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“ELLIOTY’S FRUIT BOOK:
OR, THE
American Fruit-Grower’s Guide
ORCHARD AND GARDEN.
BEING A COMPEND OF THE HISTORY, MODES OF PROPAGATION, CULTURE, &C., OF
FRUIT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEARLY ALL THE
VARIETIES OF FRUITS CCLTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY : NOTES
OF THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCALITIES AND SOILS,
AND ALSO A COMPLETE LIST OF FRUITS —
WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. a
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AN EW. nit ie oan.
C. M. SAXTON, AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHER,
No 152 FuuLton STREET.
1854.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by
C. M. SAXTON,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for
the Southern District of New York.
— m “_se ooeeree
~ E. O. JENKINS, BRAINARD & BURRIDGE,
jBrinter and Stereotpper, Engravers,
114 Nassau Street, ° Herald Block,
NEW YORK. CLEVELAND,
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OE
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PROY. JARRE De Pe sR RPA ND,
This Volume is Dedicaterd,
BY HIS FRIEND,
THE AUTHOR.
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PREFACE.
Few objects are more engaging than the culture of fruit. Hope,
with all her pleasing fancies, encircles every planter of a fruit tree ;
while year after year, as it is nurtured and advanced to a bearing
state, Hope yet remains entwined with prospective reality ; until at
last its branches, loaded with ripe, ruddy, delicious fruits, bear out the
goddess in sustaining the efforts of mani to gratification of taste and
feeling, as well as profit pecuniary.
Fortunate is it for the author of a work on fruits in this practical
age, that no excuse is required for presenting himself before the pub-
lic, or crowding upon ground apparently now so fully occupied.
Hazardous as the thought may appear, after so much of matter
upon the subject has been prepared and published, minutely, practi-
cally, and theoretically explanatory, by such writers as Coxe, Lind-
ley, Downing, Thomas, and others, I] yet have imagined there was
room for another work; at least it may induce an extended interest
in the subject ; and in a country so broad of extent—so prolific of
fruits and men—composed of such great diversity of soil and cli-
mate as ours, there may possibly be garnered some little items that
heretofore have escaped the vision of my brother lovers of the sub-
ject.
Pleasantly, therefore, during the past ten years, have I been nur-
turing of trees and noting their products; gradually have I drawn
in from the stores of my many friends, the votaries of Pomona,
specimens of their skill and trust. These I have carefully examined
and compared, and have meted to them in the following pages such
award as seemed to me just.
(v)
vl PREFACE.
That I have trodden upon the favorites, and therefore the views
of some of my friends, I shall not pretend to deny ; but that I have
so done in aught but a true feeling of interest to the cause, I beg
they will not for the moment believe.
Such is the vast variety of garden and orchard fruit—such the
diversity of circumstances which affect the growth of trees, the size
and qualities of the fruit—such the great number of new sorts, and
new modes of treatment discovered, that one book, however care-
fully prepared, cannot embrace all the knowledge of the subject ;
but each lover of Pomona and her gifts must cherish and examine,
each for himself, relying only on the book as a guide comparative ;
and looking on the pages of this present, as the result of an inten-
tion to create a plain, practical work, to classify and describe fruits
in such order, to embody their history, and the best modes of cul-
ture, in such manner, that the amateur or extensive orchardist may
gather at a glance most of the requisite information to success
The mere test of quality, it is well known, does not render a fruit
worthy or unworthy of general cultivation ; therefore, the classifica-
tion of the National Pomological Society was imperfect as a guide
to fruit-growers; but by changing or modifying this to first, second,
and third class, and explaining in many of the texts descriptive of
varieties, the reasons for position given, I trust to have somewhat
improved the matter.
New fruits are daily being brought to light; the soils of the West
producing them almost spontaneously ; the science of the East creat-
ing them with rapidity and certainty; pomological meetings and
Horticultural Societies are monthly recording and describing them ;
it is, therefore, generally conceded requisite that some order of classi-
fication be carried out, if we expect any limit or bounds to our
cause.
The classes adopted in the following pages, corresponding with
those of the National Society, have therefore seemed to me well
adapted to the end in view. There are some varieties now placed
in the second class, that will undoubtedly, when more generally
known and distributed, become worthy a place in the first class;
but those now placed in the third class, I feel confident will never
PREFACE. Vil
*
advance from their present position, if their friends have reasonable
opportunities of comparing them with first-class varieties ripening
at the same time. That the number of the first class could now
readily be increased, will, I am aware, appear apparent to many po-
mologists; but, as it already embraces a sufficient number to meet
all wants, I have preferred rather to add hereafter, than to retract.
Believing that in fruits, the seeds, cores, and stones are often as, or
perhaps more, sure guides to indicate a variety than the outward
form, | have made my drawings from specimens of medium size,
(discarding both the largest as well as smallest for such purpose,)*
representing the appearance of the fruit when halved, except in the
cherry, where the pit is shown whole. In my drawings illustrative
of form, I have followed the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
“Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary.
First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed,
in smaller type, the various synonymes, or local names, by which the
same fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country.”
The names of authors previously having described many of the
fruits, 1 have omitted, as not essential to the value of description
or fruit, nor necessary to the practical purposes for which I intend
the work.
The text descriptive has been, in almost the entire work, made
either anew or revised from those already published, with specimens
of the fruit before me; and, following the established rules of pri-
ority in description, I have (while retaining so much of the original
that it may at once be recognized) endeavored to reduce and Ame-
ricanize. In a few cases I have preferred continuing an erroneous
name, because of its being now generally known. Where a de-
scription is given written by another, and the fruit not seen by my-
self, I have endeavored to give, if of importance, the initials of the
author, or abbreviation of title of the work from whence such de-
scription was drawn, for which see pages 13, 14.
Of the importance of fruit culture, it is deemed superfluous to
* A friend who has carefully examined these drawings and descriptions, says
I have represented them all, or nearly all, rather below, than of, medium size.
Viil PREFACE.
more than remark, that the interest evident in the establishment of
journals devoted almost wholly to its cause; the fact that no news-
paper is now counted of value without being more or less occupied
with matter relating to the orchard; the universal growing desire of
every one who has ground of his own to plant thereon trees and vines
productive of luscious fruits—all speak volumes illustrative of the
extent which the subject holds in the minds of our energetic, ambi-
tious, persevering people.
And here I must be permitted to record my tribute to the memory
of A. J. Downing, to whom the pomologists, the fruit-growers, the
nation, owe more than to any one man yet existent; by and through
whose work on the “ Fruits of America,” the advocates of nomencla-
ture received the first bold stand, and in a way which has led to extri-
cation of much that was previously in state of confusion ; to whose
graceful, easy, attractive, yet bold manner of writing, is owing
much of the care and attention, culture and embellishment, of and
through tree, plant, and flower, of the homes of Americans.
This work has been commenced and completed more at the sug-
gestion and request of friends than from any feeling of my own
ability ; and, while | have endeavored to avoid error, I yet feel that
numerous corrections will have, in subsequent editions, to be made;
this, partly, from omission and commission, consequent on one’s first
work, and partly from the constant state of advancement in pomo-
logy. And as it is intended to revise and correct it as soon as the
cause demands, [ shall consider myself, and the cause, indebted to
those gentlemen who in reviewing it may observe errors, if they
will communicate the same to me.
To the following gentlemen, who have kindly furnished me with
notes, descriptive of their experience, or of varieties or specimens
of fruits, by which I have the better been enabled to prepare this
work, I sincerely tender my acknowledgments :
In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder and C. M. Hovey,
Boston; Samuel Walker, Roxbury; B. V. French, Braintree ;
Robert Manning and J. M. Ives, Salem. ;
In New York, to Messrs. Chas. Downing, Newburg; S. B. Parsons,
Flushing; P. Barry and Geo. Ellwanger, Rochester; John J.
PREFACE. 1x
Thomas, Macedon; David Thomas, Aurora; Benj. Hodge, Buffalo;
Herman Wendell and B. P. Johnson, Albany.
In Pennsylvania, to Doctor W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia.
In New Jersey, to Mr. Thomas Hancock, Burlington.
In Ohio, to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., and Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland; Messrs. A. H. Ernst, J. A. Warder, and R. Buchanan,
Cincinnati; M. B. Bateham, Columbus; Charles Carpenter, Kelly
Island; D. C. Richmond, Sandusky.
In Michigan, to Daniel Cook, Esq., Jackson.
In Indiana, to Mr. John C. Teas, Raysville. -
In Kentucky, to Messrs. H. P. Byram, Louisville ; James Allen,
- Nelson Co.
Doctor J. A. Kennicott, The Grove, Northfield ;
Adna Williams, Galesbury.
In Wisconsin, to Mr. F. K. Phoenix, Racine.
In Mississippi, to Doctor M. W. Phillips, Log Hall.
F. R. E.
Pomona Gardens, near Cleveland.
Rey ie OM
ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED.
Of these we enumerate here those only that we have used most freely in
the forming of our pages, either by extract, or as serving for authority to our
decisions.
Allen. A practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine,
By J. Fisk Allen. 1852.
Arboretum Britannicum, or the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and
botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, by J.
C. Loudon. London, 1845.
Annales de la Société d’ Horticulture de Paris. Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo.,
from 1827 to 1845. .
Adium. A Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best
mode of making Wine. By Jobn Adlum. Washington, 1828.
Buchanan. A treatise on the Grape. By R. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1852.
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour l’Année 1844. Contenant des principes
generaux de culture, ete. Par A. Poiteau et M. Vilmorin. Paris.
Yearly volume. _
Bridgeman. The Young Gardener’s Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth
ed. New York, 1844.
Baumann’s Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre dispanible dans ]’Hta-
blissement des Fréres, 2 Bolwiller, 1842.
Cole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, 1851.
“Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Frees in the United States, and of
the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadel-
phia, 1817.
Chaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal,
American ed. Boston, 1835.
Cobbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbeti. London, 1821.
Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman.
Boston, 1840-41.
Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly journal of Agriculture, &c., edited by
Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time.
Downing. Downing’s Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. 1845.
Dom. Gard. The Domestic Gardener’s Manual. By Johr. Towers. London,
1839.
12 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
Duhamel. Traité des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris,
1768, 2 vols. 5
Dee. Physiologie Végétale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctions
vitales des Végétaux. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3
vols. ,
Ernst Mans. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq., Cincin-
nati.
Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By
William Forsyth, 7th ed. London, 1824.
Floy. Lindley’s Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by
Michael Floy. New York, 1845.
Fessenden. New American Gardener, containing practical directions for the
culture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828.
Gard. Mag. The Gardener’s Magazine, conducted by J.C. Loudon, in monthly
nos., 19 vols. to 1844, London.
Hort. The Horticulturist, a monthly journal of Horticulture, &c. Pub-
lished by Luther Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to
1852, and continued to the present time. By Jas. Wick, jr., publisher,
and P. Barrey, ed.
Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the cultivation of the Grape Vine on open
walls. By Clement Hoare. London, 1840.
Hort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson.
Harris. A Report on the insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation.
By Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1852.
Hov. Mag. or H. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Af
fairs. Conducted by ©. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo. monthly nos., 1834 to
the present time. .
Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F.
Johnston. American ed., New York, 2 vols. 1842.
Jard. Fruit. We Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. 2ed. Paris, 1839, 2
vols.
Knight. Various articles in the London Horticultural Society’s Transactions.
By Thomas Andrew Knight, its late President.
Kenrick or Ken. The new American Orchardist. By William Kenrick, Bos-
ton, 1844.
Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers.
By Vincent Kollar ; notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo.
Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J.C. Loudon. London, 1835,
1 thick vol.
———. AnEncyclopedia of Plants, By the same, London, 1836, 1 thick voL
___—. An Encyclopedia of Agriculture, By the same. London, 1831, 1
thick vol. .
ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 18
Loudon. Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the plants in Britain, by the
same. London.
The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842.
The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. Lon-
don, 1838, 1842. ~
Arboretum et Fruticetum Britanuicum. By the same. London, 1838.
Liebig. Organic Chemistry in its application to Agriculture and Physiology.
By Justus Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844.
Iind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, or an account of the
Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley.
London, 1831. .
Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832.
An introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley.
London, 1835, 2d ed,
British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work.
The Theory of Horticulture, or an attempt to explain the Operation
of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. Lon-
don, 1840.
The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New
York, 1841. :
LL. or Linneus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols.
Mass. Hort. Society. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1842 to the present time.
Man. The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning, 2d ed. enlarged by
John M. Ives, Salem, 1844.
Man. in H. M. Manning’s articles in Hovey’s Magazine.
Michaux. The North American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of
the United States, Canada, &e. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, new edition.
Philadelphia, 1852.
M’Intosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M’Intosh. London,
1819.
N. Y. Trans. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society,
from 1842 to present time.
Nois. See Jardin Fruitier.
New England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horti-
culture, &c. Boston, continued to the present time.
O. Duh. ance Duhamel.
Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine, or Figures and Descriptions
of the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain.
London, 1828.
Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By William R. Prince. New York,
1831, 2 vols.
%
14 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
Prince, A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830.
Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York,
1828.
Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Frangaise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits,
cultivés en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to
: nos.
Rivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Saw-
bridgeworth.
Ron. or Ronalds. Pyrus Malus Brentfordienses ; or,a concise description of
Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Ronalds, Lon-
don, 1831.
Revue Horticole. Journal des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur.
Paris, 1844, et chaque mois.
Torrey & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged descriptions
of all the known plants growing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By
John Torrey, M. D., and Asa Gray, M. D., New York.
Lhomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul-
tural Society of London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great
care by Robert Thompson, the head of the Fruit Department.]
Thacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D., Boston, 1822.
Wilder, MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq.
. W. D. B. Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Reports of Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society.
W. Rk. P. Articles and Descriptions by Wm. R. Prince, in various Horticul-
tural Journals.
Warder Review. Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor and
publisher. A Monthly Journal of Horticulture. etc. Cincinnati, 1850,
to the present time.
Wilder in Hort. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and
published in Horticulturist.
CHAPTER £.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS—HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF
FRUITS IN OHIO AND THE WEST—VALUE AS FOOD.
A supyEect so boundless, in a country of such extent and capacity
of soil and climate as ours for the production of all the finer fruits ;
in a country which, until within a few years, was but a wilderness—
a wild, uncultivated—tract, now yielding, with the most common, or
rather with no care, immense quantities of luscious ripe fruits for
transportation to countries where the arts of culture were fully
known and understood before we were, filling our store-houses with
food, our hearts with gladness, adding to our wealth while contribu-
ting to the blessings of others ; (for what meets the eye or gladdens
the heart more pleasantly than the sight of the perfect fruits of the
earth?)—a subject, we say, then so boundless, merits more of
enwreathing plaudit than our limits here may allow, though our
fancy picture it. Nor have we space, although especially applicable
to the practical use of our work, to more than commend the study
and practice, in a scientific view, of man to perfection of that de-
picted in the following stanza:
“The heaven-taught gardener’s wondrous skill
Shall wreath the earth with flowers,
While new and luscious fruits shall grow
Throughout her Eden bowers.”’
As yet the western soils present comparatively little toward the
inducement of study and practice; for so freely does every variety
of fruit grow, that man has only to plant in order to reap. Soon,
however, the grower will learn that skill and care only will reward
him with product from his trees—skill, in the thorough understand-
ing of the principles of vegetable physiology ; the care and practice,
necessary in applying the same.
Rapidly as the West has grown from a tract of country only
inhabited by the red man and beasts, to the presenting almost, at
this day, of the “Garden of America ;” her prairies, her limestone-
hills and broad levels; her sandy alluvial bottoms, located in almost
as many different climates as positions, abound with all of nature’s
food, stored for years in the production of tree, fruit, and flower, to
15
16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS,
such extent that she may yet be said to be in her infancy. And no
one who has not visited and traversed her wide borders—no one
reared and trained on soils where four-sixths is rock—can have, but
by traveling over it, any conception of the wealth stored up in the
soil of the West.
We speak here more of this from believing, that while the East
may yield her supplies liberally, attended by the care and expense
of supplying fresh food annually, the West will ere long far outstrip
all; as she only needs among her sons more study of the nature of
plant and tree to bear the palm in producing any fruit.
It is for the West then, more especially, that our work is destined.
Although ourself, reared at the East, and all our life familiar with her
fruits, her soils and capabilities, we shall yet endeavor to blend the
one with the other, that our work may be applicable there as here,
even as we cherish at this day our “loved old home,” with her
rough, rocky surroundings, incentive only to the greater perfection
and action of mind; in that, selfdependence is made apparent fron
day to day.
Before the West was, i.e., settled by white man, the impression
prevailed, among other errors connected with fruit culture, that “he
who plants pears, plants for his heirs ;”’ and we well recollect being
told when a boy, on planting out a young pear-tree, that possibly
our children might eat of it, but we, never. Such prophecy, how-
ever, failed in our case, as nearly all others, for we have eaten often
of it. And now, whether we attribute it to the locomotive age, to
the active minds of our eastern brethren, or the spontaneous growth
of the West—aided by her industrious denizens—we hardly wait
for the season to come around ere we eat of the fruit; our own
experience having been to receive trees and plant them in March,
and eat of the fruit in November following. Let this be attributable
to what it may, such is now the impress, that no one buys a city
lot, intending to keep it over one year, but he plants trees upon it,
expecting and reaping the fruit thereof.
All this is encouraging ; but there is also a dark side in fruit cul-
ture gradually coming on us, to be met only by the general diffusion
of knowledge on this subject ; a knowledge that, as before remarked,
will enable us to compete skilfully with deficiencies or over-luxu-
riance in soil; to know the insects destructive, and their habits, that
we may secure our products from their ravages; and a just appreci-
ation of the nature of trees, that we may know how to shape them to
the withstanding of our changeful climate.
As under each appropriate head we give somewhat of the olden
history of fruits, our remarks here will relate mainly to their intro-
duction and advancement to Ohio and the West. Previous to 1796,
there was very little other than the natural fruit of the soil culti-
vated in Ohio; and not until about 1820 or ’22, was there any con-
ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 17
siderable introduction and planting of “grafted fruits’? in the north
part of the State. At that time the nursery of William Coxe, Esq.,
Burlington, New Jersey, seemed the nearest from which to obtain
trees; and therefore from thence came most of the first plantations
of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince, Kenrick, and Buel,
supplied our northern pioneers; and from these, with the liberal
hand which always characterizes a fruit culturist, a lover of the Cre-
ator’s best gifts} grafts were distributed freely to whoever would.
As early as 1796 or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propa-
gated many of the older and best eastern varieties on the borders
of the Ohio river, and there cultivated both trees and fruits, from
whence most of the older orchards of southern Ohio, and probably
Indiana, were procured. Gov. Worthington, at an early day, 1808,
or previous, introduced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio.
In 1820, Prof. Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull
County, Ohio, some two hundred sorts of the best fruits then
known; and in 1827, or ’28 Geo. Hoadley, Hsq., sent about one
hundred kinds to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many
fine eastern varieties; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all
these were liberally distributed, followed by additional introductions
of new varieties, in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly every
pioneer brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity
of his former residence East, which he planted and grew with care, and
we have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties up to
about 1832. Since that period, not only have importations of
extended varieties been largely made and planted from eastern nur-
series, but the nurseries of trees grown for sale have so multiplied
in the whole West, that millions of trees are now annually grown
and planted.
For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we
are indebted to the ‘zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A.
Kennicott :
“The Grove, Northfield, Cook Co., Illinois,
October, 4, 1853.
“The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by- the
French about 1682, in and about Kaskaskia and Cahokia; and it is
said, that ‘ the first generation of fruit trees, there planted, had done
good service, and gone the way of all the living,’ long before the ad-
vent of the present race who people ‘ Lower Egypt.’ The Rey. John
M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate most
luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of the
second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost
forest size.
From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees
were, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable
>
18 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been
brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their
route from the old world.
From this you perceive, that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit-
growing states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener-
ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ;
though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our cele-
brated varieties in cultivation, to those glorious old trees, so graph-
ically described by the Rev. Mr. Peck; and yet, 1 am by no
means certain, that some of our most valuable local varieties did not
originate in that classic fruit-land of Southern Illinois. |
It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois
there may now be native varieties, surpassing in value a large ma-
jority of the sorts named in the books, for local cultivation, at least.
Analogy would lead to such a conclusion ; for, as a general rule here,
of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be
found worthy of notice, and worth preserving in their natural state,
though not desirable for propagation.
From personal observation you are already aware, that some fruits
of high repute East, are nearly worthless here; and that others are
wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate. It
is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to
be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost,
and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much
difficulty and doubt attend our western nomenclature.
Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts
cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties
East, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on the
fructification here, wnder the true names.
Many of our varieties, of the first trees transplanted in western Ilin-
ois, and southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars from
the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central-eastern Illinois ;
and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio, and
others from Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and
a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what proportion,
or what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars, | am un-
able to determine. Very few were sold under EASTERN NAMES, how-
ever, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin.
Among these pedlars’ trees, the Rep Junz is decidedly the most .
valuable, and the Mizam the most abundant.
Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted out
in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the pedlars’ trees, which
continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The Buffalo nur-
series and your Cleveland dealers have furnished the most. The
nurseries of Chautauque County sent some early, and the Rochester
establishments a great many more recently, and a few ten or twelve
a
ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 19
years ago. The Flushing nurseries are also represented in our or-
chards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana ;
and, in fact, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not
sent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin.”
Similar to those named, is that of most Western States, in the his-
toric introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value
sufficient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those
meriting a first place are rare. The character of “very good” will
apply to probably one-tenth of the fruit, while that of “best” will
hardly apply to one-thousandth.
Of the value of fruits as food, of their free use and tendency to
health of system and morality of character, much has been written :
but the following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words:
“ The free use of ripe fruits not only prevents disease, but their reg-
ulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All
ripe fruits are, also, more or less nutritious. Professsor Salisbury
has clearly demonstrated that the appiy is superior to the poraro,
in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man,
and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for
Swine, or fed raw to other domestic animals.”
Ripe grapes have cured Epidemic dysentery. Physicians have,
occasionally, advised the use of “cooling acid fruits ;” and the ear-
liest writers have directed the sugary ones, as “ figs,” for food in con-
valescence. Families, where fruit is most plentiful and good, and
prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all
kinds, and more especially from fevers and “bowel complaints.”
Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen
the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as
“diluents,” and all as “ diuretics ;” the free acids neutralizing, or
rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying. them
off rapidly through the natural channels. :
CHAPTH ET. £1,
ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES— THEIR PROPAGATION, BY
BUDDING, GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS AND
SUCKERS.
*
“Our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are
the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have
always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state.” Of this, we
have here a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by
Prof. Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed
gathered from the same tree, only about one tenth have surpassed,
and two tenths equaled, the parent; the remainder mostly falling
back toward the original mazzard.
Most of our choicest varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance
cross-impregnation : few have been the result of artificial skill and
care ; cross breeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and
while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from
cross breeding, none are known in fruits from hybridizing. Lindley
says: “If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of an-
other species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two
distinct varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed,
the seed which results from the operation will be intermediate be-
tween its parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first
case, the progeny is hybrid or male; in the second, it is simply cross-
bred.” Although of the same genus, no hybrid has ever yet been
created between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and cur-
rant. These cross-breds, when closely resembling the female
parent, are termed sub-varieties. n
This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was
advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticulturist
of England: while that of Dr. Van Mons of Belgium, was the re-
production of seedlings from seedlings in succession; selecting each
time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved the
best in the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the
pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com-
mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded
as the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties; and
to this theory, this fruiting at an early stage, according as the parent
is far removed from its original state, may we not attribute much
of the habits of many of our pears? The Frederic of Wurtemburg,
(20)
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING ETC. | 21
originating by Prof. Van Mons in this way, it is well known pro-
duces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the bud; while
the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety, requires twelve
or fifteen years. This process however, if taken, as by Van Mons,
from the commencément, i.e., a wildling, would require a life-time;
but our people have all around them seedlings which at an early age
are producing fruit; if, therefore, seed be taken from the best of
them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable that more
than ten years would elapse to produce something very superior.
On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by
crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to
whatever form, size or character he may desire, and this with an
almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully
described by Thomas in his Fruit Culturist, we extract therefrom:
“ A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the
Indian corn. The pistillate or seed-bearing flowers covering the
young ear, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate or
fertilizing flowers on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re-
mote position, the pollen or fertilizing dust from the summits may
not certainly fall on the ear ; and if different sorts grow near, a mix-
ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif
ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same
field; or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each sort
no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled
with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of
common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the
stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci-
dental mixture from other trees, become very small, unless affected
by insects, which becoming thickly dusted with powder from one
flower, plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross-fertiliza-
tion. Where many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity,
cases of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can
be developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings.
In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (fig. 1), the five
central organs a, are the prstils; the
upper extremity of each is the stagma. The
surrounding thread-like organs, 6, are the
stamens, surmounted by the anthers. The
anthers are little bags or cases filled with
the pollen or fertilizmg dust. When the
flowers open, the anthers burst, and dis-
charge the pollen on the stigma, which
operates on the embryo fruit at its base.
The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im-
pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety with the pollen
_of another. This was performed with great success by Knight.
22 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES.
Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the
anthers had burst and discharged the pollen, he
cut out with a fine pair of scissors all the
stamens, leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2).
When the stigma became sufficiently mature,
which was indicated by its glutinous surface, he
transferred the pollen of the other sort, on the
point of a camel’s-hair pencil. The fruit, thus
yielded, was unchanged; but its seeds partook
variously of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from
them bore new and intermediate varieties.
For the success of such experiments,several precautions are req-
uisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has
fully expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and
scattered their dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting
or fully matured anther, when it will be dry and powdery; the
stigma must be inoculated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glu-
tinous, otherwise it may be fertilized from another source, and then
the intended pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once
inoculated, cannot be inoculated again. It is safest, where practi-
cable, to force the trees by artificial heat into flowering a few days
earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inoculations
of pollen floating in the air; and to prevent its spread by bees, to
apply a temporary covering of gauze. A want of attention to these
minutiz, has led some experimenters to fancy they had obtained
crosses, when they had only natural seedlings.”
Fig. 2.
Budding.—This mechanical process, in connection with that of
grafting, layers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of
increasing the number of trees or plants of any one variety ; and is
performed on stocks of the same or closely allied species. These
are designated under each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c., on
other pages. The process and practice is also one, which, although
well and truly described in all fruit works and most of the leading
journals, is nevertheless too often attended with so much of failure,
that while we here repeat descriptions, we at same time advise
every new beginner to visit the leading nursery-man or successful
amateur grower in his immediate neighborhood, and learn more in
half a day from practical example than could be told him were one
to write a month. In order to be successful, it is requisite that the
stock on which it is intended to operate should be in a thrifty,
healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the best time
is usually just when the terminal bud is forming. Various modes
of budding are known and described ; but that most successful, most
rapid, and in common use, is the one termed incorrectly, American
shield budding, described by Forsyth in 1802—which differs from the
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 23
common shield budding, only in leaving a small piece of wood at base
of the bud inserted, instead of taking all out. An incision is made
lengthwise through the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right
angles at the top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T., fig. 3.
: A bud is then taken from a shoot
of the present year’s growth, by
shaving off the bark an inch or
an inch and a half in length, with
a small part of the wood directly
beneath the bud, fig. 4. The ed-
ges of the bark, at the incision
in the stock, are then raised a
little, fig. 5, and the bud pushed
Fig. 3. Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. downward under the bark, fig. 6. A
bandage of bass-bark, woolen-yarn, or other substance, is then
wrapped around, commencing at the bottom and passing the bud, re-
turning again and tying just below, covering all but the bud, fig. 7.
The pressure should be just sufficient to keep the inserted portion
closely to the stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark. In
about ten days or two weeks after insertion, the strings will
require to be loosened, and at expiration of three weeks removed
altogether. The ensuing spring, as soon as the buds begin to swell
strongly, cut off the stock about six inches above the bud; and as
the shoot or bud grows, tie it to the piece of stock above its inser-
tion until about midsummer, when it will be time to cut away the
piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut downward from
the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice with someris to
place the buds in water; this so saturates them with moisture, that
they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of the stock, and
hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot containing buds in-
tended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately be cut off to
within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation will
exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are wanted to be kept a
number of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss or wet
cloths ; or if desired to send any distance, the whole wrapped in oiled
silk. Jn this way they will keep without injury ten days or more.
“ Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick
or rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring
of bark is removed from the, stock, and another cor-
responding ring, containing the bud, slit open on one
side, is made to fit the denuded space. Fig. 8.
“ Trees which have been girdled in winter by mice,
may be preserved by a process similar to annular bud-
ding, by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions,
and applying one or more pieces of bark peeled from
the branch of another tree, so as to restore the con-
>
24 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES.
nection between the two severed portions. This is done as soon as
the bark will separate; the same end may, however, be accom-
plished early in spring by cutting away portions of the sap-wood
with the bark, and connecting the two parts by several pieces of a
branch, care being taken that they coincide accurately, as in graft-
ing. The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax.”
Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all
resolying into the same thing—that of transferring one variety on to
another. The modes most regarded, and in most common prac-
tice, we describe.
Whip or tongue grafting. ‘This is most generally practised when
the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it
lays in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of
albumen, or wood of last year’s growth, match one with the other,
or if the stock is too large that they match on one side. See fig. 9.
The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut
in the graft, and when put together, to serve as support in steady-
ing the graft until the circulation of sap has united it with the stock.
This is practised to a large extent by nursery-men on pieces of
roots, and is then termed “ root-grafting.”
Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit
is made in either stock or graft. See fig. 10.
Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it
is done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the
upper rootlet or fibre. See fig. 11.
Saddle Grafring. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obilquely
on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge,
i; l and the scion is slit up-the centre, when its sides
are pared down till they fit the sides of the stock.
See fig. 12. This is the best mode to pursue with
the cherry and other stone fruits.
Side Grafting, as seen in the cut, fig. 9, is per-
formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por-
tion, splitting the graft and paring the mner por-
tion, a inserting it so as to give a wnion of the
barks and woods—leaving meanwhile the top of
Fig. 9. the stock to carry on the circulation of sap until the
eraft becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is the best for
the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c.; and also when scions
may have been received late in the spring, or the work of grafting
unavoidably delayed.
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 25
Fig. 13. Wig ils, § igs 12, Fig. 10.
Cleft Grafting is an easy though clumsy mode, rarely prac-
tised, except on limbs or branches too large for whip grafting. In
this the scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock
is split with a grafting chisel or large knife,which is drawn to one side
and holds open the split while the scion is pressed in,so that the albu-
men or inner barks match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away.
Wrapping or Tying. After the operation of grafting is per-
formed, bass bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen, or cotton yarn,
is then wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places.
Where small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nur-
sery-rows, this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed
on standard trees, it is best to cover the matting with a wax, made in
the following manner : |
Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts lard.
This should be well incorporated together, while warm, strips of cot-
ton cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width
required for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the
labor, and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen
string, may be dispensed with.
Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the moisture is
applied so gradually that its absorption may require several weeks.
In one instance shoots cut early in autumn, and subjected to tho-
rough drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next spring,
by wrapping them well in moss and burying them in a dry spot of
ground ; and being set, they all grew. ‘
Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp
moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a
very small compass, with great safety, by enwrapping them with
oil-silk or thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them to include
the moisture, by means of small thread.
26 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES.
Layers. ‘This is practised in low shrubs and vines, as the quince
and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking
a branch, cutting a notch or slit on the under side, and pegging it
securely, so that the centre
will be about four inches
under ground, see fig. 14.
With the grape trailing the
vine on the surface, as shown
in fig. 15, and after buds
have started a few inches,
cover with soil, the vine;
Fig. 14 each bud will throw out
roots, and if the operation
be performed in spring, they may be taken up and separated in the
fall.
——= aed Peres (TT Ip
SS ———>
—————— |
——s— —s
—SSSSS =
Cuttings. Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of mul-
tiplying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion
? of a shoot cf one year’s growth into the soil; the
i moisture of the soil renews the supply of sap, the buds
| swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices ex-
ti] pend themselves in the production of new roots, which
Ssgee shoot downwards into the soil, fig. 16. Under ordi-
nary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is
SS only applicable to such species as readily throw out
<==— roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and grape.
i= ‘The cutting should be made from eight inches to a
==: foot long, and have all the lower buds cut out, in order
to prevent its throwing up suckers. Wood of the last
year’s growth is used, and the lower end cut square
across at the base of a bud. They should be inserted
\\\ perpendicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see,
My under the head of grapes; the earth should be pressed
securely at the bottom, and lightly at the top, and
Fig. 16. when possible, a mulch of two inches of tan bark,
thrown over them to preserve moisture,
saw-dust, ete.?
Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry; as
soon as well rooted they are suited to be removed. ~
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 27
Suckers, are underground runners—often the result of careless
cultivation in breaking off roots. ‘They should always be destroyed,
but never replanted, not even the Frost Gage plum, proving healthy
when so propagated.
CO EAP) ee Fb:
TRANSPLANTING TREES—HOW, WHEN; PACKING, CARE OF WHEN RE-
CEIVED ; PRUNING—TIME WHEN, HOW, THE TOPS, THE ROOTS; LABELS
FOR; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. 3 TRAINING; FORM OF
YOUNG TREES.
NortwitTHSsTANDING our people are, as a nation, “ planters of trees,”
yet how few, comparatively, ever succeed in carrying the existence
of trees planted, beyond the first season; or if a second year, only
with a puny sickly habit, anything but satisfactory. The first thing,
in the removal of trees, should be care not to destroy the roots in
digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such cause than
large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out of the
ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury of roots,
but really they were cracked through every portion, and all the
pores through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and in-
jured, often as much or more to injury of tree, than if one half the
roots had been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out with
spades, leaving only about four to six inches of main root, and a few
small fibres. Such trees require a whole year’s nursing, with severe
shortening-in of Jimbs, to recover anything like their native vigor,
and are not worth, to the planter, over one-half price of trees well
and carefully dug, with roots nearly entire. |
Preparing the Soil. If an orchard is to be planted, and on soil
retentive of moisture, or, in other words—level clayey soil—it
should first be thoroughly subsoiled, at least twenty-two inches deep ;
it should then have sufficient number of under drains, that no sur-
plus water would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging
deep holes should never be practised, but the whole soil should be
made of fine tilth, and if the ground is well drained, or naturally
dry, dig broad spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the
sround is not drained and naturally wet—a location and condition
which should never be adopted—let the planting be made by plac-
ing the tree on the level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon
the level prairies this course has been found most successful, and at
times, without even removing the sod beneath the tree.
Many suppose, that a tree grown in nursery on sandy soil, will not
28 TRANSPLANTING TREES.
succeed on clay and the reverse; this, if they will only use reason,
and study the nature of obtaining food by the tree, they will see,
at once, has no foundation in fact; but a tree taken from the rich
ground of a well kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved
soil, amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in
vigor and health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our
western country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, bar-
ren hills of New England. Food for the plant is therefore requi-
site, and this should be prepared, ina well and previously cultivated
and enriched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state, by
application of animal manures immediately to the roots; this should
never be done; but, Prof. Lindley says, “that a small quantity of
super-phosphate of lime, as it is called, that is to say, a mixture of
oil of vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with dry mould, and thrown
in round the roots of a newly-transplanted tree, will generally aid
in the formation of root fibres, and, consequently, assist very much
in establishing the plant in its new situation; or, if scattered over
the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the places where
most required.”
How to Plant. Waving prepared the place and the soil, we next
: proceed to plant the tree.
Supposing that the roots,
in removing, have been
carefully preserved, our
tree will present, when
placed in the hole pre-
pared for it, the appear-
ance represented in our
fig. 17, the upper root
being about four inches
lower than the level of
the surrounding soil. If
the roots are broken,
prune, by a cut from the
Wy, ander side of each end.
Hj; Now, one man should
scatter carefully in the
Be ot fine earth, while another
holds the body of the tree with one hand, and with the other care-
fully presses the earth around and beneath every zoot, taking care
to keep the small roots and fibres, each in its plave, lifting them
as the work progresses, so that their ends are horizontal with their
base. Leave the earth, if the planting be done in Spring, level
around the tree, and with the surrounding surface; if planted in the
Fall; earth up a little mound around the stem-end, and over the
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 29
entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again in the Spring. Avoid
treading or other pressure around the tree, other than that made by
the hand in firmly placing the earth among the roots, in the process.
Time When. With nearly all trees and all locations, Fall is the
best time to transplant; new granulations have to be made, ere the
roots broken by the process can again supply themselves, or the
plant, with food. This process, if trees are removed in Fall, will
often be found to have taken place during winter, and ere the ex-
haustion by the leaves by growth in Spring, of their food laid up in
bud and bark the year previous, the roots are again furnishing their
support as nature orders. If, however, trees are removed in Spring,
it often happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food
previously laid up is exhausted, ere new rootlets are formed. Mul-
ching, and other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order
to keep the roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted
trees, than those of Fall planting.
Packing. Amateurs, as well as nurserymen, often have occasion
to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable they be so packed,
as to ensure success when received. In order to this, they should
be made into a bundle with damp moss liberally mingled among
the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and the
small within; band securely with twisted straw bands, then take
long straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near
the center of the roots of bundle; lay another layer, with the butts
four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until you have the
length of bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully lay straw
over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing at top,
so that when cords are around it, all will be covered; proceed with
one end of cord, first lashed to a strong root, to bind it around,
once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If intended to
go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, a stout
stick should be packed in centre of each bundle, extending about
four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down a strong
bass mat, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss, and placing
the roots of bundle upon it, draw it up carefully over, and secure it
by strong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, let the roots be
well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a thick clayey mud,
but avoid packing leaves, grass, etce., among them.
Care of, when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing how
to care for them when received after long voyages. If dry, or
withered, or frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bu-
ried, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some
days; or, if late in fall, and buried where the water drains off readily,
let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have only a couple of
inches upon them. Trees received dry in spring, may be immedi-
30 TRANSPLANTING TREES.
ately immersed in a running stream of water, and after the buds are »
swollen, planted out in some location for the season, where the mid-
day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can be always
kept moist by mulching, ete.
Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a
tree, must ever be borne in mind in pruning, to ensure success, is
evident ; but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if
correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a
tree, whether made in spring, just before midsummer, in fall or win-
ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected,
where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the
circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c., é&c., should, by
all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches,
that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July; that
all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu-
ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as
rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer,
closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to
be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se-
lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been, from
the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood
than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be
seen in almost every orchard. Barry says:
“Tt is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how
to prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice.
The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems
and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal-
ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch
or stem, if we cut between two joints, and thus leave a portion of
wood above the bud
intended to be cut to,
as in fig. 18, this wood
dies, and we have the
trouble of another
pruning to remove it.
If we cut too close to
the bud, and thus re-
move a portion of the
wood with which it is
connected, as in fig.
19, the bud will either
die or disappoint us
FIGs. TO PRUNING. :
Fig. 18, cutting too far above the bud. Fig. 19, cutting too by producing a very
close. Fig. 20, the cut as it should be. 2g. 21, re- Fae Ab
moval of a branch, the cross line indicating the proper feeble Stow th. The
place for the cut. proper way is to take
the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 31
knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be cut to, and then
make a firm, quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the
knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig.
20. In soft-wooded, pithy trees, like the grape vine, for example,
half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The
cut should also be made, as much as possible, on the lower
side of the branch, to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The
position of the bud cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning,
to produce or modify certain forms. When we wish the new shoot
of a lateral branch to take as much as possible, an upright direction,
we prune toa bud on the inside ; andif we wish it to spread, we
choose one on the ouiside, In the annual suppression, or cutting back
young trees, to form a stem or side branches, the bud selected to form
the leader is chosen on opposite sides every successive year, in order to
maintain the growth in a straight line. If cut every year to a bud
en the same side, it would, in two or three seasons, show an inclina-
tion to that side injurious to the symmetry of the tree.
The Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely
separated from the tree, is cften very clumsily performed. In orchards
it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a common
axe; and even in gardens there seem to be few persons who either
know how, or take the proper care in this matter. They are either
cut so that a portion of the base of the branch remains, and sends
out vigorous shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are
cut so close that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem
is taken with them, aud a wound made that years are required to
heal up. Both these extremes ought te be avoided.
The surface of the cut made by the removal of a branch, should
in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch
is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and
‘below the point of usion, a small projection or shoulder, as at the
‘cross line in fig. 24. The knife must enter just below that shoulder,
and, by being drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com-
pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there; and yet the
ett surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch.
When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smooth
with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the
healing of the wound.” ,
Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This 1s performed, not
enly to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re-
store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken
from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken or mutilated, to a
greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance
or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such
a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots
By TRANSPLANTING TREES.
must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stein and branches in
length or number, or both; and the more the roots have suffered,
the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring
them to a corresponding condition.
“ Pruning the Roots. This is practised as well to promote fruit-
fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. ‘The roots are the organs
that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in
proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being
equal, are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence,
when a tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of
food from the soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves
slowly in its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the
young branches and buds begin to assume a fruitful character.
Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply
into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur-
face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches.
The principle is the same.
The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, just
at the extremities of the roots : the distance from the tree will, there-
fore, depend on its size, and the spreading character of the roots.
The trench should be the width of a common garden spade, and deep
enough to admit of an inspection of all the roots of the tree. Ifthe
lateral roots are to be shortened, thisis done first. he knife should
be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated with
a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If the
tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on with
a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart stroke
with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as possible, will
separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root pruning
may be performed, depends on the character of the species, the con-
dition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. Those
practising it for the first time should go to work with great caution.
It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. As re-
gards the season, it may be performed either at the end of the first
crowth, in July or August, or in the autumn or winter, when vege-
tation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, with
complete success, in August, in a dry time when little growth was
going on. At this season, a copious watering should be given after
the pruning is performed.”
Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation of
blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or
Jessen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others; but
all seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil,
in France, and first published in this country in Barry’s “ Frutt
Garden.” It is more especially applicable to training of trees in
gardens, than of standards in orchards. He says:
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 30
“The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following
six general principles :
‘1. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning, depends, in a great
measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches.
“In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally dis-
tributed in the different parts without any other aid than nature,
because the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural
tendency of the sap.*
“ But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im-
posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &c., change, more or
less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the
form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees
require the development of ramifications, more or less numerous,
and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as
the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, it hap-
pens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become
feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be obtained, dis-
appears, to be replaced by the natural form, that is, a stem or a
trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to
preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ certain means,
by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can be changed
and directed towards the points where we wish to obtain the most
vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegetation in the parts
to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and, on the con-
trary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. ‘To accomplish
this, the following means must be successively employed :
“1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those
of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves.
The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts,
deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have pro-
duced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less quantities, and
the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts being pruned long,
present a great number of buds, which produce a large surface of leaves,
and these attract the sap, and acquire a vigorous growth. This principle
holds good in all trees, under whatever form they may be conducted.
“2 Leave a large quantity of fruit on the strong part, and remove
the whole or greater part from the feeble. We know already that the
fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the roots, and
of employing it entirely to its own growth. ‘The necessary result of
this is, what we are about to point out, viz., that all the sap which
arrives in the strong parts, will be absorbed by the fruit, and the
* This is not in all cases true. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, ex-
hibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends
of the branches attract nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower
parts to die out. In other species, similar instances might be quoted, and, aS a
‘ general thing, the proposition is unsound, except in a comparative sense.
ay “)
34 TRANSPLANTING TREES.
wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, while on the
feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be appropriated by the
growing parts, and they will increase in size and strength.
“3. Bend the strong parts and keep the weak erect. The more
erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap
to the growing parts; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract
. much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently,
make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This
remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees.
“4, Remove from the vigorous parts the superfluous shoots as
early in the season as possible, and from the fecble parts as late as pos-
sible. 'The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch,
the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the sap
attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble
parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous growth.
“5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous
parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always
any shoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus
pinching early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such points is checked,
and naturally turns to the growing parts that have not been pinched ,
this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms.
“6, Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave the fee-
ble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts ob-
structs. the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently favors
the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers,
“7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light,
and confining the strong parts more in the shade, restores a balance,
for light is the agent which enables leaves to perform their functions
and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater
proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development.
2. “ The sap acts with greater force and produces more vigorous
growth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long.
This is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must evidently
produce a greater development of wood on them, than if it were
divided between fifteen or twenty buds.
‘“‘It follows from this, that if we wish to obtain wood branches,
we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit buds. On the
contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long, because
the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to fruit.
“ Another application of this principle is to prune short for a year
or two, such trees or parts as have become enfeebled by overbear-
ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is
of ee importance. )
3. “ The sap tending always to the extremities a the shoots causes
the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Ac-
cording to this principle, when we wish a prolongment of a stem or
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 30
branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no pro-
duction that can interfere with the action of the sap on it.
4, “ The more the sap is cbstructed in its circulation, the more
likely at will be to produce fruit buds. ‘This principle is founded on
a fact to which we have already had occasion to refer, viz.—that the
sap circulating slowly is subjected to a more eomplete elaboration
in the tissues of the tree, and becomes bette: adapted to the forma-
tion of fruit buds.
“This principle can be applied to produce the following result:
when we wish to produce fruit buds on a branch, we prevent a free
circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular
or circular incisions on it; and cn the contrary, when we wish to
change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a vertical posi-
tion, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we concentrate
the action of the sap and thus induce their vigorous development.
5. “ The leaves serve to prepare the sap absorbed by the roots for
the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the
Shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to
perish. 'Vhis principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large
quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth
or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and
the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the
fruit; and the branches so stripped will*have feeble, ill-formed
buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly
growth.
G. ““ Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develop before
the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very
close pruning, and in some cases, as the peach, this even will often fail.
This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main branches
of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development of the
buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the side shoots
thus produced, for without this, the interior of the tree will become
naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very difficult.”
“If these principles and practices of pruning be carefuily studied
in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different
fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The
mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be
perfectly plain and simple; yet no one need hope to accomplish, in
all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skilful
operator is sometimes disappointed; but those who give constant
attention. to their trees, will always discover a failure in time to
apply a remedy.”
Training. We give the accompanying fig. 22. taken from
“ Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Gardening” merely as illustrative of
the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored.
36 TRANSPLANTING TREES.
land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly ;
the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful
and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to
hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing |
principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable
almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each
form is known ; a, the herring-bone fan; 6, the irregular fan; ¢, the
stellate fan; d, the drooping fan; e, the wavy fan; f, the horizontal ;
g, the horizontal with screw stem; h, the vertical with screw or
wavy shoots ; 7, same with upright shoots. |
Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or
pine about eighteen inches lung, and four wide, having one side
smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with
a soft lead pencil, and driven down one foot into the ground, at the
_ commencement of each variety.
For standard trees, slips of wood three inches long and half
an inch wide, and either painted and written on as above—or,
having the name burned in with iron type, which is better, then
secured to a side branch by strong copper wire; are those most in
use. Labels are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mix-
ture of two parts (by weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac,
one of lamp-black, and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be
mixed ina mortar with a small portion of water at first, and the
whole added afterwards. Preserve the mixture in a well corked
bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards
to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for
ears.
If the pieces of zine are suspended by copper wire it should be
firmly twisted round the zinc so as not to remain loose, or else the
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 87
constant motion from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire
should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent
cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and pass round
a side-shoot, instead of a main branch to prevent the danger of
cutting in by the growth of the tree; and should be attached below
a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch.
The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following con-
trivance: cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide
and six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round
the twig, bring it through a hole punched mid-way between the ends,
and clinch or twist it with the fmgers or a small pair of pincers.
These labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate.
Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl to write
the name, and being’ particular to cut through the tin coating.
Oxidation soon renders the letters distinct.
Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured
by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection, is to take
three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with
strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will
also serve to protect in a great measure from mice; but for protec-
tion from the latter, strong “hardware paper” as it is termed,
secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tar
is best.
The form of young trees most desirable to be obtained for planting,
are those so grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem
from the root to the terminal bud. ‘This is only obtained by per-
mitting the side branches to grow, and be regularly shortened in in
the nursery, so that not only the stem but the whole tree presents
the form of a pyramid. One tree so grown, is worth more to the
planter, than ten grown with long slender stems of uniform size six
or seven feet high. A tree rightly (or as first described), grown,
will have double the quantity of roots, and when removed will need
no staking, while the latter will require staking four or five years,
and then never make a fine tree.
CHAPTER IV.
DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES—LIMITED AGE, ETC.—-INFLUENCE OF
: SOILS——-CLIMATE—STOCKS.
Tue theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist-
ence in the parent-tree, once had strong supporters; but we have
never been able to reconcile it with any known laws existent in
vegetable life, beyoud theory. That all cuttings taken from a seed-
ling plant, no matter how propagated, are but the continuation of a
single plant, having existence in a healthy state only so long as the
original exists in vigor and health, although advocated, and with con-
siderable of reason to support, is a proposition we cannot accede to.
Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that no variety can be
procured of a healthy origin except grown on the principle of Van
Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varieties to produce
fruit on trees of advanced age, and without care, of size equal to its
first appearance when the trees were young, is often cited as evi-
dence of the “running out” of that variety ; those so citing seeming
not to know, that fruit is being produced elsewhere on younger trees,
under good treatment, fully equal or surpassing the original. All
seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether grown from
a wildling or cultivated variety; and varieties are undoubtedly
- under propagation unhealthy ; but that they are more so on account
of the term of years they have been continued, admits of doubt.
That every tree has its natural limit of life. and this natural limit
shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or evenly
treated, we do not question; but that every bud taken from a tree,
propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedling stocks,
or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the criginal tree, is
a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The white
Doyenné Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have all
been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have grown
all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical.
The influence of soils, on both tree and fruit is now too well
known among horticulturists, and the exhaustion thereof too often,
unwittingly, accepted to support the theory of exhaustion of vari
eties. We have repeatedly written that, at no very distant day,
will it be requisite for the orchardist to fully understand the nature
of soil requisite for each distinct variety. We do not believe a fruit
originating in soil abundantly supplied with lime will preserve
FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 39
the same character and quality when grown in one utterly devoid
of that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, while’
practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of rot, &c.,
exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with aught
but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of each
variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall not
extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted
to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on
varieties has, we think, only this effect, viz. : to create more or less
rapid growth of both tree and fruit as we go 1:0rth or south, causing
in the tree a coarser, more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to
injury from sudden changes of atmosphere, when grown south; and
in the fruit, greater size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and
corresponding depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in apple
and pear ; but in the peach, apricot, and nectarine, additional charac-
ter and sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated.
The influence of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily ex-
plained; for while all know that to propagate a strong growing
variety upon a slow growing stock has a tendency at once to
reduce its growth of wood and create a producing habit; and vice
versa, when a slow grower is placed on one of vigorous habit. Yet
the reason why a fruit is better or worse in quality when grown on
varied stocks and subject to like soil, has not been explained. Seed-
ling stocks, as most used by nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous
or hardy; hence the apparent difference in trees propagated on
them and removed to various locations. Under each general head
of varieties of fruits, we give such information as we have been ena-
bled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to the variety, and
refer thereto for further remark. _
CE ASP ET Ey Vie
GATHERING FRUIT—TIME WHEN—FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND
RIPENING.
Tue gathering of hardy fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces,
grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in
the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is
depositing; neither should they be gathered immediately after a
40 GATHERING FRUIT.
rain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired; but
under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they
are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If
on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it.
separates, it may be accounted ripe; or, if one be
cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown
or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering
with “fruit gatherers” is esteemed most perfect,
but if we could induce all our orchard farmers
to gather by the hand, we should consider we had
accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen
in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation.
The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter
apples should be gathered some ten days earlier
than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended
Fig. 28. to have them keep well.
Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening,
much has been said, and often with good reason and truth.
The following description of a fruit room, is from a foreign jour-
nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has
a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity
between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char-
coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it
produces a cooler temperature in Summer.
“Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree,
after the latter has ceased to grow; nor will its flavor be so good,
because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of the
temperature; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their tis-
sues cannot be effected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit
become shrivelled and dry, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces-
sity of gathering fruit at two different periods from one and the
same tree. First from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation
ceases first, and eight or ten days later from the upper half, or ex-
tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath-
ering from espalier trees than from standards; and likewise, sooner
from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide
for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part-
ing from the tree. The different kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts,
etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they
drop of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump-
tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity.
The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccha-
rine properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in
the open air, they should be kept from those ripened in houses or
on espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen,
as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best
FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING, 41
condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best
method of gathering fruit is to pluck it off singly with the hand, care
being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a
brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances
have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the
aid of a ladder; but practically, they require too much time, and
therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all.
Long, shallow and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car-
pet at the bottom, are in general us@ about Montreuil. In these
baskets the fruit is placed in layers—three layers—separated by
leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are
filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit,
we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care and at the
proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the
winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening
should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so
as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus
keeping up a succession from the time they are gathered till the
succeeding year’s fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room
should have the temperature uniform and equal; for frequent change
of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows.
The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg. Fahr. A higher
temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and
a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where
the temperature is very low—say an ice-house—it will keep a long
time, if not destroyed by moisture; but, before it is wanted for
dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature
to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the
keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos-
phere should be kept
OY“ rather dry than humid,
ah and the fruit should be
placed separately, so as
not to touch one another.
We would select a
northern aspect, and dry
place, sheltered if pos-
sible, by high evergreen
trees, fer the purpose
of buildmg the fruit
room; the quantity of
fruit to be, preserved
Z| raust determine its di-
YA. mension. ‘The annexed
plan is fifteen feet long
by twelve feet wide, and
\
\\
1G
Z
y
y
Yy
WY,
i,
UZ
WR
LRG
ISAs
Fig. 24. Ground Plan of a Fruit Room.
42, GATHERING FRUIT.
nine feet high (inside measure). In a room of this size, 8,000 fruit
can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls ( fig.
24,a and b). .A body of air is interposed between the two walls,
at c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric
influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built
of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors,
are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both
in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the
walls. The entrance door is at the north side. In the exterior wallisa
double door, d, one to open at the outside, and the other in the in-
side. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit
room, and in severe weather, it is filled up withstraw. Four wooden
shutters, 7, two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are
placed four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean-
ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil-
ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with
laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior wall.
are In the interior, benches, or shelves, ( fig.
25,) from the bottom up to the ceilings,
are placed afoot above one another. To
facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the
shelves above four feet from the ground
are placed at an angle of 45 deg., a, in
the form of a stage; the lower ones are
fixed horizontally, 6. To eusure the
circulation of air between the shelves,
they are divided in five parts, and a
space of an inch left between each of
Fig. 25. Section showing the arrange- them ; those in front, ¢, are provided with
EMILE te aledgeboard. The centre of the fruit room
is reserved for a table ( fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet
broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar-
ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a
fruit room, by the aid of which we are enabled to furnish the table
with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the
year. When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at
first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity
of dry moss or cotton; and after having been sorted, all the bruised
ones are removed; the sound ones are left for three or four days,
to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected,
the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or
cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one
by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can,
also, be preserved for a length of time in this place, having been
gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every
branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a
WW
NNW
FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING. 43
pair of scissors, and
fixed the reverse way
to a metalic hook, of
the form of an 8, (jig.
26.) Attached thus,
they are less likely to
rot, because the ber-
ries are placed in a
freer position, and do
not touch each other.
They are hooked to
one or two hoops, as
Fig. 26. Method of sus- shown at jig. Pale and Fig. 27. Movable frame for sus-
Uae of suspended with a cord penned ta ce
cord to the ceiling, and made movable with two
pulleys. Having thus all the fruit disposed in the fruit room, the
doors and shutters are opened during eight or ten days, to deprive
the fruit of the superabundant moisture; and after this has been
done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit, room hermetically.
The doors are no more opened, except for the work necessary to be
done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was known of dry-
ing-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during winter, except
by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass through the
apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are obvious; the -
interior temperature will change according to the exterior; and, bad
as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under freezing point, no
use can be made of it at all; hence, the fruit must be abandoned to
chance, and disappointment will soon follow. In this case we recom-
mend the use of chlorine of calcium. This substance has the prop-
erty of absorbing about double its own weight of moisture, when it
becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain length of time to a
humid atmosphere, produced by the moisture emitted by the fruit.
It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere in the best condition.
To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden
box is made (fg. 28, a,) one foot and a
half square by three inches deep, and
placed upon a table 6, which is at the
side, c, an inch lower than on the other.
The chlorine of calcium, after having
absorbed a certain quantity of moisture,
becomes liquefied, and runs into the
: earthenware vase, d, placed underneath
Meme Ta a for the purpose. Should the chlorine
me srCalciu. ~—sdWecome dissolved before the total con-
sumption of the fruits, the dose must be
renewed ; in which case, the liquid in the vase, if put in a pan, and
44. GATHERING FRUIT.
placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium, and as good
for use as before.
Fruit in Cellars. —“A great deal of winter fruit suffers early decay,
in consequence of a deficiency of ventilation, especially during autumn,
and after the fruit is deposited. Another cause of decay, is the im-
proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or
around the walls.. By this inconvenient arrangement, the assorting of
decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves
must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in a
most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at
the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls.
To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas-
sage all round. ‘This allows circulation of air; and the shelves may
be twice the width, with the same conveniences in assorting or
picking. If suspended from the Joists above, on stiff bars, rats can-
not reach them. It is said, that the Germans are very successful in
the ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the princi-
pal chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a cur-
rent, which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from the
vegetable and other contents.”
THE ALMOND.
Amygdalus communis—Dec. Rosacea of Botanists.
Tue almond tree is a native of the north of Africa; of the moun-
tains of Asia; and, of Russia. Linnaeus places it in the same genus
with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the
parent of both. The fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is
said, have been found growing naturally upon the same branch.
How true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know,
but we do know, that nature produces no such variations in the
present age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine,
but is easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the pecul-
jar color and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those
of the peach, but are larger than most varieties, and produced in
greater profusion. It is a fruit which has been too much neglected,
and especially in our south-western States, where it should be grown
in such quantities, as to entirely exclude importation from Europe.
Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed in
sand, kept moist during winter, cracked in spring, and sown in drills
three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, covered
two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the wild
plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the
peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, rich soils, the
plum is best.
Soil, Hardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well _
drained; but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not
essential. The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive
in the middle, and portions of the northern States ; while South, the
soft shell, or ladies’ almond, is grown without difficulty. The
cultivation needed is same as that of the peach.
Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article
of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter
almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic
acid of the shops.
46 THE ALMOND.
VARIETIES.
CLASS I. Varieties worthy cultivation.
Lone Harp SHE Lt.
Long Hard Shell Almond, | Amandieragrosfruit, [ Amandier a gros fruit doux.
Flowers, large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone,
about as large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper ;
very hardy; ripens about last September.
LANGUEDOC.
Great-fruited sweet, | GreatSoft Shell, | Large Persian
The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know
It is said to be very large and sweet.
Sort SHELL SWEET.
Soft Shell Sweet Almond, Ladies?’ Thin Shell,
Doux a coque tendre, Sultan a coque tendre,
Amandier a coque tendre, Amandier des Dames,
Ou Amande Princesse,
This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, wtih
a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers; and
the kernel of which is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The
flowers open at same time with the leaves, and are deeply tinged
with red. Fruit, oval, compressed; nut, oval-pointed, one-sided,
tender shell; kernel, sweet; ripens in August, or in July at the
South, where it is only adapted.
CLASS III. Varieties unworthy Cultare.
Common ALmonp.
Common Sweet, | Amandiera petit Fruit, | Amande Commune.
A variety usually found in nurseries, inferior to the Long Hard Shell.
SuLTaANA Sweet ALMOND.
Amande Sultane, | Sultan.
A tender-shelled variety, infericr to the Soft Shelled Sweet.
Pistacura SwEeEt.
‘ I ; y Amande Pistache.
Small, pointed, inferior fruit.
; ’
Pracu ALMonD.
Pecher, | Amandier Pecher.
A cross between the Peach and Almond. Nearly sweet—often bitter.
Brrrer ALMonp.
Differing from the common Almond in its bitter kernel.
THE APRICOT.
Armeniaca vulgaris—Dec. Rosace of Botanists.
Tue common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not general
cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu-
mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes
it as known in Italy under the name pracocii; while the former
mentions, that it was introduced into that country about the six-
teenth year of the Christian era. ‘Thunberg describes it as abound-
ing in Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. “The
Chinese,” says Grossier, “have many varieties, which they cultivate
both for ornament and use.” The barren mountains west of Pekin,
are described by the same author, as being covered with these trees,
And Professor Pallas states it to be “a native of almost the whole
range of the Caucasus.” It is, also, stated to be from Armenia and
Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, berkoche, whence the
Tuscan, bacoche or albicocco, and the English, apricock, and, finally,
apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub-
lished in 1817, says of the apricot, “ This fruit is extremely tender,
in our severe winters in exposed or open situations, unprotected by
a wall.” And similar statements have been made by writers, from
time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late
years, its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more
tender as a tree than our sweet cherries; and, contrary to general
statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions; for in
climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tend-
ing suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and
breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour,
during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps,
apparent, until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root,
in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best,
but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower
limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as*a
preventive. The trees should be shortened-in “freely, as with the
peach; and standards should always be grown more in manner of
round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise; for if so grown, injury to the
fruit fiom late spring frosts, can often be prevented, by covering
them with a cloth.
Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding
ti ei at ee ti ee i
48 THE APRICOT.
on the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of our Western States
makes one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which
answers very well on light, sandy soils, but generally gives too
much tendency to wood growth rather than producing fruit. The
seeds grow readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very
good sorts; few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing
the parent in size, although often proving more hardy and produc-
tive. Budding into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum-tree, has
been thought to add hardihood to the apricot.
Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are
best adapted to successful fruiting the apricot; although they are
often grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter
case, however, it requires mulching or free watering, otherwise the
tree ripens its wood a.:d drops its fruit before fully matured.
The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result
of exposure, as stated previously; but the fruit is a favorite of the
curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. ‘Trees trained
against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of
this insect.
Uses. “ A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior
to the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cherries and before
plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving
in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and,
where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ;
it is also dried for winter use.” It is also used, when partially grown,
in the preparation of tarts.
VARIETIES.
CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation.
BrepA.
Amande Aveline, Ananas,
De Bollande, Persique,
Hasselnussmandel.
« This old variety withstands severe frosts in spring, is hardy as a
tree, a good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even
after ripe. ruzt, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ;
suture, well marked ; skin, orange, becoming rich brownish orange
in the sun; flesh, deep orange, parting freely from the stone,
juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, small, roundish, compressed ;
kernel, sweet. Season, first of August.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 49
Harty GoLpen.
Dubois’ Early Golden, | Dubois’ Early Golden Apricot.
Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty
yet close wood, hardy, productive, and said to bear considerable of
late frosts without injury to the blossom.
Fruit, small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval,
narrow suture; skyn, smooth, pale orange; flesh, orange, moder-
ately juicy and sweet, but not high flavor; separates from the stone;
kernel, sweet. Season, 10th to 15th July. Very valuable as a
- market variety.
LARGE HARLY.
Gros Precoce, De St. Jean Rouge,
De St. Jean, Gros D’ Alexandrie,
Gros Freche.
This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an
abundant bearer: foliage, large, leaves, tapering toward the foot-
stalks, with little ear-like appendages in place of glands.
Fruit, medium size, oblong compressed; suture, deep; skin,
downy, pale orange in the shade; fine bright orange with a few
ruddy spots in the sun; flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates
freely from the stone; stone, brown, much flattened, oval, perfora-
ted along the back from base to apex; kernel, bitter. Season,
10th to 15th July.
Moorpark.
Anson’s, Temple’s,
Dunmore, Dunmore’s Breda,
Sudlow’s Moorpark, Hunt’s Moorpark,
Oldaker’s Moorpark, Walton Moorpark,
De Nancy, | Peach,
Anson’s Imperial, Royal Peach,
Peche, Abricot Peche,
Peche Gros, | Wurtemburg.
This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William
Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous
to his decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer.
Fruit, lafge, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter
each way, larger on one side of the suture than the other; skin,
orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish red in the sun,
marked with numerous carmine specks and dots; flesh, firm, bright
orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and lus-
cious flavor; stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated along the back
3
«
50 THE APRICOT.
where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the
other; kernel, bitter. Season, early in August.
We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moor-
park and Peach apricot, and have therefore made the Peach a syno-.
nym of Moorpark.
CLASS IE. Adapted to certain Localities ; or, Gardens of Amateurs,
New and untested.
BuRLINGTON.
This variety originated at Burlington, N.-J., from a seed of the Peach
Apricot planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolman in 1838. Native soil, poor
eravel. ‘Tree, vigorous, young wood reddish. Fruit, medium size, oblong,
somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct suture; skin, golden yellow,
with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun; flesh, yellowish, juicy, fine
flavor; stone, rough, perforated. Season, last of July.
Brown’s Earty.
Origin Chelsea, Mass. Fruit, large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek;
flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flaver. Season, middle to last
July. )
HEMSKIRKE,
A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the Peach Apricot. Tree
very short jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed ;
skin, orange, with a brownish red cheek; flesh, bright clear orange, tender,
juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small; kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of July.
KAISHA.
From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The
Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as “roundish,
semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged,
and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary
and delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with
a sweet kernel.”
Lara@e Rep.
Under this name we received a tree three years since, but it has not
yet fruited. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large,
round, dark orange red, sweet, and juicy. ;
Musca.
Musch Musch, | D’ Alexandrie,
Gros Musch.
This variety takes its name from the city of Musch, on the frontiers
ADAPTED TO CERTAIN LOCALITIES. 51
of Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety; and
so, receiving it from three different sources, we for a long time supposed
them identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as
Moorpark, wood being very short jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish,
about one and a half inch in diameter; skin, rich yellow, with orange red
spots and marblings on the sunny side; flesh, yellow, tender, melting,
sweet; kernel, sweet. Season, last of July.
NeEwHALu’s EARLY.
Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruit, medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep
red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor; clingstone; season, last July,
early in August. (Cole.)
Roman.
Abricot Commun, Grosse Germine,
Germine, Transparent.
A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold unfavorable situations; good
bearer; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow,
dotted with afew red spots; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry; stone, oblong;
kernel, bitter; season, first August.
Royat.
Abricot Royale.
A French variety, with large leaves, and vigorous habit of growth.
Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with
a little red; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy; last of July.
SHIPLEY’S.
Shipley’s Large, | Blenheim.
From England, a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval,
orange yellow, juicy, sweet; kernel, bitter; season, last July.
SHAKER PARA,
A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen
it noticed in the journal of the London Hort. Society. Its name, meaning
“bit of sugar,” is the only description given.
‘TURKEY.
Large Turkey, | De Nancy.
Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish
orange in the sun; flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy; kernel, sweet; season,
middle August.
The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all
respects resembling the common Turkey, except having most of the leaves
more or less blotched with yellow. ©
52 THE APRICOT.
CLASS III. Varieties unworthy farther Culture.
ALBERGE.
Albergier.
Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, flesh, firm, vinous. Middle of August.
BRUuSSELS.
Fruit, medium, oval, compressed, pale yellow, with dark brown specks ;
flesh, yellow, firm, brisk flavor. Middle of August. Kernel, bitter.
Biack.
Purple, Noir,
Angoumois, Violet,
Du Pape.
Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple; flesh, tender.
juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent; kernel, sweet. August. George
Hoadley, Esq., informs us that this variety has been brought from Germany
under name of “ Hamburgh Apricot,’’ probably from Booth’s nursery, near
Hamburgh.
ORANGE,
Early Orange, | Royal George,
Royal Orange, Persian,
Royal Persian.
Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, with a ruddy tint in the sun; flesh,
dark orange, dry, insipid ; kernel, sweet. Middle July.
Rep Mascutine.
Early Masculine, | Abricot Precoce,
Brown Masculine, | Abricotier Hatif,
Abricotier.
Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh,
yellow, poor flavor ; kernel, bitter. Season, middle July.
Wuire Mascutine.
White Apricot, Abricotier Blanc,
Abricot Blanc, Early White Masculine,
White Algiers.
Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days later.
WEE AP PLE:
Pyrus Malus, L.—Rosacea of Botanists.
Or all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever
had preference. The “ crafte of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of
fruits,” was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then
long received the attention of “wise men of the East,” and had
arrived to all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing
and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood
as now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less
number of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and
of Europe, it is generally understood, that, from the variety pyrus
malus of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty-
two varieties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman
writers ; these have increased, until now probably 2000 would not
include the whole number named and partially or wholly de.
scribed.
To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas and others, as
well as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much
in aid toward winnowing from this immense number, the wheat
from the chaff; and yet such is the extent of our country, and the
habit of all our pioneer settlers to sow seeds of the best apples,
that we are yearly in the production of vast numbers of new seed-
lings, adapted mainly only to their own locality, but occasionally of
such excellence as to warrant their general introduction. It is
owing to this, that, notwithstanding pomological writers are daily
condemning, our list of esteemed varieties is constantly swelling, to
the almost utter confounding of the seeker after a knowledge rela-
tive to “ what varieties to plant.”
Orcharding in its profits pecuniary, as relating to the apple, has
become well understood, and no one, who has Jand in any way
suited now hesitates to plant. We have no certain data, but think
we do not overstate when we say, that, besides large quantities im-
ported from Hastern States, there are propagated and planted annually
over 6,000,000 trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana,
Winois, and Wisconsin. The Western country is already pro-
ducing by millions of bushels, and her “ orchards,” so to speak, are
not yet planted. Such is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid
increase of people in cities, that no one should be at all deterred
54 THE APPLE.
from continued planting; for, we have not only the wants of in-
creased population of our own land to supply, but that of foreign
countries. Already our fruits are sent to England and other distant .
shores, and eagerly sought for and purchased at what would here
be termed high prices. Although the Newtown pippin as sent from
the Pell orchard on the Hudson River, has done much toward
establishing our reputation abroad, we anticipate an advance in good-
favor, when the same variety grown on our Southern Ohio, Kentucky,
Indiana and Illinois soils, shall be shown; for certainly they are, like
all our Western growths, when compared with those of the East,
far superior in size.
The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy
seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity in horticul-
ture, at 200 years; yet trees are recorded as being over 1000 years
old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight
regarded “ many varieties” as in his time “already on the decline,”
which Coxe, in his “ View of Fruit Trees” published in 1817, says
“ orow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard.”
Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy
and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit.
The puberty or fruit bearing age of the apple tree varies accord
ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and
under the clear sun of our western states, most varieties come into
bearing at about eight years from the bud; or about four or five
years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated
varieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to
fifteen years.
Propagation—By seeds. ‘These should be selected if intended for
stocks to work varieties upon, from native seedling trees of strong,
vigorous, healthy growth. The common practice is to visit a cider
mill in the months of October or November and take therefrom in-
discriminately such as first come to hand; but he who desires to grow
fine healthy trees had much better purchase the apples from such
trees as we describe, and, if he choose, take them to the press himself.
The seed should be entirely separated from the pumice or pulp, al-
though much of it will grow if spread immediately on the land thinly
and plowed in lightly ; but this is a coarse unworkmanlike method.
To free it from the pulp, take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon
boards for forty-eight hours, proceed to sift it; the next process, is
washing in tubs, when most of the pulp which passed through the
sieve will rise to the top of the water and may be taken off. If the
ground is ready it may now be sown, the ground being made rich
in vegetable, or partially mixed with well rotted animal manure,
trenched or plowed twenty inches deep; sow the seed in drills of
about one foot wide and two feet between each drill; scatter the
; BUDDING. 55
seed so that when it grows there will be one plant to every two
inches and cover with about one inch of earth, and one inch of leaf
mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh raw manure induces insects,
and consequently diseased roots. If the seed is intended for ship-
ment or keeping over until the spring planting, boxes not over six
inches deep should be procured with holes made in the bottom for
drainage, and then the seed packed in shallow layers with sand or
moss, and placed in the open air on the north side of some building
or fence.
By Grafting. All of the modes described in previous pages are
used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of diameter at
crown of from ene quarter to three-cighths inch are the best; these
are generally obtained from seedlings of one year’s growth in our
rich western soils; they should be dug up, have their side roots
trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about
eight inches; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue
method, just at the crown or union of top and root. The same
course may be adopted with secdlings in the ground, with excep-
tion of shortening the roots.
Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing
of some varieties in the nursery; but very few, when removed, are
found to have made much but small fibrous roots; and when planted
in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good
trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned
by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whoie of a root,
as first mentioned, advised. Cleit grafting is generally pursued on
trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or
November often with as good success as In spring.
Nurserymen generally practise taking up the seedling trees late in
autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them,
when laid down at an angle of 45°, with earth. This is done in the
ecllar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in
February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to
allow one inch of sand cn the bottom; and the stock grafted just
coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them,
covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in
a cool place, but free from frost, until the day of planting.
By Budding. ‘this course, froin the immense demand for trees
and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots,
has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud-
ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for bud-
ding should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud,
inserted about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on
the north side of the stock as possible. The time when, is usually
*
56 THE APPLE.
the month of August, varying from early to late in month, as the
location is South or North, and the season early or late.
By layers and cuttings. This course is only pursued to increase
the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf
varieties. Some growers, however, west, have reputation for increas-
ing largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means
of layers; than otherwise; we have never seen them.
Cutting of Scions. ‘These may be cut at any time from the fall
of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in spring—
always, however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the
time of cutting. We consider the best time late in the fall, when
they may be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid
in a cool cellar, where they will usually keep well until spring. The
wood of the past season’s growth is that required, and best to cut, if
possible, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until
toward spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft
be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps,
be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen
the vitality and success of the scion.
Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over
luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft,
with branches from three feet up, well formed imto rounded heads,
are worth double the price of trees six years old, ten and twelve
feet high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It
should, however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all
varieties have not the same habit and regular form of growth; that
while a nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and
just to the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to
do so with the Fall Wine, American Pearmam, and many other
varieties at the same age. All this should be remembered by
the purchaser, and in his selection be guided more by the stocky
pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather
than height of tree.
Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a
previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity and
vigor as we go South; but location, in its preventing of mjury from
frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the
attention of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted
out in the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are
neglected. Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss
comparatively of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter
known that trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy,
and have produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the
TRANSPLANTING AND DISTANCES. 57
valley, he would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills,
There are some parts of the West, and very much at the East,
where the hills are entirely unsuited to the plow; yet by planting
with trees, and digging around until of twelve or more years old,
they will make the most profitable of orchards.
On the prairies, a belt of treesaround the orchard is considered
of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes
destructive to fruit and tree Here also the selection of the highest
knolls and oak groves is fouad best for success in fruit growing.
Influence of Stock and hardihood. Recently there has been much
speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of budded
or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the indis-
criminate use of small pieces of roots. That budding will be found
in the main any better than the grafting process, when performed,
as advised, at the crown, and on the whole of a seedling root, we are
disposed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it,
The only point we can see in its favor is the comparative hardihood
of the stock as compared with that of the variety intended to be
grown: this will in some varieties make budding the preferable
mode, as it is now well known that some, indeed most, of the strong
rapid-growing sorts, of northern or eastern origin, are somewhat dis-
posed to “bark burst” near the ground, and to remedy this, budding
will be adopted. But again, all seedlings are not alike hardy—al-
though as a whole, more so than worked varieties; and undoubtedly
cultivated sorts may be found, which, if worked as grafts on whole
roots, and again re-worked at three feet from the ground, would en-
sure as much hardihood asis in the nature of trees; yet this will
never be practised to any considerable extent, on account of its ex-
pense in the growing a tree. That the habit of bearing will be in
creased or lessened by budding or grafting, as we advise, is also
another feature at this time in dispute, but we can see nothing to
favor it, except the fact that trees budded do produce better than
roots grafted on the old common indiscriminate practice of using
anything in shape of a piece of root, depending on the richness of
soil to create from it a tree for sale. For other remarks on influ-
ence of stock, see previous pages.
Transplanting and distances. Trees when taken from the nursery
should have their roots immediately covered in the ground, on ar-
riving at their destination. Often trees are left out over night on
wagons, subject to severe cold and frost, by which they are not al-
ways ruined, but frequently so far injured as to check their entire
growth one season. We do not like the practice of shortening back
the tops of apple trees where they have been taken up with care ; but
as usually dug it is requisite to success that the top be shortened
| o#
58 THE APPLE.
back to correspond with the diminished root. One reason for ob-
jecting to the shortening in, is, that it has a tendency to start the top
of the tree too thick, and we prefer with the apple to thin out, rather
than increase the number of branches.
The mode of how to plant has been written on a previous
age.
: The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on
‘the soil and the variety—rich deep soils requiring a greater dis-
tance than those of shallow depth, and inferior quality. And of
varieties, such as the Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Ap-
ple and other stocky or upright growing sorts, twenty-five feet
apart would be sufficient; while the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet
Bough, &c., or those of rapid broad growth, would need, on rich soil,
forty feet.
Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any
one that will suit all varieties; we therefore, in our text descriptive
designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. “ All
deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the
elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or
otherwise, in proportion to plentiful or scanty supply of that sub-
stance in the soil. Liebig has shown that the acids generated in
plants are always in union with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot
be produced without their presence. * * * Now, the apple tree du-
ring its development, produces a great quantity of acid; and there-
fore in a corresponding degree, requires alkaline, and probably,
earthy bases alone, as an indispensable condition to the existence of
fruit.”
“It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay-
ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in
such soils, and also in the development of the fruit; but it is most
certain, at the same time, that these alone would be perfectly ineffi-
cient for the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the
alkaline bases. ‘The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be
somewhat affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very
existence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quan-
tity of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable
to the formation of acids.”
“The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 Ibs. of ashes, de-
prived of carbonic acid, about 13 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 7 lbs. of
sulphuric acid, 38 lbs. of potash, and 25 lbs. of soda; these four
bodies forming about 83 per cent. of the whole ash :” while analysis
of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent. of potash, 19 of
lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime; and inthe ash of the bark,
about 5 per cent. of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate
of lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent. of lime in the ash of
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 59
the wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our western
soils, application of lime and potash will be found requisite to the
production of healthy wood and iruit. Upon much of the heavily
timbered lands of the west, which have been cut and burned, the
ashes from. the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash
requisite to success for a certain length of time; but, already, there
are orchards in Ohio, where application of lime and potash in the form
of wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of
trees, and perfection in fruit. The western prairie soils require these
only ; of all other ingredients they are naturally abundantly sup-
plied, and application of animal manure is not needed.
Cultwation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as req-
uisite to success as cultivation cf a crop of corn; but while the trees
should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they
should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid ma-
nures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus
induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness
and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two
orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has
always been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decay
ing; while the other has been more regularly and moderately
grown, and is now ina healthy fruiting state. All crops besides
wheat, rye, oats, and clover, may be grown in an orchard. Pota-
toes, peas, and corn are most advisable.
Pruning. ‘The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an-
nually attended, is but a light task; it should consist mainly of
cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap
one another—to step back side limbs that are apparently drawing
too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots.
This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed,
as they showld be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting
to aregular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon
short spurs on the limbs; others on the extreme ends of slender
shoots of previous year’s growth, and must be pruned with refer-
ence thereto; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these
require thinning out; while others, are of straggling rampant habit,
requiring only the checking of branches at ends to maintain an even-
ly balanced tree; these qualities will be found partially noted in our
descriptions of varieties. or the art of pruning, to create particu-
lar forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to
a previous chapter.
Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees, western
cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex-
60 Hie THE APPLE.
empt; they are now, however, through the great amount of importa:
tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and
troublesome.
The Borer, (Saperda bivittata), is yet little known ; a few instances
only of its appearance West have been noticed. It is an insect that
should be watched and checked on -its first appearance. It is de-
structive, not only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash,
suffer equally. ‘The perfect insect is a brown and white striped
beetle, about half an inch long, which, flying at night, may be de-
stroyed in the month of June by building bonfires in the orchard.
In its larvee state, in which it does its work of destruction, it is a
fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the collar, just at the sur-
face of the ground, girdling or perforating the wood to such an ex-
tent as often to cause death before its attack is noticed, except by
the careful observing orchardist ; the small round holes from which
dust is ejected indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with
a knife, others use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole
and destroys the worm, or on withdrawing brings it out. Downing
advises as a preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the follow-
ing mixture: “one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and suffi-
cient tobacco water to reduce to the consistence of paint.”
The Caterpillar, (Clisiocampa Americana,) or common orchard
Caterpillar, has been long known as destructive of the foliage of
orchards. This, says Thomas, is hatched in spring as soon as the
leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch,
long, nor so large as a cambric needle, ‘but it continues to increase
constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a
quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spms a cocoon, and passes
to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a
yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are
deposited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each,
encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of
the extremity. They remain through winter, protected from the
weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, ‘and hatch im spring,
as just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars.”
A mode for their destruction, is to cut off the small branches
which hold the eggs, during autumn or winter, and burn them. Those
that escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June by
attaching a sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first
with spirits of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For
this work, one hour in the morning early, is worth four at any other
time in the day.
The Canker Worm, (Anisopterye pometaria.) This insect we
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 61
have never seen West until the present season. It is not confined to
the apple, but, if anything, it prefers the elm to all others.
_ “The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a. black
dot, a little more than an inch across. ‘The female is wingless, oval,
dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath.
The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the
spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find
their way up in the autumn. The females having no wings, climb
slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover
about to pair with them. Very soon after this,if we examine the
trees, we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty
or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the
forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twen-
tieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky-
brown, or ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance,
and commence preying upon the foliage.”
The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvass
saturated, with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree.
Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden
wedges between it and tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading
up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in the fall,
and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw and
eotton batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all
that have become entangled therein.
&
The Apple Moth, (Carpocapsa pomonana,) is the insect which
disfigures so many,of our apples and pears, causing them to fall
prematurely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of
brown mingled with grey, fore wings light grey and brown, and a
dark brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June
and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the
fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub,
eats its way to the core, scon after which the apple falls to the
ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the
crevices and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a
white web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season.
Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed
with lye-water early in spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it
falls, or letting swine run in the orchard toxeat it. Old cloths or
tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from
whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed.
The Bark Louse, a species of coccus or scale insect, is of a brown
color, about one tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form,
attaching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the
62 THE APPLE.
sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale oil soap, or a
mixture of lime soft soap and water, of the consistence of common
whitewash, and applied to the bark with a hard brush, in winter or
early spring.
The Wooly Aphis, (Aphis lanigera) makes its appearance in the
furm of minute white down, in the crotches and crevices of branches.
It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with ley-water, lime wash,
or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five
gallons of weak ley, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces
soot, or “lamp black,” thoroughly mixed.
' The blight or blackening and decay of terminal shoots we have
elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees,
and plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling
to the moon.
fiust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of
the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, but
suspect from accounts, that it is caused from an unhealthy state of
the tree in exhaustion of elements in the soil, and therefore a result
not a cause of disease.
Of terms used in description of varieties—Thomas, in his “ Fruit
Culturist,” has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use
in the descri iption of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We
therefore adopt most cf them, in order to continue unifor mity. These
terms, as applied to the growth of tree, in its shoots, has refer-
ence mainly to young trees, and comparatively, as follows : Erect,
asin the Karly Strawberry. Diverging, as in the Domine, or Rib-
ston Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Droop-
ang, when they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees
assume, as they grow into the larger branches of older trees. As-
cending, when they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregular,
as in black Gilliflower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but
more slender and curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern
Spy. Stowt, as in Red Astrachan.
“The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif-
ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of ex-
posure to the sun, and with a change of soil, climate, and season.
When fresh, or very young, ail have a sreenish color, but eradually
assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, ‘red, purple, and
nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and
are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing
the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap-
plied by a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts,
FORMS OF THE APPLE. 63
During winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees be-
come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice
and by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be
obtained. Skilful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the
color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar
cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos-
sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known
from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman-
ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly
- marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use-
ful points of distinction. No one for instance, could easily mistake
the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown
or purple of the Tyson and Forelle; or the light greenish cast of the
Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern
Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin; nor the downy or greyish ap-
pearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, for the
clear shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan.”
The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as
light green* in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in
the Rhode Island Greening; bluish green, as in Peck’s Pleasant.
Forms of the Apple.—tn these we follow the general impression
understood of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by
Barry, from whom we extract :
found or Roundish (fig. 29,) when the outline is round, or
nearly so, the length being about equal to the breadth.
Fiat (fig. 30,) when the ends are compressed, and the width
considerably greater than the length. ‘
Conical (fig 31,) in the form of a cone, tapering from the base
to the eye.
Ovate or Hgg-shaped (fig. 32.)
Oblong (fig. 33,) when the length is considerably greater than
the width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as
in the conical.
In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some
varieties are—
64 THE APPLE.
Angular, having projecting angles on the sides.
One-sided, having one side larger than the other.
Ribbed (34,) when the surface Se a series of ridges and fur-
rows running from eye to stem.
Of size—Small as in Gilpin, medium asin Fameuse, and large as
in Rhode Island Greening.
Of the meaning of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c.,
there seems to be no certain definition heyond that of accepted
usage. Calville, generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of
light specific weight, and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially
about the calyx. Pippin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle
texture of flesh, in the apple; while Greening is understood to imply
a breaking, tender character. Pearmain, to indicate a particular,
roundish, conical form, with an aromatic perfume in the flesh.
Uses.—The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems
superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table
use, raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c., &c., the apple
deserves more attention as food for animals; analysis having shown
that it is about equal to the potato in fattening properties.
VARIETIES.
CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation.
AMERICAN PEARMAIN,
American Summer Pearmain. | Watkin’s Early.
Early Summer Pearmain.
This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, and we there-
fore discard the word “ summer.’
In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard
fruit, it will not “pay.” It cannot, however, be dispensed with for
supplying home wants, ripening oradually, as it does, during the whole
of September. The trees require thinning out of small branches ;
but, as it fruits mostly on the ends of branches, should never be
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 65
shortened back. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with
~ lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sections.
Size, medium; form, roundish oblong, sometimes angular; the
form varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in
good or poor soil; color, red, streaked and dotted with grayish
yellow; stem, medium, projecting about even with the surface ;
cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, slightly recurved; basin, deep,
round, smooth; flesh, tender, subacid,—best ; core, small ; seeds, ovate
pyriform.
Autumn STRAWBERRY.
Late Strawberry. | Strawberry.
\
American: originated, Western New York. Size, medium, or
rather below; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked,
and, in the sun, the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a
plum; stem, slender, medium length; cavity, open, regular; ca-
lyx small, nearly- closed; -basin, shallow, slightly ribbed; jilesh,
ee
66 THE APPLE.
Autumn Bovues.
yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid; core, medium; seeds,
large, full. Season, October.
Autumn Sweet Bough.
American: tree, vigorous, productive; size, medium or above;
¥orm, obtuse conical; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally
a russet blotch, and a few small russet dots; stem, slender, curved
to one side; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, closed with long seg-
ments ; basin, ribbed or furrowed; flesh, white, crisp, tender, deli-
ciously sweet; core, small; seed cavity, hollow; seed, plump,
full. Season, September.
%
BaLpwin.
Late Baldwin, | Woodpecker,
Pecker, Steeles Red Winter.
American: originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to
bitter or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash; and for the
western soils should be worked where intended to have the head
commence. ‘Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very pro-
ductive. Our drawing was taken from an Eastern grown specimen,
and is not more than one-half the size of this variety when grown in
Mlinois.
Size, large; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx; color,
yellowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few
russet spots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem;
stem, three-fourths inch long, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, closed;
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 67
basin, rather narrow, plaited; flesh, yellowish white, crisp tender,
sub-acid; core, small, compact; capsules, ovate hollow; seeds, long
ovate, pyriform. Season, December to March.
BALTIMORE.
Baltimore Pippin, | Cables Gilliflower.
68 THE APPLE.
Origin unknown. Tree, thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm
‘rich soils. Size, medium to large; form, round ; color, light yellow,
striped, and splashed with red, a little bronzed russet about the stem,
and often a blue tinge marbled toward the stem resembling a bloom;
stem, short ; cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, small, half open ; basin,
shallow, regular; flesh, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, tender, —
? °
crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medium or small; seeds, obo-
vate pyriform. Season, December to March. ‘This is distinct from
the Baltimore, of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with
red, and with large open calyx.
BetTHLEHEMITE.
“This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newton Spitzenberg,
and we have testimony of one or two who say they know it under
that name. We are not, however, satisfied of their identity, and as
the really good qualities of this fruit are such as to make it desira-
_ ble in all collections, we have no hesitation in recommending it.
Thus far all specimens we have seen were from trees grown in rich,
loamy soils, and all we can learn of its history is that it came from
Bethlehem, in Ohio. Sze, medium; form, roundish, flattened,
tapering slightly to the apex; color, pale yellow ground, striped and
stained with two shades of bright red, dotted with irregular shaped
brown dots, some russet about the stem: calyx, medium, sometimes
large; basin, deep, broad, irregular, somewhat furrowed; stem, short;
cavity, narrow, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, with a mild
sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor ; core, small, compact ;
seeds, obovate, obtuse pyriform. Season, November to January,
but keeps until April. Trees, upright, strong growers.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 69
\
P BELMONT.
Gate, White Apple,
Mamma Beam, - Kelley White,
Golden Pippin of some, | Waxen of some.
teehee PF
oh ®
7” ,
American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by
others in Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr.
Downing in his first edition of “Fruits and Fruit Trees,” made it
synonymous with the “ Waxen” of Coxe. As this is yet uncertain,
we adopt the name by which the fruit is most largely known.
Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer,
does not succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, but on all high,
warm, or limestone soils does finely, and makes a large tree.
Size, medium to large; form, irregular, usually roundish, some-
times oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West,
on new rich soils in Wisconsin; but grown South its delicacy, fine
grain and flavor are lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily; color,
rich clear light yellow; at South with a few dark brown specks, and
North with a clear vermillion red cheek, with carmine spots; South
slight russet marblings, and much of mould or fungus; stem, me-
dium length, projecting slightly beyond the surface, always slender ;
calyx, varying from small and close to open and reflexed; basin,
from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed; jlesh, yellowish
white, fine grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid; core,
TO THE APPLE.
rather large : seeds, ovate, pointed, abundant, brownish red. Season,
November to February.
BELLFLOWER,
Yellow Bellflower, | Yellow Belle-fleur, | Lady Washington.
American. ‘Tree, 01 slender, yet healthy growth, with yellowish,
rather upright shoots; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy, but
grafted on pieces of roots does not bear well, otherwise, very pro-
ductive. Size, large; form, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the
eye; color, pale yellow, with a blush next the sun; stem, long, slen-
der, curved ; cavity, deep; calyx, closed; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh,
tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid; core, large; capsules, long,
hollow; seeds, large, ovate, pyriform, angular at broad end. Season,
December to March. |
BROADWELL.
Broadwell Sweet.
American. Origin, Southern Ohio. ‘Tree, vigorous, spreading,
light yellowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large; form,
regular, roundish, flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the
calyx ; skin, thin, smooth ; color, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny
side brownish bronze; stem, short; cavity, expanded ; calyx, open ;
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. yas
segments, short; basin, narrow; jlesh, white, fine-grained, sweet,
Juicy ; core, close, compact; seeds, small, plump, light-brown. Sea-
son, November to March.
Butiocgn’s Pippin.
American Golden Russet, Golden Russet,
Sheepnose, Little Pearmain,
Fall:Winesap, erroneously.
vi
d Wy ih
American. Tree,
ultimately of only
medium size, with a
round regular head,
shoots erect, rather
slender, admirably
suited to rich soils
of Southern Ohio,
Indiana, etc., ete.
Grown south, the
fruit is almost en-
tirely covered with
russet ; north, and
on sandy soils, it is
a@ warm, rich yel-
low, with only mar-
blings of russet.
7 THE APPLE.
Size, small to medium ; form, roundish, ovate, tapering much to-
ward the eye; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with
soft russet, and in sun, a marbling of red; stem, slender; cavity,
narrow, regular; calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow, sometimes
furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate,
sprightly ; core, large for size of fruit; seeds, full, ovate, pyramidal.
Season, December to March.
CanapA PIppin.
Canada Reinette,
Canadian Reinette,
Pomme de Caen,
Reinette Grosse du Canada,
Reinette du Canada,
Grosse Reinette d’ Angleterre,
Reinette du Canada Blanche,
Reinette du Canada a’Cortes,
De Bretagne, Portugal,
Januarea, Wahr Reinette,
German Green, White Pippin,
|
Yellow Newtown Pippin, erroneously.
Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, |
very hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened, irregularly an-
gular, much ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth; color,
light greenish-yellow, a blush in sun, and small dark green specks,
surrounded with light green suffused beneath the skin ; stem, short ;_
cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; calyx, large; basin, deep, angu-
ler, with prominent ribs; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy,
sub-acid, sprightly ; core, small, compact ; seeds, dark, almost black.
Season, January to May.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 72
CHALLENGE.
American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, har-
dy. Size, large; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich yellow, with-
many russet dots, and occasionally a russet patch; when fully ex-
posed to sun, the russet spots become vermillion red; stem, pro-
jecting even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyz,.
with long irregular segments; dasen, broad, open, medium depth,
always furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet, tender ;
core, medium ; seeds, large, plump. Season, October and November.
CrotH oF GOLD.
Drap d’Or, Early Summer Pippin, of some.
Vrai Drap d’Or, Bay Apple,
Bonne du Mai.
This is, by some, said to be identical with “Cooper.” We do
not yet so recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage,
moderate bearer. Size, large; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull
yellow or gold color, with distinct brown or russet specks; stem,
short ; cavity, wide,open; calyx, small, half closed; basin, shallow,
plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild, sub-acid, not fine grained, ten-
der, juicy, well flavored; core, with open hollow capsules; seeds,
short, ovate, dark reddish brown. Season, August to October.
74 THE APPLE.
Fe Corxisoh AROMATIC,
Foreign. Requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size, medium ; form,
roundish, regular, sometimes a little conical; color, yellow ground,
mostly overspread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ;
stem, long, slender ; cavity, regular, open, rather deep ; calyx, small;
basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor
closely allied to Esopus Spitzenburg; core, open, hollow, regular
form ; seeds, large. Season, November to February.
Danvers Winter Sweet.
i Epse’s Sweet.
American. ‘Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, very pro-
ductive; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock.
Size, medium ; form, roundish, oblong; color, dull yellow, with
orange blush, and small russet specks; stem, slender, inclining to
one side; calyx, small, woolly ; basin, shallow, rather narrow ; flesh,
yellow, firm, sweet; core, large, open; seeds, ovate, pomted, dark
rich brown. Season, December to April.
Durce Micnonne.
The Dutch Mignonne—Darling, or Favorite, is from Holland,
and a fruit which has proved valuable wherever grown, Tree, with
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 15
strong upright shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South
Ohio. Szze, large; form, round:sh, regular; color, dull orange,
mostly covered with rich dull red, dotted and mottled with large
yellow russet specks, and a dash of russet about the cavity of stem ;
stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, open; ba-
sin, deep, round, regular; flesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming ten- —
der when well matured, sub-acid aromatic flavor ; core, small, com-
pact ; seeds, few, defective. Season, November to January.
Dyer.
Pomme Royal, Pomme Water,
Golden Spice, Bullripe,
Tompkins, Mygatt’s Bergamot,
Beard Burden, Bard Apple,
White Spice.
American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading
irregular, moderately productive. Size, medium; form, round, or
roundish flattened ; color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or
less over the surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, slightly fur-
rowed; calyz, with long recurved segments; basen, medium; flesh,
yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, sub-acid; core, medium ;
seeds, small. Season, October and November.
Eariy Jor.
RSET
= SS AMG
IN p
Cy) VA
i
L;
iy
American: origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat
questionable, if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple
76 THE APPLE.
has the most of delicate pear flavor of any variety; and while it is
all unsuited to orcharding, one tree should always be planted.
While young it is of slow growth, but, as trees get older, it improves,
and makes a tree of round irregular spreading form of medium size.
It is very hardy, but should have rich strong soil; shoots, dark
colored ; and so foliage.
Size, medium, or rather below ; form, roundish, flattened ; stem,
rather slender; cavity, open, deep, a little russeted; color, pale
yellowish green, overspread and striped with deep and pale red;
calyx, small, nearly closed; basin, shallow; jlesh, yellowish white,
tender, very delicate; core, medium, centre open; seeds, short
ovate, pyriform. Season, last of August.
Harty STRAWBERRY.
American Red Juneating. | Red Juneating.
American. Tree, very erect. in growth, dark wood, numerous
leaves erect, with long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all
localities, and although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed.
Size, small; form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color,
yellowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ;
stem, varying from long, straight, and slender, to medium, curved ;
calyx, small; basen, narrow and shallow; flesh, yellowish white,
tinged with red, sub-acid, sprightly, tender; core, medium ; seeds,
small. Season, July.
Esopus SPitzENBERG.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. v4
American. Origin on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender
shoots ; when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open
head ; requires age to produce much or good fruit, and much of
lime and potash, when it is a good bearer.
Size, above medium, large when carefully srown ; form, flattened
at base, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably
ribbed and irregular in its surface, and almost always slightly angu-
lar; color, rich lively red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled
with yellow russet; stem, varying, sometimes short and stout, at
others long and slender ; cavity, deep, regular, open; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, a little.
tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, regular, ovate,
rounded in form; seeds, large. Season, January to March.
FAMEUSE.
Pomme de Neibe | Sanguineus,
Snow.
Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to
all northern sections producing yearly, and always fair smooth fruit.
Tree, of moderate, rather diverging habit; shoots dark; and as an
orchard tree, only of second size. Without being a fruit of high
character, it is just so good that, taken with its production of regular
handsome fruit, it cannot be dispensed with. a ee, hardy, and rich
strong or heavy soils suit it best.
Size, medium ; form, roundish, somewhat fnttemed: color, green-
ish vellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark rich red; stem,
slender; cavity, narrow; calyz, small; basin, shallow, narrow ;
_ flesh, remarkably white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; core,
close compact; seeds, light brown, long-pointed. Season, October
to January.
Fatt Wine.
Wine, of Cole.
American. Its origin unknown, introduced west from the garden
of Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. ‘Tree, of slender, slow growth ;
drooping, when in bearing state, very healthy; producing mode-
rately, but annually, large beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils ;
and fruit of medium size on soils of moderate quality. Our figure
exhibits it from the two soils. It is now much grown in Indiana
and Illinois as “ Wine,” from which it is quite distinct.
Size, medium to large; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red
marbled over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of
brownish—-sometimes it is faintly striped; stem, slender; cavity,
deep ; calyx, half closed; basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish,
crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, vinous. Season, September
to November.
78 TIE APPLE.
Although evidently an old eastern fruit, it appears now unknown
there, if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his
notice of where grown. |
Fart Preeti.
Philadelphia Pippin.
This is unquestionably an American seedling, and probably from
the “ White Spanish Reinette,” which it closely resembles in all but
its period of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers re-
specting it, as the Holland Pippin is often grown under this name as
well as its parent. It is extensively grown at the West and in the
Eastern states, and universally succeeds well; but where the soil is
of a clayey nature, on the alluvial bottoms and deep prairies, it does
not answer as well. ‘Tree, of growth vigorous, shoots, dark, di-
verging or spreading, becomes large.
Size, large; form, roundish, conical, flattened at ends; color,
greenish yellow, until fully ripe, then rich yellow with a faint blush,
when grown in good soil and exposed to sun; stem, long, moder-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 79
ately stout; cavity, deep, round; calyz, above medium, with seg-
ments in divisions; basin, deep, wide, and open; flesh, yellowish
white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic; core, medium, for size of fruit;
seeds, ovate. Season, October to December.
¢
FALLENWALDER.
Fallawater, Sd Tulpahecken,
Green Mountain Pippiz, Pim’s Beauty of the West,
Dutch Codlin, errcneously, Pound, erroneously,
Mountain Pippin.
American. Originated in Berks Co., Penn. “It sprung up in
the woods, and was left standing after the other trees were cut down;
hence the name Fallenwalder, or apple of the cut-down woods.”
Not worthy a place in small orchards or gardens; but on rich lime-
stone soils, when grown for distant market, it is highly valuable,
being of thick skin, fruit, always fair and large, and keeping a long
time, even in. southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ;
shoots, stout, partially spreading.
Fruit, large; form, round, varying to roundish, flattened and
roundish ovate; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted
with a few small irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surround-
80 THE APPLE.
wens
r
Fi
H
‘
‘
:
ed with a shade of light green, presenting at first glance, appearance
as of white specks; stem, short; cavity, open, generally regular;
ealyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, open, broad, often slightly fur-
rowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture, tender, juicy,
mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate pointed.
Season, Deeember to May.
Fort Miami.
Scandiana Mala.
American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April,
1846, we made our outline and description from specimens sent us
by A. Spafford, Esq., Perrysburgh, O., since which we have been
unable to obtain of the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth; shoots,
dark color, nearly upright, spreading ; not an early bearer, but the
original tree said to be very productive.
Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both
ends, widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed; color, brownish red,
more or less russeted; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long;
cavity, deep, open, uneven; calyx, medium size, closed; ba:en, me-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 81
dium depth, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceed-
ingly high-spicy, sub-acid flavor. Season, February to May.
GarpEN Rovat.
American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower
while young, hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually
productive ; suited to small orchards or gardens where a delicious
fruit is desired for table use.
Fruit, rather below medium; form, roundish, inclining to flat,
very regular; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, be-
coming brighter in sun; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calys,
large, open; basin, shallow; jlesh, yellowish white, fine-grained,
tender, mild, sub-acid. Season, last of August and September.
GOLDEN SWEET.
Orange Sweet, | Trenton Early.
American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while
young, making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size,
spreading irregular branches ; succeeds well in all soils; productive
annually of large crops of fair fruit. This variety was shown two
years, late in season, and in bad state, at the Ohio Pom. Convention,
as “Trenton Early.” We this year received specimens of it through
the kindness of Dr. Warder, when in season.
4*
89 THE APPLE.
Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide,
color, yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with
many small greenish dots that become russety in sun; stem, medium
to long; cavity, round, shallow, regular; calyz, closed; basin, round,
moderately deep, slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx;
flesh, yellowish white, very rich, sweet, hardly tender ; core, medium,
round, ovate; seeds, abundant, ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or
to grow for stock feeding, this is unsurpassed. Season, July and
August. .
Goip=en BALL.
Belle et Bonne, | - Connecticut Apple.
The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt, but it is probably
a native of Connecticut, from whence it has been largely distributed
East. The trees do not bear well while young, but improve as they
advance in years. ‘Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with
large, glossy, rich green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking;
requires a rich, strong, heavy soil.
fruit, large; form, row lish, narrowing to the eye; color, rich
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 83
yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots;
stem, short, stout; cavity, broad; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow;
flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed; core, me-
dium ; seeds, large, and plump. Season, October to December.
The Belle Bonne of Lindley is quite another fruit, and should
not be confeunded with this.
4
GREEN SWEET.
Honey Greening.
Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading, shoots rather slender, fruit
valuable for cooking and for stock; wants deep, rich, strong soil;
fruit always fair.
Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish; color, dull greenish
white or yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots;
stem, varying; cavity, narrow, russeted; calyx, above medium size
for the fruit, closed; basin, medium, slightly furrowed; flesh, green-
ish white, tender, juicy, and quite sweet; core, medium, rounds
seeds, ovate. Season, December to March. Grown in Indiana, it is
large, has a brownish cheek, and matures in October and November.
~ GRAVENSTEIN,
Ohio Nonpareil, | Grave Slije.
Foreign. A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding
finely on all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cook-
84 THE APPLE.
ing in August, and eating in September and October ; shoots strong,
smooth, upright. Tree large, regular, round head, foliage broad.
Fruit, large; form, roundish, flattened, a little irregular, some-
what ribbed, on surface undulating; color, at first pale greenish,
yellow ground, becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and
splashed with bright red; exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes
of a dark hue, beautiful, few faint light green dots; stem, short ;
cavity, open, deep; calyx, with open half reflexed segments; basin,
rather deep, irregular, ribbed; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-
acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste; core, large, capsules open,
hollow ; seeds, ovate pyriform, redaish brown.
Harvest.
Early Harvest, | Early June,
Yellow Harvest, Jaly Pippin,
Prince’s Harvest, Large White Juneating,
Early French Reinette,
Yellow Juneating.
American. Universally esteemed, requires a soil well supplied
with lime and potash, otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots erect,
straight; slow growth, not successful root-grafted as an orchard
tree.
Fruit, medium; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened ; color;
pale light yellow, with a few dots of white; stem, medium length,
rather slender, often short, and a little stout; cavity, open, deep,
regular ; calyz, closed; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed; flesh,
white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, medium; seeds,
abundant, light brown, ovate. Season, July.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION, 85
HEREFORDSHIRE PRARMAIN.
Winter Pearmain, erroneously, Parmin Royal,
Royal Pearmain, Old Pearmain,
Royale d’ Angleterre.
Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit
is of the highest excellence ; shoots slender, diverging, partially droop-
ing.
Fruit, medium; form, roundish, conical; color, brownish red,
mottled, and slightly striped, on a dull russety green, or when fully
matured, yellow ground, with stripes and marblings of russet,
from the stem, dotted with greyish specks; stem, slender; cavoty,
acuminate, russeted; calyx, open; basin, medium; flesh, yellow-
ish, tender, mild, sub-acid, aromatic; core, medium, laying nearest
the stem end; seeds, large, ovate, light brown. Season, December
to February.
SUTTON.
Hubbardston Nonsuch,
Sutton, | Sutton Beauty.
American. Originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even
better when grown West, than in its native locality. Tree, vigorous
grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin,
which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading; very
productive. :
86 THE APPLE.
Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular ;
color, yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped with
rich red; stem, short; cavity, narrow; calyx, with short open seg-
ments; basin, deep, round, rarely ribbed; jlesh, yellowish, mild,
sub-acid, juicy. Season, October to February.
JERSEY SWEETING.
American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of
fair fruit in all soils, warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and
more character to the flesh. Shoots stout, short-jointed, reddish.
Tree, spreading, round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valu-
able.
fruit, medium; form, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye;
color, greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered
with stripes of pale and dull red; stem, short; cavity, narrow;
calyx, half closed; basin, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ;
Jlesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, tender, sweet; core, rather open, me-
dium, round, ovate; seeds, full, ovate pointed. Season, September,
and October.
JONATHAN.
Philip Rick, Winesap, erroncously,
King Philip, Wine, ‘
American. Originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 87
slender, diverging; when grown and fruiti
rgins ulting, tree has a droopin
and pendent habit; very productive; needs rich, strong soil. Be
Fruit, medium; form, roundish, conical, regular; color, light yel-
low ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light
red, and with few minute white dots; stem, rather long, slender;
cavity, open, wide; calyx, small, nearly closed; basin, shallow,
slightly furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, slightly
acid unless fully matured, when it is sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medi-
um ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown. Season, December to Feb-
ruary.
Lapy APPLE.
Api, | Pomme Rose,
Petit Api, | Pomme d’Api Rouge,
Pomme d’Api, | Petit Api Rouge,
Gros Api Rouge.
Foreign. Trees very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads,
like that of a pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters; require to be
ten or more years old, ere bearing much, after which, very produc-
tive. Shoots, very dark color, straight, erect, leaves small; appears
to succeed in all soils, and the fruit, though small, from its beauty,
always commands a high price.
Fruit, small ; form, flat; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ;
very glossy ; stem, short; cavily, deep; calyx, small; basen, fur-
rowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy; core, small, Season, Decem-
ber to May. |
6&3 THE APPLE.
Lapies’ SweEeErTine.
American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety
West, where it seems generally to succeed, but neglecting, to make,
or having lost our description, we copy that of Mr. Downing, who
first introduced and disseminated the variety: “ Wood, not very —
strong, grows thriftily, bears abundantly.”
“ Fruit, large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye;
skin, very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellow-
ish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. ‘The red is
sprinkled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered when
first gathered, with a thin white bloom. ‘There is, also, generally, a
faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the
fruit, and rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set
in a narrow, shallow plaited basin; stalk half an inch long, in a shal-
low cavity ; flesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, crisp,
delicious, sprightly, agreeably-perfumed flavor ; keeps without shriv-
eling or losing its flavor, till May.”
LowE LL.
Orange, of some, Greasy Pippin,
Tallow Apple, | Queen Anne,
Tallow Pippin, | Pound Royal, erroneously.
American, The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 89
fruit, will always command a place in large orchards, where this
variety is known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading,
most valuable on rich. heavy soils.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish oblong, slightly conical; color, green,
becoming rich yellow; oily surface; stem, long, slender; cavity,
narrow ; calyx, small, nearly closed; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh,
yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma; core, medium
or small; seeds, ovate. Season, August and early September.
Lonpon Sweet.
London Winter Sweet, | Winter Sweet,
Heicke’s Winter Sweet.
American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio; often abundant
in Cincinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any
other named variety, though it nearest resembles Broadwell.
Adapted to the rich deep soils of the West; said to be produc-
tive.
Fruit, medium, occasionally large; form, roundish, flattened ;
color, pale yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet ;
very smooth; grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think,
marring its beauty; stem, short, slender; cavity, open, medium
depth, round, regular; calyx, small, closed; basen, deep, round,
regular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, pleasantly sweet ;
core, rather small; seeds, ovate pointed. Season, November to Jan
uary, but will keep through February.
Merton.
Norton’s Melon.” | Watermelon.
American. Origin questioned—whether New York or Connecti-
90 ‘THE APPLE. .
cut. (See Horticulturist, vol. ii., page 357.) It proves fine so far,
and wherever it has been tested, and we confidently place it in the
class worthy of general cultivation. ‘Tree,- vigorous, spreading ;
shoots, reddish brown; requires deep, strong soil.
Fruit, medium to large ; form roundish, flattened, regular ; surface,
glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with
broken streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark
in the sun ; stem, medium, slender ; cavity, wide, round, open, marked
with greenish russet ; calyx, closed ; basen, deep, finely plaited at bot-
tom ; flesh, white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly ; core, ra-
ther small; seeds, broad, nearly black. Season, October to Decem-
ber. .
MELTING.
Melt in the Mouth, | Melting Mouth.
American. Origin, Pennsylvania; introduced to Ohio, and ex-
hibited (as grown in the centre of that State) at the Pomological
meetings for three years. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ;
fruit borne mostly on ends of limbs; requires rich soil, abounding
in lime; on young trees, fruit quite smiall; improves and increases
as they advance in years and size, and under good culture.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened; color, yellow
ground, overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with
yellow russet ; stem, short; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short
erect segments; basin, shallow, broad, open; flesh, yellowish crisp,
WORTHY .GENERAL CULTIVATION, 91
Juicy, tender, sub-acid ; core, small, compact ; seeds, long oval point-
ed, abundant. Season, January to April.
Micuart Henry Pieri...
White Pearmain, | White Winter Pearmain.
92, THE APPLE. ,
American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation
throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very produc-
tive.
Fruit, medium to large; form, angular, roundish, conical ; «color,
light yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregu-
lar formed specks of russet; often there is a shade of rich yellow
marbled, or striped, apparently underneath the skin; stem, usually
short ; cavity, narrow, regular; calyx, with long segments in divis-
ions; basin, shallow, narrow, somewhat furrowed ; flesh, white, tender,
juicy, sweet; much valued for cooking and keeping well, being in use
from October to March; core, small, compact, surrounded by a broad
coarse vein, giving sembiance of a large core ; seeds, ovate pointed,
light brown.
Monmovutn Pippin.
Red Cheek, of some, | Red Cheek Pippin.
Scamamsl™
.¥
%
American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as
very productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. Weare conver-
sant only with the fruit.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; sometimes roundish coni-
cal; color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised
rough brown specks, with a shade of light green suffused around
them underneath the skin ; stem, rather short; cavity, deep, regular ;
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 93
calyx, medium, segments woolly and often nearly closed ; basin, wide,
abrupt, deep, much plaited; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse-
grained ; breaking, tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid, with consider-
able aroma, or perfume ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate,
abundant. Season, December to February, and often till April.
Newtown Pipprn.
Green Newtown Pippin, Green Winter Pippin,
American Newtown Pippin,
Petersburg Pippin.
American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich
limestone clay soil, or a warm sandy rich loam, well dressed with
lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth
fruit. On sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have
never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit
from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see farther pages; but
is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood.
Growth slender, slow; as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with
branches diverging, pendant. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio,
and farther west, this and the Yellow Newtown Pippin succeed, and
produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish oblong flattened ; color, dull green
-when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green; small
94 THE APPLE.
minute russet dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and,
grown on alluvial soils south, patches of dark green mould ; stem,
slender ; cavity, acuminate regular; calyx, small; basin, deep, abrupt,
hollowed, and slightly wrinkled; flesh, greenish white, very fine-
grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly perfumed ; core, compact ; seeds, dark
brown, ovate. Season, February to May.
NEwTOWN SPITZENBERG.
Ox-Eye, | Matchless,
Burlington Spitzenberg, |
Joe Berry.
Kountz,
American. From Newtown, Long Island. It is extensively and
successfully grown in the West as Ox-Hye, and highly estimated.
Fruit, medium; form, round, flattened; color, yellow ground,
mostly striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as
of a bloom; russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the
crests of waves; stem, long, slender; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ;
calyx, small, segments erect; basin, open, regular, not deep; flesh,
yellow, tender, slightly sweet, rich, aromatic; core, stnall ; seeds, few,
ovate pointed. Season, December to February.
NorTHERN SPY.
American. Native of East Bloomfield, N. Y. While the quality
of this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot
be considered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at
= WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 95
least twenty years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It
is of thrifty, vigorous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cul-
tivation, and as an orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as
it inclines to make an upright, close head ; young shoots stout, dark,
spotted; blooms late, often escaping late frosts in spring.
°
ere a
~—
Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish conical, sometimes
ribbed; skin, thin and tender; color, light yellow, mostly over-
spread with light red, striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red,
and, when first gathered, covered with a fine bloom; stem, slender,
projecting about even with surface; cavity, open, wide, deep; calyz,
small, closed ; basin, open, regular, other than the furrows produced by
ribs of the fruit—not deep, but rather abrupt ; flesh, yellowish white,
very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, large, capsules open ; seeds,
abundant, many of them triangular ovate pointed. Season, January
to April. South, it will probably become an early winter variety.
ORTLEY.
Ortley Pippin, Hollow Core Pippin,
Woolman’s Long, Greasy Pippin,
White Bellefleur, Melting Pippin,
White Bellflower, Crane’s Pippin,
Green Bellflower, Warren Pippin,
Willow Leaf Pippin, White Pippin, erroneously,
Ohio Favorite, Yellow Pippin,
Detroit, Golden Pippin, of some,
White Detroit, Woodward’s Pippin,
Van Dyne, Tom Woodward Pippin,
Jersey Greening, Inman.
American. Native of New Jersey. First described by Lindley
96 THE APPLE.
as Ortley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that
as any other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the
entire Western States, it proves one of the hardiest, most pro-
ductive, profitable, as well as best varieties known. In size, it is
also largely increased over specimens grown North, where the form
is more oblong, the texture somewhat closer, and sprightliness a
little enhanced. Shoots, slender, brownish, yellow, upright, long
jointed.
Fruit, large, when grown on rich soils; skin, smooth; form, ob-
long oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color, pale yellow-
ish white at the North—South it becomes a richer yellow, with
specks of dark red, and a vermilion tinge surrounding when exposed
to sum; stem, varying from short and stout to long and slender ;
cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed or plaited
from the surrounding angles or ribs that are often apparent in the
fruit; flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, sprightly, mild acid; core,
~
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 97
large, open; seeds, abundant, loose in the capsules. Season, January
to April.
Prcxr’s PLEASANT.
Waltz Apple.
Qi Wy
WN
American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots rather erect, slightly
diverging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer
texture than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large.
Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very
much) flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side; color, when
first gathered, green, with a little dark red—when ripe, a beautiful
clear yellow, with bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered
gray dots, which become small and almost indistinct near the apex ;
stem, varies, mostly short and fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost
always with a slight ridge or wave on one side, connecting with
stem; catyx, medium size, usually segments half open; basin, round,
regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, firm yet tender, Juicy,
mild, aromatic, sub-acid; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, ovate, dark
reddish brown. Season, December to February; often keeps to
April.
PHitiurs’ SwEEtTinG.
American—native of Ohio. Growth vigorous, upright, wants
strong heavy soil.
Fruat, medium to large; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened ;
98 THE APPLE.
color, yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red; jlesh,
yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp. Season, December and January. This
may yet prove identical with “ Richmond,” described on future page.
PortEr.
American—native of Massachusetts. Tree slender, slow growth,
a regular even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good
supply of lime and phosphates; succeeds wherever grown—one of
the best at South.
Fruit, wedium to large; form, oblong conical; color, bright, clear
yellow—when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek; stem, slender, —
cavity, shallow; calyx, medium, closed; basin, narrow, deep; flesh,
fine-grained, Juicy, firm yet tender, acid. Season, September and
October.
PovuGuKEEePsie Russet.
English Russet, | Winter Russet?
*.
2
8
‘
1
1
s
d
v
4
5
As this variety, described by Downing as the “ English Russet,”
is probably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts
known under the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt
the name of Poughkeepsie Russet, as commemorative of the sec-
tion whence it was first disseminated. Growth, upright. Shoots,
lively brown, profuse bearer, and although only of medium size, its
quality of keeping over year renders it very profitable. There is
also another called “ Crow’s Nest,” sometimes sold under this name,
~“
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 99
of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well, and the tree when
grown makes a dense top.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regu-
lar; color, light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish
russet, when well matured, becomes yellowish ; stem, rather short ;
cavity, round; calyx, small, close; basin, abrupt, regular, round;
jlesh, yellowish white, fine texture, rather firm, aromatic; core,
small; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. Season, all Winter and Spring.
There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our
figure) which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx,
and often beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they
may prove identical, and the soil and location make the apparent
difference.
Pommr GRrIsE.
Grise, af Gray Apple.
A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to
Northern sections, and to gardens. It is a good bearer, of slender
growth, forming a tree of small size.
Fruit, below medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color,
yellow gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye; stem, slen-
der; cavity, deep; calyx,small; basin, round; flesh, yellow, tender,
sprightly ; core, medium; seeds, abundant. Season, December to
February.
Pryor’s Rep.
Prior’s Red, |__ Pitzer Hill,
Big Hill.
This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield
Seek-no-further and Roxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the
100 THE APPLE.
Seek-no-further. Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not
regarded as an early bearer, but as very hardy, and the fruit keep-
ing well when grown South, and’ on rich alluvial soils. Grown at
the North, the trees come into bearing at about eight years, and the
fruit has very little russet (unless unusually warm seasons), except
at stem end; South, in good culture, it attains a size of four inches
diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly covered
with russet,
Fruit, medium to very large; jform,.at North, regular, roundish,
tapering to the eye—South, always angular, sometimes even broad
at apex, being roundish, angular, flattened; color, pale yellow,
ground mostly overspread with rich, warm red and russet, marbled
and splashed with bronzed yellow near the stem, dark yellow russet
spots surrounded with a lighter shade; stem, short; cavity, narrow ;
calyz, small, segments erect ; basin, abrupt, pretty deep, round and
even, occasionally shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid,
much resembling Westfield Seek-no-further; core, medium, marked
at distance with a line encircling; seeds, varying, generally ovate.
Season, January to April.
Ravte’s JANET.
Raul’s Gennetting, | Raule’s Jannette,
Rawl’s Janet, Rawle’s Jennette,
Winter Genneting, | Rock Rimmon,
Rock Remain, Neverfail,
Jennette, Yellow Janette,
|
Indiana @annetting.
This variety, according to H. P. Byram, Esq., was first brought to
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 101
the south-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue
Ridge, where it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it
Janet, hence the name. Accordig to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov.
» Worthington had it in his orchard 40 years since, and from thence
it was brought to northern Ohio. The Scriptural name of Rock-
Rimmon, given it in the Sciota valley, was probably on account of
its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree is tardy in
spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other varie-
ties ; thus often escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only
second rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincin-
nati is highly so, as it succeeds when many others fail.
4
Jy, Gis
Ale EK EEA at
Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem
end; skin, thick, tough; color, a ground of light pale yellowish
green, mostly overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and
with a blue or grayish shade laying within as of a bloom; small
russet dots, that show most when the fruit is high colored; South
many patches of mould or fungus; stem, slender, rather long ; cavity,
deep, regular; calyx, nearly closed, short segments; basin, open,
regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near the calyx ; flesh,
yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid; core, medium; seeds, angular
ovate. Season, late spring.
102 1HE APPLE.
Rampo.
Romanite Seek-no-farther,
Bread and Cheese Apple. Terry’s Red Streak.
A
SEE NN .
American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and lo-
cations, and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It
succeeds on sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on
strong limestone soils, giving evidence of the food suited best”
to it.
Fruit, medium ; form, flat, or roundish flattened ; color, yellowish
white, marbled and streaked with yellow and red, and with large
rough spots; stem, long, slender, often curved; basin, acuminate ;
calyz, nearly closed ; basin, broad, slightly furrowed ; flesh, green-
ish white, tender, sprightly, mild, sub-acid; core, large, rather hol-
low; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. Season, October to De-
cember, but often keeps to March.
Rep Canaba.
Old Nonsuch, (ene Richfield Nonsuch.
American. Probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender
growth; shoots diverging ; requires rich strong soil, when it is pro
ductive ; and always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most
valuable for orchard or garden.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 103
Fruit, medium; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem end;
color, rich clear yellow ground, when exposed to the sun, overspread
with bright handsome red, two shades light and dark intermingling,
or striped, many light gray dots presenting at first sight an appear-
ance of a somewhat rough exterior; skin, thin, tender; stem, vary-
ing from short and stout, to slender and long, usually as seen in our
fioure; cavity, deep, regular, a touch of light russet; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, or uneven ;
jiesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, aro-
matic; core, small, compact; seeds, ovate, pyriform. Season,
January to April.
Rep ASTRACHAN.
Foreign. Most valuable as ahardy, strong grower, regular moder-
ate bearer of fruit always fair. As a dessert fruit—it is rather acid,
unless fully ripe; but for marketing or cooking, it has few equals,
at its time. Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage.
Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex ;
color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson,
a little russet near the stem, and a white bloom; stem, varying,
generally short; cavity, narrew; calyx, large; Gasin, shallow, uneven 3
104 THE APPLE.
flesh, white, crisp, juicy, acid ; core, small ; seeds, ovate, dark brownish
black. Season, August.
Ruops [sunanp GREENING.
Burlington Greening, | Jersey Greening ? Coxe.
Hampshire Greening.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 105
This variety has been condemned in many sections because of not
producing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, as when the
trees were young. ‘Testimony has shown that it is a gross feeder,
and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates; on usual
soils, where the variety is defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes,
will answer. On sandy soils well manured, the texture is closer
- than on clay.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened, sometimes a little angular
at the base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull
blush, on sun-grown specimens, near the stem; stem, medium ;
cavity; open ; calyx, rather small, woolly; basin, medium depth, slight.
ly furrowed; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic,
lively acid juice; coresmall; seeds ovate, pointed. Season, Decem-
ber to February.
Ricumonp.
We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near
Sandusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with
any known sort.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish, occasional specimens have one side
a little enlarged; color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite over-
spread with light and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light
russet; stem, varying, mostly short, slender; cavity, deep, open,
regular, a little brownish at bottom; calyx, large, segments,
Fs
106 THE APPLE. ;
long ; basin, deep, pen, uniformly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender,
juicy, delicate sweet; core, medium; seeds, large, full. Season,
October to December.
Rome Beauty.
Roman Beauty, | Gillett’s Seedling.
In fruit and tree it some-
American. Native of Southern Ohio.
what resembles Sutton; requires, to perfect good fruit, a rich,
warm, loamy soil. On poor clay, it is undersized, deficient in
character, and inclined to overbear.
Fruit, large; form, roundish; color, rich light yellow, mostly
overspread and striped with shades of clear bright red; stem, slen-
der ; cavity ; open, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly /
separate; basin, round, open, moderately deep; flesh, yellow, crisp,
mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat hollow ; seeds, long, ovate,
large and full, Season, October to December.
Roxspury Russert.
Boston Russet, Putnam Russet,
Marietta Russet. | Belpre Russet,
Sylvan Russet.
American. Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. tus
It was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or ’97, by Israel Put-
nam, and from thence distributed throughout the southwest. It is a
thick-skinned fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second
rate in quality ; grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to
“bark burst’ near the ground, but elsewhere perefectly hardy, and
very productive. Spreading growth, with rather downy shoots;
young trees often crooked.
Fruit, medium, to large; form, roundish, fiattened, and often
angular ; color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet,
occasionally a faint blush on the sunny side; stem, slender; cavity,
medium; cay, closed; basin, round, moderate depth; flesh, green-
ish white, moderately juicy, mild, sub-acid; core, compact; seeds,
ovate, defective. Season, January to June.
Summer Rose.
Wolman’s Harvest, | Woolman’s Harvest,
Lippincott.
This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy,
sprightly sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert.
Tree, a slow grower, diverging—shoots downy ; requires rich, strong
soil, lime and phosphates to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy.
Moderate, regular bearer. 7
Fruit, medium, or rather small; form, roundish, sometimes flat-
tened; color, rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red;
stem, varying from stout to slender, short; cavity, shallow ; calyz,
_ partially closed ; basin, round, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender,
108 THE APPLE.
crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate. Season, last of
July and August.
American, “ produced by the Dutch settlers, on the Hudson ; its
name inlow Dutch meaning heavy.” On all warm, rich, sandy soils
it is one of the very finest fruits, and a good keeper. On cold clayey
grounds it does not succeed well, as a general thing; the past year,
however, we have received of it grown onclay loam, limestone sub-
soil, equalling or surpassing any ever grown on sand, On the rich
prairie soils of the west, it is said to succeed, proving a good bearer
and profitable.
Fruit, medium, to large; form, roundish, slightly ribbed or un-
equal on its surface and often a little angular; color, greenish yel-
low at first, becoming a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown
specks, sometimes marbled with gray russet on the side and round
the stem, and often tinged with dull red ; stem, slender ; cavity round,
deep ; calyx, small, half closed; basin, shallow, somewhat plaited ;
flesh, yellowish, fine grained, juicy, tender, spicy aromatic perfume ;
core, small, to medium; seeds, broad, ovate. Season, January to
March.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 109
Sweet Bouau.
Bough, Sweet Harvest,
Early Sweet Bough, Washington,
Large Yellow Bough, | Niack Pippin.
"4
vi i /
American. First described by Coxe as Bough; weadd, Sweet, as
expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young
shoots, yellowish, somewhat irregular, ascending. Tree, a moderate,
annual bearer, succeeding in all good soils not wet.
Fruit, large, (our figure hardly medium ;) form, roundish, conical,
ovate; color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe; stem,
varying in length; cavity, deep ; calyx, open; basin, narrow, deep ;
flesh, white, tender, crisp, sprightly, sweet ; core, medium, open cap-
sules; seeds, ovate, light brown. Season, August.
SwrEEt PEARMAIN.
This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the “ English
Sweeting ;” but according to Mr. Manning, the “ English Sweeting”
is the “ Ramsdell’s Sweeting,” of Downing, (See Hovey’s Mag. vol.
“2. page 150.) This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio,
liv THE APPLE.
é
"
a
a
6
a
e
°
.
°
and farther west, suiting well the rich soils; keeping finely all win-
ter; highly valued for baking or eating.
Fruit, medium size or often above; form, roundish, slight-
ly angular;- color, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish
bloom ; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep wide and open; calyz,
woolly ; basin, medium; flesh, yellowish, tender, moderately juicy,
sweet; core, medium, with outer or consecutive lines; seeds, ovate,
pyriform, dark brown. Season, December to March. ,
TALMAN’S SWEETING.
Tallman’s Sweeting, l Tolman’s Sweeting,
Brown’s Golden Sweet.
American. Native of Rhode Island; itsname from a family by
name of Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree,
ae bearer, fruit keeping well; growth rapid, upright, strong, wood
ark.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel-
low, with a greenish line from stem to apex; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, wide, regular; calyx, medium; basin, moderate depth, fur-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION, 111
| aN
Go.
Nib
Zins
rowed; jlesh, white, firm, very sweet; core, medium; seeds, light
brown, ovate pointed. Season, November to April.
TETOFSEY.
A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth; leaves
large, broad, light green, peculiar; regular annual bearer ; in quali-
112 THE APPLE.
ity about with Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two
weeks earlier; very valuable for cooking or marketing; a gross
feeder, requiring good soil; needs little pruning. Our figure does
not well represent it, being far too small for an average.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical; color, light yel-
low ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white
bloom ; stem, short, stout; cavity, deep, surrowed; calyx, rather
large, long segments; basen, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed ; flesh,
white, tender, sprightly, juicy, slightly acid, or sharp sub-acid, with
a peculiar aromatic taste; core, small, fleshy; seeds, plump, light
brown. Season, last of July.
SweEEtT RoMANITE.
Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously,
of “Orange Sweet.” Tree, hardy, moderate but regular bearer.
Size, medium; form, roundish flattened, very regular; color,
greenish yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright
red and covered with a fine bloom ; stem, short; cavity, open, regu-
lar, with little russet; calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half
erect ; basin, broad, shallow, furrowed; flesh, greenish yellow, firm,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 113
crisp, juicy, sweet—superior to Ramsdell’s or Danvers’ Sweeting ;
core, medium, or rather small, compact—centre slightly hollow;
seeds, ovate, oblong, pyriform. Season, November to March.
_ There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States,
which is oblong ; stem, long and slender; color, light yellow, striped
with red; jlesh, more yellow and dry—an inferior or unworthy
variety.
There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown which is flat, with slender
stem ; cavity, deep light red on pale yellow ; jlesh, white, sweet, dry,
and tough ; inferior.
V ANDERVERE.
Vandervere, of Cincinnati, Baltimore, of some incorrectly,
Smokehouse? Gibbon’s Smokehouse ?
Gibbon’s Smathhouse ? Striped Ashmore ?
Vandervere Pippin Imperial Vandervere,
Millcreek, Millcreek Vandervere,
Red Vandervere, | Pennsylvania Vandervere,
Fall Vandervere, Striped Vandervere,
melleye Vandervere, Staalclubs,
piced Ox Eye, Watson’s Vandervere.
American. Native of Delaware. There is much confusion rela-
tive to this apple, and, while it is extensively distributed and grown,
it has numerous synonyms. The variety described as “Smoke-
house,” by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, in Horticulturist, vol. 3, p. 334, we
received specimens of, last winter, from Pennsylvania, and could de-
tect no difference from the Vandervere when well grown. It may,
114 THE APPLE.
;
however, be distinct. The tree is a free grower, productive, and
early bearer. Grown on soils deficient in lime, like many of our
western bottoms, and some of prairie; it has always more or less
of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime, the rot disappears,
and the fruit increases in size and improves in quality; needs good ©
culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size and much more conical,
and less highly colored than South. Young shoots spotted.
Fruit, from medium to large; jorm, round flattened, sometimes
angular ; color, orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red,
few streaks of deeper red when grown exposed to sun, dotted at in-
tervals of a quarter to half inch with large yellow russet specks;
when grown North, these specks are more of gray and much smaller,
often russeted about the stem; stem, projecting about even with
surrounding surface; cavity, deen, open, regular; calye, with small
segments; basin, open, broad, sometimes slight waves or furrows;
flesh, yellow ish ‘white, crisp, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid ; core,
round, compact; seeds, large, ovate pyrifor m. Season, December to
FE ebruary.
W AGENER.
fara
aff] HIN
tf
; Mf; tas
American. “Origin, Penn Yan, Yates County, N. Y.; seed sown
in 1791. Tree, thrifty; young shoots, pale green; old wood, dark
red, requires free trimming in order to produce large sized fruit
abundantly ; ; annual bearer.’
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 115
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, slightly ribbed at base ;
color, yellow ground, mostly covered with deep glossy red, with
stripes and splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light
russet specks; stem, slender; cavity, wide, deep; calyx, small; ba-
sin, broad and open; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, crisp,
juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small, oblong ovate ; seeds,
light brown, ovate pyriform. Season, November to March, but will
keep to May.
WESTFIELD SEEK-NO-FURTHER.
Connecticut Seek-no-further, | Seek-no-further.
Red Winter Pearmain, of some.
poo chee,
-- ie
An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and
fruit has no superior. Very popular in its native State, all South
and West. Grown in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is
much russeted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich
bronze; progressing northward, it gradually loses its russet, until on
light sandy soils in Michigan, it becomes a pale yellow ground, with
stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots.
Fruit, medium ; form, regular, roundish, conical—broad at base ;
color, light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with
red, small russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow; often
considerable russet about both stem and calyx; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, open, regular ; calyx, usually small, closed, sometimes open,
116 THE APPLE,
with short segments; basin, regular form, moderate depth; flesh
yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain flavor; core, medium; seeds
ovate. Season, December to February.
Woop’s GREENING.
Coate’s Greening.
American. Native of New-Jersey. First described by Coxe, from
whose nursery it was introduced to the west by Prof. Kirtland,
about 1820. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming somewhat
spreading. It is well adapted to strong heavy soils, producing abun-
dantly fruit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of “ best ”
quality. ,
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened; color, pale
green, becoming yellowish, with a few rough spots; stem, short;
cavity, acuminate; calyx, rather large; basin, slightly plaited; flesh,
greenish white, fine grained, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid; core,
small ; seeds, ovate. Season, January to March.
WIneE.
Wine Apple, ; Hay’s Winter,
Hay’s Winter Wine, Winter Wine,
Hollow Crown Pearmain.
%
H
2a)
ee
Tat
American. Native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 117
everywhere successful. Strong heavy clay loams produce the
largest fruit, while best quality are grown on sandy loam. ‘Tree,
thrifty ; shoots rather slender, spreading ; foliage small. ;
Fruit, medium to large; form, round flattened, often quite angu-
lar, or largest one side; color, light pale yellow ground, mostly over-
spread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity of stem;
stem, short ; cavity, acuminate or narrow, deep.; calyx, large ; basin,
_ broad, open, slightly plaited; flesh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub-
acid; core, small; seeds, large. Season, November to February.
WInE Sap.
Wine Sop.
o
Rugace le”
Probably originated in New-Jersey. _ First described by Coxe.
The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular in
its growth, not forming a handsome head, but producing fair fine
fruit in all soils, from poor sand to limestone clay— largest in the
latter, and finest texture in the former—fine on dry prairies.
Fruit, medium ; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, some-
times roundish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ;
color, grown North, a bright clear red stained and striped with
darker shades, and with spots of light yellow; grown South, the
dark red becomes most prominent, while the patches of light yel-
low at base are more often seen; it is also more irregular or an-
sular in form, and oft with russet about the stem ; stem, varying in
length, slender; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed ;
118 THE APPLE.
basin, abrupt, furrowed; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sub-acid,
sprightly ; core, medium, capsule, hollow ; seeds, short ovate. Season,
October to January, often keeps till March.
YeLttow Newtown Prrerpr.
\ 1
This variety is extensively grown; West it becomes large; keeps
well. Trees, though slender growth, good bearers and apparently
perfectly at home in rich limestone soils. That there are two New-
town Pippins, we do not question; see “ Newtown Pippin ;” but we
have the past year supposed there might be three, but whether the
distinction is without a difference we are yet unprepared to decide.
We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which the latter New-
town Pippin of Lewis Sanders, Esq., may possibly prove identical
with Y. N. P. 7
Fruit, medium, to large; form roundish, flattened, angular, or
broader than long; color, clear yellow, with considerable russet
from the stem, many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the
sun, the yellow becomes very rich and dotted with carmine dots;
stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, large open, segments short, stiff,
broad; basin, broad, irregular only from the slight ribbing of the
fruit; flesh, yellowish, very firm, crisp, juicy ; core, medium ; seeds,
purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 119
Newtown Pippin, or Lewis Sanpers, Ky.
Fruit, large ; form, angular, roundish conical, prominently ribbed ;
color, dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow, marbled and splashed,
the latter prevailing mostly at stem end; stem, short; cavity, acu-
minate, somewhat russeted ; calyx, medium, short segments; basin,
pretty deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp,
vinous, juicy, sub-acid, with tinges or lines, and specks throughout,
as if decay had partially taken place ; core, medium, or rather large ;
seeds, dark rich reddish brown, ovate, pyriform. :
CLASS II. New and uniested. Adapted to certain Localities, or
Amateur Gardens.
AxBport SEEDLING.
“American. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, dull green, tinged
with red; flesh, tender juicy, wants flavor. Winter. (Hov. Mag.)
120 THE APPLE.
ADAMS.
Noll’s No. 1.
A Pennsylvania seedling of White Deer township, Union County.
Large; roundish oblate; faintly mottled and striped with red on a
greenish yellow ground; stem, half an inch long; cavity, broad acute;
calyx, rather large, segments closed; basin, wide, moderately deep,
PWD. Ha greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy ; “very good.”
ip. B.)
Apam’s PEARMAIN.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus-
set; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early winter.
(Lindley.)
ALBEMARLE Pippi.
Fruit, medium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks; flesh, pale
yellow, sub-acid. Grown in Virginia; keeps well. (Thomas.)
ALEXANDER.
Emperor Alexander.
Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green-
ish yellow; stem, small; cavity, deep; calyx, large; basin, deep; flesh,
coarse crisp; showy ; poor bearer. October.
ASHMORE. |
Red Ashmore, | Fall Wine, erroneously.
American. A desirable variety deserving attention. Truit, above
medium, regular, round, bright clear red; short slender stem; deep cavitys
calyx, small, closed; deep, regular basin; core, large; capsules, hollow;
seeds, plump; flesh, white crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. Octo-
ber and November. The Black Vandervere, a third rate fruit, is some-
times grown as this variety.
t ASHLAND.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull
greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish
gray, and large russet dots; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry ;
hardly “very good;” stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small;
basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January.
Avunt’s APPLE,
Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red,
radiating from stem, which is short, stout; cavity, open, broad, russeted ;
calyx, closed; basin, finely folded; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid,
musky perfume, juicy; “very good;” core, medium. November®*to
January.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 121
Aromatic CAROLINA.
From South Carolina. “Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood,
abrupt terminal buds; fruit, large, oblate, conical, pale red, slightly
streaked; heavy bloom; wide basin; open calyx; flesh, tender, melting,
aromatic. July. Abundant bearer.” (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) :
AvutTuMN SEEK-NO-FURTHER.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with
red in sun; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, open, erect seg-
ments; basin, round, medium depth; core, medium; flesh, white, juicy,
tender, sprightly, sub-acid ;.“‘ very good.” October,
AUTUMNAL SWAAR.
Autumnal Sweet Swaar, | Sweet Swaar,
Sweet Gelden Pippin.
Tree, spreading; shoots, vigorous, diverging; fruit, large, round, flat-
tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow; stem, long; basin, open, shallow;
calyx, half closed; basin, deep; flesh, tender, yellowish, spicy, sweet, not
juicy ; “very good.” October. ;
Autumn PEARMAIN.
English Summer Pearmain, | Royal Pearmain,
Summer Pearmain, Parmain d’Ete,
Sigler’s Red.
Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular; fruit, medium, oblong
conical, brownish yellow and green, red blended with yellow in sun,
small brown specks; stalk, short; calyx, in a broad shallow basin,
slightly plaited; flesh, pale yellow, crisp; nearly ‘‘best.” September.
Aunt Hannan.
From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow; flesh,
tender, crisp, sub-acid; “very good.” Winter.
Battry Spice.
American. From Plattsburg, N. Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish
brown; fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, light yellow, faint
blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, nar-
row; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy; core, large, open;
seeds, light brown. October. “Very good.”
Battey SweEer.
Patterson Sweet, | Edgerly Sweet.
From Perry, N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened,
sometimes ribbed, clear yellowish red, with an occasional russet patch ;
stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt,
often plaited; flesh, yellow, rather dry, sweet; « very good;” core, me-
dium ; seeds, ovate pyriform. November to December.
6
122 THE APPLE.
BELzER.
American. Ohio. Fruit, medium, red striped on greenish yellow;
flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August. (T. S. Humrickhouse,
in Hov. Mag.)
Benoni.
From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer; fruit
medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow striped with
crimson, dotted with white specks; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow ;
calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed; flesh, yellow crisp, tender, juicy,
vinous; “very good;” core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and
September.
Brvan.
Bevan Favorite, | Striped June.
From New Jersey. Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis-
tances ; we have thought the Red June, which comes to us at Cleveland
from Kentucky, might be this apple, but have had no opportunity of com-
paring them in season. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened, slight-
ly conical, distinct broad red stripes on yellow; stem, varying from short
to long; cavity, shallow; calyx, large; basin, plaited; flesh, firm, tough,
sub-acid ; seeds, plump, ovate pyriform. August. Weare alsoof opinion
this may be the Carolina June, of the West.
BENTLEY’S SWEET.
From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great
keeper; valuable south, in rich soils, Fruit, above medium, oblong, ir-
regular, flattened at ends; red and yellow striped, or blotched; stem,
long, curved; calyx, large; basin, open, deep, furrowed; core, compact ;
seeds, large, ovate, pointed; flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy ; “‘ very
good.” January to Sept.
Berrer THAN Goop.
"Juicy Bite.
From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described.
Tree, slender, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye;
yellowish white ; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid ; “ very good.” Harly Winter
Brean Sweet.
‘This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel. Medium size, ovate,
oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe
on the tree; crisp and juicy; ripein Oct.; will keep till Feby. or March;
a good baking apple.” (B. V. French, Hsq., Ms.)
Biure PEARMAIN.
Tree, nardy, shoots stout, dark color; buds, large, unsuited to exposed
situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown off. Fruit, very
“FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 128
large, roundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched with purplish red
over a dull ground ; white bloom ; stem, short; calyx, small; basin, deep;
sone medium; flesh, yellowish, mild sub-acid; “very good.” Larly
inter. .
Buack APPLE.
Black American, | Jersey Black,
Dodge’s Black.
American. Tree, slender, moderate growth, drooping, when old; a good
bearer ; negative quality, often esteemed. Fruit, medium, round slightly
flattened, dark red, almost black, whitish bloom, and many whitish specks ;
stem, medium; cavity, deep; calyx rather small; basin, shallow; core
large; capsules, long, ovate, hollow; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellow-
ish. white tinged with red, crisp, juicy. Nov. to Feby.
There is much confusion at theWest with this variety, and several fruits
are grown under the same name. One under name of Black, or “ Canada
Black,” is oblong, with greenish flesh, inferior ; tree, a fine grower.
Another is of medium size ; fruit depressed at ends ; skin rough ; flesh,
aromatic ; ripening in September ; tree upright grower, with rough uneven
bark.
Brack Coat.
Welcome.
This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, above
medium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark red striped, and mostly
overspreading a lighter red ; numerous specks; stem, short; cavity, deep,
slightly russeted; calyx, closed, woolly or downy; basin, open; core,
large, hollow; seeds, loose; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp,
juicy, tender, rather acid. Nov. to Feby.
BLEDSOE.
“From Kentucky. Resembles White Pippin, (Canada Pippin.) Fruit,
large, conical, flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base,
brownish specks; skin, smooth; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small,
closed; basin, shallow; core, open; seeds, large, light brown ; flesh, white,
tender, juicy ; “very good.” March and April. Claimed as a seedling ;
new.” (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)
Bioop.
From central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular ;
dull red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional
rough gray dots; stem, varying; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open ;
broad segments; basin furrowed; core, small, compact; seeds, oblong
ovate, dark red; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, break-
ing mild almost sweet; ‘very good.” Dec. to March.
BoatsBure.
A seedling of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclining to
124 THE APPLE.
conical, delicately mottled and striped with red on a yellow ground; stem,
short, thick; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity; basin, deep, moderately
we 5 3 yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing; ‘‘very good.”
BowHANnon,
A variety probably originally of Virginia, lately brought to notice as
grown by Lewis Sanders, Esq., of Ky. It much resembles Maiden’s
Blush. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with in-
clination to a ribbed surface ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny
side, russet about stem; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, partly
closed; basin, deep expanded; core, open; seeds, numerous, light brown;
flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-acid. Sept.
Bourassa.
a
oy \\ 7
q
i.
/
ul
ye
Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections,—Vermont,
North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly
ribbed, occasionally irregular; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish
brown in sun; stem, long, slender; cavity, small, irregular; calyx, with
long segments; basin, narrow; core, rather large; seeds, few; flesh,
white, fine grained, sub-acid; ‘“ best.” October to January.
Brapant BELLFLOWER.
Brabant Belle-fleur, | Iron Apple.
Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good
head. Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong,
flattened at ends; pale yellow, mostly coverered with red striped and
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 125
splashed; calyx, large; basin, wide; flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid.
Nov. to Jany.
Brooxr’s Prpprn.
A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely
ribbed; greenish yellow, with a faint blush; stem, short, rather stout,
deep, irregular, russeted cavity; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes
_ furrowed; seed, long, slender acuminate; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine tex-
ture, with a pleasant aroma; best;” winter; bearing abundantly every
year in localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some re-
semblance, does not succeed.
Bucr’s County.
ap he
a cad
reas
Buck’s County Pippin.
A Pennslyvania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ;
greenish yellow, with sometimes a faint brown cheek; stem, short, not
stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ;
seed, small, short; flesh, tender; texture fine; flavor excellent; ‘“ very
good. (W. D. B.)
Burter APppLe.
American ; probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu-
lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet
dots, russet near and in cavity of stem; stem, long, slender; cavity, nar-
row, deep; calyx, half closed; basin, abrupt ribbed; core, medium ; seeds,
roundish ovate; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet; “very good.”
Nov. to Feby.
Burrineton’s HARLY.
A moderate bearer; originunknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened,
little ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush; cavity, deep; basin,
shallow furrowed ; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid; “best.” Last of July.
Burr’s Winter Sweet.
Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree, good grower, spreading. arly and
abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at base, full at
crown; smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with vermilion,
russet at stem; small gray specks; stem, short, slender; cavity, broad,
open; eye, medium, closed; segments, short; basin, open ribbed; core,
small; seeds, medium; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aromatic
perfume. Dec. to March. (Hov. Mag.) €
BusH.
Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate, conical; greenish yel-
low, russet dots near the crown; calyx, small; basin, deep plaited ; flesh,
“very good.” (W. D. B.)
126 THE APPLE.
CARNAHAN.
Cannahan’s Favorite.
Native of Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large,
roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with stripes of red, greenish russet
dots; stem, medium; cavity, deep, open; calyx, large, long segments ;
basin, ribbed ; core, compact; seeds, browr; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ;
“very good.” Dec. to Feby.
