantly a fruit
rather small, yet of the best flavor. Branches, smooth ; leaves, crim-
pled ; fruit, hardly medium size, oval, rounded ; skin, brownish red,
bloom slight ; flesh, parting freely from the stone, greenish amber,
juicy, sweet, delicious; stalk, slender; cavity, narrow. Season,
middle August.

Saint Martin's.

St. Martin's Quetsche.

A German fruit : the word quetsche, or prune, not applying to this
fruit, we prefer to drop it. It is a juicy, not a dry prune plum. The
trees are good bearers, and the time of ripening makes it profitable
for market or preserving. Branches, smooth ; fruit, medium, or
rather above, ovate, broadest at base ; skiji, bright yellow, dotted a
little with brownish red in the sun, bloom white ; flesh, yellowish,
juicy, rich, excellent. Season, 1st October, but will hang two weeks.

Schenectady,

Schenectady Catherine

An American plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y., and first in

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 415

troduced to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree,
thrifty, hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender \ fruity
above medium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at
stem end ; suture, shallow ; skiri, rich, deep purple, slightly netted
on the sunny side ; flesh, greenish yellow, fine-grained, meltiiiy;,
juicv, rich, sweet, delicious flavor ; stone, small, thick, ovate, parts
readily from the flesh ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, rather slender,
mserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Season, last August.

Washington.

Bolmar, | Franklin,

Bolmar's Washington, Parker's Jlammoth,

New Washington, | Irving's Bolmar.

The original tree of this variety grew on what, in 1818, was known
as Delancey's Farm, and now constitutes a portion of New-York city,
known as the Bowery. It was introduced to notice, grown and dis-
tributed by Michael Floy, Esq., American Editor of Lindley's Guide
to the Orchard. Without possessing high flavor, the uniform hardi-
hood of the tree, with its productive habit, large size of fruit, and
often freedom from attack of curculio, renders it a most popular
variety, and for market deservedly so at the North. In Georgia,
and other sections South, it is said to be entirely flavorless and dry,
so that while we cannot avoid placing it in the first list, it is requi-
site to give this qualification. Branches, downy ; fruit, large, round
ish oval; suture, obscure, except near the stalk; skin, dull^ yellow,
with faint marblings of green, and on the sunny side some little i-cd,
often dotted ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, and separating freely from
a pointed stone; stalk, nearly three-fourths inch long, downy,
planted in a wide, shallow basin. Season, last of August.

Class II. — Mtv and untested; suited to certain localities, or grouids
of extensive Amateur Pomologists.

Autumn Gage.

Roe's Autumn Gage.

American. Productive, branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, broad-
est at base, pale yellow, whitish bloom, flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet,
separates freely from a stone long, compressed, and pointed at both ends ;
stalk three-fourths inch long. September 15.

Albany Beauty.

Deniston's Albany Beauty.

American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit below medi im, roundisb

416 THE PLUM.

oval ; skin whitish green, with purple dots, bloom thin ; flesh yellow,
rich, sweet, not juicy, separates freely from a small pointed stone; stalk
sleuder, one inch long. Last August.

Blue Imperatrice.

Imperatrice, I Imperalrice Violette,

Veritable Imperatrice, ( Violette.

Foreign, A fine variety, almost worthy the first class. The true Blue
Imperatrice must not be confounded with Semiaua or Blue Imperatrice
of some eastern growers. (See Semiana.) Branches smooth, long, slender.
Fruit medium, obovate, tapering to the stalk, deep purple, bloom blue,
thick ; flesh greenish yellow, rich, sugary, hangs long on the tree, adheres
to the stone. Last September.

Bingham.

American. Productive, branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval,
deep rich yellow, dotted with red in the sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich,
delicious, adheres to the stone; stalk three-fourths inch long, slightly sunk.
Last August.

Blue Plum.

Branches smooth ; leaves rather small ; tree productive. Fruit me-
dium, roundish, scarcely oval ; suture obscure, dark blue, light blue bloom ;
flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-
eighths inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Season middle -July, in
Georgia ; middle August, here. Propagated by suckers. Description by
W. N. White, Athens, Ga.

Buel's Favorite.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, ovate ; suture half round,
pale green, little red next the stalk ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy,
adhering to a long pointed stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last
August.

Cherry.

Early Scarlet,
Myrobolan,
Virginian Cherry,
Der Virginia,

Golden U.erry.

D'Amerique Rouge,
Prunus Myrobolana,
Prunus Cerasifera,
Miser Plum,

A variety of which many sub-varieties have been and are constantly
being produced from seed. Its chief merit is in the tree being ornamental,
and the fruit maturing early. Being very p.^etty for the dessert, commands
ready sale. It requires root-pruning every two years, in order to make
it productive. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellow and red,
shaded and mottled : flesh greenish, juicy, pleasant, adhering closely to an
oval stone; stalk short, cavity narrow. Middle of July. The Chckasaw
Plum {Pruniw chicasi) is very similar to this.

FOR AMATEUK CULTURE. 417

Cloth of Gold.

l>ap dOr, I Mirabelle Grosse,

Mirabelle Double, | Yellow Perdrigon.

Foreign. Productive, branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium,
round ; future indistinct; skin briglit yellow, crimson specks in sunj
flesh yellow, sugary, rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Early August.

Columbia.

Columbian Gage.

American. Valuable market sort, productive, succeeds well South ;
branches downy. Fruit large, globular, one side enlarged ; skm brown-
ish purple, with fawn-colored specks, blue bloom ; flesh orange, rather
coarse, dry but sugary, separates freely from stone, which is small, com-
pressed ; stalk an inch long ; cavity small, narrow. Last August.

Cooper.

Cooper's Red, | Cooper's Large Red,

Cooper's Large American.

American. Described by Coxe, in 1817, as grown from a stone of^
Orleans. Some writers state it to be identical with " Smith s Orleans ;
but we do not so consider it. Fruit large, deep purple, with a bloom ;
suture shallow and broad ; stem three-quarters inch long; flesh coarse,
yellow, "good.'' Last August.

Cruger's Scarlet.

t Cruger's, | Cruger's Seedling,

Cruger's Scarlet Gage.

American. Productive, and comparatively free from attacks of cur-
culio. Branches downy. Fruit httle above medium, roundish oval ;
skin lilac red, with thin bluish bloom and yellow dots, in dark shade one
side, pale fawn color ; flesh orange, rather dry, rich, separates free from
stone ; stalk half inch long ; basin shallow. Last August.

De Montfort.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, roundish, light pur-
ple, spotted with brownish yellow, and with blue bloom; flesh light yel-
low, rich ; when fully ripe, parts freely from stone ; stalk half inch long.
Middle August.

Deniston's Red.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval; suture
half round; skin light red, with fawn- colored dots, bloom thin ; flesh am-
ber color, separates freely from a small, oval, compressed stone ; stalk long,
blender. Last August.

DowNTON Imperatrice.

Foreign. Branches smooth, valued for preserving. Fruit medium,
18*

il8 THE PLUM.

oval, narrowing to the stalk, pale yellow; flesh yellow, melting; unless
fnlly ripe, acid, then sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch
long. Last of September. Sometimes grown as Yellow Egg.

DoMiNE Dull.

German Prune, | Dutch Prune,
Dutch Quetzen.

American. From seed of the Dutch Prune ; productive and valuable
for drying ; branches smooth. Fruit medium size, long oval ; skin dark
purple, nearly black, with blue bloom ; flesh yellow, juicy at first, if
allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich and sweet, adheres to
stone ; stalk an inch long. September.

DuANE's Purple.

V
Duane's Purple French, | English Pond's Seedling.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oblong oval, one side enlarged,
reddish purple in sun, pale red in shade, dotted with yellow specks, lilac
bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, slightly acid, adhering to the stone ;
stalk three-fourths inch long, slender, narrow cavity. Early August.

Early Royal.

Royal Hative, | Mirian.

Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North ; branches downy.
Fruit medium, roundish, light purple, dotted httle with dull yellow ; flesh
amber color, rich, parts from stone; stalk half inch long, stout ; stone
small. Last July.

Emerald Drop.

American. Productive ; branches smooth. Fruit medium, long oval,
one side enlarged, yellowish green ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, adheres
to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August.

Early Purple.

Sea.

Foreign. Fruit small, roundish, brownish purple, with a scanty light-
colored bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, highly perfumed, sweet, juicy, parts
freely from stone. Early June at South, July here. (W. N. White, in
Horticulturist.)

Elfrey.

Elfrey's Prune.

American. Yery productive, always valuable for drying, often Yery
fine for the dessert, succeeds admirably at the South ; branches smooth.
Fruit rather below medium size, oval, blue ; flesh greenish, sweet, parts
freely from stone. Middle August ; South, first July.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.

419

Early Favorite.

Rivers' Early No. 1.

Foreicrn Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, purple ;
flesh melting, rich, sweet. Early August.

Early Prolific.

Rivers' Early No. 2.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit Uttle above medium roundish oval,
purpTeTflesh yellowish, rich, sweet, excellent flavor. Early August.

Frost Gage.
American Does not answer well in soils of only moderate richness

roundish oval; suture half round, deep purple bloom thm , «e^o^^
yellow, juicy, sweet, adhering to stone; stalk three-fourths mch Ion,.
First October.

Galbraith.

An P^rlv Dlum said to have originated with the late Mr. Galbraith, near
Rotsburi^Pr knd is represente°d as being a straggling grower but the

Huling's Superb.
This variety we have little doubt will eventually command a place in
thJfii^t cats • at present it has been little grown ; Duane s Purple being

Middle August.

Howe-i.l's Early.
American. Branches, slender gray downy, f^t -^eW -edinm

July.

How's Amber.

American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish ; skiu

^20 THE PLUM.

amber color, dotted and mottled with rose ; flesh yellow, a littlo coarse
adbermg to the stone, rich, fine flavor. Season last August. (Hov. Mag.)

Howard's Favorite.

American. Fruit large, roundish obovate, slight neck ; stem one inch •
co.or orange yellow, shaded with red, and reddish spots : flesh yellow'
juicy, sub-acid, "good." September. New. J' ^^j

Hudson Gage.

rlow^f 'T* •. ^^^^^^^^ ^'}^ ^"^Pe^'^J ^age, but earlier. Branches
vpCJ' ,^^"'^^^^?;3^'?^aUnlarged one side; suture obscure; skin
yeuow, clouded as if underneath with stripes of green; bloom white-
flesh greenish, juicy sprightly, and mostly parts from the stone, which is
small; stalk half inch long. Early August.

, Imperial of Milan.

Imperiale de Milan.

PJ^^:?r's!'fn Honf ^^'°'' ""^^^^ "^"'^ ^"'P^'' J"^'^' '"-^'^- ^'^''^^'' (^

Isabella.

fiJ^^'fl^^i' ^,7"^hes downy. Fruit above medium, oval, dull red mot-
tled; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, parting freely from the stone when Sllv
ripe ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August. ^

ICKWORTH ImPERATRICE.

Knig^ln's Xo. 6.

qtSlI? ^'^ his does not ripen well ; in the Middle and Southern

States It promises yet to become a first-class plum, on account mainly of S
period ofripemng Branches smooth. Fruit above mediuToLvate
purple, with irregular tracings of fawn yellow; fle.h areenTsh vpIw'

S' ' TV o". T'^f'^'T^ ^^ ^ ^-^" ^^-^; stalk half nch long'
?n f dry^pt^e,'w[lfk:^^ L^^ ' '' '^'^ ^^^^^^ ^^ P^P-^ ^^

Italian Damask.

Damas d'ltalie.

Foreign." Productive, succeeds finely South. Branches smooth Fruit
medium roundish, flattened at base; suture half round- sC vio'lpf h'
coming brown ; flesh yellowish green, firm, sweet ^eXkna LTl^V t
oval stone; stalk half inch Ion! slender ca"[>"sCriIr Wt
Bears well in all soils. --i^ugusc

Kirke's.

hW^hf ^"" ^™^^^ ^"^.«°th- F'-uit medium, round, dark purple thick

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 421

Long Scarlet.

Scarlet Gage.

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, one side
enlarged, tapers toward the stalk, bright red in sun, pale yellowish red in
shade ; bloom hlac ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, acid, adheres to the stone ; stalk
three-fourths inch long in a narrow cavity. Last of August. A good
market sort, valued for making jelly.

MlRABELLE.

Mirabelle Petite, | Mirabelle Jaune.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, obovate; suture distinct;
skin yellow, spotted with red ; bloom white ; flesh orange, sweet, sprightly,'
separates from stone ; stalk half inch long. Early August.

Mamelonne.

Foreign. Fruit medium, .' :)und, with a knob-like protuberance where
joined to the stalk, occasional specimens with unequal surface ; skin green-
ish, spotted with red; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, and parts freely from the
stone. Early August.

Marten's Seedling.

A variety said by C. Reagles, of Schenectady, K Y., to have originated
there, and to be a yellow plum of the finest quality. We have not seen it.

Mediterranean.

This is also said by Mr. Reagles to be a seedling of Central New York,
very large, early and superior.

Morocco.

Early Morocco, I Early Black Morocco,

Black Morocco, | Early Damask,

Black Damask.

Foreign. Moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round-
ish, shallow suture; skin dark purple; bloom thin; flesh greenish yel-
low, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich and sweet ; stalk half inch
long. Early August.

Manning's Prune.

Manning's Long Blue Prune, | Large Long Blue, •

Manning's Long Blue.

American. A sub- variety of the German prune, and superior thereto.
Branches smooth. Fruit large, long oval, a httle one-sided ; skin dark
purple, thick blue bloom; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather juicy, sweet,
pleasant, separates readily from a long pointed stone ; stalk long, slender.
September.

Mulberry.
American Branches stout, smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing to

422 THE PLUM.

the stalk, pale 3'ellow, with dots of red in sun ; flesh greenish yellow,
coarse-grained, adheres to an oblong pointed stone ; stalk an inch long,
slender. First September.

NoTA Bene.

Corse's Xota Bene, | Dictator ?

Canadian. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, pale lilac or brownish,
dull green on the shaded side, bloom light blue; flesh greenish, rather
firm, juicy, sweet, separating freely from the stone ; stalk half an inch
long, in a round basin. First September.

October Green Gage.

Reine Claude Tardive, | Reine Claude d'Octobre.

Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit small, round, yellowish
green, marbled and dotted slightly with red in the sun ; flesh yellowish,
juicy, melting, rich, separating freely from the stone ; stalk slender. First
to 15th October.

Orange.

Orange Gage.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit very large, oval, flattened at both
ends, bronze yellow, clouded with purplish red near the stalk ; flesh yel-
low, coarse-grained, adhering slightly to the stone ; stalk three fourths
inch long, in a narrow round cavity. Last of August.

Peach Plum.

Prune Peche.

Foreign. Long cultivated at Schenectady, N. Y., as the French plum, it
having been received from France, and lost its name on the voyage : was
only recognized of late as the old Prune Peche of French authors. It is
tender at the North, and an indifierent bearer. Branches smooth. Fruit
very large, shaped much like a peach, one side enlarged, wider than deep,
light brownish red, with small yellow dots ; 'flesh pale yellow, coarse-
grained, slightly sub-acid, separates freely from the stone, which is round
and much furrowed ; stalk short. Last July, first August.

Prince of Wales.

» Chapman's Prince of Wales.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bright purplish pink,
bloom abundant ; flesh pale yellow, sweet, separates from stone. Last
August.

Prune op Agen.

Agen Date, 1 D'Agen,

P/uned'Agen, I Prune d'Ast,

St. Maurin.

Foreign. Valuable only for drying. Branches smooth. Fruit medium,

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 423

obovato .lattened, purple, with a blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, sweet ;
stalk short. October.

Peter's Yellow Gage.

American. Resembles Cloth of G-old. Tree rather longer jointed, and
fruit separates freely from the stone. August.

Queen Claude of Bavay.

Reine Claude de Bavay.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish
yellow, spotted with red ; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich, adhering slightly
to the stone ; stem short. Last September. This variety has been, as
we think, over-praised.

Red Saint Martin.

Saint Martin Rouge, I Prunier de St. Martin,

Saint Martin, | Coe's Fine Late Red,

Coe's Late Red.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium size, roundish ; suture half
round, well marked ; skin light purplish red, thin blue bloom ; flesh yel-
lowish, juicy, vinous, separating freely from the stone ; stalk three-fourths
inch long, stout. October. In Northern locations it does not always
mature its fruit.

Red Diaper.

Diapree Rouge, 1 Roche Corbon,
Mirams, ( Imperial Diadem.

Foreign, Slow grower, branches nearly smooth. Fruit above medium
obovate, brownish red and purple, light blue bloom ; flesh pale green
juicy, melting, very good ; stalk slender, slightly hairy, parts free from
stone. Last August.

ROYALE.
La Royale.

Foreign. Branches very downy. Fruit medium or slightly above,
roundish, reddish purple, with light brown specks, thick pale bloom ; flesh
dull yellow, rather firm, juicy, vinous, parts freely from a small roundish
stone ; stalk three-fourths inch, cavity narrow. Last August, and hangs
to middle September.

Royal of Tours.

Royale de Tours, | Royal Tours.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish ; suture deep, giving
appearance of one side enlarged, lively red in shade, violet in sun, minute
golden dots, blue bloom ; stalk stout, cavity narrow ; flesh greenish, firm,
with abundant juice, adheres closely to large, oval, flattened stone. Early
August.

424 THE PLUM.

Sharp's Emperor.

Denyer's Victoria, | Queen Victoria.

Foreign, Branches downy. Eruit large, roundish oval, lively red in
sun, paler in shade ; flesh yellow, separates from stone, pleasant flavor.
Middle September.

Thomas.

American. Hovey, in Mag. of Hort., says this is a seedling of Mr.
Thomas, Boston, Mass. We take from his description. Branches stout,
slightly downy. Fruit large, oblong, flattened at apex, shallow suture,
dark amber color, mottled and shaded with red, sprinkled with white dots
and whitish bloom ; flesh deep yellow, sweet, separating from a large
roundish ovate stone ; stalk half inch, stout, deeply inserted. September.

Smith's Orleans.

La Delicieuse.

American. Originated by a Mr. Smith, on Long Island, and first de-
scribed by Prince. As a market plum this is a fine variety, but for des-
sert it is deficient in richness and flavor on moist strong soils. Branches
stout, nearly smooth. Fruit large, oval oblong, largest at base ; suture
half round ; skin deep purpUsh red, with small golden specks and deep
blue bloom ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, adhering closely to a large ovate
stone ; stalk short, inserted in a deep round cavity. Last August.

Yellow Egg.

Yellow Magnum Bonum,
White Magnum Bonum,
White Egg,
Egg Plum,
White Mogul,
Askew's Golden Egg,
Col. Young's Seedling,

White Imperial,

White Holland,

Went\vorth,

Dame Ambert,

" " Jaune,

" ". Blanche,

Grosse Luisante.

Foreign. Numerous seedlings are produced from this variety, differing
little from the parent. " Long's Yellow " is one considerably distributed
"West. It is a variety only esteemed for cooking purposes. Branche-s
smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing at ends , suture distinct ; skin
yellow, white dots, and thin white bloom ; flesh yellow, adhering mostly
to the* stone; stalk long, surrounded at insertion by fleshy ring. Middle
to last August.

CLASS IIL— Unworthy Farther Culture.
Apricot.

Apricot Plum of Tours, I Abricotee,
Al)ricoteede Tours, | Yellow Apricot,

Red Apricot.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with led;
flesh yellow, bitter. Freestone. August

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 425

American Wheat.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish.
Clingstone. August.

Admiral.

Corse's Admiral.

Canadian. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, light purple ; flesh green-
ish yellow. Clingstone. September.

Brevoort's Purple.

New York Purple, | Brevoort's Purple Bolmar,

Brevoort's Purple Washington.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, reddish purple ; flesh yel-
loAvish. Clingstone. September.

Blue. Gage.

Azure Hative, | Black Perdrigon,

Little Blue Gage.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish. Free-
stone. August.

Byfield.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, light yellow ; flesh yel-
low. Clingstone. August. *

Blue Perdrigon.

Violet Perdrigon, I Brignole Violette,

Perdrigon Violetle, | Battle Monument.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh
greenish yellow. Clingstone. August.

Beach Plum.
Native of the sea-coast. Fruit small, reddish, astringent.

Croft's Early.

A small reddish blue fruit, with yellow flesh, dry and devoid of flavor.
August.

Copper.

French Copper.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bluish copper; flesh
greenish. Freestone. September.

Cheston.

Cheston Matchless. | Matchless,
Violet Diaper.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purple flesh yellow. Free-
fitone. August.

4:26 THE PLUM.

Diamond.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oval, purplish black ; flesh yellow,
dry. Freestone. September.

Dana s Yellow Gage.

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, pale yellow ; flesh yel-
lowish. Clingstone. Septembei

Damson.

Common Damson, | Pmple Damson,

Early Damson.

A variety common in all gardens, increased by seeds and suckers ; many
gub-varieties, under names of Winter Damson, Prune Damson, Sweet Damson,
&c. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purplish blue ; flesh greenish, par-
tially free. September to November.

Early Yellow.

Jaune Hative. Jaune de Catalogue,

Catalonian, Prune de St. Barnabee,

White Primordian, D'Avoine,

Amber Primordian, Picket's July.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow ; flesh yellow.
Freestone. July.

• Early Tours.

Precoce de Tours, I Viole-t Hative,

Early Violet, | Noire Hative,

Violet de Tours.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, deep purple ; flesh green-
ish yellow, fibrous. Clingstone. Early August ; poor bearer.

Field Marshal.

Corse's Field Marshal.

Canadian. Fruit medium, oval ; flesh greenish yellow. Clingstone. August.

Fotheringham.

Sheen, | Grove House Purple.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, reddish purple ; flesh
greenish yellow. Freestone. August.

Guthrie's Apricot.

Guthrie's Apricot Plum.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, j ellow, with crimson dots ;
flesh yellow. Clingstone. August.

General Hand.

American. Branches nearly smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval, yellow
marbled ; fesh pale yellow. Freestone. September.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 427

German Prune.

Quetsche,
Common Quetsche,
True German Prune,
Turkisli Quetsche,

Leipzic,
Sweet Prune,
Damask,
Quetsche Grosse,

Prune d'Allemagne.

A variety mth numerous sub-varieties, the best of which is '• Manning's
Prune," previously described. Branches smooth. Fruit long oval, purple ;
flesh greenish. Freestone. September.

Ghiston's Early.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, yellow ; flesh yellow. Free-
stone. August.

Goliath.

Caledonian, I Pteer's Emperor,

Saint Cloud, | Wilmot's Late Orleans.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oblong, purplish red ;
flesh yellow. Clingstone. August.

GWALSH.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, obovate, dark purple ; flesh yel-
low, acid. Clingstone. August.

Gifford's La Fayette.

American. Fruit medium, long oval, purplish blue ; flesh yellowish. Sep-
tember.

Horse Plum.

Large Early Damson, | Sweet Damson .

American. Seedlings make good stocks for budding. Branches downy.
Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh greenish yellow. Freestone. August.

Holland.

Blue Holland, | Holland Prune.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh
yellowish. Freestone. September.

JUDSON.

American. Fruit small, roundish oval, reddish pink, mottled ; flesh yel-
lowish ; stone large, free. August.

Large Green Drying.

Knight's Large Green Drying.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit largo, round, greenish yellow ; flesh
yellowish. Clingstone, insipid. September.

428 THE PLUM.

Lucombe's Nonsuch.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green ;
flesh greenish. Clingstone. August.

Little Queen Claude.

Yellow Gage (of the English.)
Petite Reine Claude,
Reine Claude Blanche,

Small Green Gage,
Gonne-s Green Gage,
White Gage.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellowish green, with red
spots ; flesh pale yellow. Freestone. August.

Muscle.
Foreign. Onlj grown for stocks. Fruit oblong, dark red, large stone.

Nectarine.

Caledonian? | Howell's Large.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish, purple ; flesh greenish
yellow, partially clingstone. August.

Orleans.

Monsieur, I Old Orleans.

Monsieur Ordinaire, | Red Damast,
Italian Damask of some.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh
yellowish. Freestone. August.

Penobscot.

American. Fruit large, oval, greenish yellow, little red in sun ; flesh yellow.
Clingstone. September.

Pond's Seedling.

Pond's Purple.

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yel-
lowish. Freestone. August.

Peoly's Early Blue.

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong, dark blue ; flesh yel-
low, partly free. August.

Queen Mother.

Red Queen Mother, | Pigeon's Heart,

Damas Violet.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, purplish red in sun, amber
in shade ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September.

Red Egg.

Red Magnum Bonura, | Red Imperial of some,

Askew's Purple Egg, Purple Magnum Bonum,

Purple Egg, I Florence.

Branches smooth. Long and extensively grown. It is far surpassed by many

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 429

others ripening at same time. Fruit large, oval, deep red, with gray dots ;
flesh greenish, coarse. Freestone. September.

Red Imperial.

Imperial Rouge, | Early Forcing.

Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit large, oval, reddish violet ; flesh
greenish yellow. Freestone. September.

Red Perdrigon.

Perdrigon Rouge.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep red, lilac
bloom ; flesh yellow. Freestone. August.

St. John's.

Prune de St. Jean.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, purplish blue ; flesh greenish
yellow. August.

Semiana of BostonJ

This has been thought to be the Imperatrice Violette of old Duham^l. We
are not prepared to say, and as it is condemned by all growers, do not think it
worth looking after. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, dark b»ofc , flesh
harsh, acid. Clingstone. September.

Suisse.

Simiana, I Swiss Plum,

Prune Suisse, | Monsieur Tardif,

Prune d'Altesse.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, round, violet red ; flesh
greenish yellow, acid. Clingstone. September.

Siamese.

American. Branches smooth. Fruit grows in pairs, which is its only merit,
pale yellow ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September.

Stabeler's Seedling.

American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, with
white specks ; flesh yellowish. Clingstone. August.

St. Catherine.

Foreign. Branches smooth, valued in France for drying, surpassed here by
varieties of later origin. Fruit medium, obovate, pale yellow, little red in
sun ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September.

Virgin.

Virginale.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yellow.
Freestone. September.

430 THE PLUM.

Wilde's.

American. Fruit large, oval oblong, greenish yellow ; flesh yellowish green.
Clingstone. July.

White Damson.

Late Yellow Damson, I Shailer's "White Damson,

White Prune Damson, | White Damascene.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow, few red spots ;
flesh yellow. Clingstone. September.

White Imperatrice.

White Express, | Imperatrice Blanche.

Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, bright yellow, few red
Bpots ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September.

White Perdrigon.

Perdrigon Blanc, | Maitre Claude,
Brignole .

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, sfreenish yellow, red
epots in sun ; flesh pale yellow. Clingstone. August.

THE QUINCE.

Cydonia vulgaris^ Dec. Rosaceoe of Botanists.

The Quince is a tree of crooked, tortuous, rambling branches, and
in the usual neglected state in which it is cultivated, seldom reaches
a height of over fifteen feet. In rich, deep soils, however, it will
acquire a height of twenty-five to thirty feet. . While young and
in the nursery, it is of rather rapid growth; but after the trees
commence fruiting, the growth is less rapid, and is more spreading
than upright. The botanical name, Cydonia^ is said to be from its
first attracting notice in the city of Cydon, Candia. The largest
tree on record is growing in the neighborhood of Geneva, New-
York,- and is, according- to the "Horticulturist," thirty feet high,
with a trunk girthing six feet, and branches extending over a circle
seventy-five feet in circumference. In the Journal of the London
Horticultural Society, a variety is spoken of as existing in Persia,
of which the fruit acquires the weight of fifty to sixty ounces, and
ripened, loses all its austerity, so that it is oaten at the dessert like
a soft, ripe pear. No such variety has, however, yet found its way
to our shores, and it is somewhat doubtful if it exists. The large,
pale pink blossoms of the quince mal^e it rather ornamental ; and
appearing, as they do, after other fruit trees have done blooming, it
is almost certain to escape late frosts, and annually produce fruit.
We have often wondered at the taste that cultivates carefully a bush
of privet or snowberry, while the quince is neglected in some se-
cluded, shaded corner.

Propagation. — By Seed. — The seed should be saved by cutting
out the cores and seeds, and laying them in a heap for a few days,
or until they become soft, when rubbing in water and passing the
pulpy part through a sieve leaves the seeds clear. They should
then be mixed with damp sand in shallow boxes, and placed in a
cool cellar or outhouse until spring — care being taken that they do
not get dry, nor yet wet enough to decay. In spring, sow thinly, in
drills, good, rich, deep soil, and cover about two inches deep.

By Cuttings. — These are usually taken off in spring early, from
wood of last year's growth, and are about one foot long each. The
buds should all be cut out, except the two upper ones, and the
cutting set erect ten inches deep, in rich, moi5>t, sandy soil. If
ground is available where moisture can be insured in summer,
without overplus in winter, the month of September is best for

(481)

432 THE QUINCE.

making and putting in the cuttings. Small beds may be made,
well shaded from noonday sun, and watered during the summer
season.

Bi/ Layers. — These are usually made in spring, by bending down
and pegging, as described in a previous part of this work. They
usually form roots the first- season, and will answer the following
spring" to be cut from the parent plant and transplanted into nursery-
rows.