CANNON PEARMAIN.
American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small,
roundish, often angular, yellow with dull red, and large yellow specks;
stem, long curved; cavity, shallow, russety; calyx, small, closed; basin,
furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly; ‘“‘ very good.” Dec. to March
CANN.
American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun,
and near the stem; flesh, white, sweet ; “very good.” Oct.toDec. Tree,
thrifty, spreading.
CAMPFIELD.
Newark Sweeting.
American. ‘Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium,
_ roundish flattened; greenish yellow, with dull red in sun; flesh, white,
dry sweet; valued for stock and cider.
CarotinA WiIntER QUEEN. ‘
American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed
with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety
South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruit, above medium, roundish
conical; greenish yellow streaked and stained with red from the stem, a
little russet at stem, and few small faint dots; calyx, open, segments, re-
flexed ; basin, round, medium; stem, slender; cavity, deep; core, medium ;
seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; “best.’’ Nov.,
Jany.
CayuGa Rep Streak.
Twenty Ounce, Twenty Ounce Apple,
Eighteen Ounce, Gov. Seward,
Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneously.
From Western New York. Weadoptthe name ‘“ Cayuga Red Streak,”
to prevent continued confusion with ‘“‘ Twenty ounce Pippin.” Fruit,
large, roundish, conical, duil yellowish green striped and marbled with
yellowish red; stem, short; calyx, closed; core, large; flesh, yellowish
white, coarse, crisp; sub-acid. Nov., Dec. Hsteemed for cooking.
Cat Face.
From Kentucky. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends; greenish yel-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 127
low, streaked with light and dark red; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep,
wide; calyx, prominent; basin, deep ; core, small; seeds, light brown;
flesh, white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst;
Ms.)
CrypE Braury.
Mackie’s Clyde Beauty.
From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical,
slightly ribbed; pale, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red,
deep crimson in the sun; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx,
closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; “ best.”
October to December. Deserves more attention.
COLE.
Scarlet Perfume.
Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading,
hardy, an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium,
roundish, little conical, bright red; stem, long, slender; calyx, medium,
partly closed; flesh, white, juicy; “very good.” August.
CoopEr.
Beauty Red, { Lady Washington,
Seek-no-further, ef some erroneously.
An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in
1796; its identity with any variety now known Hast, is not established ;
hence we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright,
stout; branches at right angles; wood, reddish, “subject to canker ;” a
good bearer, maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best
on rich limestone clay.
Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow with
stripes and blotches of pale red; calyx, closed; basin, deep; stem, slender,
short; cavity, deep; flesh, yellowish, not fine grained, crisp, juicy;
“very good.” September, but often keeps to November.
Coorrr’s Harty Wuitt.
Grown in illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive
and profitable. Fruit, medium; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with
faint blush, greenish tinge at stem; stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep;
calyx, closed; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed; flesh, white, crisp,
sprightly. September and October.
Cocxiuin’s Favorite,
Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumber-
land ©o.; quality, “very good.” (W. D. B.)
Cuier Goon.
fummum Bonum.
From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish,
128 THE APPLE.
flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes
of green; stem, short, slender; cavity, open; calyx, small, partly closed ;
basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic; core, open ;
seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A. H. Ernst,
Ms.) *.
CourRT-PENDU-PLAT.
Garnon’s Apple, Cour pendu, Extra,
Court-pendu, Capendu
Cour pendu, Rond Gros, “ft ‘¢ Rouge Musqué,
‘ a a Musqué, Pomme de Berlin,
oriandra Rose Russian
Wollaton Pippin, Princisse Noble Zoete.
Foreign. Tree, slender; early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium,
regular, flat; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun; stem, short; cavity,
deep ; calyx, large; basin, wide, shallow; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly
little acid ; “ Very good.” November to February. ;
Court or Wick.
Court of Wick Pippin,
Court de Wick, Rival Golden Pippin,
Fry’s Pippin, Golden Drop,
Wood’s Huntingdon, | Transparent Pippin,
Barlow,
Philip’s Reinette, Knightwick Pippin,
Week’s Pippin, Yellow.
Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit for dessert,
this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy—suited to the North. Fruit,
small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened; greenish yellow in shade, little
red and dotted with russet specks in sun; stem, long, slender; calyx,
with long wide spread segments; basin, shallow; core, large; seeds,
ovate; flesh yellow, sharp, sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February.
CUMBERLAND.
Cumberland Seedling.
From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed
valuable for market; large, roundish, flattened; flesh, white, sub-acid ;
“oood ;” new.
CuMBERLAND SPICE.
The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In
absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas’s description :
“Rather large, varying from roundish-conical to long-conical, the taper-
ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded; color, waxen yellow,
with a slight vermilion tinge near the base, and with black specks on
the surface ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long; cavity, wide,
slightly russeted ; calyx, open; basin, even; flesh, yellowish-white, break-
ing, rather light; core, hollow; flavor, mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and
agreeable spiciness ; of good second-rate quality.”
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 129
CRACKING.
e
Smnen
“From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little
pruning.” Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white; flesh, tender, juicy ;
“very good.” October to January. (Dr. J. A. Warder’s Notes.) New;
highly esteemed where known.
Cat Pippin. -
West’s Spitzenberg, Honemaker Pippin,
Haymaker, Hommacher Apfel.
Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium to
large, greenish; flesh, gr€enish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April.
New.
DarLineTon.
Darlington Russet.
Native of northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear smooth rus-
set; stem, medium; cavity, deep; calyx, half closed; basin, deep; flesh,
white; hardly “very good.” January to June.
DeEticut.
From R. Buchanan, Esq., Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish flat-
tened, slightly angular, yellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, ver- .
milion red cheek in sun; stem, very short; cavity, deep; calyx, large,
short segments; basin, round, slightly furrowed; core, compact; seeds,
GF .
180 7 THE APPLE.
ovate angular; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet; “ very
good.” New. February to May.
DeEtrRo!1r.
Red Detroit, | Black Detroit,
Crimson Pippin.
Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers.
Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark blackish crimson, dotted
and marbled with fawn specks in sun; cavity, deep; calyx, closed ; basin,
plaited ; core, large, hollow; flesh, white, often stained with red to the
core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes
grown as the Black Apple.
DILLINGHAM.
From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky, Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium,
round, regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun; cavity, deep russeted ;
calyx, closed; basin, medium; core, small; seeds, plump ; flesh, white,
fine grained, juicy, sweet; “very good;” great bearer. October and
November. ’
Doctor.
Red Doctor, | De Witt.
Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in southern Ohio and Indiana,
producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat ;
yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots
of-russet; calyx, closed; basin, open; cavity, deep; core, small ; seeds,
oblong, pyriform; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January.
Domine.
Origin uncertain. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; shoots, long, diverg-
‘
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 131
ing ; early good bearer; protitable orchard sort West; succeeding finely
in most soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes
and splashes of bright red and large russet specks; stem, long, slender,
inclining to one side; cavity, wide; calyx, small; basin, broad; core,
medium ; seeds, abundant, purplish brown; flesh, white, tender, juicy ;
“very good.” November to April.
DutcHEss.
Dutchess of Oldenburgh.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, moderate bearer ;
valued for cooking. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light red
striped and splashed on yellow; stem, short; cavity, acuminate; basin,
deep; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid, August and September.
EmpeEror.
Dicksen’s Emperor.
From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed ; yellow,
with dashes of carmine red, and minute specks of straw color; dull red
cheek in sun; stem, short; calyx, large; basin, deep, irregular; core,
small; flesh, yellowish white, juicy; “very good.” November to January.
EARLY PrEnNNOCK.
Shakers’ Yellow, | August Apple,
Indian Queen ? | New Jersey Red Streak?
Warren Pennock.
This is probably an old Eastern variety so changed by our Western
soils as not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or
Belmont Counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early prolific bearers of
fruit, rather below second rate quality ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering to
the eye; greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red; stem,
long; cayity, deep, irregular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid.
August. Resembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen.
EneiisH GoLpEN Russet.
Golden Russet, of New York.
Foreign. Growth, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yellow;
stem, slender; flesh, fine grained, crisp; nearly “best.” December to
March. x
ENGLISH SWEETING.
Ramsdell’s Sweeting, Ramsdell’s Red Pumpkin Sweet,
Ramdell’s Sweet, Red Pumpkin Sweet,
Avery Sweeting.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, early prolific bearer; fruit, medium
to large, 6blong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red
dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun; stem, short;
cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob; calyx, with short stiff seg-
ments; basin, round, regular; core, long ovate; seeds, imperfect; flesh,
yellowish white, sweet; “ very good.’ October to February.
132 THE APPLE. °
, _ Esren.
From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive; fruit, large, oblong
ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots; stem,
slender; cavity, deep; basin, shallow; flesh, white, sub-acid. October.
Eustis.
Ben.
Native Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened ; red
and yellow striped or splashed; stem, slender, inclined one side; cavity,
deep, open; calyx, closed: basin, open; core, small; seeds, ovate angular ;
flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January.
Faw. J ENNETTING.
Fall Gennetting.
Probably American. An old variety known to us in Connecticut when
a boy, although Mr. Hovey says, in 1847‘ New and very desirable.”
Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, ribbed at base, narrowing to the eye, pale
greenish yellow, blush in sun, russety specks; stem, short; cavity, deep;
calyx, closed; basin, round; core, small; seeds, angular; flesh, yellowish
white, tender, juicy; “very good.” October and November. (Hov.
Mag.) There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from July
to September, which is sour and unworthy.
FounDLInG.
Funtling.
Native of Mass. “Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the
eye, yellowish green, with broken stripes pale red, greenish specks; stem,
short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, closed; basin, furrowed; core, me-
dium; seeds, small; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid.
August and September.” (Hov. Mag.)
Fart QuEEN.
Horse Apple, | Red Gloria Mundi?
Oldfield, | Fall Beauty.
Origin unknown. Valued highly South and West for cooking. Fruit,
medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular, greenish yellow to
orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem; stem, short; cavity, shal-
He basin, narrow; core, large, hollow; flesh, yellow, coarse, acid. Last
uly.
Fait Harvey.
Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened,
ereenish yellow, with scattered brown dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep;
flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy ; “very good.” October and November.
Favorite.
From Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yel-
|
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 1383
low, striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots; stem, short;
cavity, deep; calyx, small ; basin, medium, regular; core, medium ; seeds,
long ovate; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid ; not quite “very good.”
November to January.
Farner ABRAHAM.
From Virginia; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe’s
description: “Small, flat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker
red; texture, thin, tender; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun,
juicy, agreeable. arly winter. Keeps till April.”
FERDINAND.
Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright; fruit,
large, oblate, irregular, pale greenish yellow; stem, thick; calyx, open;
basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New.
(Wm. Sumner in Hort.)
FLEINER.
Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright; fruit, medium, oblong,
lemon yellow, red cheek ;» flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; “good.” Sep-
tember and October. Productiveness its chief merit.
FRANKLIN GOLDEN PIPPIN.
sree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer; fruit, medium, roundish
ovate, conical, pale light greenixh yellow, interlined with fine whitish net
work, few russet dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed ;
basin, narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juicy ; “ very good.” October.
FRENCH’S SWEET.
The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round
ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly
perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ripe October and November, and will keep till
January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. V. French, Ms.)
FRONCLIN.
“«¢Native of Lancaster Co.,Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer ; fruit,
medium, regular, round ; bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. New.
(Pom. Trans.)
Friusuing SPiIrzENBERG.
American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots ; fruit, medium, roundish,
slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish red,
russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding ; stem, slender ; cavity,
narrow ; calyx, small; basin, shallow ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, tinged
134 THE APPLE.
yellow, juicy, crisp, mild, nearly sweet; “very good.” November to
February. | ’
Furrton.
Native of Canton Co., Ill. Original tree, when 19 years old, gavé 36 1-2
inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across
top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium,
roundish flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem
cavity, small dots; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small, short seg-
ments ; basin, rather deep; core, small; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white,
tender, juicy, mild sub-acid; “ very good.” November and December.
GABRIEL.
Ladies Blush.
The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove
identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under
medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers; fruit,
medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with
pale red; stem, slender; cavity, medium; calyx, small; basin, shallow ;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 185
core, medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ;
“best.” October and November.
GARRETSON’S HARLY.
John Garretson’s Early.
Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun-
dant bearer; fruit, medium, roundish, flattened; pale green, becoming
yellowish, dotted with whitish specks; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx,
closed; basin, ribbed; core, large; seeds, plump; flesh, white, crisp, ten-
der, sub-acid ; “very good.” August. .
GEORGE.
From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer ; fruit, me-
dium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks,
oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open; basin, shallow; flesh, whitish, firm,
juicy, mild acid. July.
GILPIN.
Carthouse, | Romanite of the West.
From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it
more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex,
deep red and yellow; stem, varying; cavity deep; calyx, closed; basin,
sometimes furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy,
will keep a year.
GILEs.
Trom Wallingford, Conn. Fruit, medium, conical, dark red; flesh,
tender, juicy; “ very good.’ October and November.
—_—
136-~ THE APPLE.
“ Gray VANDERVERE.
Windower, Indian Apple,
Great Vandervere, Betsey’s Fancy,
White Vandevrere, +: Vandervere Pippin, of some.
A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere.
Dr. Warder says, this is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and
esteemed highly for cooking. Fruit, medium or slightly above, round
flattened; skin, rough, uneven, mostly a dull red, with gray bloom, small
specks of russet, a little bronze at the stem; stem, long; cavity, open;
calyx, with short segments; basin, broad, open; core, medium; flesh,
yellowish, breaking, moderately juicy. December to March.
Granny Ear.
Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red; flesh,
white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. Mag.)
GRANNIWINELE.
Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed
only for cider. Fruit, medium, roundish, oblong, dark red; flesh, yellow-
ish, sweet. October and November.
GULLY. -
From Lancaster co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium, white with blush
cheek ; flesh, white, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURD. 137
GREEN SEEK-NO-FURTHER.
Seek-no-further of Coxe, | Bracy’s Seek-no-further.
Growth, vigorous, upright; fruit, large, roundish conical, greenish yel-
low, with dark specks; stem, short; calyx, large; basin, deep, slightly
ribbed ; flesh, white, little coarse, mild sub-acid. November to January.
HacuLoe.
Summer Hagloe.
ree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots, valued for cooking,
often fine for dessert; fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on
yellow; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab. a small ovate
cider fruit.
HARRISON.
Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until
March, it becomes ‘‘ very good” for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very
productive; fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate, yellow, with black
specks, light suffused shade around; stem, one inch; cavity, wide; calyx,
closed ; basin, shallow furrowed; flesh, yellow, firm. spicy, sub-acid; core,
large ; seeds, long ovate. November to March. It is from this variety,
mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark
cider is made.
Hartrorp SwEETING.
Spencer Sweeting, | Champ Sweeting.
Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive; fruit,
large, roundish flattened ; red striped on greenish yellow; stem, slender ;
cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ;
‘very good.” December to March.
HASKELL SWEET.
Sassafras Sweet.
Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture;
fruit, large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun; stem and
cavity, medium; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost
“best.” October.
%
HAWwLey.
Douse, | Dow’s.
Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger
and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils,
otherwise. it would take first class. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened,
conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few brown dots; stem, slender;
cavity, wide; calyx, small, partly closed; basin, medium, slightly plaited ;
flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October, sometimes in
September. * :
138 THE APPLE.
Hector.
From Chester county, Pa. Large, oblong, conical, striped and mottled
with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender; deep, open russeted cavity ;
basin, narrow, deep, furrowed; flesh, crisp; texture, fine; ‘‘ very good.”
(W. D. B.)
Heten’s Favorirr..
From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light
spots; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, small; core, compact;
seeds, small; flesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy ; “ very good.”
January and February. (A. H. Hrnst, Ms.)
HERMAN.
From Cumberland co., Pa. Tree, productive; fruit, medium, oblong,
red striped on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy ; “very good.”
December to April. (Pom. Trans.)
Houianp Prpprn.
Reinette d’ Holland, Pie Apple, .
Summer Pippin, French Pippin, of some.
a aone
7° ™e
—_— li Z if
Tree resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is gften confounded, but from
which it is distinct. It 1s esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 189
in August, but we think surpassed by Gravenstein. We refer for descrip-
tion to Fall Pippin, with this difference, more regular round, stem shorter,
cavity not as deep, more broad and open, calyx smaller, and basin not as
wide. ;
Hovusum’s Rep.
From Berks county, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides, skin
red in stripes, yellow at base; stem, short, thick; cavity, narrow, not
deep, slightly russeted; basin, moderately deep, plaited; flesh, fine tex-
ture, tender, with delightful aroma; “very good” at least. October to
February. (W. D. B.)
Hie Tor Sweer.
Summer Sweet, of Ohio, | Sweet June, of Imois.
From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive; fruit, medium,
roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots; stem, slender;
calyx, closed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet; “very good.”
Last of July.
Hunter.
From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish, conical, striped and
splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx,
ee basin, deep; flesh, white tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy. .
ctober.
Japez Sweet. .
From Middletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green,
dull red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.)
JEFFERSON.
Tree, good habit, spreading, much grown and esteemed in some parts
of Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after
laying in a warehouse during winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium
to large, roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed; stem, slender ;
cavity, moderate; calyx, small, partially closed; basin, open; core, com-
-pact; seeds, light brown; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ;
almost “best.” October to March.
J EFFERIS.
From Chester co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant,
abundant bearer ; fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and stained
with red, becoming dark in sun, dotted with white spots and russet at
stem ; stem, half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, nearly closed,
woolly ; basin, deep, regular; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; “best.”
September and October. New.
JERSEY PIpprn.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, round, oblong, conical, flattened, pale yellow-
140 THE APPLE. .
ish green, faint stripes red; stem, short, stout; cavity, deep, open; calyx,
rather large; basin, shallow ; core, small; seeds, imperfect; flesh, greenish
yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid; “very good.”. November to February.
New. :
JENKINS.
Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate ;
red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground;
stem, slender; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted; calyx,
closed; basin, deep, open, furrowed; core, above medium; seed, grayish
brown, acute-ovate; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy; flavor,
agreeably saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic; “very good,”
if not “best.” The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples pecul-
larly fitted for the table at evening entertainments. (W. D. B.)
JEWETT’s REp,
Jewett’s Fine Red, | Nodhead.
Tree, slow, rather slender diverging growth; fruit unfair while young;
best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to
succeed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the
eye, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped
with red, numerous white dots; stem, varying; cavity, narrow; calyx,
small, partially closed; basin, shallow, wrinkled; core, medium; seeds,
ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, tender, mild aromatic
sub-acid; ‘‘best.’”” November to February.
ane FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 141
Kaicun’s SpmITzENBERG.
Red Spitzenberg, | Ohio Wine,
Red Pearmain, Long John,
Red Winter Pearmain, | Red Pippin,
Long Pearmain, ; Red Phenix,
Lady Finger Sheepnose, of some
Scarlet Pearmain, \ erroneously ? | Russam. — ;
This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good
qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it,
as the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom.
Meeting, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name
Spitzenberg, was derived from a mountain “berg.” Fruit, large, oblong
rounded ; yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red; stem, about
even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, small; basin,
slightly furrowed; core, small; seeds, irregular in form; flesh, yellowish,
coarse, dry; “good.” November and December. Often grown in
Michigan as Red Belleflower.
Keswick Copuin.
Foreign, Very productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited
142 sid THE APPLE.
to Western soils; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate
conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one
or two raised lines from stem to apex; stem, slender; cavity, shallow;
calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed imperceptible ; core, medium; seeds, ovate;
flesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid. September and October.
KINGSLEY.
From Monroe Co.,N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse
early bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed
with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx; stem, slender; calyx,
small, closed; basin, shallow; core, medium, open; seeds, small, dark
brown; flesh, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid; “best.” November to July.
(H. Wendell in Pom. Trans.)
, King APPLE.
There are two distinct fruits under this name, one grown in Western
N. Y., and one in Mason Co., Ky.
The first is as follows: Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed,
pale yellow ground, mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and
splashed, brown dots, and russet patches on sunny side; stem, stout,
thick ; cavity, open, regular; calyx, with long pointed segments; basin,
abrupt, slight furrows, and projecting ribs surrounding ; flesh, yellowish,
crisp, juicy, sub-acid. November and December.
The second is: Fruit, yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with dull
red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to. the
Southern grown fruits; oblong, flattened at base; calyx, small; basin,
shallow; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow; core, small; seeds, me-
dium; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February.
LANCASTER.
. Lancaster Greening.
From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit,
medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches;
stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-
acid; valued for keeping till April.
Lxcxker.
Laquier, | Lacker.
From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium,
roundish oblate ; skin, striped with crimson on a paler red, with numer-
ous large dots; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout; cavity, russeted,
narrow, rather deep; basin, wide, deep, plaited; core, small; seed, dark
cinnamon, short, plump; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy
*good” at least. December to March. (W. D. B.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 148
Lake.
Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree, abundant bearer,
fruit hangs well; fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yellow, mostly
overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots; cavity, deep ;
calyx, closed; basin, open; core, medium; seeds, plump; flesh, yellow,
tender, juicy, sub-acid ; “very good.” October.
Late QUEEN.
Brown’s Late Queen.
American Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on
yellow, bluish tinge at stem end, and many large russet dots; calyx,
closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed; stem, medium; cavity,
deep; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; “very good.” September
and October.
LELAND SPICE.
Leland Pippin, | New York Spice.
From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green-
ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun; stem, half
inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ;
“best,” October to December. Deserves more attention than yet
received.
LepgEn Sweet.
From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer; fruit, large,
roundish flattened; yellowish green, tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus-
set specks; stem, short, stout; cavity, open, deep; calyx, partially closed ;
basin, shallow; core, open; seeds, light brown; flesh, yellowish white,
fine, juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.)
Limser Twice.
James River.
A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree,
hardy, productive; fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light
yellow, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and
occasional patch of russet; stem, long, slender; cavity, open, funnel
shape, russeted ; calyx, rather small; basin, irregular, round; core, large,
144 THE APPLE.
ALI ISTO
{| KS ve
hollow ; seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid; “ very
good.” Keeps to May.
For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c.
Lowre QUEEN.
Loure Queen.
Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio;
somewhat resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened,
oft, angular ; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular
dots, or specks of dull russet, russet at stem; stem, slender; cavity, regu-
lar, deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly
furrowed ; core, small; seeds, ovate; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy
“very good.” November to February.
Loupon Prpprn.
_ Tree, productive, most grown in Northern Virginia; fruit, large, round-
ish conical; greenish yellow ; stem, short; calyx, large; flesh, greenish;
white, sub-acid; valued only for its size, where people know what apples
should be.
Lone Srem.
Below medium, roundish oblofig, sometimes angular ; skin, red in faint
stripes, with a number of grey russet dots; stem, long; cavity, me-
~
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 145
dium, acuminate; basin, small, shallow, plaited; flesh, greenish white,
tender; agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenburg aroma; quality,
“very good.” (W. D. B.)
This is distinct from the “Long Stem” of Cole, which is large, round-
ish, pale yellow, brown in sun; calyx, large; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh,
white, juicy, aromatic. Sentember and October. A native of Mass.
Loring SwEETING.
Loring Sweet.
Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate; greenish yellow, tinged with
pale red in sun, brownish specks ; stem, short; cavity, deep, open ; calyx,
medium, closed; basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, plump; flesh, yel-
lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet; ‘‘very good” November to
January.
Lyscom.
Matthew’s Stripe, | Osgood’s Favorite.
From Mass. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow, broken stripes, and
splashes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep; calyx, small; basin, plaited ;
flesh, fine grained, mild sub-acid. September to November.
ManrGarEt.
Harly Red Margaret, | Red Juneating,
Boul a }e of South, Striped Juneating,
Early Red Juneating,
June, of some in Ohio, | Eve Apple, of the Irish,
Margaretha Apfel, of Germans.
This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry; oftener grown as
Red Juneating. Tree, a regular moderate bearer, upright downy shoots.
Fruit, medium or below, roundish, oblong conical; green in shade, dark
crimson red in sun; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ;
basin, shallew; flesh, white, fine grained, tender; “very good.” July.
MANOMET.
Manomet Sweet, | Horseblock.
From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, vigorous, good bearer; fruit, medium,
roundish ; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and
trace of russet at stem; stem, short, slender; cavity, shallow; calyx,
large, closed, long segments; basin, shallow; core, compact; seeds, me-
dium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet; “very good.” Au-
gust and September. R ;
‘Masor.
Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ;
red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side; stem, variable in
length, of medium thickness; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin,
uneven, shallow; flesh, yellowish, crisp; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac-
charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which,
however, it is 7. quality, “very good.” (W. D. B.)
146 THE APPLE.
Marston’s Rep Winter.
From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, round-
ish oval; yellow in shade, red in sun, russet at stem; stem, short, slender;
cavity, deep; calyx, partly open; basin, abrupt; core, compact; seeds
dark brown; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy; “very good.” Jan. to
April.
Metvin Sweet.
From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green;
striped with pale red; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February.’
(Hoy. Mag.)
Marks.
From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering
slightly to the crown, somewhat angular; yellowish white, with few
russet dots, nearly covered with a faint orange blush; stem, half inch
long; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate; calyx, small, closed; basin,
narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted; seed, yellowish gray; flesh, whi-
tish, tender, fine texture; flavor, delicately perfumed; quality, “very
good,” if not “best.” (W. D. B.)
Maze Carte.
Mela Carla, | Pomme de Charles,
Mela dé Carlo, Pomme Finale,
Charles Apple.
SSS NIA MEE UY, ii WY Yyy t=
SS NY (UMM LB
Ally
iN
Lop TDR. mid
—,
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 147
Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil
is rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should
always have a place. North it does not answer. Fruit, medium, globu-
lar, slightly tapering to the eye; pale waxeny lemon yellow, with distinct
brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by
patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms; stem,
slender; cavity, narrow, deep, regular; calyx, small; basin, deep ; core,
small; seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose per-
fume ; “best.” October to January
Movuss.
Moose.
From Ulster Co., N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical; pale greenish
yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ;
flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed; not more than “very good.”
December to March.
Monarcu.
A fruit consicerably grown West; will yet probably prove identical
with some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ;
rich dark red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, deep, open; calyx, small; basin, narrow, furrowed; core, me-
dium ; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender,
perfumed ; “good.” October.
Monx’s Favorite.
From Randolph ©o., Indiana. Tree, very thrifty, rapid growth, annual
bearer; fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled,
striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots; stem, short; cavity,
open, regular ; calyx, small; basin, broad, obscure furrows; flesh, yellow-
ish white, sub-acid, tender; “very good.”” December to June.
McLetpan.
Martin.
From Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive
bearers; fruit, medium, round; bright straw color, striped and marbled
with lively red; stem, short, slender; cavity, round ; calyx, nearly closed ;
basin, medium, slightly plaited; core, medium; seeds, small; flesh, white,
fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid; nearly “best.” December to March.
Moruer.
From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate growth, annual bearer ;
fruit, large, roundish ovate; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and
striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots; stem, slender; calyx,
small, nearly closed; basin, plaited; flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub-
acid; “very good.” October to January.
MrnistTER.
From Massachusetts. Tree, productive; fruit, large, oblong conical,
ribbed ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ;
148 THE APPLE.
basin, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy ; “ good;” showy.
October to December.
Mosk Spricz.
Fruit, small, roundish flattened; yellowish, bright clear red cheek ; stem,
long ; cavity, shallow; calyx, closed ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid; “very good.” October.
Munson SwEETING.
From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark colored, short
jointed shoots, good bearer ; fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ; _
pale yellow, blush in sun; flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry,
sweet; “very good.” October to December.
Mirruin Kina.
From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong; red on yellow ; flesh, tender,
juicy, sub-acid; ‘‘best.” October to December. (Pom. Trans.)
Myer’s NonpargEIt.
From Massillon, 0. Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact
head; an annual bearer of fruit uniform in size; fruit, large, roundish
flattened; red and yellow marbled and splashed; stem, medium; cavity,
regular; calyx, partially open; basin, not deep; flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, sub-acid; “best.” October to December. New.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 149
Newark Prerin.
French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin.
Tree, crooked, irregular growth; fruit, large, roundish, oblong; greenish
to clear yellow, small black dots; cavity and basin, deep; flesh, yellow,
tender, sub-acid ; “very good.” November to February.
NEVERSINKE.
From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish; exterior of an
exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots,
and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek; stem, short
and rather stout; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large; basin,
deep, rather wide, furrowed; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate; flesh,
yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much
shriveled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple; “ quality, “ very
good.” (Ww. Ds B:)
NorTHERN SWEET.
Northern Golden Sweet.
From Vermont. ‘Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer ;
fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular; rich .
yellow, often carmine red cheek: calyx, nearly closed; basin, slightly
furrowed; stem, rather stout, swollen at base ; cavity, shallow; flesh,
white, tender, sweet ; nearly “best.” November.
ORANGE.
Fall Orange.
From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots; early and
productive bearer; fruit, large, roundish ovate; greenish to yellow; stem,
short; cavity, deep; calyx, closed; basin, slightly plaited; core, small;
flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid: best when fresh from
tree. October to December.
ORNDORF.
From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular; lemon
yellow, rich red ‘blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red =) stem,
slender; cavity and basin, deep; calyx, open; core, small; seeds, ‘ovate;
flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub- acid ; nearly “best.” October
and November.
Orne’s EARLY.
Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed; pale yellow, sprinkled with
thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun; flesh, white, tender, juicy.
September. (Thomas.)
Oxp Town Cras.
Spice Apple, of Va.
Growth, strong, compact; fruit, small; greenish yellow, brown specks;
flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet.. December to April. (Thomas.)
150 THE APPLE.
x Osporn’s SwEEtT.
Osborn’s Fall Sweet.
Fruit, large, roundish ; lemon yellow, with specks; flesh, yellow, crisp,
tender, sweet. October.
OvERMAN’s SwEET.
From Fulton Co., Ill. Fruit, medium, conical; pale yellow, striped with
red; cavity, narrow, deep, calyx, closed; basin, obscure; flesh, white,
firm, crisp, juicy, sweet; “very good;” baking. October and November.
OscEOLA.
From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat; yellow, striped with red,
dotted with dark spots; Stem, long; cavity, deep; flesh, yellowish, juicy,
sub-acid. Keeps till May. Hov. Mag.)
—_
ParapiszE Winter SwEET.
Honey Sweet, of some.
From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive; fruit, large, roundish flat-
tened; dull green, with a pale brownish blush; stem, short; cavity,
rather deep; calyx, medium; basin, not deep; core, medium; seeds,
ovate pyriform; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; “very good.”
November to March. © .
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 151
PARAGON.
Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends; pale yellow, faint
blush ; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, half open; basin, deep,
slightly ribbed; core, medium; capsules, open; seeds, ovate pointed ;
flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, sub-acid; nearly “best.” November to
February. “
PracH Ponp Sweet.
From Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading; annual
moderate bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish; pale red, marbled and striped
on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, open, slightly russeted; calyx, with
segments in divisions; basin, deep; core, small; seeds, ovate pyriform;
flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet; very good.” October.
Propue’s CHOICE.
A small red apple, with peculiar markings; quality, “ very good ;”
native of Chester County, Pa. (W.D.B.) ©
PFEIFFER.
From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish ;
sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded
parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground,
on the side exposed to the sun; stem, slender; narrow cavity; calyx,
rather large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. (W. D. B,)
152 THE APPLE.
PicKMAN.
Pickman Pippin.
From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish; yellow, with scattered
shades of russet and small russet specks; stem, short; cavity, acuminate ;
calyx, large, half closed; core, medium, center somewhat hollow; seeds,
‘light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid; valued for cooking.
January to April.
Prine Appts Rosser.
Hardingham’s Russet.
Foreign. Fruit above medium; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over-
spread with thin russet ; stem, long; calyx, small; basin, shallow, plaited ;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November.
PumpxKiIn SWEET.
Lyman’s Pumpkin Sweet, | Yankee Apple.
An old Connecticut fruit, only valued for baking. In wet soils or heavy
clay, lable to be water-cored. We suspect the Pound Sweeting to be the
same; bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit, large, roundish,
ribbed at base; yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks; stem, short ;
cavity, deep greenish, russeted; calyx, small; basin, irregular; flesh
white, tender, sweet; “good.” September to November.
Pumpkin Russet.
Sweet Russet, | York Russet,
Flint Russet.
Fruit, large ; roundish; yellowish, green, thinly russeted ; stem, long;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 153
cavity wide, shallow; basin, small; flesh, dry, sweet; “good.” Septem-
ber to December.
PRIMATE.
Rough and Ready.
A variety lately come into favorable notice in Central..New York, that
may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. © Fruit, medium,
roundish, tapering to the eye; pale yellow; occasionally, blush red
cheek; calyx, closed; basin deep; stem varying; cavity rather narrow;
core, with open seed capsules; seeds, pyriform; flesh, yellowish white ;
very tender, delicate, juicy-mild sub-acid; “best.” September and
October.
PROGRESS.
From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large; yellow,
specked with greenish russet, blush in sun ; conical; flesh, tender; keeps
till Spring.. (Hov. Mag.)
: QUINCE.
Cole’s Quince.
From New York. Originally described by Coxe. Great bearer; should
be better known. Fruit, medium; roundish ovate, with ridges; pale
yellow, occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line
or ridge from stem to calyx; stem, short; cavity, open; calyx, with long
seoments ; basin, shallow, much ribbed; core, small, surrounded by broad
concentric lines; seeds, short, ovate, dark brown; flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, aromatic perfume, sub-acid; ‘“‘very good.” December to
March.
og
154 THE APPLE.
RaGan.
P ss Fulton County, Ill. New. Fruit, large, roundish; pale yellow,
overspread, striped and marbled with light red, an occasional russet
patch; stem, long, rather stout, curved; cavity, deep; calyx, small,
nearly closed; basin, open, deep, slightly plaited; core, small; seeds,
abundant; flesh, white crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises
valuable as an early winter market variety.
RAnpDEL’s Bzst.
Randal Bert.
Fruit, medium, globular slightly flattened; greenish yellow, mostly
striped and overspread with dark red; stem, short; calyx, small; basin,
shallow; core, compact; seeds, brown; flesh, white, tender, smooth-
grained, sweet. November to February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)
Raritan SwEEt.
From New Jersey. ‘Tree, productive, valued for baking and stock.
Fruit, medium, roundish ovate; dull yellow tinged with red in sun, irregu-
larly scattered brownish red spots; stem, short; cavity, deep, little
russeted ; calyx, with bold stiff segments; basin, deep, irregular, slightly
wrinkled; core, medium; seeds; ovate, pointed; flesh, white, tender,
sweet. October, November. ;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 155
Rep QUARRENDEN.
Devonshire Quarrenden, | Sack Apple.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened; clear deep red, with
specks of russet green; stem, short; cavity, deep, russeted at base ;
calyx, large, half closed ; basin, ‘shallow, slightly ee flesh, white, ten-
der, sub- acid ; ‘very good.” ‘Aug.
Rep Sweet.
Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, QO. Tree, good bearer ; fruit uni-
formly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cooking.
Fruit, medium, round, flattened ; - yellow, overspread and striped with lively
red 5 ‘stem, short; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments; core
ae seeds, ‘small; ‘flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet. Nov.
to Feb.
Repusiican Pippin.
From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West.
A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread-
ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, mottled and
striped with red, few large gray dots; stem, slender; cavity, narrow;
calyx, small, nearly closed; core, small; seeds, brown; flesh, yellowish
white, tender, sub-acid. Sept. to Oct.
Ripston Pippin.
Glory of York, | Travers,
Formosa Pippin.
Foreign. Valued in Northern sections, not esteemed South or Central.
Fruit, medium, roundish ; greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in
sun; stem, slender; calyx, small, closed; basin, open; core, small; seeds,
flattened ovate; flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. Nov. to
Feb.
Roman Stem.
French Pippin, of some.
From New Jersey. Shoots slender, diverging; succeeds finely on the
dry prairies, and on all rich limestone ‘soils ; ; productive. Fruit, medium,
roundish oblong ; whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patch-
es of blackish russet, unless well grown; stem, with a fleshy knob one
side; cavity, russeted; calyx, small, closed; basin narrow; core, open,
long ovate; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ;
“very good.” Nov. to Feb.
Ross Nonpargli.
Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish; dull red,
blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet;
stem, slender; calyx, medium; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aro-
matic; “very good,” nearly “best.” Oct, to Nov.
156 THE APPLE.
SELMA.
From Clark Co., O. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, flattened ; yel-
low, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in
sun; stem, long; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep,
abrupt ; core, medium; capsules, small; seeds, ovate; flesh, yellowish
white, breaking, mild sub-acid; “ very good.” Nov. to Dec.
SEEVER.
Seevers’ Red Streak.
From Coshocton Co., O. Fruit, medium, globular; lemon yellow,
striped with bright clear red; stem, short, slender; calyx, with long seg-
ments; basin, deep, open; core, small; seeds, roundish ovate; flesh,
yellowish, juicy, sub-acid; “best.” Oct. to Nov.
SCHOONMAKER,
Schoolmocker.
Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish
flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun; skin,
little rough ; stem, short, stout; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed ; basin,
open ; core, small, compact; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk, sub-acid ;
“very good.” Jan. to March.
Scortop GILLIFLOWER
TET ET
Pi eS
AIEEE
se
This is entirely distinct from Red Gilliflower, with which it has been con-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. - 157
founded. It requires rich, strong soil; is largely grown, and much
esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. F ruit, medium to large, roundish con-
ical, flattened at base, tapering toward the eye, sometimes angular, always
much ribbed or scolloped ; light yellow, striped and splashed with shades
of light and dark red; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep, russeted, ir-
regular; calyx, with long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed ; core,
large, hollow; seeds, ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender,
juicy, slight tinge of sweet. Nov. to Feb.
SIBERIAN CRAB.
The Pyrus baccata of botanists. There are a number of varieties, as,
Red, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double
White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for
preserving, « or grown for ornament.
SINE-QUA-NON.
From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit,
medium, roundish ; greenish yellow ; stem, slender; calyx, closed; flesh,
greenish white, tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid. Aug. ;
SCARLET PEARMAIN.
Bell’s Scarlet Pearmain, | Oxford Peach.
Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils. Fruit, medium,
conical ; “red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open; flesh, white, crisp,
juicy, sub- acid; ‘ good.” Sep. to Oct.
Smrry’s Criper.
Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, roundish, dattened: ; bright red
and yellow, mostly red; stem, varying - cavity, regular; ; calyx, half closed,
long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub- acid; “Very good ;” varies much
in soils. Nov. to Dee.
Sors cr Wine,
Sopsin Wine, | Sapson,
Foreign. ‘Tree, vigorous, early bearer, esteemed for its peculiar pink
flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish; light
red, nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks yellowish In
shade with yellow specks, whitish bloom; stem, short, slender ; calyx;
with broad segments; basin, shallow, slightly. furrowed ; core and seeds,
medium ; ‘flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild sub- acid ; “very
eqeg.” ‘Aug. to Sep.
SPONGE.
Fruit, large, round, flattened at base; yellowish green, with blotches
and stripes of red; ‘stem, short; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed; basin,
open; core, large, open ; flesh, white tender, juicy, sub-acid ; - very good.”
October.
158 THE APPLE.
Sprine Pippin.
Springport Pippin.
Tree, unproductive, upright, thrifty. Fruit, above medium, roundish ;
yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots; calyx, closed; stem,
short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. Dec. to May.
STANARD.
Stanard’s Seedling.
From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish; yellow,
overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open; calyx, closed ; basin, rib-
bed; core, small; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy,
acid ; not quite ‘“‘very good.” Nov. to Feb.
St. LAWRENCE.
Montreal.
From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened ; pale yellow, striped
and splashed with red and deep crimson; stem, short; cavity, open, deep ;
calyx, closed; basin, slightly furrowed; core, large; seeds, small; flesh,
age fine grained, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid; “very good.” Sept.
to Oct.
STROAT.
Straat.
The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have
grown. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical; yellowish green; stem,
short; cavity, shallow ; basin, small; flesh, yellow, tender, brisk sub-acid.
Sep. to Nov.
STRIPED PEARMAIN.
Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter.
Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip-
tion from Mr. Ernst’s manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular,
slightly flattened; yellow striped and blended with two shades of red ;
calyx, small, closed; basin, snallow; stem, short, slender; core, open;
seeds, large; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Dec. to Feb.
SuMMER SwEET PARADISE.
From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading
shoots. Fruit,large, roundish, oblong, flattened at ends; pale green, yellow
in sun, dark russet marblings and gray dots; stem, short; cavity, deep,
‘oft russeted; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, degp ;
core, small; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, y>
sweet; “very good.” Sep.
SUMMER QUEEN.
Lancaster Queen.
Extensively grown, profitable in some sections of Ohio; in Michigan
-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. ~ 159
the reverse. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the
eye; yellow, stripedand splashed with purplish red ; Stem, medium; cay- °
ity, narrow; calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, sometimes
a pink tinge, juicy, sub-acid; “very good.” Aug. to Sep.
SumMMER BELLFLOWER.
Summer Belle-fleur.
From Dutchess County, New York. Tree, strong, upright growth,
spreading head, early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish ob-
long, slightly conical, two or three obscure ribs ; clear yellow, few green-
ish dots, faint orange blush; stem, long, stout at base ; cavity, shallow ;
calyx, closed, small reflexed segments; basin, five sided; core, medium,
hollow; small seeds; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, sub-acid ; “best,”
New. August, September. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower
grown in Ohio, which we have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit,
distinct from above.
Sugar Sweet,
This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium ; Ovate; dull yel-
lowish, inclining to a russet; abundant bearer ; ripe, September, October ;
a very rich baking apple; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.)
%
SwEET BELLFLOWER.
Butter, of some.
There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name.
We append Mr. Ernst’s descriptions. © Fruit, large, globular, flattened at
base, slightly ribbed; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light
and dark specks; calyx, closed; basin, ribbed; stem, long, slender;
cavity, deep; core, open; seeds, small; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking,
Juicy, slightly sub-acid. October, November.
Sweet Bellflower of Wyandott County. — Fruit, large, globular,
slightly conical; light yellow, dark cloudy flakes and reddish
specks ; stem, short; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal-
low; core, small, compact; seeds, small; flesh, white, tender, sweet.
November, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely
resembles this, and may prove identical.
‘Sweer Pippin.
Moore’s Sweeting, Red Sweet Pippin, of Indiana,
Pound Sweet, of some West.
Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened ; yellow striped and mostly
covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, closed ;
basin, broad; core, small; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking.
December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South
Qhio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet,
Harly Winter.
160 ‘THE APPLE.
Sweet WiInesar.
From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin,
greenish yellow with blotches of dark green; calyx, medium; basin,
open; stem, short; core and seeds, small; flesh, yellowish white, tender,
mild sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December.
Spice Russet.
Sweet Russet, of some erroneously.
Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; light yellow russet, numerous
small fine dots; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed; stem, slen-
der; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; basin, shallow; core, large, some-
what hollow; seeds, ovate; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine
eee juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic; “very good.” December to
arch.
Trewxspury Buusu.
Tewksbury Winter Blush, | Fink’s Seedling.
From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very pro-
ductive, always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened ;
yellowish green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek;
stem, slender; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light
brown; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to
August.
‘TOWNSEND.
From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderate spreading growth, abundant early
bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish; pale yellow, overspread and streaked
with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots rough,
blue bloom; stem, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, closed, segments narrow
in divisions; basin, abrupt, medium; core, medium; seeds, ovate;
flesh, yellowish white, breaking, rather dry, -sub-acid; “very good.”
September.
TRUMBULL SWEETING.
Fenton Sweeting.
From Trumbull County, Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flat-
tened ; pale yellow, slight blush and red spots; stem, short; cavity, deep;
calyx, large; basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet; ‘very
good.” September to November.
VirGIniA GREENING.
Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at ends, slightly angular; dull green-
ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green
circle suffused around them; stem, medium; cavity, acuminate; calyx,
large, short segments; core, small; seeds, long ovate; flesh, yellowish
white, mild sub-acid; not quite ‘‘very good.” December to March. Es-
teemed at the South ag a keeper.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 161
W Appew’s Hatt.
Another Southern rarity. Fruit, medium, oblong; dull greenish yel-
low striped with red; flesh, whitish, sub-acid; great keeper.
W ALwortTH.
Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin.
From New Jersey. Feuit, large, roundish conical ; clear yellow, bright
red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks; stem, short, slender;
calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed; core, large, open; seeds, plump;
flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.)
We suspect this an old variety under anew name.
'W ALPOLE.
From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish tapering to the eye; yellow
with bright red stripes, deepest in sun and yellowish specks; stem, short;
cavity, open; calyx. closed; basin, slightly ridged; core, large, open;
seeds, large; flesh, yellowish tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk sub-
acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following description of
the Sparhawk is from B. V. French, Esq. We suspect the two identical.
The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. H., and is known in the family
of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found as the “Gall” Apple. It
was introduced to our Society by A. De Copen, of Dorchester, and the
Society gave it the name of Sparhawk. It isa large Apple; oblate; skin
smooth and glossy ; color, yellowish ground, striped with red; abundant
bearer ; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable appearance ;
flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid; highly desirable for cooking, and is
ripe September, October, but will keep longer; it will class well with the
20 oz. Pippin.
Wetts’ SwWEETING.
From Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium,
roundish; dull light green, brownish red cheek; stem, slender; calyx,
small; basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy sweet; “very good.”
Nov. to Jan.
WELLS.
Hogan, | Striped R. I. Greening,
English Winter Red Streak, of some, | Well Apple.
An old variety, probably originally from Maryland. It is much grown
in Ccntral and Southern Ohio, as Wells; hence we give the name. It is
only good on strong clay soil. Fruit, large, roundish, narrowing to the
eye; yellowish green, streaked and blotched with red; calyx, closed;
basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid; ‘‘ very
good.” Nov. to March. The trees grow vigorously, spreading tops, slen-
der branches, bear abundantly every year. There is also a “ Cook’s Well
Apple,” grown in Indiana, that originated in Ohio. It is a great and
regular bearer, small size, largest at blossom end; stem, slender; flesh,
“‘good;” keeps well.
162 THE APPLE,
Western Spy.
From Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit,
large, roundish flattened; pale yellow, with red, becoming bril-
liant on sunny side, small white specks; stem, short; cavity, narrow;
calyx, large; basin, deep; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ;
“very good.” Dec. to March.
Waitt SwEeEtTING.
Wetherill’s White Sweeting.
From New Jersey. Tree, vigorous, productive on light soils. Fruit,
large, roundish oblong; pale yellow; stem, short; flesh, white, sweet,
valued for baking and for stock. Sep.
WHITEWATER SWEET,
From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round; bright yellow, with dark
spots; stem, short; calyx, slightly sunk; flesh, yellowish, firm, «juicy,
sweet; keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.)
Waitt SEEK-NO-FURTHER.
Pomme Royal, of some, | Pound Royal,
Flushing Seek-no-further.
From Long Island. Tree, healthy, not strong grower; abundant, not
regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven
or waived surface ; yellowish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small
brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ;
stem, slender; cavity, irregular, acuminate ; basin, broad, abrupt, furrow-
ed; core, open; flesh, fine grained, very juicy, tender, sub-acid ; “‘ best.”
Nov. to Feb. ;
Waite JuNEATING.
Juneating, | Owens’ Golden Beauty,
Caroline, Early May,
Carolina, of some.
Foreign. Its early maturity, its chief merit. Tree, fair, upright
’ growth, moderately productive. Fruit,small; pale green, marbled slightly
with a darker shade, small russet dots ; stem, medium; cavity, shallow;
calyx, closed; broad basin; seeds, dark brown; flesh, white, tender, juicy,
sub-acid. Last of June, early July.
Wauirt Spaniso REINETTE.
Reinette Blanche d’Espagne, D’Espagne,
De Ratteau, Concombre Ancien.
Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish
oblong, sometimes ribbed; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular ; stem,
half inch long; cavity, even; color, yellowish green; flesh, yellowish
white, crisp, sharp sub-acid; valued for cooking. Nov. to Feb.
/
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. | 163
4
Wurirrt Rampo.
Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit,
large, roundish, flattened at ends; skin, rough, yellow, russet dots and
spots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge; stem, stout; cavity, broad,
open ; calyx, large, segments, in divisions; basin, large, open, deep; core,
small; seeds, round ovate, plump; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, break-
ing, mild sub-acid; ‘‘ very good.” Nov. to Feb.
Winter Harvey.
Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed; pale yellow; stem, short; flesh,
yellowish, firm, tender, juicy. Dec. to April. (Hov. Mag.)
WILLIAMS.
William’s Favorite, | Williams’ Red,
Williams’ Favorite Red, | Williams’ Early Red,
Williams’ Karly.
From Mass. Tree, medium growth; shoots, reddish brawn. Fruit,
medium to large, oblong; fine clear red, very dark in sun; calyx, closed ;
basin, narrow; stem, slender; flesh, pellowish white, tender; ‘“ very
good.” Aug. .
164 THE APPLE.
WILLow.
Willow Twig? | Willow Leaf?
Under these names we have examined specimens, and although there is
a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from varied location
and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for or-
charding on rich bottom lands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper,
and valuable for Southern exportation. Fruit, above medium to large,
roundish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed or mottled with light and dark
red; calyx and basin, medium; stem, generally short, slender; cavity,
roundish acuminate; core, rather small; seeds, oblong pyriform; flesh,
yellowish, rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid; not quite “very good.”
Dec. to May.
*
Witiram PENN.
A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Rather large, roundish oblate,
slightly conical; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red
on a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre
of which, is a minute russet dot; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes
fleshy, inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes
wide and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed; flesh,
greenish yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma; quality, “ very
ed if not ‘‘best;” represented as being an abundant bearer. (W
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 165
WINSLOW.
From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded
towards calyx; dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near
calyx, light brown specks, and dark flakes; calyx, Open, segments, short;
basin, expanded; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow, rather deep ;
core, small, compact; seeds, plump, dark brown; flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, sub-acid. Fall and early winter. (A. H. Ernst’s, Ms.)
Wine SweEeEtTIna.
Fruit, small, round, flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on
light yellow; calyx, small, closed; basin, broad, deep ; stem, long; cavity,
narrow ; core, small; seeds, ovate; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet,
productive. Winter.
Winter PEARMAIN.
This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain.
Fruit, medium, oblong ovate; dull red on greenish yellow; stem, slender;
cavity, narrow; basin, small; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender,
gub-acid ; not quite “ very good.” December to March.
Yost.
Rather large, roundish, oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled
166 THE APPLE.
with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short; wide deep cavity; flesh,
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor ; ‘“‘ very good” quality. (W. D. B.)
YAcHT.
Medium, roundish; striped with red of various hues on yellowish
ground; stem, half an inch long; cavity, open, obtuse; basin, very
shallow, plaited ; flesh, fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; “ very good.”
(W. D. B.)
Yorx Impertat.
Johnson’s Fine Winter.
From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium; trun-
cated-oval, angular; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to
present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the
sunny side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ;
cavity, wide, and rather deep; calyx, small, closed, and set ina deep,
wide, plaited basin; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy; flavor,
pleasant and agreeably saccharine; quality, at least “good, to many tastes
“very good.’ (W. D. B.)
CLASS IIL—Unworthy of Cultivation.
6 ALFRISTON.
Foreign ; large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun, flesh crisp, acid ; October,
December.
American Pippin.
Grinastone, | Green Everlasting.
Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red, fiesh white, firm,
acid ; January to June.
AUGUSTINE.
American ; large, conical, red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; August
AURORA.
Dunlap’s Aurora.
American ; large, red striped on yellow, roundish ovate, flesh yellowish, sub-
acid ; early winter. oe
Autumn RoMAnNITE. : -
American 3 medium, round, red, flesh yellow ; September a
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 167
Barr.
Bars.
American ; medium, roundish, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh
greenish white, poor.
BaRNBILT.
American ; small, conical, yellow striped with red, flesh white, tough, dry ;
October, November. :
Beauty oF AMERICA.
Large, roundish, flattened, yellow with blush cheek, flesh yellowish, tender,
poor bearer ; November to January.
Beauty or tHE West,
Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh coarse, sweet ; October,
November.
Beauty or Kenrv.
Foreign ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red, flesh
tender, inferior ; October, November.
BreprorDsHIrRE .OUNDLING.
Foreign ; large, roundish, green, flesh yellowish, acid ; November, December.
BienHeIm Prepin.
Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin.
Foreign ; large, roundish, yellow and dull red, flesh yellowish, sweet, dry ;
October, November.
Brack ANNETTE.
American ; small, roundish, dark red ; November.
Buack Lapy APppPLe.
Api Noir.
Foreign , small, roundish, blackish red, flesh white, stained ; November to
March.
Biack GiILLIFLOWER.
Large, oblong conical, Jull reddish purple, flesh greenish white, dry, sub-
acid, poor ; November to March. ;
BorsDORFFER,
Borsdorff, | King George the Third,
Queen’s.
Foreign ; medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, withred cheek, flesh yellowish
white crisp, sub-acid ; November, December.
168 THE APPLE.
BoRovitTskKY.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, pale green, striped red, flesh white, sub-acid ;
August, September. ;
Burr.
Granny Buff.
American ; large, roundish flattened, yellow, overspread with red, flesh yel-
lowish, spongy ; November, March.
Buu.et.
Bartlett, | Priestly, of some.
American ; medium, oblong, bright red on yellow, flesh light yellow, inferior}
January to June. ~
CHANDLER.
Winter Chandler.
American ; large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow, flesh greenish
white, sub-acid ; November, February.
~ CAROLINE.
Foreign ; medium, round, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, acid ; Novem-
ber, February.
CATHEAD.
Cathead Greening, | Round Catshead.
Large, roundish, yellowish green, flesh white, coarse, sharp acid ; October,
November. There is another one of this name equally worthless, same shape,
but striped yellow and red.
CATLINE.
Gregson, | Winter Grixon.
Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun, flesh pale yellow, nearly
sweet, for cider; October, December.
CasH SWEET.
American ; medium, round conical, light red, flesh white, coarse, sweet, dry ;
October, November.
CuEEsEBpoRoUGH Russzr.
Howard Russet, York Russet, of some,
Kingsbury Russet, Forever Pippin, ef some West.
American ; large, conical, thin russet on greenish yellow, flesh greenish white,
coarse, dry, sub-acid ; October, November.
Cos, or Caas.
American ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks, flesh white, tender,
sub-acid, December to March.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 169
CornisH GILLIFLOWER.
Cornish July flower, _| Pomme Regelans,
Egg Top, of some.
Foreign ; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek, flesh
yellowish, acid ; November to February.
| Connecticut SuMMER SwEEt.
American ; medium, roundish, yellow and red striped, flesh yellowish, sweet,
tough ; August.
CRANBERRY Pippin.
American ; above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek, flesh white,
_ juicy, sub-acid ; November, December.
Doynewan’s SEEDLING.
American ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes, flesh yellow-
ish, dry, sub-acid ; September.
Downton Pippin.
Downton Golden Pippin, Knight’s Golden Pippin,
Elton Pippin.
Foreign ; smali, roundish, yellow, flesh yellowish, sharp acid; October,
November. ie
DumEtow’s SEEDLING.
Dumelow’s Crab, | Wellington Apple. .
Foreign ; medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots, flesh yellow,
acid ; November to March.
Dumpiine.
€rooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin, of Indiana,
Watson’s Dumpling.
Large, roundish, oblong, light yellow, blush in sun, flesh white, indifferent ;
October, December.
~
Dutcxu Cop.iin.
Chalmer’s Large.
Foreign ; large, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun, flesh white, sub-
acid ; October, December.
Eee Tor.
Kve, Round Top,
Sheep Nose, of some, Wine, of some West.
Foreign; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red, flesh yellow-
ish white, tender, inferior ; November to February.
Easter Pippi.
Young’s Long Keeper, Tronstone Pippin.
Clarement Pippin, French Crab.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush, flesh greenish, in-
ferior ; November to June. ;
8 i.
170 THE APPLE.
Fatt CHeEsst.
Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese.
American ; medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in sun,
flesh crisp, often mealy ; September to November.
Fama Gusta.
Foreign; large, conical, pale green, flesh white, acid ; October.
Ferris.
American ; medium, roundish, red, sub-acid, new, but surpassed by many
others ; November to February.
Fennovuitter Rovuce.
Black Tom, |{ Bardin.
Foreign ; ca roundish, dark red, flesh firm; November to January.
FEnNOovUILLET Gris.
Pomme @’Anis, | Caraway Russet.
Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, flesh firm, acid.
FLower oF Kent.
Foreign ; large, roundish, flattened, dull yellow and red, flesh. greenish yel-
low, coarse, sub-acid; October, January.
GAULT’s BELLFLOWER.
American ; large, roundish, pale yellow, flesh white, coarse ; October, De-
cember.
Coos WHITE.
American ; medium, roundish, oblong, bright yellow, black patches, fiesh
breaking, dry ; ; October, November.
Gosie Russert.
Sweet Seek-no-further.
Medium to large, oblong, flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red, flesh
whitish yellow, dry, sweet; October, December.
GOLDEN.
American; medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow, flesh yellowish, acid ;
July.
GoLDEN REINETTE.
Aurore, Kirke’s Golden Reinette,
Yellow German Reinette, Wyker Pippin, &c., &c.
Foreign ; small, roundish, greenish yellow, a little red, flesh yellow, crisp,
mild sub-acid ; October, January. :
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 171
Gotpen Harvey.
Brandy Apple.
Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid ; Novem-
ber to March.
Gotpen PEARMAIN.
Ruckman’s Pearmain, | Dutch Pearmain,
Red Russet.
Medium, roundish, flattened, red russet, flesh yellowish, dry, sub-acid ; Noy-
ember, December.
GOODYEAR. ‘
Goodyear’s Seedling.
American; new, medium, roundish, red, flesh juicy, only valuable as a
keeper.
GOVERNOR.
- American ; large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking ; October,
January.
Gotpen Prprin.
English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, &c., &c.,
Eleven other names.
Foreign; small, round; yellow, with irregular russet marblings ; stem, long,
slender ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, fine grained, sub-acid, sprightly ; De-
cember to March. There is an “ English Golden Pippin” grown at the west,
which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely distinct from above.
GRAND SACHEM.
Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red, flesh white, dry ; September.
GIANT:
American ; large, roundish, dull red striped, flesh, greenish white, tender;
be 9
good.
Hannan,
American ; medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red, flesh white, dry ; Oc-
tober, November. -
HawtTHornpeEn.
White Hawthornden.
Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, pale -ellow, blush in sun, flesh
white, acid ; October, November.
HEppeEr.
American; small, roundish, yellow, flesh dry.
172 THE APPLE.
Hoary Mornine.
Dainty Apple Downy
‘Sam ee :
rie ; large, roundish, red striped on yellow, flesh pinkish ; October, De-
cember.
HErTERICH.
American ; medium, round, yellow, flesh whitish, acid ; November, January.
Ho.LaNDBURGH.
Holiandbury.
Medium, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, flesh white, sour; December,
February. “
Irish Peacn Appts.
Early Crofton.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, streaked with red, fiesh whit-
ish, watery ; September, October.
Kane.
Cane, | Cain.
American ; medium, roundish, striped crimson, flesh yellowish, beautiful to
look at ; Autumn.
Kerry Pippi.
Edmonton’s Aromatic,
Foreign ; medium, roundish, oval, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm,
crisp ; September, October.
Kem.
New; American; small, roundish, conical, yellowish white, flesh white,
é“ 1)
good.
Kentiso Fintt BasxKet.
Potter’s Large Grey Seedling, | Lady de Grey’s.
Foreign ; large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush, flesh tender ;
October, January.
Kewnricx’s AutTuMN.
American ; large, roundish, yellowish, green, striped red, flesh white, acid ;
September.
Kinrnam Hu1.. ’
American ; large, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red, flesh dry ; September.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 178
Kine or tHe Pipprns,
Hampshire Yellow.
Often grown west as Gravenstein. Medium, roundish, oblong, yellow and
red splashed, flesh white, slightly sweet, not agreeable ; October, November.
Kirxe’s Lorp NeEtson.
Foreign ; large, roundish, red on pale yellow, fiesh firm, juicy, acid; Octo.
ber, December.
Lapies’ Buiusu.
American ; medium, yellow, with red blush, flesh dry.
Lapy Fincer.
Sheep Nose.
Medium, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush, flesh firm, watery ; November, De-
cember.
Lane Sweer.
Small, roundish, flattened, yellow with red, flesh yellowish, dry ; November,
Lemon Prrpry.
Kirke’s Lemon Pippin.
Foreign ; medium, oval, pale greenish yellow, flesh firm, sub-acid ; October,
January.
Lone Isnanp Russet.
Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet, flesh greenish, dry ; Decem-
ber, March. ;
Loan’s EneuisH PEARMAIN.
Small, roundish conical, dull red and russet, flesh firm, almost worthy cul-
ture ; September, October.
Lonevitie’s KERNEL.
Sam/’s Crab.
Foreign; below medium, oval, flattened, brownish red on yellow, flesh firm,
sub-acid ; August, September.
Lone Jonwn.
American ; large, conical, greenish yellow, flesh yellowish white, dry, great
keeper.
LucomsBr’s SEEDLING.
Foreign ; large, roundish conical, yellow spotted with red in sun, flesh whit-
ish, firm, cooking ; October, December.
Lucr’s Earty Jos.
American ; small, round, bright red on yellow, flesh crisp, inferior; September.
174 THE APPLE,
Manx’s Contin.
“ Trish Pitcher, | Frith Pitcher.
Foreign; medium, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun, cooking
only ; August. /
Marci.
White Margil.
Foreign ; small, roundish, dull yellow, streaked with red, flesh white, tender ;
early Winter.
Marsie SweEetIne.
Virginia Sweet, | Mclntire’s Sweeting.
American ; medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled, dull red and yellow,
flesh sweet, dry ; ; November, February.
May S&eExk-NO-FURTHER.
May Apple.
Outwardly like Pryor’s Red; flesh dry, coarse, only paige as a keeper, skin
thick.
Mavcx.
Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical, flesh “ good.”
MENAGERE.
Menagerie.
Foreign ; large, flat, pale yellow ; September to January.
Monstrous Pippin.
Gloria Mundi, New York Gloria Mundi,
American Mammoth, Ox Apple,
Baltimore Pippin.
Very large, greenish yellow, roundish, flesh white, acid ; October, December
Mortner Davies.
Medium, round, oblong, greenish yellow, little red, flesh crisp, “ good ;” Oc-
tober, November.
Mo.asses. .
Butter.
American ; small, roundish, red, dry, sweet ; October.
Minam.
Harrigan, | Winter Pearmain, of some.
American ; small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped, dull red,
flesh ereenish, insipid ; December, March. vied
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 175
Morpuy.
Murphy’s Red, | Jack Murphy.
American; large, roundish, oblong, pale and dark red streaked, flesh
greenish white, “good ;”’? November, February.
Newark Kina.
Hinckman.
American ; medium, conical, red on greenish yeilew. flesh tender, little
more than good ; November to February.
Norrotx Beaurin.
Read’s Baker, ! Catshead Beanfin.
Fereign ; large, flat, duli red on greenish, flesh sub-acid, good drying ;
November to May.
Nonsuc#.
Ynglish Nonsuch.
Wereign; medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red, flesh white ;
October, November.
Oip Exeuisn Copii.
English Codlin.
Large, oblong, conical, lemon yellew, flesh white, tender, cooking; July
to November.
Quip Roya Rosser.
Leather Coat Russet.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, gray russet on green, flesh greenish white,
sharp sub-acid ; Nevember, February.
Op NonpaREIL.
Non Pareille.
Foreign ; medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown, flesh firm, crisp, poor
foearer 3; December, January.
Osun.
Arbreath Pippia.
Foreign ; small, reundish, pale yellowish, flesh firm, crisp, acid; August.
Parson’s Eariy.
American ; medium or above, roundish, pale yellow, fiesh yellowish white,
sharp, sub-acid ; August, September.
176 THE APPLE.
PENNOCE.
Pomme Roye, of some West, Large Romanite,
Big Romanite, Red Pennock,
Pennock’s Red Winter, Prolific Beauty,
Neisley’s Winter.
American ; large, roundish, conical, angular, dull red, little yellow. flesh
coarse, dry rot; November to March
Pouty Brigut.
Resembles Maiden’s Blush, sharp acid ; September, October.
Powunp.
Large, roundish, oblong, yellowish green, coarse, poor ; October, January.
Pomme ve Ross.
Large, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, small dots, flesh white, coarse, acid;
December, February.
PRIESTLEY.
Priestley's American, | Red Cathead.
Large, roundish, oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green, flesh greenish
white, inferior ; December to March.
Quaker Pippin.
American ; medium, greenish yellow, very acid ; October.
Rep AND GREEN SWEET.
Prince’s Red ané Green Sweet, | Large Red Sweetmg,
Red Bough.
American ; very large, oblong conical, green and red striped, flesh sweet
poor ; August, September.
Rep Incesrrir.
Foreign ; small, oblong ovate, yellow marbled with red, flesh firm, sprightly ;
September, October. ‘
Rep GILLIFLOWER.
Red Seek-no-further, | Harkness’ New Favorite.
American ; medium, oblong conical, fine red, flesh white, mild sub-acid;
November to January.
Rep CatLviLe.
Red Winter Calville, Calville Rouge,
Calville Rouge d’Hiver, Spice, of some West.
Foreign ; above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun, flesh
tender, poor ; November, February. ;
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. IT?
Rep BreLiFloweEr.
Red Belle Fleur, Belle Fleur,
Belle Fleur Rouge, Striped Belle Fleur, of some.
Foreign; large, oblong conical, greenish yellow, cevered and striped with
red, flesh white, dry ; Nevember, January.
Rep STREAK.
Herefordshire Red Streak, | Scudamous Crab.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks, flesh yellow, dry, cider only;
October, December.
Rymer.
Fereign ; above medium, roundish, flattened, clear red, glossy, flesh white,
sharp, acid ; October, December.
Rosgau bp’ AUTOMNE.
Roseau, incorrectly, of some.
Foreign; medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, blush red cheek, flesh
yellowish, crisp, acid ; November to January.
RosEav.
Foreign ; large, dark red, irregular in size and form, unprofitable.
Ruie’s Summer Sweetie.
American ; medium, obleng, yellow, poor ; August.
River.
American ; medium, oblate-ribbed, red striped on yellowish green, flesh green-
ish white, cearse ; July, August.
ScarLer NonpAREIL.
New Scarlet Nonpareil.
Foreign; medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green, flesh firm, acid ;
November to February.
Surpren’s Russer.
Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow, flesh white, spongy,
agid ; January to March.
ee GREEN.
American ; medium, oblong, rusty red, acid ; all Winter; cooking only.
SKUNK.
Polecat.
American ; large, flat, dull dark red on yellow, flesh yellowish, dry ; Decem<
ber, J: anuary.
Si -
178 THE APPLE.
Spring Grove Cop.in.
Foreign ; medium, oblong ronnded, greenish yellow, flesh greenish, sub-acid,
cooking ; August, November.
¢ SPRINGER’S SEEDLING.
American; small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red, flesh
firm, negative ; January to May.
SPICE SWEETING.
Poor bearer, large, roundish, yellowish, flesh firm, sweet ; August, September.
StrirpeD Monawk.
Above medium, round, red striped on yellow, flesh dry, poor; late Autumn.
Suear Loar Piprin.
Sugar Loaf Greening.
Foreign ; large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun, flesh
** good ;” August, September.
Summer GoLpEN Piper.
Foreign ; small, roundish oblong, yellow, flesh whitish, firm, sweet; August,
September.
SUMMER Rampovr.
Summer Rambo, {| Rambour Frane,
Rambour W’Ete.
Foreign ; above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red, roundish, flat-
tened, apt to be mealy ; August.
Summer Russer.
American ; small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry ;
» September.
SWEET AND Sour.
Medium, roundish, flattened, greenish, only valued as curiosity. From a dis-
eased propagation.
SURPRISE.
Foreign; small, round, whitish yellow, flesh stained with red; November,
December.
Sweet Baipwin.
American ; medium, roundish, deep red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ;
September, October. There are, we think, two apples grown under this name,
as Thomas describes one as “ nearly first rate,” and ripening “ early winter.”
Tart Bovuen.
Resembles Early Harvest, but trees more rapid in growth, and Bae ia
days later, more acid. ;
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 179
TRANSPARENT DE ZURICH.
Small or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent ;
September.
Tuems Rep STREAK.
American ; medium, round, pale green, red stripes, flesh sour, Winter. (Hov-
Mag.)
Twenty Ounce Prepin.
Large, roundish, conical, green, poor, very distinct from Twenty Ounce, or
Cayuga Red Streak. -
VictuaLs AND Drink.
Big Sweet, | Pompey.
American ; large, oblong, bough; dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry ; Octo-
ber, J anuary.
, Vicrorious REINETTE.
Reinette Triomphante.
Foreign ; large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots, flesh firm, sub-acid ;
December, January. mi
Waurire Doctor.
Small, pyrimidal, greenish white, sweet, dry ; September, October.
Waurtre CaLviLie.
White Winter Calville, American White Winter Calville,
Calville Blanche d’Hiver, Niger.
Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow, flesh
white, negative ; November, February.
Wuire ASTRACHAN.
Transparent de Moscovie, | Glace de Zélande.
Foreign ; medium, roundish conical, white faint streak of red, flesh white,
dry. poor; August.
Winter CHEESE.
American; medium, greenish, with stripes of dull brownish red in sun,
mealy, poor; December, January.
Wiis Sweet ?
Large, roundish, oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red, flesh white,
sweet, cooking ; October, November.
Wormsiey Pippin.
Knight’s Codlin.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, acid ; October, November.
180 THE APPLE.
WINTER QUEEN.
Winter Queening.
American ; medium, conical, crimson and pale red, flesh yellowish, sub-acid ;
December.
YELLow INGESTRIE.
Foreign ; small, clear yellow, crisp, spicy, not valued ; October.
YORKSHIRE GREENING.
"Foreign ; large, roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull _
flesh preenish white, acid ; Winter.
ZANE.
Zane Greening.
American ; large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor ; February to June.
ZIEBER.
American ; small, roundish, yellow, striped red cheek, flesh dry ; “ good.”
THE BLACKBERRY. 181
THE BLACKBERRY.
Rubus Villosus.
A well known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit is
so easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at-
tention from cultivators.
Ripening, as it does, just as Raspberries are gone, when there is
a dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that exertions have not -
been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants selected
from the wild state, placed in the garden, and well cultivated, have
produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor.
Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries, and the
plant requires similar soil and culture.
There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the
same botanical description. They are known under the common
names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black-
berry, &c.; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The
fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highly esteemed
for making syrup, which is regarded valuable as a preventive as
well as curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, &c. Asa dessert fruit, and
for cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often
advised by Physicians, on account of its healthful character.
There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not
in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish white.
182 THE CHERRY.
THE CHERBY:
Cerasus Sylvestris, and C. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacea of Botanists.
The Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of the |
United States, and also of Britain; but the cultivated variety is re-
corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name),
a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy
by the Roman General, Lucullus, after he had vanquished Mithri-
dates, in the year 69, B. C.
In 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert Walsh made communication to the
London Horticultural Society, stating the Cherry to be now grow-
ing in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years
ago.
He describes two varieties. “The first of these varieties is a
Cherry of enormous size, which grows along the northern coast of
Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng-
land. It is cultivated in gardens, always as a standard, and by a
graft. The second variety is an amber colored transparent Cherry,
of a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia
Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the: ancient Sanga-
rius. The trees attain gigantic size—the trunk of one measured in
circumference five feet; height, to where the first branch issued,
forty feet; summit of highest branch, ninety feet—and this im.
mense tree loaded with fruit.”
From Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty-
second year B. C., although some authorities date its introduction
as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era—that is, in the early
part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be con-
firmed by Pliny, who says: “ Italy was so well stocked that, in less
than twenty-six years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as
Britain, beyond the Ocean.” The poet, Lydgate, who wrote in or
about 1415, says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the
streets of London, rauch as they are at the present day; and in a
curious poem, entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to
them :
“ Hot pescodes one began to cry,
Straberys rype and Cherreys in the ryse.”?
From England and Holland both seeds and trees were introduced
into this country early after its first settlement. :
PROPAGATION. 183
“ Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in
Italy when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71,
A. D.;” and from this date up to the present time, the varieties have
been gradually increasing until we have now described, in various ~
works, upwards of one hundred and fifty.
The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or-
namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of
many as ornamental or shade trees; while examples of reward pe-
cuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been
additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of
the Cherry fit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and
we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connect-
icut forefathers in 1760, and recently renewed by Prof. J. P. Kirt-
land, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has planted the Cherry as a street
tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. Loudon, in his Ar-
boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cherry in Ger-
many; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of and
described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our
people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan to.
the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says
Mr. Loudon: “These avenues in Germany are planted by the de-
sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the travel-
er, but in order that the poor’ pedestrian may obtain refreshment
on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries,
on condition of not injuring the trees; but the main crop, when
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which
it grows.”
In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren-
der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals—i. e., the
robbing of orchards; and possibly, a law like that enacted in the
terrritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that,
in case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the
offence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for
the damage sustained. This made every individual interested in
preventing depredations on his neighbor’s property.