By Boots. — Sm£^l pieces of the roots, from four to six inches
long each, taken off in spring, and planted with the upper end
about two inches under ground, will throw up fine shoots during the
season. For propagating the Cydonia Joponica, or Japan Quince,
this is decidedly the best way.

By Budding and Grafting. — The Portugal and Orange Quince,
being the most valuable, are often propagated by budding and
grafting ; and when quince stocks for the purpose are not on hand,
the common white thorn answers a very good purpose — often doing
even better than the quince, in poor soils, or in the hands of those
who neglect cultivationt

Soil. — The soil, for successful growth, should be rich, deep — say
two feet — and regularly cultivated, or, in other words, free of grass
or weeds. Barn-yard manure, with salt in abundance, mixed, and
allowed to lie six months before being applied and spaded-in around
the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor
quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be
made in old worn-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing or
virgin -earth or leaf-mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures,
applied during winter and spring, have to our knowledge kept a
plantation of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of
thirty years. Bog-earth, or salt marsh-mud, is frequently used in
the States bordering on the ocean or salt water.

Situation. — A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni-
versally advised ; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on
the contrary, is objectionable; while, in soils well supplied with
manures and salt, moisture sufficient M-ill always be found.

Transplanting, Pruning, and Distance apart. — The Quince is
hardy, and the fall is best for transplanting ; but, when not conve-
nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even
if left until late in spring. Newly-planted trees should be pruned
back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut

INSECTS — USES. 433

away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inches from the
crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of
eighteen inches — just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate
around it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees
destined for an orchard should be about twelve feet each way.
The object of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head
open and regular — cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers.
"The bearing branches, or spurs of the quince, are small twiggy
shoots, produced on wood at least two years old. These bear two,
three, or more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three
inches long, on the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These
spurs have always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore
should be shortened back the spring after they have borne, in order
to produce new spurs at the same point."

Insects, etc. — "Tlie borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy.
It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk, near
the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but
sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood,
during the summer season.

"As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre-
vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the
apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has onc-e obtained
possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape
the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife lengthwise?; and not
across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Repeat the
operation once a week for several times, as a part escape the first
examination. Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of
warm tar and ochre or brickdust. It is a great saving of labor to
arrest early their progress ; hence, trees should be examined fre-
quently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed
wire, when cutting out would too much mutilate the tree."

In spring or early summer months the ends of the branches often
turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an
insect, (scolytus,) and the remedy said to lie in the cutting off and
burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather
caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme-
diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will
often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in a
very few hours.

Uses. — The quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from
the days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marma-
lade, preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple
and of pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly
taken in small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and
19

4S4

THE QUINCE.

stomachic. Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered care-
fully by hand, the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in
a cool room, kept until near midwinter.

Varieties. — Of these there are but three really worthy of descrip-
tion, and, of these, two only worthy cultivation to any extent. The
Chinese Quince ( Cydonia Sinensis) is cultivated only as ornamental.
Its fruit is egg-shaped, dull green, with hard, dry flesh ; its flowers
rosy red, very pretty. The Japan Quince {Cydonia Japonica) is
also only cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three vari-
eties, bearing flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the

latter, with flowers nearly double,
with a pleasant odor ; not eatable.

The fruit is dark green, hard,

Orange Quince.

Apple Quinre.
App!e-shaj>td Quince,

Angfers Quince,
Cydonia v. Maiformi*.

This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed.
When fully ripe, its rich golden yellow resembles more the color of

THE QUINCE.

435

an orange than.fts shape correspDnds to the general form of apples;
therefore we prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare
to find it grown from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange
Quince, when, in truth, as many of the seedlings are likely to pro-
duce the pear-shaped or even far inferior fruit, as seedlings from a
good pear or good apple, when the parent was grown by itself. It
is often gathered before ripe, which is not until from the middle to
last of October. If gathered too early, they do not cook tender.
Leaf^ ovate pointed ; fruity large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, varying to
obovate conical ; stem^ usually in a slight depression. When well-
grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow.
Without care, it becomes small, knotty, and w^oolly. Core^ large,
and placed nearest the blossom or calyx end ; 5eec?«, reddish brown.

Portugal Quince.

. Cydooia Luaitaoica..

This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being
round, or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true

436 THE QUINCE.

variety is yet scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a
shy bearer, but trees in our grounds have produced equally as abun-
dant as the Orange Quince. Fruity medium to large, regular oblong
pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow than the Orange variety ; coro.
medium, and placed near the centre ; seeds, light brown ; Jiesh, mild,
less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender, and turns a fine
purple or deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens about
ten days earlier than the Orange Quince ; requires very rich, deep
soil.

Pear Quince.

Pear-shaped Quince, I P>Tiform Quince,

Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform.

This takes its name from the fruit being shaped much like mar/
varieties of the pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyr-
iform, tapering to the stalk. Skin^ dull yellow ; flesh, firm, tough,
dry, but of high flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender,
and the flesh less lively in color than the Orange Quince. Leavt%^
oblong ovate. Season, last of October.

New Upright.

Paris de Fontenay.

A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. EUwanger and
Barry, of Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from
cuttings, but after the first year's growth seems to lose vigor and
aflerwards ^ro^$ very tardily. It has not yet fruitea.

THE RASPBERRY.

Rubus IdcBus. Rosacece of Botanists.

A LOW deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this
country and Europe. The roots being permanent and the stems
biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the
second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been pro-
duced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better than
is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly farmers.

Propagation and Transplanting. — New varieties are produced
from seed ; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially
from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange,"
produced from seed of a crimson berry.

Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe,
about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded.
They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in-
creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro-
pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing
cuttings of the rose ; the care and attention requisite, making it
only desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the
American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their
branches bending over until the ends touch and become covered in
the ground.

In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds
or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous
season's growth.

The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart,
according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every
two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We
think they become matted too soon in this way.

Soil. — All cultivators agree, that while the raspberry may be
made to grow on gravelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can
be relied on for a crop only whcni planted in a rich deep loam, where
there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For
those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep
trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the
ti-ench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf mould from the
woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet seasons.

Situation. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light
and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south.

Culture and Training. — In large plantations the weeds are kept
down mostly wi h the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti-

rj^r^s^^ ••^^

438

THE RASPBERRY.

vat or does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single prun-
ing in the spring is all that is necessary. This should be done early
in March or April, according to the season or section of the country
where located ; and consists in cutting away the canes of last year's
bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for
the coming crop; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all
shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers unless wanted for
future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have
the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of
plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in
spring.

An English gardener in our immediate neighborhood has prac-
tised the followmg modes of training ever since our residence m the
north of Ohio :

Figure 9 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April.

The uprights are posts
jv^ua'-s/a^-^-'^- made of cedar or locust,
four inches square at the
bottom, and two inches
at top. The horizontal
lines may be of tarred
rope or annealed iron
wire, coated with coal
are tied by strips of bass

In figure 10, the
arched portion tied to
the stake in the centre,
represents the canes of
last year's growth pre-
pared for fruiting the
coming season.
^''&- i*^- Figure 11 represents

the plants in the fall ; the upright canes being those of the season's

growth, while the arched
Ct % ones are those wh^'ch
mM have produced fruit and
must be cut awav.

Insects. — The rasp-
berry is generally free
from destructive insects.
Dr. Munson, of New
Haven, Conn., in a paper
to the American Pomo-
logical Society, speaks

Fig. 9.

tar. To the horizontal wires the
bark, such as is used in budding.

'mi^

janes

Fig. u.

PROFITS — AUTUMN FRUITING. 439

as follows of one. We have not seen it West. " It is a fungus of a
bright orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the
common red raspberry, Ruhus Idceus^ in Connecticut ; and the ex-
haustion occasioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a
multitude of spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive.
This affection disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy."

Protection. — Many of the best varieties, like Eed Antwerp, re-
quire protection in winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure
& full crop. This is best and easiest done by two men passing along
the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other
with a shovel throws two incites of earth upon them.

Gathering Fruit. — This should be done in the cool of the morn-
ing, when they are higher flavored than at midday.

Uses. — " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as
one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the
dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making pre-
serves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by
confectioners, for making syrups; by distillers, for making rasp-
berry brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the s.rme
way as that of currant, is considered the most fragrant and delicious
of all home-made wines."' {Downing.) Its fruit, immediately sue-
Deeding the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermenta-
tion in the stomach, is regarded and prescribed by many pliysicia)is
as a promoter of health.

Profits. — Seldom failing to produce a crop when grown on suit-
able soil — requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep
the plant in order ; always meeting ready sale at fair prices — it is
surprising that more attention has not been given the culture of the
raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which
is mostly grown for the New- York market by cultivators on the
Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets of one ]'int
each, from 'three-fourths of an acre; and $1,500 has been realized in
a single season from sale of product of three acres. A plantatiun
of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro-
fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a
fresh piece of ground.

Autumn Fruiting. — Any variety may be caused to mature its
fruit in the autumn, })y cutting away all shoots in spring, and stop-
ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an
unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's
fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one-half.

110

THE RASPBERRY.

Classification and Varieties. — We have made but two classes
of the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for
a first class which would bear the mark of worthy general culture.
IK-retofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re-
garded as finest for the dessert ; but sinct the introduction of the
Fastolf and the Orange, they have by ver} many been regarded as
surpassed in delicacy.

CLASS I. — Worthy General Gulture^»or farther Trial hy Amateurs.

American Black.

Thimbleberry, | Common Black Cup,

Black Raspberry.

This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence-
corners in the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, in the
garden, it increases in size nearly one-fourth ; and ripening very late,
will always be profitable for market. For making jam, flavoring
yniJdings, etc., it is preferred to the more delicate kinds. Shoots^
loiig, rambling, recurved ; berries^ dark purple, nearly black, round,
flattened.

Cope.

A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's, yet little disseminated. Folioge^
light green ; fruity large, conical, crimson, spines red.

Colonel Wilder.

Another seedling of Dr. Brinc-
kle's, which proves perfectly hardy
even to the ends of the shoots. - It
is firm, and promises to be one of
the most valuable light-colored
berries for market culture. Shoots,
strong, light-colored, very hardy ;
fruit, above medium, roundish
conical, light cream color, firm,
with a sprightly, fine flavor. Pro-
ductive, and ripening its fruit in
succession, from early until quite
late in the season. Raised from
seed of the Fastolf. and named in
honor of one of the best pomok>-
gists in America.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

Ml

Gushing.

This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing,
by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It has not as yet been
sufficiently tested to judge of its value for extensive culture, but
should receive attention of amateurs. Shoot^i, strong, vigorous;
prirkles, brown ; leaf, plaited, regular form ; fruit, large, roundish
conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures early. Said to occa-
sionally produce a second crop in autumn ; and as this is from shoots
grown the same year, it wiJl probably become twice-bearing in all
sections south of Philadelphia.

Emily.

A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated; vigor-
ous growth, with white spines. Fruit, large, round, occasionally
shouldered, light yellow.

Fastolf.

An English variety,
introduced with high
praise, which it has
fully sustained in this
country. It is proba-
bly a chance seedling
of the Red Antwerp,
which it much resem-
bles. Its name is from
an old pile called Fast-
olf Castle, near Yar-
moutli, Eng. Through-
out most of North and
Western States it will
need protection in w^in-
ter, as its canes are
not quite hardy. For
small gardens, we pre-
fer it to Red Antwerp ;
but for market culture,
the latter is best, on
account of being more
firm. Shoots, strong,
are much inclined to
branch, light yellowish
brown ; fruit, large,

roundish, cbtuse conical, bright purplish red, soft, rich, high-flavored.

productive; ripening its fruit in long continued succession.

19*

^Vo-

442

THE EASPBERRY.

French.

Vice-Preeident French.

This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow Antwerp, origin-
ated with Dr. Brinckle, and is yet little known. Fruity large, round,
crimson, matures Hte; spines^ red.

Franconia.

Introduced to this country from France, under this name; but not
to be found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access.
Its canes are nearly hardy ; maturing good crops, without protec-
tion, four years out of jfive. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish
brown, with scattered, rather stout bristles ; leaves, rather narrow ;
fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark, rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ;
more firm than Fastolf, and not as much so as Red Antwerp. A
few days later than the latter in ripening.

Fulton.

From seed of French, i^rm^, large, round, crimson; productive,
and a vigorous grower ; spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin.

General Patterson.

Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower. Spines, red ;
fruit, large, round, crimson.

Knevett's Giant.

Imported from England
by Col. Wilder, in 1843.
This raspberry has proved
more hardy than any other
foreign variety, requiring
no protection, and produc-
ing uniformly large crops
of fruit. Its texture beingr
firm, it will be found pro-
fitable to grow for market.
Canes, strong, upright, dis-
posed to branch ; fruit,
large, obtuse, conical or
roundish, deep red, and of
excellent flavor.

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

US

Monthly.

Large-fruited Monthly, | Rivers' Large-fruitetl Monthly.

This variety has been lately introduced, with claims to excellence
and productive habit. We have fruited it but one year, and cannot,
therefore, speak knowingly, but incline to the impression that, like
others of its character, it depends more on the system of culture to
produce the fruit in succession, than the actual habit of the plant.
Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with
dark purple spines ; fruit, hardly above medium, red, fine flavor.
Barry says, " to insure a good autumn crop, the canes should be
pruned in spring to within a foot of the ground."

Mrs. Wilder.

Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to
require distinct description.

Orange.

This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On
account of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow
Antwerp, while its late period of ripening, being some ten days after
that variety, will render it highly valuable for marketing. Shoots,
vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular ; fruit, larg^, ovate, beau-
tiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor, productive. By
manv this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by
Dr. Brinckle.

Red Antwerp.

New Red Antwerp,
True Red Antwerp,
Knevelt's Antwerp,

Fraiaboisier a Gros Fruit.

Burley,

Late-bearinif Antwerp,

Howlands Red Antwerp,

Although universally desired, it
is rare that the true Red Antwerp
raspberry is found west of the State
of New York. It is a Dutch sort,
originally from Antwerp city. An
examination of the Red Antwerp
as imported from several sources,
all of which prove incorrect, leads
us to doubt whether it is better
known in the old country than here.
The conmion Red Antwerp is easily
detected in its fruit being smaller
and round, w|jile that of the true is
large, regularly long conical, dull
red, with a rich sweet flavor.

■i4A THE RASPBERRY.

Canes^ moderately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown
early in autumn, covered bnlow with dark brown spines, but the
upper portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Eipens
from 1st to 10th July. The canes need protection in winter through-
out northern sections, in order to secure a full crop.

Yellow Antwerp.

While Antwerp, | Double-bearing Yellow.

This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there we
presume will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange: It
sometimes throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long
time, whence its synonynd of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light
yellow, with greenish spines ; fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet,
and excellent. Requires protection in winter. In our Southern
States the Antwerp varieties are said to fail.

Walker.

Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as
a market variet3^ It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruit,
large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps
long in perfection on the plant, and bears carriage well; spines, red.

CLASS III. — Univorthy farther Culture.
American Red.

Common Red, ! English Red of scrnie.

V/ell known. Shoots upright, light brown. Frait medium, roundish, light
red, sub-acid. Early.

American White.

White Thimbleberry.

Varying from above only in color.

Barn

ET.

Cornwall's Prolific, I Cornwall's Red,
Cornwall's Seedling, 1 Large Red,
Lord Exmouth's.

English. Shoots long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit large, soft, round-
ish conical, purplish red, agreeable.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION

Brentford Cane.

445

English. Shoots strong, branching. Fruit medium, oval conical, dull red.
Inferior.

Cretan Red.

From the Mediterranean. Shoots upright, hardy. Fruit medium, round,
deep red, acid. Late.

Cox's IIONEY.
English. Fruit medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems.

Double-bearing.

Perpetual Bearing,
Siberian,

Late Cane,

Red Double-Bearin":.

Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Ripens late.

Nottingham Scarlet.
English. Fruit medium, obtuse conical, red.

Ohio Ever-bearing.

Ohio Raspberry.

Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing
two inferior crops in a year.

Victoria.
Englifih. Medium, roundish conical, red.

Woodward's Red Globe.
English. Large red, roundish conical.

Wilmot's Early Red.
English. Small, roundish, red. Early.

:m'^

THE STKAWBEKKY.

Frarjaria^ {of species,) L. Rosacece of Botanists.

During the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed-
ling to the varieties of the strawberry, there has arisen a furor for
the production of new varieties, until nearly every village in the
United States has its " rare and unsurpased seedling," cultivated and
extolled with praise and poetry equalling that of olden bard ; while
savans wise on strawberry culture, and the structure of plants
botanically^ have occupied page after page of our Horticultural
Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical
men.

A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the
varieties of the strawberry are universally esteemed among the
most delicious as well as most wholesome of the smaller fruits.
And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates,
it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this
country.

As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full
and satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every
garden, farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square
to the field of five times that many acres ; yet withal^ there is not
sufficient quantity grown to meet the demand. Olden records have
been made of cures effected in the human frame from use of straw-
berries. We consider the fact, that during strawberry" season there
is less of sickness in cities well supplied with that fruit, a most
agreeable testim.onial to its healthful and invaluable qualities at
the present day. The distinctive name Fragaria is highly expressive
of the fragrant scent emitted by the fruit.

Raising from Seed. — When the fruit is perfect!}' ripe, it should
be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed
separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, where only the morn-
ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold frame with
the lights sloping to the north. Sow the seed at distances of about
one inch, and cover lightly by sifting fine sand, or, what is preferable,
vegetable mould from the woods. Thi?; done in June, the plants
will need care until about OftoV)er. at which time, if not grown in a

CULTURE. 447

frame, they should have tan-bark or decayed leaves strewed among
them to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans-
phmt into deeply trenched ground, mcR manured with vegetable
compost.

Propagation from Runners and Divisions. — All varieties of the
strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by
means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should
be carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be
pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them
to induce them more readily to make roots. In this way from fifty
to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single one in a
season.

To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while
in fruit, and set stakes by side of those from which you wish to
renew ; after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light
and room to form abundance of new plants. The Wood and
Alpine varieties are propagated easily from seed with but little
variation. They are also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster
of roots early in the spring.

Fertile and Barren Plants. — It is an old saying that " every
person enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth,
of Cincinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in
common phrase) male and female strawberry blossoms; and so
vigorously has the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power
and speed, it has found its way into every journal in the country,
whether horticultural or otherwise ; and so generally is the dis-
tinction of staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers under-
stood, that we do not deem it necessary here to re-describe.

'• The European Wood and Alpine strawberries always maintain
a natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and
therefore every blossom gives a perfect fruit."

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Tig. 3.

Natural StuU Sterile Staminate Blcssom. Sterile Pistillate Blossom.

The " Scarlets " and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown
from seed in highly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become
imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case mav be. and hence

448 THE STRAWBERRY.

arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms male
and female.

In the production of new varieties, even in our wildlings, the seed-
ling plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in
exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the
other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly
borren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which when once
formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr.
Downing, that " the organs are always present, though inaperfectly
developed," and that when "deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 3,) they are
called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (s-ee Fig. 2,) female plants,
the terms are incorrect ;" yet these terms have become so commonly
accepted that we have for the better understanding continued their
use.

This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original
state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif-
ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will,
when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and
ninety-five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the
habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con-
struction in the flower of the strawberry cannot be depended on from
a plant whose habit is once established, by means simply of varied
cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich-
ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage,
Mdth corresponding decrease of fruit stems ; hence the necessity of
forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants,
and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants
from occupying too much ground, their supjjly of food derived from
the root being given to creation of new plants by means of runners
instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety.

With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continu-
ally being produced, m which one organ is most prominently devel-
oped, and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit-
bearing flower, it has become a requisite in planting to secure such
proportion of fruit-bearing or pistillate plants with the fructifying or
staminate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pis-
tillates, being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in newly
formed beds as of ten to one of staminates or males.

Varieties however exist, like the Large Early Scarlet, Burr's Old
Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been classed
as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit.
These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about
three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her-
maphrodite.

Varieties and their Classification. — The varieties of this fruii

. CULTURE. 449

have within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensome
to the author who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman
who grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few
are retained as desirable to cultivate where quantity of produce and
character, or rather flavor in fruit is expected.

The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage,
yet, as it is known that a plant. can be fertilized by two or more
varieties, it is sometimes diflicult to select the distinct class, and
writers are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place them.

Authors have classed 'the strawberry as Scarlets, the original
type being our wild strawberry ; Pines, originating from Pine or
Surinam strawberry ; Woods and Alpines, from the common wood
strawberry of Europe ; PIautbois, or High wood^ from Bohemia ;
Chili, from South America.

The Scarlets are designated in their character by small flowers ;
long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit,
of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded.

The Pines are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green
leaves ; fruit of pineapple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds
slightly imbedded.

The Alpines and Woods have small flowers, perfect in their
organs ; small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit small, sweet, and sepa-
rating freely from the calyx.

The Hautbois have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks,
the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color.

The Chili, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit
pale red and insipid.

The Green strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit, solid
flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this country.

We have dropped the arrangement into classes in order, simply
designating each in our descriptive text.

Soil and Situation. — Rich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils
are generally found to produce the largest berries as well as most
in quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, well manured with compost of
animal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or
rubbish, has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any
recorded in the public journals. Deep the soil must be, say twenty
inches, to insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a mode-
rately deep soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and
perfect, while the heat and drought so usual throughout the West and
South-west in strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion,
and prevent the filling and perfecting of the remaiuider.

Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of
straw or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well
repays the labor in the extra crop produced.

450 THE STRAWBERRY.

Where beds have beon long established and rendered rich by dig.
ging in liberally of barn-yard manure, it frequently happens that too
much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit
stems. Where such is the case, application of one quart of gyp:tum
(plaster of Paris) to every four feet square of ground, with two
inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the woods
or old pastures, will again bring m fruit. It also often occurs, that
the staminates have become too numerous. These are easily de-
tected, as they flower some four or five days earlier than the pistil-
lates, and may then be drawn out.

The situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or
later maturity of a variety. A side hill sloping south-east, with
springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has
enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the " Early
Scarlet" strawberry some ten days or two weeks in advance of
others who have the same variety on warm soils and open level
exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied
liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product
nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or
springy, cold soils, should never be selected.

Season for Transplanting and Preparation of Plants. —
South of Philadelphia, the best season for forming new plantations
is either the last of September, first of October, or in March. In
latitudes north of this range it will generally be found best to trans-
plant in April or early in May. July or August planting in either
section will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of
our sun ; while September or later planting in the northern range
will require additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust
or the like ; and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by
frosts of winter.

The plants when set should be trimmed of all but two leaves, the
roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy
time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable,
one hermaphrodite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants.

Time of Ripening. — This varies according to latitude. In the
latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the
25th May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree
of latitude a difference often days may be counted on, either earlier
or later, as you go north or' south.

The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means
of cutting foliao;e and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering.
If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken of eight feet

CULTURE. 461

square, the first two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and
fruit at its usual time ; the next two feet shall have only its first
fruit-stems plucked when just about to bloom ; the third shall have
its entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when
the second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the
second plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no
moisture after the first cutting for a space of ten days or two weeks.
The result will be a succession of fruit in order.

Modes of Culture. — Different varieties require measurably dif-
ferent modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit.
That of cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a
hill, the runners regularly destroyed, is most successful with the
Wood and Alpine varieties,"^ and also returns the largest and most
perfect berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the
price of labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to com-
pare favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which
liave been successfully and largely practised in this country, and are
thus described by A. J. Downing :

'-'■Culture in Rows. — The rows should be two feet apart, and the
plants of the lar^e srowina; kinds two feet from each other in the
rows ; of the smaller growing kmds, from one foot to eighteen inches
is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cutting them off
at least three times a year, and the ground maintained in good order
by constant dressing. During the first year, a row .of any small
vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every
autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should
be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be
omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf

"A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late
in the fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the
more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold winter.
Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be
covered with straw or new-mown grass, to keep it clean. A plan-
tation in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must
always be renewed after the fourth year."

Culture in Alternate Strips. — " Strike out the rows three feet
apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the
row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners
should be allowed to take possession of every alte rnatestrip of thi-ee
feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all
runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The

452 THE STRAWBERRY.

occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of
strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from
which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this
alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next sea-
son's crop. The runners from the old strip will now^ speedily cover
the new space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a partial
thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon an this is the
ease, say about the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old
plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown
with turnips or spinach, which will come off before the next season
of fruits.

" In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed
every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued in
a productive state for many years."

Specific Nutrition. — R. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y.^says : "I
fertilize the plants, on opening of spring, with a liberal sprinkling of
a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium,
Glauber salts, and sal so(Ja, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to
eight gallons of w^ater ; continue this once a week or ten days until
they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen."

An old recipe published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia,
says that "A bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a
week, for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin
to start, and ihaking the last application just before the plants are in
full bloom, the following preparation : Of nitre, of potash, of Glauber's
salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia, one-quar-
ter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river water.
One-third applied at a time, and the application made at evening."
If dry weather, free application of clear soft water should be made
between the times of using the preparation. Throughout most of
the Western soils there is as yet no necessity for specific application
of food to the strawberry, except it may be in old gardens. For
field or market culture, new clover-ley will be found better than
specific manures on old grounds. The applying specific nutrition in
solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly increases their sus-
ceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage, and size of fruit ;
vet we doubt the success of such increased action in the soils of the
Western States, as combined with the great changes of climate. On
the other hand, we advise such course as will rather check than en-
hance vigor. We append analysis of the strawberry plant made by
Mr, Bilius Kirtland for guidance of those whose grounds have become
exhausted, and who prefer this method :

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

453

Garden Strawberry.
In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes

Grams.

Silica,

6.117

Charcoal and Sand,

. 3.103

Perphosphate of Iron,

1.515

Lime, ......

. 26.539

Magnesia, ....

8.908

Sulphuric Acid, ....

. 1.469

Phosphoric Acid,

6.970

Chlorine ......

708

Potash, .....

. 33.154

Soda,

. 2.790

Carbonic Acid, ....

. 23.008

114.281

Organic matter and loss.

. 1.739

116.020

CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation

Burr's New Pine. >

Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a
clayey soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex ;
vines, hardy, vigorous, very productive ; fruity
large, obovate or rounded, light pale red ; seeds,
slightly imbedded ; Jlesh, whitish pink, delicate
aromatic flavor, sweet and delicious ; core, firm,
long, rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly
desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very
earliest.

Western Queen.

Originated at Cleveland, by Prof J. P. Kirt-
land, in 1849, on gravelly loam. Flowers, pistil-
late ; vines, very hardy ; foot-stalks, long ; foliage,
dark, acuminate ; truss, well spread, very pro-
ductive; /rwt7, medium to large, regular, rounded,
conical, very little inclination to form a neck ;
color, rich dark glossy red ; seeds, dark ; fesk, yel-
lowish stained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly and
agreeable flavor ; core, long, conical. This variety
bears carriage well, and being less acid as well as
larger than Hudson or Willey, should supersede
them.

454

THE STRAWBERRY.

Longworth's Prolific.

Schneieke's Seedling.

Originated at Cincinnati at same time
as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar
ground ; both on the land of Mr. Long-
worth known as the "Garden of Eden."
For market culture we regard it of more
value than McAvoy's Superior. Flowers,
hermaphrodite ; vines, hardy ; foot-stalks,
long, stout ; leaf, broad, round, bold, up-
right, with a curve; trusses, large, full, stand
up well from the ground; productive, regu-
lar, and sure bearer. Fruit, above me-
dium to large, generally regular, roundish,
or obovate, sometimes slightly conical or
coxcomb ; color, rich, dark crimson ; seeds, small, deeply imbedded ;
flesh, firm, bright red, with veins of white, and a white rim sur
rounding the core, which is obovate rounded, sub-acid, rich, high,
not delicate flavor; cali/x, around stem, is large, long acumJnate,
and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season, oi
with " Hudson. "

McAvoy's Superior.

McAvoy's No. 12.

Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid
with limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati
Horticultural Society, 1851. Flowers, pistillate: vines, hardy ; foli-
age, broad, dark, wavy, and sharply serrated ; foot-stalks, long :
tricsses, full and wxll formed ; fruity very large, exceeding by one-

WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.

455

eighth that of any other variety ; form^ varied, as shown in our draw-
ings, generally roundish, irregular, conical, and occasionally slightly
necked ; color^ rich, dark, glossy crimson ; seeds^ large, slightly im-
bedded; jlesh^ red crimscfi, lighted and veined with white, the white
most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich, with an exquisitely
fine, high flavor ; core^ round, oblong, rather open and coarse in tex-
ture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances, desirable for
market gardens near town, as well as for private gardens. Ripens
at medium season.

Jenney's Seedling.

For ripening late — say one week after " Long-
worth's Prolific," or about same time as " Dun-
dee"— and for its firm texture, and desirable
qualities as a variety for preserving, we place
the Jenney's Seedling in our list for general cul-
tivation. Flowers^ pistillate; viWs, very hardy ;
leaf and fruit- stems both long, stiff, and up-
right ; calyx^ very large, distinctive ; fruity
large, very regular, roundish conical ; color ^ rich,
glossy dark red ; seeds^ deeply imbedded ; fleshy
white, tinged with pink at the core, while the
red of surface is shaded in one-sixteenth of dis-
tance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious ; core^ long
conical, open texture, sometimes hollow. Sea-
son^ late. Very productive, 3,200 quarts having been gathe:
less than *:hree-quarters of an acre.

re^

Prolific Hautbois.