Propagation.—The Cherry is propagated from seed—by bud-
ding—by grafting—and occasionally, by pieces of roots.
By Seed. —The seed of the black mazard is that generally used,
and considered best for propagating the Heart and Duke varieties
- upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a
dwarf habit. Seeds of the Graffion or Yellow Spanish will occa- —
sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent; while
seeds of many of the cultivated kinds will not vegetate, there being
no germ or seed bud within the stone. The seed should not be per-
184 THE CHERRY.
mitted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and
washed clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in
boxes of, say, four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drain-
age, and then set in the open air, on the north side of a building,
clear of direct sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and,
if possible, fresh turf, and spaded or plowed in the fall one foot
deep. As soon as the frost is out in the spring, rake down the
ground level, mark out drills six inches wide and one inch deep, sow
seed so that it will be about three inches apart, cover with the soil
one inch, and add one inch of sand or leaf mould.
By Budding.—This is done as described on page 22; but in the
Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in
cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby
preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding
the Cherry is, when the tree on which you are going to operate is
forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of
the trees; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cin-
-cinnati, being ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted
the past spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this
section line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Oc-
casionally it will answer to bud in September, as it sometimes hap-
pens that a second growth is made about that time.
By Grafting.—tThis should be performed in all sections south of
Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week
in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where
both stock and scion are equal in size; whip or tongue grafting is
best where the stock is not over half to three-fourths inch diameter ;
and cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. ‘This last is
dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to the tree; it is
better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the
mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work
has been put off a little too late.
By Roots.—The root of the mazard Cherry, cut into pieces of
about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about
one inch under ground early in spring, will often throw up strong
shoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next
best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable to sucker
than if from seed.
Transplanting.—W hen, from the seed bed to the nursery row, it
should be done in the fall on dry soils, and early in spring on soils
not perfectly dry in winter. They should be set in rows four feet
apart, and one foot apart in the row, and the plants should have one
half of last year’s growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well as |
SOIL AND SITUATION. 185
the tap root, cut pack to six inches. These, if the season is good,
will be suitable for budding the same summer. Orchard trees, and
also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year’s
growth cut off, and the roots trimmed smoothly at ends with a sharp
knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be
about twenty-five feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances of
eight feet each way. !
Standard Trees.—Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa-
tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and
throughout the West and South, not more than two feet.
Dwarf Trees.—Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke
varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases
be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is
best formed ; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30,) they
should be made to form heads branching immediately from the
ground,
Soil and Situation.—The soi] best suited to most Cherries is
that of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow
and produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. ‘The roots of the maz-
ard or sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only
endure a few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where
water stands most of the winter. ‘To this want of drainage in great
measure, is attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most of the
prairie soils throughout Southern and Western States; and not until
Wwe manage to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can we succeed
perfectly with the Sweet Cherries. The roots of the Duke’s, Morel-
lo’s, and Mahaleb, are less open and spongy in texture, and, there-
fore, less impatient of water. They, however, do not flourish vigor-
ously for any length of time, unless drainage is effected. To this
point in the culture of the Cherry, we beg especially to call atten-
tion of our Western and Southern readers, assuring them that, what-
ever of theory may have been advanced referable to climate, they
will find drainage, or the want thereof rather, to be the primary
cause of destruction. Situated at a point where the Cherry proba-
bly does as well as at any place in the United States, we have had
occasion to notice the result of trees situated in what appeared suit-
able soil, but where, on examining, after having lost several trees, we
found water to have stood a long time about the roots.
Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States, is
rich in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to
the Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact, that most trees have their
roots standing in stagnant cold water, induces tendency to disease
from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect
drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty-four hours
186 THE CHERRY.
together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur,
and finely broken or ground bones be made, the ground work to
success will be performed.
Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom,
rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and,
also, render the tree more liable to second growth in the fall, and
thus, unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout winter.
Northern exposures are recommended, but, an eastern one we regard
best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly
as the mid-day, or from one to three o’clock, p. m.; while there is,
also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none
in the afternoon; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation
gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when
planted on ground sloping south, west, or north. When planting on
either of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to
the south-west, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position.
Cultivation. In nursery rows, the earth, in spring, should be first
turned away from the trees; in about ten days, it should again be
stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing
season. In October, it should be turned up toward the trees. The
plants budded last season, should be cut back to within six inches
of the bud, as soon as the same commences to swell strongly. The
buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the
stocks, and, in June, the stock should be cut with a slope downward,
close to the bud. The second. year, they should be headed back to
four feet, when some will throw out branches two feet from the
ground; others, where headed back. The third year, they should
be transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it
has been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any mode of cul-
ture toward keeping the ground clean, after August; it induces sec-
ond growth, immature ripening of wood, and consequent injury in
winter. Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around
in July, and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots.
Pruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs
little pruning, except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another.
This is best done in July, when the cut, if made smooth, and close
to the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow
too rapidly, dig around a tree, of, say, four inches diameter, a circu-
lar trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and two feet
deep, cutting off with a sharp spade, every root and fibre outside
that space. And, for every inch diameter, up to a tree twelve
inches through, add four inches distance of trench from tree. Often,
the top of the tree will also require pruning, so as to give it a round
head, as of an acorn, based on the circle of the trench.
INSECTS AND DISEASES. USES. 187
‘The Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more pruning than the
Heart varieties, but all are impatient of the knife; yet, if to be done,
let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming.
Dwarfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by
the “pinching-in” process. And as they grow with extreme vigor
on the Mahaleb, for three or four years, they require, not only to
have their tops pruned, but also, to be root-pruned annually.
If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut
from a sweet cherry tree. We have examined the results of many
cases, when large branches were lopped in spring, for the purpose
of changing the tree to a different variety, by grafting; the result
has almost invariaby been death after two summers. When
necessary to be done, the wound should be covered with grafting
composition, or gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrap-
ped in straw or matting. Encasing the body during the winter and
spring months, with straw,cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ;
for the cause of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months,
although it does not always exhibit itself until July or August.
The atmospheric blight, injuring young shoots, acts, at once, in sum-
mer. : :
Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio,
are more or less destructive to the cherry, but as they are described
in other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases,
according to writers, are, in the West, numerous; but, as they all
centre in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only
note on that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term
the primary cause of this disease, and, if added to what we have said
under heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have effect
to check, in great measure, the evil. ‘hat it will render the tree
entirely free of the disease, we are not prepared to say; but, if to it
be added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nur-
sery on ground well drained, and not over stimulated by barn-yard
manures, we believe a change for the better will be the result.
Uses. The wood of the wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabi-
net makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the
Sweet Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the
tender-fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome.
The Sour Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much
esteemed for culinary use, while the Mazard and wild Virginian
Cherries are used in flavoring liquors. ‘“ The celebrated German,
Kirschwasser, is made by distilling the liquor of the common black
-Mazard; (in which the stones are ground and broken and ferment-
ed with the pulp;) and the delicious Ratifita cordial of Grenoble, is
also made from this fruit. Mareschino, the most celebrated liquor
of Italy, is distilled from a small Mazard, with which, in ferment-
188 THE CHERRY.
ing, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit are mixed. The
gum of the cherry is nearly identical with gum-arabic, and there
are some marvelous stories told of its nutritive properties.”
Gathering the Fruit. The flavor and character of the cherry is
best obtained when gathered early in the morning; but, if intended
for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem
attached, and when dry.
Classification. In order the more readily to distinguish varieties
of the cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those
heretofore made, have seemed rather to perpetuate error than induce
correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lind-
ley, in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions; one embrac-
ing varieties, the fruit of which is round, acid or sub-acid ; the other,
sweet, and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees,
makes four divisions or classes, viz: Heart-shaped, Bigarreaus,
Dukes, and Morellos; and, in a measure, all other writers have
adopted these classifications. ‘The two last terms of Mr. Downing,
— Dukes and Morellos,—we shall continue, as they are not inappli-
cable, and the trees are distinct in growth. But the word Bigarreau,
being derived from Bigarréé, originally meaning, and intended to
convey the idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and not
meaning, (as it is generally used and understood by pomologists)
Jirm-fleshed, we can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again;
there are varieties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and
partially tender-fleshed, and however erroneous, would have (if the
old classification were pursued) to come under the head of Heart-
shaped. ‘There are, also, varieties where the characters, both of tree
and fruit, of those determined by the two distinctions—Heart and
Bigarreau—are so closely commingled, as to often perplex the ama-
teur, and thus increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall,
therefore, designate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes
heretefore known as Hearts and Bigarreaus, being rapid growing,
lofty and spreading trees, as Sweet, of which the old Black Heart
may be taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by
the trees having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry,
being upright in growth while young, but forming a low, spreading
head, with wood less strong, and somewhat darker colored than the
Sweet Cherries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully
ripe, rich sub-acid.
The Morellos are less upright in growth thnn the Dukes.
aan small, slender, drooping ; foliage, narrow, dark green; fruit,
acid.
Eingravings. These have been made from medium sized speci-
mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver’s
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 189
hands. They represent the cherry cut in half, and are intended to
show the form of fruit in that way, and, also, exhibit the lines of tis-
sue in the flesh, which are different in varieties, but uniform in
numerous specimens of the same variety.
4
CLASS L— Worthy General Cultivation.
BELLE DE Cuoisy.
Ambreeé de Choisy, Ambreé a Gros Fruit,
Cerise Doucette, Cerise de la Palembre,
Cerise a Noyau Tendre, Schone Von Choisy.
Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near
-Paris, France. The tree is of a Duke habit—
thus far proving hardy in nearly all locations. It
bears regularly every year, but only moderate ©
quantity. Its delicacy and exquisite peculiar
flavor, render it one of the most desirable for the
table, but unsuited to market purpose.
fruit, round, or slightly depressed; skin,
thin translucent, showing the netted texture of
flesh beneath; of pale amber in the shade, mot-
tled with red and yellow where more exposed ;
and grown fully in the sun, becoming a bright
cornelian red; flesh, amber yellow, slightly
tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in ir-
regular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy,
sub-acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable
flavor ; pzt, small, round, a little pointed at apex;
stalk, often short, but varying. Season, last of
yi
i :
wu
a
June.
Brack Tartarian.
Bishop’s Large, Ronald’s Black Heart,
Frazer’s Black Heart, Frazer’s Black Tartarian,
Ronald’s Heart, Tartarian,
Circassian, Black Circassian,
Superb Circassian, Ronald’s Large Black Heart,
Black Russian, Double Heart.
*
190 | THE CHERRY.
This variety is supposed to have originated
in Spain, whence it was transmitted to Russia,
and thence introduced into England, about
1794 or 1796, whence it found its way to this
country, and in 1810 was cultivated in Mid-
dletown, Ct., as Bishop’s Large, and in 1813
as Ronald’s Black Heart. The tree is of pe-
culiar upright growth, unlike any other variety,
or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its
vigorous habit, erect .form, large foliage,
and large sweet fruit, have rendered it perhaps
the most popular variety in cultivation. The
tree requires somewhat more pruning to thin
it out than other varieties; otherwise, as the
trees grow old, they become too thick, and the
fruit attais only medium size.
Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, ir-
regular uneven surface, glossy, purplish black,
slight suture half round; jlesh, liver color,
juicy, sweet, half tender, separating freely from
pit, mild, pleasant, not high flavor ; pit, below
medium size; stalk, sunk ina regular cavity.
Season, last of June.
Biack Hawk.
Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, near Cleve
land, in 1842. Commenced fruiting in 1846.
The treeis of healthy,vigorous,spreading habit,
with much of the general character of Yellow
Spanish; flowers, above medium; soil of
origin, a gravelly loam. As a table fruit,
its high flavor will always commend it;
while, as a market fruit, its size and pro-
ductive habit of tree place it among the very
best.
Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse,
sides compressed, surface uneven; color,
dark purplish black, glossy; flesh, dark
purple, half tender, almost firm, radiating
) lines irregular, without form, juicy, rich
|
(
|
rept
meee
iy
sweet, fine flavor; pit, medium size, un-
even surface; stalk, varying, inserted in a
| broad cavity. Season, from 20th June to
cai Ist July. :
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION, 191.
BRANT.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly
loam. The tree is vigorous, with large foli-
age, and spreading, or rather round regular
form ; flowers, large, and open irregularly, so
that often a portion may be injured by late
frosts, and others escape.
Fruit, large, rounded, angular, heart shape,
sides slightly compressed; color, reddish
black ; flesh, dark purplish red, radiating lines
whitish, partially indistinct, half tender, juicy,
sweet and rich; pt, nearly smooth, slight de-
pressions, round oval; stem, medium, set in a
cavity slightly angular. Season, early—say
middle of June.
i
‘ i |
il Hl
Ul
| i a
il
BetLte Macnirique.
Beile et Magnifique.
First introduced into this country from France by Gen. Dear-
born. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy, healthy, and vigorous. It
is a moderate bearer, the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree
until August, although much of it suitable for cooking last of June.
As a fruit for culinary purposes, it is very
desirable.
Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of
the largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed,
heart shape; color, clear rich red on pale
yellow; when fully exposed to the sun, mostly
red; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid when
_ fully ripe, sprightly, separates freely from the
pit; stem, planted in a deep yet open cavity
or basin, and varying from 1 1-4 to 1 3-4
inch in length. Season, middle June to Aug.
CLEVELAND.
Cleveland Bigarreau.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on
a gravelly loam soil. The tree is thrifty,
with stout shoots, and of a rounded spread-
ing habit; large leaves; flowers, above
medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far,
it has proved healthy wherever grown.
eel
|
ne ll
a
(: Y
ff
| ap.
| : H :
a | %
192 THE CHERRY.
Fruit, largeround heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a
regular uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one
side, near the stem ; color, bright. clear red on amber yellow ground,
and occasionally blotched with carmine red; flesh, pale yellowish
white, almost firm, deepest in color next the pit, radiating lines in-
distinct, juicy, rich fine flavor ; pit, medium size; stem, rather stout,
medium length. Season, about one week before Elton, or say 23d
_ to 25th June. Very productive.
Cor’s TRANSPARENT. ~-
Raised by Curtiss Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, some-
what spreading, vigorous, healthy habit.
Fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regular rounded form,
often slightly angular at junction of stem; color, pale light amber
yellow, with a bright clear red, indistinctly mottled on two-thirds
the surface ; flesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender,
juicy, rich sweet and excellent; pit, above medium; stem, rather
short, in a moderate depression. Season, middle to 25th June.
Doctor.
The Doctor.
Raised by Prof.. Kirtland in 1842. The tree
is of healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, up-
right, rounded in form, bearing even to excess
of fruit, so much so that unless well cultivated
the fruit becomes small. Original soil, gravelly
loam. :
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, with a
suture extending all round; color, light yellow
and red, the latter most prevailing ; flesh, white,
tinged with pale yellow, juicy, tender, sweet,
with a delicious flavor; pit, small; stem, rather
slender, in a round regular basin. It ripens
early in June, but will hang until July.
Nit
D
1
Oy
nine
Downer’s Late.
Downer, | Downer’s Late Red.
Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808. ‘The
tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy, hardy, and abundant
bearer. | :
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 193
Fruit, medium size, round heart-shape,
slightly compressed on one side; color, a bright,
lively red, mottled with amber in the shade;
flesh, armber color, stained slightly with red next
the pit, radiating lines slight; tender, sweet, and
delicious when fully ripe. . It is often gathered
before fully ripe, when it is a little bitter; pit,
above medium size, oblong rounded; stem,
medium, inserted in a narrow, slight depression.
Season, from fourth to twelfth July. This va-
riety suffer@jfess than most varieties, from warm
wet weather.
DELICATE.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a
gravelly loam. ‘The tree is of thrifty, healthy
habit, spreading so as to form a round head. It
is productive, and as a dessert cherry, its del-
icate, translucent character, rich, juicy, sweet,
high flavor, will always render it a favor-
ite.
————————
=
———
_
———— A
i!
Pe
mel |
UAE VAL
Fruit, medium to large; form, regular,
roundish, flattened, with a slight suture one
side; color, rich amber yellow, overspread
and mottled with light carmine red, while the
flesh is so translucent, that held to the light,
the tissue is distinctly traced, and red appears
as though mingled throughout, when, on cut-
ing it, the flesh is a whitish-yellow, with dis- |
tinct radiating lines,——tender, juicy, sweet, de-
licious, high flavor; get, small, roundish | | ll
oval, with a broad ridge; stem, medium, set | ) | | i
in a deep, round depression. Season, about ol i \
first July. aa ae
a
Harty PROLIFIC.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree fruited
three years, during which, we carefully noted the fruit. It then was
— lost by being removed; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas.
Downing, and it is from the character shown under his hands, that we
are induced to place it in this class. Its large size, rich flavor and
early habit of maturity, class it among the most desirable, for pri-
v
194 THE CHERRY.
vate or marketing collections. Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright,
slightly spreading.
fruit, medium to large, round, obtuse heart-shape, bright car-
mine red, mottled on light amber yellow ; and, on one. side, a distinct
line, edged with yellow; stem, varying both in size and length;
flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious flavor ;
very productive. Season, early in June.
ELton.
Bigarrean Couleur de chair, | Bigarreau de Rocmont,
Flesh Colored Bigarreau, | Ceeur de Pigeon,
Gros Bigarreau Couleur du chair, | Bigarreau Belle de Rocmont,
Gros Bigarreau Blanc, : | Guigne gros Blanche, of some,
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc, Bigarreau Common, =
Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, erroneously, | Belle Audigeoise,
Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior
qualities have made it a great traveler, and
although often introduced to notice, under a
hew name, it is always worthy place.
The trees grow vigorously, with a spread-
ing, rather drooping habit; leaves, with pur-
plish footstalks. First introduced to this
country in 1823.
Fruit, large, long, heart-shape, pointed ;
color, beautiful light yellow ground, mottled
and streaked with bright glossy red; flesh,
yellowish, radiating lines not bold, half ten-
der, when fully ripe, nearly tender, juicy,
sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high flavor ;
pit, above medium, oval, rounded, with a
sharp point; stem, long and slender, set in
rather a deep basin; very productive. Sea-
son, last of June.
Farity Ricumonp.
Kentish, Pie Cherry,
Virginian May, Kentish Red,
Common Red, Montmorency a longue queue,
Sussex, Commune,
Muscat de Prague.
An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country,
under the name we have adopted. It is probably, the true Kentish ;
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
but, under that name, it becomes so often con-
founded with the common Sour Pie Cherry of
our country, that we have preferred to continue
it here, under the name it is best known in this
country. The tree belongs to the Morello class;
grows about twenty feet high, with a roundish
spreading head; very productive, ripening its
fruit in May, but, in dry seasons, holding it until
July. It is indispensable to every garden; and
for market, coming as it does so early, is very
profitable. It is remarkable for the corolla re-
maining on the stalk, and for the tenacity with
which the stone adheres thereto.
Fruit, of medium size, borne in pairs, round,
bright red, becoming darker as it hangs on the
tree a long time; flesh, of a reddish cast, juicy,
very tender, sprightly, rich, acid flavor; stem,
usually short, say, one and a quarter inch, set in
deep, round basin. Season, twenty-sixth May to first of J
PurpLe GuIGNE.
Early Purple Guigne, | | German May Duke,
Early Purple Griotte.
The origin of this valuable variety we have
been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators
received it from England, where it was figured
and described by Mr. Thompson, in the London
Hort. Society’s transactions. Western Cultiva-
tors received it through a party of emigrants
from Germany, under name of German May
Duke, by which it is much grown in Ohio. The
trees are poor growers in the nursery, of a strag-
~ gling, loose, irregular, somewhat pendent habit,
but of healthy, hardy character, only moderat-
ly productive while young, but as they grow
older, become more prolific. Its earliness and
delicious character, must always render it popu-
lar where known.
fruit, medium to large, roundish, heart-
shaped, with an indenture at the point or apex;
color, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh,
dark purplishred, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ;
pt, medium ; size, roundish oval; stem, long, |
slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow basin.
Season, last of May and first of June.
Y;/j6:
uly.
195
196 THE CHERRY.
Governor Woop.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named
in honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of
Ohio.
The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower,
forming a rounded, regular head; very pro-
ductive while young; flowers large.
Fruit, of the largest size, roundish, heart-
shape ; color, rich, light yellow, mottled or
marbled with a beautiful carmine flush; grown
fully exposed to the sun, it becomes a clear,
rich red ; suture half round, followed on oppo-
fl site side, by a dark line; flesh, light, pale
‘ yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu-
minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine,
rich, high flavor ; vit, roundish ovate, con-
sider ably ribbed; stem, varying in length and.
size. Season, middle of June.
In even small collections, this variety
should always have a place.
sm Ht
“itt! a } Mee il 4
I
i hi ‘ !
il i il
fi i
Ni
iM il
HILpEsHEIM.
Hildesheim Bigarreau, | Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim,
Tardif de Hildesheim, | Bigarreau Blane Tardif de Hildesheim,
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim, Bigarreau Noir Tardif.
From Germany. Tree, upright, strong grower, unproductive
while young.
Fruit, medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and
splashed with red; stem, long, slender; basin, shallow, broad; sut-
ure broad, half round, with hollow depression at apex; jlesh, pale
yellow, firm, sweet; zt, medium, surface marbled with red. WSea-
son, last of July to twentieth August. The true variety is rarely
sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as coming just before
peaches, and when there are few fruits in market.
Hortense.
Reine Hortense, | Belle de Bavay,
Lemercier of E. and Bis De 16 a la livre,
Monstreuse de Bavay, | Belle de Petit Brie.
Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. The tree is of
Duke habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a dense, upright,
round head, ‘and promises to be very hardy, and “extremely desirable
in rich, moist soils, where the Sweet Cherries do not succeed as
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 197
well, It is moderately prolific, the fruit quite large, and ripen-
ing as it does, quite late in the season, combined with the habit of
hanging long after ripe, and its rich , spright-
ly, sub-acid Juice, must render it extremely
popular, when it becomes fully known.
coe ae
Fruit, quite large, round, elongated, sides
compressed, smooth elossy, regular surface:
suture, shallow, half round, followed by a
marked line, ter minating at ‘pase, in a knob-
by projection : color, bright lively red, mar-
bled and mottled on amber ; grown in the
sun, it is mostly red; flesh, pinkish yellow,
with radiating lines, distinet, but irregular
in form, tender, and when fully ripe, sepa-
rating freely from the stone, often even ex-
hibiting a hollow, vacant space, between pit
and flesh, high, sprightly, slightly acid
flavor ; pit, rather large, oblong, rounded ;
stalk, two inches long, generally slender.
Season, twelfth to twentieth July.
!
an
ly ul
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|
BRAT
uh t NW |
J 0C-0-SOT.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and
named after a noble Sioux chief, who died at
Cleveland, in 1844. Tree thrifty, half spread-
ing, or round-headed, and productive.
Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart-
shape, slightly obtuse, and with a deep inden-
tation at apex ; sides, compressed ; suture,
broad, half round, followed with a dark line,
and often a knob-like projection; surface, un-
even; color, rich, glossy, dark liver -color, al-
most "black ; flesh, with indistinet radiating
lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with a
rich, sweet flavor ; wit, below medium size,
regular, smooth ; stem, long, and of medium
size. Season, near the last of June.
198 THE CHERRY.
Kirtuann’s Mary.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, described
and named by ourself, in compliment to
the daughter of Prof. K. The tree is a strong,
healthy grower, upright, rounded in form,
shoots strong, not rampant; flowers, large and
open, very prolific. The fruit is one of the
most beautiful of all cherries, quite firm-flesh-
ed, but withal possessing delicacy and high
flavor, that renders it one of the most desira-
ble varieties, either for dessert or market pur-
poses.
fruit, large, roundish, heart-shape, very
regular ; color, light and dark rich red, deeply
marbled and mottled on a yellow ground,
grown fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark
glossy red ; flesh, with distinct irregular radiat-
ing lines, light yellow, quite firm, rich, juicy,
sweet, and very high flavored; pit, medium,
regular, rounded, with distinct prominent lines
or ridges, flesh adheres slightly to it; stem,
ie moderately stout, varying in length. Season.
last of June and first of July.
thas
} Hiyiiilll,
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——S
ra i)
Hii
——S
—
—_SS=S==>=>
SSS SS= —
= — =|
SSS
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—
KirtLann’s Mammortn,
Raised by Prof. Kirtland from a pit of the
Yellow Spanish, grown on a tree remote from
other varieties. Its name is given from the ex-
treme large size of the fruit, being one-eighth
greater than any other variety. ‘The tree is of
strong, vigorous growth, with very large leaves
and large flowers. It is, however, only moder-
ately productive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam.
Fruit, of the very largest size, often three
and a half inches in circumference, obtuse, heart
shape ; color, light clear yellow, partially over-
spread, and marbled with rich red; flesh, with
distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed,
almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a very
fine high flavor; prt, roundish oval, regular,
surface indented ; stem, generally short, moder-
ately stout. Season, last of June.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. - 499
Late BigaRREAUD.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a
gravelly soil. ‘Tree, vigorous, shoots stout,
not rampant, forms a round regular head;
flowers, open, abundant, very productive.
Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, occasion-
ally a little angular and with a deep broad in-
denture at the apex; color, a rich yellow
ground, with a bright red cheek, frequently
the red covers nearly the whole surface—
occasionaily it is blotched or mottled; suture,
shallow, half round, marked with a line on op-
posite side; flesh, with distinct radiating lines,
yellowish, nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and of
agreeable flavor; pit, small, round, regular;
stalk, one-and-a-half inch long, inserted in a
broad open depression. Season, 4th to 12th
July.
ull
A
eo
Larce Harr Swapep.
Bigarreat Gaubalis, | Monstreuse de Mezel,
Black Bigarreau of Savey, i New Large Black Bigarreau,
Bigarreau gros Couret, | Bigarreau gros Monstreux,
Bigarreau de Lyon, | Gros Couret,
Guigne Noire luisante, Large Heart Shaped Bigarreau,
Great Bigarreau ? | Ward’s Bigarreau.
This variety, originally from France, we have received from
different sources, and fruited the past two ; a
years under most of the synonymes given. au
We are also under the impression that the
“Great Bigarreau,” noticed by Mr. Downing
in the Horticulturist for 1851, will yet prove
identical; but we cannot yet speak confidently.
The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with
large foliage. Its productive habit, fine flesh,
and large size of fruit, render it very desirable
as a market variety; while its want of deli-
cacy and flavor unfit it for grounds of those
who grow only for private use.
fruit, very large, roundish, heart shape, (|
occasionally obtuse, dark shining red, becom- ih
ing, when fully ripe, dark purplish black; sur- HH
face, very uneven ; flesh, reddish purple, coarse
tissue, with a distinct dark line one side next
the pit, not very juicy and lacking in high fia.
vor; pit, large, oval; stem, varying, inserted
in a shallow depression. Season, 4th to 10th July.
cS)
Hid Uy
00
SR AAA
ie \
ll
1 ul f
Wy
Wf
ys
Y |
THE CHERRY.
Logan.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil a
gravelly loam. Tree, hardy, healthy grower,
somewhat spreading, moderately productive ;
flowers, large, opening late, little liable to in-
jury from frost.
fruit, medium or above, obtuse, sometimes
regular, heart shape, with a shallow indenture
at apex; color, purplish black, when ripe ;
jiesh, liver color, radiating lines almost white,
nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor ; pit,
above medium, oval; stem, varying in length
ae deep cavity. Season, middle to last of
une.
OscEOLa.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil
gravelly. Tree, round, spreading regular form,
hardy, healthy grower ; flowers, medium, open-
ing rather late and in suecession ; a good, not
excessive bearer.
Fruit, medium to large, regular, heart shape,
with a deep, broad suture, half round ; color,
dark purplish red, inclining to black; jirsh,
liver color, fine tissue, so much so that the
radiating lines are almost obliterated, juicy,
rich and sweet; pzt, medium or small, ovate,
rounded ; stem, moderately stout in a deep,
regular cavity. Season, last of June and early
July. One of the best for all collections.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 201
Ponrtac.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil
gravelly. Tree, upright, rounded form,
slightly spreading, vigorous, healthy habit ;
flowers, above medium size, opening in suc-
cession; regularly productive.
Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, sides
compressed; color, dark purplish red; ap-
proaching to black when fully ripe; flesh,
purplish red, radiating lines irregular, half
tender, juicy, sweet and agreeable; put,
medium, smooth, parts freely from the
flesh; stem, varying from long to short, in-
serted in a broad, open cavity. Season,
last of June.
|
Ml lis | it
Oe
ty :
i ti
: ee we
HK
PowWHATTAN.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil gravelly. Tree, vigorous,
healthy, round headed, productive.
Fruit, medium, size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed
on sides, surface irregular; color, liver like, highly polished ; suture,
half round ; flesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure,
half tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor; pzt, small,
round, elongated; stem, medium. Season, late ; 8th to 15th July.
For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best; the
fruit ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size.
Rockport.
Rockport Bigarreau.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; gravellyloam. ‘Tree, strong,
vigorous grower, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the
Black Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is one of the
first, of Prof. Kirtland’s seedlings, that was described, and feeling
interested in its success, in various parts of the States we distributed
*
/
202 THE CHERRY.
it pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts.
It has now been fruited extensively, and we
feel confident, while recommending this, that
other varieties of the same origin will be
equally successful. The tree wants good cul-
ture, and its period of maturity is materially
altered both by soil and culture, while its char-
acter appears unchanged. Valuable, either
for private or market gardens.
fruit, large, round, obtuse heart shape,
surface generally slightly uneven, and always
with a knobby or swollen projection on one
side; color, clear brilliant deep red, shaded
cn eM and mottled on a pale amber yellow, with
| ilu dy occasionalcarmine spots; flesh, yellowish white,
‘ijut| Yadiatimg lines irregular, a yellow tinge around
the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, delicious
i
call |
Ai a
i
flavor ; pit, oval, regular and without ridges ;
stem, usually of medium length—one, to one-
and-a-half inches. Season, 20th to last of June.
Rep JACKET.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The
origina] tree has always stood in ground uncul-
tivated ; yet its fruit, from lateness of ripening,
size and quality, renders it most desirable, and
especially for market culture, as it is very pro
ductive. The tree forms a head similar to the
Black Mazard, not quite as erect.
Fruit, large, regular, long obtuse heart
shape; color, fine, clear, light red, when grown
in the sun, but of an amber color, overspread
with pale red, and often a yellow russet patch,
when grown in the shade ; flesh, with radiating
lines distinct, half tender, juicy, of good, not
high flavor ; gathered before ripe, it is a little
bitter ; pet, medium; stem, rather long and
slender, set in an open, moderately deep basin.
Season, middle of July.
SHANNON.
This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1829; first de-
scribed in 1849. Named in respect to Wilson - Shannon, “once gov-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 203
ernor of Ohio. “The tree is very hardy, having been tested in many
locations.
Fruit, slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction
with stem, dark purplish red, when ripe; flesh, tender, reddish pur-
ple, juicy, acid ; pit, small; stem, long, slender, inserted in an open
cavity. Season, middle of July.
TECUMSEH.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a soil of gravelly loam.
The tree is moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its
blossoms late in the season.
Fruit. medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a
broad, shallow suture; coler, when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or
dark liver color, mottled somewhat with red; flesh, reddish purple,
irregular, distinct radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but
not high flavor ; pet, medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongated ;
stem, varying, set in an open, rather deep cavity. Season, middle to
20th July. Very valuable for a late market variety.
CLASS IL—-Newand Untested—suited to Certain Localities, or Hxten-
sive Grounds of Amateur Ponrologists.
Arch Duk.
Grictte de Pertugal, | Late Arch Duke,
Pertugal Duke, i Late Duke.
An English variety, first described by Lindley, since figured and de-
scribed in Hovey’s Magazine, from which we extract. The May Duke,
or Late Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is amore
vigorous grower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape.
Fruit, large, heart shape, compressed ; dark shining red; flesh, light red,
slightly adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ; stem, long, slender. Sea-
son, early in July.
AMERICAN Hrarr.
Probably a native of this country; its origin is, however, uncertain.
Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, medium, heart shaped, four sides com-
pressed; pale yellow and red; flesh. yellowish, watery toward the pit,
juicy, sweet, second flavor ; pit, medium; stem, long, moderately slender.
Season, early in June.
Apam’s Crown.
English ; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round, heart
204 THE CHERRY
shape; pale red; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Season, middle of
June.
ANNE.
We have had this variety growing for two years, but have not fruited
it. Chas. Dowing, Hsq., writes us that it originated at Lexington, Ky.,
ripens early, is very productive, and of excellent flavor. The tree is of
the Sweet Cherry class.
Burr’s SEEDLING.
Originated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape; clear bright red on pale yel-
low ; half tender, juicy, sweet; stem, slender. Season, middle to last of
June.
D’ Esperin.
Bigarreau D’Esperin.
New, from Belgium. Hovey says, the tree has a compact, spreading
habit, of moderate growth, a good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart
shape, depressed at ends, flattened on sides; suture, all round; color,
clear, soft amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun; flesh,
pale amber, tender, juicy, excellent; pit, medium, oval; stem, long, slen-
der. Season, early in July.
Bette oF ORLEANS.
Belle de Orleans.
New, from France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, promises to
be valuable. Fruit, medium, roundish ; light yellowish white, with clear
pale red covering about one half the surface ; flesh, tender, juicy, and de-
licious. Season, early in June.
Burtner’s YELLOw.
Buttner’s Wach’s-Knorpel Kirsche, | Buttner’s Gelbe Knorpel Kirsche.
From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading; only asa novelty is it de-
sirable. Fruit, medium, regular heart shape, flattened at stem end; pale
lemon yellow, with russet marblings; flesh, whitish yellow, firm, even
tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit; stem, medium length and size,
in an open, round, regular cavity. Season, middle to last July.
Buack EAGur.
English, raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong
grower, unproductive at the West. Fruit, above medium, borne in threes,
obtuse heart shape; deep purple, almost black; flesh, reddish purple, half
tender, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Season, early in July.
Burttner’s Brack Heart.
Buttner’s Herz Kirsche, | Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche.
From Germany. As a late variety, firm fleshed, for market this pro-
mises well, Fruit, large, heart shape purplish black when fully ripe;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 205
flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, good, not high flavor. cason, middle to
last of July. Tree, productive, a vigorous grower.
Downine’s Rep CHEEK.
Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N.Y. Tree, vigorous, half
spreading. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape ; yellowish white,
with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one half the fruit; flesh,
yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet; pit, medium; stem, set in an
even hollow of moderate depth. Season, middle to last June.
“CHAMPAGNE,
Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. This variety is highly
commended by the late A. J. Downing, but we have been unable to fruit
it sufficiently to place it among those of general cultivation. For large
orchards, we think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to com-
mand price in market. ‘ree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish heart shape, slightly angular ; color, shades of lively red;
flesh, amber color, juicy, sprightly, rich flavor ; stem, moderate length, in
a shallow cavity. Season, middle of June, but hangs well into July.
CUMBERLAND. :
Triomphe,of Cumberland, Brenneman’s May,
Monstrous May, Steret’s May,
Cumberland Seediing.
This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co., Pa. Having fruited
it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the
other identical with Tradescant’s Black, we have some doubts as to its being
a seedling or new variety. In the ad-interim report of the Pennsylvania
Hort. Society, it is thus described: Large, obtuse heart-shaped, some-
times roundish, compressed at the sides; deep crimson, almost purple
when fully ripe; suture, indistinct; stem, rather long, slender, inserted
in a broad, open cavity; apex, slightly depressed; stone, roundish
oval, compressed ; flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent to the stone;
flavor, fine ; quality, ‘best ;” period of maturity about the middle of June.
Cuina BiGARREAU.
Chinese Heart.
Raised by William Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading.
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape; bright amber yellow, becoming
mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy and rich, but, unless per-
fectly ripe, slightly bitter; stem, long and slender; very productive.
CARNATION,
Wax Cherry, Cerise Nouvelle d’Angleterre,
Crown, Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale,
Cerise de Portugal, Griottier Rouge Pale,
Griotte de Villennes.
A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely
disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit,
above medium; yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red
206 HE CHERRY.
slightly marbled; flesh, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than
most of this class; stem, stout. Season, middle to last of July, but will
ie along time. Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a profuse
earer. y
CARMINE STRIPE.
Raised by Prof: Kirtland. — Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading; very
productive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides,
often an uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of car-
mine; color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright lively car-
mine ; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly and agreeable; pit, small ; stem,
varies. Season, last of June.
CAROLINE,
Raised by Prof: Kirtland. Tree, much resembles
Belle de Choisy; in growth healthy, hardy, vigor-
ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable
as a dessert Cherry.
‘ Fruit, above medium, round oblong; one side
compressed slightly; color, pale amber, mottled
with clear light red, and when fully exposed to the
sun becomes rich red; flesh, slightly tinged with
pale red or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy,
sweet, and delicate; pit, medium, oblong oval.
Season last of June.
ConESTOGA.
This variety originated in Conestoga Township,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, very large,
cbtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the apex;
dark purple; stem, from an inch and three-quarters
to two and a quarter long, slender, inserted in an
open cavity; flesh, purplish, firm; flavor, sugary,
and very pleasant, quality “best.” (W. D. B.)
HiUsill
ds
! nar
ti
CHRISTIANA.
Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. ¥., and resembling, in charac-
ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having fruited it, we only note
from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of a
bright lively red color, and sprightly sub-acid flavor.
Donna Marta.
A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of
medium size; dark red; tender, juicy, rich acid; valuable for cooking.
Season, middle July.
——_
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 207
Ducuess or Paiva.
A variety introduced from France by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston,
and fruited first time in this country, this year, 1853.
Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped; purplish black; juicy, half tender,
sweet; stone, small, oblong ovate. Season, 15th to 20th June. Promises to
be a productive valuable variety. (Hov. Mag.)
Downton.
English: raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head ;
moderately productive.
Fruit, medium, globular flattened; bright red on yellow; flesh, yel-
lowish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor; pit, medium; stem,
set in a deep cavity. Season, early in July or late of June.
ELizABETH.
Raised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, O., in 1823. Original
soil, clay. ‘Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded; very prolific.
Fruit, medium to large, heart-shape, flattened on sides; color, rich
dark red, when fully ripe; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half
tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit, ovate rounded; stem, medium; set
in a regular basin. Season, middle to last of June.
F'avorire.
Eliiott’s Favorite.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; gravelly soil.
Tree, vigorous, half spreading, productive.
Fruit, medium, round regular, slightly compressed ;
color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red
cheek, mottled and marbled; flesh, pale amber, trans-
lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet; pit, small; stem,
medium, inserted in an even basin, Season, last of
June. This variety requires high cultivation, other-
wise the fruit is small, and the flavor only good.
Enaiiso AMBER.
This is undoubtedly an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to
identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous strong
growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive.
208 THE CHERRY.
Fruit, medium size, roundish heart-shape, very regular, borne in threes ;
color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled wit pale red; flesh, whitish
yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet; pit, medium; stem,
long. Season, middle to last of June.
FLORENCE.
Knevett’s Late Bigarreau.
From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spread-
ing, unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows
old. Fruit, large, roundish heart-shape, flattened at base; pale amber,
mottled or mostly covered with bright red; flesh, amber color, firm, rich,
sweet, fine flavor; pit, small, roundish oval; stem, inserted in a broad ba-
sin. Season, middle July.
Guiene Nore Luisants,
Black Spanish,
Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class.
Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular
moderate bearer. In 1823, it was cultivated in New Jersey, as Black
Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size,
heart-shape, globular; glossy blackish red; flesh, reddish purple, tender,
Jmiey, rich acid; pit, round; stem, medium. Season, middle to last
uly.
GRAFFION. a
Bigarreau,
Yellow Spanish,
Fellow’s Seedling,
White Bigarreau? Figarreau Tardif,
Amber or Imperial, Groote Princess,
Turkey Bigarreau ? Hollandische Grosse,
Bigarreau Royal, Prinzessin Kirsche,
Corise Ambrée.
| Italian Heart,
Bigarreau Gros?
| West’s White Heart,
The Graffion, or Yellow Spanish as it is generally known throughout
the states, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency
to decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The
tree is of strong spreading, healthy habit, and productive.
Fruit, large, regular obtuse heart-shape; whitish yellow, mottled and
mostly overspread in the sun, with bright red; flesh, yellowish, firm,
juicy, rich, sweet, delicious; pit, small, round ovate; stem, stout, in an
open basin. Season, early July.
Houwanp.
Bigarreau d’Hollande,
Armstrong’s Bigarreau,
Spotted Bigarreau,
| Turkey Bigarreau ?
Holland Bigarreau.
Mr. Downing, in his work on Fruits, says this variety was first import-
ed to this country from France. In the Jardin Fruitier it is stated to
have been originally received from Holland. Mr. Thompson of the Lon-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 209
don Horticultural Society makes it synonymous with Graffion. We have
received trees from different sources, and as they all in fruiting prove to be
the Napoleon, we are unable to decide, and therefore copy Mr. Downing’s
description. Fruit, large, heart shape, rather pointed; white or pale yellow
in shade, mottled or spotted on the sunny side with bright carmine red ;
stem, rather slender, set in a deep hollow ; fruit, borne in thick clusters ; flesh
firm. but not so much so as that of Graffion, more juicy, sweet and excel-
lent. Season, 20th June. :
Hoap.ey.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our-
self, in compliment to one of our best pomologists,
Geo. Hoadley, Esq., of Cleveland. Tee, of healthy,
vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head.
Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape ;
light clear carmine red, mottled and striped on pale
yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet
bronzed yellow; flesh, yellowish, tender, almost
translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious; pit,
medium, roundish oval; stem, medium, set ina
shallow basin. Season, 20th to last June. This
promises to become one of the most valuable as a
dessert cherry, not quite .as sweet as Coe’s Trans-
parent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit
of less size.
Hovey.
Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vigorous, forming a pyram-
idal head. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, depressed point at apex;
rich amber color, mottled or nearly covered with brilliant red; stem,
short; flesh, pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to
stone; stone, small, oval. 15th to last July. (Hov. Mag.)
IMPERIAL.
Imperial Morello.
A variety of Morello, forming a small, low-headed tree; very produc-
tive. Fruit, rather above medium size, roundish heart shape, elongated,
sides compressed ; dark purplish red when fully ripe; flesh, tender, Juicy,
rich acid; if gathered unripe, quite bitter; pit, small, long, pointed. Sea-
son, very late, last of July to middle of August.
210 THE CHERRY.
A
Larece Morsgtto.
Kirtland’s Large Morello.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, but as yet not all tested.
Fruit, above medium, roundish; dark red, juicy, rich acid, good flavor ;
pit, small. Season, early July.
Kwyieut’s Earty Buackx.
English. Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered
situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class in
size, it is well suited to small gardens; moderately productive. Fruit,
medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suture half
round, with a knobby projection opposite; purplish red, becoming nearly
black ; flesh, parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, medi-
um; stem, inserted in a deep, open basin. Season, last of June.
KENNICOTT.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, and named by ourself,
after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the
West, J. A. Kennicott, M.D., of Northfield, Ill.
Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, very productive.
Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture,
shallow, half round ; color, amber yellow, mottled
and much overspread with rich bright clear glossy
red; flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and
sweet; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu-
lar; stem, short in cavity, with bold surrounding
projections. Season, 8th to 16 July. As a market
fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of this
variety will make it popular when known.
il ites Lary
KEOKUK.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, forming a
large tree. Fruit, large, heart shape; dark purplish black; flesh, halt
tender, purple, rather coarse, deficient in flavor; its chief value, a market
variety ; pit, medium; stem, stout. Season, early in July.
- MERVEILLE DE SEPTEMBER,
Tardive de Mons.
The Marvel of September is a new French cherry, marvelous only
because it ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigor-
ous. Fruit, small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 211
Mary.
Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and noted in the Horti-
culturist as similar to Christiana.
Mannine’s Morrizp,
Mottled Bigarreau.
Raised by Mr. Manning, Salem, Mass. Tree, vigorous, spreading, very
productive. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape; suture, half round, dis-
tinct line opposite; amber color, mottled and overspread with red ; flesh,
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet, deficient in flavor; pit, large,
oval, lays in a hollow separated on all sides but one from the flesh;
stem, in a broad hollow. Season, last of June.
Maptison.
Madison Bigarreau.
Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree, healthy, moderate grower, tolerably
productive. Fruit, medium; color, red, marbled on light yellow; flesh,
half tender, juicy, sprightly very agreeable; pit, small, oval; stem, slender.
Season, last June.
May Dokxez.
Early Duke, Buchanan’s Early Buke,
Large May Duke, | Millett’s Late Heart Duke,
Morris Duke, Royal Hative,
Morris’ Early Duke
| Cerise Guigne,
Benham’s Fine Early Duke, Coularde,
Thompson’s Duke, De Holland,
Portugal Duke, D’Espagne.
From France. ‘Tree, hardy, upright growth. It produces freely, but
ripens so irregularly that we have entirely discarded it: from young trees
one can rarely gather a pint of ripe fruit at any one time. The Holman’s
Duke, Jeffrey’s Duke, Late Duke of most gardens, Royal Duke, and Le-
mercier, a new vaiety from France, are all so similar to May Duke that
one description will suit all. They are only sub-varieties, and the Late
Duke probably obtained by propagating from late ripening branches
of May Duke. Fruit, roundish obtuse heart shape ; red at first, becoming,
when fully ripe, a dark purplish red; flesh, reddish, tender, juicy, sub-acid.
Season, last of May to last of June.
LINDLEY.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland from seeds given him by Mr. M. Lindley, of
Kuclid, O. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape,
surface uneven; dark purplish red; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red,
juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. Season, first of July.
LEATHER STOCKING.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy,
moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often ob-
&
212 THE CHERRY.
tuse ; color, faint dull red, becoming, when fully ripe, rich reddish black ;
flesh, very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor; pit, medium; stem,
in an open, but deep basin. Season, middle to last of July. Asa variety
to transport long distances to market this will prove valuable.
NAPOLEON.
Napoleon Bigarreau, Lauermann’s Kirsche,
Bigarreau Lauermann, Clarke’s Bigarreau.
From Holland. ‘Tree, erect, vigorous grower; productive. The best
sweet cherry for cooking purposes, and, on account of its showy appear-
ance, always sells well in market. It is, however, liable to decay on the
tree before fully ripe. Fruit, large, heart shape, inclining to oblong;
bright delicate yellow, with shades of rich red marbled and spotted over
nearly two-thirds surface; flesh. pale yellow, very firm, moderately juicy,
and, unless perfectly ripe, a little bitter ; pit, medium, oblong; stem, stout,
set in a narrow basin. Season, last of June. —
Onto Bravry.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, and described by us in 1847; shortly
after which, the original tree was destroyed, and since that we have not
seen the fruit. We had, however, previously sent out buds and- grafts
and have often heard of its success. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape;
dark red on pale reg ground, somewhat marbled; flesh, white, tender,
delicate, juicy, with a fine flavor; pit, small, oval; stalk, long, set in a
deep, open basin. Season, middle of June.
ProvpFoor.
Proudfoot’s Seedling.
Raised by.D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, O. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous,
round, spreading head; moderatively productive. This promises to be-
come valuable on account of large size and lateness in ripening, often, even
on warm, sandy soil, (and sheltered in a city garden.) holding its fruit un-
til the 20th July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base; color,
when fully ripe dark purplish red; flesh, yellowish, firm, Juicy, sweet;
pit, large; stem, set in a shallow, open cavity. Season, 15th to last July.
PresrtpEent,
Raised by Prof Kirtland, 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit,
large; dark red slightly mottled; suture, all round, deep, distinct; flesh,
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet; pit, medium; stem, short,
slender. Season, middle to last of June.
RicuHAarDson.
Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point; dark red,
inclining to black; stem, short, slender ; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy
saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps
well on or off the tree. Good grower and bearer, rather upright, hardy
-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 21s
in tree and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, in the garden of J. R.
Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.)
Rozserts’ Rep Hzart.
Raised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy
grower; productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape; pale amber
ground, nearly overspread and mottled with red; suture, distinct; flesh,
white, juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored; pit, medium; stem, long,
slender. Season, last of June.
ELKHORN.
Tradescant’s Black Heart, Bigarreau Gros Noir,
Large Black Bigarreau, Guigne Noir Tardive,
Bigarreau Noir Tardive, Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel.
This is probably an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made
known in this country and distributed under name of Elkhorn, we have
preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society. Trees,
very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of peculiar gray color, producing
fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very highly
cultivated, the fruit diminishes to near the size of the old Black Heart.
Its period of late ripening has heretofore kept it favorably before horti-
culturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better varie-
ties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface; purplish black; flesh,
firm, purple, moderately juicy; pit, large; stem, short. Season, middle
July.
Varw’s Aucust DukE.
Raised by Henry Vail, Troy, N. Y. We have not fruited it, but copy
from the Horticulturist. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate grower. Fruit,
above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape; rich bright red in the
shade, a lively cornelian in the sun; flesh, tender, sub-acid; pit, oval;
stem, thick, when it joins the fruit, set in a deep narrow cavity. Season,
middle to last of August.
WENDELL’s Morten.
Wendell’s Mottled Bigarreau.
Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright
thrifty growth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly
valuable during the few years it hasbeen before the public; as yet it has
not fruited at the West. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape; dark purplish
red; flesh, firm, juicy, well flavored; pit, small; stem, set in a round,
regular basin. Season, first to middle of July.
W ATERLOO.
We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip-
tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Pomo-
logical Congress, Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with
Moustreuse dé Mezel. This we conclude must be error, either in the
214 THE CHERRY.
variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in description given by Mr. Downing,
We copy the latter’s description ; “ Fruit, large; obtuse heart shape;
dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ; stalk, long and slender; flesh,
purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be-
gining of July.”
4
Werpver’s Harty Brack.
Werdersche Fruhe Schwarze Herzkirsche.
This variety is, as yet, comparatively new in this country. It is
somewhat doubtful whether it will ever deserve more than a trial.
Fruit, medium; roundish heart shape; surface, slightly uneven; dark
purplish red, becoming nearly black; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich,
sweet; pit, small; stem, medium. Season, middle of June.
CLASS Ul.—Unworthy farther Culture.
AMERICAN AMBER.
Bloodgood’s Amber, | Bloodgood’s Honey,
Bloodgood’s New Honey.
American ; fruit medium,.roundish heart shape, amber and bright red, flesh
tender, juicy, variable ; pit large, stem long slender. Season, last June.
AmBER GHAN.
Gean Amber.
Fruit small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red, flesh white, juicy, sweet,
often bitter or mazardy, stem long, slender. Season, early July.
BELLE DE SCEAUX.
Chatenay.
A Morello from France; fruit round, deep red, flesh yellowish, juicy, acid.
Season, June.
Brown’s SEEDLING.
American; fruit medium, yellow and red, sweet, half tender, wanting in
flavor.
Bauman’s May.
Bigarreau de Mai, | Wilder’s Bigarreau de Mai.
From France ; fruit small, dark red, oval heart shape, flesh purplish, tender,
sweet. Season, last of May or early iu June.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 215
‘Buack Heart.
Ansell’s Fine Black,
Spanish Black Heart,
Guinier a fruit Noir.
Early Black,
Black Russian,
Guigne Grosse Noir,
An old variety hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by many ;
fruit above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color, flesh almost ten-
der, juicy, sweet. Season, last of June.
Brack Mazarp.
Mazard, Common English,
Wild English Cherry, Black Honey,
Bristol Cherry.
This is the wild species of Europe from which many of our sweet cherries have
sprung. It is now found in nearly every village or cultivated region of the
States, and is valuable mainly for its seed for growing stocks on which to bud.
There are numerous varieties, as all are grown from seed ; some are red, some
black, and some nearly white, all more or less bitter. Fruit small, oval heart
shape, flesh tender, juicy. Season, middle to last July.
Buack BigaRREAU.
Bigarreau Noir.
Fruit middle size, heart shape, nearly black, flesh firm, sweet, dry. Season,
July.
Buirepine Heart.
Gascoigne’s Heart, Red Heart, (
Herefordshire Heart, Guigne Rouge Hative.
Fruit medium, long pointed, heart shape, dark red mottled, flesh half tender,
sweetish. Last of June.
Buttner’s Ocroser.
Buttner’s October Morello, Du Nord Nouvelle,
Du Nord, De Prusse.
A Morello, of medium size, dark red, roundish, of no value except as hang-
ing long on the tree.
BorEATTON.
Small, roundish heart shape, nearly black, flesh half tender, sweet, poor
flavor. Middle July. ;
CERISE DE XAVIER.
A Morello, medium, dark red, round, acid.
Corons.
Couronne, Coroun,
Herefordshire Black, Black Orleans,
Large Wild Black.
Fruit small. roundish heart shape, dull black, flesh tender, mazardy. Middle
July.
216 THE CHERRY.
Coxr’s Late CarNATION.
Fruit medium, roundish, red, acid, only for cooking.
CLUSTER.
Cerise a Boquet, | Chevreuse ,
Boquet Amarelle.
Fruit small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. Last of June.
CuinesE DovusLtE FLOWERING.
Yung To, | Cerasus Serrulata,
Serrulated leaved Cherry.
A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental.
CoRWIN.
A Morello, medium size, roundish, red, flesh tender, acid, pit large. Season,
July.
CLARKE’s SUPERB.
Clarke’s Bigarreau ?
Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, bright red with a dark maroon colored
stripe half round, flesh whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter.
Season, early July.
De Spa.
A Morello, medium size, dark red, acid.
Dwarr Dovusie Fiowerine.
Double Flowering Kentish, ] Cerisier a fleurs doubles.
A variety of the Kentish or sour cherry with semi-double flowers ; a pretty
ornamental shrub tree.
DAVENPORT.
Davenport’s Early, | Davenport’s Early Black.
Tree tender, fruit medium, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh tender,
juicy, sweet. Season, last cf June.
Waurtre Heart.
Early White Heart, | Arden’s Early White Heart,
Arden’s heart, Dredge’s Early White Heart,
White Transparent, | Amber Heart,
Bowyer’s Karly Heat, H Herefordshire White,
River’s Early Amber, | Sweedish,
Sweedish Red Heart.
An old variety and generally known throughout the States. It is a variable
and uncertain bearer, and does not ripen sufiiciently early to compete with
many new vareties. Fruit medium, or a little below, heart shape, whitish yel-
low, often nearly covered with pale red, flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Season,
middle June. The Early Red and Yellow of Manning is very similar.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 217
Farry May..
Cerise Indulle, May Cherry,
Small May, Précoce.
A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red, flesh
tender, juicy, acid.
FLEMIsH.
Montmorency, Kentish,
Cerise a Courte Queue, Montmorency a Gros Fruit,
Gros Gobet.
Fruit large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red, flesh yellowish
white, juicy, sub-acid, stem stout, short, fruit borne in pairs. Last of July.
GRIDLEY.
Apple Cherry, | Maccarty.
American ; fruit small, roundish, color almost black, flesh firm, purplish,
moderately juicy. Season, early July.
Honey.
Sparhawk, Cream,
Large Honey, Yellow Honey,
Late Honey, Meresier a fruit blanc,
Sparahawk’s Honey.
Little better than a mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red, flesh ten-
der, sweet. Middle July. Pit large. Sumner’s Honey of Cole is very similar
and probably identical with this.
Hype’s Rep Heart.
Hyde’s Seedling.
Fruit medium, heart shape, red on yellow, flesh whitish, sweet mazardy.
Early July.
Hynpn’s Late Buack
Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black, flesh half tender,
juicy, sweet. Early July.
KENTISH.
Late Kentish, Common Red,
Pie Cherry, Common Sour Cherry,
Kentish Red.
This is probably a seedling of this country, which is found every where that
man has cleared the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had
been among the household goods brought by first settlers, and that wherever
planted it has grown, and by suckers, increased ‘ seventy fold.” It is hardy
and fruits abundantly, and many think it indispensable, but not after having
grown and fruited the Early Richmond. Fruit medium size, round, lively red.
tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July.
10
- ~
218 THE CHERRY.
¢ Kwyicut’s Late Bracx.
Medium to large, roundish heart shape, flesh half tender, sweet, dry. Season,
middle July.
Lapy SouTHAMPToN’s YELLOW.
Lady Southampton’s Duke, | Lady Southampton’s Golden Drop,
Yellow or Golden, Spanish or Yellow.
Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh firm, dry. Middle July. °
Larae Dovusie FLOWERING.
A beautiful ornamental tree, with large showy double white flowers, like little
roses, without fruit and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation on
account of fruit. As an ornamental tree, it is beautiful when in flower
Lunpiz GEAN.
Fruit medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black, flesh tender, juicy,
sub-acid harsh. July.
Louis Pari.
Morello from France ; fruit medium, roundish, dark red, flesh red, juicy,
tender, acid. Middle July.
Mannine’s Latz Brack.
Manning’s Late Black Heart.
_ Fruit medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh purple, half tender,
sweet, pit large. Season, early July.
Mawnnine’s Earty Buacx.
Fruit medium, heart shape, purplish black, fiesh tender, sweet, good. Middle
June.
MoRELLO.
English Morello, Large Morello,
Dutch Morello, Late Morello
Ronald’s Large Morello. ,
The true English Morello is rare in this country, nor do we see any reason
for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello equaling,
if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most writers. In
growth, it varies from our common Morello only in the branches being more
strong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. Fruit medium or
above, round, dark red or purplish black, flesh purplish red, tender, juicy, sub-
acid. Season, middle to last July.
Ox Heart.
Lion’s Heart, | Bullock’s Heart,
Very Large Heart.
Fruit above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black,
flesh red, half tender, sweet. Season, early July.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 219
OstTHEIM.
Ostheimer Weichsel.
A Morello, fruit below medium, ronnd, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July.
Prince’s Duke.
Like carnation, but poor bearer.
Piumstonse MoreEt1o,
Fruit large, roundish, deep red, flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. Last of
July. Its very large pit rendersit unworthy, as compared with Shannon.
Pink Heart.
A small mazard, of pinkish red, oval, stem short. July.
Rep BigARREAU.
Large Red Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge,
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge.
Fruit very large, oblong heart shape, irregular, color yellow or red, becoming
dark red in sun, flesh yellowish stained with red, firm, sweet. Early July.
Poor bearer.
REMINGTON
Remington White Heart, | Remington Heart.
Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh dry, bitter, sweet. Middle of August.
Rumsty’s Lara More no.
This variety matures its fruit late, but we have been unable to find qnalities
in it worthy of extensive or even moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and
the tree a miserable grower. Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, lively red,
juicy, acid. August.
Topacco LsaAven.
Four to the Pound.
Fruit small, round, red, firm dry flesh, large pit.
TRANSPARENT GUIGNE.
Transparent Gean, | Transparent,
Fruit small, oval heart shape, yellowish white shaded with red, flesh trang-
lucent, tender, melting sweet, a little bitter. Early July.
Sweet MonTMorency.
Allen’s Sweet Montmorency.
Fruit medium or small, round, amber and light red, mottled, flesh yellowish,
tender, sweet. Middle to last J aly.
220 THE CHERRY.
Virginian Witp CHERRY.
This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for fla-
voring liquors, but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well
known to need description, being the Cerasus Serotina of Torrey and Grey,
while the Choke Cherry, as it is commonly known, is the Cerasus Virginiana.
ViraintA May Duke.
A variety of mazard.
Waite TARTARIAN.
Fraser’s White Tartarian, | — Fraser’s White Transparent,
Amber a petit fruit.
Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color, flesh whitish yellow,
half tender, sweet.
Wuitt BIGARREAU.
White Ox Heart, Large White Bigarreau,
Ox Heart. Harrison Heart,
Turkey Bigarreau.
Fruit large, heart shaped, yellowish with red in the sun, flesh almost firm,
‘sweet, delicious, poor bearer. Last of June.
S WEEPING, OR ALL SAINTS.
Ever Flowering Cherry, Cerise Tardive,
Cerisier Pleurant, Cerise de St. Martin.
Fruit of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes
it very desirable.
Warren's TRANSPARENT.
Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle
July. (Cole.’
WILKINSON.
Fruit medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July.
WELLINGTON.
Fruit medium size, obtuse heart shape, black, almost firm fleshed, dry, sweet.
Early July.
THE CURRANT
Ribes rubrum, Lin. Grossularie of Botanists.
The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The
native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro-
ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has
found its way into every garden, and is the first fruit shrub planted
by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits,
ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no
doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of
the Kentish Cherry.
The Cherry Currant, a variety of comparative new introduction,
by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex-
pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the
Dutch horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from
seed, and improving the currant; and not until the latter period of”
the life time of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticul-
turists give it any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new
kinds, varying, however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to
be hardly worth retaining as distinct varieties.
Propagation.— W here intention is to produce new and improved
varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce
but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed.
When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds
clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early
in following spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and
covered about half an inch deep; or, they may be at once sown in
a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and, on approach of
winter, have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mould scattered
among the plants.
Lhe continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in
similar manner, and at same time as directed under head of Goose-
berries.
Transplanting.—This is best done in October, or early in spring;
but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as
the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur.
‘The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each
way.
Soul and Situation—The currant will grow in almost any soil,
producing fruit abundantly, but it is only when grown in rich, deep
soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charac-
(221)
929 _ THE CURRANT.
ters. We have grown the Cherry Currant in a poor, gravelly soil,
and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same:
the first, being only of medium size and indifferent character ; while
in the second, they were large, as described, and possessing the
sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be
free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to
give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit
will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants
so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July
to September.
Galinve, lhe soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard
manure every fall; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and,
during the fruit season, the ground should be kept clean of weeds.
Pruning.—This should be pursued much as is described under
head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of
them, should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old
should be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the
root are not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees,
it will be necessary to furnish plants every four or five years; and
as the best and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding
year’s growth, it is always best to retain as much of that as possible,
compatible with form and habit of the plant; which should present,
when fairly grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyram-
idal shape, three to five feet high, and about two to three in di-
ameter.
The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa-
liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations; produc-
ing freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well
supplied with food.
Insects.—The Currant Borer (_dgeria tipulsformis) is the only de-
structive insect which attacks the currant, and this is seldom met
with in the West, or in gardens where the three years’ old wood is
regularly cut away, thereby giving vigor to the remainder of the
plant. This insect is produced from a blue black moth, appearing
about the middle of June, and depositing its eggs near the lower
buds; these hatch, and the young borer enters the stem to the pith,
which it devours. The best remedy is to cut off and burn all
branches affected.
The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to destroy the foliage of the Cur-
rant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We have
not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the N. Y.
State Ag. Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 469, by Asa Fitch, M.D.
Uses.—Familiar to every one are the uses of the currant; green
it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in winter, by gather-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 923
ing when of full size, or just before they commence turning red;
have thera dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and
pack in sand in a cool cellar.
Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by
many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes.
Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit,
numerous receipes for which are in all the Horticultural journals.
The fruit of the black currant made into a jelly is regarded by
many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, &e.
Varieties.—Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of
cultivation. The Ribes rubrum or common red currant, is distinct
in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black Currant. The
Ribes awreum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul-
tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with
prefix “ large fruited” any more deserving attention of fruit-growers.
The Ribes sanguineum, with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a
pretty ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds.
The Ribes floridwm, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities
and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce
new varieties.
CLASS [—Worthy General Culture.
Brack Napties.
The largest fruited and most productive of the Black Currant.
Hardy in all sections of the States; but in the Southern said not
to be productive.
GONDOUIN.
Gondouin Red.
From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be fur-
ther tested, but not largely planted.
Kwicur’s Swrer Rep.
Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply eol-
ored and slightly less acid; resembling more the White Dutch.
224 THE CURRANT.
Rep Dorcs.
Long Bunched Red Dutch, Large Red Dutch,
New Red Dutch, Red Grape,
Morgan’s Red.
Distinct from the variety usually grown in most old gardens, in
the fruit being somewhat larger, clusters longer, and acid less sharp.
VICTORIA.
May’s Victoria, Goliath,
Raby Castle, Houghton Castle.
Bunches very long, fruit red, somewhat larger than Red Dutch,
and slightly more acid, ripens later and hangs a long time. Plants
vigorous, of a spreading habit. Its very large long bunches make
it the most desirable of all currants for market culture.
Wurtz Dutcnr.
New White Dutch, Reeve’s White,
White Crystal, Morgan’s White,
White Leghorn, Large White.
Differing from the Red Dutch in being of a yellowish white, and
less acid, therefore preferred for table use.
Wuire Prart.
A new variety we have not seen. Hovey says it is announced as
having bunches four inches long, quarter inch in diameter, color of
pearl; raised near Brussels.
Wutre GRaps.
River’s White Grape.
Slightly larger in fruit than the White Dutch, with branches
more spreading. The two are not sufficiently distinct to be desirable
in small gardens.
PALNAuv.
Fertile Currant of Palnau.
This was described in the Horticulturist, 1852, as a new variety
from Tours, in France, and of great excellence, flowering early, and
producing abundance of fruit less acid than others of the reds. It
requires yet to be tested in this country.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 225
CLASS II.—Unworthy farther Culture.
American Buack.
Unproductive.
Brack ENneisH
Common Black.
Bunches short, poor flavor, unproductive.
Biack GRAPE.
Ogden’s Black Grape.
Better than the preceding, but not equal to Black Naples.
Common Rep—Common Wuitr.
Well known old sorts.
CHAMPAGNE.
Pale red, very acid.
‘ CHERRY.
Italy ; comparatively new, very acid, poor bearer, and only of medium size,
except with very high culture.
Missouri.
Missouri Fragrant, | Jefferson.
Valuable only as ornamental; fruit large, bluish black, flavor requiring a
peculiar taste to admire it.
Missourt Laree FRrourrep.
Missouri Eatable.
Similar to the foregoing.
. Kyiegut’s Earty Rep.
Claimed to ripen ten days earlier than others, but does not sustain it.
Kyieut’s Lance Rep.
Hardly to be distinguished from Red Dutch.
StrirpeD FRUITED.
Valuable only as a curiosity, in the fruit being striped slightly with whit
and red.
10*
THE GOOSEBERRY.
Ribes Grossularta—Grossulacee of Botanists.
The Gooseberry is found wild in most of the northern and middle
portions of our country, but, with few exceptions, its fruit is prickly
and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where
the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun-
dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free
of prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all
been introduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed
having been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price
at which the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost
certainty of success of importations made in the autumn.
The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en-
thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed
there as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens,
has been the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry
Shows were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been
customary to issue annually a GoosEBERRY Book, in which all new
varieties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts
of size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds;
yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and
with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds.
Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections
bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed
well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western praries
suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec-
tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew to the destruc-
tion of perfect fruit. Kasily grown from seed, it is worth the atten-
tion of some one to make experiments by raising from seed of our
best varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West; the result of
which, it might safely be expected, would bg, plants, vigorous, and
comparatively free from disease as our natives.
Propagation.—Seed should be sown in rich loam, covered half an
inch deep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is
only advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The
most general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be
made of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in
September, or as soon as the season’s growth is completed and the
wood ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with
(226)
TRANSPLANTING. SOIL, AND SITUATION. oF
all buds on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower end cut
square and even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpen-
dicularly in a.scil two feet deep, composed of loam and sand, and
exposed only to the morning sun; set the cuttings six inches deep,
fill up two inches and tread very firm and compact, the remaining
four inches fill in loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow Flow-
ering, or Missouri Currant, has been practiced and is said to prevent
mildew.
Transplanting.—This is best done in early October, at which time
the bushes transplanted (if it has not previously been done) should
be pruned back to within three buds of this year’s growth. The
distance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three
feet, each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole
ground with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or
new mown grass. [Fresh plantations should be made every five or
six years, as young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones
Soil and Sitwation.—The soil should be two feet deep, well en-
riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy,
haul on clay or turf loam. ‘The situation should be open, airy, and
away from under shade of trees; but, where it can be dene, shaded
from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge.
Culiure.—W here mulching is practised, the ground dug up once
early in spring, and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and
soot from chimneys or stove pipes, will be all required, save the
pulling of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course
Gf summer, . |
Pruning.—This, in training the Gooseberry like the Dwarf Pear,
consists much in the “ pinching in” process, ¢. e., by meansof thumb
and finger stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches
as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for suc-
cess of balance of plant; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and
pulling most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early Sep-
tember, the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such
shoots cut out as have been neglected to be stepped in, or rubbed
off, and are tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free cir.
culation of air. All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators
prune in February ; we prefer the full. The following simple pro-
cess of training or ripening is sometimes pursued, and. with good
success :—In a row, the first bush has the branches of the year’s
growth cut back one-third; the second bush has every branch cut
back to two, close to the stem: the third, trimmed same as first ;
fourth, same as second, and so on alternately. The next year this
228 | THE GOOSEBERRY.
course is reversed, and No. one takes place of No. two. This sup-
plies fresh wood, and some think the increased vigor given to the
plant in only fruiting every other year has a tendency to prevent
mildew.
Mildew.—This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, at-
taching itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appear-
ance of scurf. It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmos-
phere and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the
plant. The remedies are, mulching the ground three or four inches
deep, with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to keep
the roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt
is, by some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in
creating moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in spring, and
after the fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap suds or such as
come from the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive.
Uses.—In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies,
tarts, &c., and is often bottled for winter use. This is done by fill-
ing the bottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft
water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water, cork-
ing and sealing, and burying them in acool cellar with necks downward.
Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice, which after,
fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re-
sembling champagne.
The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and, coming immediately
after cherries when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market,
Varieties.-—As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry
are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them va-
rying only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf, We
have therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well
tested in this country.
Bricgut Venus. (Taylor’s.)
Branches erect; fruit whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy,
flavor best, hangs a long time.
Bunxer Hitt. (Capper’s.)
Branches spreading; fruit yellow, large, roundish, smooth, flavor
very good.
CHAMPAGNE. :
Branches erect; fruit red, small, roundish oblong, Ray 7
good; extremely productive,
THE GOOSEBERRY. 229
‘Crown Bop. (Melling’s.)
Branches spreading; fruit red, very large, oblong, hairy, flavor
best.
Harty SuLpyour.
Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy, flavor
best ; ripens very early,
Ducxwine. (Buerdsill’s.)
Branches erect; fruit yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very
good; ripens late.
Green WaLnot.
Branches spreading ; fruit green, medium size, obovate, smooth,
flavor best.
Green Gace. (Pitmaston’s.)
Branches erect; fruit green, small, obovate, smooth, flavor best;
hangs late,
Hoveuton’s SeEDLine.
Branches erect, spreading, slender; fruit pale red, oval, medium
size, flavor good, productive. This is claimed an American seedling,
and thus far has proved entirely free of mildew.
Heart or Oax. (Massey’s.) .
Branches drooping; fruit green, very large, oblong, smooth, fla-
vor best.
TRONMONGER.
Branches spreading; fruit red, small, roundish, hairy, flavor very
good, productive.
Jotty Aneier. (Collier’s)
Branches erect; fruit green, large, oblong, flavor best.
KEEN’S SEEDLING
Branches drooping ; fruit red, medium, oblong, hairy, flavor best ;
early and productive.
Lavret. (Parxinson’s.)
Branches erect; fruit green, large, obovate, flavor best.
230 THE GOOSEBERRY.
-Patse Rep.
Branches erect, slender; fruit pale red, medium, oval, flavor very
good, very productive. We received this variety from England, in
1847, and have fruited it yearly since. It so closely resembles
Houghton’s Seedling that we have somewhat doubted the latter being
distinct. We have grown it in good and in poor soil, with and with-
out cultivation, and have never had it mildew; while for productive-
ness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two
hundred fruit.
Roarine Lion.
Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, oblong, smooth, flavor best ;
hangs late.
Rep W ARRINGTON.
Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, roundish oblong, hairy, flavor
best,
SHEBA QUEEN. (Crompton’s.)
Branches erect; fruit white, large, obovate, downy, flavor best.
Wuitrsmitu. (Woodward’s. )
Branches erect ; fruit white, large, roundish oblong, downy, flavor
best.
ft Wuite Honey.
Branches erect; fruit white, medium, roundish oblong, smooth,
flavor best.
THE AMERICAN GRAPE.
Vitis labrusca, L.— Vitacea of Botanists.
Throughout nearly every portion of the United States the Grape,
in its wild state is found growing. Of these, classes are divided, the
vitis labrusca, being our common Fox Grape, and from which we
are yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental
seedlings; while the Frost Grapes vitis cordifolia, may perchance
have been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &e. Hardy, and
almost equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign Grape,
they have become the companions of our advanced civilization, until
almost every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit
thereof. They have made our country already known as a wine-
producing country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign va-
rieties, and are destined to ‘add millions to our wealth, and temper-
ance to the character of our people. Records of immense vines are
made, as growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on
streams of waters, yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem
them all surpassed by a vine of Catawba Grape which we saw last
year growing on Kelley’s Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted
out but two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in
length, with a girth, near the ground, of main stem, five’ inches, and
had produced that year over 200 lbs. of fruit.
The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abound-
ing in lime, while the wash-water, soap-suds, &c., &c., of the house
had its escape near the roots.
We may also remark, that, upon this island, we have seen grapes,
more pertectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine-
yards of the Ohio; and wine possessing all the boquét and aroma
so much esteemed ‘by connoisseurs.
Vineyards.—The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of
France have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the
latter country having been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons an-
nually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of gr ound were required.
“The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their his-
tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus,
however discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it
as a beverage until his edict was abolished. The general culture
was then encouraged, and increased to such excess, that it became
Zoe THE GRAPE.
necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. At one
time women were prohibited from using wine in any case whatever,
under the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the
age of thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among rela-
tions of kissing women when they met, was to ascertain by their
breath if they had been drinking wine.
“ Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved
his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of
his vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterces.
“The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the
invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the
Latins to Saturn; and the Greeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of
a deity, for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix.
“It is said by Pliny, that Bacchus was the first who ever wore
a crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the
vine and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The
manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of
the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed-
ding, changed the water into wine.
“At several periods of the history of the world, the cultivation of
the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century
a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions
of Europe; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the moun-
tains of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and
Italy cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape.
Those most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine,
are the Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the
champagne wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally
celebrated as wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highlv
esteemed for their prolific bearing and regular crops.
“The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table
grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac and
other Muscat grapes.” Noah planted a vineyard and made wine;
and among the bessings of the promised land are mentioned “ wheat,
barley, and vine.”
Although we have record of wine being made from a native
grape in Florida as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken
of in the United States until those established at Vevay and New
Harmony, Ind., Lexington, Ky., &c., about 1812, the originals of
which are are now mostly destroyed.
Jefferson recorded his opinion, that “no nation is drunken where
wine is cheap; and none sober where the dearness of wine substi-
tutes ardent spirits as the common beverage.” A wish to sustain
and exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of
the pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the minds of denizens
of the “ Rhine of America,” ie, the borders of the Ohio river,
A
THE GRAPE. aa
above and below Cincinnati, where now, it is probable, over ten
thousand acres are occupied with vines mostly of the Catawba
grape, the produce of which is made mostly into, what is there
termed, “dry wine,’ much resembling the better class wines of the
Rhine. That the culture of the vine and manufacture of wines within
the section named is only now in its Infancy, no one will pretend to
dispute; and ten years, we doubt not, will increase ten-fold the pres-
ent amount.
Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyar
in our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating t
health. Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, says: “ During an extensive prac
tice in the medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, |
have frequently found it important to employ wine and other diffu-
sive stimulants as medicines ; and while | am disposed to go as far
as any one in excluding strong drinks from the daily use of people
in health, I must express my satisfaction at finding we can produce,
in our own country, a pure, healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal
purposes, and far superior to the poisonous foreign compounds, that
often find their way to the bedsides of the sick, under the names of
“ Lisbon,” “ Madeira,” &c., &e.
Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of for-
eign vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and
at this time only two, the Catawba and Schuylkill, are advised to be
planted to any considerable extent.
Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio River have thus far tak-
en the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards, there is
no good reason to suppose that the boundary where success may be
had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found throughout the
entire State of Ohio and West, where, by application of manures
suited to the wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal
success would be had as on the Ohio River—Seneca County and
Kelley Island ripening the Catawba equaily as well, if not superior.
The whole extent of Western Prairies, rich in all the constituents
of the Grape vine,(if we except Potash, and, possibly, in sections, the
phosphates)are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards,
and at no greater outlay of expense, for constituents toward success-
ful. culture, than the vineyards of the “ Rhine of America,” which
have thus far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the
soil, and have already shown failure, ¢.e., decay by rot, where food,
in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied.
North of latitude 42,° however, it may be doubted whether saccha-
rine sufficient can be obtained from the most valuable wine grapes yet
known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther South ;
but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly written on,
would more than occupy the number of pages intended for this entire
book, we must forbear, and only devote our space to such instructions
~
234 THE GRAPE.
as will enable the inexperienced to make the first start correctly, pre-
mising that once interested and engaged in the subject, disposition
will be found,freely to avail himself of all works yet issued devoted
to the subject.
Propagation. By Seed. —This course is only pursued where intend-
ed to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of premium
are circulated in the journals of the day for the production of a
hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertilizing
some variety of the vites vinefera with pollen of vtis labrusca, or vice
versa, Will be the course to pursue with any expectation of success ;
the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich vegetable
mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the size with-
out ameliorating their character.
By Cuttings.—These are taken from the strongest vines of the
last year’s growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds, ac-
cording as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where possi-
ble, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred.
These being made in the fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away
in bundles in a cool cellar until spring ; when, as soon as the ground
is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of water for four
or five days, or until the buds become fully swollen. They are
then planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the
form of a half circle, as represented by fig., which shows the cutting
as it appears in about one month from plant-
ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud is
covered nearly an inch: in clayey soils, or
those retentive of moisture, the upper bud
should be just even with the soil. ‘The rows,
in nursery, should be three feet apart,‘and the
plants one foot distant each in the row. This
is the best and most successful mode of growing the grape vine.
The earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and
left light and loose at top.
By Grafting.—The best season to perform this operation is when
the leaves are about half grown. Larlier, the sap is very abundant,
and at same time watery, and grafts do not sueceed well. Whip
grafting, as it is termed, is best; or, if stock and graft are near of
size, saddle grafting. ‘The graft should have been cut early in the
season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been
kept in a cool yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it
is best done, is at or near the ground, and, after insertion, earth upa
smal] mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun,
é&e. Ifthe operation be performed farther up on the stalk, wrapping
TRANSPLANTING, 235
the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must
be taken that the znner bark of both graft and stock join each other
perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only
advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines
are almost alway better than the patching up of old, neglected
plants, which have never been “cared for” either in branch or root.
Transplanting and distances.—In taking up the vines at one year’s
growth from the cutting, (which is best,) care should be taken to
mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo-
sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the
past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep;
the hole broad; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they
grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken root with
a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only the two buds
are visible, then avozd treading onit. The distance apart, if making a
vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. -That for the Catawba
or Isabella should be four by six feet; the Schuylkill and Herbe-
mont, five by seven feet; the Missouri and Clinton, three and a half
by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low, while the
former varieties may rise seven to eight feet.
Cost per acre of Vineyard.—The estimated cost of trenching, fur-
nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far
from two hundred dollars; and at the expiration of three years it
may be estimated to yield annually about 200 gallons of wine, at a
cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, é&c., of about
seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a
year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon) as the net
profit. per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be
thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity,
seasons do occur when even less is the result; and we therefore
stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex-
pectation.
Position and Soil—R. Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital
treatise on the “Culture of the Grape,” as well as practically trained
the vine, has the following on this point :
“A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east-
ern or a western exposure is nearly as good. Some have recom-
mended the north, on account of safety from late spring frosts, but
it will scarcely afford sun enough to ripen the grapes in cold, wet
seasons (if the declivity is steep), and may perhaps be more subject
to ‘the rot.’ Any undulating surface, if dry, is preferable to a
level one.
“ Lhe Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loam—
236 THE GRAPE.
with a porous sub-soil—not retentive of moisture; if mixed with
some gravel or small stones, so much the better. Some prefer a
sandy soil with a gravelly substratum ; as in this the grapes are less
subject to rot; the juice, however, is not so rich,—lacking in saccha-
rine matter,—and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the
drought, shedding their leaves prematurely, and preventing the
grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on
the vines, if swelled prematurely in autumn, are sometimes killed
by the frosts of a severe winter.
“Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet clay, is to be avoided, as also
wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within
one hundred feet of the vineyard.”
Preparing the Ground—‘ In autumn, or early winter, dig or
trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with thé
spade ; this is far better than plowing ; turn the top soil under.
“ Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul-
verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose
stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up
with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave
sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100
or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size.
This will do for gentle declivities ; but steep ones must be terraced
or benched with sod or stone. ‘These benches should be as broad as
they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the
“hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running
into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away
the’soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill.
Cultivation of the ground.—The first two years the grounds should
be kept clean of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two pronged
instrument. .
juicy, tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September.
‘W ALBURTON.
Walburton Admirable.
Foreign. Leaves, glandless, serrated; fruit, above medium, roundish
oblong ; “greenish white, with red cheek; flesh, greenish white, melting,
and separating freely from the stone. Late September.
, 290 THE PEACH. :
CLASS If].—Unworthy farther culture.
Acton Scort.
Foreign. Glands, globose; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat,
pale white, often bitter. August.
Astor.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red
cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August.
: 4
ANNE.
Early Anne, | Green Nutmeg.
Foreign. Glandless; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early
August.
ADMIRABLE.
Early Admirable, | L’Admirable,
Belle de Vitry.
Foreign. Glands, globose; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek;
flesh, red at stone. August.
ALMOND.
Foreign. Glandless; fruit small, light yellow, red cheek; flesh, red at
stone. September.
. BELLE DE VITRY.
Admirable Tardive, | Bellis.
Foreign. Glandless; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, firm,
red at stone. Last September.
Bette DE BErAvucAIRE.
Beauty of Beaucaire.
Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, greenish yellow, red cheek, juicy.
August. Freestone.
BEAUTY OF SALISBURY.
Foreign. Trees mildew; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek,
juicy. September. Freestone.
Bauttimore Brauty.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red
cheek. August. Freestone.
BarRIncTon,
Buckingham Mignonne, | Colonel Ausleys.
Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and red ;
flesh, tinged red at stone. September. Freestone.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 291
Bennetr’s RARERIPE.
American. Glands, glebese; fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deficient
in flavor. August.
Bette CHEVREUSE.
Foreign. Giands, reniform ; fruit, medium oval, greenish white, with red
cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. September. Freestone.
Beizar’s Farry Rarerire.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium reund, red in sun ; flesh, streaked
with red. August. &
CHILIAN.
American. Glands ——— ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, defi-
cient in flavor. September. Freestone.
— CANARY.
American. Fruit medium, canary color ; flesh, yellow, net colored at stone,
to which it adheres closely. September.
Captrt’s Mreprum Mezocoron.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh, yellow;
sub-acid. September.
CasLe’s Earty.
Cable’s Early Melecotos.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub-
acid. September.
CONGRESS.
Congress Cling.
American. Glands, reniferm; fruit, large, whitish, with red, juiey ; poor
bearer. September.
CHANCELLOR.
Chanceliere, | Noisette,
Late Chancellor, Siewart’s Late Galande,
Edgar’s Late Melting.
Foreign. Glands, reniferm; fruit. large. oval, yellowish white, crimson
cheek ; flesh, red next stone. September. Freestone.
Carry’s Mammotn CLine.
Ameriear. Giands, globose ; fruit, little above mediums, oval ; flesh, white.
September.
CHARLOTTE.
Gld Royal Charlotte, New Royal Charlotte,
Grimwood’s Royal Charlotte, Kew’s Early Purple.
Yoreign. Glandless ; fruit, above medium, evate, greenish white, red cheek ;
Sesh, white, red at stene. September.
292 THE PEACH.
CATHARINE.
Catherine Cling.
Foreign. Glands, reniform 3 fruit, large, roundish, oval, one side enlarged,
yellowish green, red in sun ; flesh, firm, yellowish white, red at stone. Sep-
tember.
Drum Hutt.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red in
the sun; flesh, greenish white, juicy, far inferior te Ward’s Freestone. Sep-
tember. Freestone.
Emperors or Russia.
Cat Leaved, New Cut Leaved,
Serrated, Unigue.
American. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish
white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, yellowish white. August. Freestone.
Earty Roginson Crusos.
Ameriean. Glands, globose; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun.
September.
Favorite.
Favorite Red.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with much
red in sun; flesh, firm, red at stone. September.
Fox’s SEEDLING.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Septem-
ber. Freestone.
Gest’s SUPERB.
Gest’s large Freestone.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and
red ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. September.
GOLDEN BALL.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with rea
cheek ; flesh, yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen’s Yellow,
with which it ripens. Early September.
IsPAHAN.
Pecher d’I[spahan.
Foreign. Glandless; fruit, stall, round, whitish green; flesh, greenish
white, a little sub-acid. September.
HoFFNER.
Hloffner’s Seedling.
_ American. Glands, globose; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish,
with red in sun; flesh, yellowish white. August. Freestone.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 293
La GRANGE.
American. Glands, reniferm ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little red
in sun; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not equal to many others at same time
ripening. September. Freestone.
Late YrEttow ALBERGE.
October Yellow, | Algiers Yellow,
Algiers Winter.
Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, roundish oval yellow when
ripe ; flesh, firm, yellow, dry. October.
La Fayverre CLINGSTONE,
American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, poor. September.
La Fayette.
American. Fruit, abeve medium, round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh,
stained with red. September.
NoNPAREIL.
Scott’s Nonpareil.
American. Glands, globose. Fruit, large roundish, oblong, yellow, with red
cheek, too much like Crawford’s Late, to be continued. Freestone. September.
Oxup NeEwincron. ~ 2
Newington Cling, | Newington, 3
Large Newington.
Foreign ; glandless; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek ;
flesh, pale yellowish white, red ai stone 5 juicy. September.
PHFLEIGER.
American ; fruit, iarge, yellow, juicy, good flavor, peor bearer. Freestone.
September. 3
Mettine.
Large Melting.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, whitish with red cheek, flesh, white,
red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone.
MacistTRATE.
Majestrate.
American. Glands, reniform; fruit, large, greenish white, red cheek, flesh,
juicy, not high flavor. September. Freestone.
MorrisaNIA.
Morrisania Peund, | Hofiman’s Pound,
Morrison’s Pound.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red
cheek ; flesh, yellowish white; poor bearer. September.
294 THE PEACH.
MapgELEINE oF CouRSON.
Madeleine de Courson, French Magdalen,
Red Magdalen, Madeleine Rouge,
Frue Red Magdalen, Rouge Paysanne.
Foreign. Glandless; fruit medium, roundish, yellowish white, red eheek ;
flesh, white, red at stone. Last August. 2
Monstrous FREESTONE.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red ; flesh,
yellowish white ; poor bearer. September.
STRAWBERRY.
Rose.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, below medium, surface mostly red ; flesh,
whitish; too small. August. Freestone.
Rep Nourmec.
Brown Nutmeg, Avant Rouge, :
Early Red Nutmeg, Red Avant.
Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek ;
flesh, yellowish, red at stone. Harly August. :
: Roya Gores.
Karly Royal George, Lockyer’s Mignonne,
New Royal George, Griffin’s Mignonne,
Millet’s Mignonne, Superb,
Red Magdaline.
Foreign. Mildews badly; glandless; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white,
red dots and marbled red in sun; flesh, whitish red at stone. Last of August.
Rosanna.
Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, yellow and purplish red; flesh,
yellow, red at stone. September. Freestone.
SwWALSH.
Double Swalsh, } Swalze.
Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh,
white, red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone.
Sweet WATER.
Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg.
There are two varieties under this name; one with globose glands, and one
glandless ; neither as valuable as Tillotson.
Scorr’s Earty Rep.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red ;
flesh, whitish, juicy. August. Freestone.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 295
Suity’s Newrineton.
Early Newington, | Smith’s Early Newington.
Foreign. Glandless; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with pur-
plish red in sun; flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stone. August. Clingstone.
Smock Cuinastonse.
American. Large oblong, yellow and red; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid.
September.
SPRING GROVE.
Foreign. Glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red
cheek ; flesh, greenish yellow. September. Freestone. |
SULHAMSTEAD.
Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun ;
flesh, yellowish white, sweet. September.
Stocums Earty.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh, yellow.
August.
SIEBOLT.
American. Glands; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow with red cheek ;
flesh, yellowish white. Freestone. September.
Tice.
Tice’s Red and Yellow.
American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer.
September. Freestone.
V ANDERMARK.
American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. September. A clingstone.
Warre Nurmec.
Early White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche,
White Avant. .
Foreign. Glandless; fruit, small, oval, greenish white; flesh white, to the
stone. Harly August.
Waitt Burossom.
White Blossomed Incomparable, | Willow Peach,
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, oval, white ; flesh, white to
stone. September. Freestone.
296 THE PEACH.
W EEPING.
Reid’s Weeping.
American. Glands, reniform; only ornamental as a tree, dnd does not de-
serve to be classed in fruits.
Yates’ Harty.
American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior.
YELLow ADMIRABLE.
Orange, Apricot Peach,
Abricotée, | Admirable Jaune.
Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red
in sun ; flesh, yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Freestone. September.
ZoaR BEAuty.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where ex-
posed to sun; flesh, tinged with red. Freestone. September.
THE PEAR.
Pyrus bona LI. Rosacea of botanists.
Native of Europe ana Asia, the pear has long been cultivated,
but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con-
siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, ex-
cept they were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and
their exertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before
written; and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best
imported varieties; while, in this country, we are not the less indebt-
ed to such men as H. A.S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder,
J. P. Kirtland, W. D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation,
origin, and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States.
Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the pear, as well as of
the apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the States
there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests,
few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one
remove from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impres-
sion that “ he who plants pears, plants for his heirs,” we attribute
the neglect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable
number of pear trees. Gradually, however, as facilities of traveling
have increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with
practice and results, and information become freely disseminated
through our agricultural and horticultural journals, have pear plan-
tations increased, until at this time there are, probably, yearly plant-
ed in the States not less than one million of trees.
In almost every State, there appear certain localities where the
pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor,
and productiveness, from year to year. ‘The following may be
selected from many: Danvers in Mass., Hartford and East New
Haven County, in Conn., Vincennes in Ia., Detroit in Mich., and
north-western or central New York. And indeed we may find it
difficult to name a section where, with the appropriate care in cul-
ture here pointed out, the pear may not be grown healthy and pro-
ductive.
Propagation. By seed. The propagation of the pear by seed is
the same as that of the apple, if we except the fact that, as the roots
of the pear the first year are generally confined to the one “ tap-
root,” as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary that the soil
be at least two feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow trenched
with the spade is the best for the growing of pear seedlings.
13* (297)
298 THE PEAR.
,
The propagating by grafting, budding, etc., is also the same in the
pear as in the apple, and usually performed at same season. The
remarks we make relative to root grafting on pieces of roots are
also equally applicable to the pear asthe apple. Some practise the
erafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of
the pear from the graft ; this is easily done, but we see no advantage ;
and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favora-
ble; we have found the roots thrown from the pear small and in-
sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking
up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the cir-
culation of sap-vessels.
Hardihood. ‘The comparative hardihood of American over for-
eign varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sus-
tained by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks
we think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within
a few years past, most of the pears worked on pear stocks in this
country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of
most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for-
eign varieties.
Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling
pear stocks, usually two years old and about 3 to $ an inch diameter at
crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the same left to grow
until August, are usually suitable size for budding. The quince,
apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used for grow-
ing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is best, thorn
next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seedlings are
not desirable to use for this purpose, as they do not run even in
growth; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the
Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain ash
are used often with advantage-on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where
the quince roots do not appear as well suited.
While a very large number of varieties will take and grow for a
year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a
series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, when grown
on any stock but that of the pear; and while the cultivation is now
very extensive on the quince root, we cannot but fear that in eight-
‘tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower; and in the remain-
ing two-tenths, require equally as much care in supplying nutrition
and pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots.
There are, however, some sorts that the fruit seems improved by
_ being worked on quince, asDuchessed’Angouléme, Easter Beurré, &c.,
and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore,
while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that
without careful and high culture the grower will meet disappointment.
STOCKS AND ADAPTATION OF TREES THEREON. 299
About one hundred years may be taken as the natural duration of
the pear on pear roots,when grown in soil supplied with the elements
necessary to sustain it; and about thirty or forty yearg the natural
duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and
cultivated. Instances are of course recorded and known, where
trees exist for longer periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in
one half the time. The demand for pear trees on_the quince has
been so great for some years past, that too often little regard has
been paid to the stock; and we have now in our grounds rows of
bearing trees on quince roots, all ef one kind, received from France,
from which, although receiving the same care and attention, there
may be selected those that_ere many years must of necessity decay ,
the stock and tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as be-
fore remarked, there are varieties that, while they grow apparently
well for a few years, decay on fruiting the second year. The suc-
cess of the pear on quince roots trained en-pyramid in the old coun-
try has been confined to but few varieties, and these kept under a
steady yet high state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on
the quince, in the manner of most orcharding in this country, will
never repay the first cost of the trees; but if trees are selected of ©
varieties known to have been long successful, and a system of cul-
ture pursued which shall meet the requirements of the fibrous roots
of the quince, then may the grower look for profit and pleasure in
the result; but equally gratifying and profitable would be the result,
if we except a few varieties of foreign origin, when grown on the
pear, and annually root-pruned; added to which, if one half the trees
were taken out after twenty years, the balance would form a fine
permanent orchard to be managed as our‘apple orchards. In small
gardens, where the quince stock is advised by nearly all writers, (and
correctly so, if the right varieties are selected, ) success will not be had
without an appreciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed
by the quince, and the system of culture required to supply the
food of the plant, as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also
some little knowledge of the amount of fruit the young tree is ca-
pable of ripening and continue in health; the tendency being rather
to over-production and exhaustion.
Transplanting, Selzetion of Trees, and Distances apart.—The roots
of the pear have few laterals except grown on shallow rich soil,
and in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much
of the large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly de-
stroyed, the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On
the quince root, when well grown, there will need little attention,
except to head back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends
of each root, as often directed in this work; and in setting, taking
300 THE PEAR.
eare that the earth is even with the junction of the pear on the
quince.
Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden are best at about
three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown and shaped
as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are
best at one year from the bud; for, as a general thing, the nursery-
man has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com-
pared. with that of labor in this country, warrant him in asystem
of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree
be so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed
positions.
The distance apart of pear or pear roots for large orcharding,
should be from twenty-five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for
gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much plant-
ed intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the
practice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate
such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary
method of plowing, planting potatoes, &ec.
Soil and Manures.—The pear roots thrive best in a soil where
the sub-soil is at once dry and moist; that is, where it is open and
porous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots,
extending deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of ex-
treme drought. Cold clay is a bad sub-soil, and where it exists. in
the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and
thoroughly sub-soiled and well drained. The pear on quince roots
succeed best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring con-
siderable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis
of the ash of the pear as made by Dr. Emmons :—
Sap wood. Bark.
Potash, : ; . ‘ : , seo 6.20
ope, : : Bet ane : hopes ih ie sc —
Chlorine, . A é : 4 : rn se 1.70
Sulphuric Acid, : ‘ ; : : 0.50 1.80
Phosphate of Lime, é : : . 27.22 6.50
Phosphate of Peroxide of Tron, : ‘ 0.31 -———
Carbonic Acid, . : : ‘ if eS 37.29
Lime, : , é : 5 ; ‘ 12.64 30.36
Magnesia, : é : ‘ : : . 3.00 9.40
Silex, t ; : : é : é 0.30 0.40
Coal: >. : , : : : ot igtees, 0.65
Organic Matter, ‘ : ‘ : i 4.02 4.20
100.25 98.30
From this it will be seen what most is wanted in the soil to pro-
duce healthy foliage and wood in the pear As a general thing,
PRUNING. 301
soils usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and
the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone
dust; or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig
in around the tree whole bones from the daily use of a family, or
procured from a slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and
applied to vegetable mould from the woods, and this dug in around
the tree, is also a cheap and ready way of supplying food requisite.
Iron filings, etc., from smith-shops is also good, and hence the im-
pression of some, that through it the blight was cured or prevented.
The fact being only that a certain element requisite to heallll was
exhausted in the soil.
Pruning.—In connection with what we have recorded under this
head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable
to the pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Rivers, Esq.,
England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers i
the world :
“Tf root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist
them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp-
pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open; otherwise
these root-pruned trees on
the quince stock are so full
of them, that the tree re-
ceives a check if they are
all allowed toexpand. About
ten or fifteen fruit may be Zo, Vy
permitted to ripen the first ILE oh
season ; the following season Ser AN
. A iN "a \) )
two or three dozen will be SOAP GIN NN
as many as the tree ought Vay (DAKE
1 ~ LDS &d
to be allowed to bring to PSPS OK
perfection, increasing the te
Ss PREY
number as the tree increases
in vigor, always remember-
ing that a few full-sized and
well-ripened pears are to be
preferred to a greater num-
ber, inferior in size and
quality.
Summer pinching in the
youth of the tree is the only
remedy, if it is not well fur-
nished below 3; and a severe
remedy it is, for al/ the
young shoots on the upper
tiers, including the leader,
must be pinched closely in
May and June till the lower
f
\\ A
\\
=)
o>
a
3802 THE PEAR.
ones have made young shoots of a sufficient length to give uniform-
ity to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble; it is
better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that is not
well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of this
description may soon be made to assume the shape of the foregoing
figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ought to be
in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leaders are
shortened, which is best done towards the end of August: this short-
eningsmust be made at the marks ——., and all the side shoots short-
ened in the same manner; and also the leading shoot. Hooked
pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with.
The spurs are the bases of the shoots that have been pinched
‘n June.
Planting and after
management.—As before
mentioned, the autum-
nal and early winter
months are to be prefer-
red for planting; care
should be taken in select-
ing trees that are fur-
nished with buds and
branches from bottom
to top; but if a young
gardener intends to
plant, and wishes to
train up his trees so
that they will become
quite perfect in shape, he
should select plants one
year old from the bud or
craft; these will, of
course, have good buds
down to the junction of
the graft with the stock.
The first spring, a tree
of this description should
be headed down so as to
leave the shoot about 18
inches long ; if the soil is
rich, from five to six and
seven shoots will be pro-
duced; one of these
must be made the leader,
and if not inclined to be
quite perpendicular, this must be fastened to a stake. As soon in sunt
PRUNING AND AFTER MANAGEMENT, 303
mer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched
off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch all off but one
to about two inches, leaving the topmost fora leader ; the side shoots
will in most cases assume a regular shape; if not, they may be this
first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow in the proper
direction. This is the best done by bringing down and fastening
the end of each shoot, to a slight stake, so that an open pyramid
may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough air is.
not admitted to the fruit; they may remain unpruned till the end
of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds
of the stem ;* this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, and
no pruning in winter will be required.
The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side
shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four,
or more shoots; as soon as these are four inches long they must be
pinched off to within three inches, all but the leading shoot of each side
_ branch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant
sap, till the end of August. ‘The perpendicular leader must be top-
ped once or twice; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch
off its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoats, pinch them all
but the leader, as directed: for the first season; in a few years, most
symmetrical trees may be formed. :
When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still
continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root-
pruning to bring them into a fruitful state.
I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear
their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required; but
the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the
young cultivator.
I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees
adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa-
tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitful. A mosé valu-
able auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ;
pears grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of mod-
erate depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am
induced to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have
more care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should.
recommend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered
during June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure,
and to give them once a week, in dry weather, a drenching with
guano water, (about two pounds to six gallons,) which must be well
stirred before it is used; each tree should have twelve gallons poured
gradually into the soil: by this method the finest fruit may be pro-
* There are generally three or four abortive buds at the base of each shoot ;
these must not be reckoned.
304 THE PEAR.
duced; and as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we
shall have exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine
specimens to show for prizes.
Monsieur Cappe’s method of pruning in the Garden of Plants,
(Jardin des Plantes,) France, where all are on their own or pear
roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul-
turist. ‘These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded
as the most perfect of specimens.
‘““M. Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In
the month of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with
the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, a, a,—that is, the terminal
shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not
only a new leading shoot at the end of the branch, but side shoots,
6, 6, at various places on the lower part of the
shoot. These side shoots are left to grow till the
end of May. ‘They have then pushed out to about
four or five inches in length. The ends of all
these side shoots are then pinched off, leaving
only about an inch and a half at the bottom of
z dotted lines, b, 6, show the point to which these
shoots should be pinched off.
“The terminal or leading shoot, ¢, is left entire,
in order to draw up the sap, which would other-
wise force all the side shoots into new growth. Notwithstanding
this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots will frequently
, push out new shoots again, just below
where they were pinched. ‘This being
the case, about the last of August M.
Cappe shortens back these new side
shoots to about an inch and a half. But
this time he does not pinch them off.
He breaks them, and leaves the broken
end for several days attached and hang-
ing down, so that the flow of sap is not
so suddenly checked as when the branch
the shoot.
tf “Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the
7, side shoots, as they are at the end of June. The
ep ZO \ is pinched or cut off, and the danger of
« SZ OZ new shoots being forced out a third time
bP QA is thereby effectually guarded against.
Fig. 2. “The object of this stopping the side
branches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more properly, the organizable
matter in these shortened branches, by which means the remaining
buds become fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become
Spurs, distributed over the whole tree, which bear regularly year
INSECTS AND DISEASES. - 305
after year, sending out new side shoots, which are pinched back in
the same manner every summer,
“In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the
pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate
the pruning of the terminal branches or leaders, which, as we
have just said, are shortened back in March—for then is the time
to adjust any extravagances of growth which the tree may have run
into, on either side: and in the summer pinching the balance of
growth is adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest
the ends of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while
those that start near the bottom of the branch, (or the centre of the
tree,) where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five
inches long.
“ Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to
form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry, and beauty
of form. But in order to have the branches regu arly produced
from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree which is only
a couple of feet high, so that you can form the first tier of branches
quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset;
for if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of
course it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and
fulness of branches at the bottom.”
All this our readers will understand relates more especially to
the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard
trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that
pursued in the apple; very few trees, in fact, requiring aught but a
thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the
branches becoming too thick.
Insects and Diseases.—The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by
Harris. ‘This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight.
Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise
among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of
as much destruction, as reported.
The Bupesiris dwaracata, and perhaps some allied species, is
found in the larvee state under the bark, on the bodies of both the
pear and apple; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect
of this insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree,
on the south or southwest side. Cutting it away carefully and de-
stroying the larve in months of July to September, and washing
the body first with ley-water, or strong soap-suds, and covering it
with a coating of gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy.
The slug Selandria cerast appears on the leaf of both cherry
and pear in June, July and August. It is about half an inch long
of a dull, greenish brown, slimy, shining, offensive appearance.
It is easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even
306 THE PEAR.
dirt over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, fol-
lowing up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap
blight, etc., oftew so destructive to trees in the West, we have re-
marked on in previous pages, and refer thereto.
Selection of varieties known to be permanently successful on the
guince.—As we have before remarked, while there are a great many
varieties that at first take and grow well on the quince stock, there
are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there-
fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view
to permanence, only those. that are known to succeed. Of the error
of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in
planting the grounds of our present residence we looked to the test-
ing of varieties, and therefore ordered and planted one tree only of
a.sort. Ona double border so planted, containing over 200 sorts,
we have already, in three years, discarded one half, and feel confi-
dent that not more than one half of the remainder will answer to
continue permanently. As yet few or none of our American native
pears can be depended on when grown on the quince, and as all in-
troduced are of the quality described when grown on pear roots,
we advise most planters so to procure them.
Of those known to succeed permanently when grown on quince,
the following may be selected : |
Summer Dean, Doyenné d’ Eté, Summer Franc Real,
English Jargonelle, Bartlett,
Madelaine, Beurré d’Amalis,
Long Green of Autumn, Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Beurré Diel, Vicar of Wakefield,
Glout Morceau, Angouléme, Duchess of ditto,
White Dean, White Doyenné, Easter Beurré,
Gray Dean, Gris Doyenné, Duchess of Orleans,
Striped Long Green of Autumn, | Beurré of Anjou,
Weary Soldier, Soldat Laboureur,, Boussouck, Doyenné Boussouck,
Van Mons’ Léon Le Clere, Passe Colmar.
Gathering of the Fruit,and Uses.—“ Gather pears of the summer
sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat
mealy if kept above a day or two; even when gathered as they
ought to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They
should not, however, be gathered when they require much force to
pull them off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time
of gathering, though they will keep longer than the summer.
Winter pears, on the contrary, should hang as long on the trees as
they may, so as to escape frost, which would make them ‘flat in
flavor, and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the middle
of October on full standards, a week longer on dwarfs, but yet not
VARIETIES AND NOMENCLATURE. 307
after they are ripe. The art of gathering is, to give them a lift, so
as to press away the stalk, and if ripe, they readily part from the
tree. Let them be quite dry when pulled, and in nandling, avoid
pinching the fruit, or in any way bruising it; as gathered, lay them
quietly in shallow baskets.”
This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with
their after maturing, in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature,
has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many
varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened,
when, with this care, they are really the most delicious.
The old criterion of a good pear, viz.: one with a sugary aromatic
juice, soft sub-liquid pulp or melting, as in the White Doyenné, or
fine crisp and “breaking,” as in the Bergamottes; firm, juicy, yet
austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as
when first written.
The common uses of the pear are for dessert, baking, stewing,
drying, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use,
large orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore
been planted, and the result found more profitable than the same
amount of ground appropriated to the apple for cider.
Varieties and Nomenclature.—The number of varieties now known
is something over 1200, but of these it is more than probable over
1000 may be discarded, and then leave more than have qualities to
sustain their continued culture when compared withthe best. Through-
out the West, the pear culture is only in its infancy, and we there-
fore place far less in our first class than probably may seem worthy
that position by our Eastern pear amateurs; but we would rather
our Western growers should plant varieties worthy their attention,
than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall not pretend in
this work to even note all varieties, but shall only speak of those
most known in our own language, while we could wish (and _pro-
bably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to transfer
all names into the English language; we have at this time thought
best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first class
giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same size
type. In other cases where the English rendering seemed appro-
priate, we have adopted it as the standard name, giving the heretofore
standard name as the first synonym.
Forms and Size comparative-—Our forms illustrative of the terms
- used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental
figure of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit; and
where the circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by
dots. It should always be recollected, that in the pear, pyriform is
with the small end at the stem; while in the apple it is at the
calyx. .
808 THE PEAR.
.
°
Pr
~.
SS icin wsataca og
=
Swen cee
Globular.
Ovate,
mae
xaceee mrs aay,
'
o
ra.
Ps!
Dee wae OOF
Obovate.
Oblong.
is -
% =
eee wale”
Globular ; obtuse pyriform.
Globular ; acute pyriform
FORMS AND SIZE COMPARATIVE. 309
ST ae
oo? en,
ss
Sat
-
= © 0 on
= oe.
=
.
ie
~ -
PS eee eee e™
=e
——_——
Obovate ; acute pyriform. Ovate pyriform.
~ 2
*Sencans?”
Oblong pyriform. : Obovate obtuse pyriform.
310 THE PEAR.
aoretm =n
BOE! oN rnemelaes
»
cee enet ewes.
- me,
-
-
Sseseenn~
Oblong obovate pyriform.
-
mo
et ee
Oblong ovate pyriform.
Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small; the White Do-
yenné or Virgalieu as medium ; the Bartlett as large.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 811
CLASS l— Worthy General Cultivation.
BARTLETT.
William’s Bon Chretien, |. William’s,
oire-Guilliaume.
(i
ZA
)
An English variety originated about 1770. Now extensively
grown, and too well known to really need description. The trees
are vigorous, and early productive of fair handsome fruit, either on
pear or quince root.
Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform; surface somewhat uneven ;-
color, clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet
around the stem, and minute russet dots over the whole; stem, short,
thick ; calyx, medium, partly open; basin, shallow, furrowed; core,
medium ; seeds, broad ovate; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy,
vinous, Season, middle August to middle September.
312 THE PEAR:
Bette LucrativE—BEAvTIFUL AND PROFITABLE.
Fondante d’Automne, | Seigneur d’Esperin.
A Flemish variety ; tree a moderate growth ; productive bearer,
young shoots long, yellowish gray.
Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellowish green,
slightly russeted ; stem, stout, often fleshy ; calyx, short, open; basin,
medium ; core, medium; seeds, ovate; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic,
sweet. Season, last September.
Brvurre LANGELIER—LANGELIER’S Butter.
A foreign pear, newly introduced : has fruited but few times in this
country, but may safely be placed as best.
Fruit, large, obovate pyritorm, contracted toward, and terminating
obtusely at, stem; color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale
yellow, with a dull ved cheek in sun, and numerous gray russet dots ;
stem, one inch, or more, long, angularly inserted without depression ;
calyx, medium; basin, shallow, plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, long
ovate pyriform; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, ‘fine-grained,
sub-acid, slight perfume. Season, November to January.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 3ts
Bevrre Drirer—Diet’s Bourter.
Diel, Des Trois Tours,
Diel’s Butterbirne, | De Melon,
Dorothee Royal, Melon de Kops,
Grosse Dorothée, Beurré Magnifique
Beurré Royal, | Beurre Incomparabl
Foreign. Grows
and fruits well on
pear or quince,
but is best son
quince ; tree, vig-
orous, the foliage
large; wood, olive
brown with gray-
ish specks; very -
productive.
Fruit large, (our
engraving is too
small for an av-
erage,) obovate,
obtuse pyriform,
surface rather
uneven; color, |
dull green, bright
yellow when
mature, russet
specks, and scat-
tered russet and
greenish brown
patches; stem,
stout, and slightly
eurved; cavity, ,
narrow; calyx, medium, open, long segments; basen, abrupt; core,
large ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, espe-
cially near the core ; juicy, melting, perfumed. Season, October to
last November.
BRANDYWINE.
American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree,
thrifty, rapid grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant
bearer; fruit, medium, varying in form, generally obovate pyri-
form, running into the stem, which is fleshy and rather obliquely set ;
color, dull yellowish green, marked with russet dots and streaks,
and much russeted about eye; calyx, open, segments few; basin
smooth, moderate depth ; core, small, compact; seeds, few, dark
brown ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous. Season, last of August,
first ef September.
14
814 THE PEAR,
Brurre p’ AREMBERG.
Colmar Deschamps, D’Aremberg Parfait,
Duc d’Aremberg, | Deschamps,
L’Orphelines, Beurré des Orphelines,
Soldat Laboureur of some, | Orpheline d’Enghein.
A foreign variety which has been often confounded with Glout
Morceau and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct.
The wood is strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale
gray specks; leaves, narrow, deeply serrated; trees, very hardy,
bear young on the pear root, annually and abundantly; the fruit
hangs well, and may be gathered and ripened at will from Decem-
ber to February. A warm, rich soil suits it best.
fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward
the stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction; color, dull
pale green, at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces
and patches of light cinnamon russet ; stem, short, stout, uneven, set
obliquely, without depression; calyx, small, closed, segments short ;
basin, rather deep ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ;
Jesh, white, juicy, melting, vinous. Season, December to February.
WORTHY GENERAL. CULTIVATION. 315
BuErRRE Bosc.
Calebasse Bosc, ! Marianne Nouvelle,
Bosce’s Flaschenbirne.
ooo? ase
~., ae
ot
ee
°°
<
Pea
ww
Sse,
ey Py
“*Sewenanmaneseren
™.
A foreign variety raised in 1807 by Van Mons. It is an early,
annual, and productive bearer on the pear roots, and should have a
lace in the smallest collection. Zee, vigorous, with long brownish
a shoots straggling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size
and form, as see our checked outline in engraving, but it is always
fair and smooth. come 3
Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform ; color, dark yellow, nearly
816 THE PEAR.
covered, dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish
red in sun; stem, usually long, slender ; calyw, medium, segments ~
partially erect; basin, round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven;
core, small; seeds, blackish; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, per-
fumed. Season, October, or last of September.
Buerre v’Angovu.—Bourttrer or ANgov.
Ne Plus Meuris.
———-=
Cs =
ro
\
Foreign. An old pear in Loudon’s select list of 1834, recently
introduced under a new name, and grown on quince. It is found of
the highest excellence. It succeeds equally well on pear or quince,
but largest on quince. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, ob-
tuse at stem; color, pale yellow, dull blush, and numerous small
specks of faint russet; calyx, open, segments thick, reflexed ; basin,
round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, and obliquely inserted
in a shallow cavity ; core, small; seeds, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish
white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious to the core. Sea-
son, October and November. ,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. B17
Brvrre Easrer.
Beurré Gris @’Hiver Nouveau, Du Patre,
Doyenné d’Hiver, Beurré de Paques,
Doyenné du Printemps, Philippe de Paques,
Bergamotte de la Pentecote, Bezi Chaumontelle trés gTos,
Beurré de la Pentecote, Chaumontel trés gros,
Beurré d’Hiver de Bruzelles, Canning,
Beurré Roupé, Seigneur d’Hiver,
Pater Noster.
Horeign. Requires rich, warm soil, and some care in ripening,
when it is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on quince.
fruit, large, globular, obtuse pytitorm; color, yellowish green
with russet spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a
brownish russet cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep;
calyx, generally small; basin, narrow rather deep; core, medium;
318 THE PEAR.
seeds, long, ovate, acute pyriform ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet.
Season, January to May.
American. Native of
Rhode Island. It is
very successful wherever
srown, admirably adapt-
ed to standard orchard-
ing, an upright, strong
grower, reddish brown
shoots, always product-
ive of fair, even-sized
fruit; not, however, of
more than second-rate
quality.
fruit, medium, ob-
long, obovate; color,
brownish green, becom-
ing yellow, bright red,
suffused in sun; brown
dots and a little russet ;
stem, half to inch long,
slight depression ; calyz,
with short recurved seg-
ments; basin, round;
core, rather small; seeds, dark brown; flesh, white, buttery, sweet.
Season, September.
Briack W orcESTER.
Black Pear of Worcester, | Parkinson’s Warden,
Tron Pear.
A valuable and profitable variety fot marketing and cooking pur-
poses; shoots dark olive, diverging; tree, hardy, vigorous.
Fruit, large, obovate, oblong ; color, dull green, with numerous
marblings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight de-
pression ; calyx, rather small; flesh, firm, coarse, austere. Season,
November to February.
Bovussouck.
Doyenné Boussouck, Providence,
Doyenneé Boussouck Nouvelle, Plymouth. -
Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country
in 1841, by Wm. Kenrick; tree, vigorous; wood, reddish brown,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 319
sprinkled with large round grayish specks; a good and regular bearer;
fine on quince.
Fruit, large, globular, obtuse, obovate pyriform ; color, yellow,
with tracings of russet, and large russet specks; stem, short, stout,
fleshy at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, open ; core, medium ;
seeds, small, almost black, abortive; flesh, yellowish white, rather
coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet perfume. Season, October.
_ CoLuMBIA.
Columbian Virgalieu, | Columbian Virgalouse.
Native of Westches-
ter county, N. Y. With-
out being of more than
second quality, its har-
dihood of tree, product-
ive habit, and fruit uni-
formly smooth and fair,
make it a valuable as
well as profitable varie-
ty. Tree, thrifty; young
shoots, yellowish brown.
Hruat, large or above
medium, oblong, obo-
vate pyriform ; color, at
first pale green, becom- /
ing, when ripe, fine gold- ;
en yellow, dotted with
small gray dots; stem, |
medium size, slightly |
eurved; calyx, rather |
small, partially open, or
half closed ; basin, shal-
low; core, medium;
seeds, oblong pyriform ;
flesh, white, moderately
juicy, sweet. Season,
December to January.
‘Corr. ‘
Beurré Coit.
A new variety, raised by Col. Coit, of Euclid, O. We first ate
of if in 1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since: that we
320 _ THE PEAR.
have seen it several
times, and as we write
this, Septernber 25,1853,
have the fruit before us.
It is worthy a place in
all collections. ‘The tree
is hardy, vigorous, up-
right, spreading in form,
dark brown shoots, and
early good bearer on the
pear root. Our draw-
ing was made from a
specimen pulled in Au-
gust, and is below an
average size.
Fruit, above medium,
obtuse pyriform, slight-
ly angular; color, rich
brown russet, mostly
overspreading a yellow
ground, with a brownish
red cheek in sun; stem,
rather short; cavity, shal-
low, with unequal pro-
jections ; calya#, with seg-
ments nearly erect, sur-
rounded by depressed
crescent-shaped furrows in a shallow basin ; core, small; seeds, black-
ish ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, vinous.
Season, last September and October.
DEARBORN’S SEEDLING.
rs Wheeler’s New St. Michaei.
Raised by Gen. H. A.S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury,
Mass. ‘Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading ; requires little pruning;
productive on the pear root.
Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a
little to the stem; color, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem,
and surface dotted with small russet dots; calyx, with short thick
segments; stem, long, slender, curved; cere, medium; seeds, dark
brown, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, fime-grained, melting,
juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed. Season, August.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION, B21
Dean’s Summer.
Doyenné d’Eté, | Summer Doyenné,
Summer Virgalieu.
Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownish red wood,
early and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on quince.
fruit, rather small, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish
green, nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a
bright marbled red cheek ; stem, rather long, fleshy at base, inserted
without depression ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse,
buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly. Season, last of J uly.
Dovenne Gris p’Hiver Novveav—N Ew WInTER GRAY
DoveEnne.
Doyenné d’Alencon.
Foreign. Re-
cently imported:
proves valuable
on the quince.
Fruit, medium
or above, obovate,
obtuse pyriform,
slightly angular,
or one side long-
est; color, pale
dull. yellow, with
many small brown
russet specks;
stem, short, stout ;
calyx, medium ;
basi n, irregular,
abrupt; core, me-
dium ; seeds, dark
brown, long,point-
ed; flesh, whitish,
rather coarse
grained, melting,
juicy, vinous, a
little astringent
unless well ripen-
ed. Season, Jan-
uary to May.
14*
322 . THE PEAR.
Dovenne Gray.
Gray Butter Pear, Gray Dean’s,
Gray Doyenné, Doyenné Gris,
Doyenné Rouge, Red Doyenné,
Doyenné Roux, St. Michel Doré,
Doyenné d’Automne, | Doyenné Galeux.
This has been confounded with “ Boussouck” and with “ Surpassé
Virgalieu,” but is distinct. It is a good bearer on pear or quince,
a hardy tree, with upright grayish brown shoots.
Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; skin, coy-
ered with smooth cinnamon russet; stem, curved; cavity, rather
deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow; flesh, white. fine-grained,
buttery, melting. Season, October.
DoyvEennée WHITE.
White Dean,
Dean’s,
Virgalieu, Warwick Bergamotte,
Butter Pear, Snow Pear,
St. Michael, . Pine Pear,
Virgaloo, St. Michael,
Bergaloo, Doyenné, *
Yellow Butter, Doyenné Blane,
White Beurré, Beurré Blane,
White Autumn Beurré,
And twelve others of French and Dutch
Fame wn ew
-
~
~
.
. -
"Swececer®
An old variety, every where esteemed when well grown; trees,
hardy, productive either on pear or quince,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 323
Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale yellow, regu-
larly sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium
brownish ; cavity, small, round; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow,
slightly plaited ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery,
delicious. Season, September to November.
The Dovenne Panacues is a sub-variety, differing from this in its
more pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green, and red,
striped. It is juicy, not high flavor. Season, October.
Drx.
American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous young
shoots, pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young,
well suited to extensive orcharding. /’ruit, large, oblong pyriform ;
skin, little rough, yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem ;
stem, set obliquely, raised one side, short, stout, thickest at each end;
calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, marked with a dark gritty circle,
extending toward the stem; /lesh, yellowish white, melting, a little
harsh, juicy, sweet. Season, October and November.
Futon.
American. Native of
Maine; tree very hardy,
yearly and abundant
bearer, well suited for
standard orcharding at
the West ; young shoots
slender, reddish brown.
Fruit, small, obovate ;
color, at first gray rus-
set, becoming dark cin-
namon russet; calyz,
open, segments nearly
erect; basin, round, reg-
ular; stem, one to two
inches long ; cavity, nar-
row ; core, encircled by
a coarse line, but of it-
self small, compact;
seeds, blackish; flesh,
half buttery, moderately
juicy, sprightly. Season,
October, November.
$24 THE PEAR.
Fiemisu Beauty.
Belle de Flanders, Bosc Sire,
Imperatrice de France,
Beaurré Spence.
Bouche Nouvelle,
Bosch,
~~ SSE
a ee, = =
ASS
—————
Foreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation
than it has yet received. It succeeds most admirably on the quince,
and on the rich soils of Illinois we have seen it far surpass even the
most highly nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. ‘The tree
is vigorous, with upright dark brown. shoots.
Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse obovate; color, pale yellow, mostly
covered with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun rich
reddish brown; stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow,
deep; calyx, short, open; basin, round, small; core, medium, with
oblong capsules; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, not
very fine-grained, juicy, melting, sugary. Season, last of September.
Does not keep long.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 825
Giour Morcrav.
Goulu Morceau, Beurre d’Hiver Nouvelle,
Gloux Morceau, Linden d’Automne,
Beurré d’Hardenpont, Roi de Wurtemherg,
Hardenpont d’Hiver, And five more of German.
Colmar d’Hiver, Beurré d’Aremberg, of the French.
This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish
pears. ‘The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only
expressive of its quality, and equally so of many more; and as this
cannot claim the title par excellence, we see not but it must retain
its original, and those who grow it must speak the name as best they
may.
It is an unproductive variety while young, either on pear or
quince; trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring
826 THE PEAR. ,
them well into bearing; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer.
It is a beautiful grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little
pruning. It is also easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or
blue-green wood and its wavy leaves.
Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface
rough; color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and
traces of russet and greenish gray russet specks over the whole sur-
face; stem, one to one and a half inch long, often without cavity, |
but flesh raised one side; calyx, medium, segments half reflexed ;—
basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, like the general surface
of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scolloped; core, large ;
seeds, large, ovate, pointed; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, Juicy,
sugary, perfumed. Season, December to February.
Gotpen Brurre or Bi.Boa.
Hooper’s Bilboa.
‘
me)
Foreign. From
Spain; tree, hardy,
requires rich, strong,
heavy soil, when it is
an abundant bearer
of fair, regular, me-
dium-sized fruit of
second-rate quality.
Fruit, medium, ob-
ovate; color, rich
yellow, with russet
around the stem, and
\ many russet dots
1
|
|
i. rduag Sia abe ore
~
—
ata Te
and patches over
the entire surface ;
stem, slender ; cavity,
/ slight; calyx, small,
y/ mostly open, short
stiff segments ; basen,
shallow; flesh, fine-
grained, melting, jui-
cy, sometimes a little
acid and harsh. Season, September. ;
Heartucor.
Gore’s Heathcot
Native of Waltham, Mass. This variety has not received as
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 827
much attention as it has deserved; tree, hardy, a moderate grower,
branches slender, when grown makes a compact head unless well
thinned out, young shoots reddish brown. °
Fruit, medium or above, obovate, rounded; skin, rough; color,
greenish yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around
stem and eye; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyz, partly closed ;
basin, narrow; core, above medium; seeds, dark brown, pointed ;
fiesh, white, buttery, juicy, vinous and sprightly. Season, October.
Honey.
This is a delicious little pear, received some years since by Prof.
Kirkland, and which we have been unable to recognize with any
description published, if we except a slight note in Prince’s Pom.
Man. ‘The tree is moderately vigorous; wood, yellowish brown,
an early and productive bearer of fruit, uniform in size and regular
shape. Our drawing is too small. :
-_
328. THE PEAR.
Fruit, below medium,
roundish, tapering slightly
to the stem; color, rich
golden russet yellow, with
faint blush, many small red
russet dots, and occasional
patches of brown russet;
stem, rather stout, uneven,
without depression ; calyz,
with open halfrefiexed seg-
ments; basin, shallow, little
russeted; core, medium;
seeds, ovate, blackish; flesh,
yellowish white, juicy, but-
tery, a little coarse-grained,
sweet, perfumed. Season,
a few days before Bartlett.
JALOUSIE DE FonTENAY VENDEE.
Foreign. We have nev-
er fruited a pear that has
given us more satisfaction.
On the quince it is a fine
grower, and inclined to
over-bear. It must not be
confounded with the “Ja-
lousie,” a third-rate varie-
ty. Young shoots upright,
brownish yellow.
fruit, medium or above,
ovate pyriform ; color, dull
yellow, with brownish red
cheek, and patches and dots
of russet, often the russet co-
vering one half the surface ;
stem, varying, often ob-
liquely set on, with a fleshy
ridge at side; calyz, with
segments long, half open;
basin, shallow ; core, medi. |
um or small; seeds, long,
ovate ; flesh, white, buttery,
melting, juicy, sweet, aro-
matic. Season, last Sep-
tember, early October.
wow e ieee
-
a
- enw ee
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION, 829
Kwigut’s SEEDLING.
: * Knight’s R. I. Seedling.
Native of Cranston, R.
I. Tree, vigorous, har-
dy, and early productive;
wood, smooth, yellowish.
Fruit, medium, obo-
vate, tapering a little to
the stem; color, yellow-
ish green, with a brown
red cheek in sun, brown-
ish specks, and dull rus-
set around the calyx;
stem, medium or rather
long, curved ; calyx, me-
dium, segments broad,
partially reflexed; core
and seeds, medium ; flesh,
white, not fine-grained,
melting, juicy, sugary.
Season, September.
KIRTLAND.
Seedling Seckel,
Kirtland’s Seedling,
Kirtland’s Beurré
Grown from
seed of the Seckel
Peay by EO
Kirtland, of Ma-
honing Co., Ohio.
Tree, vigorous,
hardy, early and
productive bearer
On pear roots;
shoots, yellowish
brown, upright,
stout.
Frutt, medium,
often above, obo-
vate, obtuse pyri-
330 THE PEAR. |
form ; color, rich yellow, cverspread with cinnamon russet ; stem, e
usually stout, medium length, curved ; calyx, short, reflexed, per-
sistent ; basin, shallow ; core, small; seeds, short, ovate, blackish :
jiesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September.
Phan
» AS. Loviss Bonne or Jursuy-
:
i
i eal XY
, As ‘
‘
, Louise Ponne de Jersey,
{ 4, 5
y a Louise Bonne d’Avranches,
aod Beurré or Bonne Louise d’ Araudore,
, William the Fourth.
The “Good Louise of Jer-
sey,’ from the Isle of Jer-
sey, proves one of the best
pears grown on the quince
stock in this country. Tree,
* hardy, very productive,
\ shoots vigorous, upright.
‘ fruit, large, (our drawings
‘ were made ere the fruit had
‘ swollen its full size, and are
not more than half size,)
‘\ oblong pyriform ; skin, glos-
\ sy, smooth, green in shade,
\ brownish red in sun, dotted
| with gray dots; stem, about
‘ one inch long, moderately
: stout, a little curved, fleshy
: enlargement at base ; calyz,
open, segments large, reflex-
ed; basin, shallow; core,
* small; seeds, long, ovate,
"pointed ; flesh, white, juicy,
melting, delicious. Season,
October.
.
Smemenn
LAWRENCE.
Native of Flushing, L. J.. An abundant bearer on pear roots, ex-
ceedingly desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate
growth, wood light yellowish brown, rather thorny. §8. B. Parsons
says, “Succeeds very finely on quince.”
Fruit, above medium, long obovate, obtuse at stem; color, dull
pale yellow, marbled with dull green, small dark specks, and russet
at each end; calyx, large, closed; basin, open, furrowed; stem,
medium length, stout, swollen at junction with tree; cavity, round,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 331
deep ; core, medium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white,
juicy, gritty at core, slightly sugary. Season, November to Febru-
ary.
Long GREEN.
Verte Longue, New Autumn,
Mouth Water, Muscat Fleure,
Mouille Bouche.
This is an old foreign variety, always excellent, and an abundant
bearer.
Fruit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform; color, green with dark
green specks; stem, medium length, slender; calyx, with long
reflexed segments; basin, very shallow; core, above medium ; seeds,
dark brown; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. Season,
October.
‘The Striped Long Green, Verte Longue Panachée, resembles the
above, but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily
striped appearance.
MADELEINE.
Citron des Carmes, | Magdalen. =a
Foreign. ‘Tree very vigorous,
strong grower, a little liable to
frozen sap blight on the rich West-
ern soils, until it has acquired the
age of ten or more years; very
productive on pear or quince root.
Fruit, below medium, (our
drawing one third too small,) obo-
vate, oblong pyriform ; stem, long,
slender, at base one side of fruit a
little enlarged ; color, pale yellow
ish green, a little brownish blush,
and russet specks on those exposed
most to sun; calyx, with long per-
sistent, irregularly placed segments;
basin, obscure, slightly plaited ;
core, small; seeds, ovate; flesh,
white, juicy, melting, sweet, slight-
ly perfumed. Season, 15th to last
July. .
The Striped Madeleine Citron des
Carmes Panachee, differs from the
former in being striped with light
yellow, flesh more sweet and less
3882 THE PEAR.
juicy. It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed,
striped red and yellow, and said to be less liable to blight.
MoyAMENSING.
Smith’s Moyamensing.
Native of Penn-
sylvania. ‘Tree vig-
orous, wood yellow-
ish brown, withlight
dots, regular and
abundant bearer. .
Fruit, medium,
roundish, obovate ;
color, lemon yellow
with occasional
blotches and lines of
yellowish russets
stem, short, stout,
often fleshy; calyz,
large; basen, fur -
rowed, broad and
rather deep; core,
medium; __ seeds,
ovate; jlesh, white,
buttery, melting,
juicy, “best.” Season, August.
Nouveau Porrnav.
New Pear.
Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far
successful on both pear and quince stock.
Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, contracted or one-
sided at neck; color, pale green with many dark green dots, and a
few russet stripes or blotches ; stem, about one inch long, medium
size, set on, and not into, the fruit; calyx, medium, with broad seg-
ments half reflexed; basin, irregularly contracted; core, medium,
capsules long, ovate; seeds, obovate pyriform; jlesh, white, fine-
grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. Season. November.
ONONDAGA.
Swan’s Orange, | Onondaga Seedling.
Probably a native of Farmington, Ct. It takes its name from
having been first brought to notice by cultivators in Onondaga Co.,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 833
N. Y. Thus far it succeeds equally well on the quince or pear root,
and as a profitable market variety deserves extensive culture. Tree
vigorous, with strong, upright, olive-colored shoots.
Fruit, large, ovate, obovate ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming
golden yellow at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally
@ dull blush in sun; stem, one to one and a half inch long, inserted
without depression, but with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it;
calyz, rather small, closed; basin, shallow, abrupt, and marked with
patches of cinnamon russet ; core, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white,
juicy, buttery. Season, October and November.
334
~
ve,
ey
Seon
belt ee
'
THE PEAR.
PAYENCY.
Paquency, Poire de Périgord,
Poire de Payency, Payenchi,
Payenchi de Périgord.
poverty Z MS
Ce UU Foreign. Tree of vig-
React I orous growth, early bear-
ete er, and especially profita-
} : ble on the quince.
,
Fi Aa || da \ Fruit, medium, pyri-
uf *, | form, extending into the
i stem, which is stout, un-
g
i even, dark brown; color,
; at first dull pale green,
becoming brownish yel-
low at maturity, many
o russet dots and patches
| * round stem and calyx,
ili ; few in centre, occasionally
a tinge of dull red in
sun; calyx, open, seg-
ments half erect; basin,
very shallow ; core, small ;
seeds, oblong, pointed,
dark brown ; flesh, white,
rather coarse, melting,
juicy, sugary, vinous.
Season, October.
me
“Swe ewe
wey
Pounp.
Winter Bell, Pickering Pear,
Bretagne le Cour, Du Tonneau,
Uvedale’s St. Germain, Belle de Jersey,
Uvedale’s Warden, Piper,
Germain Baker, Union,
Lent St. Germain, Chambers’ Large,
Belle Angevine. »
Foreign. Tree strong vigorous grower, very productive, very
valuable for cooking, and a profitable orchard sort.
Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green with dull
brown and brown russet patches; stem, long, stout, curved; cavity,
deep, oblique, angular; calyz, large; flesh, white, firm, astringent.
Season, December to March.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 335
Prince’s St. GERMAIN.
New St. Germain, | Brown St. Germain.
Raised from the
seed of the old St.
Germain, nearly fifty
years since, at the
Prince Nurseries,
Flushing, L. 1. Tree,
hardy, thrifty, very
productive; the fruit
keeps well, and re-
quires no more care
to ripen than apples ,
shoots, reddish brown.
Fruit, medium, ob-
long, obovate pyri-
form ; color, green and
pale yellow marbled,
and covered nearly
with brownish russet
specks; stem, long,
slender, (our drawing
shows only a portion
of it;) cavity, slight,
narrow; calyx, with
broad segments with-
out divisions; baszn,
regular, even, not deep; core, small; seeds, oblong, ovate; flesh,
white, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Season, December to March.
RostiEzeEr.
Foreign. Tree, strong upright grower, large foliage, dark olive-
colored wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer.
Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color, dull green, reddish
brown cheek in sun, whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stem,
long, slender, without depression ; calyx, medium, open ; basen, very
shallow ; core, small; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet,
perfumed. Season, last of August.
-SECKEL.
Seckle, New York Red Cheek,
Sickle, ' Red-cheeked Seckel,
Sycle,
The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands
in Passyunk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a
336
THE PEAR.
?
half miles from Philadelphia. No one variety has become so gen-
erally known in this country as the Seckel, and in our Southern and
Middle States, no one variety deserves so extended culture. North,
it should, when possible, be planted in warm, rich, sandy loam, and
St. GuIsLarn.
St. Galen.
Foreign. ‘Tree, upright,
vigorous growth; young
shoots, light brown; re-
quires warm rich soil,
otherwise a little insipid.
Fruit, below medium ;
generally pyriform, but
varying ; color, pale yellow
or yellowish green, with.
dots of green underneath, ,
and marblings of russet on
surface; stem, generally :
curved ; calyx, open ; basin,
shallow ; core, small; seeds,
obovate, pointed; flesh,
white, buttery, juicy, and
. sprightly. Season, Septem-
ber.
sheltered situations. The tree is
of slow growth; wood, short-joint-
ed; stout, forming a round head,
and of only medium size on the
pear stock, and well suited to gar-
den planting.
Fruit, sraall, (our drawing too
small for a fair average,) rounded,
obtuse pyriform ; color, brownish
green at first, becoming yellowish
brown, with a lively red russet
cheek ; stem, short, slightly curved,
set in a very slight depression ;
calyx, small, open ; basen, shallow ;
core, small; seeds, broad, ovate; —
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but-
tery, spicy, aromatic, sweet. Sea-
son, September and October.
wt
seen aan”
be]
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. Sa
So.tpat p’EsrERIN—Esprrin SoOLpIER.
Soldat Labourenr d’Esperin
e
ope!
« oe .
‘ | af
ALY.
‘This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Sol-
dat Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the “Soldat Laboureur ”
of the French, which is regarded as our Beurré d’Aremberg. It was
grown by Major Esperin, of Malines; is of strong, vigorous, upright
growth, yellowish brown wood, succeeding finely on the quince,
producing abundantly, and its fruit well dissemmated over the tree,
always large and fair, but of only second-rate quality.
Fruit, large, generally oblong obovate pyriform, sometimes obo-
vate pyriform ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many
‘patches, stripes and dots of russet ; stem, short, stout, curved, in a
slight round depression, or rather a raised lip one side ; calyx, open,
sometimes round, regular, and without divisions, others have stout
persistent segments in divisions ; core, compact, with outer concentric
15
3388 © THE PEAR.
lines ; seeds, obovate ; flesh, rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed,
“very good.” Season, December to February.
St. ANDRE.
Poire St André
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer.
Fruit, above medium, globular, acate pyriform, sometimes obo-
vate pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely
a brownish red cheek in sun; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where
it joins the fruit; calyx, medium, open, segments varying; basin,
very shallow, sometimes slightly furrowed; core, small, compact ;
seeds, oblong, pointed, light brown; flesh, greenish white, fine-grained,
buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed. Season, September.
Stevens’ GENESEE.
Guernsey, | Stephens’ Genesee.
Native of Rochester, N. Y. It is one of the most desirable of
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 339
pears for all collections, either on pear or quince; a fine grower,
with diverging, dark gray shoots ; productive.
Fruit, large, roundish obovate; color, greenish yellow, becoming
yellow; stem, rather stout; cavity, narrow; calya, with short, stiff,
connected segments, half reflexed; basin, medium, regular; core,
medium ; seeds, ovate pyriform, blackish ; flesh, white, half buttery,
juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September. Even windfalls of this
variety are extremely fine.
SUMMER PINEAPPLE
Ananas d’Eté, | Ananas of some,
Poire Ananas. ;
Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting.
Tree, vigorous, dark brown wood, early, regular bearer, fruit always
large and excellent.
Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, angular; color, dull yel-
lowish green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest
at base, or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side; calyz,
open, short divisions; basen, shallow, open; core, compact, capsules
small; seeds, long ovate; flesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, meit-
340 ee oe
1
1
'
{
‘
{
UJ
t
.
,
'
ing, sweet, perfumed. Seascn, Jast August and early September.
This variety variesmuch in form. Our figures are from specimens
from same tree.
SurpassE VIRGALIEU.
Surpasse Virgalouse.
Origin uncertain, probably an American seedling, first dissemi-
nated by the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N.Y. It is a regu-
lar‘abundant bearer on pear or quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with
yellowish brown wood, upright growth.
Fruit, medium, varying in form; (see our drawings, the specimens
from which they were made all being pulled by ourself from the
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 3841
same branch;) color, yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute
dots, and often sprinklings of russet ; calyx, generally small, erect,
Lona
=
eo
Cel
“Os
same
-a-=-" wave
- bel)
- me
aoe tea,
Pr
oF
open; basin, slight; stem, varying; core, medium; seeds, broad
ovate; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, Juicy, aromatic. Season,
October.
TYSON.
This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jenkintown, Pa.
about 1792-4. Thetree is of vigorous, upright growth, with reddish
brown. wood, a moderate, regular bearer. :
iform, irregular ; color,
Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyri
dull yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with nume-
rous black specks; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and
obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on_one
side; calyx, open, with short segments ; basin, round, shallow; core
and seeds, small; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary,
aromatic. Season, August. :
842 THE PEAR,
THOMPSON'S.
Foreign. Tree
of vigorous, di-
verging habit;
young wood, yel-
lowish olive, with
grayish specks;
bears on the pear
about the sixth
year.
fruit, large, ob-
ovate, obtuse py-
riform, surface un-
even; color, lemon
yellow, with
brownish red
cheek in sun, some
russet dots and
marblings, and rus-
set at the stem;
stem, short, usually
planted or set on
angularly, with a
fleshy rim oneside;
calyx, with connec-
ted half-closed segments; basin, round, narrow, abrupt; core, medi-
um ; capsules and seeds, formed like the fruit; flesh, white, buttery,
melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. Season, October and November.
URBANISTE.
St. Mare, —~ | Louise of Orleans,
Beurré Picquery.
Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well-suited to rich
soils West; young shoots, upright, shortjointed, grayish yellow, not
an early bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abun-
dant.
Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform; color, pale yellow, with gray
dots, and a few russet streaks; sfem, about an inch long, rather
stout; cavity, shallow; calyx, small, generally closed; basin, nar-
row, abrupt; core, medium or small; seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh,
white, yellowish at core, buttery, melting, vinous. Season, October
and November. :
~
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 343
Van Mons’ Leon Le Cierc.
Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonne de Boulogne,
elestin
Foreign. Distinct from “Leon Le Clere of Van Mons.” A
valuable variety on the quince, bearing early and abundantly, and
of the largest size fruit. In growth the tree is moderately vigorous,
nearly upright, yellowish olive wood, with round grayish spots. ~
Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow,
golden at maturity, with brown in sun, russet specks and patches,
344, THE PEAR.
some dark green dots, and russet at base of stem; stem, medium
length and size, curved; calyz, large, open, broad, reflexed seg-
ments; basin, medium; core, medium, long ovate capsules;
seeds, long ovate, sometimes imperfect; flesh, yellowish white, fine,
buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. Season, October and No-
vember.
Vicar or WHINKFIELD.
Vicar of Wakefield, : Belle Epine Dumas,
Le Curé, Clion,
Monsieur Le Curé, Epine Dumas,
Dumas, Duc de Bordeaux
Foreign. First found growing wild in a wood by M. Clion, a
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 845
French curate ; hence the names, Clion, Le Curé, &c.; afterwards it
was grown in a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Rev. Dr. Rham,
and received the name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two
associations in the one name, and which, being of our own language,
is to be preferred. It is a-most profitable variety, grown on the
quince stock, and although only second quality, it is always fair and
large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with large, roundish, glossy leaves ;
shoots, diverging, dark olive color.
Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, dull pale green at
first, becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek,
marked with brown dots over the whole surface; calyx, with open
reflexed segments ; stem, an inch or more long, rather slender, ob-
liquely inserted without depression ; core, small; seeds, oblong ovate ;
flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly, “very good.” Season, No-
vember to January.
W ASHINGTON.
Robertson.
American. Native of
Delaware. ‘Tree of healthy,
moderate growth, with slen-
der, diverging, reddish
brown shoots; an annual
bearer.
Fruit, medium, roundish
ovate, or ovate pyriform ;
color, lemon yellow, tinged
in sun with red and reddish
russet, and near the stem,
patches of clear russet;
stem, an inch long, inserted
in a narrow cavity, some-
times almost obsolete, and
then there is a fleshy lip
one side of stem; calyz,
small, long pointed seg-
ments; basen, round, regu-
lar; core, rather small, ly-
ing near the apex; seeds,
obovate pyriform, black-
ish; flesh, white, juicy,
sweet. Season, September.
Van ASSCHE.
Van Assene. | Vanassé,
Van Asshe.
This is a new pear, not yet fruited at the West, but we have eaten
x 1 5*
-_
346 "| THE PEAR.
of it East, and have no hesitation in placing as among those worthy
general culture. We copy our description from Mr. Barry, in the
Horticulturist of February, 1853: “Tree a vigorous, erect grower,
dark shoots, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding well on the:
quince. /7ruit, large, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye, flattened
at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; calyx, small ; basin, smooth,
wide, rather shallow; stem, one and a half inch long, rather slen
der, slightly sunk ; skin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the shade,
sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with
carmine dots; flesh, white, buttery, melting. Season, September
and early October.
Winter NEtis.
Nellis d’Hiver, La Bonne Malinoise,
Bonne de Malines, Milanaise Cuvelier,
Beurré de Malines, Etourneau.
Foreign. As a standard winter pear, if we were to select but the
one, it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with
slender diverging shoots; very hardy; an early prolifie bearer on
a
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 847
pear or quince. It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized
fruit, and is well suited to extensive planting on our Western lands.
Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ;
color, yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ,
stem, rather long, a little curved; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, with
short segments; basin, shallow, core, medium ; capsules, ovate;
seeds, oblong pyriform, curved; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt-
ing, sugary, aromatic. Season, November to middle January.
ZoaR BRAuty.
Zoar Seedling.
American. Native of Ohio.
Tree, vigorous grower; dark
brown shoots; early and
abundant bearer.
Fruit, a little below me-
dium, varying in form, usu-
ally as seen in our engrav-
ing; color, light yellow, with
greenish spots; red in the
sun, with deep red spots;
stem, generally long, slender,
curved, plaited, with slight
depression one side; calyz,
large, for size of fruit ; base:-,
shallow; core, medium ; seeds,
obovate, or broad ovate;
Jiesh, yellowish white, a little
coarse, juicy, sweet. Season,
early August.
348 THE PEAR.
CLASS Il.—New and untested, suited to certain localities or gardens of
Amateurs.
ALPHA.
Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yel-
lowish green, with reddish dots, brown blush; flesh, white, fine-grained,
buttery, “very good.” October.
ABBOTT.
From Providence, R. I. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dark green,
reddish brown cheek; calyx, small; flesh, melting, sugary, sprightly,
Middle to last September.
ANDREW’S.
' American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise
highly desirable. Fruit, large, (our drawing too small for au average,)
roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots
~
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 349 —
and russet patches; calyx, open; segments, long, half reflexed ; basin,
small; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without de-
pression ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly ‘‘best.” September.
ADELE DE St. Denis.
Foreign. New. Fruit, above medium, obovate, irregular, yellow, covered
with russet ; calyx, open, broad segments; flesh, melting, juicy. October.
ALTHORPE CRASSANE,
Foreign. Quality variable; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, rough,
pale green, with dark green ‘suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge ‘of
brown ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rather coarse, ‘‘ very good. ” “Octo-
ber and November.
Autumn PaRapIsE.
Paradise d’Automne, °
Foreign. This is esteemed by many eastern writers as superior even to
the Beurré Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous
growth, shoots at first upright, afterwards strage eling and pendulous ;
wood, reddish brown, with’ large whitish gray specks, very productive.
Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface; color,
dull yellow, covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side;
calyx, rather large, open; segments, reflexed; basin, furrowed; stem,
about one and a half inch ‘long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the
fruit by a fleshy, and oftentimes wrinkled base ; core, small; seeds, long-
pointed; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy,
delicious. September and October.
BANKERBINE.
Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs.
Hilwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow, with
small russet dots; stem, stout; calyx, open, broad segments; core,
large ; flesh, breaking, coarse. October.
Be.tite Excen ent.
Foreign. Resembles Louise Bonne of Jersey; oblong pyriform, yel-
low, red blush, with raised specks on surface. October.
BELLE DE Nok.
Belle apres Noel,
“Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale
greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ;
calyx, medium; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ;
core, large; flesh, whitish, melting , juicy, “very good. ” December.
Bette pr BruxeLuzs.
Belle of Brussels, { Belle d’ Aout.
Foreign. Variable. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, deep yellow, green-
ish dots, tinge of red in sun; flesh, white, sweet. August.
300 THE PEAR.
BELLE JULIE.
Foreign. ‘Tree, upright grower; fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowish
green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun; stem, short, stout; calyx,
medium, reflexed; flesh, greenish white, juicy, “very good.” October
and November. (Hov. Mag.)
BELLE CANAISE,
Eliza d’Heyst.
Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular, obovate, pale greenish yel-
low, with dirty green or brown specks; stem, slender; calyx, open; flesh,
white, coarse-grained, juicy, ‘‘good.” February to March.
Bei.Le pi THOUARS.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, angular, rich brown russet; short
stem ; cavity, little plaited; calyx, half open; shallow basin; core, small;
seeds, ovate; flesh, white, tender, juicy, ‘‘very good.” October and
November.
¢
Brurre Brown.
Beurreé Gris, Beurré d’Or,
Beurré Rouge, Beurre Dorée,
Beurre, Beurré d’Amboise,
Golden Beurré, Beurre d’Ambleuse,
Gray Beurré, Beurré du Roi,
Beurré Vert, Poire d’Amboise,
Badham’s, Isambert,
Isambert Ile Bon.