Conical Hautbois,
Musk Hautbois,
Double Bearing,

Caperon Royal,
Lafayette (of some,)
La Grange (of some.)

Of all the Hautbois or high-wood class of straw-
berries, this we regard as the only one worth culti-
vating ; and even this is only adapted to private
gardens of those who relish its peculiar musky fla-
vor. One pint of these berries, mixed with a dish
of two quarts of any of the Scarlet or Pine varie-
ties, imparts a richness and character that few can
avoid liking, after once tasting. Plants of both
s6xes require to be carefully selected, in order to
give product. Foot-stalks^ long, bearing the fruit
above the foliage ; vines^ hardy, and very product-
ive ; fruity medium, sometimes large, rounded con-
ical, dark purplish red; seeds^ light crimson, prominent; fleshy firm,
musky, very rich, sweet, and delicious ; core^ ovate conical, partially

456 THE STRAWBERRY.

hollow. Ripens with " Western Queen ;" and sometimes, when the
season is "rainy, gives a partial second crop.

John Saul, Washington, D. C, says the Fertilized Hautbois of
Myatt is a larger fruit and better bearer Aan above.

CLASS II. — Worthy further Attention by Amateurs^ and adapted to

certain Localities.

Alice Maude.

Princess Alice Maude.

English. Hermaphrodite ; large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy,
flavor sprightly, abundant bearer, grown largely in some sections of Vir-
ginia.

Ajax.

English. Staminate ; globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson,
fine flavor. New.

Black Prince.

Black Imperial.

English. Pistillate ; large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy ; seeds
slightly imbedded, very showy; flesh rich, red, sweet ; in some localities,
as at Newburgh, N. Y.*, and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit, proves
of the very highest flavor ; wants a rich loamy clay ; core full, firm,
surrounded by a light pink Une. There is another variety of Black Prince
which is long, conical, somewhat acid.

Bishop's Orange.

Orange Hudson Bay, | Bishop's New.

Pistillate ; medium, light orange scarlet, conical ; fruits in clusters, mod-
erately prolific ; desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils.

Burr's Seedling.

Burr's Slammate Seedling, j Burr's Old Seedling .

American. Hermaphrodite ; foliage light green, vines strong, vigorous
and hardy. Fruit above medium, roundish oval, often conical ; seed light-
colored ; color light pale red ; flesh tender, mild and pleasant flavor, does
not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in market ;
productive, and as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable.

Boston Pine.

American. Staminate ; requires high cultivation in hills ; vines vigor-
ous. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical : seeds yellow, slightly imbed-

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 457

ded; color deep, rich shining red; flesh pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet,
with a sprightly agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey, the originator of this
variety, claims for it earliness and great productiveness.

Brewer's Emperor.

English. Staminate ; large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro-
ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has
not as yet been much disseminated.

Brilliant.

American. Hermaphrodite ; flowers large. Fruit large, conical, deep
crimson, flavor excellent, productive, plants vigorous. W. R. P. in Hort.

Caleb Cope.

American. Pistillate ; large, pointed, scarlet ; flesh white, flavor good,
prolific.

Crimson Cone.

Dutch Berry.

Pistillate; flowers medium. Fruit large, conical, good flavor, slightly
acid<; vines vigorous, requiring space, productive.

CusniNG.

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, color light scarlet, form ob-
tuse conical ; flesh fine, flavor sprightly, agreeable, productive. Originated
by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia.

Cleveland.

American. Hermaphrodite ; leaf large, ovate rounded, dark green.
Fruit large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular; color
dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion ; seeds
ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh firm, of pineapple flavor, rich and deli-
cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve-
land, Ohio.

Crescent Seedling.

A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We
nave been unable to examine it. It requires further testing.

Charlotte.

American. Pistillate; flowers medium, foliage broad. Fruit large,
obovate ; color dark scarlet ; flesh sweet, sprightly flavor, productive.
W. R. P. in Hort.

20

458 THE STRAWBERRY.

Climax.

Climax Scarlet.

American. Pistillate. Fruit medinm, conical, slightlj necked, .^ght
scarlet, rather acid, very productive. E. & B.

CORXUCOPIA.

American. Pistillate. Fruit large, conical, scarlet, productive. W.
R. P. in Hort.

Dundee.

Scotch. Pistillate ; leaves light green, foot and fruit-stalks long, sup-
poning the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit medium to large,
roundish oval, very uniform, hght.pale clear scarlet; flesh firm, rich, acid,
high flavor ; very productive, extremely valuable as market berry, its pe-
riod of ripening being from five to ten days after Willey or Hudson.
Yines very hardy.

DUCHESSE DK TrEYISE.

A variety which as yet we do not know of having been fruited in this
country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus
describes it: Presented to the Society by M. Jamin, Bourg-la-Eeine, near
Paris, September 6, 1851. Fruit middle-<ized, ovate, deep red ; seeds
small, rather deeply embedded ; flesh pale red, juicy, with a bri?k» rich
flavor; leaves large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated ; leaf-
stalks moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon-
tally, but those on the scapes and runners are adpressed. Appears to be
a good bearer.

Duke of Kent.

Duke of Kent's Scarlet. | Austrian Scarlet,

Early Prolific Scarlet.

English. Staminate. Fruit small, roundish, conical, bright scarlet,
sharp, rather acid flavor, valuable only on account of its early period of
ripening ; vines hardy.

Duncan's Seedling.

English. New. Fruit large, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive.
Lately introduced.

Eberlein's Seedling.

American. Hermaphrodite ; vines vigorous ; flowers medium. Fruit
medium, conical compressed; seeds light-colored, prominent; color dark
?<■•?,' let, "ood sli subtly acid flavor. Early, moderately productive.

Genesee.

American. Hermaphrodite ; vines luxuriant ; fruit-stalks stout, sup-
porting the fruit well. Fruit large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc-
tive. Ripens late.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 459

Green Strawberry.

Green Pine, | Green Wood,

Green Alpine.

CiiUivated only ty the curious. Small, roundish, whitish green.

Hovey's Seedling.

American Pistillate. Flowers small ; vines vigorous ; leaves broad,
roundish, distinct from all other varieties; leaf and fruit-stalks t^hort and
stout. Fruit very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical, with a short
neck ; color, when fully exposed to the sun, dark rich shining red ; seeds
dark ; Hesh scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of
flavor. In rich, deep, loamy soils, and supphed with a good impregnator,
this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common
or sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. We think " McAvoy's
Superior" will entirely supersede it. The " Methven Scarlet" has been
largely disseminated in Illinois and iarther west States as Hovey's Seed-
ling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in winter.

Hudson.

Hudson's Bay, I Late Scarlet,

Old Hud^ion, I American Scarlet.

Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than any other variety : its
hardihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine rich acid
flavor, so valuable for preserving, will continr ? for years to bring it abun-
dant in the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around
Cincinnati it grows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for
Hovey's. It must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as
Longworth's Prolific, Western Queen, &c. Fruit above medium, ovate,
often with a neck ; seeds deeply imbedded ; color rich dark glossy red ;
flesh firm, of a high, brisk, acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until
fully matured. Season rather late.

Hooper's Seedling.

English. Staminate. Fruit medium, conical, dark rich red, good flavor,
productive. Late.

Iowa Male.

American. Staminate. Fruit medium, round conical ; seeds deeply
imbedded ; color pale red ; core ovate conical, marked with a greenish
line ; flesh yellow ; flavor delicate ; moderate bearer.

Jenny Lind.

Staminate. Size rather large; form conical, perfect, generally with
short neck; seeds moderately sunk in oval cavities; color bright light
scarlet ; flesh white, nearly solid, heavy, tender and juicy flavor, pleasant
sub-acid, and under favorable circumstiinces highly perfumed. Early,
ripenino- with the Early Virginia, but more prohfic Quality " very
good." " (Wilder, MS.)

5:60 THE STEAWBERRY.

Large Earlv Scarlet.

Early Virginia.

American. HerTnaplirodite. lu the Eastern States this is regarded aa
the best early berry. West, it has never sustained such character. Its
chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate kinds. Fruit
medium, roundi.-h ovate, bright scarlet; seeds deeply imbedded ; flesh ten-
*■■ r, rich, slightly acid t^avor. Season, very early.

Metiiven Scarlet.

T\I(Mhven Casile,
Methven,
Southampton Scarlet,

Keens Seedling (of some West.)
Hovey"s do. " "

Stoddari's do. " "

Scotch. 'Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit large, roundish or cock's-
comb-shaped ; seed slightly imbedded ; color dull scarlet ; flesh coarse,
open texture ; core large and hollow ; flavor very indifferent. It some-
times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the
height of strawberry season.

Montevideo Pine.

American. Hermaphrodite. Fol'age large and vigorous ; flowers very
large ; fruit large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P.
in Hort.)

Monroe Scarlet.

American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good, very pro-
lific. (E. and B.)

McAvoy's No. 1.

McAVOY'S extra RED.

American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place
as " McAvoy's Superior." They are yet comparatively untested, but with
exception of quality, the same description will answer for both ; large,
roundish, scarlet; seed deeply imbedded ; flesh stained with red; flavor
agreeable, the extra red, sub-acid.

Moyamensing.

American. Pistillate. Foliage large, crenate serratures. Fruit large,
roundish conical, deep crimson ; seed crimson, set in rather deep depres-
sions, with rounded intervals ; flesh red, flavor very fine. (Trans. Penn.
Hort. So.)

Magnifique.

American. Pistillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant
flavor, productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Necked Pine.

Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple.

American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, always necked, light
scarlet ; flesh white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant when fuUy ripe ;
little grown except in private gardens at Cincinnati.

FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 461

Primordian.

American. Pistillate. Flowers small. Fruit large, conical, deep
scarlet; uroductive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Prolific Hudson.

American. Pistillate Fruit medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor,
ripens gradually. fW, R. P. in Hort.)

Pennsylvania.

American. Pistillate. Leaf large, deep green. Fruit large, broadly-
conical, dark crimson ; seed crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im-
bedded ; flesh red ; flavor fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.)

Prolific Swainstone.

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, ovate, scarlet ; flavor fine;
productive. (W. R. P. in Ho.'t.)

Primate.

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet; pro-
ductive, fine for market. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Refulgent.

American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor;
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Ruby.

English. Fruit medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov. Mag.)

Rival Hudson.

Burr's Rival Hudson.

American. Pistillate. Fruit large, bright scarlet ; flesh red, firm, sub-
acid, very productive. Originated same time as " Burr's New Pine," and
is much like " Hudson," its parent.

Red Alpine.

Stafford's Washington A1 pint-, | Newland's Mammoth.

Flowers perfect. Fruit small, conioal, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar
fliivor. Its principal value in our climate is tlie ripening gradually a long
time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos-
soms. The ''White Alpine" varies only in the color of its fruit.

Richardson's Late.
American, Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundi.sh, short neck, light

462 THE STRAWBERRY.

scarlet, rich, sab-acid, sprightly flavor, moderately productive, ripens in
succession until about middle of July. (" M. P. W., in Hort")

Ross Phcenix.

American. Staminate. Fruit large, roundish compressed, dark reu ;
flesh firm, good flavor ; generally a poor bearer

SOUTHBOROUGH.

Southborough Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling.

EnglisL Pistillate. Fruit medium, ovate, conical, sometimes pointed,
rich deep scarlet; seeds small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor, firm
flesh, bearing carriage well. We have fruited this several years in con-
nection with -'Large Early Scarlet," (to which it is a good mate,) and
found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Vines
hardy; fruit and foot-stalks short.

SwAiNSTONE Seedling.

English. Staminate. Fruit large ovate, light crimson, firm fleshed,
rich, dehcious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer.

Salter's Versaillaise.

English. iSTew. Not yet, we think, here introduced. We copy de-
scription of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. Society :

Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter, Nurseryman, Hammer-
smith, Oct. 24, 185L Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or cock's-
comb-shaped, dark red ; seeds rather deeply embedded; flesh pale, juicy,
and rich ; leaves middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks,
scapes and runners hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A
good bearer.

Orange Prolific.

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, orange scarlet, acid, pro-
ductive, late. (E. &B.)

White Alpine.
Yaries from Red Alpine only in the color of its fruit.

Victoria.

Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit medium to large, round,
conical, rich scarlet; flesh firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. Season
with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this variety,
but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as any
variety under different name. The vines are hardy and usually prolific.

Willey.

Wiley.

American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants
taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 4G3

name,) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha-
racter allied to, but yet var'ied. Fruit medium to large, ovate, conical,
i-ounded, rarelv inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red; flesh firm, juicy,
hi'^h acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do; vnie3
veiy hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially
lessened in size.

Unique Scarlet.

American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, dehcious
Havor, moderate bearer.

White Bush Alpine.

This and Red Bush Alpine difier from the Alpine previously described,
only in not forming runners ; but, growing in neat, com.pact bunche?, are
used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearnig
throughout the entire season renders it desirable. They are propagated
by dividing the roots early in spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn,
N. Y., first introduced the Bush Alpines to this country.

Walker's Seedling.
American. Staminate. Fruit medium size, roundish conical, very dark
crimson ; seed moderately sunk ; flesh not quite solid, deeply stained with
red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality " best," prolific for a staminate. Wil-
der, MS.

CLASS III. — Unworthy further Cultivation.

Aberdeen Bee Hive.
English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet.

Bain's Extr.v Early.
Medium to small, round conical ; flesh tinged with red, sweet and pleasant

Buist's Prize.
American. Hermaphrodite ; large, firm, moderately productive.

British Queen.

Myatt's British Queen .

English, staminate ; large, roundish, scarlet, rich, poor bearer

Bostock.

Rostock.
English. Roundish, poor bearer.

Cole's Prolific
Engliah. Large, conical, good flavor.

1(34 THE STRAWBERRY.

Cole's Late Scarlet.
English. Medium, deep color, moderate bearer.

Cox's Seedling.
English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid.

Columbus.
American. Fistillate, large, dark red, sweet, too tender.

Crimson Pini*
Hermaphrodite. Resembles Hudson.

DOWNTON.
Knighfs Seedling.

English. Staminate ; large, irregular form, purplish scarlet unproductive.

Deptford Pine.

Hyatt's Deptibrd Pine.

English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet, poor bearer, par-
tially hardy.

■ Elton.

Elton Pine.
English, staminate ; large, light red, ovate, acid, tender, unproductive.

Giant Alpine.

Medium, globular, tasteless.

Goliath.

German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous. There is also
an English variety, no better.

Grove End Scarlet.

Atkinson's Scarlet.

English. Hermaphrodite ; medium to small, globular, light vermilion,
acid, early, productive.

Globe Hautbois.

English. Small, globular, unproductive.

Huntsman's.

American. Pistilljiire ; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Stamin-
ate, medium, darlc sc.'iiiet. good flavor, poor bearer.

Keene's Seedling.
English. Staminate : large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm. rich.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 465

fligh flavor, tender, unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling,
received by N. Lougworth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive.

La Liegoise.
French. Staminate ; medium, bright scarlet, unproductive.

Late Prolific.
American. Pi'^tlllate ; medium, light pale scarlet.

Lizz E Randolph,
American. Piii*illate : medium, scarlet, indiflferent grower.

Myatt's Eliza.

English. Staminate ; large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow core,
Ligh flavor, poor bearer.

Mother's Seedling.
American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudsoa."

Melon.
Scotch, Medium, roundish, dark color, dwarf.

Myatt's Eleanor.
English. Staminate ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid.

Myatt's Globe.
English. Large, roundish, fine flavor, tender.

Myatt's Mammoth.

English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorleai,
poor bearer.

Myatt's Prince Albert.
English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson.

Myatt's Pine.
English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor, poor bearer.

Myatt's Prolific.
English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor, not proliQc.

Ohio Mammoth.

American. Stamina t^ ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow core, deficient
in flavor, poor bearer.

20*

iQQ , THE STEAWBERRY.

Old Pine, or Carolina.

Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine,

Pineapple.

American. Staminate ; medium, conical with a neck, bright scanet, rich
flavor, ripens when there are many better varieties.

Profuse Scarlet.
American. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it reseilib]ea

Profusiov.
American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive.

Prince of Orleans.
Stam!nate ; medium, delicate flavor.

Roseberry.
English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor, poor bearer.

Red Wood.

English Red Wood

The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of long
continuance ; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The White
Wood varies only in color.

Richardson's Early.
American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid.

Scioto.
American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet.

Scarlet Melting.

American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh tender,
juicy, good.

Taylor's Seedling.

American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet
and agreeable, hollow core, unproductive.

True Chili.

Patagonian, I Greenwell's New Giant,
Green well's French.

This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Frull
Itirge, conical, dull red. firm, hollow core.

Wilmot's Superb.
English. Large, round, cock'^ comb, scarlet, poor bearer.

UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 467

Wilmot's New Scarlet.
English. Largo, oval, bright scarlet, poor bearer.

William Henry Harrison.
American. Staminate large, cock's comb pointed, dark red ; flesh reddish.

Yellow Chili.
Fruit large, irregular, yellow, firm.

i

APPENDIX

Since the manuscript of the foregohig pages was placed in hands
of the printer, there have been several new fruits introduced and
described, in the Horticultural Journals and Societies' Transactions ;
these we have thought best to add in an appendix. There have also
been some few omissions, consequent on the author not being at hand
to correct the proofs until they were stereotyped ; these also we
have thought best to insert here.

APPLES.

CLASS 1. Worthy General Cultivation.

Cogswell.

Cogswell's Pearmain

American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass.
and Ohio, and succeeds equally as well as in its native locality.
Trees, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a
dark, reddish brown color.

Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, deep yellow, nearly
covered with stripes,- splashes, and dots of rich red, and a few large
russet specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, medium,
nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, sprightly
sub-acid ; core, small ; seeds, medium size, dark brown. Season^
January to March.

MAmEN's Blush.

American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ;
succeeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils;
much the best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued
for cooking, for drying, and salable in market on account of its
handsome appearance.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, clear
lemon yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blush to rich
crimson ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt ; core,
medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp
sub-acid unless fully ripened. Season, September and October.

i70 APPENDIX.

CLASS II. New and untested, adai^ted to A^Micdr Culture, or cer-
tain Localities.

Berry.

American. Fruit large, roundish oblate, striped and mottled with
crimson on greenish yellow ; green russet spots. October, November.

Buel's Favorite.

Spotted Pippin, [ Gray Pippin.

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, stem slender, cavity deep,
russeted, calyx medium, flesh a Uttle tough. November.

Callasaga.

American. Fruit above medium, roundish, dull brown on greenish
yellow russet ; calyx large, wide furrowed basin. OcLober, November.

Camac's Sweet.

American. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, whitish green,
clouded with green russet ; calyx large, closed.

Cranberry.

American. Fruit medium, roundish conical, red, s'.-iped with carmine,
trray russet dots ; stem in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx small, closed.

Dapper.

American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and
specked with crimson in sun ; calyx small, closed.

Mountain Sprout.

American. Fruit medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white
dots.

Nickejack.

American. From North Carolina. Fruit large, obiate, red striped and
mottled on greenish yellow; cav' /deep, russeted; calyx large, par-
tially open ; core small; seed lig-C brown; flesh tender, juicy, delicate,
" hesty Well adapted to the Southern States, not yet tested at the Nortli.

Ritter.

American. From Berks county. Pa. Fruit medium, roundish oblong,
shades of red striped, white dots ; stem short ; cavity deep, narrow ;
seed short, plump ; flesh tender " very good.'' October, November,

APPENDIX. 471

SuMMEUOUR.

American. Fruit large, roundish, red mottled and striped, large gray
dots ; cavity deep ; calyx large. October, November.

The ten foi-egoing descriptions of apples we take from the Ad Inte/im
Reports of Pa. Hort, Society.

Sturmer Pippin.

Foreign. Tree healthy, good bearer ; fruit rather small, roundish conical,
yellowish green with brown, dull red in sun ; flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid •
keeps well. January to June.

GRAPES.

New and untested, suited to Amateur Culture.

Brinckle.

Raabe's No. 1.

First fruited in 1850. Bunch large, rather compact, sometimes
shouldered ; herry five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ;
Hesh, solid, not pulpv ; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine ; quality,
"best." {Ad. Int.Eept.)

Cassady.

An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf, and dark
purplish wood. Bunchy of medium size, tolerably compact, and
sometimes shouldered ; berry, below^ medium, five-eighths of an
inch in diameter ; form, round ; color, greenish white with occasion-
ally a faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh,
iuicy, with but little pulp ; flavor, pleasant ; quality, " very good."
{Ad. Int. Rept.)

Clara.

Raabe's No. 1.

Bunch, medium ; not compact ; berry, medium ; round, green,
faintly tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender,
juicy ; flavor, rich, sweet, and delicious ; quality, " best." Fruited
the present season for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.)

Concord.
Native of Concord, Mass., and stated in Hov. Mag. to be very
early in its season of ripening, and possessing the aroma of the
Catawba.

472 APPENDIX.

Emily.

Raabe's No. 2.

Bunchy large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; herry^
below medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diame-
ter, round, pale red ; Jlesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp ; flavor,
saccharine and delicious ; quality y " best," for an out-door grape.
Fruited in 1850 for the first time.

Graham.

An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in
1845, and fruited in 1850 for the' first time. Bunchy of medium
size, shouldered, not compact; herry, half an inch in diameter,
round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains little or
no pulp, and abounds in a saccharine juice of agreeable flavor ;
quality^ " best." The leaf indicates ita native parentage. It is
probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsinborough, both
of which were in bearing in the garden where it orginated. (Ad.
Int. Rept.)

Raabe.

Raabe's No. 3. ,

Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium,
round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with
scarcely any pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Cataw-
ba aroma ; quality, " best." {Ad. Int. Rept.)

PEACHES.

CLASS II. New and untested; suited to Amateur Culture, or cer-
tain Localities.

Gorgas.

American. Native of Philadelphia ; originated with Benjamin Gullis3
from a stone of Morris White. Leaves serrate. Fruit large, roundish,
with a slight prominence at the apex ; dull greenish white, clouded and
blotched with red on the exposed side ; cavity wide, rather deep ; stone
free ; flesh whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy ; flavor saccharine
tnd exceedingly luscious ; quality '• best." Middle to end of September.

Jane.

Baxter's Seedling No. 1.
Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit large, ten and one-half inches in cir-
.ximrtrence, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish white, with a red cheek ;
nee, navor ue'/itriOtr? ; ^luality ' very good" to "best." (Ad. Int Rept.)

APPENDIX. 473

PEARS.

CLASS II. Neu and untested. Suited to Amateur Culture^ or certain

Localities.

Downing.

Doyenne Downing.

Foreigu, New, recently described and dedicated by M. Leroy (France)
to the memory of the unfortunate Downing.

Fruit medium, roundish, irregular ; green yellowish, speckled with
russet dots ; stem short, obliquely inserted ; flesh white, crisp, juicy,
sugary, lightly acidulated. Season, September.

Barry.

Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, sometimes large, pyriform, irregu-
larly shaped ; skin rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish
on the opposite ; calyx small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk obliquely in-
serted ; flesh white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and
perfumed. Season, October.

HOVEY.

Foreign. New, Fruit medium size, pyriform. regular, resembles the
Beurre Capiaumont, skin fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around
the eye ; calyx set outside ; stem obliquely inserted ; flesh yellow, melting,
juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. Season, September.

General Taylor.

Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows
near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old.

Size, under medium ; form turbinate, obscurely pyriform, broad at the
crown; color cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on theexposed side ; stem
inserted into a very small cavity ; calyx partially closed, set in a broad,
not very deep, furrowed basin ; core medium ; seed dark brown, ovate,
no angle at the obtuse end ; flesh yellowish white, granular, becoming
buttery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core ; flavor as high as
the Seckel, aroma delicious ; quality "best;" maturity, November. {Ad.
Int. Rept.)

Regnier.

This is a variety claimed through the Pennsylvania Ilort., Society to
have been grown from seed of the White Doyenne; under that name it
has repeatedly i;pceived premiums there : hence, not having seen the fi'uit,
we conclude our description will answer for both. The growth of tree
is stated as its distinctive character ; being '' mure erect, full and rounded
in its too.'"

i74 * APPENDIX.

GILOSSARY

Of the more Common Terms used in Fruit Culture.

Acute^ sharp or angular.

Acuminate, drawn out to a point.

Alburnum, the sap-wood, as distinguished from the heart-wood.

Apex^ point ; the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk.

Base^ lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, or part of a plant,

nearest the supporting part or root.
Basin^ the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, supround-

ing the calyx.
Bezi, a wilding, or natural seedling.
Beurre, a buttery pear.
Border^ artificial bed of enriched earth.
Calluf!, ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting, by the

descending cambium.
Cdlvilh- shaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples.
Calyx^ the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on the

apex of a pear or apple, are often denominated the eye.
Cambium, the soft, newly formed wood beneath the bark.
Can?.s^long bearing shoots; applied to grapes and raspberries.
Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape.
Colmar-shapecl, pyriform or pear-shaped, with a rather slender neck and

large body.
Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex.
Cordate, heart-shaped.
Coxcomb, applied to the form of strawberries when much compressed at

the sides.
Crenaie, notched or cut like rounded or blunt saw-teeth.
Crown, the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk or base.
Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon stocks ot

small growth.
Espalier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis.
En quenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the branches

downwards.
Fibrous roots, the smaller, branching, or thread-like roots.
Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial heat under glass.
Head back, to cut off the Umbs of a tree, part way down.
Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to cut

down to an inserted bud.
Inflorescence, the manner in which the flowers are borne.
Lay-in, applied to selecting and fastening to a trellis or wall, new branches

or shoots.
Lay in by 'he heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a trench.
Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a limb or tree.
Lopping, cutting the branch down to the stem.
Maiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from the bud or graft.*
^lulching, covering the ground about a tree with straw or litter to prevent

drying.

APPENDIX. 475

ObJaie, flattened, so that the shortest diameter is between the base and
apex, like a flat turnip.

Ohovaie, reversed ovate, being largest from the foot-stalk or towards the
apex.

Obtuse, rounded or blunt.

Ovate, egg-shaped, being the largest towards the foot-stalk.

Pedicel, the subdivision of a flower or fruit-stalk.

Peduncle, the flower or fruit-stalk.

Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored.

Petiole, leaf-stalk.

Pomohgy, the science of fruits.

Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar to conical, but longer.

Pyriform, pear-shaped, having more or less a drawn-out neck.

Ringing, the removal of a ring of bark round a branch, to impede the
descending sap.

Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth.

Shanking, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes.

Shorten-in. to cut ofl:' more or less of the outer parts of shoots.

Spongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root.

Sport, an unusual departure or variation in a new seedling. •

Spur, a short stubby shoot bearmg fruit or fruit-buds.

Standard, a fiuit tree in open ground, or not trained to a wall or trellis.

Slock, seedling tree, which supports the inserted bud or graft.

Stop, to pinch or cut ofif the point of a shoot, to prevent its further ex-
tension in growth.

Strike, to emit roots.

Tap-roof, the main or central descending root.

Trellis, an upright, flat frame, for training fruit trees and grapes upon its
face.

Wilding, a natural seedling;

INDEX TO THE DIFFEREXT FRUITS.

[The standard names are in Italic letters. The synonymois names in Roman.]

ALMOITDS.

Amande Commtine .
Amandier a petit fruit .
Amandier a gros fruit
Amandier a gros fruit dous
AuiaudittT a coque tendre
Amandier des Dames .
Amande Prinoesse .
Amande Suftane .
Amande Pistaclie .
Amandier Pecher .
Bitttr Almond .
Camnwn Almond.
Common Sweet .
Doux a coque tendre .
Great Soft-Shell
Great-fruited Sweet
Zong Harci-Shfll
Lons Hard-Shell Almond
Ladfes' Thin -Shell .
Large Persian
Languedoc
Pistaehia Sweet .
Peach Almond .
Pecher . . • •
Soft-Shell Siced
Pofr-Shell Sweet Almond
Sultan a coque tendre
Siiltiinu Sweet Almond
Sultan ....

PAGE

. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

46
. 46

APEIC0T8.

AbricotKoyal .

Abricot Peche

Abricot Commun

Abrioot Precoce .

Abricot Hatif .

Abricot ier .

Abricotier blanc

Albergier

Alberg" ■

Amande Aveline . '

Ananas

Angoumois .

Anson's Imperial

Scotched Leaved Turkey

TMck ....

B'enbeitn

lilauc ....

B-ed\ .

Brussels

Brown Masculine

Bria7icon

Broicn's E rly

Burlington .

D'Alexandrie .

De Hollande

De St. Jean

De St. Jean Eouge

De Nancy

De Nancy

Dubois' Early Golden

Dubois' Early Golden Apricot

Dunmore .

Du Pape

Dunmore's Breda ,

Early Gold-en

Early Orange .

Early Masculine .

Early White Masculine

Germine

Gros Mnsch

Gros Precoce

Gros d"Alexandrie .

Gros Fruhe

Grosse Germine

Hasselnussmandel

n-i'm^kirke. ,

Hunt's Moorpark .

Kaisha .

Large Early

Large Red

Large Turkey

Moorpark

Miisch .

Musch-musch .

Noir

Ifeu-haWs Early

Oldaker's Moorpark

Orange

Persique

Persian .

Peach .

Peche

Peche Grosse

Purple

Red Masculine .

Royal

Roman .

Eoyal Peach .

Royal Persian

Eoyal Orange .

PAGB

62
62
50
50
50
50
43
49
49
49
51
49
49
49
62
49
49
52
52
52
51
50
49
49
49
51
48
50
49
50
49
50
51
49
50
50
52
51
49
52
48
52
49
49
49
52
53
51
56
49
52
52

INDEX OF FRUITS.

477

Royal George
Shaker Para
Shipley'' 8
Shipley's Large
Sudlow's Moorpark
Temple's
Transparent .
Turkey .
Violet .
"VS'alton Moorpark
1 V/i ite Mcisc tilt ne
White Apricot .
White Algiers
Wurtemburg

PAGE

62
51
51
51
49
49
51
51
62

. 49
62

. 62
62

. 49

APF 1-E8.

Aii^mtine. ... . 166

Aurora 166

Autumn, Romanite 166

Api noir 167

American Wtiite Winter Calville . .179

Abbott Se<^dlin.g 119

American Pea rmain .... 64

Api S7

August Apple 131

Avery Sweeting 131

Arom-atic Carolina 121

Autumnal Sicaar .... 121

Autumnal Sweet Swaar .... 121

Autumn Strawberry .... 65

Autumn Bough 66

Autumn Sweet Bough .... 66
Autumn Seek-no-fartlier . . .121

Adams 12n

Adams Pearmain 12o

Ash more 12o

AsJd<i7ul 120

Aunt FTannah 121

Alea-andcr 12o

Alfriiiton 166

American Mammoth .... 174

American Newtown Pir^pin ... 93

American Summer Pearmain ... 64

A.merican Red Juneating ... 76

Ainericiin Pippin 166

American Golden Russet ... 71

Albemarle Pippin 120

Aunt's Apple 120

Arbroath Pippin 175

Aurore 170

Autumn Pearmain . . . .121

Barr 167

Bars 167

Barnhilt 167

Black GiUiflower 167

Bartlett 168

Bardln 170

Baltimore Pippin 174

Beaxdy of America 167

Black Annette 167

Black lAidy Apple 167

Bnif 168

Bullet 168

Black Tom 170

Big Romanite 176

Big Sweet 179

Bi^Hill 99

Belpre Russet 106

Brown's Golden Sweet . . . .100

Bailey Sweet 121

Belze'r 122

Bevan

PAGB

122

Bevan Favorite .

. 122

BfnUcv'.s Sioeet

122

Btttvr titan Good

. 122

Btan Sweet .

122

Blue Pearmain

. 122

Blednoe .

123

Blood .

. 123

Bohano7i

124

Bourassa .

. 124

Boston .

Hi6

Brooke^s Pippin

. 125

Barlow .

128

Bailey Spice .

. 121

Baltimore Pippin

67

Brthlelu-miU'

. 63

Belmont.

60

Bellfl(noer .

. 70

Broadwill

70

Broadwell Sweet

. . 70

Bullock''s Pippin

71

Bonne du Mai .

. . 73

Bulhipe .

75

Bard Apple

. . 75

Beard Burden

75

Belle ct Bonne ....

. . 82

Burlington Spitzenberg

94

BUick Coal ■. . . .

. 123

Bualiihurg ....

123

Brabant BeUflo^cer .

. 124

Bucks County Pippin .
Bucks County ....

. 125
. 125

Bracy's Seek-no-farther

1«7

Baltimore

. . 67

Bay Apple ....

73

Baldwin

. 66

Belle-Fleur ....

1T7

Belle-Fleur Rouse .

. . 177

Bedfordshire FowndZing ,

167

Benoni

. 122

Beauty of Kent .

167

Beauty of the West .

. 167

Bell's Scarlet Pearmain

157

Black Detroit ....

. ^30

Blenheim Pippin

167

Blenheim Orange

. 167

Bla<ik Apple

123

Black American

. 123

Borovitsky ....

163

Bough . . .

. 1<!9

Borsdorfer ....

167

Borsdorff

. 167

Brabant Belle Fleur

124

Brandy Apple ....

. . 171

Bread and Chee5e Apple

102

Burlington Greening

. 104

Butter ..'...

159, 174

Butter Apple ....

. . 125

B'iffington's Early

125

Burr's Winter Siceet

. 125

Betsov's Fancy

136

Brown's Late Queen .

. 143

Bush

125

Beauty Red ....

. 127

Ben

132

Catsh.ead

. 163

Cathead Greening .

163

Calville Blanche d'lTiver .

.179

CaMlle Rouge d'lliver .

. . 176

Calville Rouge ....

. . 176

Capendu

128

Cayuga Red 8tre«k .

. 12ti

478

12;DEX of FKUITS

Can/n

Campjield

Con/necticut Summer Sweet

Caroline ....

Carolina Winter Queen

Canada Pippin

Challtnfje

Cloth of Gold .

Connecticut Apple.

Connecticut Seek-uo-farther

Coates' Greening .

Cooper's Early White .

Chief Good .

Cracking ....

Cat Pippin .

Champ Sweeting

Cole's Quince .

Catshead Beaufin

Cash Sice<t .

Cogswell ....

Caroline

Carolina ....

Carnahan .

Cannahan's Favorite

Camion Pearma/in

Cat Face ....

Clyde Beavty

Cooper ....

Cane ....

CocklirCs Fa'corite .

Cain ....

Cumberland

Cumberland Seedling .

Claremont Pippin

Crane's Pippin

Caraway Kusset

Concombre Ancien

Cieesehorough Rus%et

Crooked Limb Pippin ,.

Canadian Eeinette .

Canada Eeinette .

Carthouse ....

Catline ....

Chandler ....

Charles' Apple

Chalmers' Large . .

Cornish Gilliflower
Cornish July-flower .
Court Pendu Extra

Court Pendu Plat .

Court Pendu .

Court Pendu Plat Eougeatre

Cable's Gilliflower .

Court Pendu Eond Gros

Court Pendu Eose

Court Pendu Musque

Coriander Eose

Court of Wick .

Court of Wick Pippin .

Court de Wick .

Cos or Caas . . ,

Cole ....

Cornish Aromatic

Cranberry Pippin

Crimson Pippin

Cumberland Spice .

Cooper's Ruiseting ,

Darlington . .

Darlington Eusset

Dplight .

De Eatteau .

Dodge's Black . .

PAGE

126

126

169

168

126

72

73

73

82

115

116

127

127

129

129

137

153

175

168

468

162

162

126

126

126

126

127

127

172

127

172

128

128

169

95

170

162

168

169

72

72

135

168

168

146

169

169

169

128

128

128

128

67

128

128

128

123

128

128

128

168

127

74

169

130

128

127

129

129

129

162

123

Dutchess .
DilHnghatn .
Dunlap's Aurora
Donmlav^s Seedling .
Dumeioic's Se-edling
Dumelow's Crab .
Dumpling
Dainty Apple
Dan/cprs Winter Sweet .
Detroit ....
Detroit ....
De Bretagne .
D'Espagne

Devonshire Quarrenden
DeWitt ....
Doctor

Do-mine ....
Doicnton Pippin
Downton Golden Pippin .
Downy ...

Drap d'Or
Dickson's Emperor
Douse ....
Dow's ....
Dutch Pearmain
Duchess of Oldenlurgh
Dutch Codlin .
Dutch Mignanne .

Dyer

Eve ....
Egg Top ....
Egg Top ...
English Winter Ked Streak
Early Joe
Early June

English Summer Pearmain
Edgerly Sweet .
English Nonsuch .
Emperor ....
Early May
Early Pennock
English Sweeting .

Esten

Eustis ....
Early Summer Pearmain .
Early Summer Pippin .
Early Harvest .
Early French Eeinette .
Early Eed Margaret
Early Eed Juneating .
Early Str'atrberry . .
Early Crofton
Early Sweet Bough .
Easter Pippin
Edmonton's Aromatic Pipp:
Eightepu Ounce Apple .
Elton Pippin
Emperor Alexander
English Codlin
English Golden Pippin .
English Pud set .
English Golden Eusset
Epse's Sweet
Esopus Spitzenburgh
Eve Apple ....
Forever Pippin
Fall Cheese

Flushing Seek-no-farther
Fall Orange
Fink's Seedling
Frith Pitcher .
FrencKs Sweet

INDEX OF P'RUITS.

479

Father Abraham
t\iU Qae<yn, .
Fall Winesap .
Fall Wine .
Fall-nicald-er .
Fort Miami .
Fa vorite .
Fulton .
Fronclise .
Fenton Sweeting .
F^irdinand
Fama Gusta .
I all Beauty
Ferris

Fall Vandervere
Fall Jennrttijig
Fall Gennetting .
Foundling
Funtling .
Flcin,er .
Fall Harvey
Fail Pipjrin .
Fameuse .
Fallawater
Fenouillet Gria
Ft nouillet Rouge
Flower of Kent .
Flint Russet .
Flushing Spitrenburgh
Formosa Pippin .
Fry's Pippin
French Pippin
French Crab
FrankliyCs Golden Pippi
Gate ....
Golden Pippin
Garden Royal
Gray Vand-ervere
Golden-
Green Seek-no-farther
GauWs BAlHower .
Gloucester WTiite .
Gillet'3 Seedling .
Gibbon's Smathhouse
Gibbon's Smokehouse
Gabriel .
George

Gloucester Cheese .
Goble Russet .
Garnon"8 Apple
Gilpin

Gloria Mundi
Glace de Zelande
Glory of York
Golden Drop
German Green
Golden Spice
Green Mountain Pippin
Gre/>n Siceet
Greasy Pippin
Green Bellnower
Garrftso?i's Early
Giles .
Gully
Giant

Golden Pearmain
Goodyear
Goodyears Seedling
Governor
Granny Buff
Granny Earle .
Grannirrinkle

PAGK I

133

132

71

77

79

80

132

134

133

IGO

133

170

132

170

113

132

132

132

132

13;3

132

78

77

79

, 170

170

, 170

152

, 133

155

. 12S

138, 149

. 109

133

69

69

81

136

170

137

170

170

106

113

113

134

35

0

, 170

128

, 134

174

, 179

155

, 128

72

75

79

83

88,95

95

135

. 185

136

171

171

171

171

171

168

136

186

135
170

Great Vandewre

Gov. Seward

Golden Kiissct

Golden Ball

Golden Harvey

Golden Pippin,

Golden Reineite

Golden Russet .

Golden Sicett

Gray Apple

Green Newtown Pippin

Green Winter Pippin

Grise ....

Gross Reinette d'Angleterre

Gregson Apple

Gratensteiw

Grave Slije

Grand Sachem

Grindstone

Green Everlasting .

Gros Api Rouge

Harkness' New Favorite

Uollandburg

Hollandbury

Uepper

Heterich .

Harrigan

Hampshire Greening

Harvent

Hay's Winter

Hollow Crown Pearmain

Honey Greening

Heicke's Winter Sweet

Houfom^s Red

High Top Siceet .

Hunter

Hardingham's Rnaset .

Hannah

Howard Russet

Hogan

Honey Sweet

Herman .

Helen's Favorite

Heetor

Haicley ....

Horse Apple

Horse Block

Honemaker Pippin .

Haske'l's Siceet

Hommacher Apfel .

Ha\'"s Winter Wino

Haymaker

Hai-t/ord Sweetin-g

Harrison .

Hagloe ....

Haicthorden

Hampshire Yellow

Herefordshire Pearmain

Herefordshire Red Streak

Hinckman

Hoary Morning .

Hollow-cored Pippin

Holland Pippin .

Hubbardston Nonsuch

Imperial Vandervere

Irish Pitcher

Indian Queen

Indian Apple

Iron Apple

Inman

Indiana Jannetting

Irish Peach Apple

PA6B

136

126

71

. 82

. m

170
. 131

81
. 99

93
. 93

99
. 72

168

. 88

83

. 171

166^

. 1C6

87

. 176

172
. 172

171
. 172

174

. 104

84

. 116

116

. 83

89

. 139

189
. 189

152
. 171

163
. 161

150
. 188

138
. 133

187
. 133

145
. 129

137
. 12S

IK
. 129

181
. 181

181
. 171

171
. 81

177
. 175

173
. 95

188
. 85

118
. 174

131
. 136

124
. 95

100
. 173

480

INDEX OF FKUITS.

Ironstone
Joe Berry
Juicy Bite
Kelly White .
John Garretson's Early
Jersey Pippin
JiiwetCs Red
Jewett's Fine Eed .
James' Eiver
Jennctte
Jersey Black
Jaber Sioeet
Jefferso7i
Jeffries
Jtnkins

Johnson's Fine Winter
Jack Murphy .
Jonathan
.Januarea
Jersey Greening
Jersey Sweeting .
July Pippin
Jun eating

KentLih Fill-hasket .
KesioicJc Codlin .
Kenrich's Aiitumn .
Kerry Pippin
Kin^ Philip
Kirkes Lord Nelson
Kir) f "fc Lemon Pippin
Kuk'5 Golden Eeinette
Killiam Hill
King of the Pippins
King George the Third
Knightwick Pippin
Knighfs Golden Pippin
Kaig fill's Spitzenberg
Kingsley .
King Apple
Kingsbury Eusset .
Kan^
Keim

Kelley White .
Kountz

Knighfs Codlin
Large Golden Pippin
Lady de Grey's
Ladies' Blush .
Lady Finger
Long Island Russet
Loan's English Pearmaim,
Large Eed Sweeting .
Lane Smut .
Long John
Lucomhe's Seedling
Luce's Early Joe
Leather Coat Eusset
iMrin^g Sweeting
Loudon Pippin
Lowre Qu-e^n
Leland Spice .
Laquier
Jjancaster
Led.ge Swept
Limber Ticig
Long Stem
Loure Queen .
Leland Pippin .
Lacker .
Lake .

Lancaster Greening
Late Strawberry

PAGE '
169 ;

. 94 '
122

. 69
135

. 139
140

. 14a

143

. 100
123

. 139
139

. 139
149

. 166
175

. 86

72

95, 104

86

. 84
162

. 172
141

. 172
172

. 86
173

. 173
170

. 172
173

. 167
123

. 169
141

. 142
142

. 168
172

. 172
169

. 94
179

. 161
172
178
173
173
173
176
173
173
173
173
175
145
144
144
143
142
142
143
143
144
144
143
142
143
142
65

Late Baldwin
Lady Washington
Little Pearmain
London Sweet .
London Winter Sweet
Loring Sweet
Large Striped Pearmain
Lancaster Queen
Late Qiieen .
Lecker

Ladies' Blush .
Long Pearmain .
Long John
Lady Finger
Loicell
Lippincott .
Ladies'' Sioeeting .
Lady Apple
Large White Juneating
Large Yelloio Bough
Lemon Pippin
Longtille's Kernel
Lyscom .
Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet
Marston's Red Winter
Mdvin Sweet .
Marks .
Monarch .
Monks'' Favorite .
McLellan .
Mifflin King .
Montreal
Monks' Codlin
Mclntire's Sweeting .
3iay Seek-no-farther.
Menagerie .
Molasses
Murphy's Eed
Martin .
MotJier
Musk Spice .
3Iunson Sweeting .
Myers'' Nonpareil.
Moore's Sweeting
Marble Siceeting .
May Apple
Mauck .
Mother Barnes .
Milarn

Mamma Beam ■
Mygatt's Bergamot
Mountain Pippin
Melon
Meltinrj

Melt-in-the-mouth
Melting Mouth .
Melting Pippin
Mackie's Clyde Beauty
Major
Matchless .
Marietta Eusset
Manomet .
Manomet Sweet
MoTimouth Pippin ,
Miiicreek Vandervere
Millcreek .
Male Carle .
Margil
Margaret
I MargarethaApfel
j Maiden's Blush .
1 Mela di Carlo .

i:^DEX OF FRUITS.

481

MclaCarla

Meangere ....

Miniater . • . .

Michad ntiiry Pippin .

Moiifitroaii Pippin.

Mou-tf, Apjf!e .

Moo.'=e Apple .

Mitrji'if/

Is'ew York Spice

ISortun's Melon .

Isoirfe iSio. 1 . . . .

2it-cer.s)nA' ....

Is'eisley's Winter .

Isewtowu Pippin of Sanders

Xeverfail

Jsiack Pippin

IS'ew Jersey Ked Streak ?

Nodhcad ....

Northern Sice ft .

Xortfiern Golden Sweet .

Nonpareille

Niger

2s ew York Gloria Mundl
Neicti>icn Spitzenber(j
Jiew Scarlet Nonpareil .•
NcTer-Fail
2<'tictuicn Pippin .
Kiuark King .
ITi-uftrk Pippin .
Newark Sweeting
Xortherri Spy
Xorfolk Beaufn
Konsuch
Ohio Favorite .
Old Golden Pippin

Ohl English Codlin

Old Pearmain ■ .

Old Nonsuch

OUlheld ....

Ohio "W ine

Orange ....

Orndorf ....

Orni^'s Early :

Qiihorn's Street .

Osborn's Fall Sweet

Overman\s Sweet ,

Old lioyal Rtusset

Osceola ....

Old Toic7i Crdlj .

OrVey . . . •

Ohio Nonpareil

Oki Nonpareil .

Oranjre Sweet

Ortley Apple

«.»rtlev Pippin

O.slin

Ofgoods Favorite .

Owen's Golden Beauty .

Ox Apple

Oxf<ird Peach .

Ox Eye ....

piiradise Wintrr Siceet .

I'attorson Sweet

Pennsylvania Vandervere

Petit Api

Poiniiie d'Api .

pominc Royal

Plilla'lflphia Pippin .

Poinine Water

Pims Biauty .

P^ <Khkoe]>>io Eussft .

p=.>'inan Pippin

PAGE

146
. 174

147
. 91

174
. 147

147
. 175

143
. 89

120
. 149

176
. 119

U.O
. 1(.9

131
. 140

149
. 149

175
. 179

174
. 94

177

Primate ....

Progrtss

Potter's Large Gray Seedling

Prince's Kcd and Green Sweet.

Paragon

PeopWfs Choice .

P/xifer .

Parsons'' Early .

Phillips" Sweeting .

Prolific Beauty .

Pomme Poye

Polly Bright .

Povime de Pose

I'ri.or^K P(d

Prior's Ked

Pitzer Hill . . .

Puknuin

Priestly

Pole Cat .

Parmin Koyal .

I'arniain d' Ete

I'etersburgh Pippin .

J'<nnotk's Bed Winttr

Pennock .

Pearson's Plate .

P'ck's Pleasaiit

93 Pcnningtoii's Seedlin-g
175 Peach Pond Siceit .
149 Pecker .
126 Petit Api Kouge

94 Philip Wick
175 Phillips' Eeinette
175 Pie Apple

95 Pine Apple Biissd
171 Pomme d'Api Rouge
175 Pompey ■

85 Pomme Grise
1U2 Pomme Eoyalc
182 Pomme Rose
141 Pound Royal
149 Pomme Regelans
149 Pomme de Berlin .

149 Pomme d'Anis

150 Pomme de Charles .
150 Pomme Finale
150 Pound

175 Pomme de Caen •
150 Portugal
149 Pomme de Neige

95 Pot r ...

83 Princesse Noble Zoetc

176 Pri.sUry

81 Priestley's American

95 Prince's Harvest, or Early French

95 Pumpkin Bu'^sit .
175 Pumpkin Sweet
145 Putnam Russet . . • •
162 Queen Ann . . . ■

174 (Juime

157 Quaker Pippin

94 Queens . • • •

1.50 PandaVs Beat .

121 Randal Best

113 Bagin .....

87 Barit-an Sicett . . . ■

87 Ramho . ...

75 i Riimbour Franc ...

78 Rambour d Ete

75 , Raundells Sweet .

79 ; Red Sjiitzenberg
98 I Red Ptitnuain

152 i Red Winter Pearnuiln

PAGB

158
. 1.^3 .

172
. 176

151
. 151

151
. 175

97
. 176

176
. 176

176

. 99

99

. 99

152
. 158

177
•. 85

121
. 93

176
. 176

. 97

97
. 151

5<
. 87

S6

. 12S

138

. 152

87
. 179

99
. 102

87
. 162

ir.o

. 128

170

. 146

1-J6

. 176

72

• 226

76

. ^i

123

. 176

176

Eeinette 84

152

152
106

88

r>8

176

167
154
154
154
164
l(i2
17S
178
181
141
141
141

21

482

INDEX OF FRUITS.

PAGE

Bel Pippin ...

141

Kod Pliuejiix

. 141

liussam ......

141

lied Sweet Pippin

. 159

li.^d BMtloivei- . . , .

177

Ited Seek-no-larther .

. 176

JieA iiiid Green Siceet .

176

Jied Oanada

. 102

lied Cheek Pippin .

92

Keinette du Canada .

. 72

Richiield Nonsuch

102

Rlchiiionjl

. 105

Eough and Eeady

153

Round Top

. . 166

Rur,kinans Pearmain .

171

liesi^au, d'AutoDine .

. 177

liid.'s Sivmiiier Siceetirn, .

177

Eawl's Janet ....

. 100

Rock Remain ....

100

Rock liimnion

. *)0

Red Vandervere . . , .

113

^'•a SiCflet .....

. 155

Jiepahllcan Pippin

165

Red Cathead ....

. 176

Red Ashiuore

120

Red Pennock ....

. . 176

Red Bough

176

lied Russet

. 171

Red Gloria Mundi?

132

I\.<»ne By.autif .

106

Roman Beauty ....

106

Iti/iaer

. 177

Rosea It,

177

lilGcr

. 177

Iliiitl 's Jamt . . . ,

100

Raul's Gennetting

. 100

liaule's Jannette .

100

Rawle's Jennette

. 100

Ramsdells Red Pumpkin Svreot

131

Ramsdeirs Sweeting

. 131

Read's Baker ....

175

Red Belie-Fleur

. 177

Rod Winter Calville .

• . 176

It-d Calville ....

. 176

Red Detroit ...

130

Re^l Doctor . ' .

. 130

Rrd GUUfiower ....

176

Red Pumpkin Sweet

. 131

R-d St-eak

177

Red Quarrenden ...

. 155

Red Juneating ....

. 76, 145

R d, Afitrachan

. 1''3

R'd In;/ 'utrle ....

176

Reiaetto blanche d'Espagne .

. 162

Reiiiette Triomphante .

179

Reiiictte d'Angleterre

. 112

Rciiicite du Canada Blanche

72

Rciaettc Grosse du Canada

. 72

Reiiiette du Canada a Cortes

72

Eciuelte <1 Hollande

. 133

R'iods Island Greening

104

Rihsfon Pippin

. 155

Rival Golden Pippin

128

Round Catshead

. 168

Rovale d'Angleterre

85

li^KOury Russet

. 106

R')yal I'earmain .

So

Roman SUni ....

. 155

Rumanite

102, 134

Itns,< Xonpareil

. 155

Russian . . . . ,

128

Sicect BalJicin

. 178

PAGl

Summer Rarabo ....

178

Striped Mohawk ....

. 178

Scandiana Mala ....

80

Selnta

. 156

Seever's Red Streak

156

Stanard

. 158

Stanard"s Seedling

. • 158

<S'^. Lawreihce

. 158

fcj/riped Bellfleur ....

177

S Lip pen's Russet ....

. 177

Shipley Green ....

. 177

Spring Grove Codlin

. 178

Spice Apple

149

Sumnicr Ru^Srt ....

. 178

Swet-t and Sour ....

178

Sugar Loaf Greening

. 178

Spice Siceeting ....

178

Se^oer

. 156

Schoonmaker ....

156

Schoolmocker

. 156

Scollop) Gilliflower

156

Sinith's Cider

. 157

Spring Pijypin ....

158

Springport Pippin ....

. ISSf

Spice Russet ....

160

Skunk

. 177

Sam Ra-^lings ....

172

Sam Young

. 134

Sack Apple

155

Sapson

. 157

Sam's Crab

. 173

Sanguineus

. 76

Scudamore's Crab ....

. 177

Scarlet Perfume ....

. 127

Sjarltt Pearmain

157

Scarlet Nonpareil ....

. 177

Seek-uo-further ...

102,115

Seek-no-further of Coxe . ,

. 107

Sheep Nose . , .

71, 173

Siheriaib Bitter Sweet

. 146

Siberian Crab ....

157

Sigler's Red

. 121

Shakers' Yellow . . . ' .

131

Summer Ilagloe ....

. 137

Sassafras Sweet ....

137

Summer Sweet

. 139

Sponge

157

Striped Pearmain

. 158

Snorter

153

Sweat Bellfioxoer ....

• 159

Sweet Pippin ...

159

Siimmrr Bdlflo^oer ....

. 159

Summer Belle Fleur . . . .

1.59

Summum Bonum ....

. 127

Summer Cheese

170

Strawberry

. 65

Steele's Red Winter . . . .

66

Snow

. 76

Sutton

85

Sutton Beauty

. 85

Sweet Swaar

121

Siceet Winesap ....

160

Sparhaick

161

Striped R. I. Greening

. 161

Sweet Seek-no-farther . . • .

170

Sugar Sweet

. 159

Spiced Oxeye

113

Sylvan Russet

. 106

Striped June

122

Sweet Golden Pippin . . .

. 121

Sweet Nonsuch

112

Sweet June . ...

. 139

INDEX OF FRUITS.

483

Swe^t Bough.
Swat Romanite
Springer's Seedling
Striped Vandervere •
Striped Ashuiore .
Smokehouse
Siii^-qti' -noil
Sopn of Wine .
Sops in Wine
Sponcor Sweeting
Suiriuer I'ippin .
St;/i'e ..-',•
Striped Juneating .
Stroi.it . . . •

Straat ....
Stal Clubs . . . •
Surprise ....
Sii'jar Loaf Pippin
Sumimr Hose
Samnwr Qu^een
Slimmer Golden Pippin
Summer rearmain .
Summer Pippin
Siimriier Rttmbour .
Summer Sweet Paradise
Sicaar . . • •
Sweet Russet .
Sweet Pturmain
Sweet Harvest
Transparent de Zurich .
Them's Red Streak
Toicn-send ....
Tallow Pippin
Tallow Apple .
Tompkins
Tulpahocken
Trenton Early
T. wkshury Blush .
Tom Woodward's Pippin
Terry's lied Streak .
Tillman's Sweeting
Tullman's Sweeting .
Trum'/ull Sweating
Tart Bough

Tewksbury Winter Blush
Tolmau Sweeting
Travera .

Twenty-ounce Pippin .
T. tifshj

Transparent Pippin .
Transparent de iMoscovie
Twenty Ounce
Tv/enty-ounce Apple .
Yandervcre of Cincinnati
Vandervere Pippin
Virginia Greening
Vermont
Virginia Sweet .
Vandyne

Viet'inls and Drink
Vanderere . . •
Viri-oriou-1 Reinette
Vrai drap dOr
Watkins" Early .
Watermelon .
Watson's Vandervere
Wtirrt-n Pennock .
WdddeVs Hall .
Walworth .
Walpols . . . .
VyTrhiirn Spy ■
WUii wut.r Sweet

145
15S
158
113
ITS
178
107
158
178
121
138
178
158
108
152
lt)9
109
179
179
160
88
88
75
79
81
160
95
102
110
110
100
. 178
160
, 110
155
179
111
. 128
179
, 126
126
. 113
113
. 160
161
. 174
95
. 179
113
. 170
73
64
89
. 113
131
. 161
ICl
. 161
162
. 162

White Seek-no-farVier
Wellington Apple
Winter Cheese ,
Willis' Sweet .
Wagener

Wells

Well Apple .
Warren Pippin •
W^altz Apple .
Washington
Welcome

West's Spitzenberg .
Windower

White Vandervere .
White Sweeting ■
Wctherell's White Sweeting
Winter Ilartey .
Winter Grixon .
White Margil
Mn^iite Doctor
Watson's Dumpling
Whare Eeinette
Waxen Apple
White Apple
Week's Pippin
Wyllss Sweating
Wfstfield Seek- no-further
White Bell-Fleur .
White Bellflower
White Detroit .
White Winter Calville .
White Calville .
Whiu, Spanish ReineU"
While Juneating
White Asirachan .
White Pippin .
White Spice
Wine of Cole .
Winter Sweet
White Pearmain
W^hite Winter Pearmain
White Ra mho .
Williams

William's Favorite Eed .
William's Eed
William's Early
William's Early Eed
Willoio
Willow Twig
Willow Leaf
Wood's Greening .
William Penn .
Ytlnsloic
Wing Sweeting
Winter Pearmain .
Winter Wine .
Winter Chandler .
Woodward's Pippin
Wolman's Harvest
Winter Gennetting
i Willow Leaf Pippin
! White Ilawthorndea
! Winter Pearmain .
' Winter Queen .
i Winter Queeniug .

Wine Apple
i Wi7ie Sap
AVine Sop
Wiiite Apple .
AVilliams's Favorite
' Wollaton Pippin .
Woolraan'a Lonz

PA OR

163
. 169
179
. 179
114
. ICl
161
. 95
97
. l':9
123
. 129
136
. 136
102
. 1«J2
16-3
. 168
174
. 1T9
169
. 72
69
. 09
128
. 161

115 .