An old variety-; does finely in warm rich soil, but a peculiar vinous
‘taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel-
lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun; flesh, greenish
white, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September.
BruRRE SUISSE.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red, and yel-
low ; only desirable as a curiosity. October.
Brvurre BEAvLigEv.
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet,
spots and blotches; short stout stem; calyx, open; basin, shallow; flesh,
white, juicy. October.
BrurRE DE RHINE.
Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular; stem, stout; calyx, open;
basin, shallow, light yellow, rough spots; flesh, white, rather coarse,
“good.” October and November. Grows well on quince.
Brurre CRAPAUD.
Foreign. Vigorous and productive on pear or quince, fine for extreme
=
%
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 351
northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep
yellow, red in sun, small russet dots; stem, stout, curved; calyx, partially
closed; core, large; flesh, yellowish, melting, sugary, juicy, “ very good.”
October. |
BreurRrRE CHARRON.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, long; calyx,
small, closed; basin, deep; flesh, juicy, melting, buttery, ‘‘best.” Octo-
beri 8. Ba Co.)
BEURRE DE BEAUMONT.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, brownish
red in sun, covered with dark green or russety specks; stem, short;
calyx, closed; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet, “very good.” Last
September.
BrEuRRE PREBLE.
American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet
and green spots; flesh, white, buttery, “ very good.” October and No-
vember.
Breurre Mouerr’s Guernsey.
Mollett’s Guernsey Chaumontelle.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, with dark
brown, russet in sun; calyx, large; stem, stout; flesh, yellowish, melt-
ing, vinous, ‘‘very good.” December.
BEURRE DE Ranz.
Beurre Rance, Beurré de Flanders,
Beurré Epine, Hardenpont du Printemps,
Beurre Noirchain.
Foreign. Very variable, rarely ‘very good.” Tree, a straggling, pen-
dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed
in sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface; stem, long; calyx, open ;
core, small; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April.
BrurReE Kossutu.
* Foreign. New. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven ;
stem curved, inserted upon a little projection; calyx, in divisions,
dull yellowish green, traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at
crown, greenish at stem; flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated.
(Hov. Mag.)
BrurRE GIFFORD.
Beurreé Gifford.
Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish,
good bearer on quince or pear. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowisn green
to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks ; stem, long, slender, curved ;
*
B52 | THE PEAR.
calyx, open; core, small; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, “ very good.”
Last of August. (Hov. Mag.)
Beurre Morr.
Beurré Moire.
“Swe,
een nner
- Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often
blossoms the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which of course does
not mature; new, promises well. Fruit, large, obovate, oblong pyriform,
pale green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch;
stem, one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression; calyx, small;
short stiff segments; core, small; seeds, imperfect; skin, thick, harsh;
flesh, white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly, ‘very good.” Novem-
ber and December. ;
Beurre bp’ AMAus.
Beurré d’Amanilis, | Beurré d’Amaulis.
Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on pear or quince; said to bear well ;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. Bue
our experience has been the reverse: Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull
yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches;
stem, long, obliquely set; calyx, open; basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, a
little coarse, often austere, “very good.” Early September.
There is also a striped Beurré d’Amalis, differing not materially, except
in being striped red, yellow, and green.
Breurre NAnvais,
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, russet dots; flesh,
melting, juicy. September. (Hov. Mag.)
BEURRE SUPERFINE,
Foreign. Fruit, large, pale green, traces and patches of russet, dull
brownish cheek; flesh, juicy, melting, slight aro na, “very good.” Mid-
dle to last October. (Wilder, in Hort.) *
Breurre Van Marvum.
Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always
fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow; stem, long;
calyx, large; flesh, white, hardly ‘‘ good ;” its bearing its recommendation.
October.
Brvurre BAacHELIER.
Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow;
stem, stout; cavity, deep; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag.)
Beurre Miter. 44
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse pyriform; pale yellow, with
large pale russet specks; stem, short, stout; calyx, small, open; core,
small; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vmous. November to Jan-
uary. (Hov. Mas.)
Brvurre BRETTOUNEAU.
Beurré Bretouneau.
Foreion. Does not succeed on the quince; very fine on pear; very
hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot-
ted with russet; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Riv-
ers, in Hort.)
Breurre DE WATERLOO.
Foreion. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull green, rough skin,
covered with coarse russet traces and points; calyx, open; basin, fur-
rowed; flesh, melting, juicy, sprightly, saccharine. Middle October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)
Brevurre Avposson.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at
maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots; stem, short,
354. dines THE PEAR.
stout; calyx, large, open; flesh, melting, tender, juicy, “very good.”
October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
BEURRE SPRIN.
Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, yellow, with patches, tracings
and dots of russet; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight
lip; calyx, small, with segments united; core, medium ; seeds, large ;
flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, “‘very good.” *QOcto-
ber. We should not be surprised if this proved Marie Louise.
BEuRRE STERKMAN.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, large strong shoots; succeeds on quince or
pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov-
ered with russet ; stem, short, stout; calyx, open; flesh, white, melting,
juicy, sub-acid. ’Octob: r. :
Brurre CLAIRGEAU.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong, obo-
vate pyriform ; color, mostly ‘russet, reddish in sun; ‘stem, short, “stout ;
calyx, small, open; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, “very
good.” October, November. ‘This will probably prove one of the most
valuable, as a large-sized, first quality pear, and desirable as an orchard
variety, on the pear root. It is yet quite new.
Beau Present pv’ ArtTors.
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, gray and green spot-
ted ; stem, large, short ; - calyx, short, broad; flesh, white, with green lines,
tender, juicy, sugary. ’ September. ‘(Hov. Mag.)
BercamotTre dD’ ESPERIN,
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches of
russet ; “calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, buttery, melting, juicy,
sweet, «very good,” very productive i in clusters. December to F ebruary.
BERGAMOTTE GAUDRY. °
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with*russet dots ;
flesh, white, tender, juicy, “good, ” November.
BeRGAMOTTE CADETTE.
Beurre Beauchamps, | Beauchamps,
Poire de Cadet.
Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely
little red in sun; stem, long, stout; calyx, small, closed; flesh, buttery,
juicy, sweet; requires care in ripening. October to December,
Burzi SANSPAREIL.
Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow,
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 3865
much russet, and in sun, a little: crimson; stem, long; cayity, deep; calyx,
open ; segments, long; core, medium; ‘seeds, purplish black; flesh, yel-
lowish white, melting, juicy, aromatic, “ very ood: ” if not “best.” Feb-
ruary to March.
Bezt pE NApuss.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with
blotches and stripes of darker hue, occasional russet patches and dots;
stem, stout; calyx, small; basin, furrowed; flesh, fine, buttery, juicy,
sweet, “very good.” Last September.
Bzzit pE Montteny.
Trouve de Montigny, | Doyenne Musque.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obo-
_vate, yellowish green, with russet specks and dots; stem, long, curved,
rather stout; calyx, small, open, reflexed ; core, large; flesh, white, fine,
melting, juicy, sugary. October. ”
Bezi pE LA Morte.
Bein Armudi, | Beurre Blane de Jersey.
Foreign. A vigorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit,
medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots;
stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved; calyx, small, open, reflexed
segments } core, medium; seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white,
rather coarse, sugary, juicy, melting, Vee eood. ” October.
Brzi p’ EsPERIN.
Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate, melting, “very good;” good bearer.
December to January. (Rivers, in Hort.)
BARONNE DE MELLO.
Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on quince. Fruit, medium,
obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish russet; stem, short, stout, fleshy at
base ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid, “very good.” Mid-
dle October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
Benotst Nouveau.
Foreign. ‘The specimen from which we describe was received from
Messrs. Hllwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish
yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks ;
stem, stout; cavity, deep, narrow; calyx, open; core, small; seeds, long,
ovate, pointed; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful
ripening. February to April.
The ‘‘ Benoist’” of Rivers is large, and ripe in August; and a “ Beurré
Benoist”’ said to ripen in October; we have not seen them.
856 THE PEAR.
Bioopeoop.
American. From Flushing, L. I. Ithas not, as grown West, merited
its eastern reputation. ‘The tree is a moderate grower, with reddish
brown, short-jointed wood; a regular bearer. We think it requires a
rick, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit medium, or
below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots; calyx,
open; stem, fleshy at base; core, small; flesh, yellowish white, melting,
“very good.” Harly August.
BorDENAVE.
Sinith’s Bordenave.
The original name lost, and this given to it by Alfred Smith, Esq., of
Hartford, Connecticut, who imported it from France. Fruit medium,
acute pyriform, dull greenish russet; flesh juicy, buttery, sprightly, “ very
good.” September.
Bonne ves ZEESs.
Bon d’Ezee, | Bonne des Haies.
Foreign. Tree of short stocky habit; wood yellowish; fruit large, ob-
tuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted; stem
rather short, uneven, calyx partly closed, short segments; core large;
flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary,“ very good.” September.
Bon CHretizen FonpANTE.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive on quince or pear; fruit
medium, roundish, oblong, oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and —
much russet; stem medium, eurved ; calyx small, partly closed; basin fur-
rowed; corelarge; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty, “very
good.” September, October.
Branpes St. GERMAIN.
Foreign. Considering its season, R. Manning, Hsq., considers this 4
very desirable variety ; tree moderate grower, succeeding finely on quince,
very productive; fruit medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth
russet; stem short, stout, calyx small; flesh juicy, vinous, “ very good.”
November, December.
BrouGHAM.
Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate, yellowish russet; stem short,
calyx open; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary, ‘“‘ very
good.” November.
_
BrRINGEWOOD.
Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet; stem
long and slender; calyx open, prominent; flesh yellowish white, gritty at
core, the rest buttery, “very good.” November. (Hov. Mag.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 857
BRIELMONT,
Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish
and russet specks; calyx prominent; basin open; flesh white, melting,
“‘ good.” October.
BEADNELL.
Beadnell’s Seedling,
Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer ; shoots long, bright chestnut
color, white dots; fruit middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short; eye a little
open; skin pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun,
much speckled with whitish gray dots; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy.
Last September.
CaEN pu FRANOE.
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and
reddish dots; stem rather long; calyx open; flesh fine, juicy, sweet,
“very good.” December, January. ;
CapPIAUMONT.
Beurré Capiaumont, | Beurré Coloma,
Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on pear or
quince. Beurré Oudinot.
Foreign. Fruit large, pyriform, yellowish green, with brownish cheek ;
stem curved; calyx medium; basin shallow, flesh fine, juicy, “ very
good.” September.
OsBORN.
American. From Economy, Ia., introduced first to notice by A. Hy
Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit small, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow ;
stem about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base ;
flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent, “good.” Harly
August.
OsBAND’s SUMMER.
Osband’s Favorite, | Summer Virgalieu of some.
American. Native of Wayne Co., N. Y. Fruit below medium, ovate,
obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red
cheek in sun; skin rather thick ; stem medium, inserted in a shallow, un-
even cavity; calyx with open, long straggling segments ; flesh yellowish
white, rather coarse-grained, juicy, “good.” Harly September.
Orr.
American. Native or
Montgomery Co., Pa.
This is by many Hastern
pomologists classed as
“best:” specimens we
have had from Prof.
Kirtland have not mer-
ited more than to be
classed ‘very good.”
Fruit small, roundish,
greenish yellow, with
little russet, and rarely
faint red cheek in sun;
stem medium, a little
curved; calyx rather
large, open, reflexed;
core below medium ;
seeds blackish; flesh
yellowish, melting,
juicy, slightly aromatic.
August.
880 THE PEAR.
Osweeo.
Oswego Beurré, | Reed’s Seedling.
American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, succeeds
well thus far, and an early bearer on quince or pear roots; fruit medium,
ovate obovate or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marblings
and patches of russet; stem short, stout, cavity rather deep; calyx
medium, closed ; core small; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, “ very
good.” October.
Paut THtE.en.
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek;
stem long, obliquely set; calyx open, segments short, upright; flesh
rather coarse, juicy, good.” October.
Passz CoLMar.
Passé Colmar Epmeaux, Colmar Hardenpont,
Colmar Gris, Présent de Malines,
Passé Colmar Gris, Marotte Sucrée Jaune,
Beurré Colmar Gris, dit Précel, Souverain,
Précel, ‘ Colmar Souverain,
Fondante de Panisel, Gambier,
Fondante de Mons, Cellite,
Beurré d’Argenson, | Colmar Preule,
Regintin, Colmar Dorée,
Chapman’s, Colmar Van Mons,
Colmar les
Foreign. ‘Tree vigorous, with long, straggling, half-drooping shoots of a
lively brownish yellow ; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care,
it is a first-class sort; with common ordinary care, it is worthless. Fruit
medium to large, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, dull
yellow when fully mature, with some russet; stem a little more than
medium length, set with slight depression; calyx partly open, basin
shallow; flesh yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November,
January.
PErtrE.
American. Originated in the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila-
delphia, Pa. Tree moderate grower, with slender yellowish brown shoots,
abundant bearer; fruit medium to large, obiong, obovate pyriform, pale
yellow, with russet patches; stem rather stout, largest at base, cavity
abrupt; calyx medium; basin narrow; flesh whitish, fine, melting,
buttery, perfumed, juicy, nearly “best.” October. The “Bézi de la
Motte” has been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, through the
West.
PENGETHLEY.
Foreign. Tree vigorous; fruit medium, obovate, yellowish brown,
russeted; ‘stem medium; calyx small, partly open; flesh yellowish,
juicy, “good.” February, March.
PENNSYLVANIA.
American. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, hardy, and moderately
productive; fruit large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish
~
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 881
green, brownish russet, marbled; stem stout, calyx small, half closed ;
core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, “good.”
October.
PENDLETON.
Pendleton’s Early York Pear.
American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive; fruit rather
_ large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, russet specks; stem
curved; calyx open; flesh white, tender, sweet, “good.” Last July. «
(Hoy. Mag.)
PLOMBGASTEL.
‘Dusnas, Plougastel,
Plumbgartel, Jergils ?
Foreign. Tree vigorous, upright, succeeds on quince; fruit above
medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet
specks; stem stout; calyx large, open, segments reflexed; core large;
ee white, half meltin ee ue se a erhaps “ very good.” Se E
er Giana: er eae 1 SCOe, pernap WS COG: Pp
ember, A
Porre p ALBRET.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, dark wood, good bearer; fruit medium,
pyramidal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem stout, curved, swollen
at base; calyx partly open; core small; flesh greenish white, coarse,
melting, juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.)
Pratt,
American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, upright growth,
productive on pear; fruit above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish
yellow, with gray and russet dots and specks; stem slender ; calyx open;
flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, “ best.” September.
Porre pv’ ABONDANCE.
D’ Abondance.
Foreign. Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with rus-
set dots, red in sun; flesh melting, juicy, “ very good.” October.
PuULsIFER.
American. Native of Illinois. Tree upright, vigorous; shoots dark
olive, early and productive bearer. Fruit below medium, pyriform ob-
tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet; stem short; calyx small, open;
flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, “very good.” Harly August.
Princess Royat. -
Groom’s Princess Royal.
Foreign. Tree hardy, vigorous, not.an early bearer. Fruit medium,
obovate, dull pale green, dotted with russet; stem set in shallow cavity ;
x
882 THE PEAR.
calyx open ; segments short; core large; flesh yellowish, rather coarse,
melting, juicy, e good.” January, February.
QUEEN oF THE Low CouNTRIES.
Reine des Pays Bas.
Foreign. We have often examined this sort, but have been unable as
yet to fruit it in six years that we have had the variety. We condense
our description from Downing: Fruit large, obovate, acute pyriform, dull
yellow, dotted and russeted, dark red in sun; stem one and a half inch
long, curved; calyx small; basin deep; flesh white, buttery, melting, -
juicy, vinous, sub-acid. Early October.
RaALuay.
We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this
pear from Messrs. Hllwanger & Barry. It is we believe, an old variety,
but we had never before seen it. Fruit small to medium, globular, acute
pyriform, skin rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over ‘the whole spots
of russet; stem slender, obliquely set without depression ; calyx with”
crumpled segments; core large; flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy,
gritty at core, “ good.” November, December.
RAPALJE.
Rapalje Seedling.
American. Described by Dr. A. H. Stevens of New York, in the Hor-
ticulturist, from which we extract, having never seen the fruit. Fruit
medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform; stem long; calyx
in a slight hollow; flesh buttery, like White Doyenné. Harly September.
Ropes.
American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it
originated, at Salem, Mass. Fruit small, oblong obovate, brownish rus-
set, tinged with red in sun; stem short, rather stcut ; calyx small, open ;
core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, “ good.” October.”
Ross.
Foreign. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, obovate, yellowish green and
russet; stem short; calyx open; flesh yellowish, rather gritty, sweet,
juicy, ‘“‘good.” January, ;
' RonDELET.
Foreign. Tree upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding.
Fruit small, obovate, yellow, dotted with russet, red in sun; stem slender ;
calyx erect, long segments ; ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, pays
juicy, sugary, aromatic , nearly “ best.” October,
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 883
RovussELeET DousBLe EspERIn.
Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish
yellow, covered with cinnamon russet; stem long, stout, fleshy at base ;
calyx open; basin deep, furrowed; flesh white, melting, sprightly, “ very
good.” October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
RosaBIRNE.
Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate, acute pyriform, angular, surface un-
even, russet on dull greenish yellow; stem fleshy at base; flesh white,
melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid, “ very good,” may be ‘‘best.” October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)
e SHELDON.
Penfield.
American. Native of Western Central New York. Tree vigorous, erect,
hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellowish.
Fruit medium or above, roundish, a little angular, sometimes obovate,
pale greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with dark
russet; stem short, rather stout, slightly curved; calyx medium, open,
broad short segments ; core rather large ; seeds dark brown; flesh a little
coarse, and gritty at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly,
aromatic, nearly “best.” October.
SKINLESS.
Sanspeau, | Poire Sans Peau,
Fleur de Guignes.
Foreign. An old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is
productive and “very good.” Fruit small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish
yellow, light red specks in sun; stem long, slender; calyx closed; flesh
white, juicy. Harly August.
SIGNORET.
Sagaret.
Foreign. Fruit medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow,
russet specks; calyx open; flesh coarse, breaking, hardly “‘ good.” No-
vember.
SERRURIER.
Serrurier d’Automne.
Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specks
and blotches; stem in a deep cavity; basin shallow; flesh melting, juicy,
“good.” October.
Sr. Mesmin.
Foreign. Fruit large, oblong ovate, yellowish green; stem without
depression ; calyx half open; flesh juicy, “good,” perhaps may be “ very
good.” October.
884 THE PEAR.
SHURTLEFF.
Shurtleff’s Seedling.
American. Native of Boston. Tree vigorous, good bearer. Fruit
medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with
russet specks, dark red cheek in snn; stem rather long, swollen at base 3
calyx large, open; core large; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty
at core. September. (Hov. Mag.)
SouvERAINE D’Erts.
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, traced and
dotted with russet, bright red cheek in sun; calyx open; stem short -
flesh melting, tender, juicy, “very good.” August.
STERLING.
American. Native of Western New-York. Tree thrifty, upright
growth, early bearer. Fruit large, roundish obovate, pale yellow, shaded
with red in sun, russet at base of stem; stem long; calyx open; core
large; flesh white, coarse, half melting, juicy, “very good.” arly Sep-
tember.
St. Micnarnt ARCHANGE.
Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellowish gray and
green spotted; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, “very good.”
Last September. (Hov. Mag.)
Str, JEAN BAPTISTE.
Foreign. Tree moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruit
large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks;
stem short, curved, swolien at base; flesh white, melting, buttery, vinous.
October. (Hov. Mag.)
STYER.
Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow,
with russet dots and tracings; stem varying; cavity shallow; calyx
imperfect, basin narrow, abrupt, deep ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white,
a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed, “best.” September.
SumMerR Franc Reat.
Franc Réal d’Ete, | Gros Micet d’Rté,
Fondante.
-Foreign. Tree thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than “ good” on
pear roots, sometimes nearly “best” on quince. Fruit medium, obovate,
obtuse pyriform, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with brownish
green dots; stem short, thick; calyx medium, long segments, furrowed
basin, large core; flesh white, not fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet.
September. .
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 885
Suzerte pE Bavay.
Suzette de Bavay (Hsperen).
Foreign. Tree vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit medium,
obovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet; flesh melting, juicy, “very
good.” February and March. .
Summer Portueat. ‘
Passans du Portugal.
Foreign. Tree upright growth, shoots reddish brown. Fruit below
medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun; stem one
inch; calyx erect; flesh white, juicy, breaking, “very good.” Last of
August.
Tea.
American. Native of New-Haven Co., Ct. Fruit below medium,
roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun; calyx with short open seg-
ments, even, with surface; core small; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, “ very
good,” nearly “best.” Last September.
THEODORE.
Theodere Van Mons.
Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots;
stem long, little or no depression; calyx large, open; broad segments ;
desh whitish, melting, “very good” on quince. November.
TRIOMPHE DE J ODOIGNE.
!
Foreign. Tree very strong, vigorous grower, not an early bearer.
Fruit large to very large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, with traces
and faint spots of russet; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, ‘‘good.” No-
vember. i
Uprrr Crust.
American. Native of South Carolina. Tree healthy, moderate grower,
branches slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit size and shape of Dear-
born Seedling, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches; flesh buttery,
melting, “very good,” if not “best.” July. (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.)
VICOMPTE DE SPOELBERCH.
_ Despoilberg, d Bezi de Spoelberch,
Vicompte de Spoelberg.
Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown,
with whitish gray specks. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale
yellow,when mature, little red in sun, and russet patches and specks;
stem long, stout, fleshy at base; calyx medium; segments short, erect;
core medium; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary,
“best.” December. New, comparatively ; deserves trial.
if
386 THE PEAR.
VESOUZIERE.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, succeeds on quince. Fruit medium, roundish
obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun; stem long; cavity open ;
calyx medium, open; basin shallow; core large; flesh yellowish white,
rather coarse, juicy, sweet, “good.” November.
‘W ALKER.
Fruit large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea-
green; stem curved, fleshy at base; calyx open; long segments; basin
shallow ; flesh coarse, crisp, juicy, “good.” September.
Westcort.
American. Native of Cranston, R.I. Fruit medium, roundish obo-
vate, pale green to light orange yellow, dots and, blotches of russet; stem
slender, fleshy at base; calyx large, open; basin piredy flesh white,
juicy, melting, sugary, d good.” September.
WILpBurR.
American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree a moderate grower, with
reddish brown shoots, productive and hardy. Fruit medium, oval obo-
vate, dull yellowish green, much russet; stem medium; calyx open;
core large; flesh whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy, ‘‘ good.”
September. -
WINSHIP.
Winship’s Seedling-
American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree vigorous, wood yellowish,
early and productive bearer. Fruit medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow,
traces of russet, blush in sun; stem long, slender, curved; calyx closed;
core large; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, “good.” August.
Wiuruiams Harty.
American. Native of Roxbury, Mass. Tree moderate grower, reddish
brown wood. Fruit below medium, ovate obovate, light yellow, red
cheek, little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks; stem me-
dium, a little fleshy at base; calyx large, open; core large; flesh yellow-
ish white, coarse, juicy, sweet, “ very good.” September.
i WILLIAMSON.
American. From the south side of Long Island. Fruit medium, obo-
vate rounded, obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and
russet at stem and crown; stem short, stout, narrow, irregular cavity ;
calyx none; basin deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds small, flattened; flesh
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 387
yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, sugary, vinous, * very good,” if not
“best.” October.
| WILHELMINE.
Wilhelmina.
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, gray
specks, faint red in sun; stem rather long ; calyx large, open; flesh yel-
lowish white, buttery, sugary, juicy, “good.” February.
Wuarton’s Earty,
Origin unknown. This variety we found growing in the grounds of Prof,
Kirtland, who received grafts from the south centre of Ohio, under this name.
We at first thought it Catinka, but it ripens too soon. Tree a vigorous,
strong grower, wood yellowish brown, large foliage. Fruit above me-
388 THE PEAR. ;
dium, oblong, obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots,
suffused at base with sea-green, occasionally a russet trace; stem long,
slender; cavity slight; calyx open; segments short, rounded; core me-
dium; seeds ovate; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, nearly “best.”
Middle to last August.
WIeDow.
Wredow.
Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yel-
low; stem medium, obliquely planted with lip one side; calyx small ;
flesh white, juicy, vinous, perfumed, “ very good.” October.
WILKINSON.
American. From Cumberland, R. J. Tree thrifty, hardy, productive,
“good” in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit medium, oval obovate, —
yellow, with brown dots and specks; stem rather long and stout; calyx
small, open; flesh white, juicy, sweet. October to December.
ZEPHERINE GREGOIRE.
Foreign. Fruit globular, acute pyriform ; stem fleshy ; color dull green,
thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek; flesh very melting, tender,
juicy, “very good.” November. (Wilder, in Hort.)
CLASS II. Unworthy farther cultivation.
ApMIRAL.
Amiral, | Colmar Charnay.
Foreign. Large, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow; flesh coarse, juicy.
October.
ADAMS.
American. Small, roundish obovate, yellow russet ; flesh coarse. October.
ANGLETERRE.
English Beurré, | Beurre d’Angleterre.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet ; flesh white. September.
AMBROSIA.
Early Beurre.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted. August.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION, 3889
ANGLETERRE NOISETTE.
Foreign, Large, roundish, dark green. September.
AMBRETTE.
‘ Tijton, i Ambrette d’Hiver,
Ambre Gris, Belle Gabriel,
Trompe Valet.
Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russeted. November, January.
This is classed by some as identical with Echassery : we think them different.
AmaANDE DovuBLE.
Amanda’s Double.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellow and red. September. |
Aston Town.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October.
Autumn CoLtMar.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October.
Autumn BERGAMOT.
English Bergamot, | York Bergamot,
English Autumn Bergamot.
Foreign. Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The French
Autumn Bergamotte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueless
BELMONT.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October.
Bette Et Bonne.
Gracieuse.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September. =
Brerecamot, Easter.
Bergamot de Paques, Winter Bergamot,
Bergamot d’Hiver, Paddington,
Bergamot de Bugi, Royal Tairling,
Bergamot de Toulouse, Terling,
Robert’s Keeping.
Foreign. Medium or above, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. February,
May.
Bereamot p’ HoLianne.
Holland Bergamot,
Beurré d’Alencon,
Bergamot d’Alencon,
Bergamotte de Fougere,
Amoselle,
Lord Cheeney’s.
Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet. For ever.
890 “THE PEAR.
- Bereamor Parruenay.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. December, January,
Brreamor Boussiere.
Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, January.
Breurre Bronzez.
Foreign. Large, rcundish, greenish, dull russet. November, December.
Beurre DvvaAL..
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November.
BEURRE SEUTIN.
Foreign. Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December.
Breurre Knox.
Foreign. Large, oblong obovate, pale green, little russet. September.
Breurre CoLmMar.
Beurré Colmar d’Automne.
Foreign. Mediuin, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October.
Breurre Van Mons.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, with russet. October.
Beurre Roman.
Gros Romain.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green. October.
Brurre DE BoLLwiLLeER.
Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellowish red in sun. Winter.
Beurre Kenricr.
No. 1599 of Van Mons.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.
Beurre Hacerrsrton.
No. 8 of Van Mons.
Foreign. Medium, oblong obtuse, yellow. Middle August.
.
Brzt VAEt.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek, November.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 891
Bezz pb’ Heri.
Bezi Royal.
Fereign. Medium, roundish, greefish yellow. October.
Bezt’ Biane.
Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish. August.
Bow Caretien, SPANISH.
Ben Chrétien d’Espagne, j Spira.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December.
Bon Curetiex, Fiemisn.
Bon Chretien Tere.
Yoreign. Medinm, obovate, pale green, brown cheek. November, March.
Bisuor’s Tuume.
Beurré Adam.
Foreign. Large, ebieng, irregular pyriform, yellowish green and russet.
October.
BurGOMASTER.
Burgermeister.
Foreign. Medium, long pyriform, yellowish green. December,
Bovucguta.
Beurre Boucquia.
Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyriform, pale yellow, red eheek. October.
BuRLINGHAME,
Burlingame.
American, Mediuz, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. September.
BURNETT.
American Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, russet. October.
Biercxer’s Mreapow.
Large Seckel, | Feaster.
American, Medium, roundish, yellowish. October, November.
Broome Park.
Bereign. Medium, roundish, brewn, December.
392 THE PEAR.
Capor.
American. Medium, oval, roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September.
CALEBASSE.
Calebasse Double Extra, | Calebasse d’Hollande -
Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet. September.
CALEBASSE GROSSE.
Monstrous Calabash.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish, dull green. October.
CALEBASSE DELVINGE.
Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. October, November.
CAPuCcIN.
Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October.
CATILLAC,
Cadillac, | Grand Monarque,
Groote Mogul,
Foreign. Large, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March.
CHAPMAN,
American. Above medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October.
CHARLES or AUSTRIA.
. Charles d’Autriche.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russeted. October.
Citron oF BoHnEMIA.
Great Citroen of Bohemia.
Foreign. Large, oblong, yellow, red cheek. October.
_CuInton.
No. 1238, Van Mons.
Foreign. Large, obovate, light yellow. November.
CLARA.
Claire.
Foreign. Medium, oval pyriform, yellow, with red. October,
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 893
CHELMSFORD.
Stone.
American. Large, pyriform, yellow; redcheek. September.
CoMPRETTE.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November.
CopEaA.
American. Large, obovate, acute pyriform, yellow. September, October.
Foreign.
American. Medium, obovate, yellow, crimson cheek, November, January.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
CoMMODORE.
Van Mons, No. 1218.
Medium, obovate, yellow, with red. October, November.
Comstock.
Comstock Wilding.
CoLMaAR. |
Colmar Dore, D’ Auch,
Incomparable, De Maune.
Large, obtuse pyriform, yellowish. December.
CotmArR D’ AREMBERG,
Large, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet. October, November.
‘CRASANNE,
Bergamot Crasanne, | Crésane,
Beurré Plat.
Large, roundish, greenish yellow, thin russet. October.
CRAWFORD.
Medium, obovate, yellow, tinged with brown. August.
Crort CAstLe.
Medium, oval obovate, greenish yellow. October.
CUVELIER.
Medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. October, November.
CUMBERLAND.
American. Large, obovate, orange ae red cheek, September, October.
; 1 .
-
394 THE PEAR.
D’ Amour.
Ah! Mon Dieu, | Mon Dieu.
Foreign. Small, obovate, pale yellow and red. October, November.
DEARBORN.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, russeted. November, December.
De prux Frorx Lanes,
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. Last August.
Dovyenne v’ Hiver.
Coffin’s Virgalieu.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, faint blush. November.
Downton.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish brown. December, January.
Dorr.
American. Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. August.
Dumortisr.
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellow russet, October,
DuaqueEsne D’ Ere.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish. September.
Earty Bereamor.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. August.
EXCELLENTISSIMA.
Foreign. Medium, roundish pyriform, yellow and dull red. Winter.
Earty Denze.onia.
American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow russet. August.
Earty CATHERINE.
Roussellet Hatif, Poire de Chypre,
Early Roussellet, Perdrue,
Cyprus Pear, Kattern,
Green Catherine.
Foreign. Small, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. July.
EMERALD.
Foreign. Medium, ohovate, green and brown. December
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
foreign.
Foreign.
Foreign.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. ‘895
Ewrant Propice.
Medium, obovate, acute pyriform, dull yellow. October.
Fixe Goitp or SumMEr.
Fin Or dite.
Medium, roundish, yellow, red cheek. August.
FAMENGA.
Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September.
FORTUNEE.
Episcopal, La Fortunée de Paris,
La Fortunée de Parmentier,
Beurré Fortunée.
Small, roundish, grayish yellow. December, February.
Foster’s St. MicH Ast.
Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. September, October
Fonpante pv Bors.
Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. December, February,
ForME pE Ds.ICcEs.
Medium, obovate, yellowish, with russet. October.
Frencu JARGONELLE.
Bellissime d’Eté Red Muscadel,
Supreme, Sabine d’Eté,
Bellissime Supreme, Summer Beauty,
Bellissime Jargonelle, English Red Cheek,
Vermillion d’Ete, Red Cheek.
Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, withred cheek. July, August.
Franc Reat D’Hiver.
Franc Real, | Fin Or d’Hiver.
Medium, roundish, yellow, brownish cheek. December, February.
GENDESHEIM.
Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October, November.
: =
GILoGIL.
Gile-o-gile, Garde d’EKcosse,
Poire a Gobert, Jilogil.
Large, roundish, reddish russet. November, February.
396 THE PEAR.
GrEEN Prar oF YAIR.
Green Yair.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, green. September.
GREEN CHISEL.
Sugar.
Foreign. Small, roundish, green, with brown cheek. August.
Griszt Bonne.
Small, pyriform, green. Middle August.
GREEN SUGAR.
Prince’s Green Sugar.
American. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. August, Septem-
ber.
Hamppen’s Bereamor.
Bergamot d’ Angleterre, | Ellanrioch,
Fingal’s, Summer Bergamot,
|
Bergamot d’Eteé.
Foreign. Large, roundish obovate, yellow. September. There is also a
Summer Bergamot, small, round, yellowish green ; and a large Summer Ber-
gamot, all equally worthless.
Harrison’s Fatt.
Rushmore Bon Chretien.
Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October.
HesseEt.
Hazel.
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellowish green. September.
HuaGueEnor.
American. Medium, roundish, pale yellow, spots of red. October.
JALOUSIE.
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, russet, reddish in sun. September.
Lzon Le C.ieErc.
Leon Le Clere de Laval.
Foreign. Large, obovate, yellow, few russet spots. December, February.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. . 897
Lirtte Muscat.
Little Musk, Petit Muscat,
Primitive, Muscat Petit.
Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellow, dull red cheek. July.
Loutsze Bonne.
Louise Bonne Réal, | St. Germain Blane.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, pale green. December.
' Marvtis.
Marcellis .
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. September.
Maporrs,
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow. October.
MessirE JEAN.
Monsieur Jean, Messire Jean Doré,
Messire Jean Gris, Mr. John,
Messire Jean Blane, John.
Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellow, brown russet. November, Dezember. .
Marit Louise Nova.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, with red cheek. September.
Micuavx.
Compte de Michaux.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. September, October.
Moor Fow. Eee.
Little Swan’s Ege, | Knevett’s New Swan’s Ege.
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, dull green. October.
Muscat Rosert.
Poire a la Reine, Musk Robine,
D’ Ambre, Early Queen,
St. Jean Musquee Gros, Queen’s Pear.
Foreign. Small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow. July.
Musxineum.
American. Large, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. August, September,
NAUMKEAG.
American. Medium, roundish, yellow russet. October.
398 THE PEAR.
NEIL.
Colmar Neil, Poire Neil,
Beurré Neil, Colmar Bosc.
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. September.
Outver’s Russet.
American. Small, obovate, roundish, yellow, red russet. October.
OWEN. 4
American, Medium, roundish oval, dark green. November. (Cole.)
PaILLEau. :
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.
Pirr’s PRotiric.
Pitt’s Marie Louise, | Pitt’s Surpasse Marie.
Foreign Medium, oblong pyriform, yellow and brownish red. September.
Popr’s QUAKER.
American Medium, oblong pyriform, yellowish russet. October.
~
Popr’s ScarLet Magsor.
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red cheek. August.
Princess oF ORANGE.
Princesse d’Orange, | Princesse Couquete.
Foreign. Medium roundish, reddish russet. October, November.
Quzzn CAROLINE.
Reine Caroline.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. November.
QUEEN oF Pzars.
Reine des Poires.
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. September, October.
(QQUILLETETTE.
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November.
RovusseLet pE Mzzsrer.
Ferdinand de Meester.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, pale red in sun. October. There is
another of this name, large, pyriform, greenish yellow, but ripening at same
time, and unworthy.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. — 3899
Rovsse.et or Reems.
Rousselet, Spice or Musk Pear,
Petit Rousselet, Late Catherine.
Foreign. Small, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, brown red. September.
RousskELer.
Large Rousselet | Gros Rousselet.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish, russety. August.
RayMonp.
American. Medium, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October.
STYRIAN,
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. October.
Sucar Tor.
July Pear, | Prince’s Sugar Top,
Harvest.
Small, roundish ovate, yellow. July.
SumMMER Bon CHRETIEN.
Bon Chretien d’Eté, Richard’s Beurré,
Summer Good Christian, Musk Summer Bon Chretien.
Foreign. Large, uneven pyriform, yellow, faint blush. August, September.
Summer Ross.
Epine Rose,
Poire de Rose,
Caillot Rosat,
Caillot Rosat d’Eté,
Epine d’Eté Couleur Rose,
Thorny Rose.
Foreign. Below medium, round obovate, yellow, red russet. August,
SuCREE DE HovERSWERDA.
Sugar of Hoyersworda.
Foreign. Medium, oblong obovate, yellowish green. August.
SUMMER THORN.
Epine d’Ete, | Fondante Musquée,
Satin Vest.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.
SUMMER St. GERMAIN.
Short’s St. Germain, | St. Germain de Martin,
St. Germain d’Eté.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green. August, September.
400 3 THE PEAR.
SULLIVAN.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. September.
Swan’s Hee.
New Swan’s Egg.
Fruit below medium, oval obovate, pale green, dull brown. October.
Swiss BERGAMOT.
Bergamot Suisse.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, striped pale green, yellow, and red. October.
SYLVANGE.
Bergamot Sylvange: | Green Sylvange.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull pale green. October.
TARQUIN.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, dull yellow. December, February.
Van Buren.
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October.
VALLEE FRANCHE.
De Vallée, | De Keingheim.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellowish green. August.
ViIRGOULEUSE.
Poire Glace, | Chambrette,
jaleuf.
Foreign. Large, oval obovate, yellowish green, gray dots. November,
January.
Wirutam. (Edward’s.)
American. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted with red. September.
WInpsor.
Summer Bell, | Konge.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, dull yellowish green. August, September,
WHITFIELD.
Medium, obovate, yellowish brown. October.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION.
‘W orzour.
Wurzur d’Autumn.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, russeted. November.
Winter ORANGE.
Orange d’Hiver.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. November, January.
Yar,
Yutte.
Foreign. Small, pyriform, brownish russet. September.
ZoaR Frat.
American. Small, obovate, green. September, October.
401
eae) PL MM,
Prunus domestica, L. Fosacee of Botanists.
Tue Plum is found in a wild state throughout the middle sections
of this country, but the original parent of the cultivated varieties is
supposed to have come from Asia Minor. ‘The fact of production
in our States of many varieties esteemed among the best, attests
the adaptedness of both soil and climate.
Propacation— by seed.—The gathering, preserving, and planting
of the plum is the same as we have described under head of peaches,
to which, therefore, we refer the reader. Of the best varieties for
producing stocks on which to bud, any free-growing sorts may be
taken; avoiding, except wanted for forming dwarf trees, those of
slow habit, and in all cases avoiding the damsons. ‘The wild red or
yellow (P. Americana) is much used by many nurserymen, but
it should always be worked just at or rather below the collar.
Seedlings from it often answer to work the same season, and we
have seen them used with advantage as stocks for the peach. The
Chickasaw (P. chicasa) is used at the South, where it is a native.
New varieties have thus far been produced from chance seedlings ;
no person, to our knowledge, in this country, having exerted them-
selves to the production of varieties with any special view to the
preserving of separate or combined characters.
By Budding.—The plum is generally and best propagated in its
varieties by budding. This should be performed in the month of
July. Strong stocks of free-growing sorts should be especially select-
ed for inserting buds of such varieties as Green Gage, Purple Favor-
ite, éc., &e.
By Grafting.—Where budding can be done, we should prefer
never to graft. But it not unfrequently happens among nursery-
men, that owing to some causes buds fail, and this, too, when the
stocks if left until another budding season would become too large. »
They may therefore be grafted with success and profit, by cutting
them off just at the collar, and grafting early in the month of March,
drawing the earth up around the graft, and leaving only one bud
out. ‘Tan, bark, saw-dust, or other mulch should be placed on the
ground, and free-growing sorts, as Imperial Gage, Lombard, &c.,
should only be used. Grafting on pieces of roots is sometimes
7 (402)
=
CULTURE. : 403
practised, and as successfully, if free-growing kinds only are used, as
in the apple; it is also done in same way: we cannot recommend it.
TRANSPLANTING AND Distance Apart.—The plum tree is per-
fectly hardy, and we prefer in all cases to transplant in the fall, say
October. "The shoots of the year should be cut back to form a
round regular head, and all small or slender-grown shoots cut out ;
The roots, with exception of tap-root, should only have the ends
trimmed smooth, the tap-root should be cut out. ‘The distance apart
of the plum depends very much on the variety; such sorts as
Green Gage, Cloth of Gold, &c., requiring only to be about fifteen
feet. apart, while the Imperial Gage, Washington, &c., would be
better at twenty feet. z
Som anp Srruation.—The soil generally recommended for suc-
cessful growth and fruiting of the plum is denominated heavy clay ;
this, by some, is construed to mean a soil so devoid of sand as to
bake and crack open after periods of heavy rain; we have been un-
able to perceive any special difference in the success of growers in
varied soils, relative to the growth, hardihood, or bearing habit of
trees. That certain elements are requisite in the soil, wherever a
tree is planted, to supply suitable food for the growth and perfecting
of both fruit and wood, we do not doubt; but as yet, we are to learn
that a cultivator who plants on clay soil will be any more success-
ful either in health of trees or procuring a crop of perfect fruit, than
he who plants on what is termed usually a light or sandy soil, ana
supplies that soil, if deficient, with the elements requisite for the plant
to support health, Analysis of the plum tree and fruit has not, to
our knowledge, as yet been made. The trees appear to grow, both
in nursery and orchard, equally well on sandy as on clay soil: the
insect curculio, and the leaf-blight or defoliation of the trees in July
and August, black warts, &c., &c., are equally injurious in one as the
other location. Native wild trees are found growing in all soils,
and in our rambles we have met with trees equally healthy and pro-
ductive, equally attacked in fruit by curculio, and rot or decay, in
leaf-blight and black knots, in all soils, from strong clay, through all
intermediates, to sandy soils. We therefore say, plant the plum in
any good soil which is well drained. The situation suited to the
plum is that where the soil is well drained, and where the most
convenient.
Prunine.—The plum grown as a standard tree, with head formed
four to six feet high, requires little pruning, except to shorten back
each summer or spring such shoots as are becoming too vigorous
and likely to destroy the regular form of the tree, or to cut out
weakly-crowing and unripened shoots. A round-headed tree, with
404 THE PLUM.
branches formed at two feet from the ground, we consider best, In
order to have this, trees one year old from the bud are best to begin
with; the stem cut off so as to let two buds start at about two feet
from ground, then shortened back one half the next year. After
which, if the tree is of the slow or slender-growing varieties, it will
need no farther pruning than the above-named standard. If it is of
the strong, rampant-growing kind, it will require both root-pruning,
(i. e., passing round the root of the tree in a circle distant from the
body two feet for a tree of ten feet high, and with a long, sharp
spade, cut off all the roots,) and at same time shorten back the
year’s growth one half. This is best done in August. This mode is
especially calculated for the Western prairies and the warm South-
ern States.
Cutrvation.—Like all other fruit trees, the plum does best when
the ground is often dug or hoed around. Many growers are also of
impression that frequent stirring the soil prevents attacks of cur-
culio. Trees planted where swine have run among them are gene-
rally healthy and fruitful; but whether it is owing to the stirring
of ground by their rooting, or food supplied the plants im their excre-
ment, is yet a question undecided.
Manurzs.—The plum requires abundant food in the soil, and this
is generally best supplied by animal manure; and where abundant
supply of animal manure has been given, salt will be found highly
beneficial: the proportion should be controlled somewhat by the
quantity of animal matter contained in the soil; but a dressing of
half an inch. deep over the whole ground, if applied in the spring,
may be regarded as a medium. ‘The benefit to the tree of this
application will be in its tendency to an equable state of moisture in
the soil. Ashes, in soils devoid of lime and the phosphates, will be
found beneficial: two bushels to a tree twelve feet high, and in
‘bearing state, will be a guide; larger trees requiring more, and
smaller ones less. Brewers’ grains are also valuable as.a manure,
when they can be obtained at prices corresponding with the value of
animal manures.
Diszases.— Zhe Black Warts, Knots, or Black Gum, is a disease
affecting many plum trees at the North. In the Southern States it
is not yet much known. Its cause is variously attributed—by some
to insects, (membracis bubalis. See Harris’s Treatise on Insects ;)
by some to inherent cause from its parent; by some to tem-
perature and atmospheric change on the health and vigor of the
tree; and by others to a diseased state of sap. After noting
that it first appears in a neighborhood on trees grown from
suckers, or propagated on sucker or unhealthy stocks, we are inclined
to a support of the last-named cause. Trees in a judicious, rather
CULTURE. 405
high state of cultivation, and grown or worked on good, healthy
seedlings, are rarely subject to it. Anda tree diseased by inocu-
lation may be recovered by appliance of abundant food at the roots,
cutting away the apparent knots, and washing the wounds either
with salt or copperas-water. The latter is best. And if, also, the
whole tree be watered with a solution.of one ounce of copperas to
two gallons of water, the knots will disappear.
Defoliation of both seedling stocks and bearing trees, in the
months of July and August, we believe is caused by want of some
Specific ingredient in the soil. We have cured it by dressing with
ashes, and by watering with copperas-water as above named. When
animal manures and salt have been used, we have never seen the
foliage drop. |
fot or Decay of Fruit is often a very serious drawback to the
Sanguine expectations of the fruit-grower. We have supposed it to
arise from atmospheric influence, and to pervade the fruit in like
manner as fever and ague does the human frame, but have been
compelled to relinquish this theory. Latterly we are inclined to
the belief that it has its origin in too great exhaustion of the sup-
plies of the tree, by reason of excess of quantity ; as trees that have
come under our notice on which only a moderate quantity of fruit
was permitted to mature have apparently been free, while those
overloaded, and only moderately, or not additionally, supplied with
food, have decayed. ;
Our friend, Professor Kirtland, with some friends of science,
have, however, lately pronounced it a species of fungus.
Insecrs injurious.—The Egeria. which is noted under head of
peaches, sometimes, but rarely, attacks the plum. We refer to that
head for its remedy. The Curculio, or Plum Weevil, (Rhynchenus
Nenuphar,) is an insect so destructive as in some sections to have
caused orchardists to cut down their plum trees and replant with
different fruit. Again, there are sections where the insect, although
known, appears not to increase, or injure fruit, materially to affect
the crop. Jt was unknown in the Western States until within a few
years past, but now pervades all sections, even to destruction often-
times of the wild plum. Jt has been thoroughly described in “ Har-
ris’s Treatise on Insects ;” and so much is written yearly relative
thereto, that one entire book of four hundred pages would not con-
tain it. Our accompanying figure represents the insect in its natural
size, i. e,, about one quarter of an inch long, of a grayish
brown color, the ae bee forming two little were
giving a rounded appearance to it, resembling a ripe hemp-
seed. ‘The head has a long rostrum, beak, or snout, projecting,
with which it punctures the fruit, as represented by the crescent- _
shaped mark on the fruit in our engraving. Early in the month of
406 THE PLUM.
June the curculio commences his task of propagation, and his mark
will then be found near the apex of the fruit, at this time not much
larger than a pea; as the fruit increases in size, the marks newly made
will be found gradually approaching the stem, until in
July, near the close of his labors, they will be found
very near the stem. These last marks in July are
not often found, as they are produced only from a few
insects which have escaped late from the larva state,
or, aS some say, have, owing to shallow imbedding in
the earth and great heat, been transformed from eggs
deposited the same season.
The eggs, one of which is deposited in each crescent mark, soon
hatches into a small white larva, which enters the body of the fruit
and feeds upon it, causing, usually, its premature fall to the ground.
The period at which the young fruit falls, after being punctured,
varies with its age at the time of the injury. The earlier portions
drop in about two weeks; but if the stone is hard when the egg is
laid, the fruit remains till near the usual period of ripening, some-
times presenting a fair and smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm
within.
The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way into the
earth, where it is supposed to remain till the following spring, when
it is transformed into the perfect insect or beetle, to lay its eggs and
perpetuate its race.
The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm wea-
ther, or at the heat of the day, at which time a person lying flat
upon his back under a tree, and perfectly still, can observe their
movements. If the least motion or noise is made, they remain
inactive. ‘The insects mostly confine themselves to certain trees, or
to the same orchard. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated
orchards are soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances
they must travel considerable distances. Indeed, they have been -
known to be wafted on the wind for a half mile or more, the wind-
ward side of orchards being most infested, immediately after strong
winds from a thickly planted plum neighborhood. In the cool of
the morning they are nearly torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl
but slowly; hence, at this time of the day they are most easily de-
stroyed,
The plum alone is, however, not the only fruit subject to attack
from this insect, but the peach, apricot, nectarine, and cherry, all
suffer ; and, when a scarcity of fruit, then the tender branches of the
oak, wild plum, and other trees, receive the egg, and dropping the
same, after a period, to the g round, its regular transformations are
continued, and the succeeding season the natural instinct of the
insect leads it to the fruit again.
The preventives to injury from the natural instinct and course of
CULTURE. 407
the curculio are recorded in number more than we care to recount.
Suffice it that, as yet, no certain agent or preventive has been found ;
trees, to our knowledge, this year producing abundant crops, when
no specific disinfecting agent has been applied, while trees forty rods
distant have all their fruit destroyed. Salt, sulphur, lime-water, etc.,
etc., as variously recommended, is not a certain specific ; and he who
uses is just as liable to lose his crop of fruit as he who uses not.
Hanging iron hoops in the trees, etc., etc., is a little like the old
Salem practice of nailing horse-shoes over the door; and the one as
valuable as the other. The natural instinct of the insect teaching
it to seek such place of deposit for its egg as will insure successful
production, avoids all trees where the soil is daily stirred under-
neath, or where causes are that the fruit shall drop ere required by
the larvee of the insect; hence the value of plantations made where
swine are to run, or the planting of single trees where daily passing
subjects them to chance loss of fruit. So also that of paving, and of
trees standing on sites where water becomes the recipient of falling
fruit. Heavy soils are just as much subject to destruction of plum
from curculio as light soils. Soils termed wet are less subject ; but
here the tree does not flourish as well. In large orchards, where there
is much fruit to save, a man constantly employed with a pole of about
ten feet long, having a small cup or basin fastened at one end, pass-
ing from tree to tree and scattering dirt freely, will well repay the
cost, in the amount of fruit saved; while, for small gardens, the
plan first introduced, more than twenty years since, by one of the
most estimable horticulturists of the States, David Thomas, of New-
York, is the best. It is,in first preparing a short pole, having at one
end a cushion made of several thicknesses of cloth or India-rubber ;
place this cushion against the body of the tree early in the morning,
(having first spread a sheet or large cloth on the ground, the dia-
meter of the branches ;) then strike the end with a heavy mallet:
the jar causes the insect to drop on the cloth, when it may easily be
gathered and destroyed.
Uszs.—The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the
dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts,
conserves and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the
plum in- the lowest scale of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the
fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a
raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked,
they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com-
merce as imported to this country under name of French prunes or
dried plums. By a selection of the richest varieties, there is no
doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be
easily obtained. The following description of an oven purposely
built for prunes, and doubtless, with some modifieations, well adapted
408 THE PLUM.
to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel’s Treatise, (German, )
as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtamed by a
small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of
those engaged in drying fruit : ;
“ Prunes,” says Liegel, “ have become an important article of com-
merce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud-
denly cooled, when withdrawn from the oven.
“The country-people in this part of Germany prepare their
prunes by putting them into their bread-ovens. I have put up, for
-my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which,
after the experience of many years, 1 am induced to recommend ;
Shag and for the construction of
which I give the annexed draw-
ing and explanatory description:
: “The vault or exterior of the
ee ag yh _, oven, four and a half feet long,
: Se || is surrounded by a brick wall
one foot thick, so that the whole
stove, abcd, (see figs. 1 and
2,) is exactly six feet every
only half a foot in thickness.
At the top, the vault is arched
over with six inches of brick-
work at the crown of the arch.
The flues, 7, are about four-
ae k. teen inches square. The hur-
dles or trays, m m, fur containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed
upon two bearers. [It would be better if they rested upon rollers,
so as to admit of their being
pushed in and drawn out with
greater ease. ‘These lines of
trays are place at a distance of
six inches from the furnace, so
as to keep the fruit from too
great a heat; they may be made
entirely of wood, but it will be
better if the bottoms are of
open-work, like shelves. Their
weight is such that they may
be easily managed by a woman;
but in preparing prunes on a
large scale, let them be made
of greater length and breadth,
so as to just come within the
strength of a more robust person.
way; the front wall, n, being
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION, 409
“ The wooden frame, 2 A, is that on which the two doors are hung.
The door, g, which covers the arch, (and which is represented in the
cut as open and fastened up,) shuts up the front of the upper part
of the oven. In the middle of this upper door or flap is a round
vent-hole, for the escape of the moist vapor. # is an iron damper
or slide, to be placed in the flue at 27, in order to regulate the heat.
“A thousand fully ripe quetsches (prune plums) make about
ten pounds of dried prunes. :
“Plums of different kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived of
their skins and stones. In the latter case, they are styled prunelles.”
CHARACTERS AND CiassFication.— Lhe characters of the plums
are represented by the texture of the flesh as combined with its
juiciness and flavor; and what are termed gages (a word really of
no meaning as applied to the fruit) represent fruits of round form,
very delicate, and of a rich, sugary, jnicy, high favor. The prunes
are known as those fruits that are dry in the texture of their flesh.
The character of size is one of which Washington may be taken as
large, Green Gage as medium, and Mirabelle as small; while the wood
being smooth or downy, needs no explanation, and the depressed line
on one side, called a seture, is the same as in cherries or peaches,
and often serves as a guide in detecting varieties. The classification
by most writers of divisions of green, white, or yellow, and of blue,
or red, or purple, we adopt only in our text descriptive of each
distinct variety ; preferring as a practical matter, here as elsewhere
in our work, to follow that of, in short, best, very good; and good.
Varieties.—These are far too numerous for any practical use;
and while we may have possibly reduced too much, we yet feel that
the uses and wants of community will be best supplied in this fruit
by a few really valuable, and for the particular purposes pointed out
in our text descriptive.
CLASS I_— Worthy General Cultivation.
BuEeEcKer’s GAGE. i
German Gage.
Raisev at Albany, N. Y., about forty years since, by Mrs. Bleecker.
The tree is of healthy, hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer.
Branches, downy ; leaves, dark green; fruit, medium size, roundish
oval, very regular; suture, slight ; skin, yellow, with numerous im-
bedded white specks, and a thin white bloom; flesh, yellow, rich,
18
410 : THE PLUM.
sweet and luscious flavor, separating freely from the stone, which is
pointed ; sfa/k, an inch or more long, downy, inserted in a slight
cavity. Season, last of August here; in Georgia, first of July. Dis-
tinguished from Prince’s Yellow Gage by its larger stalk and later
maturity.
Coz’s Gotpen Drop.
Bury Seedling, New Golden Drop,
Coe’s Imperial, Fair’s Golden Drop,
Golden Gage.
This is-an English variety. Tree only moderately productive ;
and although we should always plant, yet it does not always mature
perfectly north of 40° latitude. Branches, smooth; /ruit, large,
oval; suture, well marked, one side enlarged; skin, light yellow,
much dotted or mottled with red on side exposed to sun; flesh, ad-
hering to the stone, yellowish, firm, rather coarse-grained, but rich and
sweet; stalk, three-fourths to an inch long, rather stiff. Season,
last of September. The Yellow Ege is often grown under this
name at the West.
Denniston’s SUPERB.
A variety originated in the famous garden of Mr. Denniston, —
Albany, N. Y. Its great productiveness, together with its period of
ripening, more than its quality, makes it desirable. Branches, downy ;
fruit, medium, cr rather above, roundish, slightly flattened ; setare,
distinct ; skzn, pale yellowish, overspread with a thin bloom, and
mottled or clouded with purple ; flesh, thick, not juicy, but with rich
vinous flavor; stone, small, roundish, from which the flesh parts
freely ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, set in a cavity of moderate
depth. Season, 15th to 20th August.
Earny ORLEANS.
Wilmot’s Karly Orleans, Grimwood’s Early Orleans,
New Early Orleans, Hampton Court,
. New Orleans, Monsieur Hatif.
An English variety, which on account of its quality and early
maturity must always make it popular as an orchard fruit. Branches,
downy ; fruit, medium, round oval ; sutewre, shallow ; skin, dark red-
dish purple ; flesh, yellowish green, of rich, brisk flavor, and separat-
ing freely from the stone; stem, usually about half inch long, but
varying. Season, first August.
GREEN GAGE.
Ida Green Gage,’ Wilmot’s Green Gage,
Waterloo, New Green Gage,
King of Plums, Brugnon Gage,
Wilmot’s late Green Gage, Bruyn Gage,
Schuyler Gage, Bradford Gage,
Rensselaer Gage, Reine Claude,
Isleworth Green Gage, Grosse Reine Claude,
Grosse Reine.
“ During the last century, an English family by the name of Gage
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 411
obtained a number of fruit trees from the monks of Charteuse, near
Paris. Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its
name, was called by the gardener the Green Gage.”’ There are very
few trees in bearing of the true variety at the West, the Imperial
Gage having been often sold as Green Gage. ‘The true variety is
readily known by its shortjointed, slow-growing, spreading, and
_dwarfish habit. It also requires a rich, warm soil to insure fruit in
perfection in locations north of 42 deg, Branches, smooth ; buds,
with large shoulders; fruzt, medium, round; suture, slight ; skin,
yellowish green, marbled and dotted on the sunny side with red ;
jiesh separates freely from the stone, pale green, exceedingly melt-
ing, rich, sprightly, high flavor; stalk, slender, slightly mserted.
Season, midddle to last August.
IMPERIAL GAGE.
Prince’s Imperial Gage, White Gage,
Flushing Gage, Jenkinson’s ‘Imperial,
Superior Green Gage. :
This is an American variety, originating at the old nursery of Wm.
Prince, “Flushing, N. Y. In heavy, strong soils it is sometimes
deficient in flavor, probably from a deficiency of some particular
element in the soil, as it produces abundantly, grows vigorously, and
trees apparently healthy. In light, loamy, or even dry, poor soils,
it is a hardy, productive variety, and the flavor often almost equal-
ling a true Green Gage. As a market variety, it is far superior to
Green Gage, and hardly surpassed by any other plum. Sranches,
slightly downy, dark-colored, upright, vigorous; fruit, above medi-
um, oval; suture, distinct; skin, at first pale green, with a white
bloom, becoming yellowish green, marbled with dark green stripes ;
flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, sprightly flavor; stone, oval, with flesh
occasionally adhering. In good seasons and soils it separates freely
from the stone; stalk, long, hairy, stout, inserted in an even cavity.
Season, first September ; at the South, July first.
JEFFERSON.
An American variety, originated by Judge Buel, at Albany,
N. Y., probably from a seed of Coe’s Golden Drop, which in growth,
wood, etc., it closely resembles. It has been pretty extensively
tested, Path in this country and in Europe, and fully sustains the
high character given it by the late A. J. Downing. The Bingham or —
Clingstone plum has occasionally been disserninated for this variety.
In rich, high flavor, it does not equal the Green Gage, but its large
size, great beauty, productiveness, freedom from decay, and habit of
hanging long on the tree after ripe, render it valuable for all collec-
tions. Branches, nearly smooth; fruit, large, oval, slightly nar-
4192 THE PLUM.
rowed one side toward the stalk; skin, at first greenish yellow,
becoming golden yellow when fully ripe, and with a rich reddened
cheek in the sun, bloom thin, white; satwre, slight; flesh, separating
nearly free from the long pointed stone; yellow, almost orange yel-
low ; juicy, with rich flavor; stalk, an inch long, inserted without
depression. Season, last of August; at the South, last of July.
LomBaArp.
Bleecker’s Scarlet. | Beekman’s Scarlet.
An American variety, which, as a tree, is thrifty, healthy, hardy,
and productive; while the fruit appears less attractive than most
others to the curculio. It is therefore very desirable. Branches,
smooth, bright purple, very thrifty, leaves much crumpled ; fruit,
medium, roundish oval, slightly flattened at ends; suture, slight;
skin, violet red, dusted thinly with bloom; flesh, yellow, juicy, not
rich, but pleasant flavor ; stalk, slender, three-fourths inch long, set
in a broad, open cavity’; adheres to the stone. Season, middle to
last of August.
LAWRENCE’s FAvVoRITE.
%
Lawrence Gage.
An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage by Mr. L.
U. Lawrence, Hudson, N.Y. It forms a tree of upright, thrifty
growth, and bears young and abundantly of fruit much resembling
outwardly the Green Gage, except being larger. Branches, downy,
short-jointed; fruzt, large, roundish; skin, dull yellowish green,
clouded with streaks of a darker shade heneath, and in sun, around
the stem a mottling or dotting of brownish red, bloom light blu-
ish green; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, excellent, only surpassed by
Green Gage. When fully ripe, separates freely from the stone;
stalk, half inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Season,
middle August.
McLavueutin.
An American variety, raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor,
Maine. The tree is very thrifty, making stout, vigorous shoots of
four to six feet in a season; but forming a round, regular head.
Originating so far north, it will unquestionably prove a most valua-
ble variety for northern culture. ‘The fruit, in character of quality,
resembles the variety just previously described. Branches, smooth ;
leaves, broad, glossy; fruct, above medium, roundish, flattened at
ends; suture, obscure; skin, thin, tender, russet yellow, sprinkled
with a red tinge, which deepens to a purplish hue around the stalk ;
Jjlesh, adhering to the stone, dull yellow, firm, juicy, excellent; stone,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 413
roundish; s/adk, three fourths inch long, inserted without depression.
Season, middle to last of August.
Maptson.
An accidental seedling in the Denniston Garden, Albany, N. Y.;
and, according to Dr. Herman Wendell, a hybrid from Bleecker’s
Gage and Blue Gage. Its flavor, late period of maturity, and hardi-
hood, commend it to a first place. Branches, slender, smooth;
leaves, light green, slightly downy ; fruii, medium, roundish oval ;
suture, slight; skin, light orange, with a cast of greenish yellow, in
sun mottled and spotted with lake carmine, bloom thin, delicate ;
flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, rich and sweet, agreeable flavor, separates
freely from the stone, which is small, oval, pointed; stalk, three-
fourths inch long, inserted in a regular, not deep basin. Season,
first to fifteenth October.
OrroMAN.
Imperial Ottoman
A foreign variety, but from whence is uncertain. We have fruited
it several years, and as an early variety have not met its superior.
The trees are hardy, regular, not rampant growers, and regular,
abundant bearers. Branches, slightly downy ; Jruit, medium, round-
ish oval, regularly formed; skin, greenish yellow, marbled with
darker shades in stripes underneath ; if permitted to hang it becomes
mostly pale yellow, bloom thin; suture, only half way down on
one side; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious, and when
fully ripe parts freely from the stone; stem, downy, three-fourths
inch long, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. Season, last July.
Purprte Favorrre.
This variety the late A. J. Downing states to have been planted
and grown by his father. Although of dwarfish, slender habit, the
trees are very hardy, and bear when young. For large market or-
chards it is not as valuable as some other varieties, but in private
gardens it should always have a place. Branches, smooth, short-
jointed; fruit, medium, or rather above, roundish obovate; skin,
brownish purple, dotted with golden specks, bloom light blue; flesh,
pale greenish, juicy, sweet and excellent, and separating freely from
the stone, which is small; stalk, three-fourths inch long, depression
slight. Season, last of August.
Purpie Gace.
Reine Claude Violette, |* Violet Queen Clande,
Die Violette Koning Claudie.
A foreign variety, moderate bearer, but high flavor. Branches,
414 THE PLUM.
smooth, short-jointed ; fruit, medium, roundish, a little flattened ;
suture, shallow ; skin, violet, dotted with pale yellow, bloom light
blue; jlesh, greenish yellow, firm, sugary, high flavor ; stone, oval,
compressed, from which the flesh separates freely; stalk, an inch
long, set in a narrow basin. Season, about 10th September, but
will hang a fortnight, shrivelling slightly. Y
Princr’s YELLOw GAGE.
American Yellow Gage, : White Gage,
arvest Gage.
A variety produced in 1788 by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flush-
ing, N. Y. The trees are abundant bearers, and the fruit carries
well to market and always sells readily, wherefore one reason for
placing it in this class. As a table fruit it is often too dry, and does
not deserve to be planted in small gardens where market sales are
not contemplated. Branches, smooth, short-jointed ; leaves, glossy ;
Fruit, slightly above medium size, oval, broadest near the stalk ;
suture, a mere line; skin, golden yellow, little clouded, bloom white,
abundant; flesh, yellow, sugary, rich, sometimes rather dry, parts
freely from the stone; stalk, an inch long, set in a round cavity.
Season, early in August; at the South, middle of June. It is stated,
also, at the South to ripen gradually, to be juicy, and of the best.
Rep Gace.
An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by the
elder Wm. Prince, in 1790. The tree is of hardy, yet vigorous
habit, wood dark reddish color, and producing abundantly a fruit
rather small, yet of the best flavor. Branches, smooth; leaves, crim-
pled ; fruit, hardly medium size, oval, rounded ; skin, brownish red,
bloom slight; flesh, parting freely from the stone, greenish amber,
juicy, sweet, delicious; stalk, slender; cavity, narrow. Season,
middle August.
Sant Martin’s.
St. Martin’s Quetsche.
A German fruit : the word quetsche, or prune, not applying to this
fruit, we prefer to drop it. Itisa juicy, nota dry prune plum. The
trees are good bearers, and the time of ripéning makes it profitable
for market or preserving. Branches, smooth; fruct, medium, or
rather above, ovate, broadest at base; skin, bright yellow, dotted a
little with brownish red in the sun, bloom white; flesh, yellowish,
juicy, rich, excellent. Season, 1st October, but will hang two weeks.
SCHENECTADY.
Schenectady Catherine
An American plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y., and first in-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 415
troduced to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree,
thrifty, hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender ; fruct,
above medium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at
stem end; suture, shallow; skin, rich, deep purple, slightly netted
on the sunny side; flesh, greenish yellow, fine-grained, melting,
juicy, rich, sweet, delicious flavor ; stone, small, thick, ovate, parts
readily from the flesh ; statk, three-fourths inch long, rather slender,
inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Season, last August.
W ASHINGTON.
Belmar, Franklin,
Bolmar’s Washington, Parker’s Mammoth,
New Washington, Irving’s Bolmar.
- The original tree of this variety grew on what, in 1818, was known
as Delancey’s Farm, and now constitutes a portion of New-York city,
known as the Bowery. It was introduced to notice, grown and dis-
tributed by Michael Floy, Esq., American Editor of Lindley’s Guide
to the Orchard. Without possessing high flavor, the uniform hardi-
hood of the tree, with its productive habit, large size of fruit, and
often freedom from attack of curculio, renders it a most popular
_ variety, and for market deservedly so at the North. In Georgia,
and other sections South, it is said to be entirely flavorless and dry,
so that while we cannot avoid placing it in the first list, it 1s requt-
site to give this qualification. Branches, downy ; fruct, large, round-
ish oval; suture, obscure, except near the stalk; skin, dull yellow,
with faint marblings of green, and on the sunny side some little red,
often dotted; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, and separating freely from
a pointed stone; stalk, nearly three-fourths inch long, downy,
planted in a wide, shallow basin. Season, last of August.
=
Ciass IL—New and untested ; suited to certain localities, or grounds
of extensive Amateur Pomologists.
Autumn GAGE.
Roe’s Autumn Gage.
American. Productive, branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, broad-
est at base, pale yellow, whitish bloom, fiesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet,
separates freely from a stone long, compressed, and pointed at both ends ;
stalk three-fourths inch long. September 15. 7
Atpany Braury.
Deniston’s Albany Beauty.
American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium, roundish
416 THE PLUM.
oval; skin whitish green, with purple dots, bloom thin; flesh yellow,
rich, sweet, not juicy, separates freely from a small pointed stone; stalk
slender, one inch long. Last August.
Buus IMPERATRICE.
Impératrice, ! Impératrice Violette,
Veritable Impératrice, Violette.
Foreign. A fine variety, almost worthy the first class. The true Blue
Impératrice must not be confounded with Semiana or Blue Impératrice
of some eastern growers. (See Semiana.) Branches smooth, long, slender.
Fruit medium, obovate, tapering to the stalk, deep purple, bloom blue,
thick; flesh greenish yellow, rich, sugary, hangs long on the tree, adheres
to the stone. Last September.
=
Bryeuam,
American. Productive, branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval,
deep rich yellow, dotted with red in the sun; flesh yellow, juicy, rich,
delicious, adheres to the stone; stalk three-fourths inch long, slightly sunk.
Last August.
Biue Puvm.
Branches smooth: leaves rather small; tree productive. Fruit me-
dium, roundish, scarcely oval; suture obscure, dark blue, light blue bloom ;
flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet, adheres to the stone; stalk three-
eighths inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Season middle July, in
Georgia; middle August, here. Propagated by suckers. Description by
W.N. White, Athens, Ga.
Buew’s FAVvoRITs.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, ovate; suture half round,
pale green, little red next the stalk; flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy,
adhering to a long pointed stone; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last
August.
CHERRY.
Early Scarlet, | D’ Amérique Rouge,
Myrobolan, . | Prunus Myrobolana,
Virginian Cherry, H Prunus Cerasifera,
Der Virginia, | Miser Plum,
Golden Cherry.
A variety of which many sub-varieties have been and are constantly
being produced from seed. Its chief merit is in the tree being ornamental,
and the fruit maturing early. Being very pretty for the dessert, commands
ready sale. It requires root-pruning every two years, in order to make
~4t productive. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellow and red,
shaded and mottled; flesh greenish, juicy, pleasant, adhering closely to an
oval stone; stalk short, cavity narrow. Middle of July. The Chickasaw
Plum (Prunus chicas?) is very similar to this.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 417
CurotH oF GOLD.
Drap d'Or, Mirabelle Grosse,
Mirabelle Double, Yellow Perdrigon.
Foreign. Productive, branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium,
round; suture indistinct; skin bright yellow, crimson specks in sun;
flesh yellow, sugary, rich, adheres slightly to the stone. arly August.
CoLUMBIA.
Columbian Gage.
American. Valuable market sort, productive, succeeds well South;
branches downy. Fruit large, globular, one side enlarged ; skin brown-
ish purple, with fawn-colored specks, blue bloom; flesh orange, rather
coarse, dry but sugary, separates freely from stone, which is small, com-
pressed; stalk an inch long; cavity small, narrow. Last August.
CooPeER.
Cooper’s Red, | Cooper’s Large Red,
Cooper’s Large American.
American. Described by Coxe, in 1817, as grown from a stone of
Orleans. Some writers state it to be identical with ‘‘ Smith’s Orleans ;”
but we do not so consider it. Fruit large, deep purple, with a bloom;
suture shallow and broad; stem three-quarters inch long; flesh coarse,
yellow, “good.” Last August.
Crucer’s SCARLET,
Cruger’s, Cruger’s Seedling,
Crager’s Scarlet Gage.
American. Productive, and comparatively free from attacks of cur-
culio. Branches downy. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval;
skin lilac red, with thin bluish bloom and yellow dots, in dark shade one
side, pale fawn color; flesh orange, rather dry, rich, separates free from
stone; stalk half inch long; basin shallow. Last August.
Dr Monrrort.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, roundish, light pur-
ple, spotted with brownish yellow, and with blue bloom; flesh light yel-
low, rich; when fully ripe, parts freely from stone; stalk half inch long.
Middle August.
Deniston’s Rep.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval; suture
half round; skin light red, with fawn-colored dots, bloom thin ; flesh am-
ber color, separates freely from a small, oval, compressed stone ; stalk long,
slender. Last August.
Downton IMPERATRICE.
Foreign. Branches smooth, valued for preserving. Fruit medium,
18* i
418 THE PLUM.
oval, narrowing to the stalk, pale yellow; flesh yellow, melting; unless
folly ripe, acid, then sweet, adheres to the stone; stalk three-fourths inch
long. Last of September. Sometimes grown as Yellow Egg.
Domine Dutt.
German Prune, | Dutch Prune,
Dutch Quetzen.
American. From seed of the Dutch Prune; productive and valuable
for drying; branches smooth. Fruit medium size, long oval; skin dark
purple, nearly black, with blue bloom flesh yellow, juicy at first, if
allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich and sweet, adheres to
stone; stalk an inch long. September. “
Duane’'s Purpue.
Duane’s Purple French, | English Pond’s Seedling.
Foreign. Branchesdowny. Fruit large, oblong oval, one side enlarged,
reddish purple in sun, pale red in shade, dotted with yellow specks, lilac
bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, slightly acid, adhering to the stone;
stalk three-fourths inch long, slender, narrow cavity. Early August.
Harty Royat.
Royal Hative, | Mirian.
Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North; branches downy.
Fruit medium, roundish, light purple, dotted little with dull yellow; flesh
amber color, rich, parts from stone; stalk half inch long, stout; stone
small. Last July.
Emeratp Drop.
American. Productive; branches sniocoth. Fruit medium, long oval,
one side enlarged, yellowish green; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, adheres
to the stone; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August.
Karty Purptie.
Sea.