. 95

95

. 95

179

. 179

1(;2

. 162

179

72, li5

75

. 76

89

. 91

t'l

, 163

163

. 163

i.;3

. 163

163
. 1C4

1G4
. 164

116
. H'4

165
. lc.5

174
. 116

l«-8
. y5

1'>T

. loO

95

. 171

165

. 180

180

110

. 117

. 117

. i;v3

128

484

INDEX OF FRUITS.

Winter Swe^t Paradise
Woods Huntingdon
Woolmau"s Harvest
"Woodstock Pippin .
AV'oodstock.
Wornixl-et/ PipjAn
Woodpecker .
Wyker Pipjjin .
"Yankee Apple
Yellow Jui.eating
Yellow Janette
Yellow Vandervere .
York Eusset .
Yost

York Imperial .
Yellow Iwr/etitric ,
Yorkshire Greening
Yelluir XrU'ioiai Pippin
Yellow Pippin .
Y&llow German Eeinette
Ydloic Siberian Crab
Yellow Harvest
Yellow Belle-Flenr .
Yellow Belltiower .
Y oungs Long Keeping
Ziim^ . ) . .

Zane Greening .
Zieber ....

CHEEEIE8.

Allen's Sweet Montmorency
American Amber
Amber Gean
A mbrer Heart
Amber a petit frnit .
A.ini:rican H^art ,
Amber or Imperial .
Ambree de Cboisy
is. mbree a Gros Fruit.
Ansell's Fine Black
Apple Cberry .
Arden's Early "White Heart
/>rmstrong's Bigarreau
yircA Dake
Ailamtf Crown
j\nne ....
A rden's Heart .
Fjelle de Sceaiix
I'.elle Audigeoise
Belle de Bavav
Belle de Petit Brie .
Jldlp of Orleans .
Belle de Orleans
Bigarreau Gaubalis
Bigarreau de Lyon .
Bigarreau d'Esperin
liigarrcau Noir Tardive .
Paumaniis May .
Bigarreau Belle de Eocmont
Pell' fie C'lftisy
];enliarns Fine Early Duke
JiKllt' Jfa{/)i>p'gue
l'>elle et Mairnifiquc
Bigarreau de Mai
r.igarreau
r.igarreau Eoyal
r>igarreau Gros
l.igarreau Tardif
1 igarrea-i d" llollande .
Bigarrviua Couivur du Cbair

128
107
167

179
G6
170
152
84
100
113
152
165
166
166
ISO
1S0

lis

95, 149
170

84
70
70
169
ISO
ISO
ISO

219

214
214
216
220
203
208
1S9
1S9
215
217
216
208
203
203
204
216
214
194
196
196
2! 14
204
199
199
204
213
214
194
1S4
211
191
191
214
208
208
208
208

194

Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blanc

Bigarreau de Eocmont

Bigarreau Lauermaun .

Bigarreau Gros Cieurat .

Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Eouge

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheira .

Bigarreau Marbree de Hildesbeim .

Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesbeim

Bigarreau JS'oir Tardif

Bigarreau G ros ^.' oir

Bigarreau Common .

Bigarreau >. oir . f

Bloodgood's Amber .

Bloodgood's Honey

Bloodgood's ]S'ew Honey

Black Ik-art .

Black Eussian .

B^ack Eagle .

Black Circassian

B-ack Tartarian

Black Eussian .

BUick Mazzard

Black Honey

Black Orleans

Bleeding Heart . . .

Black Bigarreau

Black Bigarreau of Savoy

Bowyer s Early Heai't .

Bouquet Amarelle

Bristol Cberry ....

Bullock's Heart ....

Buttner'i^ YelUnc ....

Buttner's Wacbs-Knorpel Kirsche

Buttners Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche

Buchanan's Early Duke .

Buttner's October Morello .

Buttners October Zucker Weichsel

Bishop's Large ....

Black Ilauk

Bant . . .•

Burr's Seedling

Bnttners Black Heart

Buttner's Herr Kirsche

Brenneman's May .

Black Spanish .

B- aim's Seedling

Bnttner''s October

Borcatton

Oarmine Stripe

Caroline

Carn<ition

Cerise Ambree

Cerise Doucette

Cerise de la Palembre .

Cerise a Noyc^u Tendre

Cerise Guigne

Cerise Xouvelle d'Angleterre

Cerise de Portugal

Cerise a Bouquet • .

Cerise a Courte Queue .

Cerisier a flt- urs Doubles .

Cerise Tardive

Cerisitr Pleurant

Cerise de St. Martin

China Bigarreau .

Chinese Heart

Chevereuse

C'lincse Double Flowering

C'lampagiw

Cliristiana .

Cluster

PAGE
194

. 194
21-2
199

lyy

. 219
196

. 196
196

. 196
213

. 194
215

. 214
214

. 214
215

. 216
204

. 189
189

. 189
215

. 21f
215

. 215
215

. liT9
216

. 216
215

. 213
204

, 2i)4
204

, 211
215

. 215
189

, 190
191
204
204
204
205
208
214
215
215
206
206
205
2i;8
189
189
189
211
2! 15

2(:5

216
217
216
220
2-^0
220
2.i5
2.:5
216
216
2-5
2(i6
21fi

INDEX OF FRUITS.

485

cluster ....

Common English .

Corone ....

Couronne

Coroun ....

C<«ur (le Pigeon

Coiilardt^ ....

Common Red

Commune ....

Common Red

Common Sour Cherry

Crown ....

Circiissian

G c'ldud

Cievclaud Bigarreau

0»'s Traiisparent

G cmberland

Cumberland Seedling .

(''on\sto(/<i

O.arke's Bigarreaa

Cnatenay ....

Girine de Xavier .

G^e's Late Carnation

G'>rici>i ....

G'ai-kfi''ii Superb

Clarke's Bigarreau ?

Cerise Indulle .

Cream ....

Davenport's Early .

Da ten port

Davenport's Early Black

Da Hollande .

DEsps^e ....

D^ionton

D >wnpr''ii Late .

Downer ....

Downer's Late Red .

Dowiiing'H Red Cheek .

Double Flowering Kentish

Dredges Early White Heart

DutcU Morello

Dwarf Doutde-Flmceriny

Double Heart .

Doctor ....

Delicate ....

De 16 a-la-livre

D'E^perin

Doniia Maria

Dachess of Palliia .

DuNord"

Du Nord NouTelle .

De Prusse

DfSpa ....

Early Black .

Early White Heart .

Early Purple Guigne

Early Purple Griotte

Early Duke .

Early May

Early Richmond .

Elton

Elkhorn ....
English Morello.
Ever Flowering Cherry
Ettrly Prolific
Elizabeth
Elliott's Favorite
Enijlinh Amber
Earoritt^ ....
Flesh-Colored Bigarreau
F'o'.^n-re ....
/ .tiiah ....

PAOK I
. 216

215
. 215

215
. 215

194
. 211

194
. 194

217
. 217

205
. 1S9

191
. 191

192
. 205

205 .
. 206

212
. 214 I

215
. 216

216
. 216 !

216
. 217

217
. 216

216
. 216

211
. 211

207
. 193

192
. 192

205
. 216

216
. 21S

216
. 189

192
. 193

196
. 204

206
. 207

215
. 215

215
. 216

215
. 216

195
. 195

211
. 217

194
. 194

213
. 218

225
. 193

207
. 207

207
. 207

194
. 20S

217

Four to the Pound .

Fraser's Black Tartarian

Erasers Black Heart

Eraser's Black

Fraser's White Tartarian

Fraser^s White Transparent

Fi-'lUiw's Seedling

Gascoigne's Heart .

Gean Amber

Graffion ....

Groote Princesse . . . .

Grosse Bigarreau Couleur de Chair

Gros Bigarreau Blanc

Gros Goeiiret ....

Gros Bigarreau Rouge

Gridley

Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel
Griotte de Portugal
Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale
Griottier Ronge Pale
Griotte de Villennes
Gros Gobet ....
Guinier a Fruit Noir
Guigne Grosse Noir
Guigne Rouge Hative
Guigne Noir Tardive
Guigne Gros Blanc .
German May Duke
Governor Wood
Grosse Guign'e Noir Laisante
Great Bigarreau ?
Guiijne N'oir Luisante
Harrison Heart ....
Herefordshire Black
Herefordshire Heart .
Hildesheim Bigarreau .

Hon^y

HoUandische Grosse
Holland Bigarreau
IFolman's Duke
iri/d^''a R''d Heart .
Hildesheim ....

Hortense

Holland-

Hoadley

Hovey

Herefordshire White
Hyde's Seedling
Hyde's Late Black .
Imperial . . - .
Imperial Morello
Italian Heart ....
J-'ffrey''s Duke ....
Joc-o-Sot ....

Keokuk

Kennicott ....

Kentish

Kentish

Kentish

Kentish Red ....
Kentish Red ....
Knevetts Late Bijrarreau
Knight's Early Black
KirtJand's Mary .
Ki./'tland's Jfitmrnoth
Kirtland's Large Morello
Knir/ht's Lat'' Bliu^k
Largre Wild Black .
Large Honoy ....
Lar?e White Biirarreau
Large Heart-^^haped Bigarreau
Lauermann's Kirsche .

486

INDEX OF FRUITS.

LiTge Heart-Shaped Bigarreaa
Large Eed Bigarreau
Ln^ll South' I mpton's Yflloic
Lady Southampton's Duke
Lady Southampton's Golden
Large Black Bigarreau .
Late Arch Duke
Late Duke

Large Mayduke

Late Kentish

Large Morello

Late Morello

Large D noble- Fimcering

Lion's Heart

Lemercier of E. and B. .

Lxt3 Bigarrtau

Large Heart-Shaped .

Logan ....

Large Morello

Lj>'/mercier

Lindley

Liather Stocking

Late Honey .

Lwndie Gean . . .

Louis Phillip

Madison ....

Mary ....

Manniiu/s Early Black .

Wazzard ....

jra7ining''s Mottled .

Maccarty

Madison Bigarreau .

Manning's Late Black

ifanning's Late Black Heart

J^lay Duke

May Cherry

Merisier a fruit blanc

Millett's Late Heart Dnke

Mottled Bigarreau

Morris' Early Duke

Jlontmorency

Montmorency a gros fruit

^Montmorency a longue queue

Morello ....

Muscat de Prague .

Monstreuse de Bavay

^Monstrous May

Merveille d-i September .

Morris Duke .

Monstreuse de Mezel

Kapolfon

Napoleon Bigarreau .

Kew Large Black Bigarreau

(MLLeart .

Osceola .

Ohio Beauty

Ostheim .

Ostheimer "Weichsel

Ox Heart

Tie Cherry

Pie Cherry

Plnnwitone Morello

Portugal Duke

Portugal Duke .

Prinzessin Kirscbe

Prince's Duke .

Precoce .

Purple G-uigne

Pontiac .

Powlmtt/in ,

Proudjr^t

Drop

PAGE '

, 199

219

218

218

218

213
, 203

203
, 211

211

217

21S '

218

213

218

196

199

199

200

210

211

211

211

217

218

218

211

211
, 218

215

211

217

211

218

218

211

217

217

211 j

211 !

211 i

217 j
, 217 I

194 i

218 ■
194
196
205

210 i

211 '
199
212

212 ;
199
218

200 \
212
219
219
220
194
217
219
203
211
208
219
217
195

201 1
201 ,
212 I

Proudfoot's Seedling
President
Pink LLeai't
Eed Heart
liemington

Eemington White Heart
Eemington Heart
Rivers' Early LL-art .
Eivers' Early Amber
Eonalds Large Black Heart
Eona'd's Heart .
Robert's Red LLeart .
Eoyal Hative
Royal Dnke .
Eonald's Large Morello .
Runi'^'^y's Lot' Morello
Eonald's Black Heart
Eeine Hortense
Rockport ....
Eockport Bigarreau
R>'d Jacket
Richardson .
Rfd Bigarreau
Schone von Choi^^y
Serrulated leaved Cherry .
Small May

Spanish Black Heart .
Sparkhawk's Honey
Sparrowhawk's Honey
Spotted Bigarreau
Spanish Yellow-
Superb Circassian .
Sussex ...

Sweet Montmoren<;y
Shannon ....
Schwarze Xeue Herr Kirsche
Sterets May
Sweedish

Sweedish Eed Heart
Sparhawk

Tartarian ....
Thompson's Duke .
Tobacco Leaved.
Transparent Guigne .
Transparent Gean
Transparent .
Tradescant

Tradescant's Black Heart
Turkey Bigarreau
Turkey Bigarreau .
The Doctor

Tardif-de-Hildesheim .
T'oumseh ....
Triomphe of Cumberland
Tardive de Mons
Tail's Aug '(sf Dnke
Very Large Heart .
Virginian yiay
Virginian Wild Cherry .
Vi'-ginia Ma>j Dnke .
W'^ndeWs Motfj'd .
Ward's Bigarreau .
Wendell's Mottled Bigarrear
Wnfrloo
Wax Chcrrv
W'-rd-r's Early Black .
AVerder's Early Black Heart
Werdersohe Frue Schwarze Herz Kirschf
West's White Heart .
Woichsel mit g:iuzkurzen stlel
Wr-fipitif, or All Saint's .
White ILeart ....

PA6B

219

212
219
215
219
219
219

208,

216
189
189
212
211
211
218
219
189
196
201
201
202
212
219
189
216
217
215
21T
217
208
207
189
194
219
202
204
205
216
216
207
189
211
217
219
219
219

213
!,220
203
192
196
203
205
210
213
218
194
219
219
213
199
213
213
205
213
218
213
203

220
216

iXDEX OF FRUITS.

487

White Transparent .
White Taitdiian .
Wliite Bigarrt-au
W/iife Biijarrcau .
Wliite Ox Heart
Wilder s Bifjarreau de Mai
Wild Englisli Cherry
Warri- n \t Ti a }i~sparent
WUA-i7i«07i
Wellington .
Yellow Honey .
Yellow Spanish
Yellow or Golden
YuDffTo

CTIKRANT8,

Am^Hcan Black
Bhick Grape .
Bhtck English .
Black Xaplea
Commoti Bed .
Cimimon White
Cherry . ,
O'tampagne .
Common Black •
Fertile Currant of Palnau
Qondonin
Goniiouin Ked
Goliath

Houghton Castle .
Ji'fferson

KnirjhVs Large Bed
Knight's Early Bed
Knig Jit's Street Red
Large Red Dutch
Large Bunched Red
Long Bunched Ked

Large White .

JZ/vvo nri /ai rge-fruited

M issouri Eatable .

May's Victoria .

Mixs&uri

Morgan's Red .

^lorgan's Wliite

Missouri Fragrant

>.'ew Red Dutch .

New White Dutch

J^idn^au

Raby Ciu'tle

Rivers" White Grape

B>d Dut h

Red Grape

Reeve's White

Bed Fhnvering Currant

St'-iped Fruited
Victoria

Whit' Dutch .

White Crystal

White Leghorn .
WhiPi Pearl .
White Grape

O008EBEREIES.

BuerdsiWs Duckin'ng
Capper's Bunker's Hill .
Champagne ....
Collie.rft Jolly Angler
C'-ompton Slu'ha Qiceen
Early Sulphur
Oreen Walnut

PAGE

. 216

220
. 2(18

220
. 220

214
. 215

220
. 220

220
. 217

208
. 21T

216

225

225

225

223

^5

225

225

225

225

224

223

223

224

224

225

225

225

228

224

224

224

224

225

225

224

225

224

224

225

224

224

224

224

224

224

224

224

223

225

224

224

224

224

224

224

IfangJdon^s Seedling
Ironmonger .
Keen's Seedling
Massey's Heart of Oak
Melling''s Crown Bob
Pale Bed

Parkinson''s Laurel
Pitmaston Green Gage
Bearing Lion .
Bed Warrington .
Taylor's Bright Venus .
White Honey
Woodward's Whitesmith

GBAPES.

226
228
228
229
230
229
229

Ada

Arkansas

Allen's Seedling Hamburg

Alicant ....

Alexander's

Amber Muscadine

Amiens ....

American Muscadine .

August Traube .

Black CluxUr

Black Morillon .

Black Burgundy .

Black Frontignan

Black Frontignac .

Black Hamburgh .

Black PriTice

Black Spanish .

Black Valentia

Black Portugal .

Black Lisbon .

Brinckle ....

Black Orleans

Black St. Peter'' s .

Bland ....

Bland's Virginia

Bland's Madeira .

Bland's Pale Red .

Bourdales des Hautes Pyren

]k)ston

Brown Hamburgh

Burgunder

Bull or Bullett

Cambridge Botanic Garden

Canon Hall Muscat

Cape Grape

Catawba
Catawba Tokay
Chasselas Dore

Chasselas Blanc

Cha.sselas de Fontaineblcau

Clinto7i

(\issady

Clara ....

Concord

Clermont ....

Clifton's Constantla

Clarence . . • •

Delaware

Decimanncr

D'Arbois

Dc St. Jean

Diana .

Dutch Hamburg

Early Bl.Hck •

Early Black July .

Eiirly White TencriflFo .

188

INDEX OF FRUITS.

Early White Muscadine

FAGK

254

El-sin.hurgh ....

. 245

Elsenborough

245

Einilif .....

. 472

Froinentia Eouge .

255

Fox Grajte ....

. 247

Fraukeiulalc ....

253

I'rouienteaa ....

. 255

Frontiac of Alexandria

255

Gri.s Kouire ....

. 255

(Traha7n ....

472

Gibraltar .....

. 253

Golden Chasselas .

254

Gi'izzhi Frvntignwh

. 254

Grizzlv Frontignac

254

JTerhemont ....

. 246

Herbemonfs Madeira .

246

Heath ....

. 255

Hampton Court Vine .

253

IiniUition Hamburg

. 247

Isabi'lifi ....

246

Jacob's Traube ....

. 254

Jerusalem Muscat .

255

Julv Grapo ....

. 254

Kleinbranner.

255

J,elianon Seedling .

. 244

Lenoir

246

Longworth's Ohio .

. 247

Lunel

255

Marzimmer ....

. 255

Mammoth Catawba

245

3riiiors Seedling .

. 24S

Madeleine ....

254

Madeleine Noir ....

. 254

Madeira

247

Malaga

. 255

3fill6r"8 Bwrgimdy

254

Mi'<souri

. 247

Missouri Seedling .

247

Morillon Hatif ....

. 254

3fi(scat of Alexandria

255

Moschata Bianca

. 255

^loscado Bianco .

255

Moscatel Common .

. 255

Muscat Noir Ordinaire .

253

Muscat Noir de Jura

. 253

Muscat d"Alexandrie .

255

Muscat Blanc ....

. 255

Muscat Blanc de Jura .

255

Muscateller ....

. 255

Muscat Pwouge

254

Muscat Gris . . . .

. 254

Muscat Noir ....

253

Nepean's Constantia

. 256

N'orton's Virqiyiia

247

Norton's Seedling

. 247

Ohio

247

Passe longue Musque

. 255

Passe Musque

255

Pineau

. 253

Pocock's Damascus

253

Powell

. 244

PoruVs Seedling .

245

Purple Frontignan .

. 253

Purple Constantia .

353

Purple Hambnrg

. 253

Ranfolak ....

255

Ranfoliga

. 255

Raabe

472

Kaabe's No. 1 .

. 471

Eaabe's No. 4 . . .

471

Kaabe's No. 2 .

. 472

Eaabe's No. 3 .

Roanoke .

Red Traminer .

Kother Traminer

Ruther Klevner

Rothclauscr

Rothe Reilier .

Kothedel

Rothfrauken

Raisin Precoce

Raisin de Champagne .

Raisin de Frontignan .

Red Muncy

Red Hamburgh

Red Constantia .

lioyal Muscadine

St.iClauser.

Salisbury Violet .

Schuylkill Muscadell

Schuylkill Muscadine .

Scuppernong .

Segar-Box Grape .

S I urPeft's Seedling ,

Sir William Rowley's Black

Sir A. Pytche's Black

Small Black Cluster

Smart's Elsingburg .

Spring Mill Constantia .

Stewards Black Prince .

Sumpter

Singleton . . ' .

SchuylkiU . ,

Traminer ....

Tokayer

Tasker's Grape .

Tottenham Park Muscat

To Kalon ....

True Burgundy

Valentines

Victoria ....

Warner's Black Hamburgh

Wnite Catawba

White Muscat of Alexandria

White Muscat "

White Muscat of Lunel

W'Ute Frontignan

White Constantia

White Frontniac .

^Vhit' Sice^t Water .

AVinne

WilmoVs New Black Hamburgh

Worthington .

Zane .

NECTAKINES,

Anderson's . ,

Anderson's (of some)

Anderson's Round

Aromatic

Barker

Black .

Black Murry

Bo-ston .

Broomjield

Brugnon Hatif

Brugnon. Red at the Stone

Brugnon de Newington

Brugnon Musque

Brugnon Violette Musquee

Claremont .

Common Elruge .

PAtiB

. 472

248
. 255

255
, 255

255
. 255

255
. 255

254
. 254

255
, 244

253
, 254

254
. 255

253
. 247

247
. 248

247
. 248

253
. 253

253
. 245

247
. 253

246
. 244

247
, 255

255
. 247

255
. 245

25=3
. 253

25-3
. 253

245
. 255

255
. 255

255
, 255

255
. 255

247
. 253

245

245

257

260
257
25T

259
256
259
257
257

259
259
257
26?

INDEX OF FRUITS.

489

Cowdray White

Z>ukeo/ T&lliers .

D"Angleterre

Doicnioti

Due (111 Telliers

Due de Tilly .

Due de Tello .

Du Tilleys .

Early Violet

Early Bruirnon

Earlij N'-icington .

Early Black Newington

Early Black.

Eiruge .

Emerton's New "White

Fi'&ju.k Yf/Jow

Fiiirchild

Fairchilds Early .

Fine Gold-fleshed .

Flanders

French Xewington .

Genoa .

Gol'Un

Hardwicke's Seedling

Jlardicieki'

Hampton Court .

HnntH Taicni/ .

Hunt" s Largo Ta\my

Hunt's Earfy Tawny

Jaune Lisse .

JUtrge Early Violet

Late Yellow .

Large White

Late Green

Large Scarlet .

Lewis

Lord Selsey's Elruge

Lucombe's Black .

Lncombe's Seedling .

Murrey .

Murrv

New White .

Neat White

New Scarlet .

Nicington.

New Dark Newington

New Early Newington

Oatlands .

Orange ...

Ord White .

Old Xewington .

Old Roman .

Orange

Pz-in^e's GoM'^ .

Perkins" Seedling

Peterborough (of some

Petprbo rough .

Petite Violette Hative

Pitmaston Orange

Ped Roman .

Eoman

Rough Eoman

Scarlet Newington

Scarlet .

Stamci^^JcA

Sncf-et Y'dlow

Sion Hill .

Smith's Newington

Spring Grove .

Temple's

Verm.Tsh (of some)

Violette Hative .

PAG«

25S
257

257
, 257

257

257

257
. 257

257
. 258

258
. 258

257
. 258

258
. 259

259
. 259

258
. 260

260

259

258

258 1

357
. 258

.258
. 258

260
. 258

260
. 268

260
. 267

256
. 257

253
. 25S

259
. 259

258
. 258

257
. 260

. 258

257

. 259

. 200
259

. 258
260

. 256

. 260

257
. 24.S

259
. 259

260
. 260

260
. 259

260
. 260

260
. 257

257
. 260

257

Violet ....
Violette AnyLrvillieres
Violette Musquee
Violet, rod at the scone
Violet Musk
William's Orange .
Williams' Seedling .
Violet Grosse

267
257

253
258
258

PEACEmS.

Alberge .

Allen ....

Aticater .

Anne ....

Adrnirahle

Altnond ....

Abricotee .

Acton Scott .

Admirable Tardive .

Admirable Janne .

Algiers Yellow .

Algiers Winter . .

Apricot Peach .

Avtor ....

Avant Rouge .

Avant Blanche

Bachelder

Baxters Seedling, No. 1

Barnard .

Bille de Bcaucaire

Beauty of Beaucaire

Bergen's Yellow .

Brentford Mignonne .

Briggs ....

Belzar's Early Parer^i(^*

Brlle Chev reuse .

Bennett's Pareripc .

Bfonty of Siilisdu*'f' .

Barrington

Baltimore Beauty

Brllegarde

Belle de Vitry

Bellis .

Belle Beaute ,

Belle de Vitj v .

Belle de Paris

Berge7i

Blood Clinosf^r . ,

Blood Cling'

Bourdine

Bondiu

Brevoort

Brevoort's Morris

Brevoort's Seedling Mel'e'

Brown Nutmes

Buckingham Mignonne

Bullard'n Clingstone

Bullitrd's S-edling

Burgess Beauty

Candy's Mammoth Cling

Cablets LaUf

Cable's Late Melocoton

Ca mh ridge Belle

Clarke .

Canary

CwHan

C^ihl-'s M'dium Melocoton

Call-^'s Early

Cable's Early Melocoton .

Crairfbrd'a Late .

Crawford's Superb Melocoton

281

281
2S1
290
290
290
296
290

. 290
281, 296

. 293
293
296
290
294
295
2S1
472
281
290
290
273
281
2S1
291
291
291
290
290
2W0
281
290
290
274
290
276
272
2S1
2>1
276
276
272
272
272
294
290
282
2SJ»
2St
29C
2St
28i
2S?
2Si
291
291
291
291
291
273
27?

490

INDEX OF FRUITS.

Chinese Peach

Charlotte .

Catherine Cling .

Cardinale .

Cathefine

Chanoellor

Chancelliere .

Clinton

Claret Clingstone .

Cole's Early Red .

Cooledge's Fa'vorit^

Cooledge's Early Eed Eareripe

Colouel Ansleys .

Congress ....

Congress Cling

Cole s White Malocoton .

Columliia

Crawford's Late Melocoton

Craicford's Early

Crawford's Early Melocoton

Crawford's Superb Malacatune

Cnt-Leaved

J)own-Eafiter

Doctor Cooper .

Douglass

Douhle Moniagne .

Double Mountain .

Dorsetshire

Druid mil .

Eliza

El^nira ....

Early York, of New Jersey

Early Crawford

Early Galande .

Early Barnard .

Early Maiden .

Early Eohinson Crusoe

Eastburn's Choice .

Eastburn

Early Anne

Early Tillotson

Early Yor^k

Early Newington Freestone

Early Newinaton .

Early Sweet- Water

Early Admirable

Early Purple Avant

Early May

Early Vineyard .

Early Eed Nutmeg .

Early White Nutmeg .

Early Purple .

Early Eoyal George

Early Eed Eareripe .

Edgar's Late Melting .

Emppror of Riissia

French Eareripe .

Falkemon

Fulkerson's Early

Favorite. .

Favorite Eed

Flat Peach of China

Fax's 8"' d ling

French Mignonne

French Eoyal George .

FreiTch MagdUlcn .

Freestone Heath .

French Bourdine .

Fine Heath .

Gorgas

Golden Eareripe . . ,

Green, Eareripe

PAGE 1

. 291

292

292
291
291
282
281
282
278
278
290
291
291
276
273
273
272
272 ;
273
292
2S3
283
283
288
283
277
272
283
283
277
272
281
281
286
292
283
283
290
279
273
274
274, 295
294
290
274
274
274
294
295

. 274
281, 294

. 288
291

. 292
280, 2bl

. 283
2S3
292
292
282
292
274
2S1
294
276
276
274
472
281
284

Belle

GesVs Svp^rh .

Grosse Persique Eouge

Gests Large Freestone .

Galand ....

George the Fourth .

Gold Flcv^^hed .

Golden Mignonne

Green Nutmeg

Groxse Mignonne .

Grim wood s Eoyal George

Grimwoods New Eoyal Geoi^i

Griffin's Mignonne

Grimwoods Eoyal Charlotte

Green Catherine .

Gros Malecaton

Golden Ball .

Hatch

Hale's Melocoton .

Hale .

Hartshorn .

Hastin gs .

Hall's Down-Easter

Honest John

Hardy Galande

Huvey^s Cambridge

HeatWa Freestone

Hoffner

Hofifner's Seedling

Henry Clay

Haine's Early Eed

Heath Clingstone

Hath

HofiFman's Pound

Hogg's Melocoton .

Hyslop

Hyslop's Clingstone

Hill's Madeira .

Ispmhan

Incorhparable .

Italian
Jane .

Jaqii^s .

Jaquish

Jaques' Eareripe .

Jose Sweet

Jones' Early .

Jones'' Large Early

Java ....

Johnson's Early Purple

Judd's Melting

Kenrick's Heath

Kew Early Purple

Kennedy's Carolina .

Kennedy's Lemon Cling

Lafayette Clingstone

Lafayette

Large Melting .

Late Chancellor

Large Early York .

Large American Nutmeg

L'Admirable

Large French Mignonne

La Eoyale ■

Lat'' Admirable .

La Granae

Large Eed Eareripe

Large Eed Eareripe .

Lady ^Vnn Steward

Late Eed Eareripe .

Lady Gallatin

Large Yellow Eareripe

Late Admirable Cling

•Aon

292
285
292
284
274
281
281
290
274
274
274
294
291
283
285
292
284
284
284
284
284
283
277
281, 284
. 282
284
292
292
284
277
274
274
293
288
275
275
285
292
285
276
272
275
275
275
285
285
285
282
274
276
284
291
277
277
203
293
293
291
277
294
290
274
276
276
293
275
288
276
277
2S8
280
28«

INDEX OF FRUITS.

401

f arge White Clingstone
T.iit' y< Uc^ic Albe/ye
Largest Lemon .
Largft Newington .
Letnoii Clingiitoii^ .
Lord Montague's Noblesse
Lockyer s ifignonne .
Lord Fauconberg s Mignonne
Long Y«Uow Pine Apple
Luscious W^hite Kareripe
Livingstone's N. Y Karerlpe
Lincoln ....
Mtt'jift-ate
Majestrate
Madeira .
Madeira Freestone .
Merrium. .
M.S. Poinsett
Moore's Favorite
Udtirig ....
Morri-sania

ifonst-ous Freestone .

Miuleline of Courson
Vald-'ii ....
Madeleine de Courson
Madeline Eougo
Malta

Malte de Normandie
Malagatune
Malacatune .
Marie Antoinette
Mellish's Favorite .
Mignonne .
Millet's Mignonne .
Montague .
Montauban
Motteux's

Morris's Eed Eareripe .
Morris Red
Morris White Eareripe .
Morris Whit^ .
Morris White Freestone
Morrisania Pound
Morrison's Pound .
Monstrous Pavie
Monstrous Pompone
jr>nstrou8 Clingtitone
Newington Cling .

New Eoyal George .
Narbonne

New Cut-leaved

Neills Early Purpld

New Eoyal Charlotie

New York White G:t*<g8ton8

Newington

Niiu'tt'^

Nivetto Yeloutee

Noisette • . . •

Ko'/lrKSe .

Noir de Montreuil .

ife-io York Rareripe

iffwman

KonpareU

Owen

Owen's Lemon .

Owen's Lemon Eareripe

Oldmixoii .

October Yellow .

Oldmi^ron Free^stone

Oldmixon Clearstone .

Oldinixon Clingstone

Old NeuingLon .

PACK

2S9

293
, 277

293
, 277

286
, 294

277 i

276 '

277 i
286 1
293 I
293 !
2S5 I
2^5 '
2S5
285
2S6
293
293
294
294
2S6
294
294
276
276
2S8
288
2S0
286
274
294
283
283
276
275
275
276
276
276
293
293
285
285
285
293
294
276
292
274
291
289

274, 293
277
277
291
286

277
286
293

287
287
287
278
293
278
278
278
293

Orange CUngetone

Orange ....

Orchard Qn^n .

Old Eoyal Charlotte

Philadelphia Freestone

Paragon ....

Pe-cfur d'ltpahan

Poinsett ....

Poole's Yellow

Phjleiger ....

Pavie Admirable .

Pavie de Pomponne

Pavie de Pomponne Grosse

Pavie Eouge de Pompone

Pavie Caum

Pavie Monstreux

Peche Eoyale

Peche Malte

Peche Jaune .

Peon-To ....

Pine-Apple Clingstone .

Pourpree de Normandie .

Pouqiree Hative .

Pourpree Tardive

Pooles Large Yellow .

Poole's Late Yellow Freestone

President

Prince's Red Rareripe .

Purple Avant

Puri)le Alberge .

Prince's Paragon .

Re-fiv>''s Farointe

Eonald's Mignonne

Eed Eareripe

Red Ran ripe

Eed Magdalen .

Eoine des Vergers .

R^-d Xatrr.eg .

Eed Avant

R.'d Ch-eek
Eed Magdalen
Eed Check Malocoton
Eed Alberge .

Eed Heath

Eeids Wo<'ping

Eoyal Kensington

Eonald's Seedling Galande

Eoyal Sovereign

Eoyale ....

Eougo Paysanne

Royal Oeorge

Eos«

Rosanna

Roiiebank ....

Rodnuin's Red

Shanghai ....

Site's OldZack

Skinner's Superb .

Saint Oeorge

Smock ....

Smith's Favorite .

Sicalsh ....

Swaize ....

Smook Clingstone .

Spring Grove

Sloe Horn's Early

Smith's New-injjton

Sanguinole " f'hairAdherente

Scok'n Early Red ,

Serrated

Selbys Cling .

Smock Freestone

INDEX OF FRUITS.

Smith's Newington

S7nit/i's Earh/Neficingtom,

Smooth-leaved Koyal George

Snow ....

Stewart's Late Galande

Strawberry

Superb Eoyal

Superb

Sweet Walsr .

Swiss Mignonne

t^errate Early York

&'cotfs Nonpareil

SuZho/mstead .

t iehott

'i'rne Early York .

'j'illotHon .

TufCs Early .

TufCs Bareripe

Tarhell .

"j'eton de Yenus

'-i'ippecanoe .

1>ue Eed Magdalen .

'fice

j'ice's Ee<7 and Yellow

T'nique .

1 'andermarh »

A iolet Hative Grosse

^'angua^d .

Van Zandt'H Superb

"\'eloutee Tardive

"^ iolette Hative

^ ineuse

"\'ineuse de Fromentin

Ward's FreeMone .

Y/ard's Late Free .

"S/ard's Free

Meed's Freef^tnne .

"Washington Rareripe

M^albu7'ton .

Walburton Admirable

Y/axen Eareripe .

M''a-^hi}i(/ton

Y'ashington Eed Freestone

^>'^alte?•'s Early

Wasli-mgton Clingstone

V>''eepinQ .

Y.'hite Eareripe

Y/hite Malacaton

White Nutmeg

Y.''J)ite Avant .

White Imperial .

Y;''hite Blossomed Incomparable

White B'.usxora

Y'illow Peach ,

Y'illiamson's New York

White Heath .

White Clin.(if>ione .

Xat^is' Earlij .

^^ellow Admirable

Vellow Malocoton

^ ellow Malagatune

V ellow Alberge

Yjllow Eareripe .

^fllow Rarerix>e

Yellow Pine Apple

Vollow Eed Eareripe

Yellow Barnard

i-oar Beauty .

PEAE8,

PAGE

274
274, 295
281
2S7
291
294
274
294
294
274
273
293
295
295
273
279
289
289
289
276
288
294
295
295
292
295
281
286
279
287
281
274
274
280
230
280
239
289
289
289
279
289
289
279
289
. 296
276, 277
. 276
295
2'.t5
279
295
295
295
289
274
289
296
296
288
288
281
231
280
277
280
281
296

AbloU

348

AdeUe rf' St. Denis
Admiral
Amiral
AdamJ's .

Angleterre Noiaette
Amhrette
Ambre Gris
Ambrette d'Hiver .
Ah ! Mon Dieu .
Alpha .

Althorpe Crassaune
Amire Joannet
Amhronia .
Amande Double .
Amanda's Double
Amoselle
An-dreica .
Ananas .
Ananas d'Ete .
Ananas .
Aiigleterre ,
Ana or a ,
Archiduc d'Ete .
Aston 7 men ,
Autumn Cohnar
Autumn Bergamot
Autumn Paradise
Bar mine de Mello
Bankerline
Be/iirre Suisse
Beurre Beauli&u
Beurre d' Rhine .
Beurre Charron
Beurre Noirchain .
Beurre Kossuth
Beurre Gi'1 or d
Beurre Gifford .
Beurre Moire
Beurre A''antais
Br%irre Superfine
Beurre Ba^helier
Burre Millet
B u rre Br'-tto^meau
Beurre de Waterloo
B:urre Audosson
Bewrre Sprin
Beurre Strikman
Beurre Clairgeau
Beurre Goloraa .
Beurre Chaptal
Beurre Curtetof A. Leroy
Beurre St. Nicholas
Brurre Oudiiwt
Bturre Scutin
Beurre de BoUiciller
Beurre Adam .
Burlinghayne .
Burlingame .
BHngewood,
Brielmont
Borden-a^e
Bmissock
Brandy^cin e .
Belle Angevine
Brown St. Germain
Bcnne des Z^ea
Bonne d'Esee .
Belle Epine Dumas
Beurre Langlier
Beurre Eaft.ir
Beurre Coit
Bdl'ti Ejcellenl

INDEX OF FRU1T3.

41' 3

BdU de Koel .
Belle Apres Noel .
He/le Julie
Belle Can<iUe
Belle de Titouars
Belle Gabriel
Beuu I'rei^ent d''ArtaU
B> /yaynot d'Exj^erin .
Bti'i/timot Gaudry .
BtnouM Nouctau
B aJuell .
Beadnell's Seedling
Borgumot Bcnissiere
Bcvgamot I'arthenai/
Bergaiiiot d'Alencon
Bozl de Spoelberch
Br~i San-^jjarcil
B<:i (''Naples
Btzi d' K-sperin,
Bezi Blanc . . •
Bon ChrettMb Sparnds.'.
Bon Chretien Fleinis).
Burgomaster .
Bujaleuf .
Bonne des Haies
Barry .
Bart I eft .
Badliani's
Utile d^ Bruxelles
Belle d'AoQt .
Beau Present
Bellissiine dEte
Bellissiuie Supreme .
Bellis.<inie Jargonelle

B&lmont .

Belle it Bonne

Beurre Ilaggerston

Beurre d'Angleterre

Beurre Boucquia

Benrre de Capiumont

Beurre Gris

Beurre Kouge

Beurre dOr

Beurre Doree

Beurre dAinbois

Beurre du Koi

Beurre

Bfurre d^Anjou

Beurre Vert

Beiirre Boi^c .

B(-urre d'AmaUs

Beurre dAmaulis

Beurre d Amanlis

Bt'urre Dii'l .

Beurre Eoyale .

Beurre Ma;::niflque

Beurre Incomparable

Biurre Knox

Beurre Kin rick

B'^urre Dural

Biurre Prehle

Bctirre Cvlmaj^

Beurre Colmar d'Antomne

Beurre d<' Beaumont

Beurre Van Jlons .

Beurre Romain .

Beurre de Earn • ,

Beurre Eance

Beurre Epine .

Beurre de Flandre

Beurre I ron^ee .

Beurre d Alencon .

PAGE I

849

349 I
860 I

850 ;

. 850 !

8b9

, 854

354

. 854

855

, 857

857

. 890

890

. 8S9

8S5

. 854

855

. 355

891

. 891

891
. 891

400
. 856

478
. 811

350
. 849

849
. 873

895
. 895

895
. 889

3S9
. 890

3SS
. 391

857
. 850

850
. 850

350
. 850

350
. 350

^6
. 850

315
. 852

852

. 852

•813

. 813

313
. 313

890
. 890

390
. 851

390
. 890

851
. 890

890

851

851
. 851

851
. 890

8S9

Benrre d'TIivcr .
Beurre Fortunee .
Beurre dllardenponl
Beurre d'lliver ^ouwlie
Beurre dAreniberg .
Beurre d'Austrasie
Beurre Colinar Gris, dit Precel
Beurre d"Argenson
Beurre de Malines
Beurre Van JIarum .
Beurre Spence
Beurre t'rapaud .
Beurre Picquery
Beurre Beauchauips
Beurre Blanc de Jersey .
Beurre Curte .
Beurre Plat
Bcrgfiloo
Beurre Blanc
Beurre or Bonne Louisc-d'Araudore
Beurre Niell
Beurre Sieulle
Bey^rre d'Aremherg
Beurre des Orphelins
Beurre de la Penlecote .
Beurre d'lliver de Bruxelles
Beurre Eoupe .
Beurre de Paques
Beurre Gris dHiver Nouveau
Belle de Brussels .
Bi-^i Va,t ....
Bi'zi d'Heri . . ...
Bezi Royale

Bergauiotte de Paques .
Bergamotte d'Hiver .
Bergamotte de Bugi
Bergamotte de Toulouse .
Bergamotte d'' Hollands
Bergamotte de Fouegre .
Bergamot d'Ete
Bergamotte d'xVngleterre .
Bergamotte Suisse
I Berfjanwtte Vadette
] Bergamotte Crassane .
I Bergamotte Sylvange
1 Bergamotte de la Pentecote .

Bezi de Chaumontelle
I Bezi d'Echassey
I Bezi de Cbasserie
I Belle de Jersey .
I Beauchamps
I Bezi de Jlontigny
I B'Zi de la Motte

Bein Arniudi
I Belle de Flanders .
' Bill Liuraiive

Bezi Chaumontelle ttes gros
I Bishop" s Thurnh ,
\ liloodgood
I Bleeker'n 3feado^o
lUack Worcester
Black Pear of Worcester
Bon Chretien dEte .
Boucguia ....
Bosc's Flaschenbirne
Bonne Rouge
Bon Otri^tien Fond ante
Bonche Nouvelle .
Bosch ....

Bosch Sire ....
Boston F.pnrfrne
Bon Chrttieu d Espagne

404

■^NDEX OF B^KUITS.

Bujaleuf

Bourgermester .

Bonne fie Malines .

Uroudlui'in

Brovrn Beurre

Brocas Bergamot

Braddock's Field Standard

Broom Park .

Bretagne le Cour .

Brown St Germain .

Brande's St. Gsrmcu'n

Bwfam

Buffum ....

Burnett

Butter Pear .

Captif d' St. Helena .

Calt^asse Delcinge

Chapin

Chapvia/iv

Citron of BoJuenvia

Cailliot Eosat

Calebasse cVEte

Caen du, France .

Catinka

Canandaigua

Catherine .

Celestln ....

Ohaptal .

Chancellor .

Charles Van Mons .

Charles Van Boogies .

Christmas

Coter ....

Coit ....

Conseiller Ramuez

Courdess of Lunay

Comtesse de Lunay

Collins . ,

Colftn's VirgaUeu

Caillot Eosat d'Ete .

Capiumont

Calabasse Bose .

Cahot

Capsheaf .

CalehuJise

Calebasse Double Extra

Calebasse d'Hollande .

Calebasse Grosse .

Capucin

Claire

CalJbown

Canning

Catillaa

Cadilloc

Cellite ....

Citelmsford

Charles of Austria

Charles d'Autriche .

Chaumontel tres gros .

Chaumontil

Chapman's .^ .

Chambers' Large

Chambrette .

Citron

Citron des Carmea .

Clara'

Clinton ....

Cjion ....

Compte de Lamy

Ctunprette .

Commodore ■ .

Copea

891

346
856
350
369
877
391
834

318
318
391
322
866
392
363
892
392
899
85S
557
357
357
357
843
35S
358
358
358
358
360
319
369
359
359
860
894
899
357
315
392
357
392
392
392
392
892
392
357
317
392
392
8S0
898
892
392
317
359
880
834
400
860
831
392
392
344
860
393
39?-
891

PA6H

ColmarEpine 360

Colmar NcUl 359

Comtesse de Fresnol .... 867

Compte de Micbaux 397

Colmar Bosc 397

Colmar des Champs 314

Culumlia 819

Columbian Virgalieu .... 319

Columbian Virgalouse .... 319

Canutook 893

Comstock Wilding . . . . 393

Cohiuir 393

Colmar Dore 3S0

Colmar d Hiver .... 325, 380

Colmar Jaminette .... 373

Colmar Oris 380

Colmar Souveraine .... 380

Colmar Van Mons 380

Colmar Charnay 388

Colmar d-Areraberg .... 389

Colmar Neil 397

Colmar Preule 880

Colmar Doree , .... 393

Crawford 393

Croft CasUe 393

Cross 860

Crassane 393

Cresane 393

Cuisse Madame ..'...

Cuisse Madame

Cushing 860

Cumberland 893

Cyprus Pear 894

Cuvelier 393

Dallas 360

De Sorlus 862

Des Nonnes 361

Des Nones 861

Despoelberg 385

Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers . . 861

Delices d^ Hard^npont du Nord and Bel'

gium 861

Delices de Mons 362

Delices Charles Van Mons . . 362

Dillon 862

Dearborn 394

Ds deitx foix Lane .... 394

Downing 473

Doyenne Downing 473

Doyenne Boussock Nouvelle . . 818

Doyenne Oris d' Hiver Nouveau . . 821

Doyenne d'Alencou .... 321

Doyenne Gray 822

Doyenne White 322

Doyenne Musque 855

Doyenne Dillen 362

Doyenne Rose ...... 362

Doyenne Robin 363

Doyenne SieuUe 863

Doyenne SantSlette .... 363

Doyeivne Goubalt 803

Doyenne du Cornice . ... . 863

Doyenne de Fais 363

Doyenne d' River 394

Doiimton 894

Dorr • . . 394

D'Ambre 897

D'Amour 394

D'Abondance 881

D'Arc-mberg Parfait . . . 814

D'Anch ... ... 893

D'Austrasie ... . . 873

IXDEX OF FRUITS.

495

DiUc'ti .

Dearborn's Seedling

De Vallee

De Keinzheim .

Des Trois Tours .

De Melon .

Dean's Sitmmer .

De Lourain

Delifes dlfardenpont

Delioes d'Ardenpont

De Vigae Pelone .

Deiichamps

De Miiune

De Tonneau

D'uiVs Butterbirne .

Diel ....

Diamant

Dingier

DU.

Dorothee Royale

Doyenne d'Ete

Doyenne .

Doyenne Blanc

Doi/enne Panache .

Doyenne Galeux .

Doyenne Boussouck

Doyenne Oris

Doyenne Rouge

Doyenne Eoux

Downliam Seedling .

Doyenne d'Hiver .

Doyenne du Printenips

Doyenne dAutomne

DunMi'tiei'

Ditnmore

Duchexse of Angouleme

Duchess of Mars .

Duchesse de Mars

Duchesne of Orleans

Duwla-f .

Due d'Arembcrg .

Du Fatre .

Dumas

Due de Bordeaux .

Dwhess of Berri .

Duchess of Berry .

Dusnas .

DiKiu^sne d'Ete

Early Druzelona

Earlij Butter of Cin

Early St. Germain

Elizabeth Van Mons

Excdlcntissima .

Earlj/ Stigar .

Early Beurre .

Earli/ Bergamot

Early Queen .

Early Catherine

Early Rousselet .

Easter Beurre

Easter Bergamot .

E.;haf,sery

Echasserie

Edward's Elizaheih

Edicard''s Henrietta

Edward's William .

Ellanrioch

Emerald .

English Red Clieek

English Beurre

Englir^h Bergamot .

English Autumn Bergamot

PAGE '

862 \

820 .

400

400

813

, 313

821

. 861

861

. 361

867 ,
. 314
893
. 834
813
. 813
369
. 360
823
. 813
321
. 322
822
. 323
322
. 818
322
. 822
322
. 370
817
. 817
822
. 894
365
. 864
366
. 366
864
. 366
814
. 817
844
. 844
866
. 866
331
. 394
894
. 367
858
. 866
894
. 866
888
. 894
897
. 894
894
. 81T
889
. 867
867
. 866
870
. 400
896
. 894
895

889
889

Enfant Prodige .
Epargne ....
Epine Rose .
Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose
Epine d Ete .
Etourneau ....
Eijeioood . . .
Epine Dumas .
Eliza dHeyst
Episcopal ....
Fondante Pariselle du Cornice
Figue ....
Figue Vert
Feaster ...
Fomlante de Charneacse
Fondante de MaJines
Frederika Bremer
Fanunga ....
Foster's St. Jfichael
French Jargonelle
Ferdinand de Meester .
Fingafs ....
Fi'jue of 2sfaples .
Fig Pear of Naples .
Fin Or d'Hiver
Fleur de Guignes
Flemish Beauty .
Fleniish Bon Chretien .
Fondante

Fondante Musquee .
Fondante Van Mons .
Fondante d'Automne
Fondante du Bois
Fondante de Panisel
Fondante de Mons
Forme de Delioes .
Forelle ....
Forellen-birue .
Forme de Marie Louise
Fortxin^e ....

Frederic de Wurtemburg

Frederick of Wurtemburg
Franc Real d'Hiver .

Franc Real d'Eto

Franc Real .

Franklin ....

Fine Gold of Summer

Fin Or d'Eto .

Ftdton ....

GanseWs Late Bergamot

Gideon Paridante

General Taylor

General Lamoriciere .

Green Catherine

Green's Germantown .

Grand Soliel .

Gre.'n ^fountain Boy

Gros Romain

Grise Bon/ne

Gros Roussellet

Gansel's Bergamot

Garde d Ecosse .

Gende-sheim. .

Germain Baker

Gil-o-gile

Gil-o-gil .

Glout Moreeau .

Gloux Morceaux

Golden Beurre

Golden Beurre of Billjo-3

Gore's Heathcot .

Goulu Morceau

Hortic I

496 INDKX OF

' FRUITS.

.

PAGE '

p

Green, Chisel ....

396

Jergil's ...

Green Sugar ....

.• . 396 .

King>s€ssing

Grosso Cuisse Madame .

Kirtland . . . .

Gros Micet d'Ete

. ' . 3S4

Kirtland's Seedling

Gradeuse

3S9

Kirtlands Beurre ....

Gray Beurre ....

. 850

Knight's Seedling

Grosse Dorotliee ....

318

Knight" s E. I. Seedling

Gray Doyenne ....

. 322

Kattern

Gray Butter Pear ....

322

King Edward^ s

Gray Doans . .

. 322

Knevetfs New Swan's Egg .

Grti^iv Pear of Yair .

396

Knight'' s Monarch ....

Green Vair ....

. 396

Konge

Great Citron of Bohemia .

392

Laherard

Greeu teylvange

. 400

Large Eoussellet

Grand Monarque ....

392

Late Catherine

Groote Mogul ....

. 392

LeecKs Kingsesaing ....

Groouis Prmcess Eoyal

381

Lee's Seedling

Gurle's Beurre ....

. 369

Lamoiiciere

Guernsey

338

La JvAve

J/enriitca

. 370

Las Canas

Henkel

. 371 ;

Large Seckel

JFudclington ....

. 371 1

La Fortunee de Parmentier .

Ifa'jerman

370

La 1 ortunee de Paris ....

Ilaiiocer

. 870

Lav:rince

Manners

370

La Bonne Malinoise ....

Hamus

. 370

Leon le Clerc

Hovey

473

Leon le Clerc de Laval

Honey

. 827

Levels

Harrison Fall ....

396

Lent St, Germain

Harvest Pear ....

. 866, 399

Le Cure

Hampden's Bergamot .

896

Limon

Hazel

. 896

Little 3fuscat

Harvard

370

Little Musk

Ha^on'n Incomparable .

. 870

Little Swan's Egg ....

Hardenpont d'Hiver .

825

Linden d'Automne ....

Hardenpont du Prin temps

. 351

Lodge

Heti'iel

396

Long Gre-en

Heiiryt^e Fourth .

. 372

L'Orpheline

Henri Quatre ....

372

Lord Cheney's

Heri art

. 372

Louise Bonne de Jersey .

Heathcot

820

Lotiifie Bonne of Jersey

Hooper's Bilboa

. 326

Louise Bonne d'Avranches

Holland Bergamot

389

Louise Bonne

Hull

. 372

Louise Bonne Eeal ....

Haggle not

396

Locke

Hofien Schenck ....

. 372

Locke's New Beurre

HowpU

372

Louise of Orleans

Invonniie Van Mons

. 372

Louise Bonne de Boulogne

Iron Pear

318

Marechal de la Coiir ....

Imperatrice de France

. 324

March Bergamot ....

Incomparable ....

393

Martin Sec

Isanibert

. 850

Merriam

Isambert le Bon ....

350

M'LaugMin

Ives' Bergamot

. 369

^Monstrous Calabash .

JargowMe

378

Mouille Bouche

Jaruonelle, French

. 895

Movamensing

.Tacquin

872

Millot de Nancy

Jitlou^'ie

. 896

Madotte

Jalousie de Fontenay Veniiee .

828

Marulis

Jackman's Melting .

; 874

' Marcellis

Jagdbirne . ...

867

Madeleine, or Citron ies Ca/rmes

Jariiinette . ...

. 872

Madeleine

Jilogil . ....

895

Magdalen . ....

Joannette

. 866

Manning's ElUaheih ....

Juhonnot

873

Jtlarianne Nouvelle ....

Josephine

. 872

Marie Louise Nova

John

897

Marie Louise the Second

July Pear

. 399

Mari^ Lonisp

Julienne

373

: Marie Chretienne

Jean de Witte ....

. 873

Marie Louise Nova . . . .

Jersey Gratiole .

873

Marotte Sucre Jaune ....

Josephine de Malmei

. . 373

, Melon de Kops

INDEX OF FRUITS.

497

PiGB

Medallle

877

Me-fHre Jean

. 897

Messirc Jean Gris ....

897 ,

Messire Jean Blanc . . . .

. 397

Messire Jean Doree

397 ,

Mii-liauM

. 397

Milanaise Cuvelier

34G

Mon Dieu

. 894

Moor-Fuid Egg ....

897 1

Moor-Fowl Eirg . . . .

1

Mouth Water ....

381 '

MolUU'x Giiei'nsey Beurre

. 851

Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle

3ol

J/oCiU-S

. 877

Monsieur Jean ....

897

Monsieur le Cure

. 344

Mr. John

897

Muscat Petit

. 397

897

Jfuscat Fleure

. 331

Musk Eobine

897

Jiluscadine

. 877

Musk Summer Good Christian .

899

Mufikingum

. 397

New Swan's Egg ....

4U0

Napoleon

. 378

Naumkeag

397

New York Red Cheek .

. 885

New Autumn ...

831

Ne Plus Meuris

. 816

New St. Germain ....

335

Nelis dHiver

. 344

Niell

397

No. 8 of Van Mons . . . .

. 399

382

New Pear

. 832

Noel

858

No. 159D of Van Mons .

. 890

No. 123S of Van Mons .

892

Oaklei/ Park

. 878

Oaklev Park Bergamot .

878

Oxford Chaumontel . . . .

. 359

Orpheline d'Enghein

814

Onwidaga . . . .

. 832

Onondaga Seedling

832

Orange Bergamot . . . .

. 378

Orange Pear

878

Oudinot

. 879

0-ihorn

379

Osh a ?hd\s Summer . . . .

. 379

379

Ott

. 879

Oswego

880

Oswego Beurre . . . .

. 380

Oliver's Russtt ....

398

Own

. 898

Orange dHiver ....
Pennlfton

401

. 381

381

Pengiihely ....

. 380

Parmentier

866

Penfleld

. 8S3

Pavcuchi do Perigord .

834

Poire de Payencv

. 334

Poire de Perigord

834

Poire St. Andre

. 835

/ oire de Bju!oj7ie

343

Poire d'Alf'Vet ....

. 881

Pi/>>e d'Ahondance .

381

Pratt . . . • .

. 8S1

Plvni«»uth

818

rrovidence

. 318

Plomliga^M .

Plumbgartel

Plougastel

Paul T Helen .

PayenCy

Pater Noster

I'assans du Portugal

Paquoney .

Pailleau,

Paradise d'Automne

Parkinson's Warden

I'addiugton

J'asse Colmar

Passe Colmar Epineaux

Passe Colmar Gris

Perdreau ....

Petit Muscat .

Petit Kousselet .

Pttre ....

Pennsylvania .

Philippe de Paques

Pitt fi Prolijic .

Pitfs Surpasoe Marie .

I'ickering Pear .

Piper ....

Poire Guillaume

Poire des Tables des Princes

Poire a la Keine

Poire de Cliypre .

Poire Sans Peau

Poire de Kose

Poire Ananas

Poire d"Amboise ,

Poire de Cadet .

Poire de Louvain .

Poire Truite

Poire-Glace .

Poire Niell

Poire a Gobert

Pop^s Scarlet Major

Pojye's Quaker

Pound ....

Primitive

Princes Sugar .

Prince's Sugar-Top

Princesse de Parme

Princess of Orange

Princesse d'Orange .

Princesse Conquete

Precel

Present de Malines

Pitt's Marie Louise .

Prince's St. Germa4,n, ,

Pulsffer ....

Princess Poyal .

Quetn Caroline

Queen of Pears

Queen's Pear

Que^n of the Loio ^ountries

Qmlletette

Raymond

Eeed's Seedling

Regnier

Roussellet THiver .

Ro^tssellet Double Bsperin

RosaHrne

Eichard's Beurre .

Rapalje ....

llapaljc's Seedling.

Rallay ....

Red Muscadcl

lical Jargonelle

498

I2s'DEX Oi^^ FRUITS.

lied Clicek

Red BtiuTe . .

Red Doyenne .

Heine des Pays Bas

Reine Caroline

Heine des Poires .

Red-cheeked Seckel .

Regintin

Kousselet Hatif .

liuuf^neltt de Mheims .

Rousselet .

Hoi de Home

Hoi de Wurtemberg .

Eouisselet de Meeker .

Hoftie.er .

Robertson

Royal Tairling .

PvObert's Keeping .

Mopes

Ross ....

Ixondolet ■

R us) 1 more Bon Chretien

ItousseUet .

Soucerair)^ c?'^6 .

8tyer ....

St. Jean Bapti»te .

St. M6-S7run

Sterling

St. Mii-hael Archa/nge

S/'nirtleJf . .

Shurtlefif's Seedling .

Sagaret ....

Schenck's August Watermelon

Schenck's Pear

Sentilet

Serrurier

Seigneur d'Esperin .

Seedling Seckel

SoUJut (.PE!<perirh

Soldat Labourer d'Esperin

Soldat Labourer, of some

Smith's Moyamensing .

Smith's Bordenave .

Smith's Haddington

Smokehouse

St, Galen

St Mare .

St. Nicolas

Slieldon

Signoret

Serrurier d'Automne

Summer Virgalien

S tinoier Pine Apple

Summer Calebasse .

Suzette de Bavay .

Suzette de Bavay Esperin

Stone

Swan's Orange

Saint Sampson .

Saint Lambert

Sabine d'Ete

Sanspeau or Skinless

Satin Vert .

Saint Germain de Martin

Sabine

Seckel ....