Foreign. Fruit small, roundish, brownish purple, with a scanty light-
colored bloom; flesh greenish yellow, highly perfumed, sweet, juicy, parts
freely from stone. Harly June at South, July here. (W.N. White, in
Horticulturist.)
ELFREY.
Elfrey’s Prune.
American. Very productive, always valuable for drying, often very
fine for the dessert, succeeds admirably at the South; branches smooth.
Fruit rather below medium size, oval, blue; flesh greenish, sweet, parts
freely from stone. Middle August; South, first July.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 419
Earzy. Favorire,
Rivers’ Early No. 1.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, purple;
flesh melting, rich, sweet. Early Augusi.
Earzy Proriric.
Rivers’ Early No. 2.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval,
purple; flesh yellowish, rich, sweet, excellent flavor. Early August.
+ Frost Gace.
American. Does not answer well in soils of only moderate richness,
requires rich, moist, clayey soil. On the borders of the Hudson river,
where it originated, it is one of the most valuable late-ripening market
varieties. Branches smooth, slender, upright habit. Fruit below medium,
roundish oval; suture half round, deep purple, bloom thin; flesh greenish
yellow, juicy, sweet, adhering to stone; stalk three-fourths inch long.
First October.
GALBRAITH,
An early plum, said to have originated with the late Mr. Galbraith, near
Boalsburg, Pa.; and is represented as being a strageling grower, but the
best early plum cultivated in that vicinity. An inch and a half long by
one and five-sixteenths broad, oval, purple; stem five-eighths of an inch
by one-fourteenth ; flesh tender, juicy, adherent to the stone, flavor lus-
cious, quality ‘‘ very good” if not “best.” (W. D.B.).
Huuine’s Supers.
This variety we have little doubt will eventually command a place in
the first class: at present it has been little grown; Duane’s Purple being
almost invariably the variety distributed under this name. Leaves broad,
large; branches stout, downy, with a swollen knob behind each bud.
¥ruit very large, roundish oval, shallow suture; skin dull greenish yellow,
covered with pale bloom; flesh greenish yellow, little coarse grain, rich,
brisk, sprightly flavor, adheres partially to the stone; stalk an inch long,
swollen at its junction with the tree, and set in a round, small cavity.
Middle August.
HoweE.u’s EARLY.
American. Branches slender, gray, downy. Fruit below medium,
oval angular; suture indistinct, light brown, greenish yellow in the
shade, thin blue bloom; flesh amber color, juicy, sweet, separates freely
from a small oval stone; stalk three-fourths inch long, slender. Last
July.
How’s AMBER.
American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish; skin
420 THE PLUM.
amber color, dotted and mottled with rose; flesh yellow, a little coarse,
adhering to the stone, rich, fine flavor. Season last August. (Hov. Mag.)
Howarp’s Favorite.
American. Fruit large, roundish obovate, slight neck; stem one inch;
color orange yellow, shaded with red, and reddish spots; flesh yellow,
juicy, sub-acid, “good.” September. New. ; .
Hupson Gace.
American. Somewhat like Imperial Gage, but earlier. Branches
downy. Fruit medium, oval, enlarged one side; suture obscure; skin
y ~ é
yellow, clouded as if underneath with stripes of green; bloom white;
flesh greenish, juicy, sprightly, and mostly parts from the stone, which is
small; stalk half inch long. Early August.
ImpERIAL oF Miman.
Imperiale de Milan.
Foreign. Fruit large, oval, deep purple, juicy, sugary. October. (T.
Rivers, in Hort.)
ISABELLA.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval, dull red, mot-
tled; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, parting freely from the stone when fully
ripe; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August.
IckwortH IMPERATRICE.
Knight’s No. 6.
Foreign. North this does not ripen well; in the Middle and Southern
States it promises yet to become a first-class plum, on account mainly of its
period of ripening. Branches smooth, Fruit above medium, obovate,
purple, with irregular tracings of fawn yellow; flesh greenish yellow,
sweet, juicy, and mostly adhering to a small stone; stalk half inch long,
thick. Harly October. If gathered by hand, wrapped in paper, and laid
in a dry place, will keep a month.
Ipattan DAMASK,
Damas d’Italie.
Foreign. Productive, succeeds finely South. Branches smooth. Fruit
medium, roundish, flattened at base; suture half round; skin violet, be-
coming brown; flesh yellowish green, firm, sweet, separating from a thick
oval stone; stalk half inch long, slender; cavity small. Last August.
Bears well in all soils. .
Kirxkn’s.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, round, dark purple, thick
blue bloom; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, separating freely from a
broad flat stone; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 491
Lone Scarzer.
Scarlet Gage.
American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, one side
enlarged, tapers toward the stalk, bright red in sun, pale yellowish red in
shade ; bloom lilac ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, acid, adheres to the stone; stalk
three-fourths inch long in a narrow cavity. Last of August. for years to bring it abun-
dant in the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around
Cincinnati it grows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for
Hovey’s. It must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as
Longworth’s Prolific, Western Queen, &c. Fruit above medium, ovate,
often with a neck; seeds deeply imbedded; color rich dark glossy red;
flesh firm, of a high, brisk, acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until
fully matured. Season rather late.
Hooper’s SEEDLING.
English. Staminate. Fruit medium, conical, dark rich red, good flavor,
productive. Late.
Towa Maur.
American. Staminate. Fruit medium, round conical; seeds deeply
imbedded; color pale red; core ovate conical, marked with a greenish
line ; flesh yellow ; flavor delicate ; moderate bearer.
JENNY hInp.
Staminate. Size rather large; form conical, perfect, generally -with
short neck; seeds moderately sunk in oval cavities; color bright light
scarlet; flesh white, nearly solid, heavy, tender and juicy flavor, pleasant
sub-acid, and under favorable circumstances highly perfumed. Larly,
ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific. Quality “very
good.” (Wilder, MS.)
460 THE STRAWBERRY.
Large Harty ScaR.er.
Early Virginia.
American. Hermaphrodite. In the Hastern States this is regarded as
the best early berry. West, it has never sustained such character. Its
chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate kinds. Fruit
medium, roundish ovate, bright scarlet; seeds deeply imbedded ; flesh ten- _
der, rich, slightly acid ce Season, very early.
MeETHVEN SCARLET.
Methven Castle, Keen's Seedling (of some West 5)
Methven, Hovey’s do.
Southampton Scarlet, Stoddart’s do. OR A
Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit large, roundish or cock’s-
comb-shaped; seed slightly imbedded; color dull scarlet; flesh coarse,
open texture; core large and hollow; flavor very indifferent. It some-
times produces large crops, ripening ‘some four or five days after the
height of strawberry season.
Monrrevipro PIne.
American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage large and vigorous; flowers very
large; fruit large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W.R.P
in Hort.)
MonrokE SCARLET.
American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good, very pro-
lific. (dH. and B.) :
McAvovy’s No. 1.
McAVOY’S EXTRA RED.
American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place
as ‘ McAvoy’s Superior.” They are yet comparatively untested, but with.
exception of quality, the same description will answer for both; large,
roundish, scarlet; seed deeply imbedded ; flesh stained with red; flavor
agreeable, the extra red, sub-gcid.
MoyaMENSING.
American. Pistillate. Foliage large, crenate serratures. Fruit large,
roundish conical, deep crimson; seed crimson, set in rather deep depres-
sions, with rounded intervals ; flesh red, flavor very fine. (Trans. Penn.
Hort. So.)
MAGNIFIQUE.
American. Pistillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant
flavor, productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
NecxKep Pine.
Unique Prairie, Pine Apple.
American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, always necked, light
scarlet; flesh white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant when fully ripe ;
little erown except in private wardens at Cincinnati.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. | 461
PRIMORDIAN.
American. Pistillate. Flowers small. Fruit large, conical, deep
scarlet; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
Proutric Hupson.
American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor,
ripens gradually. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
PENNSYLVANIA.
American. Pistillate. Leaf large, deep green. Fruit large, broadly
conical, dark crimson; seed crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im-
bedded; flesh red; flavor fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.) |
Pro.uiric SwAINSTONE.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, ovate, scarlet; flavor fine; -
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
PRIMATE.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet; pro-
ductive, fine for market. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
REFULGENT.
American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor;
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
‘
Rupy.
English. Fruit medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov. Mag.)
Rrvat Hupson.
Burr’s Rival Hudson.
American. Pistillate. Fruit large, bright scarlet; flesh red, firm, sub-
acid, very productive. Originated same time as “‘ Burr's New Pine,” and
is much like “ Hudson,” its parent. z
Rep ALPINE.
Stafford’s Washington Alpine, | Newland’s Mammoth.
Flowers perfect. Fruit small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar
flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long
time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos-
soms. The “ White Alpine” varies only in the color of its fruit.
Ricuarpson’s Lats.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish, short neck, light
462 THE STRAWBERRY.
scarlet, rich, sub-acid, sprightly flavor, moderately productive, ripens in
succession until about middle of July. (“M. P. W., in Hort.”)
Ross Puantrx.
American. Staminate. Fruit large, roundish compressed, dark red ;
flesh firm, good flavor; generally a poor bearer.
SOUTHBOROUGH.
Southborough Seedling, | Marshall’s Seedling.
English. Pistillate. Fruit medium, ovate, conical, sometimes pointed,
rich deep scarlet; seeds small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor, firm
flesh, bearing carriage well. We have fruited this several years in con-
nection with ‘‘ Large Harly Scarlet,” (to which it is a good mate,) and
found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Vines
hardy; fruit and foot-stalks short.
SWAINSTONE SEEDLING.
English. Staminate. Fruit large ovate, light crimson, firm fleshed,
rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer.
SALTER’S V ERSAILLAISE.
English. New. Not yet, we think, here introduced. We copy de-
scription of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. Society :
Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter, Nurseryman, Hammer-
smith, Oct. 24,1851. Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or cock’s-
comb-shaped, dark red; seeds rather deeply embedded; flesh pale, juicy,
and rich; leaves middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks,
scapes and runners hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A
good bearer.
Oraneae PRotirtc.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, orange scarlet, acid, pro-
ductive, late. (H. & B.) ‘
Waitt ALPINE.
Varies from Red Alpine only in the color of its fruit.
VICTORIA.
Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit medium to large, round,
conical, rich scarlet; flesh firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. Season
with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this variety,
but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as any
variety under different name. The vines are hardy and usually prolific.
WILLEY.
Wiley.
American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants
taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 463
name,) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha-
racter allied to, but yet varied. Fruit medium to large, ovate, conical,
rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red; flesh firm, juicy,
high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do; vines
very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially
lessened in size. :
Unique Scarlet.
American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious
flavor, moderate bearer. :
Wuire Busy ALPINE.
This and Red Bush Alpine differ from the Alpine previously described,
only in' not forming runners; but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are
used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing
throughout the entire season renders it desirable. They are propagated
by dividing the roots early in spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn,
N. Y., first introduced the Bush Alpines to this country.
W ALKER’S SEEDLING.
American. Staminate. Fruit medium size, roundish conical, very dark
erimsen ; seed moderately sunk ; fiesh not quite solid, deeply stained with
red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality “‘ best,” prolific for a staminate. Wil-
der, MS.
CLASS IL—Unworthy further Cultivation.
’ ABERDEEN Brz Hive.
English. Staminate; below medium, scarlet.
Barn’s Extra Earty.
Medium to small, round conical ; flesh tinged with red, sweet and pleasant.
Buist’s Prize.
American. Hermaphroedite; large, firm, moderately productive.
British QuEEN.
Myatt’s British Queen.
English. Staminate ; large, roundish, scarlet, rich, poor bearer.
Bostock.
Restock.
English. Roundish, poor bearer.
‘
- Corz’s Proiiic
English. Large, conical, good flavor. i
464 THE STRAWBERRY.
Coun’s Late SCARLET.
English. Medium, deep color, moderate bearer.
Cox’s SEEDLING. -
English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid.
CoLUMBUS.
American. . Pistillate, large, dark red, sweet, too tender.
Crimson PInn.
Hermaphrodite. Resembles Hudson.
Downton. 3
Knight’s Seedling.
English. Staminate ; large, irregular form, purplish scarlet, unproductive.
Deprrorp Pins.
‘ Myatt’s Deptford Pine.
English. Staminate; large, long conical, rich, scarlet, poor bearer, par-
tially hardy.
Eton.
Elton Pine.
English. Staminate ; large, light red, ovate,-acid, tender, unproductive.
Giant ALPINE.
Medium, globular, tasteless.
GOLIATH.
German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous. There is alse
an English variety, no better.
Grove Enp SCARLET.
Atkinson’s Scarlet.
English. Hermaphrodite; medium to small, globular, light vermilion,
acid, early, productive.
Guioge Havrpors.
English. Small, globular, unproductive.
HountTsMAN’s.
American. Pistillate; large, productive, flavorless) Huntsman’s Stamin-
ate, medium, dark scarlet, good flavor, poor bearer.
KEENE’S SEEDLING.
canal
Raglish. Staminate; large, round cock’scomb, purplish crimson, firm, rich,
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. - 65
high flavor, tender, unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene’s a
received by N. Longworth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive.
La Lreq@orse.
French. Staminate; medium, bright scarlet, unproductive,
Lats Pro.iric.
American. Pistillate; medium, light pale scarlet.
Lizz = RanpoupH.
American. Pistillate; medium, scarlet, indifferent grower.
Myarr’s Enza.
English. Staminate ; large, irregular cock’s comb, tender flesh, hollow core,
high flavor, poor bearer.
Mortiser’s SEEDLING.
American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent ‘‘ Hudson,”
MELon.
Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color, dwarf.
Myarr’s ELgeanor.
Hnglish, Staminate; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid.
Myarv’s Guose.
English. Large, roundish, fine flavor, tender.
Myarr’s Mammoru.
English. Staminate; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorless,
poor bearer.
Myarv’s Prince ALBERT.
English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson.
Myarr’s Pine.
English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor, poor bearer.
Myart’s Prouirtic.
English, Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor, not prolific.
Onto Mammoru.
American. Staminate ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow W core, deficient
in flavor, poor bearer.
20*
466 THE STRAWBERRY.
Oxp Prinz, or Carona.
Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine,
Pineapple.
American, Staminate; medium, conical with a neck, bright scarlet, rich
flavor, ripens when there are many better varieties.
~
Prorus&t SCARLET.
American. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Harly Scarlet, which it resembles.
PROFUSION.
American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive.
Prince oF ORLEANS.
Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor.
RosEBERRY.
English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flaver, poor bearer.
Rep Woop.
English Red Wood
The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of long ~
continuance; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The White
Wood varies only in color.
Ricuarpson’s Haruy.
American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid.
ScroTo.
American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet.
ScarRLet Mettina.
American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red; flesh tender,
juicy, good,
*
TAYLOR’S SEEDLING.
Arserican. Pistillate; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet
and agreeable, hollow core, unproductive.
True CHILI.
Patagonian, | Greenwell’s New Giant,
Greenwell’s French.
- This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit
large, conical, dull red, firm, hollow core.
Witmor’s SuPERB.
English. Large, round, eock’s comb, scarlet, poor bearer.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 467
Witmor’s New Scartet.
English. Large, oval, bright scarlet, poor bearer.
WititaAm Henry Harrison.
American. Staminate ; large, cock’s comb pointed, dark red ; flesh reddish.
*
re YeLitow Cuint.
Fruit large, irregular, yellow, firm.
.
APPENDIX.
SincE the manuscript of the foregoing pages was placed in hands
of the printer, there have been several new fruits introduced and
described, in the Horticultural Journals and Societies’ Transactions ;
these we have thought best to add in an appendix. There have also
been some few omissions, consequent on the author not being at hand
to correct the proofs until they were stereotyped; these also we
have thought best to insert here.
APPLES.
CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation.
CoGswELL.
Cogswell’s Pearmain
American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass.
and Ohio, and succeeds equally as well as in its native locality.
Trees, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a
dark, reddish brown color.
Fruit, large; form, roundish flattened ; color, deep yellow, nearly
covered with stripes, splashes, and dots of rich red, and a few large
russet specks; stem, short, slender; cavety, open; calyx, medium,
nearly closed; basin, shallow; jlesh, yellowish, crisp, sprightly
sub-acid ; core, small; seeds, medium size,dark brown. Season,
January to March.
Marpen’s Buus.
American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ;
succeeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils;
much the best, however, in those termed “ limestone clay.” Valued
for cooking, for drying, and salable in market on account of its
handsome appearance.
Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish, flattened ; color, clear
lemon yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blush to rich
crimson ; stem, short; calyx, closed; basin, medium, abrupt; core,
medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp
sub-acid unless fully ripened. Season, September and October.
~
é
470 APPENDIX.
CLASS II. Wew and untested, adapted to Amateur Culture, or cer-
tain Localities.
BERRY.
American. Fruit large, roundish oblate, striped and mottled with
crimson on greenish yellow; green russet spots. October, November.
Bust’s Favorire.
Spotted Pippin, ! Gray Pippin.
Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, stem slender, cavity deep,
russeted, calyx medium, flesh a little tough. November.
CALLASAGA.
American. Fruit above medium, roundish, dull brown on greenish
yellow russet; calyx large, wide furrowed basin. October, November.
CaMAc’s SWEET.
American. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, whitish green,
clouded with green russet; calyx large, closed.
CRANBERRY.
American. Fruit medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine,
gray russet dots; stem in a narrow, russeted cavity; calyx small, closed.
DAPPER.
American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and
specked with crimson in sun; calyx small, closed.
Mountain, SPROUT.
American. Fruit medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white ©
dots.
NIcKEJACK.
American. From North Carolina. Fruit large, oblate, red striped and
mottled on greenish yellow; cavity deep, russeted; calyx large, par-
tially open ; core:small; seed light brown; flesh tender, juicy, delicate,
“Best,” Well adapted to the Southern States, not yet tested at the North.
Ritter. -
American. From Berks county, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish oblong,
shades of red striped, white dots; stem short; cavity deep, narrow;
seed short, plump; flesh tender “very good.” October, November.
' APPENDIX. ATL
SUMMEROUR.
American. Fruit large, roundish, red mottled and striped, large gray
dots ; cavity deep; calyx large. October, November. |
The ten foregoing descriptions of apples we take from the Ad Interim
Reporis of Pa. Hort. Society.
STURMER PIPPIN.
Foreign. Tree healthy, good bearer ; fruit rather small, roundish conical,
yellowish green with brown, dull red in sun; flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid ;
keeps well. January to June.
GRAPES.
New and untested, suited to Amateur Culture.
BrINCKLE.
Raabe’s No. 1. .
First fruited in 1850. Bunch large, rather compact, sometimes
shouldered ; berry five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ;
flesh, solid, not pulpy ; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine; quality,
“best.” (Ad. Int. fiept.)
CASSADY.
An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf, and dark
purplish wood. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact, and
sometimes shouldered; berry, below medium, five-eighths of an
inch in diameter ; form, round; color, greenish white with occasion-
ally a faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh,
juicy, with but little pulp; flavor, pleasant; quality, “very good.”
(Ad. Int. Rept.)
CLARA.
Raabe’s No. 4.
Bunch, medium; not compact; berry, medium; round, green,
faintly tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender,
juicy ; flavor, rich, sweet, and delicious; quality, “best.” Fruited
the present season for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.)
| Concorp.
Native of Concord, Mass., and stated in Hov. Mag. to be very
early in its season of ripening, and possessing the aroma of the —
Catawba. :
472 APPENDIX.
Entity.
Raabe’s No. 2.
Bunch, large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry,
below medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diame-
ter, round, pale red; flesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp; flavor,
saccharine and delicious; quality, “ best,’ for an out-door grape.
Fruited in 1850 for the first time.
GRAHAM.
An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in
1845, and fruited in 1850 for the first time. Bunch, of medium
size, shouldered, not compact; berry, half an inch in diameter,
round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains little or
no pulp, and abounds in a saccharine juice of agreeable flavor;
quality, “best.” The leaf indicates ita native parentage. It is
probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsinborough, both
of which were in bearing in the garden where it orginated. (Ad. .
Int. Rept.)
RaAaBeE.
Raabe’s No. 3.
Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered; berry, below medium,
round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with
scarcely any pulp; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Cataw-
ba aroma; quality, “best.” (Ad. Int. Rept.)
PEACHES.
CLASS II. New and untested; suited to Amateur Culture, or cer-
tain Localities.
GORGAS.
American. Native of Philadelphia; originated with Benjamin Gulliss
from a stone of Morris White. Leaves serrate. Fruit large, roundish,
with a slight prominence at the apex; dull greenish white, clouded and
blotched with red on the exposed side; cavity wide, rather deep; stone
free ; flesh whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy; flavor saccharine
and exceedingly luscious; quality “best.” Middle to end of September.
J ANE.
Baxter’s Seedling No. 1.
Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit Jarge, ten and one-half inches in cir-
cumference, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish white, with a red cheek ;
free; flavor delicious; quality “very good” to “best.” (Ad. Int. Rept.)
APPENDIX. AT3
PEARS.
CLASS II. ew and untested. Suited to Amateur Culture, or certain
Localities.
Downine.
Doyenné Downing.
Foreign. New, recently described and dedicated by M. Leroy (France)
to the memory of the unfortunate Downing.
Fruit medium, roundish, irregular; green yellowish, speckled with
russet dots; stem short, obliquely inserted; flesh white, crisp, juicy,
sugary, lightly acidulated. Season, September.
Barry.
Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, sometimes large, pyriform, irregu-
larly shaped; skin rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish
on the opposite; calyx small, set in a narrow basin; stalk obliquely in-
serted; flesh white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and
perfumed. Season, October.
Hovey.
Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, pyriform, reeular, resembles the
Beurré Capiaumont, skin fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around
the eye; calyx set outside; stem obliquely inserted; flesh yellow, melting,
juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. Season, September.
GENERAL Taytor.
Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows
near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old.
Size, under medium; form turbinate, obscurely pyriform, broad at the
crown; color cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on theexposed side ; stem
inserted into a very small cavity; calyx partially closed, set in a broad,
not very deep, furrowed basin; core, medium; seed dark brown, ovate,
no angle at the obtuse end; flesh yellowish white, granular, becoming
buttery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core; flavor as high as
the Seckel, aroma delicious ; quality “best ;” maturity, November. (Ad.
int. Rept.)
REGNIER.
This is a variety claimed through the Pennsylvania Hort. Society to
have been grown from seed of the White Doyenné; under that name it
has repeatedly received premiums there: hence, not having seen the fruit,
we conclude our description will answer for both. The growth of tree
is stated as its distinctive character ; being ‘‘ more erect, full and rounded
in its top.”
A474 APPENDIX. 2
GLOSSARY
OF THE MORE ComMON TERMS USED IN Fruit CULTURE.
Acute, sharp or angular.
Acuminate, drawn out to a point.
Alburnum, the sap-wood, as distinguished from the heart-wood.
Apex, point; the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk.
Base, lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, or part of a plant,
nearest the supporting part or root.
Basin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, surround-
ing the calyx.
Bezi, a wilding, or natural seedling.
Beurré, a buttery pear.
Border, artificial bed of enriched earth. :
Callus, ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting, by the
descending cambium.
Calville-shaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples.
Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on the
apex of a pear or apple, are often denominated the eye.
Cambium, the soft, newly formed wood beneath the bark.
Canes, long bearing shoots; applied to grapes and raspberries.
Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape.
Colmar-shaped, pyriform or pear-shaped, with a rather slender neck and
large body.
Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex.
Cordate, heart-shaped. ,
_ Coxcomb, applied to the form of strawberries when much compressed at
the sides.
Crenate, notched or cut like rounded or blunt saw-teeth.
Crown, the part of adruit farthest from the foot-stalk or base.
Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon stocks of
small growth.
Hspalier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis.
Hin quenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the branches
downwards.
Fibrous roots, the smaller, branching, or thread-like roots.
Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial heat under glass.
Hlead back, to cut off the limbs of a tree, part way down.
Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to cut
down to an inserted bud.
Inflorescence, the manner in which the flowers are borne.
Lay-im, applied to selecting and fastening to a trellis or wall, new branches
or shoots. f
Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a trench.
Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a limb or tree.
Lopping, cutting the branch down to the stem.
Maiden plant, a tree of one year’s growth from the bud or graft.
Mulching, covering the ground about a tree with straw or litter to prevent
drying,
APPENDIX. | 475
Oblate, flattened, so that the shortest diameter is between the base and
apex, like a flat turnip.
Obovate, reversed ovate, being largest from the foot-stalk or towards the
apex.
Obtuse, rounded or blunt. _
Ovate, egg-shaped, being the largest towards the foot-stalk.
Pedicel, the subdivision of a flower or fruit-stalk.
Pedunele, the flower or fruit-stalk.
Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored.
Petiole, leaf-stalk.
Pomology, the science of fruits.
Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar to conical, but longer.
Pyriform, pear-shaped, having more or less a drawn-out neck.
Ftinging, the removal of a ring of bark round a branch, to impede the
descending sap.
Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth.
Shanking, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes.
Shorten-in, to cut off more or less of the outer parts of shoots.
Spongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root.
Sport, an unusual departure or variation in a new seedling.
Spur, a short stubby shoot bearing fruit or fruit-buds.
Standard, a fruit tree in open ground, or not trained to a wall or trellis.
Stock, seedling tree, which supports the inserted bud or graft.
Stop, to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to prevent its further ex-
tension in growth. .
Strike, to emit roots.
Tap-root, the main or central descending root.
Trellis, an upright, flat frame, for training fruit trees and grapes upon its
face.
Wilding, a natural seedling.
INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS.
ee now
-
[The standard names are in Iéalic letters. The synonymous names in Roman.]
PAGH
ALMONDS. Brussels. 3 D : 5 , 52
PAGE | Brown Masculine | : ‘ S «D2
Amande Commune. . . . . 46{|Briancon . A ais eal iiee . 50
Amandier a petit fr uit . See Meh mes 46 | Brown's Harly ; : : it hein) 50)
Amandier a gros fruit . cates . 46| Burlington . : - : a : 50
Amandier a gros fruit doux . : 5 46 | D’Alexandrie . 3 i ‘ 2 OO
Amandier a coque tendre ‘ 5 - 46] De Hollande ; é : : : 48
Amandier des Dames . ps ; 46 | DeSt. Jean. ; : : ¢ , 949,
Amande Princesse . . avis 2 Hey 40 |. Dest. Jean Rouge.) |. : : E 49
Amande Sultane . : : : 46 | De Nancy: 3 2 , és : . 49
Amande Pistache . * 3 . 46] DeNancy . : . 51
Amandier Pecher . : 4 5 : 46 | Dubois’ eel Golden . : . 49
Bitter Almond.. . . « «~~ 46] Dubois’ Early Golden Apricot Big eh 49
Common Alin ond. 4 i 4 ‘ 46 | Dunmore . . 5 Ares)
Common Sweet. 5 4 : A . 46] Du Pape 2 ‘ 52
Douxacoquetendre . . . . 46 Diiniweres sBreda .. : So vais eae
Great Soft-Shell ‘ ‘ 4 4 . 46| Larly Golden . ; : : : 49
Great-fruited Sweet . 5 : if 46 | Harly Orange . Baysiune ; : eMbe.
Long Hard-Shell_ . : ‘ . 46| Early Masculine . : : : 52
Long Hard-Shell Almond . aia 46 | Early White Masculine Bec ce ee
Zadies’ Thin-Shell . A 5 4 . 46] Germine 4 ; j 5 51
Weacee Persian je ne 46|GrosMusch .. . SAN HEE. . 050
Languedoc ae ee iY bas 4 . 46 | Gros Precoce a : - : ; 49
Pistachia Sweet . 4 : 2 : 46 | Gros d’Alexandrie . ; 4 5 eee
Peach Almond. - C : : . 46] Gros Fruhe . s 4 : 5 F 49
Pecher . 5 i : . A 46 | Grosse Germine : : i ; a aon
Soft-Shell Sweet ; : . 46 | Hasselnussmandel : 3 4 fi 48
Soft-Shell Sweet Almond . 4 : 46 | Hemskirke. A ‘ b : o2b0
Sultana coque tendre . . . . 46{|Hunt’sMoorpark. . . . . 49
Sultana Sweet Faculte 3 A A 46 | Kaisha . ? : 4 : s . 50
Sultan ; Be Nl RAS a GT ulornge aeamley c : ‘ : y 49
Large Red : : : : P 2900)
APRICOTS. Large Turkey f s : 3 : 51
Door park : 5 is 5 : Bei cae)
Abricot Royal . NA FO a RSI Nas SLMS AIO i Sieh Mena Meme Mere ea eA oat 2? 50
Abricot Peche . 2 ¥ i : 49 eee aueen 6 3 : S ; . 50
Abricot Commun . : : oad Not : : ; : 52
Abricot Precoce . * ‘ . #1 52 Ne Cells Early . ° e ° . 51
‘Abricot Hatif . f : : : . 52 | Oldaker’s Moorpark . : . A 49
Abricotier . re y i i. 52 Orange A = . 5 . é . 52
Abricotier blanc. : i ‘ . 52 | Persique ‘ g : : 5 5 48
Albergier . ah ie 3 : : 52 | Persian . : : : Ai wont oD
‘Alberge 5 5 ‘ : .. 52 | Peach . , ; i : i" : 49
Amande Aveline . do ee gy iain AS | Pere, el cg Yao oe re nl
Anapas. .- f ; i : ; . 48] Peche Grosse 5 H Fi 2 3 49
Angoumois . : 8 5 , di 52 | Purple . < : 4 5 2 LD
‘Anson’s Imperial. : : . 49| Red Masculine . : : ‘ . 52
Blotched alee Turkey ‘ ss : 51 | Royal fides A é Ae sil
Black . ; P . 52| Roman. Fi A 5 i i R 56
Blenheim . : ; 3 : , 51 | Royal Peach . 4 5 : j =) 49
Blane i j : A - - 48 | Royal Persian : : ; ; 2 52
Breda . Bee eas skit) 4° ane Oia: wee 48 | Royal Orange . Ree tes 8) aerate y
(476)
INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE
Royal George c F ; : 52
SOL Re ees 207 A EM AN alah ID |
Shipleys . : x 5 : ; 51
Shipley’s Large : ‘ : : ero
Sudlow’s Moorpark . cae c 49
Temple's . : eg - . 49
Transparent . ‘ es : : 51
Turkey . Rr Mien may) Seta aoa BL
INO GES oe ak PR Eee ae oe Bae 52
Walton Moorpark . . . Be en ee)
White Masculine ee ee ams 52
Muito Apricotie (2 Vie GeO,
nie Atemers) 08 ac og so a 52
Miareienaburey 6 ie ee Ce Ag
APPLES,
Augustine . - 166
ELE OU ORO ese UR BCs PENIS! OOOO
Autumn Romanite . 2 : : . 166
Api noir . F 167
American White Winter Calville : S Sal)
Abbott Seedling A ees é
American Pearmain . F : . 64
pi. Q ‘ ss 5 ‘ 5 : 87
August Apple . E Sane Sepals
Avery Sweeting . 3 : 7 ook
Aromatic Carolina . 3 zs : cuuallzal
Autumnal Swaar : s A : 121
Autumnal Sweet Swaar sahara
Autwnn Strawberry. . 5 65
Autumn Bough : 3 ; : a 2566
Autumn Sweet Bough . nar ; 66
Autumn Seek-no-farther eae Bo ee
Adams . : c c 5 :
Adams Pearmain .
: : 4 af 20
Ashmore ; i a _ Ms 120
Ashiand ‘ ‘ a ‘ A - 120
Aunt Hannah . ., S A d 121
Alexander ‘ iM a ; A . 120
SUPPORTED IONS Oh aE Renae a eM teas 575
American Mammot ¢ ; ° . 174
American Newtown Pippin . 5 93
American Summer Pearmain . \ any 2 (oat
American Red Juneating . 3 : 76
American Pippin . a - : . 166
American Golden Russet . ; : TA
Albemurte Pippin, 6 DG
Aunts Apple i yi ; ‘ 120
mEbreath Pippin. 0 Sask a
Aurore . Y ‘ 5 ‘ ‘ 5 170
Autumn Pearmain a ; : Eel
Barr. i ; ‘ ; . : 167
Bars . : 3 : ; 4 . 167
Barnhilt ‘ i F : ; : 167
Black Gillijfiower . < c - 167
Bartlett . 4 5 ‘ s ; 168
Bardin 3 : ; , x : Sil)
Baltimore Pippin . : 1 ; ‘ 174
Beauty of America . : : : - 16%
Black Annette . 5 , 4 ; 167
Black Lady Apple . 5 3 ‘ SG
Bur A P : 5 5 5 - 168
Bullet i : i - ; - 168
Black Tom . z 5 é : 170
Big Romanite . - 5 etal
Big Sweet. c c ° 2 : 179
Big Hill. Se ig i : 3 : Eu)
Belpre Russet a 3 s 4 5 106
Brown’s Golden Sweet . 5 . 100
Builey Sweet. ; - F - 121
Belzer eae ae Sema eran) tes gS I
Bewan. . \.
Bevan Favorite .
Bentley's Sweet.
Better than Good
Bean Sweet
Blue Pearmain
Bledsoe .
Blood .
Bohanon
Bourassa .
Boston : -
Brooke's Pippin
Barlow . :
Bailey Spice . “
Baltimore Pippin .
Bethlehemite . :
Belmont. |.
Bellflower ,
Broadwell
Broadwell Sweet
Bullock's Pippin .
Bonne du Mai .
Bullripe .
Bard Apple
Beard Burden
Belleet Bonne . é
Burlington Spitzenberg
Z 3 .
Black Coa
Boalsburg ;
Brabant Bellflower .
Bucks County Pippin
Bucks County . :
Bracy’s Seek-no-farther
Baltemore .
Bay Apple
Baldwin
Belle-Fleur . c
Belle-Fleur Rouge . 5
Bedfordshire Foundling
Benoni, : 5 3
Beauty of Kent .
Beauty of the West .
Bell’s Scarlet Pearmain
Black Detroit.
Blenheim Pippin
Blenheim Orange
Black Apple
Black American
Borovitsky
Bough ‘ c : <
Borsdorfier . é c
Borsdorff . : :
Brabant Belle Fleur
Brandy Apple . : :
Bread and Cheese Apple
Burlington Greening
Butter . :
Butter Apple .
Bugington’s Early
Burrs Winter Sweet
Betsey’s Fancy
Brown’s Late Queen.
Bush. . d : 6
Beauty Red . . ~
Ben. . ‘ ;
Catshead . ¢
Cathead Greening . :
Calville Blanche d’Hiver .
Calville Rouge d’Hiver .
Calville Rouge .
Capendy ew Ns
Cayuga Red Streak.
159,
478
Cam . . ai teks
Camupsield :
Connecticut Summer Sweet -
Caroline . 4
Carolina Winter Queen -
Canada Pippin . . .
Challenge . E “ :
Cloth of Gold .
Connecticut Apple.
Connecticut Seek-no-farther *
Coates’ Greening .
Cooper's Early White
Chief Good .
Cracking . = E .
Cat Pippin .
Champ Sweeting
Cole’s Quince. : 5
Catshead Beaufin . :
Cash Sweet . 5 5
Cogswell
Caroline
Carolina . :
Carnahan
Cannahan’s Favorite
Cannon Pearmain ‘4
Cat Face . 5 -
Clyde Beauty
Cooper... °
Cane
Cocklin’ 3 Faworite .
~ Cain - = =
Cumberland 3 5 -
Cumberland Seedling : 2
Claremont Pippin
Crane’s Pippin “ 5
Caraway Russet ‘
Concombre Ancien
Cheeseborough Russet
Crooked Limb Pippin .
Canadian Reinette
Canada Reinette
Carthouse . 4
Catline . : 4
Chandler .
Charles’ Apple
Chalmers’ Large : 4
Cornish Gillifilower
Cornish July-flower .
Court Pendu Extra :
Court Pendu Plat .
Court Pendu .
Court Pendu Plat Rougeatre s
Cable’s Gilliflower . é _
‘Court Pendu Rond Gros . A
Court Pendu Rose
Court Pendu Musque :
Coriander Rose . 5 :
Courtof Wick. . ,
Court of Wick Pippin :
Court de Wick x
Cos or Caas . é A
Cole . :
Cornish Aromatic ,
Cranberry Pippin
Crimson Pippin .
Cumberland Spice . : :
Cooper's Russeting . £
Darlington . 5 ‘
Darlington Russet : :
Delight . 5 : . :
De Ratteau . : 5 2
Dodge's Black. . . .
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Dutchess . - eek
Dillingham . : *
Dunlap’s Aurora. :
Donnelan’s Seedling
Dumelow’s Seedling 5
Dumelow’s Crab . 4
Dumpling
Tisinty pals
Danwers Winter Suweet 4 i
Detroit. —~
Detroit .
De Bretagne .
D’Espagne é :
Devonshire Quarrenden
De Witt
Doctor .
Domine
Downton Pippin
Downton Golden Pippin.
Downy
Drap vOr
Dickson’s Emperor
Douse :
Dow’s . i
Dutch Pearmain .
Duchess of Oldenburgh =
Dutch Codlin .
Dutch semen :
Dyer . 3
uve dae.
BE Top
gg T
Early Joe
Early June
English Summer Pearmain .
Edgerly Sweet .
English Nonsuch ,
Emperor :
Early May .
Early Pennock
English aaa 4
Esten . : 4 :
Eustis 2
Early Summer Pearmain .
Early Summer Pippin .
Early Harvest 2
Early French Reinette .
Early Red Margaret
Early Red Juneating
Early Str auberry . oe
Early Crofton 5
Early Sweet Bough .
Easter Pippin
ee cater s Aromatic P Pippin 5
Highteen Ounce Apple .
Elton Pippin :
Emperor Alexander
English Codlin . -
English Golden Pippin .
English Russet . 5 ‘
English Golden Russet
Epse’s Sweet .
Esopus Spiteendurgh
Eye Apple. . :
Forever Pippin...
Fall Cheese. A
Flushing Seek-no-farther
Fall Orange - ¢ 5
Fink's Seedling :
Frith Pitcher . . 5
French's Sweet.
Enelish\ Winter Red Streak rae
Father Abraham .
Fall Queen . fs s .
Fall Winesap . . . .
Fall Wine . 3 5 :
Fallemmalder . : 5 A
Fort Miami . . és ;
Favorite . ‘ -
Fulton . ; A 5 :
Fronclise . ; Z 2 4
Fenton Sweeting . : -
Ferdinand i ‘
Fama Gusta . 4
Fall Beauty . . .
Ferris . : E :
Fall Vandervere
Falt Jennetiing
Fall Gennetting .
Fountling . c
Funtling . : tells
Fleiner . : : “
Fall Harvey . - -
Fall Pippin . : 6
Fameuse . ' 5
Fallawater $ i
'Fenouillet Gris : é
Fenouillet Rowge : :
Flower of Kent. . :
Flint Russet
Flushing Spitz zenburgh Dh ie
Formosa Pippin .
Fry’s Pippin . qu :
French Pippin .«
French Crab
Franklin’s Golden Pippin i
Gate . . .
Golden Pippin
Garden Royat
Gray Vandervere
Golden .
Green Seek-no farther
Gault’s Bellflower
Gloucester White .
Gillet’s Seedling .
Gibbon’s Smathhouse
Gibbon’s Smokehouse
Gabrid .
George
Gloucester Cheese .
Goble Russet
ee s Apple
ilpin eh edie
Gloria Mundi ; ;
Glace de Zelande : i R 5
Glory of York ...
Golden Drop
German Green
Golden Spice . SS
Green Mountain Pippin
Green Sweet
Greasy Pippin : c
Green Bellflower
Garretson’s Aue
Giles . -
Golden Pearmain i
Goodyea 5 ‘
Gicdvear’ s Seedling euhi's
Governor 5 5 i ;
Granny Buff naan 4
Granny Earle a e e .
Granniwinkle . ¥ =
[=r]
v=)
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Great Vandevere . .
Gov. Seward . c -
Golden Russet .
Golden Balt : i
Golden Harvey . '
Golden Pippin
Golden Reinette
Golden Russet .
Golden Sweet
Gray Apple . ¢
Green Newtown Pippin
Green Winter Pippin .
Grise
Gross Reinette Angleterre
Gregson Apple
Grawenstein
Grave Slije
Grand Sachem
Grindstone
Green Everlasting
Gros Api Rouge
Harkness’ New Favorite .
Hollandbwrg é
Hollandbury
Hepper
Heterich
Harrigan
Hampshire Greening
Harvest
Hay’s Winter
Hollow Crown Pearmain |
Honey Greening .
Heicke’s Winter Sweet
Housom’s Red 6 -
High Top Sweet . :
Hunter
Hardingham’s Russet . *.
Hammah
Howard. Russet
Hogan ‘ é
Honey Sweet
Herman.
Helen's Favorite
Hector 5 .
Hawley . z - 2
Horse Apple . t ¢
Horse Block -
Honemaker Pippin .
Haskell’s Sweet.
Hommacher Apfel .
Hay’s Winter Wine
Haymaker ; ° C
Hartford oeeng °
Harrison . :
Hagloe . : 5 4
Hawthorden ‘
Hampshire Yellow
Hercfordshire Pearmain
Herefordshire Red ea
Hinckman ¢
Hoary Morning .
Hollow-cored Pippin
Holland Pippin .
Hubbardston Nonsuch
Imperial Vandervere
Trish Pitcher
Indian Queen ‘ ‘
Indian Apple
Iron Apple é :
Inman <
Indiana J annettin
| Trish Peach App ms
480 -
lronstone
- Joe Berry
Juicy Bite .
Kelly White .
Jounn Garretson’s Early
Jersey Pippin
Jeweti’s Red
J ewett’s Fine Red .
James’ River :
Jennette . 5
Jersey Black reere
Jaber Sweet :
Jefferson Se ete
Jeffries.
Jenkins <
Johnson's Fine Winter
Jack Murphy 5
Jonathan F :
Januarea, . 4 :
Jersey Greening
Jersey Sweeting
July Pippin . .
Juneating
Kentish Fill-basket .
Keswick Codlin
Kenrick’s Autwmn .
Kerry Pippin
King Philip :
Kirke's Lord Nelson
Kirke’s Lemon Pippin
Kirk’s Golden Reinette
Kitham Hill
King of the Pippins
King George the Third
Knightwick Pippin
Knight's Golden Pippin A
Kaighn’ 8 Si) ae
Kingsley 5
King Apple
Kingsbury Russet
Kane . -
iRoim : (iA
Kelley White .
Kountz
Knight's Codlin. .
Large Golden Pippin ©
Lady de Grey’s
Damier Blush
Lady Finger
Long Island Russet
Loans Hnglish Pearmain j :
Large Red porns -
Lane Sweet
Long John
Lucombe’s Seedling
LIuces Early Joe
Leather Coat Russet
Loring Sweeting
Loudon Pippin
Lowre Queen
Leland Spice . tana
Laquier . .
Lancaster.
Ledge Sweet
Limber Twig F i ‘ ;
Long Stem
Loure Queen .
Leland Pippin .
Lacker F
Lake ‘
Lancaster Greening 4
Late Strawberry
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Late Baldwin s
Lady Washington
Little Pearmain
London Sweet 5
London Winter Sweet .
Loring Sweet.
Large Striped Pearmain
Lancaster Queen
Late Queen . 4 >
Lecker é 5 ; c
Ladies’ Blush . ; c
Long Pearmain .
Long Oy eee tare
Lady Finger .
Lowell A
Lippincott .
Ladies Sweeting .
Lady Apple.
Large White J uneating
Large Yellow Bough
Lemon Pippin .
Longvilles Kernel .
Lyscom . :
Lyman’s Pumpkin "Sweet
Marstovs Red Winter
Meloin ee
Marks .
Monarch .
Monks’ Favorite
LicLelian .
Miifiin King .
Montreal _ . :
Monks’ Codtin
McIntire’s Sweeting :
May Seek-no-jarther. .
Menagerie .
Molasses 5 : .
Murphy’s Red .
Martin
Mother
Musk Spice
Munson Sweeting
Myers’ Nonpareil.
" Moore’s Sweeting
pear ole Sweeting .
ay Apple
Gave.
Mother Davies «
Milam
Mamma ne :
Mygatt’s Bergamot
Mountain Pippin :
Melon . 5
Melting
Melt-in-the-mouth
Melting Mouth .
Melting Pippin.
Mackie’s Clyde Beauty
Major F
Matchless .
Marietta Russet
Manomet .
Manomet Sweet .
Monmouth Pippin .
Millereek Vandervere
Nivitereeio'y 8S NG
Wile Carle® s,s
argit ; c
Margaret 5
Margaretha Apfel
Maiden's Blush
Mela di Carlo . f
PAGE
Mela Carla i Shove 146
Meangere . ¢ Neca hae age 174
Minister 147
Michael Henry Pippin C 91
Monstrous Pippin. , 174
Mouse a uele f C : 147
Moose Apple . : : 147
Murphy . : 175
New York Spice 4 143
Norton’sMelon. . . 89
Noll’s No.1 . - 120
Neversink . 5 . 149
Neisley’s Winter . 176
Newtown Pippin of f Ganders 119
Neverfail = é 100
Niack Pippin 109
New Jersey Red Streak Ss 131
Nodhead . ‘ 140
Northern Sweet . : 149
Northern Golden Suweet . E 149
Nonpareille x 175
Niger . 179
New York Gloria Mundi | 174
Newtown Spitzenberg 94
New Scarlet N ones oe untae
Never-Fail 5
Newtown Pippin. . 93
Newark King Popp bE Trane 175
Newark Pippin . : Seer. 149
Newark Sweeting . . - 126
Northern Spy . - 94
Norjolk Beaujin . : 175
Nonsuch STOR LER ee ens 1%
Ohio Mavorites (se bee 95
Old Golden Pip ppin Sa te Pibuig /(!
Old English Codlin Begienr 175
Old Pearmain : z P 85
Old Nonsuch . : : 102
Oldmela ys: i ci oie ; 132
Ohio Wine : : < 141
Orange . : : 149
Orndorf 149
Orne’s Early . 149
Osborn’s Sweet . 150
Osborn’s Fall Sweet — 150
Overman’s Sweet. 150
Old Royal Russet . 175
Osceola. : 150
Old Town Crab. S : 149
Ortley ; 5 F é 95
Ohio Nonpareil — 83
Old Nonpareil . 175
Orange Sweet 81
Ortley Apple 95
ye Pippin : 95
Oslin . i E 6 175
Osgood’ s Favorite . ; ‘ 145
Owen’s Golden Beauty : : . 162
Ox Apple ° é 174
On bye Peach . Cc 157
Ox E ‘ C : 94
‘Para se Winter Sweet. . . 150
Patterson Sweet 0 121
Pennsylvania Vandervere 113
Petit Api E 87
Pomme d’Api 87
Pomme Royal : 75
Philadelphia Pippin . 18
Pomme Water . 75
Pim’s Beauty 5 79
Poughkeepsie Russet . 5 98
Pickman Pippin ala ten eae
21
INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE
Primate 158
Progress . 153
Potter’s Large Gray Seedling © 172
Prince’s Red and Green Sweet. 176
Paragon : $ 151
People’s Choice . 151
Pysifer . ; 151
Parsons’ Early. : 175
Phillips’ Biveeting 97
Prolific Beauty . , ; 176
Pomme Roye- . , S 176
Polly Bright 176
Pomme de Rose 176
Pryor’s Red 5 : 99
Prior’s Red . 4 = - 99
Pitzer Hill. 99
Pickmam : 3 152
Priestly) 5 13 Bish it 158
Pole Cat. 3 3 ties
Parmin Royal . . : 85
Parmain d’ Ete ‘ 121
Petersburgh Pippin . : 3 93
Pennock’s Red Winter c 176
Pennock . : 176
Pearson's Plate
Peck’s Pleasant ‘ 97
Pennington’s Seedling . : 97
Peach Pond Sweet . : 151
Pecker . : : 56
Petit Api Rouge 8T
Philip Wick . - 86
Phillips’ Reinette °. 123
Pie Apple . 138
Pine Apple Russet c : 152
Pomme d’Api Pewee Bahenge 87
Pompey ‘ ; : 179
Pomme Grise 99
Pomme Royale 162
Pomme Rose : 87
Pound Royal 162
Pomme Regelans . 150
Pomme de Berlin 128
Pomme d’Anis 170
Pomme de Charles . 146
Pomme Finale 146
Pound C 176
Pomme de Caen ‘ 72
Portugal . : 226
Pomme de Neige 76
Porter 98
Princesse Noble Zoete 4 128
Priestley . 176
Priestley’ s American 176
Prince’s Harvest, or Early French Reinette 84
Pumpkin Russet . a c 152
Pumpkin Sweet 152
Putnam Russet 106
Queen Ann 88
Quince . l 15.
Quaker Pippin 4 176
Queen's 167
Randal’s Best . 154
Randal Best . 154
Ragan 154
Papen Sweet 154
Rambo .. 102
Rambour France 178
Rambonr d’Ete 178
Raundell’s Sweet . 18L
Red Spitzenberg 141
Red Pearmain j 4 141
Red Winter Pearmain 141
482 INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE
Red Pippin . ; 4 : 5 141
Red Phenix . 5 : : 4 aléal
Russam . : : x : 141
Red Sweet Pippin - a iiurr : se)
ed Bellflower .. é Stine : 177
Red Seek-no-farther . : : : eco
Red and Green Sweet . s : i 176
Red Canada . 3 : 3 é Brn
Red Cheek Pippin . , 5 : f 92
Reinette du Canada . . : 2 tea
Richfield Nonsuch z & 102
Richmond : : 5 . . 105
Rough and Ready - : 5 . 153
Round Top : A ; ; SEAGR
Ruckman’s Pearmain F : 3
Reseau W@Automne . : 2 3 Sha lterg
Rules Summer SRK A : 5 4 177
Rawl’s Janet . : A Mia Rong ot OD
Rock Remain 5 A a : y 100
Rock Rimmon 3 A : “ LOG
Red Vandervere . i : . 113
Red Sweet. - s 4 , . 155
Republican Pippin RA es neta beige eee
Red Cathead . 5 - 3 Pk
red Ashmore 3 ; - gh us 120
Red Pennock . A eee i bagalae
Red Bough . A . : 5 176
Red Russet 5 . vias (3
Red Gloria Mundi? — é ; 5 : 132
Rome Beauty. . . : i 2
Roman Beauty). 9. vmapaa yy ee eee
Rymer Sits es : A . 1%
Rosen . : : : : 5 177
River ¥ x > A : a) SLi
Raule's Jane é , : : ‘ 100
Raul’s Gennetting . 3 5 ‘ . 100
Raule’s Jannette 5 A ‘ j 100
Rawle’s Jennette : < . 100
Ramsdell’s Red Pumpkin ‘Sweet . Beef) vss
Ramsdeil’s Sweeting A 4 4 eae il (3
Read’s Baker 5 - ' 2 : 175
Red Belle-Fleur : : 3 nda sieecrst al LAr
Red Winter eae: 5 : i 176
Red Calwille . 5 2 so 6
Red Detroit . s , 5 : 130
Red Doctor 4 ; ‘ ; Seen)
Red Gillifiower . 5 : i : 176
Red Pumpkin Sweet 3 3 2 . 181
Red Streak . 3 : 3 3 i 177
Red Quarrenden 3 - E 4 seule
Red Juneating.. : : : . 76, 145
Red Astrachan i S . ‘ = OS
Red Ingestrie : ‘ : 176
Reinette blanche dEspagne | : - . 162
Reinette Triomphante . : : : 179
Reinette d’ Angleterre : : : oe dD,
Leinette du Canada Blanche : 72
Reinette Grosse du Canada ce 3 ee
Reinette du Canada a Cortes : é [2
teinette d Hollande : : : 5. 3
tthode Island remind Se lee F 104
ftibston Pippin ’ d él . 155
Rival Golden Pippin . : : pena ts)
Round Catshead : o ’ : . 168
Royale @Angleterre . : - 3 85
Rexbury Russet i : : : », LOG
Royal Pearmain . mtet oaate 85
Roman Stem . 1. « « : <1 doe
Komanite . , acta 102, 134
Ross Nonpareil. : . 155
Russian . : 5 = Belts)
Sweet Baldwin ee ga : - 178
Summer Rambo .
Striped Mohawk
Scandiana Mala
Selma
Seever’s Red Streak
Stanard
Stanard’s Seedling
S¢. Lawrence
Striped Bellfleur
Siippews Russet
Shipley Green
Spring Grove Codlin j
Spice Apple .
Summer Russet
Sweet -and Sour
Sugar Loaf Greening
Spice Sweeting
Seever
Schoonmaker
Scheolmecker
Scollop Gilliflower
Sintth’s Cider
Spring Pippin
Springport Pippin
Spice Russet
Skunk ¢
Sam Rawlings
Sam Young
Sack Apple
Sapson 4
Sam’s Crab
Sanguineus
Scudamore’ Ss Crab .
Scarlet Perfume
Searla, Pearmain
Scarlet Nonpareit
Seek-no-further
Seek-no-further of Coxe
Sheep Nose
Siberian Bitter Sweet
Siberian Crab
Sigler’s Red
Shakers’ Yellow’
Summer Hagloe
Sassafras Sweet
Summer Sweet .
Sponge .
e
°
a
Striped Pearmain :
Snorter .
Sweet Bellflower
Sweet Pippin
Summer Bellflower .
Summer Belle Fleur
Summum Bonum
Summer Cheese
Strawberry
Steele’s Red Winter :
Snow .
Sutton
Sutton Beauty 5
Sweet Swaar .
Sweet Winesap
Sparhawk
Striped R. I. Greening»
Sweet Seek-no-farther .
Sugar Sweet
Spiced Oxeye .
Sylvan Russet .
Striped June .
Sweet Golden Pippin ;
Sweet Nonsuch
Sweet June
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Sweet Bough. . » + « «+ 109 | White Seek-no-farther
Sweet Romanite . . . . . 112] Wellington Apple
Springer’s Seedling . 5 3 178 | Winter Cheese .,
Striped Vandervere: . - F . 118 | Willis Sweet
Striped Ashmore . . Sapo . #118 | Wagener...
Smokehouse . - ae EA i . 118 | Wells . A SMO sate tate
Sine-qua-non F : é ‘ : 157 | Well Apple . .
Sops of Wine . ‘ Sea i . 157 | Warren Pippin . :
Sops in Wine aye c 5 tu dot | Waltz Apple..." ). .
Spencer Sweeting . . =. é . 187} Washington . . .
Sturmer Pippi. . . ‘ 468 | Welcome 3 :
Styre ‘ : i Wiis West's Spitzenberg :
Striped Tuneating ge lt cin ae ash nee AN ECO WEE!" a EMS
Stroat é 3) eegeepne? de Marccan cay LOL ee ote Vandervere. . .
Straat . 2 i A ; ji : 158 | White Sweeting 2
Stal Clubs . : F : ‘ - . 118 | Wetherell’s White Sweeting
Surprise. . Se aS MOSM CLI LLORUCY. «a
~ Sugar Loaf Pippin we oT aid cmaoaGe de NNeTE Ley Gris’ i) ce
Summer Rose’. . «+ ~~» ~~ 107 | White Margil
Summer Queen é . . 158 | White Doctor ‘i
Summer Golden Pippin . «5 . 178 | Watson’s Dumpling
Summer Pearmain . Hae Mi 3 . 121 | Whare Reinette ;
Summer Pippin jy. 5 We ie , 188 | Waxen Apple
Summer Rambour . 5s bicelnd \ cones) | Wihite Apple Ps bulge:
Summer Sweet Paradise oe Te AO) eWeek See ppIe Cs (6° ell Vis
Swaar : : A E § . 108 | Wells’s Sweeting
Sweet Russet . . ew at) «152 | Westfield Scek-no further
Sweet Pearmain . . . «~~ 109 | White Bell-Fleur ..
Sweet Harvest . c : ‘ 109 | White Bellflower .
Transparent de Zurich . ; 5 . 179 | White Detroit . 4 :
Them’s Red RECE, ws: 1 064 Apne’) ecllea teat eM nite Wakober Calville. .
Townsend. . Wea ins coke RBOU Wate COVOUlle sil eid :
Tallow Pippin ihc d Nd SoCal en wait 88 | White Spanish Reinetta .
Tallow Apple. . - «. + + 88 | White Juneating
BRUT ISIS 04." | a wl gees rahi 15 | White Astrachan .
Ale AROC KEM Ha!) pie ieduelh linetalts ik . %9 | White Pippin ;
Trenton Early sate Baa 81 ' WhiteSpice . c :
Tewksbury Blush. . «+ ~~ 160 | Wine of Cole
Tom Woodward’s Pippin . 5 5 95 | Winter Sweet
Terry’s Red Streak . - . - . . 102 | White Pearmain
Talman’s Sweeting . : é ‘ 110 | White Winter Pearmain
Tallman’s Sweeting . . + 110 | White Rambo
Trumbull Sweeting . 7 5 : 160 | Wiliams,
Tart Bough. : é . 178 | William’s Favorite Red .
Tewksbury Winter Blush . ; ; 160 | William’s Red :
TolmanSweeting . . - . . 110 | William’s Early :
Travers . : . «155 | William’s ik Red
T wenty-ownce Pi ppin ‘ Wc Weal elMeiedie EON WRPeCLOUD, «0s Sa EDN Ea
Tetofsky i ; , : 111 | Willow Twig : ¢ :
Transparent Pippin . i‘ : . 128 | Willow Leaf” c -
Transparentde Moscovie . “ 119 | Wood's Greening .
Twenty Ounce . BP bee . . 126 | William Penn .
Twenty-ounce Apple é : - 4 126 | Winslow 3
Vandervere of Cincinnati 5 5 . 118 | Wing Sweeting
Vandervere Pippin. ; ; 118 | Winter Pearmain .
Virginia Greening : : f . 160 | Winter Wine .
Vermont 3 ‘ - 3 : 161 | Winter Chandler
Virginia Sweet . , él : : . 174 | Woodward's Pippin .
Vandyne : E 5 . - 95 | Wolman’s Harvest
Victuals and Drink : i : . 179 | Winter Gennetting .
Vandevere . ‘ Sa a . 118 | Willow Leaf Pippin
Victorious Reinette . « «+ 170 | White Hawthornden _ ee
Vraidrap@Or . . . : : 73 | Winter Pearmain . :
Watkins Early. . . «© + + 64) Winter Queen .
Watermelon . : 2 . ‘ 5 89 | Winter Queening .
Watson’s Vandervere a : : . 118 | Wine Apple
Warren Pennock . 5 c 5 ‘ 131 | Wine Sap
Waddel’s Hall . ‘ A c , 161 | Wine Sop .
Walworth . i ; c ‘ : 161 | White Apple . ne
Walpole . . eps : . , 161 | Williams’s Favorite .
Western Spy . « « « 162 | Wollaton Pippin
Whitewater” Sweet . 3 . « « 162} Woolman’s Long . Wha
484 INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE PAGE
Winter Sweet Paradise . - 5 Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blane in ional seilioee
Wood's Huntingdon » 4 a pe) L28h)Bisarrean de Roemont 3 . 5° “is seed
Woolman’s Harvest . ; - - 107 | Bigarreau Lauermann . : 5 ‘ 212
Woodstock Pippin . : - ah heer eae Bigarreau Gros Ceurat . Fane BEL II)
Woodstock. Peds ie. 5 Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux Peart eos
Wormsley Pippin é ; . : . 179 | Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge 3 2 219
Woodpecker . - : : : 66 Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim . - 196
Wyker Pippin. . - - -. . 170] Bigarreau Marbree de Hildesheim . . 196
Yankee Apple . Seer eine Cun micah > Ly Bigarreau Blane Tardif de cies 196
Yellow Juneating . . . Sab aint Bigarreau Noir Tardif . : . 196
Mellow Janette 75.) 207 27 ee 100: | Bigarrean'GrosiNoir 2) ic a ee
Yellow Vandervere . : 5 is Aen TS Bigarreau Common . 5 : ‘ . 194
York Russet . : : 4 4 é 152 | Bigarreau Noir . : ‘ i : 215
Yost . ; : : . 4 4 . 165 | Bloodgood’s Amber . 5 5 «2A
Yacht. P : 4 - 166 | Bloodgood’s Honey . Liane ; 214
York Imperial . aie tec a, , 160} aploodeood’s New Honey, ol ge eons ila) e Le
Yellow Ingestric . g : Ba Paakisinintaes REYG) Black Heart . . : ‘ Barta 725:
Yorkshire Greening pineal ihiatht ais Nubante sie? USS hal BR BIE oe Russian. .. 3 2 ce canes
Yellow Newtown Pippin . . . 118 | Black Eagle . snare Sara gatigek s, 2Abe!
Yellow Pippin . * : . 95,149 | Black Circassian . F 4 5 . 189
Yellow German Reinette : A A 170 | Black Tartarian . a 5 : A 189
Yellow Siberian Crab. . «© 4 Black Russian . deagedin sae Sg
Yellow Harvest . H 3 E i 84} Black Mazzard . ‘ : . : 2165
Yellow Belle-Fleur . .°. 3 . 0} Black Honey . ded Sei hs . Q1F
Yellow Bellflower . 5 5 2 : 70 | Black Orleans Reon ; : 4 215
eps s Long eee Rais : . 169 | Bleeding Heart Sane - “ - 215
Zane E . j 180 | Black Bigarreau z A 5 215
Zane Greening . ames iee . .. 180 | Black Bigarreau of Savoy Pe ie eet OG)
Zieber . : 5 : - : 180-| Bowyer’s Early Heart . : : - 216
\ Bouquet Amarelle . 4 : sh Lh Renmaaillg
CHERRIES. Bristol Cherry : . . 5 - 215
Bullock’s Heart . 5 ‘ 3 : + 21g
Allen’s Sweet onhnorenere » « « 29 | Butiner’s Yellow . oT Ae
American Amber : i 5 914 | Buttner’s Wachs-Knorpel Kirsche ¢ - 204
PAO RNG COND) mc ie) a) ile : . 214 | Buttner’s Gelbe-Knorpel re aa ede
Ambrer Heart : : 5 : 216 | Buchanan’s Karly Duke . : 2 Za
Amber a petit fruit . ‘ : 4 . 220 | Buttner’s October Morello . : 915
American Heart . Sg te Sains 203 | Buttner’s October ses Weichsel smalls
Amber orImperial . . : : . 208 | Bishop’s Large . - 189
Ambree de Choisy gS ON, SONG | ear eamne .. SORl sie : - 190
Ambree a Gros Fruit 5 3 4 . 189 | Brant . - i : é _ 194
Ampell’s Bune Black 00% 2. 215 | Burr’s Seedling sights mine sicyiet A-:
Apple Cherry . S A . 217 | Butiner’s Black Heart teh Ae lh 204
NEES s Early White Heart. . . 216| Buttner’sHerrKirschho . . . . 204
Armstrong’s Bigarreau . 4 . 208 | Brenneman’s May . : 5 ‘ E 205
Ween Dike ec 0B A Black Spanish a ele : st eal? (i
Adams Crown + «+ « 208 | Brown's Seedling Speer ae ede 0, 7.51.)
Anne 5 ° A 5 5 904 | Butiner’s October . ; 5 : - 215
Arden’s Heart i ; ; 4 : . 216 | Boreation . s , A : ‘ 915
Bellede Sceawe . . . « « 214 | Carmine Stripe atte) ae eee
Belle Audigeoise SN Sate ia br ten IS! EMO aE aN eat A al NESTON aE ese OES
Bellede Bavay . 5 3 : 196 | Carnation : 5 : - - 205
Belle de Petit Brie . auntie Bes OGM @eriseyAmmbreen-co.6 (ila i - - 208
Belle of Orleans . ¢ 4 A 5 204 | Cerise Doucette f : 4 : - 189
Belle de Orleans 5 : i . 204 | Cerise delaPalembre . 4 , 4 189
Bigarreau Gaubalis - : 5 ; 199 | Cerisea Noyeau Tendte . . : - 189
Bigarreau de Lyon . : i i . 199 | Cerise Guigne m é O11
Bigarreau @Uspen 2 sli sa es Oe We erIse, Nouvelle d’ Angleterre Poe ic, 740s)
Bigarreau Noir Tardive . . . . 218} Cerisede Portugal. . Fahey) hs) A055
Baumann’s May 5 4 914 | Cerisea Bouquet . . ; Bhs woe alte
Bigarreau_ Belle Ae Rocmont . j . 194 | Cerise a Courte Queue . 3 : : 17
Belle de Choisy . °. 184 | Cerisier a fleurs Doubles . 4 - 216
Benham’s Fine Early Duke 012) tong Cerise Wardive:: a: . 92s Epa 5 A
Belle Magnifique . . os Od 1) ‘Cerisier Plenmant = 2.07. ‘ : . 220
Belleet Magnifique . . . . 191] Cerisede St.Martin . . . 27 228
BigarreaudeMai . . . . . 214| China Bigarreaw . .« «. « . 205
Bigarreau eS es oo BN OOS aC hinese saicant Han j:7, oti te eee : 205
Bigarr eau Royal wg Ot One i Cheverense + DIGG Sarat
Bigarreau Gros . . tt. ; . _ 208 | Chinese Double Flowering oe eae 216
Bigarreau Tardif . .° =< \."\. 908 | Champagne . +5 + » = RUD
Bigarreau d’Hollande . . . .. 208| Christiana . . «© « « « 206
Bigarreau Couleurde Chair . . . 104 | Cluster : oo bo Ce anes
Cluster
Common English .
Corone
Couronne
Coroun 5
Cceur de Pigeon
Coularde . é 5
Common Red
Commune . ; A
Common Red :
Common Sour Cherr y
Crown 4
Circassian
Ceveland 5
Cleveland Bigarreau
02s T: -amsparent
OQumberland me
Cumberland Seedling
Con-stoga :
Ciarke’s Bigarreau
Chatenay
Ozrise de Xavier . -
Coes Late Carnation
Corwin . . é
Clarkes Superb arene
Clarke’s Bigarreau ?
Cerise Indulle
Cream
Davenport's Early
Davenport —.
Davenport's Karly Black .
Da Hollande . :
D'Espagne .
Downton
Downer’s Late .
Downer . é °
Downer’s Late Red .
Downing’s Red Cheek .
Double Flowering Kentish
Dredge’s Harly White Heart
Dutch Morello
Dwarf Double-Floweriny ae
Double Heart
Doctor
Delicate
De 16 a-la-livre
D Esperin
Donna Maria 3
Duchess of Paliua
Du Nord
Du Nord Nouvelle ‘
De Prusse x
Dz Spa nes
ee Black
Karly White Heart
Early Purple Guigne
Harly Purple Griotte
Harly Duke :
Barly May :
Harly Richmond .
Elion .
ikhorn «
Engtish Mor ello. 2
Eyer Flowering Cherry
Early Pr olifie :
phat iit ad oy MO AS
E}liott’s Favorite
Hinglish Amber
He porite 2 y
F lesh-Colored Bigarreau
ff, fopence .
Jemish . :
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Four to the Pound . 6 : :
Fraser's Black Tartarian
Fraser's Black Heart : : :
| Fraser’s Black . ‘
| Fraser’s White Tartarian i
Frases White Transparent :
Felluw’s Seedling
Gascoigne’s Heart . c 5
Gean Amber
Gragzion
Groote Princesse
Grosse Bigarreau Couleur, de Chair
Gros Bigarreau Blane
| Gros Cceuret . :
| Gros Bigarreau Rouge
| Gr sdley . i
" Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel
Griotte de Portugal
Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale
Griottier Rouge Pale
Griotte de Villennes
Gros Gobet
Guinier a Fruit Noir
Guigne Grosse Noir
Guigne Rouge Hative c
Guigne Noir Tardive . 4 A
Guigne Gros Blane
German May Duke
Governor Wood 3 3
Grosse Guigne Noir Luisante
Great Bigarreau j ? 5
Guigne Ne oir Luisante
Harrison Heart .
Herefordshire Black |
Herefordshire Heart .
Hildesheim Bigarreau
Honey : 3
Heotlandische Grosse
Holland Bigarreau
Flolman’s Duke.
fTyde's Red Heart
iTildesheim
Hortense
fiolland .
Hoadley
Hovey .
Herefordshire “White
Hyde's Seedling ..
Hyde's Late Black .
Imperial :
Imperial Morello
Italian Heart .
Jeffreys Duke .
Joc-o-Sot
Keokuk
Kennicott
Kentish
Kentish . ye ‘
Kentish . ; .
Kentish Red .
Kentish Red
Knevyett's Late Bigarreau
Knights Karly Black
Kirtlan@s Mary . és
Kirtland’s Mammoth
Kirtland’s Large Morello
Knights Late Black
Large Wild Black .
Lare ge Honey
Large White Bigarreau
Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau
Lauermann’ 3 Kirsche
486 INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE
Large Heart-Shaped ‘Bigarreau ‘ pe
Large Red Bigarreau . 3 , 219
Lady Southampton’ 3 Yellow . Pinte ie Jks,
Lady Southampton’ s Duke . : 218
Lady Southampton’s Golden Drop 3 218
Large Black Bigarreau . 5 5 213
Late Arch Duke 2 5 5 ‘ . 203
Late Duke . : : 0 3 : 203
Late Duke z 5 , 5 5 2 2k
Large Mayduke . : - é 5 211
Late Kentish . . 5 i B » DAT
Large Morello é i : 5 ‘ 218
Late Morello. 3 ‘ 4 e2s
Large Dowkle- Flowering : E 3 218
Lion’s Heart. cs : se als)
Lemercier of E. and B. 4 : A 196
Late Bigarreaw ‘ 3 c 5 4 IY
oN Heart- ee : SV Heels)
5 é , . 200
Tee Morello . ; : ; 210
Lemercier 5 ; F : - Be aul
Lindley - : 5 s : : 211
Leather Stocking ; ; E i aga
Late Honey . 5 i 5 i k 217
Lundie Gean . 3 5 ‘ a eye)
Lowis Phillip . - f 5 218
Madison . é ¢ . 5 5 gh oall
Mary 3 : x 211
Manning 8 Early Black . : . 218
Mazzard . : P s “ 215
Meine 3 Mottled . : - : = eal
Maccarty ¢ : : 5 “ 217
Madison Bigarr eau : A : ; anyetele
Manning's “Late Black : 5 a 218
Manning's Late Black Heart . £ - 218
May Duke. 5 : 3 211
May Cherry . aay as oi ae Caley
Merisier a fruit blane 3 c C - QT
Millett’s Late Heart Duke 5 ci anode
Mottled Bigarreau . 4 - P Rial
Morris’ Early Duke . ° : - 5) 2001
Montmorency 2 5 : 217
Montmorency a eros fruit : : OG
Montmorency a longue queue : A 194
Morello . 5 3 . 218
Muscat de Prague . - 5 : : 194
Monstreuse de “Bavay fl : OG
Monstrous May. 5 : : 205
Merveitle de September : 5 : . 210
Morris Duke . : B 4 5 211
’Monstreuse de Mezel : : H . 199
Napoleon. : d : “ ( 212
Napoleon Bigarreau . - : c eae
New Large Black Bert : 199
Ov Heart . ‘ 4 : 5. 2NS)
Osceola . A : E 5 : 200
Ohio Beauty . 2 : 5 ‘ . 212
Ostheim . 5 S 5 0 219
Ostheimer Weiehsel ‘i 5 - 2 - 219
Ox Heart : 4 5 c c 220
Pie Cherry . 2 : 5 . 194
Pie Cherry . ‘ “ - > 217
Crinione Morello 5 * : 2 . 219
Portugal Duke 4 4 4 - 203
Portugal Duke . ; : . : 5 ital
Prinzessin Kirsche c é 5 ; 208
Princes Duke . : E 5 : BH ZALy
Precoce . 4 f F ‘ 3 217
Purple Guigne 5 5 4 : . 195
Pontiac . 5 : - 5 5 F 201
Powhattan 5 : “ 5 : = 201
Proudfoot . ss a eae oad Geeta umn Lice
Proudfoot’s Pectin
President 5
Pink Heart
Red Heart
Remington -
Remington White Heart
Remington Heart.
Rivers’ Ea rly Heart
Khivers’ Harly Amber
Ronald's Large Black Heart : ;
Ronald’s Heart 2 x
Robert's Red Heart
| Royal Hative
Royal Duke .
Ronald's Large Morello
Rumsey s Late Morelto
Ronald’s Black Heart ~
Reine Hortense
Rockport . 5
Rockport Bigarreau
Red Jacket -
Richardson .
Red Bigarreau
Schone von Choisy
Serrulated leaved Cherry .
Small May 5
Spanish Black Heart.
Sparkhawk’s Honey
Sparrowhawk’s Honey
Spotted Bigarreau
Spanish Yellow
Superb Circassian. =.
Sussex
Sweet Montmorency
hannon
Schwarze Neue Herr “Kirsche
Sterets May
Sweedish 5 é ‘ :
Sweedish Red Heart
Sparhawk
Tartarian
Thompson’s Duke.
Tobacco Leaved
Transparent Guigne .
Transparent Gean
Transparent
Tradescant
Tradescant’s Black Heart
Turkey Bigarreau
Turkey Bigarreau .
The Doctor :
Tardif-de-Hildesheim
Tecwmseh .
Triomphe of Cumberland
Tardive de Mons :
Vail’s August Duke
Very Large Heart
Virginian May
Virginian Wild. Oherry .
Virginia May Duke
Wendell’s Mottled
Ward's Bigarreau .
Wendell’s Mottled Bigarreau
Waterloo
Wax Cherry ,
Werder’s Karly Black .
Werder’s Early Black Heart
Werdersche Frue Schwarze Herz Kirsche
West's White Heart . 5
Weichsel mit gauzkurzen stiel
reping or All Saint's
White Heart a ee
White Transparent .
White Tartarian . A
White Bigarreau
White Bigarreau .
White Ox Heart A
Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai
Wild English Cherry
Warren's Transparent
Wilkinson 3 : ‘
Wellington . : A i
Yellow Honey . : A
Yellow Spanish . <
Yellow or Seiden Pas
Yung To - ay bce
CURRANTE.
Anerican Black . 4
Black Grape. . «=
Black English . é
Black Naples Z
Common Red 4
Common White . is yA
Cherry 2 5 = -
Champagne . ' “4 .
Common Black .
* Fertile Currant of Palnau
Gondouin . F é
Gondouin Red
Goliath F - R
Houghton Castle 3 s
sdefferson .
Knight's Large "Red
Knights Early Red
Knight's Sweet Red P
Large Red Dutch. m
Large Bunehed Red . .
Long Bunched Red .
Large White .
Missouri Large- -fruited 5
Missouri Eatable . j
May’s Victoria . 5
Missowrt : é P,
Morgan’s Red . = -»
Morgan’s White . % “i
Missouri Fragrant
New Red Duteh .
New White Dutch
Palnaw .
Raby Castle
Rivers’ White ee ss ; “ :
Red Dutch BileW es <
Red Grape é é .
Reeve’s White . 2
Red Flowering Currant
Striped Fruited “
Victoria 4
White Dutch . . -
White Crystal SAL a eae
White Leghorn. . =»
White Pearl. . «
White Grape . .
GOOSEBERBIES.
Buerdsill’s Duckwing E
Cappers Bunker's Hilt .
Champagne . :
Collier's Jolly Angler :
Crompton Sheba Queen
Early Sulphur
Green Walmt » +
b
INDEX OF FRUITS.
: . 216 | Haughton’s Seedling . =.
2 220 | Gronmonger - :
. 208 | Keen's Seediing Ses
é 920 | Massey's Heart of Oak
290 | Melling’s Crown Bob.
Tt ea ogaal Palle Feeds
¢ . 215 | Parkinsons Laurel , i
‘ : 990 | Pitmaston Green Gage 3
. . 22) | Roaring Lion . a
patie 920 | Red Warrington . :
217 | Taylors Bright Venus .
208 | White Honey
AT, Woodward's Whitesmith
| GRAPES.
Ada . 2
‘ . 225 | Arkansas _.
i : 925 | Allen’s Seedling Hamirurg
. 225) Alicant . F 3
923 | Alexander’s é
: ._ 995 | Amber Muscadine
i 9925; Amiens . i ‘
. 225 | American Muscadine , :
925 | August Traube.
“ 995 | Black Cluster p : i
994 | Black Morillon . ; :
4 . 223 | Black Burgundy . Seka ys
+ 293 | Black Fr ontés gnan :
. 924 | Black Frontignae . % Fy
_ 5 994 | Black Hamburgh ‘
. 935 | Black Prince j
925 | Black Spanish . F é
925 | Black Valentia 5 - P
Pay oMar! 293 | Black Portugal. . seats
A . 924 | Black Lisbon - 2 : .
- 994 | Brinckle . ; ; ;
. 924 | Black Orleans °. 3
994 | Black St. Peter's . P
995 | Bland :
9925 | Bland’s Virginia ; :
994 | Bland’s Madeira A ReRES t
5 ‘ 925 | Bland’s Pale Red .
% . 924 | Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees
* ; 294. Boston ri
: . 225 | Brown Hamburgh
Burgunder
ae Bull. or Bullett :
s 994 ' Cambridge Botanie Garden — i
- , 224) Canon Hall Muscat
Salen 924 | Cape Grape
: . 224 | Catawba :
924 | Catawba Tokay
994 | Chasselas Dore
923 | Chasselas Blane
9925 | Chasselas de Fontainebleau .
in?)
i)
os
924! Clinton . : 3
. 234 Cassady ‘Y : Se lagis
x 994 | Clara é - i ‘
2 , 924 | Concord ; 3
eel On ent: eee
994. | Clifton’s Constantia
Clarence
Delaware 4
Decimanner i P
926 | D Arbois AUR RUT igihaaiNe ae
228 | De St. Vean : S
n , 998 | Diana . :
2° 028) Dutch Hamburg
: 230 | Early Black .
. 229 | Harly Black July y E A :
. 229 | Harly White Teneriffe. .
arly White Muscadine
Elsinburgh “
Hisenborough : A
Emily :
Fromentin Rouge. :
Fox Grape awe oe
Frankendale . : 4
Fromentean . .
Frontiac of Alexandria
Gris Rouge 4
Graham A : A
Gibraltar i
Golden Chasselas :
Grizaly Frontignan
Grizzly Frontignac
Herbemont
Herbemont’s Madeira
Heath
Hampton Court Vine .
imitation Hamburg
Isabella F A
Jacob’s Traube .
Jerusalem Muscat .
July Grape
Kleinbranner. ;
Lebanon Seedling .
Lenoir .
Longworth’s Ohio .
Dunel F
Marzimmer
Mammoth Ae < :
Minors Seedling .
Madeleine 4 ; ‘
Madeleine Noir.
Madeira .
Malaga ;
Millers Burge uly
Missourr
Missouri Seedling 3
Morillon Hatif . :
Muscat of Alexandria
Moschata Bianca
Mosecado Bianco . i
Moscatel Common
Muscat Noir Ordinaire . :
Muscat Noir deJura
Muscat d@Alexandrie .
Muscat Blane
Muscat Blane de Jura :
Muscateller
Muscat Rouge
Muscat Gris” A
Muscat Noir . 4
Nepean’s Constantia
Nortows Virginia
Norton's Seedling 2
Ohio ‘
Passe longue Musque
Passe Musque B :
Pineau
Pocock’s Damascus 3
Powell
Pon's Seedling Rie 1
Purple Frontignan .
Purple Constantia . Pi
Purple Hamburg
Ranfolak y A x ;
Ranfoliga . c
Raabe . Othe
Raabe’s No. 4 ° s
Raabe's No. 4 : A
Raabe’s No.2 . ‘
254 | Raabe’s No.8 . 5 : 4
245 | Roanoke. s 4 4 :
245 | Red Traminer . 2 4 :
472 | Rother Traminer . 3 &
255 | Rother Klevner ‘ 5
947 | Rothclauser_ .- é ‘ 3
253 | Rothe Reifler . ‘; : 2
255 | Rothedel s 5 : 3
955 | Rothfranken . ; :
255 | Raisin Precoce
472 | Raisin de Champagne “
253 | Raisin de Frontignan , A
254 | Red Muncy y , :
254 | Red Hamburgh . : :
954 | Red Constantia y i 3
246 | Royal Muscadine Bi
246 | St. Clauser . 2 c - 3
255 | Salisbury Violet . A
253 | Schuylkill Muscadell : 2
247 | Schuylkill Museadine . :
246 | Seuppernong . F :
254 | Segar-Box Grape . . -
255 | Svurtlef’s Szedling . : :
954 | Sir William Rowley’s Black .
255 | Sir A. Pytche’s Black 4
244 | Small Black Cluster. 5
24¢ Smart's Elsingburg . 4
247 | Spring Mill sConstantia . :
955 Steward’ 8 Black ne ‘ :
255 | Sumpter F
245 | Singleton . :
B48, Schuytkill é 2 B
254} Traminer , A 4 s 2
254 Tokayer es
247 | Tasker’s Grape . .
255 | Tottenham Park Muscat Bey
954 | Zo Kalon . 3 E
247 | True Burgundy . - :
Q4T Valentine s s ‘ ; 3 3
254 | Victoria . a
255 | Warner's Black Hambur. eh
295 | Witte Cutawba .
255 | White Museat of Al exandria A
255 White Museat a
253 | White Muscat of Lunel F :
203 | Wielte Frontignan g
255 | White Constantia .
255 | White Frontniac . 5 5
255 | White Sweet Water . 5 i
255 | Winne
954 Wilmot’s ‘New Black Hamburg he
204 | Worthington. . 3
953. | Zang - e 5 ° ° .
256
Z4T WECTARINES.
PAT |
247 | Atoe ote. BRS
255 , Anderson's (of some) :
255 | Anderson’s Round aa
253 | Aromatic 4 Bie ee
953) Barker. ‘ : . -
244 | Black . 4 A é <
245 | Black Murry . 5 S p
953 Boston : Z <
8038 | Broomfield ‘ ‘ F:
953, Bicone Hatif
255 | Brugnon, Red at the Stone
255 | Brugnon de Newington
472 | Brugnon Masque. c
471 Brugnon Violette Musquee c
471 Claremont . ‘
472 ' Common Elruge . eth
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Cowdray White
Dukeof Tellers .
D’ Angleterre
Downton ‘
Due du Telliers
Due de Tilly . ‘
DucdeTello . f
Du Tilley’s
Harly Violet
Early Brugnon.
Harty Newington :
Early Black Newington —
Early Black
ilpuge . :
Emerton’s New White |
French Yellow
Fairchild y 3
Fairchild’s Early .
Fine Gold-Fleshed
Flanders
French Newington
Genoa A
Golden
Hardwicke's Seedling ie!
Hardwicke
Hampton Court
Hunt's Tawny .
Hunt's Large Tawny
Hunt's Barly Tawny
datine Lisse .
Large Early Violet
Late Yellow . é
Large White
Late Green
Large Scarlet
Lewis.
Lord Selsey’s Elruge
Lucombe’s Black .
Lucombe’s Seedling :
Murrey . 5
Murry 5
New White
Neat White
New Scarlet .
Newington
New Dark N ewington ‘ j
New Early Newington
Oatlands .
Orange.
Old White .
Old Newington .
Old Roman
Orange ;
Princes Golden
Perkins’ Seedling
Peterborough (of some) :
Peterborough ;
Petite Violette Hative .
Pitmaston Orange
Red Roman . 5 mn :
Roman ‘
Rough Roman
Scarlet Newington .
Scarlet . i
Stanwicke
Sweet Yellow
Sion Hill . Bs
Smith’s Newington
Spring Grove .
Temple’s :
Vermash (of some) .
Violette Hative
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Violet . é
Violette Angervillieres A
Violette Musquee 4
Violet, red at the stone .
Violet Musk 5
William’s Orange . :
Williams’ Seedling . .
Violet Grosse A 3 i ;
PEACHES,
Alberge
Allen
Atwater
Anne .
Admirable
Almone . a , = -
Abricotee .
| Acton Scott .
Admirable Tardive .
Admirable Jaune .
Algiers Yellow .
Algiers Winter .
Apricot Peach .
Astor
Avant Rouge
Avant Blanche
Bachelder . :
Baxter’ Ss Seedling, No.1
Barnaré , i 3
Belle de Beaucaire
Beauty of Beaucaire
Bergen’s Yellow
Brentford Mignonne.
riggs
Belzar's Earls y Rareripe
Belle Chevreuse
Bennett's Rareripe .
Beauty of Salisbury
Barrington é
Baltimore Beauty
Bellegarde Sy aimpal ida Ve
Belle de era iano
Bellis . , ;
Belle Beaute .
Belle de Vitry d
Belle de Paris
ergen ‘
Blood Olingstone.
Blood Cling p E ;
Bourdine ‘ 5
Boudin 3 ‘ i
Brevoort 5 3 ; :
Brevoort’s Morris
Brevoort’s Seedling Melter -
Brown Nutmeg
Buckingham Mignonne <
Buliard’s Clingstone
Bullard s Seedling
Burgess Beauty
Carey's & Mammoth Cling
Cables Late . :
Cable’s Late Melocoton
Cambridge Bene
Clarke . Rie ve
OTOP Re he Manuel
Chillian
Onbles Mediwm Melocoton
Cables Early. cj
Cable’s Early Melocoton .
Cranoford’s Late .-
Crawford's Superb Melocoton .
| ~
490
Chinese Peach
Charlotte .
Catherine Cling
Cardinale .
Catherine is 2
Onancelior - : 5
Chancelliere . 5
Clinton . 5 4
Claret Clingstone j
Colé’s Ear ly Red
Cooledge’s Favorite
Cooledge’s Early Red Rareripe
Colonel Ansley’s
Congress
Congress Cling
Cole's White Malocoton.
Columbia. .
Crawford's Late Melocoton
Crawford's Early :
Crawford’s Early Melocoton
Crawford's Superb euaces
Cut-Leaved 5 -
Down-Haster
Doctor Cooper .
Douglass i
Double Montagne
Double Mountain . . “
Dorsetshire .
Druid Hill .
Eliza .
Elmira .
Early York, of New J ersey
Harly Crawford
Harly Galande .
Early Barnard
Harly Malden i
Early Robinson Crusoe
Eastburn’s Choice . - -
Hastburn. .
Harly Anne. - :
Early Tillotson
Harly York .
Early Newington Freestone
Karly Newington
Early Sweet- Water
Early Admirable
Early Purple Avant
Early May - : Ln its
Early Vineyard . 5
Early Red Nutmeg .
Early White Nutmeg :
Early Purple .
Early Royal George 5
Early Red Rareripe . .
Edgar's Late Melting .
Emperor of Russia
French Rareripe
Fulkerson ; cyte PF
Fulkerson’s Barly 5 “
Favorite . ; -
Favorite Red
Flat Peach of China
Fox's Seedling
French Mignonne
French RoyalGeorge . i ‘ ;
French Magdalen .
Freestone Heath
French Bourdine .. ; 4
Fine Heath . 4 > :
Gorgas. > -
Golden Rareripe i: :
Green Rareripe . - +
oe
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Gests Super . Ae ee
Grosse Persique Rouge
Gest’s Large Freestone .
Galand 2
George the Fourth A 5 :
Gold Fleshed . é . ae.
' Golden Mignonne
| Green Nutmeg
Grosse Mignonne
Grimwood 's Royal George
Grimwood’s New Royal “George 6
Griffin’s Mignonne
Grimwood’s Royal Charlotte
| Green Catherine
| Gros Malecaton s
| Golden Ball .
Hatch
Hale .
Hartshorn
Hastings . .
Hall's Down-Easter
Honest John.
Hardy Galande_ .
Hevey’s Cambridge Belle
Heath's Freestone -
Hojiner 5 5
Hoffner’s Seedling
Henry Clay
Haine’s Early Red ks ie
Heath Clingstone . . .
| Hale's Melocoton . < . |
Heath .
Hoffman's Pound
| Hogg’s Melocoton .
Hysiop 5
Hyslop’ $ Clingstone : .
Dhl’ Madeira’... AGS
Ispahan : : : 5
| Incomparable. . .
Italian. ° Se tae
| Jane.
Jaques .
| Jaquish . aE
Jaques’ Rareripe
Jose Sweet
Jones’ Early . ;
Jones’ Large Early
Java
Johnson's Early Purple :
Judd’s Melting 5 :
Kenrick’s Heath .
Kew Early Purple
Kennedy’s Carolina. .
Kennedy’s Lemon Cling
Lafayette heh snus Mie
Lajayette 3 : 5
Large Melting
Late Chancellor
Large Early York
| Large American Nutmeg
L’Admirable A
Large French Mignonne
La Royale . : :
Late Admirable -
La Grange F 4 3 .
Large Red Rareripe 5
Large Red Rareripe .
Lady Ann Steward
Late Red Rareripe
Lady Gallatin ai eri
Large Yellow Rareripe
| Late Admirable Cling .
981, 284.
Sarge White Clingstone .
Late Yellow Alberge
Largest Lemon . B a
Large Newington .
Lemon Clingstone , :
Lord Montague’s Noblesse
Lockyer’s Mignonné.
Lord Fauconberg s Mignonne
Long Yellow Pine Apple -
Luscious White Rareripe
Livingstone’s N. Y meee
Lincot <
Magistrate 3 5
Majestrate .
Madeira . :
Madeira Freestone . A :
Merriam . ‘i
Mrs. Poinsett
ifoorés Faworite
Melting . is 5 :
Morrisanta 3 .
Monstrous Fr cestone
Madeline of Oourson .
Malden . : ;
Madeleine de Courson 3
é
Madeline Kouge . os eet
Malia
Malte de Normandie Z : ‘ ‘
Malagatune j ‘
Malacatune é ; z
Marie Antoinette rts
Mellish’s Favorite . :
Mignonne . 4 is
Millet? Ss Mignonne .
Montague . : 5
Montauban uy B .
Motteux’s
Morris’s Red Rareripe . cn
Morris Red. .
Morris White Rareripe .
Morris White
Morris White Freestone : s
Morrisania Pound ..
Morrison’s Pound . zi x
Monstrous Pavie 6 2
Monstrous Pompone . =
Monstrous Clingstone .
Newington Cling . .
New Royal George . :
Narbonne E ;
New Cui-leaved
WNeill’s Early Purple
New Royal Charlotte
New York White Soe
Newington c
Nivetta
Nivette Veloutee
Noisette . d
Noblesse
Noir de Montreuil .
New York Rareripe
Newman : 5 ‘
Nonpareil. .
Owen . j 2
Owen’s Lemon .
Owen’s Lemon Rareripe : F i
Oldmixon . :
October Yellow : : :
Oldmixon Freestone i
Oldmixon Clearstone . i
Oldmixon Clingstone ,
Old Newingion , +. ,
274,
INDEX OF
FRUITS.
Orange Clingstone
Orange E 5
Orchard Queen
Old Royal Charlotte
Philadelphia Freestone
Paragon ;
Pecher a'Ispahan
_| Poinsett
Poole s Yellow © i 8
Phjleiger .
Payie ‘Admirable
Pavie de Pomponne
Pavie de Pomponne Gr rOSse «
Pavie Rouge de Pompone
Payie Caum .
Pavie Monstreux
Peche Royale 3 3
Peche Malte : 5
Peche Jaune .
| Peen-To . ‘
' Pine-Apple C! ingstone 3
Pourpree de Normandie .
Pourpree Hative . 5
Peurpree Tardive .
Poole’s Large Yellow
Poele’s Late Yellow Freestone
President
Princes Red Rareripe
Purple Avant A
Purple Alberge. =.
Prince’s Paragon . <
Reeve's Favorite
Ronald’s Mignonne .
Red Rareripe . c
fed Rareripe .
Red Magdalen .
Beine des Vergers .
fed Nutmeg .
Red Avant
Red Cheek
Red Magdalen
Red Cheek Malocoton
Red Alberge .
Red Heath
Reid’s Weeping
Royal Kensington
Ronald’s Seedling Galande
Royal Sovereign |
Royale. ’ 5 °
Rouge Paysanne
oyal George
Rose . 6
Rosanna
Rosebank . C
Eodman’s Red
Shanghai . oe
Site's “Old Zack 3
Skinner's Superb
Saint George : c
mock ‘ 5
Smith's Far oréte :
Swalsh
Swaize .
Smock Clingstone
pring Grove
Slocwms Barly
Siniti’s Newington
Sanguinole a Chair Adherente
Scotts'Harly Red .
Serrated
Selby’s Cling . -
Smock Freestone
Smith’s Newington - -
Smith's Hariy Newington
Smooth-leaved Royal George
Snow .
Stewart’s Late Galande : 5 i
Strawberry
Superb Royal Haase
Superb i 2
Sweet Water .
Swiss Mignonne .
Serrate Early York
Scott’s Nonpareil
Sulhamstead .
Séievott : 3 ‘
True Early York .
Tillotson . 2
Tufts Early .
Tufts Rareripe
Tarbell , :
Teton de Venus
Tippecanoe. .
True Red Magdalen .
Tice : : ‘
Tices Red and Yellow .
Unique . é < c
Vandermari z
Violet Hative Grosse
Vanguard . :
Van Zandt’s Superb
Veloutee Tardive
Violette Hative
Yineuse . i g 3
Vineuse de Fromentin .
Ward's Freestone
Ward’s Late Free .
Ward's Free : i
Weld’s Freostone .
Washington Rareripe
Walburton : ‘
Walburton Admirable .
Waxen Rareripe
Washington . 5
Washington Red Freestone . |
Walter's Early y
Washington Clingstone
Weeping . : ‘ 2
White Rareripe
White Malacaton
White Nutmeg
White Avant
White Imperial
White Blossomed Incomparable ay
White Blossom
Willow Peach : i
Williamson’s New York
White Ieath j
White Clingstone .
Voie? Horie.
Yellow Admirable
Yellow Malocoton ‘
Yellow Malagatune . .
Yellow Alberge :
Mellow Rareripe . .
Yellow Rareripe
Yellow Pine Apple
Yellow Red Rareripe
Yellow Barnard
Zoar Beauty
PEARS.
PBETE OM ids
INDEX OF) F RULIS:
«
276,
Adeie @ St. Denis
Admiral 4 ‘
Amiral
Adams. zi
Angleterre Noisett
Ambretie ‘ ‘
Ambre Gris
Ambrette d’Hiver . i
Ah! Mon Dieu.
Alpha
Althorpe Crassaune —
Amire Joannet
AMbrosia . : :
Amande Double .
Amanda’s Double .
Amoselle 5 s
Andrews ., z 5
Anundas . ; :
Ananas @Ete . 5
Ananas . a hae
Angleterre 3 +
AnNGoOra . =
Archidue @’Ete .
Aston Town .
Autumn Colnar
Autwmn Bergamot
Autumn Paradise .
Baronne de Hello
Bankertine
Beurre Suisse
Beurre Beaulieu
Beurre @ Rhine
Beurre Charron
Beurre Noirchain .
Beurre Kossuth
Bewrre Gittord
Beurre Gifford .
Beurre Moire
Beurre Nantais
Beurre Superfine
Beurre Bachelier
Beurre Millet
Beurre Brettouneau
Beurre de Waterloo
Beurre Audosson
Bewrre Sprin °
Beurre Steikman ,
Beurre Olairgeau
Beurre Coloma .
Beurre Chaptal
°
Beurre Curtet of A. Leroy
Beurre St. Nicholas
Beurre Oudinot
Beurre Scutin
Beurre de Bollwiller
Beurre Adam.
Burlinghame . -
Burlingame
Bringewood
Brielmont
Bordenaws H é
Boussock ; 3
Brandywine
Belie Angevine
Brown St. Germain .
Bonne des Lees
Bonne d’Hsee
Belle Epine Dumas
Beurre Langlier
Beurre Easter
Beurre Coit Ns .
Belle Hxecellent .
INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE |
Belle de Noel . F ‘ 4 : - 349
Belle Apres Neel . : 5 - = 349
Belle Julie *, F A ic . 850
Belle Canaise F 3 : C < 350
Bellede Thouars. z é 3 - 000 |
Belle Gabriel é 5 f a 389
Beaw Present @ Artois BBR ae . - do4
Bergamot WEsperivte. . . . 854
Bergamot Gaudry . Bs SealBira a . 84
Benowist Nouveau 6 ‘ : 805
Beadmnell . F : : . . aot
Beadnell’s Seedling — : 3 ‘4 ; B5T
Bergamot Boussiere , 2 ; - 399 |
Bergamot Parthenay . 2 ‘ : 390
Bergamot d’Alencon - : - - 389
Bezi de Spoelberch ... - $ 385
Bex Sanspareil F é aS } . 864
Bet Ww Naples . 6 : S e 300
Bezi @ Esperia c : : : . 855
Bexi Biane + . : < 2 391
Bon Chretien Spanish ‘ - 3 . 3891
Lon Chretien Flemish ‘ 5 : 891
Burgomaster . = ZA : . ool
Bujaleuf . c < . : 400
Bonne des Haies : : iso . 3806
Barry : Sty C - 473
Bartlett . 5 6 3 : : . 811
Beurre d’Hiver . 3 é : »
Beurre Fortunee .
Beurre d Hardenpont
Beurre d@'Hiver Nouvelle
Beutre d'Aremberg .
Beurre d’Austrasie
Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Precel |
Beurre d’Argenson
Beurre de Malines i
Beurre Van Marum . 5
Beurre Spence :
| Bewrre Crapaud .
| Beurre Picquery
Beurre Beauchamps
Beurre Blane de J ee
Beurre Curie . ‘
Beurre Plat
Bergaloo
Beurre Blane
Beurre or Bonne: Louise-dArandore
Beurre Niell
Beurre Sieulle
Beurre @ Aremberg
Beurre des Orphelins
Beurre dela Pentecote ‘
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles
Beurre Roupe
Badham’s. sudan : - 800 *Beurre de Paques :
Belie de Bruselles A . . - - 849 | Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau a
Belle d@Aout . Sivan oie F 5 349 | Belle de Brussels A
Beau Present 3 i F . 3 . 818 | Best Vac.
Bellissime d’Hte . . Se 395
Bellissime Supreme . C : 5 - 895
Bellissime J ereenelle : ¢ E é 395
Belmont . . : ; . 9389
Belle et Bonne. : : i : 389
Beuwrre Haggersion : 5 . . 3890
Beurre d@ Angleterre . f : ‘ 388
Beurre Boucquia : = - . . 391
Beurre de Capiumont . : 5 : BY ¢
Beurre Gris F : . - > . 850
Beurre Rouge BR SMT Soar eps eR Loo
BeurredOr_. : Pie 3 . 850
Beurre Doree ; é j ; ‘ 350
Beurred@Ambois . : . i . 850
Beurre du Koi : . 0 : 3 850
Beurre 4 c ‘ : - 800
Beurre @ Anjou : : Bi amid ease 316
Beurre Vert. 5 : : A . 3850
Beurre Bose . F if é : 2 815
Beurre @ Amalis ‘ 3 : BE Bees)
Beurre d’Amaulis . 3 F 3 352
Beurre dd Amanlis . 3 : ‘ . 80g
Beurre Diel . : 3 é 5 i 3138
Beurre Royale . : : : . si ols
Beurre Magnifique é = : 313
Beurre Incomparable 2 < cs . 318
Beurre Know : 4 ; i ‘ 890
Beurre Kenrick . ’ 3 : SSNS
Beurre Duval ‘ i 5 " : 890
Beurre Preble 3 ‘ 2 5 ool:
Beurre Celnar . : ¢ E 390
Beurre Colmar d’Automne . 4 2 S\0)
Beurre de Beaumont . z 3 A 851
Beurre Van Mons . : ‘ % - 890 |
Beurre Romain . '. S - : 890
Beurre deRanz . j : 5 851
Beurre Rance 3 ‘ 4 A 4 851
Beurre Epine . 2 ; - 6 . 8d1
Beurre de Flandre : ‘ ‘ A 851
e
iv)
ite)
i=)
Peurre bronzee : b 2
Beurre d Alencon . fs 4 ° 889
Bezt W Heri
Bezi Royale
Bergamotte de Paques .
Bergamotte d’Hiver .
Bergamotte de Bugi
Bergamotte de Toulouse .
Bergamotie @ Hollande
Bergamotte de Fouegre
Ber zamot d’Ete
Bergamotte d’An gleterre :
Bergamotte Suisse
Bergamotte Cadette
Bergamotte Crassane
Bergamotte Sylvange :
Bergamotte de la Pentecote .
Bezi de Chaumontelle
Bezi d’Echassey . 4 ‘ C
Bezide Chasserie . 6 . 5
Belle de Jersey
Beauchamps .
Bexi de Montigny c : ;
Beai dela Motte 3 5 Q :
Bein Armudi - P é 3
Belle de Flanders
Bellz Lucrative
Bezi Chaumontelle tres ‘gros
Bishops Thumb .
Bloodgood ‘i -
Bleeker’s Meadow 5 >
Black Worcester
Black Pear of Worcester
Bon Chretien d’Hte .
Boucquia .
Bose’s Fiaschenbirne E
Bonne Rouge
Bon Chretien Fondante
Bouche Nouvelle .
Bosch F :
Bosch Sire 5 6
Boston Epargne - : 7
Bon Chretien d Espagne . °,
AGF INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE | PAGE
Bujaleuf re Colmar pines. ei 360
Bourgermester. . 891 | Colmar Neili . : é . 859
Bonne de Malines . 346 | Comtesse de Fresnol 36T
Browgham 356 | Compte de Michaux . 397
Brown Beurre 850 | Colmar Bosc . . 397
Brocas Bergamot 3 369 | Colmar des Champs. . . 814
Braddock’s Field Standard . 31T | Columtia _. gratis F 319
Broom Park . e : 891 | Columbian Virgaliew 2. , 819
Bretagne le Cour 334 | Columbian Virgalouse Paste, Susi 4 319
Brown St. Germain . Comstock . 2 893
Brandes St. Germain Comstock Wilding at ise 893
Buffam 818 | Colmar. 5 5 = 5 . 3893
Buffum . : 318 | Colmar Dore . 5 P : ag 2 889
Burnett. Ge Files 891 | Colmar d’Hiver Nees ae 825, 880
Butter Pear 322 | Colmar Jaminette 374
ye tif d’ St, Helena . 366 | ColmarGris . SH age ‘ 380
; eb aste Delwinge 392 | Colmiar Souveraine 380
Gene aN bros 363 | Colmar Van Mons 880
Chapman 392 | Colmar Charnay 388
Citron of Bohemia 892 | Colmar @ Aremberg 889
Cailliot Rosat ‘ 399 | Colmar Neil . netak 397
Calebasse @ Ete A 858 | Colmar Preule . = 2 s . 880
Caen du France . 357 | Colmar Doree eo eae
Catinka DR Soi: CUNARD PORE 6 Mi ge vg PG 893
Canandaigua 357 | Crofé Castile LB Nccan BSS
Catherine . CNEL TI ES: Sea 360
Celestin . 3438 | Crassane . ' 393
Chaptal 358% Cresane. hat es 393
Chancellor 358 Cuisse Madame
Charles Van Mons . 358 | CuisseMadame. . .
Charles Van si akaniee 358 | Cushing Sh saat tan tee, Ne 360
Christmas 358 | Cumberland hae 393
oter SOHN 360 | Cyprus Pear . 894.
Coit . ; 319 | Cuvelier Brera 398
Conseiller Ramuez BAO. Dallas. 860
Countess of Lunay 359 | De Sorlus . 862
Comtesse de Lunay 359 | Des Nonnes . 861
ollins 360 | Des Nones - 2 : : F 861
Cofin’s Vir galicu 394 | Despoelberg . Whi Od elegans
Caillot Rosat d'Ete 899 | Delice @’ Hardenpont of "Angers ‘ 861
Capiwmont 357 | Delices @ Har Sige du Nord and Bel-
Calabasse Bose . 315 gium : BRA 361
Cabot. 392 | Delices de Mons 3 : 862
Capsheaf . 357 | Delices adage van Mons eo ir) PROe
Calebasse . 392 | Dillon 5 5 862
Calebasse Double Extra . 392 | Dearborn. i ee eee 394
Calebasse d’Hollande* . 392 | De dewn foix Lane . 394
Calebasse Grosse 392 | Downing. | gS
Capucin ah es 392 | Doyenne Downing . 473
laire 892 | Doyenne Boussock Nouvelle. 3 818
Calhoun 857 | Doyenne Gris @Hiver Nouveau . 821
Canning 31T | Doyenne d’Alencon p 321
Catillac 892 | Doyenne Gray eee 822
Cadilloc 392 | Doyenne White . . . ». . 82
Cellite 380 | Doyenne Musque 4 ee 355
Chelmsford : 393 | Doyenne Dillen . . Hise) SEZ
Charles of Austria 392 | Doyenne Rose . Arya 362
Charles d’Autriche 392 | Doyenne Robin . 863
Chaumontel tres gros 317 | Doyenne Siewlle . 363
Chaumontel : 359 | Doyenne Santellette 863
hapman’s 380 | Doyerne Goubali 363
Chambers’ Large cS) Doyenne du Cornice . 363
Chambrette 400 | Doyenne de Fais 363
tron 360 | Doyenne @ Hiver . 394
Citron des Carmes. 331 | Downton 3 394
0 aa SLANE) ay 7h te eee 394
Ota.) s 392 | D’Ambre . ee ae 397
lion . 344 | D'Amour : 3 F : : 3 394
Compte de “Lamy 860 | D’Abondance_. eo 381
omprette., . «. 893 | D’Aremberg Parfait evade . _ ol4
Commodore». 398 | D’Anch .. a ye 393
Capeg ts $9: | D'Anstrasie S72
v]
Dillen .
Dearborn’s Seedling
De Vallee f
De Keinzheim .
Des Trois Tours
De Melon .
Dean's Summer
De Louvain .
Delices @ Hardenpont
Delices d’Ardenpont
De Vigne Pelone
Deschamps : C
De Maune . Zs
De Tonneau. ‘
Dee s Butterbirne .
Dorothee Royale
Doyenne d’Ete
Doyenne :
Doyenne Blane
Doyenne Panache .
Doyenne Galeux
Doyenne Boussouck
Doyenne Gris
Doyenne Rouge
Doyenne Roux
Downham Seedling .
Doyenne @Hiver .
Doyenne du Printemps
Doyenne d@’Automne
Dumortier -
Dunmore.
Duchesse of Angouleme .
Duchess of Mars
Duchesse de Mars
Duchesse of Orleans
Dundas . é i
Due d’Aremberg
DuPatre . s 4
Dumas
Due de Bordeaux 2
Duchess of Berré .
Duchess of Berry
Dusnas . :
Duquesne @Ete .
Larly Druzelona 3
Early Butter of Cin
Early St. Germain
Elizabeth Van Mons
Hxcellentissima . c
arly Sugar . c -
Early Beurre . :
Early Bergamot
Early Queen . :
Early Catherine . -
Early Rousselet . .
Faster Beurre : -
Laster Bergamot . 4
Fichussery
Echasserie . 5
Edward's Elizabeth é
Eiward’s Henrietta .
Edward's William . :
Hilanrioch . : -
Emerald . 3
English Red Cheek.
English Beurre i
English Bergamot...
English Autumn Bergamot
°
820
400
400
PAGE |!
862
INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE
Finfant Prodige . 5 - 895
Epargne é é - 873
Epine Rose . 6 899
' Epine d*Ete Couleur Rose i 399
Epine d’Ete é 399
| Ktourneau . 346
EHyewood 867
Epine Dumas 344
Eliza @Heyst 800
Episcopal . 895
Fondante Par iselle du Cornice Hortic ule 861
Figue : ‘ ; 868
Figue Vert. 868
Feaster : 891
| Hondante de Char Neuse P 868
Fondante de Malines . 368
Frederika Bremer 869
_Lamenga . 395
_ Foster's St. Michael 395
French Jargonelle ‘ 395
| Ferdinand de Meester . 898
Fingal’s : 3 396
Ligue of Naples . 367
Fig Pear of Naples 86T
Fin Or d’Hiver 895
Fleur de Guignes . “ 5 383
Flemish Beauty . c 324
Flenish Bon Chretien F : 391
Fondante : 884
Fondante Musquee : 399
Fondanie Van Mons . ‘ 368
Fondante d’Automne A 5 312
Fondante du Bois 3 i 895
Fondante de Panisel : F 880
Fondante de Mons 380
Forme de Delices 395
Forelle . ‘ 5 868
Forellen-birne 5 368
Forme de Marie Louise 31T
Fortunee . 4 F 895
Frederic de Wurtemburg 868
Frederick of Wurtemburg . 368
Franc Real @ Hiver E 395
Frane Real d’Ete 884
| Frane Real 395
Franklin . 3873
| Fine Gold of Summer 895
Fin Or @Ete . 3 a : 395
Fulton . 823
Gansell’s Late Bergamot 369
Gideon Paridante 869
General Taylor 473
General Lamoriciere 314
Green Catherine 394.
Green’s Germantown 3858
Grand Soléel 369
Green Mountain Aes 869
Gros Romain 390
Grise Bonne F 396
Gros Roussellet : 399
Gansel’s Bergamot 369
Garde d'Ecosse . s 3 895
Gendesheim . % - 895
Germain Baker - : 334.
Gil-o-gile é ‘ 395
Gil-o- gal = 395
Glout Morceau 825
Gloux Morceanux 825
Golden Beurre 850
Golden Beurre of Bilbo 326
Gore’s Heathcot . ; rH 326
| Goulu Morceau . ! 4 825
466 INDEX. OFF RBIS:
PAGE |
Green Chisel 4 896 dergil’s . S/O Ap Vga feed haa
Green Sugar 896 | Kingsessing : :
Grosse Cuisse Madame . | Kirtland :
Gros Micet d’Ete 384 | Kirtland’s Seedling
Gracieuse 389 | Kirtland’s Beurre .
Gray Beurre : 5 ; 3
Grosse Dorothee . S 4 -
Gray Doyenne . -
Gray Butter Pear .
Gray Deans - -
Green Pear of Y air . 3 -
Green Yair -
Great Citron of Bohemia
Green Sylvange ; :
Grand Monarque . : : siete
Groote Mogul -
Groom’s Princess Royal
Gurle’s Beurre . ‘ 5 5
Guernsey
Henrictia . 3 5 5
Henke . § : 5
Haddington . 5 : E
Hagerman . 5 > 5 ;
Harrison Fall. a) nu ee :
Harvest Pear . . é . 866,
Hampden’ s Bergamot ‘ : 5 :
Hazel . :
Harvard
Hacon’s Incomparable
Hardenpont d@Hiver . ¥
Hardenpont du Pee
Hessel :
Hewry the Fourth A : f
Henri Quatre : ; 3 3 Z
Hericart . i ss 5 : B
Heathcot . : i ‘ 3
Hooper's Bilboa : .
Holland Bergamot
ffull . : : B
Huguenot . :
Hosen Schenck . 5 F
Howell . ; $ 5
Inconnue Var Mons i
Tron Péar
Imperatrice de France
Incomparable
Isambert
Tsambert le Bon
Ives’ Bergamot
Jargonelle
Jargonelle, French E : :
Jacquin . F : . ° . >
Jalousie
Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee Re ee
Jackiman’s Melting ‘4 ‘ .
Jagdbirne ‘ - , F :
Jaminette . 3 y ‘ z : 4
Jilogil . i , i
J oannette . : . .
Johonnot 5 . - :
Josephine . : Ss : 3
John 5 ; 5 5
July Pear . 5 5 :
Julienne 4 B 4 *
Jean de Witte . Be Nee
Jersey Gratiole . Se 3
Josephine de Malines . seers
(Je)
Or
So
| Knights Seedling
318 | Knight's R. I. aouaes
322 Kattern & :
322 | King Edwards . :
322 | Knevett's New Swan’s Egg ‘
896 | Knights Monarch . :
396 | Konge . 5 c
892 | Laherard 2 ‘ 5 .
400 , Large Roussellet . . .
392 | Late Catherine ‘ :
392 | Leech’s Kingsessing
381 | Lee's Seedling :
369 | Lamoriciere
3888 | La Juwive
310 | Las Canas
871 | Large Seckel .
| La Fortunee de Parmentier
370 | La Fortunee de saat
810 | Lawrence.
370 | La Bonne Malinoise —
370 | Leon le Clere .
473 | Leon le Clerc de Laval
(Jl)
=y
por
827 | Lewis
396 | Lent St. Germain .
399 | Le Cure :
396 | Limon
3896 | Little Muscat
370 | Little Musk
370 | Little Swan’s Egg
825 | Linden d’Automne
801 | Lodge :
396 | Long Green
372 | LOrpheline
372 | Lord Cheney’s
372 | Louise Bonne de J ersey
320 | Lowise Bonne of Jersey
826 | Louise Bonne d’Avranches
389 | Lowise Bonne
372 | Louise Bonne Real
396 | Locke .
372 | Locke's New Beurre
812 | Louise of Orleans . ;
372 | Louise Bonne de Boulogne
318 | Marechal dela Cour .
824 | March se ace
393 | Martin See
350 | Merriam ;
300 | M Laughlin . :
369 | Monstrous Calabash .
373 | Mouille Bouche
395 | Afoyamensing .
312 | Millot de Nancy .
396 | Madotte
828 | Marulis
3T4 | Marcellis
3867 | Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes’
3872 | Madeleine . 5 : ss
895 | Magdalen : :
366 Manning 3 Elizabeth
373 | Marianne Nouvelle
872 | Marie Louise Nova . 5
897 | Marie Louise the Second
899 | Barie Louise js
373 | Marie Chretienne .
373 | Marie Lowise Nova
373 | Marotte Sucre Jaune . 5
873 | Melon de Kops . : - .
.
Medaille . ;
Messire Jean .
Messire Jean Gris .
Messire Jean Blane .
Messire Jean Doree
Michaws
Milanaise Cuvelier
Mon Dieu :
Moor-Howl Hog
Moor-Fowl Egg
Mouth Water
Molict?s Guernsey Beurre i :
Mollett’s Guernsey Chaumonteile . dol
Ifoecas : i abe
Monsieur Jean
Monsieur le Cure
Mr. Jchn
Muscat Petit .
Muscat Robert
Muscat Fleure .
Musk Robine.
Muscadine
Musk Summer Good Christian
Muskingum.
New Swan’s Ege .
Napoleon .
Naunkeag
New York Red Cheek F
New Autumn
Ne Plus Meuris
New St. Germain .
Nelis d Hiver
BNOUE i
No. 8 of Van “Mons .
sean Potieau
New Pear
Noel 3
No. 1599 of Van Mons
No. 1238 of Van Mons .
Oakley Pari .
~ Oakley Park Bergamot .
Oxford Chaumontel .
Orpheline Sat nay
Onondaga f
Onondaga Seedling -
Orange Bergamot .
Orange Pear .
Oudinot . F ~
Osborn .
Oshand’s Summer
Osband’s Favorite
Ott. is ,
Oswego . :
Oswego Beurre
Oliver ’s Russa
Owen :
Orange @ Hiver
Pendleton .
Pendieton’s Early Mork 2.
Pen tiiely
Parimentier
Penield
Payeuchi de Perigord : d
Poire de Payency
Poire de Perigord
- Poire St. Andre
J oire Ae Boulogne
Poire @Alvret .
Poire @ Abondance
Pratt : :
Plymouth -
Providence i ‘
INDEX OF
FRUITS.
Piombgastel .
Plumbgartel
Plougastel
Paui Thielen
Payency
Pater Nee
Passans du Portugal |
Paquency .
Pailleaw i
Paradise d’Automne
Parkinson's Warden
Paddington Se
Passe Colmar
Passe Colmar Epineaux
Passe Colmar Gris
Perdreau .
Petit Muscat .
Petit Rousselet .
Petre
| Pennsy yloania :
| Philippe de Paques
Pitt's Prolific . <
Pitt’s Surpasse Marie
Pickering Pear .
Piper.
Poire Guillaume
Poire des Tables des Princes
Poire a la Reine
Poire de Chypre
Poire Sans Peau
Poire de Rose
Poire Ananas
Poire d Amboise
Poire de Cadet .
Poire de Louvain .
Poire Truite .,
Poire-Glace
Poire Niell é
Poire a Gobert -
Pope's Scarlet Major t
Pound
Primitive
Prince’s Sugar .
Prince’s Sugar- -Top
Princesse de Parme
Princess of Orange
Princesse d’Orange
Princesse Conquete
Precel z 5
Present de Malines
Pitt's Marie Louise .
Pope's asian
Princes St. Germain .«
Pulsifer
Princess Royal
Queen Caroline
Quzen of Pears
Queen’s Pear
Quecn of the Low “ountries
QOwilletette
Raymond
Reed's Seedling
Regnier
Roussellet d'Hiver
Rousselict Dowble Experin.
Rosahirne
| Richard’s Beurre .
Ra Dalje :
Rapalje’s Seedling c
Rallay
| Red Muscadel —
Real Jargonella
498
ted Cheek ‘ 3 ;
Ked Beurre . : 4 ;
Red. Doyenne . 3 :
Reine des Pays Bas
Reine Caroline : 4 4 .
Reine des Poires : z
Red-cheeked Seckel . i ; A
Regintin ¢ 5 5 ; 5
Rousselet Hatif .
Rousselet de Rheims F
Rousselet . ‘ 5 : ; .
Roi de Rome
Roi de Wurtemberg .
Rousselet de Meester
_ Rostiezer -
Robertson. 5 : 0 :
Royal Tairling . : ; : .
Robert's Keeping ‘ : >
Ropes : ; < : 3
Boss é : : : : E
fondolet .
Rushmore Bon Chretien | 5 ‘
Roussellet . : - : F
Sowveraine Wd’ Ete . s n 2
Styer . 5
St. Jean Baptiste :
St. Mesmiz
Sterling
St. Michael Archange
Shurtleff — .
Shurtleif’s Seedling a
Sagaret .
Schenck’s August ‘Watermelon
Schenck’s Pear i ‘
Sentilet
Serruricr
Seigneur @Esperin :
Seedling Seckel
Soldat a’ Lisperin . -
Soldat Labourer d’Esperin ¢
Soldat Labourer, of some
Smith’s Moyamensing .
Smith’s Borden&ve
Smith’s Haddington
Smokehouse ‘ 3 2 °
St. Galen 5 3 5
St Mare . : i ?
St. Nicolas
Sheldon . s 3
Signoret i 2a ie X
Serrurier d* Automne : & *
Summer Virgalien
Summer Pine Apple
Summer Calebasse.
Suzette de Bavay
Suzette de Bavay Esperin
Stone 5 4 3 i
Swan's Orange 2 5
Saint Sampson 4
Saint Lambert
Sabine dEte . :
Sanspeau or Skinless
Satin Vert . :
Saint Germain de Martin’
Sabine f ‘
Seckel
Seckle i
Seigneur @Hiver ue
Short's St. Geman :
Sieulle . ; j A
Skinless , ‘i ; : ; :
Sickel . 2 J e s e
PAGE
895 |
321,
322
882 |
898 |
| Sylwange .
Syckle ; : : 5
Theodore . : :
Theodore Van Mons. Pena
Tarquin : :
. Tilton
Tea . < 5 5 3 2
Terling . z : - - :
Thorny Rose . 3 - :
| Thonupson’s _
, Trouve de Montigny . F
_ Trout Pear . c .
, Lyson 3 :
| Tp Peonian dé Jodoigne ‘ é :
Trompe Valet C 5 A
Upper Crust . : : 5
Union. : 2 A °
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Smith’s Pennsylvania . is
Snow Pear
| Spanish Bon Chretien s : r e
Spice or Musk i z c 7
Spina
St. Jean, aes i eat ae
St. John’s Pear a ‘ 2
St. Jean Musquee Gros - ey
St. Germain d’Ete
St. Michael
St. Michel Dore
St. Ghislain -
| Sé. Andre
St, Germain Blane
| St. Germain
St. Germain Gris .
St. Germain Panachee
Siyrian . 5
Stevens’ Genesee
Stephen’s Genesee :
Striped Germain . . .
| Striped Long Green
Staunton
Sugar Pear Gralla
Sugar Top. i “ -
Summer Bergamot .
Summer Doyenng 2
Supreme - 2 : = .
Summer Beauty
Summer Portugal 3
Sununer Franc Real. :
Summer Rose 3
Sucree de Hoyerswerda. 5
Sugar of Hoyersworda : Q
Summer Thorn 5
Summer Bon Chretien
Summer Good Christian .
Summer St. Germain .
Summer Bell . ‘ : é
Sullivan :
Surpasse Marie Louise
Surpasse Virgaliew
Surpasse Virgouleuse
Swiss Bergamot .
Sweet Summer A a ;
Swan's Egg . : A :
Urbaniste : . : ;
Uvedale’s St. Germain . 5
Uvedale’s Warden . : anata
Van Assche 4 y :
Van Assene . ‘ ‘ :
Vanasse . ‘ . 4 i
Van Ashe 4 haar 5 :
Vesouziere edna
830 | Vallee Franche ‘ . He
Van Mons, No. 1218 .
Van Mons, No. 154
Van Buren y
Van Mons Leon le Clere
Van Mons, No. 1288 .
Vermillion d’EKte
Verte Longue .
Verte Longue Panachee
Virgalieu 3
Virgaloo
Vas of Wi inkfield .
Virgouleuse .
Vicompte de Spoelberch .
Vicompte de Spoelberg .
Westcott .
Wheeler's New St. Michael .
White Dean
Winship
Winship’ S Seedling
Williamson s 5
Wharton's Hart, yo ? :
Wredow . Bs
Walker
Watertown .
Warwick Bergamot = .
Washington .
White Doyenne. P 5 :
White Beurre ‘
White Autumn Beurre
William’s Bon Chretien
Windsor . :
William's. Early :
William the uae
Wilbur ar :
Wilkinson .
Winter Bergamot .
Winter Cross .
Winter Beurre z
Winter Bell 4 ; 5
Winter Nelis -
Withelmine
Wilhelmina 5
Williams . a
Wiedow .
William
Whitfield
Wurzur .
Wurzur @’ Automne —
Winter Orange
Yat. F :
York Bergamot. 3 ;
Wourtte: 2:
ZLepherine Gregoire .
Zoar Beauty .
Zoar Seedling ..
Zoar Flat
5 PLUMS.
Askew's Purple Egg
Askew’s Golden Ege
Admiral 5
Abricotee de Tours
Abricotee i 5 C
Agen Datte : f f
Amber Primordian
American Yellow Gage
American Wheat .
Apricot. 3
Arcot Plum of Tours .
Autumn Gage.
Azure Hative .
INDEX OF FRUITS.
“Albany Beauty .
Blue Plum . ; 5
Battle Monument .
Beekman’s Scarlet .
Beach Plum
Bingham i
Bleecker’s Gage
Blue Gage 6 c 5
Black Perdrigon c 6 :
Blue Perdrigon
Blue Imper atrice
Blue Holland .
Bleecker’s Scarlet
! Black. Morocco
Black Damask .
Bolmar .
Bolmor’s Washington
Bruyn Gage .
Bradford Gage é
Brugnon Gage
Brignole 4
Brewoort’s Purple :
Brevoort’s Purple Bolmar A
Brevoort’s Purple Washington
Brignole Violette ¢
Buel’s Favorite
Bury Seedling .
Byjield .
Chapman’ s Prince of Wales"
Cheston Matchless .
Cooper’s Red.
Coe’s Fine Late Red
Col. Young’s Seedling
Croft's Early ected
Copper :
Catalonian
Caledonian
Caledonian
Cherry
Cheston .
Ohickasaw Plum
Coes Golden Crop
Coe’s Imperial
Cooper's : 5
Cooper’ S Large Red's) Wh
Cooper's Large American
Columbia . 4 ; ;
Columbian Gage
Corse’s Admiral -
Corse’s Field Marshal
Corse’s Nota Bene
Coe’s Late Red
Common Damson
Common Quetsche
Crugers Se-rlet
Crager’ Sie Fi
Ornger s Seedling
Oruger’ s Searlet Gage
Cloth of Gala. - é
De Montjort . :
Dictator
Duane’s Purple °
Danas Yellow ae
D’ Avoine 3 5
Dame Aubert -
Dame Aubert Blanche 3
Dame Aubert Jaune.
D’Amerique Rouge
Damson . A ,
Damas @’ cate
D’ Agen 3 -
Damas Violet . ; a c
500 INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE
Damask . ; ; x : ; » 490
De Virginie . : = : 5 , 416
Denniston Red “ 3 . AIT
Denniston’s Albany Beauty . : : 415
Denniston's Superb 3 : ; . 410
Denyer's Victoria . 5 ; 5 > 424
Diamond . 5 5 ; “ 5 - 426 |
Diapree Rouge : : 423
Die Violette Koniginn Clandie : . 418
Downton Imperatrice . : : ‘ 41T
Domine Dull . 5 : $ : . 418
Drap dOr . : A a nar Asean AIT
Dutch Prune . c ‘ c é . 418
Dutch Quetzen s - : 418
Duane’s Purple French . eee . 418
Early Favorite . . sicnlene 3 419
arly Prolijie . : 3 di 5. 419
Karly Forcing 5 2 Ae 5 5 A29
arly Purple 5 eased or Genet a Oe ALS
arly Yellow : : : eee 426
Harly Scarlet . 5 : 5 : . 416
Harly Damson : 4 Bienes ; 426
Harly Orleans . 5 - ci ¥ . 410
Karly Morocco - - - : 421
Early Black Morocco : “ 3 . 421
Karly Damask : . 3 . ; 421
Harly Tours. : = : : . 426
Bae Wile soe ge Ug ae eA
Harly Royal . 5 5 4 : . 418
Kgg Plum : . 5 : “ : 494
Lilfrey Beers . é . : . 418
Elfry’s Prune . H : ; 418
fimerald Drop . : . 3 . 418
English Pond’s Seedling 4 5 2 418
Fair’s Golden Drop . ; ote ALO
Flushing Gage : * : 2 411
Floreace . ZA : : EPiredes . 428
fotheringham . é : 3 ‘ 426
Franklin . 3 B : : é . 415
Frost Gage . EB > 4 : ‘ 419
French Copper . : : = > . 425
Field Marshal. 4 ey 3 5 426
Galbraith . ‘ : E ‘ : Bly)
Guthries Apricot : ? : 5 426
Guthrie's Apricot Plum . z : . 426
General Hand . . : 2 4 426
Giford’s Lafayette . : 5 2 . 427
German Gage s : 3 - 5 409
German Prune . i ; 3 a AR2aus
German Prune . 2 z : 5 427
Ghiston’s Early iy e Austad s - 427
Golden Gage . : A 5 5 6 410
Gonne’s Green Gage é : ‘: . 428
Golden Cherry Plum . eae . 416
Goliath . : 3 5 : Ec . 420
Green Gage . E : s A 419
Grosse Reine Claude : : - . 410
Grosse Reine . : 5 ‘ A : 410
Grosse Luisante : : : . - 424
Grove House Purple. : ; 5 426
Grimwood's Karly enledis Ve 5 . 410
Gwaish . : 4 4 4 : 497 |
Harvest Gage ; . - . 414
Hampton Court . : : A10
Holiand . < . F j s «426
Holland Prune é z ‘ 5 js 427
Horse Plum. A : 5 4 eee
Howell's Harly .. 5 3 : : 419
Howell's Large . A : : = - 428
Hudson Gage A A 5 3 A 420
Huling’s Superb. : : E . 419
How's Amber 2 E 5 5 eo RAS
Aoward’s Favorite . eee as 5 . 42
Iola Green Gage .
Imperial of Milan .
Imperial de Milan .
Imperial Diadem >
Imperial Rouge .
Isleworth Green Gree
Isabella . :
Italian Damask .
Italian Damask .
Ickworth Imperatrice
Imperial Ottoman .
Imperial Gage
Imperatrice Blanche
Imperatrice
Imperatrice Violette
Irving's Bolmar
Judson .
Jaune Mative
Jdaune de Catalogue
Jepzerson
J enkin’ S Imperial .
LUWKES » .
Knight's Large Drying .
Knight's No.6 .
King of Plums
Lawrence's Favorite
Lawrence's Gage
Large Green Drying :
Large Harly Damson
Large Long Blue
Late Yellow Damson
La Delicieuse . :
La Royale. 2
Leipzic
Little Queen Claude
Little Blue Gage :
Lombard u :
Long Scarlet .
Lucombes Nonsuch
Mannings Prume
BeLaughlin .
Madison
Mameionne .
Lharten’s Seedling
Mediterranean .
Maitre Claude . 2
Matchless
Manning’s Long Blue Prune ;
Manning s Long Blue
Mirabelle Double
Mirabelle Grosse
Hirabelle .
Mirabelle Petite.
Mirabelle Jaune
Miser Plum . 3
Mimms
Miriam .
Monsieur
Monsieur Ordinaire
Monsieur Hatif . ‘
Monsieur Tardif .
iforoceo . ;
Mutherry 5 2
Myrobolan. 5 :
Muscle 5
New Washington
New York Purple >
New Early Orleans .
New Orleans . ”
Nectarine . ‘: 2
Woire Hative . A
Nota Bene : =
Old Orleans 5 4
C0: leans
Orange . :
Orange Gage.
Ottoman ¢
October Green Gage
Parker's Mammoth
Peter's Yellow Gage
Picket’s July . 6 5
Prince of Wales 5 4
Penobscot. A A
Prune of Agen .
Prune de St. Jean .
Petite Reine Claude .
Peach Plum . :
Peolys Harly Blue .
Perdrigon Rouge .
Perdrigon Blanc
Perdrigon Violette
Pigeon s Heart .
Pond's Seedling
Pond’s Purple
Prince's Imperial .
Prune de 8t. Barnabe
Princes Yeilor Rates
Prune Peche
Precoce de Tours .
Prune dela St. Martin
Prune d’Agen
PrunedAst. : :
Prune @Altesse . 5 :
Prune Suisse c
Purple Favorite .
Purple Gage ‘ : 2
Purple Egg ; c 5
Purple Magnum Bonum
Queische
Quetsche Grosse
Queen Victoria . 5 : :
Queen Mother
Queen Claude of Bavaty
Red Apricot .
Rensseleer Gage
Reine Claude Tardive
Reine Claude d@Octobre .
Reine Claude d@’Bayay .
Red Saint Martin ,
Red Diaper . : ais
Royal of Tours ¢ : °
Red Hyg
ed Imperial Ss : -
Reine Claude - s :
Reine Claude Violette
Reine Claude Blanche
Red Gage .
Red Damask .
Red Magnum Bonum
Red Queen Mother
Ret Perdrigon
Red Magnum Bonum . ¢
Red Imperial . - :
Roe’s Autumn Gage
Roche Corbon
Royale .
Royale de Tours
Royale Tours .
Royal Hative
Rivers’ Early, No. Ly
Rivers’ Harly, No. 2 .
Saint Martin's
Schenectady .
Schenectady Catherine :
Sea : °
Sigs.
INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE |!
498 | Stabeler’s Seedling
422, | Saint Martin’s Quetsche
422! Saint Catherine
413 | Saint Martin § Fs
422 Saint Martin Rouge A
415 St. Maurin . 3
423 Saint Cloud A
428 eee Gage. :
422 Scarlet Gage . :
423° ne : ;
422 Shailer’s White Damson
429 Sheen. 3 2
428 Sxarp’s Emper OP Was
492 Slaiiese . 3 : .
428 , Simiana . 5
429 | Small Green Gage
43) | Smith's Orleans
425 | Steer’s Emperor seen
428 | Superior Green cade
423 | Suisse
428 | Sweet Damson
410 | Sweet Prune
426 | Swiss Plum
414 | Thomas
422 | True Large German Prune
426 | Turkish Quetsche .
423 | Veritable Imperatrice
422 | Violet ponies
422 | Violette .
429 | Violet Diaper |
429 | Violette Hative
413 | Violet de Tours :
413 | Violet Queen Claude
428 | Virginian Cherry .
423 | Virgin . .
427 | Virginale Stee
427 | Waterloo. : 5
424.| Wushington
428 | Wentworth
423 | White Gage = .
424 | White Primordian .
410 | White Imperatrice .
422 | White Empress
422 | White Magnum Bonum 3
423 | White Mogul .
423 | White Imperial ‘
423 | White Holland
423 | White Egg
423 | White Damson
429 | White Prune Damson
410 | White Damascene .
413 | White Perdrigon
428 | White Gage .
414 | Wilmot’s Green Gage
428 | Wilmot's New Green Gage :
428 | Wilmot’s Late Green Gage
428 | Wilmot’s Late Orleans .
429 | Wild .
428 | Wilmot’s Early Orleans .
428 | Yellow Apricot .
415 | Yellow Perdrigon .
423 | Yellow Magnum Bonum .
493 | Yellow Egg
423 QUINCES.
419 | Angers .
419 Apple e-shaped
414 | Chinese . -
414 | Japan - Suess :
414 | Oblong . 5 somes
418 | Orange . A é :
499 Pear a : : >
TS AD 4a
502
Portugal
Pyriform
Paris de Fontenay
New Upright
RASPBERRIES.
American Red .
American Black .
American White
Barne .
Black Raspberry
Brentford Came -
Seed
Cop 5 :
Cbionel Wilder.
Cushing .
Cornwall's Red .
Cox’s Honey .
Common Red .
Common Black- -Cap
Cornwall’s Prolific
Cornwall’s Seedling
Cretan Red 5
Double-Bearing .
Double-Bearing Yellow
Himily .
English Red, of some
Ever-Bearing Ohio
French. :
Fulton
Fastolf
Franconia
Framboisier a Gros Fruit.
General Patterson
Howland’s Red Antwerp :
Knevet’s Antwerp .
Knevet’s Giant . :
Large-Fruited Monthly .
Late-Bearing Antwerp
Large Red 3
Late Cane .
Lord Exmouth’s
Monthly . :
Mrs. Wilder .
New Red Antwerp
Nottingham Scarlet.
Orange
Ohio Raspberry - a
Perpetual Bearing
Rivers’ New Monthly a
Red Double-Bearing .
Red Antwerp
Siberian. ‘
Thimble Berry
True Red Antwerp
Vice-President French .
Victoria 5
Walker .
White Thimbleberry
White Antwerp
Woodward's Red Globe s
Wihnot’s Harly Red
Yellow Antwerp
STRAW BERRIES.
Aberdeen Bee-Hive
American Searlet .
Atkinson Scarlet
Austrian Scarlet
Alice Maude
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Ajax - 2
Bath Scarlet
Boston Pine .
Burr’s Rival Hudson
Bains Extra Early y
Buists Prize
Bostock .
| Bishop's ‘Orange ‘
Bishop’s New
Black Prince .
Black Imperial
Brewer's Emperor .
Burr's New Pine.
Burr's Seedling
Burr’s Staminate Seedling
Burr's Old Seedling .
Brilliant
British Queen . i : ;
Caleb Cope
Crimson Cone .
Charlotte
Climax
Climax Scarlet |
Coles Prolific . 5
Cole's Late Scarlet
Cox's Seedling .
Columbus.
Caperon Royal .
Cushing 2
Cleveland .
Crescent Se edling
Cornucopia
Crimson Pine
Duke of Kent’s Scarlet k F
Dunean’s Seedling
Deptford Pine .
Downton
Double Bearing .
Dumdee .
Duke of Ee ent
Dutch Berry .
Duchesse de Trevisse
Elton Pine .
Early Prolific Scarlet
Eiton .
Elton Seedling .
English Red Wood
Everlein’s ago
Genesee .
Globe Scarlet.
Green Strarncberry
Green Alpine
Green Pine
Giant Alpine
Goliati .
Grove End Scarlet .
Globe Hautbois
Green Wood
Greenwell’s New Giant j
| Hovey’s Seedling
| Hudson .
Hudson's Bay
Hooper's Seedling
fTuntsmavs
fowa Male.
Jenny Lind “4
Jenney’s Seedling .
Keews Seedling
Knight's Seedling .
Late Prolific
Lizie Randolph .
Large Farly Scarlet
INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE |
Late Scarlet . . . . . . 459 | Prolific, or Conical Hautbois
Longworth’s Prolifie . . c - 454 | Princess Alice Maude :
Lafayette of some . : : : 455 | Primordian . s c .
LaGrangeofsome . . . . . 455 Prolijie Hudson . .
La Ivegoise . . : 5 : - 465 | Prolific Swainstone
Marshall’s Seedling . ‘ mihi Vie . 462 | Primate 5 :
Magnifique . - 6 « §. 5 460 | Prince of Orleans .
HceAvoy’s Superior . = a ea - 404 | Rostock A cin oles :
McAvoy’s No.12 . . 2 6 “ 464 | Refulgent 3 : : é
MMeAvoy’s No.1 : ¢ : 4 - 460 | Red Alpine . C : .
iL:Avoy's Extra Red . : ‘4 5 460 | Red Wood
Montevideo Pine . ; : : - 460 | Roseberry . 6 .
Monroe Scarlet . ” : j % 460 | Ross Phania
Moyamensing . . : . : - 460 | Ruby. ‘
Moittier's Seedling : i e ¢ 4638 | Rival Hudson .
Myal?s Prince Albert . § 3 . 465 | Lichardson’s Late
Myat’s Prolific . ‘ } ; : 465 | Richardson's Early
‘Melon : ‘ 5 waieng j . 465 | Sulter’s Versaillaise . k
Methoon Scarlet. . « « « 460 | Stafford’s Alpine :
Methven Castle . 2 : 5 - 460 | Southborough i 6
Musk Hantbois. eocidee : - 455 | Southborough Seedling .
Myatt’s British Queen : é ; . 463 | Scioto . a 5
Myatvs Pine . ‘i 5 ¢ : ; 465 | Scarlet Melting
Myatt’s Deptford Pine _. : . 464 | Schneicke Seedling
Myatts Eliza : 2 : : 465 | Southampton Scarlet
Myatt’s Eleanor . E = : - 465 | Swainstone Seedling .
Myatt’'s Globe 7 é 5 : a 465 | True Chili - . é
Myat?’s Mammoth . $ 3 . - 465 | Taylor's Seedling
Newland’s Mammoth . 5 ; j 461 Unique Prairie
Necked Pine - , 5 3 : . 460 | Unique Scarlet
Old Scarlet ¢ Ser ye Et ey me AOOHl CCLORUG swe Hil ietinks ts
OLE WON Na) ihenoi tines. S - . 465 | Wilmots New Scarlet
Oranee Emdson's Bay a5 FG Webley, es
PAGERS OnE TL eR Me ea . 459! Wiley . Sates ON Nee
Orange Prolifie . . . . . 462) William Henry Harrison .
Ohio Mammoth ~ 6 + 4 . 465 | Walker's Seedling d
Pennsyluania ~ . « . 461 | Western Queen A) aR
Profuse Scarlet ik - . . 466 | Wilmots Superd .
Profusion . . ta toss Bie aon Whate Alpeien cs)
Patagonian PAV a ATR MUNN RR TES | White Bush Alpine
Pine Apple .. eg een GON AGS: | Veo Onalan. wants
APOE EN DX
APPLES. | Concord . 3 . = :
Emily . 2 ; . .
Berry . 3 : F E 3 q 470 | Graham ., ‘ 6 ‘ :
Buel’s Kavorite : : ; ; . 470 | Raabe. : 6 - *
Cogswell : : 6 . ; 5 469 | Raabe’s No.1 . : Pa
Cogswell Pearmain . i 5 é . 469 | Raabe’s No. 2 : ‘: ‘
Cranbenrye ana aoe . a MAO Rages No: 8.
Camac’s Sweet . c 3 : ? . 470 | Raabe’s No. 4 :
Callasaga, = : - : ; : 470
Dapper : - cS - ‘ . 470 PEACHES,
Gray Pippin ‘ { : , - 470 ;
‘Maiden’s Blush . ; : j Fi . 469 | Baxter's Seedling, No.1 . “
Vountain Sprout . ¢ ‘ 3 2 470 | Gorgas :
Nickejack : 3 : 4 : . 470 | Jane . 4 ; oe Ms -
Ritter. : C 5 : A ° 470
Spotted Pippin. . : A é - 470 PEARS.
Stummerour . i ’ ; 3 4 Ait
Sturmer Pippin a ES 0 pal SU RD ENTTE VT gh as aN Ry nara ag AO
Downing . : ER hie -
GRAPES, Doyerme Downing . .
| General Taylor : :
Brinckle Bene : ce ON EOD gh gy re ke el
Ceres a Ta eG i anorig hs eihy aateny A GIameR MGS GSS) Se Naty nes
Clara 5 ‘ ; 3 F ‘5 : 471°
oe
«
aw
GENERAL INDEX.
ae
Almond, its history, propagation, soil, hardihood, cultivation and uses, page 45; varieties, 46.
Aualysis of the apple, 58; of the grape, 240; of the peach, 264; of the pear, 800; of tha
strawberry, 458.
Appendix, 469.
Apricot, its history, propagation, 47 ; Soil and diseases, stocks, uses, varieties, 48.
Apple-borer, 60; moth, 61.
Apple, its history, profits of growing, annual planting west, 53; duration of, fruit, bearing age
of, propagation by seed, 54; modes of grafting, budding, 55; by layers, cuttings, cuttin
of scions, selection of trees from nursery, influence of climate, location, 56; influence o
stock, hardihood, bearing increased by budding or grafting, transplanting and distance,
57; soil and manures, 58; cultivation, pruning, insects and diseases, 59; remedies for, 61;
terms used in description, 62; forms, 63; meaning of terms, uses, varieties, 64.
Aphis, woolly, 62.
Barry, P., 80, 63.
Bark Louse, 61.
Blackberry, its culture and varieties, 181.
Budding, shield, 22; annular, 28.
Canker-worm, its habits, 60; to destroy, 61.
Caterpillar, to destroy, 60.
Cappe on pruning, 304.
Cherry, its history, 182; for street Planing propagation by seed, 188; budding, time when,
grafting, time when, modes, to grow from roots, transplanting, 184; distance apart, stan-
dard trees, dwarf trees, soil and situation, 185; cultivation in nursery, in orchard, prun-
ing and training, 186; to protect, insects and diseases, uses, 187; gathering fruit, classifi-
cation, engravings, 185; varieties, 189.
Curculio, its habits, description of, 405; preventive remedies for, 407.
Curl, of leaf in peach trees, 267.
Cross-breeding, to obtain new varieties, 21. :
Currant, its history, propagation, transplanting, soil and situation, 221; culture, pruning, insects,
uses, 222; varieties, 223. o
Cuttings, how to make, to plant, 26.
Dwarf trees, of the cherry, 185; of the pear, 306.
Duration of varieties, 88.
Dubreil on pruning, 33.
Fruitfulness promoted by root-pruning, 82.
Fruit, history of, 15; west, 16; value as food, 19; varieties, origin of, 20; propagation of, bud-
ding, 22; grafting, 24; degeneracy of, limited age of, influence of soils on, 88; influence
of stocks, climate, 89; gathering, time when, how, 40; room for keeping, 41; cellars
for, 44.
Grafting, whip or tongue, splice, crown, saddle, side, 24; eleft, wax, 25.
Grafts, to restore, to preserve, to send by mail, wrapping or tying, 25.
Gooseberry, its history, book of, numbers of, where successful, propagation by seed, 224: eut-
tings, grafting, transplanting, soil and situation, culture, pruning, 227; mildew and reme-
dies, uses, varieties, 228.
Grape, American. Classes, history, immense vines of, vineyards, 231; movable frame for,
method of suspending, 48; among the ancients, 232; propagation of, 234; transplanting,
cost of vineyard per acre, position and soil for, 285; preparing ground, pruning and train-
ing, 236; analyses of, insects, &c., 240; uses, 241; ripening, gathering, &c., 242; varie-
ties, 248. .
Grape, Foreign. History, success of, props ion, 249; cold-houses for, 250; vine borders,
planting and training, 251; routine of culture, insects, varieties, 252.
GENERAL INDEX.
Hoadley, George, 17, 250.
Hybridizing, 20.
Introductory remarks, 15.
Insects injurious to the apple, 60; to the cherry, 187; to the currant, 222; to the grape, 240;
to the peach, 267; to the pear, 805; to the plum, 404; to the quince, 435, ia: ;
Kennicott on Fruits in Illinois, 18; on their uses, 19.
Knots or warts on the plum, 404.
Kirtland, J. P., 17, 20. *
Layers of shrubs, of the grape, 26,
Labels of wood, of zine, 36; of tin, 37.
Manures, for the apple, 58; for transplanting, 28; for the grape, 240; for the peach, 264; for
the pear, 300; for the plum, 404; for the quince, 482; for the strawberry, 452.
Mice, to deter from girdling trees, 23.
Mildew, on the gooseberry, 228; on the grape, 249; on the peach, 268.
Mulching newly-planted trees, 29,
Nectarine, history of, varieties, 256.
Packing trees, 29. .
Peach, history of, propagation, 261 ; transplanting, soil and situation, 263; analyses of, 264; prun-
ing, 266; characters, 269; uses, 270; preserving fresh, 271; varieties, 272.
Pear, history of, propagation, 297; hardihood, stocks for, 298; transplanting, selection of trees,
299; soiland manures, analyses, 300; pruning, 301; insects and diseases, $06; selection
of varieties on quince, gathering and uses, 306; varieties and forms, 307.
Preface, iv.
Planting, how to be done, 28.
Plum, history of, propagation, 402; transplanting, soil and situation, pruning, 408; cultivation,
manures; diseases, 404; insects, 405; uses, 407; characters, varieties, 409.
Prunes, how to dry, 408.
Pruning, 30; to remove large branches at time of transplanting, 31; the roots, to induce fruit-
ing, 82; its theory and principles, to form particular shapes, 33; the apple, 59; the cherry,
186; the currant, 222; the gooseberry, 227; the grape, 236; the peach, 266.
Quince, history of, propagation, 431; soil, situation, transplanting, pruning, 432; imsects, uses,
433; varieties, 434.
Rabbits, to prevent from girdling trees, 23.
Raspberry, history of, propagation, soil for, 487; pruning and training, insects, 488; protection
for, uses, profits of, autumn fruiting, 439; classification and varieties, 440.
Rivers on pruning, 801.
Runners, when to remove, 26,
Rust on the apple leaf, 62.
Soil for trees, how to prepare, 27; influence of, 88,
Stocks, influence of, 89; for grafting or budding on, 55.
Step-ladders, 40.
Strawberry, history of, propagation, 446; fertile and barren, 447 ; varieties, 448; soil and situation,
449; season to transplant, 450; culture of, 451; manures for, 452; analysis of, 453.
Suckers, 27.
Seedlings, their tendency, 20.
Sea spray, its effects on mildew in grape, 250.
Thomas, J. J., 21.
Training, varied forms of, 36.
Trees girdled, 283; transplanting, soil for, 27; super-phosphate of lime for, 28; how to peut, 28 =
time when, 29; packing, care of when received, 29; pruning, 30; training, 35; labels for,
‘86; protection of, against mice, rabbits, form most éesirable, 37.
Varieties, introduced to Ohio, 17; Illinois and Wisconsin, 18; origin of, propagation, 20; to
produce new, 21.
Vinery, cheap mode of building, 250,
Vineyards, cost of, per acre, 235.
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SAXTON’S
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Hogs;
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The Pests of the Farm;
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(emistry Made Hasy ;
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Elements of Agriculture ;
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Culture of Flax ;
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