Seckle

Seigneur d'Hiver .

Shorts St. Germain .

Sieulle ....

S', in less ...

Bickel ...

PAGE

. 395

822
8S2
89S
898
335
8S0
394
399
399
878
325
398
835
345
389
•389
382
882
382
896
899
884
SS4
3S4
383
384
884
884
884
388
872
372
363
8S3
312
329
3:37
837
314
332
356
371
872
336
342
364
883
888

. 383
321, 379

. 839
358
385
385
393
832
378
373
395
883
899
899
872
835
385
317
399
368
888
335

Smith's Pennsylvania

Snow Pear

Spanish Bon Chretien

Spice or Musk Pear

Spina ....

St. Jean ....

St. John's Pear

St. Jean Musquee Gros

St. Germain d Ete

St. Michael . . .

St. Michel Dore

St. Giiislain ,

St. Andre

St. Gf^rmain Blanc

St. Gerniai7i

St. Germain Gris .

St. Germain Panachee

Stij)'ian ....

Stev lis' Genesee

Stephen's Genesee

Striped Germain

Striped Long Green

Staunton .

Sugar Pear

Sugar Top

Summer Berganiot

Summer Doyenne

Supreme

Summer Beauty

Sii^mmer Portugal

Summer Frano Real

Summer Rose

Sucree de Hoyerswerda

Sugar of Iloyersworda

Summer Thorn

Summer Bon Chretien

Summer Good Christian

Summer St. Germain

Summer Bell

Sullivan

Surpasse Marie Louise

Surpasse Virgalieu

Surpasse Virgouleuse
! Siclss Bergamot .
I Sweet Summer
j Swan's Egg .
I SuVcange .
I Syckle
1 Theodore .

Theodore Van Mons

Tarquin .

TVton .

Tea ....

Terling .

Thorny Rose

Tuom/psorC s .

Trouve de Montigny .

Trout Pear .

Tyson

Triomph de Jodoign^

Trompe Valet

Upper Criist ,

Union ....

Urhaniste

Uvedale's St. Germain

Uvedale's 'VN''arden .

Van Assclis

Van Assene .

Vana.'i.'^e

Van Ashe
Vesou^iere
, VoMee Franche .

PAG a

. 880

822
. 391

399
. 391

366
. 866

897
. 399

322
. 322

336
. 338

897

399
3^38
338

. 869
866, 395
899
396
321
895
395
885
3St
399
399
399
399
399
399
399
4fiO
400

340
840
400
373
400
40 t
335
385
3b5
4r>0
899
3S5
389
399
342
855
868
811
385
389
385
8;i4
342
834
334
345
345
845
345
3s6
400

ixdp:x of fruits.

409

Via Mons, No. 1218 .
Van Mons, No. 154
Va/i Bur en

Van Jffnt-s Lean le Clerc
Van Mons, No. 1238 .
Vermillion d'Ete .
Verte Longue
Verte Langue Panuclise
Virgalieu

Virgaloo ....
VUar of Winkfield .
Virgouleuse

ViAompte de SpoeU)erch
Vicompte de Spoelberg .

We,stroU .

Wheeler's New St Michael
"White Dean
Win-'i/iip

"VVinship's Seedling .
Wiilinm.ion .
IV'iartona Early
"SVredow . . . ,
ir./Wv/-
"Watertown
Warwick Bergamot .
Wds/iin-i/ton .
W/iite Doyenne .
White Benrre
White Autumn Beurre
AVilliam's Bon Chretien
Win'l'<or

William's Early .
William the'Fourth .
inil'ur
Wilkin^'ion ■
Winter Bergamot .
Winter Cross
Winter Beurre
Winter Bell
Winier Ndis
Wilhelmine
Wilhclmina .
Williams
Wiidow .
William .
Whitfield
Wurzur

Wurzur d'Automno
Winter Oran/je
Tat.

York Bergamot .
Yutte

Z^pherine Gregoire .
7,rtar Bettnty .
Zoar Seedling ,
Zoar Flat

PLUM8,

A^kew's Purple Egg

Askew's Golden Egg

Admiral

Abricotee de Tours .

Abricotoe

Agon Datte

Ainber Primordian

American Yellow Gage

Anipricnn Wheut .

Apri-pt

Apricot Plnm of Tours .

Autumn Gage .

Azure Hative .

PAOB

893

366
400
843
892
895
331
831

869, 322
822
. 344

322, 400
. 8S5
385
3S6
820
822
886
886
886
887
888
886
860
322
845
822
822
322
311
400
386
833

888
389
360
359
334
344
387
387
311
3S8
400
400
401
iOl
101

toi
3S9
401
888
847
347
401

428
424
425
424
424
422
426
414
424
424
424
415
425

Alhnny Brant y

Blue rium

Battle Monument

Beekman s Scarlet .

B' a<-k I'lmn

Bingham

j.Heevker''8 Gage

Blue Gage .

Black Perdrigon

Blue Perdrigon .

Blue fmp&rairice

Blue Holland .

Bleeckers Scarlet

Black Morocco

Black Damask .

Bolmar .

Bulinors Washington

Bruyn Gage .

Bradford Gage .

Brugnon Gage

Brignole .

BrecoorVs Pnrple

Brevoorfs Purple Bolmar

Brevoorfs I'urple Washington

Brignole Violette

Buefs Favorite .

Bury Seedling .

Biipdd ....

Chapman's Prince of Wales

Cheston Matchless .

Cooper's Bed

Coe s Fine Late Bed

Col. Young's Seedling

Oroft'i Early

Copper

Catalonian

Caledonian

Caledonian

O'lerry

Cie^ton . . .

G'lickaftaw Plum

Co"'.'! Golden Crop

C le's Imperial .

C'lip'f'ii

Cooper's Large Bed .
Cooper's Large American
C'llutnhia .
CoUioibian Gage .
Corse's Admiral
Curse's Field Marshal .
Corse's Nota Bene
Coes Late Bed
Common Damson
Common Quetsche
0 rimer'' 8 Sc rl< t
Crnger's .
Cruger's Seedling
Cruger's Scarlet Gage .
CloUt of GoM. .
De. Monifort .
Dictator

Duan-e'ft Pnrple .
Dana'8 Yellow Gage
DA^Mine
Dame Aubert
Dame Aubert Blanche .
Dame .\ubert Jaune .
D'Ameriquc Rouge
Dnttt.ion .
Damas d'ltalie
D'Agen
j Bamas Violet. . . .

500

INDEX OF FRUITS.

Dama&k ....

I)c Virginie .

Denni^tva Red

Deuniston's Albany Beauty

iJenniflou H Superb

Denyers Victoria .

Diamond ■

I>iapree Eouge

Die Violette Koniginn Claudle

JJoicnton Imperatrice

Domine Dull .

Drap d'Or

Dutch Prune

Dutch Quetzen

Duanes Purple French

Earlij Favorite

Earlii Frolijic .

Early Forcing

Eariij Farjjle .

Early Yellow

Early Scarlet

Early Damson

EarL\i Orleans .

Early Morocco

Early Black Morocco

Early Damask.

Early Tours

Early Violet .

Early Royal

Egg Plum

E'frey

E: fry's Prune .

EmeraUi Drop

English Pond's Seedling

Fair's Golden Drop .

Flushing Gage

Florence

Fotherinrjliam

Franklin

Front Gage .

French Copper .

Field Marshal

Gulbraith .

Gut'me's Apricot

Guthrie's Apricot Plum

General Hani

Giford\'i Lafayette .

German Gage

German Prune .

German Prune .

Ghi'iton''s Early

Golden Gage .

Gonne s Green Gage

Golden Cherry Plum

Goliath

Green Gage .

Grosse Reine Claude

Grosse Reine .

Grosse Luisante

Grove House Purple

Grimwoods Early Orleans

'rical'ih .

Harvest Gage .

Hampton Court

ITolland

Holland Prune

Home Pium

HoicelVs Early

Howell's Large .

Hahon Gage

Hiding's Sttperl)

Hue's Amber

Howard's Favorite

PAGE
42T
416
417
415
410
424
426
423
413
417
418
417
418
418
418
419
419
429
418
426
416
426
410
421
421
421
426
426
418
424
418
418
418
418
410
411
428
426
415
419
425
426
419
426
426
426
427
409
418
427 I
427
410
428
416
427
410
410
410
424
426
410
427
414
410
427
427
427
419
428
420
419
419
420

lola Green Gage .

Jmp> rial of M Han .

Imperial de Milan .

Imperial Diadem

luiperial Rouge

Isleworth Green Gage

IsahtHa .

Italian Damask .

Italian Dama-^k .

Ivkicorth Impemtrice

Imperial Ottoman .

Imperial Ga-rje

Imperatrice Blanche

Imperatrice

Imperatrice Violette

Irvings Bolmar

Judson .

Jaune Hative .

Jaune de Catalogue

Jeferaon .

Jenkin's Imperial .

Eirke's

Knight's Large Drying

Knight's No. 6 ,

King of Plums

Lawrence's Favorite

Lawrences Gage .

Large Gre-n Drying

Large Early Damson

Large Long Blue

Late Yellow Damson

La Delicieuse

La Eoyale

Leipzic

Little Queen Claude

Little Blue Gage ,

Loinlard

Long Scarlet

Lucombe's Nonsuch

Jlarming^s Prune .

McLaughlin .

Madison .

Jfamelonne .

3Lirten's Seedling .

MediterraneoM

Maitre Claude .

Matchless

Manning's Long Blue Prune

Manning's Long Blue

Mirabelle Double

Mirabelle Grosse .

Jlirahelle .

Mirabelle Petite

Mirabelle Jaune

Miser Plum ,

Mimms

Miriam .

Mou.-ieur .

Monsieur Ordinaire

Monsieur Hatif .

Monsieur Tardlf

Morocco

Mulberry

Myrobolan .

Muscle .

New "Washington

New York Purple

New Early Orleans

New Orleans .

Av*. tarine .

Noiie Hative .

I^ota B< ne

Old Orleojis .

INDEX OF FKUITS.

601

Oiham

Vrunge .

Orauge Gage

tUmnan

Otioher Green G<iye

rarker.s Mammoth

J'tUr'f Yrllaic Guye

I'kkefs July .

Frince of Wales

rtnulm ot

I'rxme of A gen .

I'ruuc de bt. Jean .

Tetile lUiiie Claude

l\adi I'luin .

I'toly^s Early Blue .

I'trdrigon Eouge .

l*erdii;.'on Blanc

I'fidiigon Violette

rigton s Heart .

I\ind'fi Setilling .

ronds Purple .

Prince's Imperial .

Prune de St. Barnah

Pritive'ii Yellaw Go e

Prune Peche

Precoce de Tours .

Prune de la St. Martin

Prune d'Agen

Prune dAst

Prune d"Altesse

Prune Suisse

Puriile Favorite .

Purple Gage .

Purple Egg

Purple Magnum Bonum

Quetsclie ,

Quetsche Grosse .

Queen Victoria .

Queen Mather

Queen Claude of Bavay

Ked Apricot .

Kcnsf-eher Gage

Eeine Claude Tardive .

Keine Claude d'Octobre

Keine Claude d'Bavay .

Red Saint Martin .

Red Diaper . . ,

Roi/al of Tours

Rrd Egg

Red Imperial .

Eeine Claude

Keine Claude Violette

Keine Claude Blanche .

Ked Giure .

Red T)ania?k .

Jtcd Miignum Bonum

Bed <^>uron Mother

J^ed P, rdri'jon

Ked >[agnum Bonum .

Ked Iniperiivl

Koe"s Autumn Gage

Koclie Corbon .

Jiofntle ....

Eoyale de Tours

Koya'e Tours .

Bo^al Ilative . .

Livers" Earlv, No. 1

Klvers" Early. No. 2 .

Saint Martinis

S-fiene- tady

Schenectady Catherine .

Bea

St. Johih's

PAGE

428
422
422
413
422
415
423
426
422
428
422
42i>
428
422
428
429
430
425
428
428
428
410
426
414
422
426
423
422
422
429
429
413
413
428
428
427
427
424
428
423
424
410
422
422
423
423
423
423
428
429
410
413
428
414
428
428
428
429
428
428
415
423
423
423
423
418
419
419
414
414
414
418
429

iStaheler's Seedling

Saint Martin's Quetsche

Saint Catherina .

Saint Martin

Saint Martin Eonge

St. Maurin .

Saint Cloud

Schuyler's Gage .

Scarlet Gage .

S'-niiona

Shaiiers White Damson

Sheen ....

Sliarj/s Emperor .

Sianuse

Siiiiiana ....

Small Green Gage

S)/iit/i'.s (Jrhanti .

Steer's Emperor

Superior Green Gage .

Suisse

Swept Danison

Sweet Prune

Swiss Plum .

Thomas

True Lar^'e German Prune

Turki.sh Quetsche

Veritable Imperatrice ,

Violet Perdrigon

Violette ....

Violet Diaper

Violette Ilative

Violet de Tours

Violet Queen Claude

Virginian Cherry

Virgin ....

Virginale .

Waterloo ....

Washington

Wentworth

White Gage

White Primordian .

White Imprratrice .

White Empress

White Magnum Bonum

White Mogul .

White Imperial .

White Holland

White Egg

White Damsnn

White Prune Damson

While Damascene .

W.iite Perdrigon

While Gage

Wilmot s Green Gage

Wilmofs New Green Gage

Wilmot's Late Green Gage

Wihnot's Late Orleans .

WiUl ....

Wihnot's Early Orleans .

Yellow Apricot .

Yellow Perdrigon .

Yellow Magnum Bonum

YeUoiolEgg .

41

QCtNCES.

Angers .

Apple-shaped

('■'. inesfl .

Japan

Obloiiz .

Orange

Pear

PAOB

429
414
429
423
428
422
427
410
420
429
430
426
423
429
429
428
424
427
411
4'29
427
427
429
424
427
427
416
425
416
425
426
426
418
416
429
429
410
415
424
1,414
426
480
430
424
424
424
424
424
430
430
4.30
4;^0
428
410
410
410
427
430
410
424
417
424
424

434
434
4:^
434
435
4.34
4:J5

502

IIsDEX OF FRUITS.

Portugal .
PjTiform

Paris de Fontenay
2^eiD UuHght

BASPBEEB ES.

American Red ,

Arneric^in Black

Am-eric€in Wliiie

Barnel .

Black Easpberry

Bri-ntforO. Cane

Burley

Cope

Colon-el Wilder.

Citshino .

Cornwairs Eed .

Cox^s Honey .

Common Eed .

Common Black-Cap

Cornwall's Prolific

CornwalTs Seedling

Cretan Red

Double-Bearing .

Double-Bearing Yellow

EmVi/

English Eed, of some

Ever-Bearing Ohio

French

Fidton .

Fa-<<tolf .

Franconia

Framboisier a G-ros Fruit

General PatterSon

Holland's Eed Antwerp

Knevefs Antwerp .

Knevefs Giant .

Large-Fruited Monthly

Late-Bearing Antwerp

Large Eed

Late Cane .

Lord Exmouth's .

Monthly .

Mrs. Wilder .

New Eed Antwerp

Xottinghcvin Scarlet

Oran-oe

Ohio Easpberry

Perpetual Bearing

Elvers' New Monthly

Eed Double-Bearing

R^d Antwerp

Siberian

Thimble Berry

True Eed Antwerp

Vice-President French

Victoria . . .

Walker .

White Thimbleberry

"White Antwerp

Wooduard's Red Globe

WH/rnot'a Early Red

Yellow Antwerp

6TRAWBEBRIE3

Aberdeen Bee-Hive
American Scarlet ,
Atkinson Scarlet
Austrian Scarlet
Alice Maude

PAGE

485

A)ajx. ....

435

BathSeariet

435

Boston Pin-e .

435

Burr's Eival Hudson

Bain's Extra Early .

Buist's Prize .

Bostock ....

444

Bishop's Orange

440

Bishop's New

444

Black Prince .

444

Black Imperial

440

Brever^s Emperor .

445

Burr's Jsfeir Pin^ .

443

Bur/' 6 Seedling

440

Burr's Staraiuate Seedling

440

Burr's Old Seedling .

441

Brilliant

444

Britifih Queen. .

445

Caleb Cope .

444

Crimson Cone .

440

Charlotte

444

(Umax . . . .

444

Climax Scarlet

445

Coh's Proline .

445

Cole's Late 'Scarlet

444

Coa's Seedling .

441

Columlus

444

Caperon Eoyal .

445

CU''<hing

442

Clevelan-d . . . .

442

Crescent Seedling

441

Cornucojyia

442

Cnmson Pine

448

Duke of Kent's Scarlet

432

D riv-can's Seedling

443

Df'ptford Pine .

443

Dmrnton

442

Double Bearing .

443

Dundee ....

443

Duke of Kent .

444

Dutch Berry .

445

Diu'he-<ff'= de Tr&visse

444

Elton Pine

443

Earlv Prolific Scarlet

443

E/te^ ....

443

Elton Seedlin? .

445

English Red Wood

443

E'erUin's Seedling .

445

Genesee ...

445

GloheSarlet .

443

Green Sfraiclierry

445

Green Alpine

443

Green Pine

445

Giant A I pine .

440

Goliath

443

Grove End Scarlet .

442

Glole Haatthois .

415

Green Wood

444

Greenwell's New Giant .

444

Hovey's Seedling

444

Hii/tson ....

44t

Hudson's Bay .

445 '

Hooper's S^edlin-g

444 !

H^intsmun's

Iowa Male

Jenny Lind

rT^nve'/'s S-'ecfling .

463 '

K' ens S;=edlin/j

459

Knight's Seedling .

4fi4 .

late Proli.fi ■

45S

li-zie PavdrJnh

456

La. -ge Earlij Scu.d t

INDEX OF FRUIT3.

603

Late Scarlet .
Lon(jicnrt/t's Prolific
Lafayette of some .
La Grange of some
La Lificioine .
Marshall's Seedling .
Magnifique .
McAvoy's Superior .
McAvoy"s No. 12 .
JfcAvoi/s Ko. 1
J£iAro>/'s Ejtra Red
^finteiideo Pine
Monroe Scarlet
MoijamenMng .
3foitier'8 Seedlinff
Jl'/aWs Prince Albert
JFi/aWs Prolific .
Melon . ' .
Methven S<'arlet .
Methven Castle .
Musk Haiitbois
Mj-att's British Queen
Jfi/att's Pine .
Myatt's Deptford Pine
Mi/att's Eliza
M;/att,'s Eleanor
MyatPs Globe
Myatt's Mammoth
Newland's Mammoth
Xeel-ed Pine
Old Scarlet .
Old Pine .
Orange Hudson's Bay
Old Hudson
Orange ProHfia
Ohio Mammoth
Pennsylvania
Prof am Scarlet
Profusion
Patagonian
Pine Apple

PAGE

459
. 464

455
. 455

4(55
. 4G2

400
. 454

4(>4
. 400

4G0
. 460

400
. 400

465
. 405

465
. 405

400
. 400

455
. 463

405
. 4()4

465
. 405

405
. 405

461
. 460

405
. 465

456
. 459

462
. 465

401
, 406

466

. 466

460, 465*

Prolific, or Conical Hautbiyis

Princess Alice Mau Je

Primordian

Prolific Hudson .

Prolific Swainstone

Primate

Prince of Orleans ,

Rostock

Refulgent

Red Alpine .

Red Wood

RoHeherry

Ross Phoenix .

Ruby

Rival ITiidson .

Rioliardson^s Late

Richardson's Early

Salt/>r''s Versaiilaise

Staflford's Alpine

Soitfhhorough

Southborough Seedling

Scioto

Scarlet Melting

Sclmeicke Seodling

Southampton Scarlet

Swainstone Seedling

True Chili

Taylor's Seedling

L^nique Prairie

Unique Scarlet

Victoria .

Wilmofs N'&io Scarlet

Willey

Wiley ...

Williayn FTenry IFarrison

Walker's Seedling

Western Queen

Wilmofs Superb .

White Alpine .

White Bush Alpine

Yellow Chili

PAoa

. 455
456

. 461
461

. 461
401

. 406
463

. 461
401

. 466
466

. 402
401

. 401
461

. 466
462

. 401
402

, 402
466

. 466
4.54

. 460
462

. 466
466

, 400
403
462
466
462
462

. 406
463

. 453
426
463
406
466

APPENDIX.

APPLES.

Berry 470

BueVs Favorite ■ 470

Cogswell 469

Cogswell Pearmain 469

Cranberry 470

Ciim.ac's Sweet 470

Callasaga 470

Dapper 470

Cray Pippin 470

^faiden's Blush 469

Monnt^iin Sprout 470

Nickejack 470

Pvitter 470

Spotted Pippin 470

Summerour .... . . 471

Bturmer Pippin 471

OSAPEa

Brinckle
Cassady
Clara

471
471
471

Concord 471

Emily 472

Graham 472

Raabe 472

RaabersN'o.l 471

Raabe'sN'o.i 472

Raabe'sJ^o.S 472

Raabe's 2fb.4e 471

PEACHES.

Baxter's Seedling, Ifo. 1 . ... 472

Gorgas 472

Jane 472

PEARS.

Barry 473_

Downing 473

Doyenne Dozening .... 473
General Taylor . . . .473

Hovey 473

Rcgnier .... • . 473

k

All the Books on this Catalogue sent by mail, k# nny ^an of the Umon,fi*6
of postage, upon receipt of Price,

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

ON

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

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THE AMESICAN FARMER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA, - - - $4 00

Embracing all the Rrcent Discoveries in Agriultural Chem-
Istry, an-l the use of Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Manures, with Descriptions nn«l
Figtircs of American Insects injnTious to Vegetation. Being a Complete Guide for the
cultivation of every variety of Garden and Field Crops. Illustrated by niimerons En-
pravings of Grasses, Grains, Animals, Implements, Insects, &c. By GorvER:NEUB
£mke80n, of Pennsylvania, upon the basis of Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopedia.

DOWNING'S (A. J.) LANDSCAPE GARDENING. - - 3 50

A Treatise on the Theory and PRACTirt. • ^ ^ndscape Gar-
dening. Adapted to North America, with a view to the impiuvement ol Country
Residences; comprising Historical Notices and General Principles of the Art, direc-
tions for Laying out Grounds and Arranging Plantations, the Description and CiilUva-
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Formation of Pieces of Artificial Waters, Flou-er Gardens, Ac, with Eemarks on
Kural Architecture. Elegantly Illustrated, with a Portrait of the Author. Bv A. J.
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DOWNING'S (A. J.) RURAL ESSAYS, .... 3 00

On Horticulture, Landscape Gardening, Rural Arciiitecture,

Trees, Agriculture, Fruit, with his Letters from England. Edited, with a Memoir of
the Author, by Geokge Wm. Curtis, and a letter to his friends, by Fkedeeika Br»«
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DADD'S ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HORSE, Plain, fj 00
Do. Do. Do. Do. Colored Plater, 4 CO

With Anatomical and Questional Illustrations ; Contn!"MiG^,
also, a Series of Examinations on Equine Anatomy and Philosophy, with Tnstniction.i
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is added a Glossary of Veterinary Technicalities, Toxicological Chart, and Dictionary
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DADD'S MODERN HORSE DOCTOR. ' - - . . 1 00

Containing Practical Observations on the Causes. Nature
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proved methods, according to an enlightened system of veterinary therapeutics, f«.-r
the preservation and restoratioQ t health. With IlluBtration&

Books Puhlished hy A. 0. Moore.

DADD'S (GEO. H.) AMERICAN CATTLE DOCTOE, - - $1 GO

CONTATXING THE NfXESSARY INFORMATION FOR PRESERVING THE
Heilth and Curing the Diseases oi' Oxen, Cows, Sheep, and Bwine, with a great variety
of Original Eecipes and Valuable Informatioii in relerence to Farm and Dairy manage-
ment, wLereby every man can be bis own Cattle Doctor. The principles taught in
this work are. that all Medication shall be subservient to Kature — that all Medicines
most be sanative in their operation, and administered with a view of aiding the vital
powers, instead of depressing, as heretofore, with the lancet or by pcisofi. Ey G H.
Dadd, M. D., Yeterinary Practitlojier.

IKE DOG AND GUN, 50

A Few Loose Chapters on Shoot^'g, among which will be found

some Anecdotes and Incidents ; also, instructions for Dog Breaking, and interesting let-
ters from Sportsmen. By A Bad Shot.

MORGAN HORSES 1 00

A Premfjm Essay on the Origin, History, and Characteristics

of this remarkable American Breed of Horses ; tracing the Pedigree from the original
Justin Morgan, through the most noted of his progeny, down to the present time.
With numerous ])onraits. To which are added hints for Breeding, Breaking, and
General Use and Management of Horses, with practical Directions for training th^em for
exhibition at Agricultural Fairs. By D. C. Liksley.

60RGE0 AND IMPHEE, THE CHINESE AND^AFRICAN SUGAR

CANES. - - 1 00

A Complete Treatise upon their Origin and Varieties, Culture

and Uses, their value as a Forage Crop, and directions for making Sugar, Molasses,
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Stuffs. Fully Illustrated with Drawings of Approved Machinery ; With an Append'ix
by Leonard Weay, of Caffraria, and a description of his patented process of crystalliz-
ing the juice of the Imphee ; with ,the latest American experiments, including those of
V? 'i? South. By Hexey S. Olcott. To which are added translations of valu-
able J? rench Pamphlets, received from the Hon. Jokn Y. Mason, American Minister
at Pans.

THE STABLE BOOK- 1 00

A Treatise on the IManagement of Horses, in Relation to
Stabling, Groom^ - " " .-.ding, Watering and Working, Construction of Stables, Venti a-
faon, Appendage.. ^. arables, Man^ement of the Feet, and of Diseased and Defective
Horses. By John Stewart, Veterinary Surgeon. With Notes and Additions, adapt-
ing It to American Food and Climate. By A. B. Allen, Editor of the American
Agriculturist.

THE HORSE'S FOOT, AND HOW TO KEEP IT SOUND, - 50

Vv'iTii Cuts, Illustrating the Anatomy of the Foot, and contaln-
tog valuable Hints on Shoeing and Stable Management, In Health and In Disease. Bv
vv iLLLAM Miles. o -i j

THE FRUIT GARDEN 1 25

A Treatise, intended to Explain and Illustrate the Physi-

ology of Fruit Trees, the Theory and Practice of all Operations connected with the
Propagation, Transplanting, Pruning and Training of Orchard and Garden Trees as
Standards. Dwarfs, Pyramids, Espalier, &c. The Laying out and Arrandng different
kinds ol Orchards and Gardens, the selection of suitable varieties for different purposes
and localities, Gathering and Preserving Fruits, Treatment of Diseases, Destruction of
Insects, Description and Uses of Implements, &c. IDustrated with upwards of 150
1 Inures, representing Different Parts of Trees, all Practical Operations, forms of Trees,
DeMgns for Plantations, Implements, &c. By P. Baeet, of the Mount Hope Nurseries,
Rochester, N. i . t- -i

FIELD'S PEAR CULTURE 75

The Pear Garden ; or, a Treatise on the Propagation aiid

Cultivation of the Pear Tree, with Instructions for Its Management from "the Seedlina
to the Bearing Tree. By Thomas W. Field.

Books Published by A. 0. Moore. 3

BRIDGET AN'S cTEOS.) YOUNG GARDENER'S ASSISTANT, $1 50

IxTniiEE Parts, Containing Catalo,aues of Garden ami Flower
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tables and Flowers. Also directions for Cultivating Fruit Trees, the Grape Vine, Ac. ;
%>> which is tddcd, a Calendar to each i)art, showing the work necessary to be done in
the various departments each month of the year. One volume octavo.

BRIDGEMAN'S KITCHEN GARDENER'S INSTRUCTOR, i Cloth, 50

Cloth, 60

BEIDGEMAN'S FLORIST'S GUIDE, .... * Cloth, 50

" " - - - Cloth, 60

BRIDGEMAN'S FRUIT CULTIVATOR'S MANUAL, - i Cloth, 50

Cloth, 60

COLE'S AMERICAN FRUIT BOOK, 50

CoNTAixiNG Directions for Raising, PROrAGAXiNG and Manag-
Ing Fruit Trses, Shrubs and Plants ; with a description of the Best Varieties of Fruit,

Including New and Valuable Kinds.

COLES AMERICAN VETERINARIAN, .... 50

Containing Dlseases of Domestic Animals, their Causes,

Symptoms and Eemedies ; with Rules for Restoring and Preserving Health by jrood
management ; also for Training and Breeding.

BCHENCK'S GARDENER'S TEXT BOOK 60

Containing Directions for the Formation and Management
of the Kitchen Garden, the Culture and Use of Vegetables, Fruits and Medicinal Herbs.

AMERICAN ARCHITECT, 6 00

The American Architect, Comprising oriofiual Designs of Cheap

CouBtry and Village Residences, with Details, Bpecifications, Plans and Directions,
and an Estimate of the Cost of Each Design. By John W. Ritch, Architect. First
and Second Series, 4to, bound in 1 ■'oL

BUIST'S (RCBEET) AMERICAN FLOWER GARDEN DIRECTORY, 1 25

Containing Practical Directions for the Culture of Plants,
in the Flower-Garden, Hot-House, Green-House, Rooms or Parlor Windows, for every
Month in the Year; with a Description of the Plants most desirable in each, the nature
of the Soil and Situation best adapted to their Growth, the Proper Season for Trans-
plantinff, &c. ; with Instructions for Erecting a Hot-House, Green-House, and Laying
out a Flower Garden ; the whole adapted to cither Large or Small Gardens, with In-
structions for Preparing the Soil, Propagating, Planting, Pruning, Training and Fruit-
ing the Grape Vine.

THE AMERICAN BIRD FANCIER,

CONSIDEUED WITH KKFERENCE TO THE BREEDING, EeARING, FeED-
Ing, Management and Peculiarities of Cage and House Birds, Illustrated with Engrav-
ings. By D. Jay Bkowne.

REEMELIN'S (CHAS.) VINE DRESSER'S MANUAL, - . 50

An Illustrated Treatise on Vineyards and Wine-Making,

containing Full Instructions as to Location and Soil, Preparation ot Ground, Selection

and Propa^ration of Vines, the Treatment of Young Vineyards, Trimming and Training

the Vines, Manures, and the Making of Wine.

DANA'S MUCK MANUAL, FOR THE USE OF FARMERS, - 1 00

A Treatise on the Physical and Chemical Properties of
Boils and Chemistry of Manures; Including, also, the subject of Composts, Artificial
Manures and Irrigation. A new edition, with a Chapter on Bones and Superphos-
phates.

CHEMICAL FIELD LECTURES FOR AGRICULTURISTS, . 1 00

By Dr. Julius Adolphtjs Stockhaedt, Professor in the Royal
Academy of Agriculture at Tharant Translated from the German. Kdltad, wltii
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BTIIST'S (EEOIKT) FAMILY KITCHIN GAEIIKIE, - - 1^0 78
Containing Plain and Accukate Desceiptionp op -m/^ tbe Dif-
ferent Species and Varieties of Culinary Vegetables, -n-itli their Botanical, Eijglisli,
French and German names, alphabetically arranged, with the Best Ldo.le of Ouldvaling
them in the Garden or under Glass ; also i)escriptions and Character of the most Pelect
Fruit?, their Management, Propagation, Ac. By KoBfcET BmsT, author of the " Am-
erican Flower Garden Directory," &.c.

DOMESTIC AKD OBNALIENTAL POULTRY. Plain Plates, - 1 00

Do. Do. Do. Colored Plates, - 2 00

A Treatise on the History and Mangejient of Ornament.\l

and Domestic Poultry. By Rev. EDMxmD 8a-:ti. Dixon, A.M., with laree addl!iond h->
J. J. Kerr, M.D. Illustrated with sixty-five Original Portraits, engraved expres Iv fol
this work- Fourth edition revised.

HOW TO BUILD AUD VEITTILATE HOT-HOUSES, - - 1 fS

A Practical Treatise on the Construction. Heating and
Ventilation of Hot-ITonses, Including Conservatories, Green-Hou?es, Grapcrijs aii4
other kinds of Horticultural Structures, with Practical Directions for their Manage
ment, in regard to Light, Heat and Air. Illustrated with numerous engravings. Bv
P. B. Letjchars, Garden Architect

CHOELTON'S GPvAPE-GROWES'S GUIDE, - - - . 60

Intended Especially tor the American Climate. Beinir a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine in each department of Hoi
House. Cold Grapery, Eetarding House and Out-door Culture. With Plans for tl^^s
Conotruction of ..he Kequisite B'uiMlngs. and giving tlie best methods for Heating the
8«me. Every department being fully illustrated. By William Choelton.

iJORTON'S (JOHN P.) ELEMENTS OE SCIENTIEIC AGRICULTUP.E, 6(^

Or, the Connection between Science and the Art of Practical
Farming. Prize Essay of the New York State Agricultural Society. By John P.
NoETON, M.A., Professor of Scientific Agriculture in Yale College. Adapted to the
use of SchoolB.

JOHNSTON'S (J. F. W.) CATECHISM OF AGRICULTURAL CPIEM-

ISTRY AND GEOLOGY, 25

By James F. W. Johnston, M.A., F.R.SS.L. aiid E., Honorary

Member of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of England, and author of "Lectures on
Agricultural Chemistry and Geologj%" With an Introduction by John Pitkin Nor-
ton, M.A., late Professor of Scientific Agriculture in Yale College. With notes and
additions by the author, prepared expressly for this edition, and an Appendix compiled
by the Superintendent oi Education in Nova Scotia. Adapted to the use ol Schools.

JOHNSTON'S (J. E. W.) ELEMENTS OE AGRICULTURAL CHEM-

ISTRY AND GEOLOGY, 1 00

With a Complete ADalytical and Alphabetical Index and an

American Preface. By Hon. Simon Beown, Editor of the "New England Farmer.'

JOHNSTON'S (JAMES F. W.) AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, 1 15

Lectures on the Application of Chemistry and Geology to

Agriculture. New edition, with an Appendix, containing the Author's Experimenra

In Practical Agriculture.

the: COMPLETE FARMER AND AMERICAN GARDENER, 1 25

Rural Economist and Kew American Gardener ; ContaMiiiiir

a Compendious Epitome of the most Important Branches of Asriculture and Knrai
Economy ; with Practical Directions on the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables, ih-
eluding Landscape and Ornamental Gardening. By Tuomao G. Fessekrek. 2 volft.
in one.

FESSENDEN'S (T. G.) AMERICAN KITCHEN GARDENER, - 50

Containing Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables and

Garden Frdits Clith.

Books PuhUshed hy A. 0. Moore.

CASH'S (J. A.) PROGRESSIVE FARMER. - - ^ - £0 60

A SoiEXTiFic Trkatisr on Agrtcut.tural Chemistry, the {4r-
olojry of Agriculture, on Plants and Animals, Manures and Soils, applied to Practical
Agriculture ; with s Catechism of Scientific and Practical Agriculture. Ey J. A. K abu

BRECK'S BOOK OF FLOWERS, 1 00

In wHicn are Described all the Various Hardy Herbaceous
Perennials, Annuals, Shrubs, Plants and Evergreen Trees, with Directions for their
Cultivation.

I ttlTH'S (C. H. J.) LANDSCAPE GARDENING, PARKS AND PLEASURIS

GROUNDS. 1 25

With Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public

Parks and Gardens. By Charles IT. J. Smith, Landscape Gardener and Garden
Architect, «kc. With Notes and Additions by Lev^is F. Allen, author of "llural
Architecture."

THE COTTON PLANTER'S MANUAL, .... 1 00

Being a Compilation ov Facts from the Best Authorities on
the Culture of Cotton, its Natural History, Chemical Analysis, Trade and Consumption,
and embracing a History ol Cotton and tho Cotton Gin. By J. A. Turnee.

UOBBETT'S AMERICAN GARDENER, .... 50

A Treatise on the Situation, Soil, and Laying-out of Gardens,
and the making and managing ol Hot-Beds and Green-Houses, and on the Propagation
and Cultivation of the several sorts of Vegetables, Herbs, Fruits and Flowers.

ALLEN (J. FISK) ON THE CULTURE OF THE GRAPE, - I 00

A Practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of tii?^
Grape Vine, embracing its History, -with Directions for its Treatment in the United
States ol America, in the Open Air and under Glass Structures, with and without
Artificial Heat By J. Fisk Allen.

ALLEN'S (R. L ) DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, - 75

Being a History and Description of the Horse. Mui.e, Cattle,
Sheep, Swine, Poultry, and Farm Dogs, with Directions for their Management, Breed-
ing, Crossing, Rearing, Feeding, and Preparation for a Profitable ^^arket ; al.so. their
Diseases and Kemedies, together with full Directions for the Management of the Dairy,
and the comparative Economy and Advantages of \\orking Animals, the Horse, Mule,
Oxen, &a By E. L. Allen.

ALLEN'S (R. L.) AMERICAN FARM BOOK, - - - 1 00

The American Farm Book ; or, a Compend of American Agricul-
ture, being a Practical Treatise on Soils, Manures, Draining, Irrigation, Grasses, Grain,
Tioots. Fruits, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar Cane, Kice, and every Stai)le Product of the
United States: with the Best Metho'ls of Planting, Cultivating and Preparation for
Market. Illustrated with more than 100 engravings. By K. L. Allen.

f.LIEN'S (L. F.) RURAL ARCHITECTURE ; - - - 1 26

Being a Complete Description of Farm Houses, Cottages, and

O'lt Buildings, comprising "Wood Houses, Workshops, Tool Houses, Carriage and
Wa.L^on Houses, Stables, Sinokc and Ash nous(^s. Ice Houses. Apiaries or Bee Houses,
Poiiltry Houses, Babbitry, Dovecote. Pij-'gery. Barns, and SlieJs for Cattle, «fcc., kc^
l(Cctlier with Lawns, Pleasure Ground.'^, ami Parks ; the Flower, Fruit, and Vege-
t.ible Garden; also useful and ornamental domestic Animals for the Country Pofidcnt,
Ac , Ac Also, the best method of conducting water Into Cattle Yards and Houses.
Beautifully illustrated.

^TARING'S ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE ; ... 75

A Book tor Young Farmers, with Questions for the use of

SohooU

6 Boolzs Fublished by A. 0, Moore.

PAKDEE (R. G.) ON STRAWBERRY CULTURE ; - - SO 60

A Complete ]\1anual for the Cltltivation of Tire Strawberry ■

with a description of the best varieties.

Also, notkes of the Easpberry, Blackberry, Currant, Goosebe'iy, and Grape; with
directions for their cultivation, and the selection of the best Aarieties. "Every process
here recommended has been proved, the plans of others tried, and the result is her*
given." With a valuable appendix, containing the observations and experience ol
some of the most successful cultivators of these fruits in our country.

GUENON ON MILCH COWS ; - - - - - - 80

A Treatise on ^Milch Cows, whereby the Quality and Quantity of
Milk which any Cow will give may be accurately determined by observing Natura'
Marks or External Indications alone; the length of time she wiU continue to give
Milk, &c., &c. By M. Francis Guenok, of Libourne, France. Translated by Nicho-
las P. Tkist, Esq. ; with Int oduction, Eemarks, and Observations on the Cow and
the Dairy, by John 8. Skinner. Illustrated with numerous engravings. Neatly
done up in paper covers, 87 cts.

AMERICAN POULTRY YARD ; IGO'

Comprising the Origin, History and Description of the different
Breeds of Domestic Poultry, with complete directions for their Breeding, Crossing,
Eearing, Fattening, and Preparation for Market ; including specific directions for
Caponizing Fowls, and for the Treatment of the Principal Diseases to which they are
subject, drawn from authentic sources and personal observation. Illustrated wiih
numerous engravings. By D. J. Browne.

BROWNE'S(D. JAY) FIELD BOOK OF MANURES; - - 125

Or, American Muck Book ; Treating of the Nature, ProptTti*-;^,
Sources, History, and Operations of all the Principal Fertilizers and Manures in Com-
mon Use, with specific directions for their Preservation, and Application to tlie Soil
and to Crops; drawn from authentic sources, actual experience, and personal observa-
tion, as combined with the Leading Principles of Practical and Scientific Agriculture-
By D. Jay Browne.

EAI>fDALL'S (H. S.) SHEEP HUSBANDRY; - - - 125

With an Account of the Different Breeds, and ereneral direc-
tions in regard to Summer and Winter Management, Breeding, and the Treatment of
Diseases, with Portraits and other Engravings. By Henry S. Eandall.

THE SHEPHERD'S OWN BOOK; ... - - i CO

With an Account of the Different Breeds, Diseases and Man-

agement of Sheep, and General Directions in regard to Summer and Winter Man-
agement, Breeding, and the Treatment of Diseases; with Hlustrative Engrav ngs, by
"ioiTATT & Eandall; embracing Skinner's Notes on the Breed and Management of
^h«ep in the United .^tates, and on the Culture of Fine Wool.

YOU ATT ON SHEEP , 75

Their Breed, Management and Diseases, with Illustrative Eq-

gr«ving*i ; to which are added Eemarks on the Breeds and Management of Sheep In
the United States, and on the Culture of Fine Wool in Silesia. By William Youatt.

you ATT AND MARTIN ON CATTLE ; . . . . 1 25

Being a Treatise on their Breeds, Management, and Diseases,
comprising a full History of the Various Paces; their Origin, Breeding, and Merits;
their capacity for Beef and Milk. Ey W. Youatt and W. C. L. Martin. The whole
forming a Complete Guide for the Farmer, the Amateur, and the Veterinary Surgeon,
with 100 Illustrations. Edited by Ambrose Stevens.

yoUATT ON THE HORSE ; 1 25

Youatt on the Structure and Diseases of the Horse, with

their Eemedlcs. Also, Practical Eules for Buyers, Breeders, Smiths, &c. Edited by
W. C. Spooner, M.R.C V S. With an account of the Breeds in the United States, by
Hijrey 8. Randall.

Books Published by A. 0. Moore.

FOUATT AND MARTIN ON THE HOG ; - - - - ^.0 75

A Treatise on the Bkeeds, Management, and Medical 'I'heat-
meut of Swine, with Directions for Salting Pork, and Curing 1 aeon and Hams i y
Wm Youatt, V.S , andW. C L.Mautin Edited by Ambrose Stevens. Illustrated
witli Engravings drawn from life

D LAKE'S (SEV. JOHN L.) EAilMER AT HOME; • 1 k5

A Family Text Book for the Country ; being- a Cyclopedia of
Agricultural Implements and Productions, and of the more Important topics in Do-
mestic Economy, cience, and Literature, adapted to Sural Life. Ly Key. Joun L.

BlAKE,DD.

MUNN'S (E.) PRACTICAL LAND DRAINER ; - - - 60

Being a Treatise on Draining Land, in whicli tlie most a])prov(^(l
systems of Drainage arc- explained, and their differences and comparative merits dis-
cussed; with full l-'irtctions? for the Cutting and Making of Drains, with Kemarks upon
the various male7ials of which they may be constructed. With many illustrations, i y
B. MuNN, Landscape Gardener.

ELLIOTT'S AMIRICArJ rRUlT GROWER'S GUIDE IN ORCHARD

AND GARDEN ; - 1 25

Being a Compend of the History, Modes of Propagation, Cul-

mre. Ac., of Fruit Trees and Sh ubs, with descriptions of nearly all the varieties of
truits cultivated in this country ; and Notes of their adaptation to localities, soils, and
a complete list of i ruits worthy of cultivation. I y F. R. Elliott, Pomologist.

JRACTICAL FRUIT, FLOWER, AND KITCHEN GARDEN ERS COM-
PANION; - - - 1 GO

With a Calendar. By Patrick Neill, LL.D., F.B.S.E., Secre-
tary of the Eoyal Caledonian Horticultural Society. Adapted to the United States
from the fourth edition, revised and improved by the author. Edited by G. Emki'.son,
M D., Editor of "The American Farmer's Encyclopedia." With Notes and Additions
by E. G Paedee, author of '"Manual of the Strawberry Culture." With illustrations.

BTEPHEN3- (HliNEY) BCOK 0? THE FARM; - - 4 00

A Complete (}uide to the Farmer, Steward, Ploavman. Cat-
tleman, Shepherd. Field Worker, and Dairy Maid. By Henry Stephens. With Four
Hundred and Fifty Illustrations; to which are added Explanatory Notes, Eemarks,
&c., by J S Skinnek. Really one of the best books a farmer can possess.

PEDDERS' (JAMES) FARMERS' LAKD MEASURER; - - 60

Or, Pocket Companion ; Showinp: at one view the Contents of any
Piece of Land from Dimensions taken In Yards. With % set c»f Useful Agriculturi.
Tables.

WHITES (W. N.) GARDENING FOR THE SOUTH ; - - 1 25

Or. the Kitchen and Fruit Garden, with the best methods for

their Cultivation ; together with hints upon Landscape and Flower Gardening; con-
taining modes of culture and descriptions of the species and varieties of the Culinary
Vegetables, Fruit Trees, and Fruits, and a select list of Ornamental Trees and Pl.uits,
found by trial adapted to the States of the Union south of Pennsylvania, with Garden-
ing Calendars lor the same. By Wm. N. Whitb, of Athens, Georgia.

EvlSTWOOD (B.) ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE CRANBERRY ; 50

With a Description op the best Varieties. By B. Eastwood,
"Septimus" of the New York Trlbxme.

AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER'S MANUAL ; - - - - 100

Being a Practical Treatise on the History and Domestic
Economy of the Honey Bee, embracing a full illustration of the whole subject, with
the most approved methods of managing this Insect, through every branch of it*
Cultu e; the resnH of many years' experience. Illustrated with maiy engravings
By T. B. MiNStt.

Boohs Published by A. 0. Moore.

THAER'S (ALBERT D.) AGRICULTURE - - - S2 CO

The Principles of Agriculture, Dy Albkrt D. Thver ; trans-
lated by "William Shaw and Cuthbeet W. Jobqtson, Esq , F.K.S. With a Memoir
of the Author. 1 vol 8vo.

This work is regarded by those who are competent to judge as one of the most
beautifal works that has ever appeared on the subject of Agriculture. At the same
time tliat it is eminently practical, it is philoso; hical, and, even to the general reader,
remarkably entertaining.

BOUSSINGAULT'S (J. B.) RURAL ECONOMY. - - 1 25

In its Relations to Chemistry, Physics, and Meteorology :
or, Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By J. B, BoirssiNGAtrLT. Translated, with
notes, etc., by George Law, Agriculturist.

" The work is the fruit of a long life of study and experiment, and its perusal will
•id the farmer greatly in obtaining a practical and scientific knowledge of his profes-
sion.'"

MYSTERIES OF EEE-KEEPIKG EXPLAINED ; - - - 1 00

Being a Complete Analysis of the Whole Subject, consistiiij^

• of the Natural History of Bees; Directions for obtaining the greatest amount of Pure

Surplus Honey with the least possible expense; Remedies for losses given, and the

Science of Luck fully illustrated; the result ol more than twenty years' experience in

extensive Apiaries. By M Quinbv.

THE COTTAGE AND FARM BEE-KEEPER ; . - . 50

A Practical Woric, by a Country Curate.
WEEKS (JOEIT M.) ON SEES.-A MANUAL; ... 50

Or, an Easy Method of Managing Bees in the most profitable
manner to their owner; with infallible rules to prevent their destruction by the Moih.
With an appendix, by "Woostee A. Flanders.

THE ROSE ;..-..---- 50

Being a Practical Treatise on the Propagation, Cultivation,
and Management ®f the Eose in all Seasons; with a li=t of Choice and A['proved Varie-
ties, adapted to the Climate of the United States; to which is added full directions lor
the Treatment of the Dahlia. Illustrated by Engravings.

MOORE'S RURAL HAND ECOES, 1 25

First Series, contaiDiDg Treatises ra —

The Hoese, The Pests of tee Farm,

The Hog, Domi;stic Fowls, and

The Ho>-ey Bee, The Cow,

Second Series, contaiiiiDg — . . - . 1 25

fivEET Lady heb oww Flowee Gaedknbr, Essay on Manures,
/Ilements of Agbioulturk, Amef.ican Kitchen Gaedenee,

HxKD Fancier, American Kose Cultueisi.

Third Series, containing — 1 25

Miles on the Horses Foot, "Vine Dresser's Manual,

The Rabbit Fancier, Bee-Kee'>r"s Chart,

Weeks on Bees, Chemistry made Easy.

Fourth Series, containing — - ... 1 25

Peesoz on thb Vni-E, Hooper's Dog and Guk,

Liebig 8 Familiar Letters, Skillful HorsEWiFE,

Browne's Memoirs of Indian Corn.

RICHARDSON OK DOGS : IHEIR GRIGIK AKD V.IPJETIES. . 60

Directions as to their Genep.al Management. With numeroua
original anecdotes. Also. Complete Instructions as to Treatment under Disease. By
H "l^ Richardson. Illustrated with numerous wood engravings.
This is not only a cheap work, but one of the best ever published on the Dog.

Boohs PuUished by A. 0. Mooue. 9

LIEBIG'S (JUSTUS) FAMILIAR LECTURES ON CHEMISTRY, 50 50

AxD ITS Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture.
Edited by John Oakdeneb, M.D.

BEMENT'S (C. N.) RABBIT FANCIER; .... 50

A Treatise on the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, and General
Management of Rabbits, with remarks upon their diseases and i emedies, to which are
added lull directions for the construction of Hutches, Eabbitries, &c., together with
recipes for cooking and dressing for the Table. Beautifully illustrated.

THOMPSON (R. D.) ON THE FOOD OF ANIMALS . . 75

Experimental Researches on the Food of Animals and the
Fattening of Cattle; with remarks on the Food of Man. Based upon Experiments
undertaken by order of tlie British Government, by Robert Dundas Thomison, M.D.,
Lecturer on Practical Chemistry, University of Glasgow.

THE WESTERN FRUIT BO.OK ; 1 25

Being a Compend of the History, Modes of Propagation, Cui,-
ture, &c., of Fruit Trees and Shrubs, &c, &c. By F. R, Elliott.

THE SKILLFUL HOUSEWIFE ; 60

Or Complete Guide to Domestic Cookery, Taste, Comfort, and

Economy, embracing 659 recipes pertaining to Household Duties, the cmre of Health,
Gardening, Birds, Education of Children, &c., &c By Mrs L. G. Abell.

THE AMERICAN FLORIST'S GUIDE; 75

Comprising the American Rose Culturist and Every Lady her
own Flower Gardener.

EVERY LADY HER 0 .VN FLOWER GARDENER ; . . 50

Addressed to the Industrious and Economical only ; containinti^

simple and practical Directions for Cultivating Plants and Flowers; a'eo, Flnts for the
Management of Flowers in Rooms, with brief Botanical Descrvj)tions ' / Plante ai,d
Flowers. The whole In plain and simple language. By Louisa .IohnS/N.

FI3iI CULT-JRS ; 1 00

A Tr::\tise on the Artificial Propagation of certain kinds op
Fish, with the description and habits of such kinds as are most suitable for piscicultnro.
Also dircrtions for the most successful methods of AnglinEr, illustrated with numerous
engra\ ings By Theodatus Gaelick, M.D., Vice President of Cleveland Academy
of "Natural Science.

FLINT ON GIIASSES ; 1 25

A PnACTirAL Treatise on Grasses and Forage Plants, compris-
Insr their natural history, comparative nutritive value, methods of cultivating, cutting,
and curing, and the management of grass lands. By Chas. L. Flint, A.M., Secretary
of Mass. State Board of Agriculture.

WARDER ON HEDGES AND EVERGREENS ; - - - 1 00

A Manual on Live Fences, with particular directions for their

planting, culture and trimming, especiallv with regard to the Madura hedges, and
how to "make it. Also an essay on Evergreens, their varieties, propagation, transplant-
ing and culture in the United States. By John A. Wabdke, M.D., President of
Cincinnati Horticultural Society.

IG Books Published by A. 0. Moore.

M 0 ORE^S

^22 arranged and adapted to the Use of American Fa/rmerK

PRI€£ 35 CENTS EACH.

HOGS ;

TiiETR Origin, Varieties and Management, with a View to Pro-
fit, and Treatment under Disease; also Plain Directions relative to the most approved
modes of preserving their Fles^h, By H. D. RfcHARDSON, author of "The llive and the
Honey Bee," &c^ «fec. With illustrations— 12mo.

THE HIVE AND THE HONEY BEE ;

With Plain Directions for Obtaining a Considerable Annual
Incwme from this branch of Rural Economy ; also an Account of the Diseases of Bees
•<nd their Remedies, and Remarks as to their Enemies, and the best mode of protecting
the Hives from their attacks. By H. D. Eichakdsgn. With illustrations.

DOMESTIC FOWLS ;

Their Natural History, Breeding, Bearing, and General

Manasfment By H. D. Eiohaemon, author of "The Natural History of the Fossil
Deer, ^Q. With illustrations.

THE HORSE ;

Their Origin and Varieties ; with Plain Directions as to the

Breeding. Rearing, and General Management, with Instructions as to the Treatment of
Disease. Handsomely illustrated— 12mo. By H. D. Richaedson.

THE ROSE;

The American Rose Culturist ; being a Practical Treatise on the
Propagatl in, Cultivation, and Management In all Seasons, Ac With fall directions for
the TreatTient of the Dahlia.

THE PESTS OF THE FARM ;

With Instrucions for their Extirpation ; being a Manual of
Plain Dfv^-ctions for the certain Destruction of every description of Vermin. With
numerous Illustrations on Wood.

AN ESSAY ON MANURES ;

Submitted to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society fob

Promoting Agriculture, for their Premium. By Samxtel H. Dana.
TliE AMERICAN BIRD FANCIER ;

Considered with Reference to the Breeding, Rearing, Feed-
!ng, Mensgement, and Peculiarities of Cage and House Birds. Illustrated with Engrav-
ins-s. By D. Jay Bbotvne.
CHEMISTRY MADE EASY ;

For the Use of Farmers. By J. Topham.
ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE ;

Translated from the French, and Adapted to the use of American

FanB«r8. By F. O. Skinnkb.

Books Published by A. 0. Moork. 11

THE HORSE'S FOOT AND HOW TO KEEP IT SOUND ;

AYiTH Cuts, illustratino: the Acatomy of the Foot, and containing
valuable bints on shoeing and stable management, both in health and disease. By Wil-
liam Miles.

THE SKILLFUL HOUSEWIFE ;

Or, Complete Guide to Domestic Cookery, Taste, Comfort, and Econ-
omy, embracing 659 recipes pertaining to nousohold Duties, the care of Health, Gar-
dening, Birds, Education of Children, &c., &c. By Mrs. L. G. Abell.

THE AMERICAN KITCHEN GARDENER ;

Containing Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables and
Garden Fruits. By T. G. Fkssenden.

CHINESE SUGAR CANE AND SUGAR MAKING :

Its History, Culture, and Adaptation to the Soil, Climate,

and Economy of the United States, with an account of various processes of Manufac-
turing Sugar. Drawn from authentic sources by Cuarles F. Stansbury, A.M., late
Commissioner at the Exhibition of all Nations at London.

PERSOZ' CULTURE OF THE VINE ;

A New Process for the Culture of the Vine, by Persoz, Pro-
fessor to the Faculty of Sciences of Strasbourg; directing Professor of the School
of Pharmacy of the same city. Translated by J. O'C. Barclay, Surgeon U.S. N.

THE BEE KEEPER'S CHART;

Being a Brief Practical Treatise on the Instinct, Habits, and

Management of the Honey Bee, in all its various branches, the result of many years'
practical experience, whereby the author has been enabled to divest the subject of
much tliat has been consideed mysterious and difficult to overcome, and render ii
more sure, profitalile, and Interesting to every one, than it has heretofore been. By

E. W. PUELVS.

EVERY LADY HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER ;

Addressed to the Industrious and Economical only; containing
Simple and Practical Directions for Cultivating Plants and Flowers ; also, Hints for
the Management of Flowers in Booms, with brief Botanical Descriptions of Plants and
Flowers. The whole in plain and simple language. By Louisa Jounson.

THE COW; DAIRY HUSBANDRY AND CATTLE BREEDING.

By M. M. MiLBURN, and revised by H. D. Richardson and Ambrose

Stevens. "With 11 lustrations.
WILSON ON THE CULTURE OF FLAX ;

Its Treatment, Agricultural and Technical ; delivered before

the New York State Agricultural Society, at the Annual Fair at Saratoga, in Septem •
ber last, by John Wilson, late President of the Eoyal Agricultural College at Ciren-
cester, England.

WEEKS ON BEES: A MANUAL.

On, AN Easy Method of Managing Bees in the most profita-

ble manner to their owner, with Infallible rules to prevent their destruction by th«
Moth ; with an Appendix by Woostee A. Flandees.

REEMELIN'S (CHAS.) VINE DRESSER'S MANUAL ;

Containing full Instructions as to Location and Soil ; Prepara-
tion of Ground; Selection and Propagation of Vin'-a; the Treatment of a Young
Vineyard ; trimming and training the vines; manures and tiiemakingof Tfine. Every
department illustrated.

HYDE'S CHINESE SUGAR CANE;

CONTAINING ITS HiSTORY, MODE OF Cui.TURE, MANUFACTURE Of the
Bugar, &c ; with Reports of its success in different parts of the United States.

1/? Books Published by A. 0. Moore.

BEMENT'S (C. M.) RABBIT FANCIER ;

A Treatise on the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, and General

Management of Eabbits, with remarks upon their diseases and remedies; to wbish
are added full directions for tlie construction of Hatches, Babbitries, &&, together with
recipes for cooking and dressing for the table.

RICHARDSON ON DOGS : THEIR ORIGIN AND VARIETIES ;

Directions as to their General Management. "With r.umeroua
original anecdotes. Also Complete Instructions as to Treatment under Disease. IJ7
H. D. Richardson. Illustrated with numerous wood engravings.
This is not only a cheap, but one of the best works ever published on the Dog.

LIEBIG'S (JUSTUS) FAMILIAR LETTERS ON CHEMISTRY ;

And its relation to" Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture

Edited hj Johk Gaedeneb, M-D.

THE DOG AJD GUN;

A FEW Loose Chapters on Shooting, among which will be found
Home anecdotes and incidents. Also instructions for Dog Breaking, and ii>t«resting
letters f^)m S;H)rtsmeii. By a Bad Suot.

THE PRESERVATION OF FOOD;

The various methods of preserving Meats, Fruits, Vegetables,

Milk, Butter, Grain, &c., by drying, smoking, pickling, aad other processes. By E.
©OODEICH Smith.

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